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By what name is acetylsalicylic acid more commonly known when kept in the medicine cupboard ? | ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASPIRIN)
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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SALICYLIC ACID
Salicylic Acid is a white crystalline powder or needle-shaped crystals with sweetish taste; soluble in acetone, ether, alcohol, boiling water, benzene and turpentine, sparingly soluble in chloroformbenzene, slightly soluble in water; melts at 158°C. The sodium salt form (sodium salicylate) is common commercially, prepared from mainly sodium phenolate with carbon dioxide under heating and pressure. It contains both a hydroxyl and a carboxyl group, which react with either an acid or an alcohol. The carboxyl group forms esters with alcohols; e.g. methyl salicylate is formed with methanol, which used in food flavorings and preservatives; menthyl salicylate is formed with methanol, which is used in suntan lotions. The hydroxyl group reacts with acetic acid to form acetylsalicylic acid (called aspirin) which is the most widely common antiseptic and antipyretic agent. Phenyl salicylate (called salol) is formed with phenol, which is also used as an antiseptic and antipyretic agent. The sodium salt (Sodium salicylate), a shiny white powder, is used for antiseptics preparations and as a preservative. In addition to its analgesic and antipyretic properties, salicylic acid possesses keratinolytic properties and fungicidal properties. It ans its derivatives are used in the treatment of hyperkeratotic, dandruff, ichthyosis and psoriasis as well as in the treatment of fungal skin infections such as tinea. Para-Aminosalicylic acid (abbreviated PAS and PASA) is an analogue of para-aminobenzoic acid (abbreviated PABA) that inhibits folic acid synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is bacteriostatic, inhibits growth and multiplication of the tubercle bacillus. Para-Aminosalicylic acid and its sodium salt (sodium p-Aminosalicylate) are bacteriostatic against mycobacteria and used in the treatment of tuberculosis; administered orally. Brand names are Tubasal, Nemasol Sodium and etc. Aminosalicylic acids are pharmaceutically active ingredients including anti-infectives against colds, flu, or other virus infections. Mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid, abbreviated 5-ASA) an active metabolite of sulfasalazine, used to treat inflammation of the rectum and lower colon, mild to moderate ulcerative colitis proctosigmoiditis, and proctitis. Para-Aminosalicylic acid (4-hydroxybenzoic acid) is used as an intermediate of bacteriostatic agent specially for parabens (alkyl esters of p-hydroxy benzoic acid) which used in food and personal care products as a preservative. It is applied in the production of liquid crystal polymers. It is also used as an intermediate of dyes, insecticides, pharmaceutical, pesticides and other chemical compounds. Salicylic Acid and its derivatives are important for the preparation of other pharmaceutical products, dyes, flavours, and preservatives.
| Aspirin |
What kind of animal is a Peruvian cavy ? | Buy Generic Generic Novasen
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Which Italian city is served by Gallileo Galilei airport ? | Pisa Galileo Galilei International Airport Information: Pisa, Tuscany, Italy
Pisa Galileo Galilei International Airport (PSA) Information
(Pisa, Tuscany, Italy)
As Pisa, Italy becomes an increasingly popular tourist destination, the city becomes even easier to reach, with extremely frequent flights and good connections from all over the world. The city is served by Galileo Galilei Airport (Pisa International Airport), which handles many international flights for the Tuscany region.
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Pisa International Airport (Galileo Galilei) is located just 2 km / 1 mile north of Pisa city centre, near to the coast. This is Tuscany's regional airport, handling mainly international flights. Galileo Galilei Airport has a reliable train system and direct access to the Firenze-Pisa-Livorno dual carriageway and the motorway.
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The taxi service at the airport is run by CO.TA.PI (Pisa taxi cooperative) and there are usually plenty of authorised taxis lined up by the main arrivals gateway of each terminal. The fares into Pisa city centre are quite reasonable and the taxis tend to operate between 08:00 to midnight.
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Pisa's Galileo Galilei airport is conveniently next door to the railway terminal, which connects to the Italian railway network. Train tickets can be purchased at the information office in the arrivals hall.
| Programme for International Student Assessment |
How many players are there in a Canadian football team ? | Aeroporto Galileo Galilei - Sito ufficiale - Aeroporto di Pisa - The Official WebSite - Toscana - Pisa Airport Tuscany Aeroporto Airport Aeroporti Airports
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The airport is located by the coast, 1 kilometre from Pisa Centre and only 80 kilometres from Florence, and has direct access to highways, motorways and railways
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In which Dickens novel do the Cheeryble Brothers appear ? | Who's Who in Nicholas Nickleby | Charles Dickens Info
Who’s Who in Nicholas Nickleby
Who’s Who in Nicholas Nickleby
This list of characters from Nicholas Nickleby is presented in alphabetical order.
Bray, Madeline – Madeline’s father promised her in marriage to Arthur Gride. In return, Gride was to forgive Mr. Bray’s debts. Nichols rescues Madeline and later marries her.
Browdie, John – A friend of Nicholas Nickleby.
Cheeryble, Charles and Edwin (Ned) – Charles and Net are twin brothers. They are the kind-hearted employers of Nicholas Nickleby.
” . . . Natural affections and instincts, my dear sir, are the most beautiful of the Almighty’s works, but like other beautiful works of His, they must be reared and fostered, or it is as natural that they should be wholly obscured, and that new feelings should usurp their place, as it is that the sweetest productions of the earth, left untended, should be choked with weeds and briers. I wish we could be brought to consider this, and remembering natural obligations a little more at the right time, talk about them a little less at the wrong one.” ~ Charles Cheeryble
Cheeryble, Frank – The nephew of Charles and Ned. Frank marries Kate Nickleby.
Crummles, Vincent – Vincent is the head of the Crummles family and the manager of a touring stage company. He employs Nicholas and Smike after they leave Dotheboys Hall.
Gride, Arthur – A moneylender who schemes for the hand of Madeline Bray in marriage.
. . . Arthur Gride, whose bleared eyes gloated only over the outward beauties, and were blind to the spirit which reigned within, evinced — a fantastic kind of warmth certainly, but not exactly that kind of warmth of feeling which the contemplation of virtue usually inspires.
“You’ll bring your threats here, will you?” said Gride, whom jealousy of Nicholas and a sense of his own triumph had converted into a perfect fiend. “You, the disappointed lover–oh dear! He! he! he!–but you shan’t have her, nor she you. She’s my wife, my doting little wife. Do you think she’ll miss you? Do you think she’ll weep? I shall like to see her weep–I shan’t mind it. She looks prettier in tears.”
Nickleby, Kate – The sister of Nicholas Nickleby. She marries Frank Cheeryble.
“I will not retire,” cried Kate, with flashing eyes and the red blood mantling in her cheeks. “You will do him no hurt that he will not repay. You may use force with me; I think you will, for I am a girl, and that would well become you. But if I have a girl’s weakness, I have a woman’s heart, and it is not you who in a cause like this can turn that from its purpose.”
Nickleby, Nicholas – Nicholas goes to work for Wackford Squeers in order to support his family after the death of his father. He and Smike escape Mr. Squeers and go to work for the Crummles acting troupe. Later Nicholas works for the kind-hearted Cheeryble brothers. Eventually he marries Madeline Bray.
“When I speak of home, I speak of the place where — in default of a better — those I love are gathered together; and if that place were a gypsy’s tent, or a barn, I should call it by the same good name notwithstanding.” ~ Nicholas Nickleby
Nickleby, Ralph – Ralph is the uncle of Nicholas and Kate. He pretends to help them after the death of their father. However he really uses them for his own purposes. Later it is revealed that he is the father of Smike.
He wore a sprinkling of powder upon his head, as if to make himself look benevolent; but if that were his purpose, he would perhaps have done better to powder his countenance also, for there was something in its very wrinkles, and in his cold restless eye, which seemed to tell of cunning that would announce itself in spite of him.~ description of Ralph Nickleby
Noggs, Newman – Newman works as the clerk of Ralph Nickleby. He befriends Nicholas and helps him turn the tables on Ralph.
Newman cast a despairing glance at his small store of fuel, but, not having the courage to say no–a word which in all his life he never had said at the right time, either to himself or anyone else–gave way to the proposed arrangement.
Smike – The ill-used student and then the ill-used employee of Wackford Squeers. Smike and Nicholas leave Dotheboys Hall. They work for Crummles acting troupe. After Smike’s death it is discovered that he was the cousin of Nicholas and Kate.
Squeers, Wackford – He runs Dotheboys Hall school in Yorkshire.
Nicholas Nickleby Information
| Nicholas Nickleby |
Who was British Prime Minister when Captain Scott reached the South Pole? | Five. Presentation of Characters
Five. Presentation of Characters
[ Victorian Web Home —> Authors —> Charles Dickens —> Works —> Literary Relations —> Theme and Subject ]
Charles Dickens: An Introduction to His Novels
[E. D. H. Johnson's Charles Dickens: An Introduction to His Novels originally appeared three decades ago (1969) in the paperback Random House Study in Language and Literature Series. It has been included in the Victorian web with the kind permission of the late author's family.
The original text has almost no notes. All links have been added by GPL .
Page breaks in the paperback edition have been indicated within the text by [5/6] in order to permit readers to cite original page numbers.]
Bibliographical Note
If you want your public to believe in what you write you must believe in it yourself. When I am describing a scene I can as distinctly see what I am describing as I can see you now. So real are my characters to me that on one occasion I had fixed I upon the course which one of them was to pursue. The character, however, got hold of me and made me do exactly the opposite to wbat I bad intended; but I was so sure that he was right and I was wrong that I let him have his own way. — Charles Dickens, quoted by Henry Fielding Dickens, Harper's Monthly Magazine, CXXIX (1914)
It is remarkable that what we call the world, which is so very credulous in what professes to be true, is most incredulous in what professes to be imaginary; and that, while, every day in real life, it will allow in one , man no blemishes, and in another no virtues, it will seldom admit a very strongly-marked character, eitber good or bad, in a fictitious narrative, to be within the limits of probability. — Nicholas Nickleby, Preface
In seasons of pestilence, some of us will have a secret attraction to the disease — a terrible passing inclinationto die of it. And all of us have like wonders hidden in our breastsn only needing circumstances to evoke them. — A Tale of Two Cities, Book Three, Chapter 6
he characters in Dickens' novels are real in the same way that characters in plays are real, and in the same way, perhaps, that living people seem real to each other. Their true identities are masked even from themselves under conventionally prescribed poses, yet declare themselves through all kinds of surface clues: not only in the overt act, but in its accompanying gesture and facial expression; not just in the spoken word, but in the intonation and turn of speech with which it is uttered. Dickens' method of characterization does not allow for the delicate probing of psychological states of mind; rather its success depends on the artist's resourcefulness in creating consistent and emphatically defined patterns of individualized responses to external circumstance; in showing, that is to say, character in action. Like Browning's Fra Lippo , whose "soul and sense" grew "sharp alike" through early neglect, Dickens might have traced to his waiflike boyhood in the London streets his preternatural alermess to "the look of things," the tokens of dress or mannerism which differentiate one personage from another. But unless this acuity of vision had been tempered by the additional faculties of insatiable curiosity about human behavior [115/116] and a genial, if sometimes caustic, sympathy with its oddities, the novelist would never have achieved the comprehensive humanity which informs his attitude towards his creatures. "His genius," Forster well remarked, "was his fellow feeling with his race; his mere personality was never the bound or limit to his perceptions, however strongly sometimes it might colour them...."
Incredible though they often are, the beings who populate Dickens' stories command assent because of the vitality imparted to them by their creator's own transparent belief in their reality. "No man," according to Forster, "had ever so surprising a faculty as Dickens of becoming himself what he was representing . . ."; and the critic George Henry Lewes wrote: "Dickens once declared to me that every word said by his characters was distinctly heard by him...." These statements are corroborated by Mary Dickens' account of seeing her father act out the fictional roles which he was imagining. The novelist's instructions to his illustrators are further evidence of the fact that his characters had assumed in the mind's eye the lineaments of living people. And frequent references to works in hand indicate the extent to which the writer became immersed in the lives of their characters. As he approached the end of The Old Curiosity Shop, he confessed to his future biographer: "I went to bed last night utterly dispirited and done up. All night I have been pursued by the child; and this morning I am unrefreshed and miserable." Of the emotional toll exacted by his Christmas book, "The Chimes," he wrote to Forster:
Since I conceived, at the beginning of the second part, what must happen in the third, I have undergone as much sorrow and agitation as if the thing were real; and have [116/117] wakened up with it at night. I was obliged to lock myself in when I finished it yesterday, for my face was swollen for the time to twice its proper size, and was hugely ridiculous.
Forster is undoubtedly correct in associating Dickens' closeness to his characters with his keen dramatic sense:
He had the power of projecting himself into shapes and suggestions of his fancy which is one of the marvels of creative imagination, and what he desired to express he became. The assumptions of the theatre have the same method at a lower pitch, depending greatly on personal accident; but the accident as much as the genius fayoured Dickens, and another man's conception underwent in his acting the process which in writing he applied to his own.
E. M. Forster in Aspects of the Novel drew on Dickens to illustrate his theoretical disapproval of two-dimensional or "flat" characters. Yet, impressed by the "wonderful feeling of human depth" conveyed by many of these figures, he had to concede that the novelist's "immense success with types suggests that there mav be more in flatness than the severer critics admit." Forster's argument had in part been anticipated by George Santayana in an important essay on Dickens. No one has better described the conventional point of view which finds it more comfortable to pretend that Dickens is a mere caricaturist:
He was the perfect comedian. When people say Dickens exaggerates, it seems to me thev can have no eyes and no ears. They probably have oniy notions of what things and people are; they accept them conventionally, at their diplomatic value. Their minds run on in the region ofSx discourse, where there are masks only and no faces, ideas and no facts; they have little sense for those living grimaces that play from moment to moment upon the [117/118] countenance of the world. The world is a perpetual caricature of itself; at everv moment it is the mockery and the contradiction of what it is pretending to be. But as it nevertheless intends all the time to be something different and highly dignified, at the next moment it corrects and checks and tries to cover up the absurd thing it was, so that a conventional world, a world of masks, is superimposed on the realitv, and passes in every sphere of human interest for the realitv itself. Humour is the perception of this illusion, the fact allowed to pierce here and there through the convention, whilst the convention continues to be maintained, as if we had not observed its absurdity. Pure comedy is more radical, cruder, in a certain sense less human; because comedy throws the convention over altogether, revels for a moment in the fact, and brutally says to the notions of mankind, as if it slapped them in the face, There, take that! That's what you really are! At this the polite world pretends to laugh, not tolerantly as it does at humour, but a little angrily. It does not like to see itself by chance in the glass, without having had time to compose its features for demure self-contemplation. "What a bad mirror," it exclaims, "it must be concave or convex; for surely I never looked like that. Mere caricature, farce and horse play. Dickens exaggerates; I never was so sentimental as that, I never saw anything so dreadful; I don't believe there were ever any people like Quilp, or Squeers, or Serjeant Buzfuz." But the polite world is lying; there are such people; we are such people ourselves in our true moments, in our veritable impulses; but we are careful to stifle and hide those moments from ourselves and from the world; to purse and pucker ourselves into the mask of our conventional personality, and so simpering, we profess that it is very coarse and inar- tistic of Dickens to undo our life's work for us in an instant and to remind us of what we are.
There is no reason to quarrel with Forster's assertion that Dickens' characters ultimately derive from the "humours" of Jonsonian comedy — Every Man in His Humour, it will be remembered, was the first play to be performed by Dickens' amateur company, with the novelist himself in the part of Bobadill. But too much [118/119] has been made of their typological aspect. Although Dickens did not work from living models, he often combined in one figure traits taken from different individuals, or, conversely, distributed among several characters the qualities observed in a single great eccentric. When the chiropodist, Mrs. Hill, protested against her portrait as Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield, Dickens retorted that all his characters "being made out of many people, were composite and never individual." Some of the foibles of John Dickens crop up in John Jarndyce and William Dorrit, as well as in Micawber. The originality which Dickens exercised in naming characters suggests that they were never con- ceived purely as types. Bumble and Bounderby and Pumblechook are ail blustering and officious fools; but as the connotations of their names betoken, generic likeness is sunk in idiosyncratic aberrations from the norm.
Like seventeenth-century "humorous" characters and their progeny in the novels of Smollett and Field- ing, the immortal comic and grotesque creations of Dickens' early period spring full-blown into existence, with no possibility or need for further growth. The scenes in which they appear are dramatically con- structed to allow them to appear "in character," as it were. Thus it may be said that in the novels from Pickwick Papers to Martin Chuzzlewit the action reveals, but does not develop, character. Chesterton shrewdly observed of Dickens' practice at this time in his career: ". . . the moving machinery exists only to display entirely static character. Things in the Dickens story shift and change only in order to give us glimpses of great characters that do not change at all."
Chesterton's statement, however, does not make sufficient allowance for the surprise and pleasure [119/120] attending progressive revelation. While characters certainly do not change in the sense that they are psychologically transformed, their experiences lead to behavior so unpredictable that growing familiarity is attended by a constant sense of discovery. This developing awareness, indeed, is a refraction of Dickens' own delight in creation. With regard to Pecksniff and Jonas Chuzzlewit he wrote Forster, while Martin Chuzz1ewit was in progress:
As to the way in which these characters have opened out, that is to me one of the mosr surprising processes of the mind in this sort of invenrion. Given what one knows, what one does nor know springs up; and I am as absolutely certain of its being true, as I am of the law of gravitation — if such a thing be possible — more so.
In Dickens' world character is never so inscrutable as the circumstances which bring out its inherent potentialities. Those two amiable buffoons, Dick Swiveller and Toots, need only to fall in love to become themselves lovable. And from that trio of limply fatuous aristocrats, Cousin Feenix, Sir Leicester Dedlock, and Twemlow, loyalty to the traditional values of their order calls forth a wholly admirable display of dignity.
Much as has been written about Dickens' supreme humorous figures, they resist critical analysis. Like their compeers, the great originals of Shakespearean comedy, they enjoy a free and autonomous life, uncircumscribed by the works in which they appear. Theirs is the license traditionally accorded the clown, whose antic disposition is a law unto itself. The Dickensian comic spirit is unfailingly embodied in histrionic guise. Its exemplars are self-declared fantasts, "of imagination all compact." They inhabit a world [120/121] of their own making, a world which parodies, yet exists in total defiance of reality, a world in which the distinction between shadow and substance is turned topsy-turvy. At the outset stands Sam Weller with his inexhaustible store of analogues deriving from the absurd reactions of nonexistent beings caught in preposterous predicaments, and at the end there is Wegg, vicariously involved in the doings of his imaginary "Miss Elizabeth, Master George, Aunt Jane, and Uncle Parker." In between comes Sairey Gamp, not by any stretch of the fancy to be divorced from her fictitious confidante, Mrs. Harris.
These beings live by the power of the spoken word, though each has appropriated the resources of language for ends that subvert all habitual channels of communication. For them words are magic talismans, expressive of a perpetual state of wish-fulfillment, reordering actuality into conformity with felt needs. Dick Swiveller's idiom with its hodgepodge of music hall cliches provides the same escape from an impoverished present that Flora Finching finds in the lunatic disarray of her recollections. There is no disappointment for which Micawber cannot compensate by the triumphant exercise of his epistolary style. Like Falstaff and the other clowns in Shakespeare, Dickens' comedians are fully self-aware. They enact their roles quite as much for their own delectation as to impose on their auditors, even though, as the novelist said, "My figures seem disposed to stagnate without crowds about them." "The great fool," Chesterton wrote, "is he in whom we cannot tell which is the conscious and which the unconscious humour." This ambiguity characterizes all of Dickens' greatest comic scenes, but none more than those in which Micawber appears. There is, for example, the unforgettable episode when David, about to part from his friends, receives [121/122] the following lecture on the future conduct of his affairs:
We had a very pleasant day, though we were all in a tender state about our approaching separation.
"l shall never, Master Copperfield," said Mrs. Micawber, "revert to the period when Mr. Micawber was in difficulties, without thinking of you. Your conduct has always been of the most delicate and obliging description. You have never been a lodger; you have been a friend."
"My dear," said Mr. Micawber, "Copperfield," for so he had been accustomed to call me of late, "has a heart to feel for the distresses of his fellow-creatures when they are behind a cloud, and a head to plan, and a hand to — in short, a general ability to dispose of such available property as could be made awav with."
I expressed my sense of this commendation, and said I was very sorry we were going to lose one another.
"My dear young friend," said Mr. Micawber, "I am older than you; a man of some experience in life, and -- and of some experience, in short, in difficulties, generally speaking. At present, and until something turns up (which I am, I may say, hourly expecting), I have nothing to bestow but advice. Still my advice is so far worth taking that — in short, that I have never taken it myself, and am the" — here Mr. Micawber, who had been beaming and smiling, all over his head and face, up to the present mo- ment, checked himself and frowned — "the miserable wretch you behold."
"My dear Micawber!" urged his wife.
"I say," returned Mr. Micawber, quite forgetting himself and smiling again, "the miserable wretch you behold. My advice is, never to do to-morrow what you can do to-day. Procrastination is the thief of time. Collar him!"
"My poor papa's maxim," Mrs. Micawber observed.
"My dear," said Mr. Micawber, "your papa was very well in his way, and Heaven forbid that I should disparage him. Take him for all in all, we ne'er shall — in short, make the acquaintance, probably, of anybody else possessing, at his time of life, the same legs for gaiters, and able to read the same description of print without spectacles. But he applied that maxim to our marriage, [122/123] my dear; and that was so far prematurely entered into, in consequence, that I never recovered the expense."
Mr. Micawber looked aside at Mrs. Micawber, and added, "Not that I am sorry for it. Quite the contrary, my love." After that he was grave for a minure or so. "My other piece of advice, Copperfield," said Mr. Micawber, "you know. Annual income twenty pounds, annual expenditure nineteen nineteen six, result happiness. Annual income twenty pounds, annual expenditure twenty pound ought and six, result misery. The blossom is blighted, the leaf is withered, the God of day goes down upon the dreary scene, and — and in short you are for ever floored. As I am!"
To make his example more impressive, Mr. Micawber drank a glass of punch with an air of great enjoyment and satisfaction, and whistled the College Hornpipe.
The lesser comic characters in Dickens exhibit the same extraordinary resilience and imaginative supremacy over adversity, born of an unquenchable inclination to idealize reality. The novels are thronged with individuals w ho thus get along on theatrical make-believe. Their company includes such foolish widows as Mrs. Nickleby and Mrs. Sparsit; humble artisans whose fancies are related to their callings like Miss La Creevy and Jenny Wren; social impostors like Turvevdrop and Mrs. General, with her fixation on the "formation of a surface"; would-be philosophers, such as the likable Captain Cuttle and the detestable Skimpole.
It is a recognized fact that Dickens' humorous vein runs most richly through the early novels. Its thinning out and turning acrid in the later work is commonly attributed to a decline in the exuberant optimism of the youthful years. But there are other reasons for this apparent loss of comic verve more closely allied with Dickens' artistic development. Professors Butt and Tillotson have shown in Dickens at Work that on the [123/124]rare occasions in his later career when the novelist overwrote his monthly numbers, comic passages were always the first to be sacrificed to space requirements. The increasingly rigorous plot construction, first manifest in Dombey and Son, entailed a more functional view of characterization. Such characters as Major Bagstock, Bounderby, and Podsnap are creatures of their environments, giving lip service to the values on which worldly reputation depends. In contrast to the freedom enjoyed by their predecessors in the early stories who belong to no definable social class, these figures do not create for themselves private roles to satisfy the hunger of the imagination, but rather strut and fret through public parts, prescribed by their notion of what is expected of them. As a result, their playacting, expressive of the author's satiric intent, no longer provokes the untrammeled laughter of a Sam Weller or Mrs. Gamp or Micawber.
Strangely akin to these embodiments of the pure comic spirit are the grotesque villains of Dickens' early writings. Fagin, Squeers, Quilp, Pecksniff, even Uriah Heep, are only to be distinguished from their antic counterparts by a greater inclination and capacity to cause hurt. Like the clowns, their unfailing vivacity and resourcefulness constantly defy narrative restraint, so that the scenes in which they appear seem staged to release their sinister hilarity. Condemnable though these figures may be, moral reprobation sinks before the spectacle of Fagin schooling his gang of pick- pockets, or Quilp bullying his wife by a display of indiscriminate voracity, or Pecksniff liquorishly fon- dling Mary Graham. For these characters also make an enduring appeal through their histrionic virtuosity. Old Martin Chuzzlewit is in reality paying grudging tribute to this faculty when he says to Pecksniff: [124/125]
"Why, the annoying quality in you, is . . . that you never had a confederate or partner in your juggling; you would deceive evervbody, even those who practise the same arr; and have a way with you, as if you — he, he, he! — as if you really believed yourself. I'd lay a handsome wager now, . . . if I laid wagers, which I don't and never did, that you keep up appearances by a tacit understanding, even before your own daughters here.... You're not offended, Pecksniff?"
"Offended, my good sir!" cried that gentleman, as if he had received the highest compliments that language could convey.
In the later novels evil-doing, as has been said, is presented under an instiutionalized aspect; and the villains, as a general rule, no longer exhibit the same malignant joy in wrong for its own sake. Already in Barnaby Rudge, Dennis the hangman condones his scoundrelism by appealing to the punitive legal system of which he is a minion; and so barefaced a malefactor as Blandois in Little Dorrit repeatedly insists that he is a gentleman who conducts himself no whit differently from respectable members of the business and professional classes. Yet, although the behavior of a Dombey or a Tulkinghorn or a Madame Defarge is in part explicable by class affiliation, the rampant evil in Dickens' world cannot finally be assimilated to any social system. There lurks at its heart an insoluble element suggestive of the novelist's ambivalent attitude toward the sources of human motivation.
Much of the time Dickens seems to have subscribed to the teaching of the political economists that individuals are shaped by environment. Monks' diabolical plot against Oliver is based on the assumption that the boy cannot avoid being contaminated by association with Fagin and his gang. "The wily old Jew," Dickens writes, "had the boy in his toils. Having prepared his [125/126] mind, by solitude and gloom, to prefer any society to the companionship of his own sad thoughts in such a dreary place, he was now slowly instilling into his soul the poison which he hoped would blacken it, and change its hue for ever." Similarly, of Nicholas Mckleby's appalled recognition that Dotheboys Hall is a spawning-ground for every kind of vice, the novelist says:
But the pupils — the young noblemen! How the last faint traces of hope, the remotest glimmering of any good to be derived from his efforts in this den, faded from the mind of Nicholas as he looked in dismay around! Pale and haggard faces, lank and bony figures, children with the countenances of old men, deformities with irons upon their limbs, boys of stunted growth, and others whose long meagre legs would hardly bear their stooping bodies all crowded on the view together; there were the bleared eye, the hare-lip, the crooked foot, and every ugliness of distortion that told of unnatural aversion conceived by parents for their offspring, or of young lives which, from the earliest dawn of infancy, had been one horrible en- durance of cruelty and neglect. There were little faces which should have been handsome, darkened with the scowl of sullen, dogged suffering; there was childhood with the light of its eye quenched, its beauty gone, and its helplessness alone remaining; there were vicious-faced boys, brooding, with leaden eyes, like malefactors in a jail; and there were young creatures on whom the sins of their frail parents had descended, weeping even for the mercenary nurses they had known, and lonesome even in their loneliness. With every kindly sympath~ and affection blasted in its birth, with every young and healthy feeling flogged and starved down, with every revengeful passion that can foster in swollen hearts, eating its evil way to their core in silence, what an incipient Hell was breeding here!
The warped natures of Smike in Nicolas Nickleby and of Hugh in Barnaby Rudge are alike referable to [126/127] early neglect and maltreatment. And in the Preface to Martin Chuzzlewit Dickens, somewhat unconvinc- ingly, attempts to explain Jonas' criminal disposition on the same grounds:
I conceive that the sordid coarseness and brutality of Jonas would be unnatural, if there had been nothing in his early education, and in the precept and example always before him, to engender and develop the vices that make him odious. But, so born and so bred, admired for that which made him hateful, and justified from his cradle in cunning, treachery, and avarice; I claim him as the legiti- mare issue of the father upon whom those vices are seen to recoil.
At other times Dickens' division of his characters into camps, opposing unassailable virtue to immitigable depravity, points to an essentially Manichaean habit of mind. In answer to the charge that the portraiture of Sikes was too unrelieved in its darkness, the author offered the following tentative excuse in the Preface to Oliver Twist:
. . . I fear there are in the world some insensible and callous natures, that do become utterly and incurably bad. Whether this be so or not, of one thing I am certain: that there are such men as Sikes, who, being closely followed through the same space of time and through the same current of circumstances, would not give, by the action of a moment, the faintest indication of a better nature.
In the same novel the half brothers, Monks and Oliver, stand in implausibly stark contrast. The malevolent motivation of the one is as incomprehensible as is the other's innate innocence, given the conditions under which he grows up. A similar polarity of moral ab- solutes creates an unbridgeable gulf between Quilp and Nell in The Old Curiosity Shop. [127/128]
Sceptical of organized charity and all other official agencies for reform, Dickens relied on individual benevolence to relieve suffering and misfortune. In the early novels, as has been noted, this mission is entrusted to the company of affluent and compassionate elders which includes Pickwick, Brownlow, the Cheeryble brothers, Garland, old Martin Chuzzlewit, Betsey Trotwood, and John Jarndyce. Although the Cheeryble brothers were inspired by a pair of philanthropic Manchester industrialists, Dickens' portrayal of this type is so deliberately lacking in realism that one may doubt whether its exemplars were ever actual to their creator in other than a symbolic sense. Their Olympian hovering over the action of the stories, on which they fortuitously intervene at opportune moments, suggests that they belong to a transcendent order representative of ideal charity. Esther Summerson, indeed, acknowledges as much when she admits at the end of Bleak House to feeling towards John Jarndyce "as if he were a superior being. . . ."
Dickens' growing insight during the 1840S into the organic constitution of Victorian society led to im- portant developments in his methods of presenting character, as well as to the perfecting of his narrative art. A shift in perspective is reflected in the very titles of the later novels. In contrast to the early works named after their protagonists, Bleak House, Hard Times, A Tale of Two Cities, Nobody's Fault (the original title of Little Dorrit), Great Expectations, and Our Mutual Friend call attention to the new emphasis on theme within an expanding social focus. Edmund Wilson was the first to point out that Dickens originated "a new literary genre . . . the novel of the social group." Beginning with Dombey and Son, there is an increasing interaction between characters and their cultural milieu. Motivation is determined more by [128/129] environmental pressures and less by the impulses of the isolated and unrestrained ego. Society has assumed the role of corporate villain, and hldividual malefactions are made to seem symptomatic of prevalent abuses. The victimized child is a recurrent figure in Dickens' fiction from his earliest work; but in the mature novels the all but universal neglect or abuse of children by their parents is systematically elaborated as one of the signs of the times. Dombey's pride, so fatal to the happiness of his family, is a class pride, typifying the irresponsible exercise of authority by those in positions of rank and power. The novelist ironically poses the question: "Was Mr. Dombey's master-vice, that ruled him so inexorably, an un- natural characteristic?" And he goes on: "It might be worth while, sometimes, to inquire what Nature is, and how men work to change her, and whether, in the enforced distortions so produced, it is not natural to be unnatural." Given a social order dedicated to the perversion of all natural bonds, there is little to choose between Dombey and all the other heartlessly self- infatuated parents, including Mrs. Jellyby, Gradgrind, William Dorrit, Podsnap.
Such is the power of institutionalized evil in these later novels that individual philanthropy is of little avail. John Jarndyce is helpless to safeguard his wards, and Boffin seems almost to have been conceived as a parodv of the Pickwickian savior. In Dickens' early work, charity exists as a transcendent ideal, invading the stories from outside in the persons of altruistic, but essentially disengaged, benefactors. Florence Dombey bey signalizes the emergence of new type to embody the regenerative power of love, now represented as in- hering within the social scene. She is the first of the suffering girl heroines who play a redemptive role in most of the subsequent novels. The category includes, [129/130] in addition to Florence, Agnes Wickfield, Esther Summerson, Sissy Jupe, Amy Dorrit, Lizzie Hexam. There is an unmistakable family likeness among these characters. A development from the lost children, Oliver Twist and Nell, of the earlier works, they exhibit in fusion a number of traditional strains associated with the archetypal figure of the saintly innocent, as variously endorsed by New Testament Christianity and the romantic glorification of childhood.
The type can be enlarged to include the actual fools who so often originate or are the occasion for meritorious actions in Dickens' fiction: Smike, Barnaby Rudge, Mr. Dick, Maggy in Little Dorrit, perhaps even Joe Gargery. Henry James, who was less than sympathetic with these characters, wrote of Jenny Wren in his review of Our Mutual Friend: "Like all Mr. Dickens's pathetic characters, she is a little monster, . . . she belongs to the troop of hunchbacks, imbeciles, and pre- cocious children, who have carried on the sentimental busi- ness in all Mr. Dickens's novels, the little Nells, the Smikes the Paul Dombeys."
In virtually every respect, save incorruptibility of heart, they stand at the farthest remove from the images of paternal benignity. Whereas Pickwick and his successors are aging and securely prosperous members of the middle class, these figures are young girls, usually destitute and invariably unprotected. Esther is illegimate; Sissy and Lizzie come from the dregs of society and are illiterate. All have lost their mothers and have been neglected or otherwise mistreated by fathers or surrogate parents. They resemble each other in additional ways, which doubtless reflect Dickens' dislike of nis own disorderly family life. They share with their creator, for example, a kind of passion for tidiness in their domestic arrangements. Of Nell, who is in many ways the progenitor of the type, Gissing wrote: "From the beginning of the story, when she is seen making order and comfort in the gloomy old house, to the end of her wanderings in the cottage by [130/131] the still churchyard, her one desire is for the peace and security of home." Furthermore, like Nell, Dickens' later heroines habitually reverse the customary pattern of familial responsibility, the daughter assuming the place of mother and wife to the erring father. In every case the sovereign virtue which enables these beings to remain irreproachably immaculate amidst all the evil which environs them is a spiritual holiness based on unreflecting trust in divine providence. And their indubitable role in their respective narratives is to embody the dynamic power of love, as a touchstone for making moral discriminations among the actions of all the other characters.
Although Dickens' girl heroines are much more vitally involved in their stories than the patriarchal benefactors whom they replace, they, like all of the novelist's creatures who conform to type, are con- ceived in fundamentally static terms. They are, how- ever, frequently played off against a very different kind of female character who testifies to Dickens' growing concern with the psychological grounds of internal conflict. For the later novels present a remarkable series of women of passionate temperament, whose outbursts of feeling and reckless actions signify divided natures. They all, for one reason or another, have been humiliated, placed on the defensive, and relegated to the position of outsiders by society, with which they seek to get even for their wounded self-esteem. Their number includes Edith Dombey, Rosa Dartle, Lady Dedlock and Hortense, Louisa Gradgrind, Fanny Dorrit, Miss Wade and Tattycoram, and, with significant differences, Estella and Bella Wilfer. Whether innocent or guilty, all these fear, while at the same time they resent and defy, the tyranny of opinion. The sympathy which they in part compel as victims under a moral code inequitable in its oppression of their sex [131/132] is counteracted by their erratic response to fancied grievances. For all, like Miss Wade, are neurotic self-tormentors, riven between hatred against those who have used them and against themselves for submitting to be so used. Dickens, however, could never rival Richardson or Charlotte Brontë in fineness of insight into the feminine nature; and the interest which these characters arouse is dissipated through such anticlimactic scenes as that between Edith Dombey and Carker, or Rosa Dartle and Emily, or Louisa Gradgrind and her father on the night of Harthouse's attempted seduction.
Forster perceptively observed of Dickens' methods of characterization that
no man could better adjust the outward and visible oddities in a delineation to its inner and unchangeable veracities. The rough estimates we form of character, if we have any truth of perception, are on the whole correct: but men touch and inrerfere with one another by the contact of their extremes, and it may very often become necessarily the main business of a novelist to display the salient points, the sharp angles, or the prominences merely.
While generally true enough, this statement fails to take into account Dickens' fascination with the phenomenon of split personality or to give credit to his techniques for dramatizing the buried motives which individuals keep hidden from the world and even from themselves. That the writer had developed to a high degree the facultv of self-disassociation and was cap- able of dispassionately probing his own subliminal states of mind is apparent from his occasional writings. In "A Fly-Leaf in a Life" from The Uncommercial Traveller he speaks of "Being accustomed to ob- serve myself as curiously as if I were another man . . ."; and a second piece, entitled "Lying Awake" gives an astonishing display of the power of autosuggestion [132/133] on the passive mentality. Not surprisingly, then, in his more searching character studies, Dickens takes account of the conditions of imaginative awareness which lie on the borderline between the conscious and the unconscious and which find expression in dreams and related states.
Dickens' use of dreams for fictional purposes is extremely sophisticated, anticipating in many respects the findings of Freud. He is especially original in exploiting what may be called the waking dream, in which impressions derived from the surrounding world merge with subjective imaginings. Oliver Twist undergoes two such experiences, which leave in their wake an intuitive sense of the evil threatening him. The first occurs in Chapter 9 when Oliver "in a drowsy state, between sleeping and waking" beholds Fagin sorting over the jewelry which includes the trinket once in the possession of the boy's dead mother. "At such times," the author comments, "a mortal knows just enough of what his mind is doing, to form some glimmering conception of its mighty powers, its bounding from earth and spurning time and space, when freed from the restraint of its corporeal as- sociate." The second and more sinister episode comes in Chapter 34. Oliver's new-found security in the Maylie household is shattered when he awakens from a nap to the certainty that Fagin and Monks have been watching him through the open window. The scene is prefaced by this passage:
There is a kind of sleep that sreals upon us sometimes, which while it holds the body prisoner, does not free the mind from a sense of things abour it, and enable it to ramble ar its pleasure. So far as an overpowering heaviness, a prosrration of strengrh, and an utter inability tO control our thoughrs or power of morion, can be called sleep, this is it; and yet, we have a consciousness of all [133/134] that is going on about us, and, if we dream at such a time, words which are really spoken, or sounds which really exist at the moment, accommodate themselves with surprising readiness to our visions, until reality and imagination become so strangelv blended that it is afterwards almost a matter of impossibility to separate the two. Nor is this, the most striking phenomenon incidental to such a state. It is an undoubred fact, that although our sense of touch and sight be for the time dead, yet our sleeping thoughts, and the visionary scenes that pass before us, will be influenced and materially influenced, bv the mere silent presence of some external object; which may not have been near us when we closed our eves: and of whose vicinity we have had no waking consciousness.
Equally ambiguous in their implications are the dis- torted images of actuality that penetrate the drowsing minds of Nell, frightened by the nocturnal apparition of her father in the grip of his mania, and of Stephen Blackpool holding vigil over his drunken wife.
Allied with the dream state are the hallucinations which may torment the imagination under extreme emotional stress. Pip prophetically foresees Miss Havisham's death in the hanging effigy that appears to him on his first visit to Satis House. And memories of their long years of imprisonment come back to unsettle the minds of William Dorrit in his final collapse at Rome and Dr. Manette after Lucy's marriage. Differing in effect but equally revelatory of conflicting levels of apprehension are the watery visions which precede Paul Dombey's death and which shadow Eugene Wrayburn's struggle to survive.
Another device for dramatically projecting the warring impulses in man's nature, and one which particularly appealed to Dickens' imagination, is that of doubling. Sometimes, as in the case of Flintwinch and his twin brother, the novelist uses similarity in appearance [134/135] merely as a narrative contrivance. More often, however, a character recognizes in his double the more ideal or the more degraded half of his divided being. Thus, Sydney Carton confronts his better nature in Charles Darnay; and Edith Dombey's discovery of spiritual kinship with the fallen Alice Marwood provokes the surmise: "In this round world of many circles within circles, do we make a weary journey from the high grade to the low, to find at last that they lie close together, that the two extremes touch, and that our journey's end is but our starting-place?"
These graphic methods of bringing to the surface that clandestine other self which lurks in the inner recesses of being are displayed with special adroimess in the depictions of criminal behavior which are by general agreement Dickens' psychological masterpieces. R. H. Hutton, one of the novelist's earliest and most sagacious critics, declared: "No author indeed could draw more powerfully than he the mood of a man haunted by a fixed idea, a shadowy apprehension, a fear, a dream, a remorse...." And calling attention to Dickens' success in presenting "the restlessness of a murderer," Hutton comments on his knowledge of �'the sort of supremacy which a given idea gets over the mind in a dream, and in those waking states of neryous apprehension akin to dreams." Dream psychology is strikingly used to differentiate between two contrasting kinds of criminal mentality in the nightmares which visit Montague Tigg and Jonas Chuzzlewit on the eve of the murder of one by the other. Jonas, furthermore, is paralyzed by the hallucinatory conviction that he has become two separate individuals, as he prepares, after his deed of violence, to return to the room from which he set out in disguise: [135/136]
Dread and fear were upon him. To an extent he had never counted on, and could not manage in the least degree. He was so horribly afraid of that infernal room ar home. This made him, in a gloomy, murderous, mad way, not only fearful for himself bur of himself; for being, as it were, a part of the room: a something supposed to be there, yet missing from ir: he invested himself with irs mysteri- ous terrors; and when he pictured in his mind the ugly chamber, false and quiet, false and quiet, through the dark hours of two nights; and the tumbled bed, and he nor in it, though believed to be; he became in a manner his own ghost and phantom, and was at once the haunting spirit and the haunted man.
In like manner, subjective and objective reality intermingle and are confused in the visions that accompany the headlong flights of Sikes and Carker; and the staring eyes of the dog that drive Sikes over the parapet and the rushing of the engine that dismembers Carker gradually take on for the reader the same unearthly significance lent them in the demented imaginations of the transgressors.
Lady Dedlock, Bradley Headstone, and John Jasper brilliantly exemplify Dickens' handling of the device of doubling to project complexity of motivation in narrative terms. The true nature of each is revealed through the disguises that he assumes. At different times Lady Dedlock is identified with her fierce maid-servant Hortense and Jenny, the brickmaker's wife. The first deception helps create suspense about the perpetrator of Tulkinghorn's murder; the second serves to prolong the chase which fatally terminates at the gates of the burial ground. At a deeper metaphori- cal level, however, the two characters for whom Lady Dedlock is mistaken represent the felonious and con- science-stricken impulses contending in her breast. Hortense in a very real sense is her symbolic agent in settling accounts with the lawyer who has discovered [136/137]her secret. In changing garb with Jenny, Lady Ded- lock not only tacitly acquiesces to the common tie which unites all forlorn mothers, but symbolically atones for her failure in love toward her own daughter. Bradley Headstone's plot to pin suspicion on Rogue Riderhood is a subtle elaboration of Hortense's similar scheme with regard to Lady Dedlock. Of Bradley clad in his schoolmaster's attire the author writes that "there was a certain stiffness in his manner of wearing this, as if there were a want of adaptation between him and it...." When he masquerades as Riderhood, however, Dickens says: "And whereas, in his own schoolmaster's clothes, he usually looked as if they were the clothes of some other man, he now looked in the clothes of some other man, or men, as if they were his own." Bradley's hope that he can return to his old self by shedding the incriminating raiment is as unavailing as are his efforts to put behind him the crime which he perpetually reenacts in his thoughts. Riderhood's arrival to taunt him with the evidence of his duplicity precipitates the teacher's symbolic gesture of erasing his name which he has written on the black- board. The denouement follows with inflexible logic; for the circumstances of their deaths seal the fellow- ship of these twin spirits.
The Mystery of Edwin Drood, even in its un- finished form, carries to still more refined extremes Dickens' exploration of the mysterious incongruities in human motivation. The characterization of John Jasper, lay precentor of Cloisterham Cathedral and opium-eater, melodious singer and strangler, anticipates Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. For in this schizophrenic the two selves are fully internalized, and the conflict between good and evil is traced to its ultimate source in the irreconcilable duality of human nature.[137/138]
No one has presented the corrosive effects of guilt more vividly than Dickens. It, more than any other force, motivates change, whether for better or worse, in those of his characters who are not merely static. Dickens' villains are customarily destroyed by guilt, just as his protagonists are redeemed by its operation. It works, however, in different ways, being an effect of wicked actions, but a cause of noble conduct. Its destructive power is manifest in Dickens' earliest delineations of criminals, a Sikes or Ralph Nickleby. Not until relatively late in his career did he succeed, largely through its instrumentality, in creating psychologically convincing roles for the heroes of his stories.
The youthful "leads" who give their names to the early novels or who are nominally apportioned prominent parts in them, Nicholas Nickleby, Kit Nubbles, Jo Willett, Martin Chuzzlewit, Walter Gay, remain for the most part insubstantial figures. Bourgeois variations on the picaro seeking his fortune through adversity, they emerge unscathed from their adventures to enjoy the reward of the conventional happy ending. David Copperfield is the first of Dickens' protagonists who recognizably grows to maturity as a result of the trials he passes through. His characterization is the combined result of Dickens' deepened social awareness and of his need to impose a meaningful pattern on his own early experiences. In this novel, furthermore, Dickens first seriouslv confronted a challenge which he shared with other Victorian novelists: namely, the problem of locating within the context of contempo- rary manners and morals the grounds for heroic action. His solution to this problem, paralleling similar efforts by Thackeray , Trollope , and Meredith , was to seek to redefine the traditional concept of the gentleman in conformity with Victorian ideals. In David's eyes, it is Steerforth and not himself who is the hero [138/139] of the story through half its course. And, indeed, the two figures strangely complement each other. Both exhibit a certain ruthlessness in pursuing their ends. Without the narrator's proneness to self-delusion, Steerforth lacks the saving grace of fellow-feeling for the sensibilities of others which mitigates David's weakness. His egoism and readiness to capitalize on his personal charm and the prerogatives of social rank reappear in such gentlemen manque's as Harthouse in Hard Times and Henry Gowan in Little Dorrit. On the other hand, Steerforth repays David's idolatry with genuine, if condescending, affection; and he is sufficiently shamefaced over his failure to live up to the image he has instilled in David's heart to part with him before the final betrayal. If Steerforth so often usurps interest from the protagonist, it is because his conduct exhibits signs of inner stresses of conscience from which David is exempt as a result of the better fortune contrived for him.
Richard Carstone, whose deterioration under the seductive vision of unmerited gain carried out the author's original plan for Walter Gay, is a transitional figure, anticipating the more complexly motivated protagonists of subsequent novels. Arthur Clennam, Sydney Carton, Pip, and Eugene Wrayburn are inheritors of Richard's well-meaning, but vacillating, nature. Like him, also, they nurture undefined, although deeply ingrained, feelings of guilt, which relate them in many ways to the malefactors for whom Dickens compels sympathy. It was one of the novelist's great original insights that unjust treatment may be fully as effective as actual wrongdoing in arousin~ feelings of remorse and self-doubt. In The Old Curiosity Shop Kit Nubbles' anguish at being falsely accused occasions the following passage of commentary: [139/140]
Let moralists and philosophers say what they may, it is very questionable whether a guilty man would have felt half as much misery that night, as Kit did, being innocent. The world, being in the constant commission of vast quantities of injustice, is a little too apt to comfort itself with the idea that if the victim of its falsehood and malice have a clear conscience, he cannot fail to be sustained under his trials, and somehow or other to come right at last; "in which case," sav they who have hunted him down, " — though we certainly don't expect it — nobody will be better pleased than we." Whereas, the world would do well to reflect, that injustice is in itself, to every generous and properlv constituted mind, an injury, of all others the most insufferable, the most torturing, and the most hard to bear; and that many clear consciences have gone to their account elsewhere, and many sound hearts have broken, because of this very reason, the knowledge of their own deserts only aggravating their sufferings, and rendering them the less endurable.
Although reproachless, Florence Dombey cannot shed the conviction that she is somehow to blame for her father's hostility. Of the state of mind which ensued on his brutal whipping by Murdstone, David Copperfield says: "My stripes were sore and stiff, and made me cry afresh, when I moved; but they were nothing to the guilt I felt. It lay heavier on my breast than if I had been a most atrocious criminal, I dare say." And Pip nurses a residue of self-recrimination as a result of his sister's harsh treatment.
Guilt, instilled by injustice, has in Dickens' view the invariable effect of paralyzing the wills of its victims. The resulting apathy made up in equal measure of self-pity and distrust of active engagement in outside affairs, is brilliantly exemplified by the narrator of the strange short story entitled, "George Silverman's Explanation," as well as in Miss Wade's "The History of a Self-Tormentor." Such poseurs as Harthouse [140/141]and Gowan and Bentley Drummle make much of this lassitude as an aspect of their gentlemanly pretensions. The self-lacerating habit of mind which it induces in more consequential figures is most penetratingly explored in Little Dorrit, where it is associated not only with Mrs. Clennam's gloomy Calvinism, but with all the other socially sanctioned forms of egoism which incapacitate the characters in this novel. William Dorrit is not less disabled by his assumption of grandeur than Merdle is by his false eminence as a financier or Casby by his patriarchal posture or Miss Wade by her masochistic delusions.
Humphry House noted that Dickens' view of human nature does not allow for the concept of original sin. Its place is taken by the complex of penitential feelings which enmesh the novelist's most deeply studied characters — feelings which, although they originate in some private conviction of failure or insufficiency, carry with them a sense of responsibility for the evil perpetrated by others. As a result, for all these individuals the inertia imposed by the self-inflicted consciousness of guilt seeks release in acts of vicarious atonement for the actual guilt of others. Arthur takes on himself the burden of Mrs. Clennam's unrevealed secret, and Rokesmith sacrifices his in- heritance to make amends for the eccentric provisions of old Harmon's will.
In Dickens' world love is the only force strong enough to burst the bonds the imprisoning ego and to release the capacity for genuinely altruistic action. This is not the divisive sexual passion, which is really another form of self-love. A late discovery in Dickens' fiction, its power destroys Bradley Headstone and John Jasper, leading to deeds of violence which only confirm their dreadful isolation from their kind. The characters [141/142]who achieve self-transcendence are the ones who undergo a change of heart, having learned through suffering to prefer a good other than their own.
Allegorical implications hover over Dickens' representations of spiritual redemption. The fact cannot be too strongly emphasized, however, that Dickens invariably took pains to knit his thematic concerns into the texture of the narrative proper. For example, the expectations raised by Jarvis Lorry's password, "Recalled to Life" at the start of A Tale of Two Cities, are circumstantially satisfied by the recovery of Dr. Manette. It is only in the context of the entire train of events leading up to Sydney Carton's heroic sacrifice that the phrase takes on full metaphorical significance. The same is true for the splendid irony of the remark made at the end of Chapter 2 by Jerry Cruncher whose gruesome calling as a Resurrection-Man has yet to be revealed: "'Recalled to life.' That's a Blazing strange message. Much of that wouldn't do for you, Jerry! I say, Jerry! You'd be in a Blazing bad way, if recalling to life was to come into fashoion, Jerry!"
Although most clearly announced in A Tale of Two Cities, the theme of resurrection is common to all the late novels. Dombey and Son first establishes a recurrent pattern in which the regeneration of a central character is preceded by a period of illness or nervous disorder. Florence Dombey saves her father from suicide. David Copperfield is free to seek out Agnes only after a period of probation in Switzerland. Arthur Clennam undergoes purgation in the Marshalsea. Joe Gargery returns to nurse Pip through the sickness which ensues on Magwitch's death. John Rokesmith emerges with a new identity from near-drowning; and Eugene Wrayburn, broken in body and spirit, is quite literally reborn. In each instance, recovery conforms to the stages in the experience of conversion. The individual, having passed through his dark night of despair, affirms his recovery by some deed of expiation. These deeds are manifold in their points of moral reference; they may be motivated by a desire on the doer's part [142/143] to compensate for his own past transgressions; but in their salvific effects on the lives of others they incarnate the triumph of love over evil. Thus, Sydney Carton's death, in saving the husband of his beloved, at the same time redeems both the inhumanity of Darnay's aristocratic forbears and, more directly through his kindness to the seamstress, the matching inhumanity of the revolutionary tribunal. By succoring Magwitch, Pip does not simply repay in full his debt to his benefactor, but makes up for Compeyson's betrayal of Magwitch and his own of Joe.
The cases of Clennam and Wrayburn are slightly different, since each is tangibly recompensed for his transformation (as is also true for Pip in the revised ending of Great Expectations). Yet, each acts without expecting reward; and neither story, as has been pointed out, can be said to end in unclouded felicity. For in rededicathlg themselves to the happiness of Amy Dorrit and Lizzie Hexam, both Arthur and Eugene bring to their unions the contrite knowledge that through their own previous misprisal of the treasures of devotion offered them, they have helped confirm the martyr's role reserved for saints in this world. Nevertheless, Dickens is finally saying that salvation from the blight of the social will can only come through the reconstitution of the individual will by love.
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Who was British Prime Minister when Stanley met Livingstone ? | Margaret Thatcher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Margaret Thatcher
Thatcher redirects here. For other meanings see Thatcher (disambiguation) .
The Rt Hon. Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS
Sir Denis Thatcher, Bt.
Signature
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG , OM , PC , FRS (born 13 October 1925 ) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990.
Thatcher was the longest-serving British Prime Minister since William Gladstone , and had the longest continuous period in office since Lord Liverpool in the early nineteenth century. She is also the only woman to have served as Prime Minister, one of only two women to have led a major political party in the UK, and one of only two to have held any of the four great offices of state (the second being Margaret Beckett ). Undoubtedly one of the most significant British politicians in recent political history, she is also one of the most divisive, being loved and loathed on different sides of the political spectrum.
Contents
12 External links
[ edit ] Early life and education
Thatcher was born Margaret Hilda Roberts in the town of Grantham in Lincolnshire , England . Her father was Alfred Roberts , who owned a grocer's shop in the town, was active in local politics (serving as an Alderman ), and was a Methodist lay preacher . Roberts came from a Liberal family but stood—as was then customary in local government—as an Independent. He lost his post as Alderman in 1952 after the Labour Party won its first majority on Grantham Council in 1950. Her mother was Beatrice Roberts née Stephenson, and she had one sister, Muriel (1921-2004). Thatcher was brought up a devout Methodist and has remained a Christian throughout her life. [1]
Thatcher performed well academically, attending Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School and subsequently going up to Somerville College , Oxford in 1944 to study Chemistry . She became President of the Oxford University Conservative Association in 1946, the third woman to hold the post. She graduated with a second-class degree and worked as a research chemist for British Xylonite and then J. Lyons and Co. , where she helped develop methods for preserving ice cream . She was a member of the team that developed the first soft frozen ice cream. She was also a member of the Association of Scientific Workers .
[ edit ] Political career between 1950 and 1970
At the 1950 and 1951 elections, Margaret Roberts fought the safe Labour seat of Dartford , and was at the time the youngest ever female Conservative candidate for office. While active in the Conservative Party in Kent , she met Denis Thatcher , whom she married in 1951. Denis was a wealthy businessman and he funded his wife's studies for the Bar . She qualified as a barrister in 1953, the same year that her twin children Carol and Mark were born. As a lawyer she specialised in tax law.
Thatcher then began to look for a safe Conservative seat and was narrowly rejected as candidate for Orpington in 1954. She had several other rejections before being selected for Finchley in April 1958. She won the seat easily in the 1959 election and took her seat in the House of Commons . Unusually, her maiden speech was in support of her Private Member's Bill ( Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act 1960 ) to force local councils to hold meetings in public, which was successful. In 1961 she went against her party's line by voting for the restoration of birching .
She was given early promotion to the front bench as Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance in September 1961, retaining the post until the Conservatives lost power in the 1964 election . When Sir Alec Douglas-Home stepped down Thatcher voted for Edward Heath in the leadership election over Reginald Maudling , and was rewarded with the job of Conservative spokesman on Housing and Land. Shrewdly she adopted the policy of selling Council Houses to their tenants that had been developed by her colleague James Allason : it would prove popular in succeeding elections [1] . She moved to the Shadow Treasury team after 1966.
Thatcher was one of few Conservative MPs to support Leo Abse 's Bill to decriminalise male homosexuality , and she voted in favour of David Steel 's Bill to legalise abortion . However, she was opposed to the abolition of capital punishment and voted against making divorce more easily attainable. She made her mark as a conference speaker in 1966, with a strong attack on the high-tax policies of the Labour Government as being steps "not only towards Socialism , but towards Communism ". She won promotion to the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Fuel Spokesman in 1967, and was then promoted to shadow Transport and, finally, Education before the 1970 election .
[ edit ] In Heath's Cabinet
When the Conservative party under Edward Heath won the 1970 general election, Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education and Science . In her first months in office, forced to administer a cut in the Education budget, she was responsible for the abolition of universal free milk for school-children aged seven to eleven (Labour had already abolished it for secondary schools). This led to one of the more unflattering names for her, "Mrs. Thatcher, Milk Snatcher". Cabinet papers show that she spoke against the move in Cabinet, but was forced, due to the concept of collective responsibility, to implement the will of her fellow ministers. [2] This provoked a storm of public protest. She also successfully resisted library book charges.
Her term was marked by support for several proposals for more local education authorities to close grammar schools and adopt comprehensive secondary education , even though this was widely perceived as a left-wing policy. Thatcher also saved the Open University from being abolished. The Chancellor Anthony Barber actually wanted to abolish it as a budget-cutting measure, for he viewed it as a gimmick by Harold Wilson . Thatcher believed it was a relatively inexpensive way of extending higher education and insisted that the University should experiment with admitting school-leavers as well as adults. In her memoirs, Thatcher wrote that she was not part of Heath's inner circle, and had little or no influence on the key government decisions outside her department.
After the Conservative defeat in February 1974 , she was moved again, to Shadow Environment Secretary. In this position she promised to abolish the rating system that paid for local government services, which proved a popular policy within the Conservative Party.
[ edit ] As Leader of the Opposition
Margaret Thatcher as Leader of the Opposition in 1975
Thatcher agreed with Sir Keith Joseph and the CPS that the Heath Government had lost control of monetary policy -- and had lost direction -- following its 1972 U-turn . After her party lost the second election of 1974 , Joseph decided to challenge Heath's leadership but later withdrew. Thatcher then decided that she would enter the race on behalf of the Josephite/CPS faction. Unexpectedly she outpolled Heath on the first ballot, forcing him to resign the leadership. On the second ballot, she defeated Heath's preferred successor William Whitelaw , by 146 votes to 79, and became Conservative Party leader on 11 February 1975 . She appointed Whitelaw as her deputy. Heath remained bitter towards Thatcher to the end of his life for what he perceived as her disloyalty in standing against him.
On 19 January 1976 , she made a speech in Kensington Town Hall in which she made a scathing attack on the Soviet Union . The most famous part of her speech ran:
"The Russians are bent on world dominance, and they are rapidly acquiring the means to become the most powerful imperial nation the world has seen. The men in the Soviet Politburo do not have to worry about the ebb and flow of public opinion. They put guns before butter , while we put just about everything before guns."
In response, the Soviet Defence Ministry newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda (" Red Star ") gave her the nickname " Iron Lady ", which was soon publicised by Radio Moscow . She took delight in the name and it soon became associated with her image as an unwavering and steadfast character.
Thatcher appointed many Heath supporters to the Shadow Cabinet and throughout her administrations sought to have a cabinet that reflected the broad range of opinions in the Conservative Party. This was particularly true in the 1976-9 period as Thatcher had won the leadership as an outsider and had little power base of her own within the party. Thatcher had to act cautiously to convert the Conservative Party to her monetarist beliefs. She reversed Heath's support for devolved government for Scotland . In an interview for Granada Television 's World in Action programme in January 1978, she said "people are really rather afraid that this country might be rather swamped by people with a different culture", arousing particular controversy at the time. [3] She received 10,000 letters thanking her for raising the subject and the Conservatives gained a lead against Labour in the opinion polls, from both parties at 43% before the speech to 48% for Conservative and 39% for Labour immediately after. [2]
During the 1979 General Election , most opinion polls showed that voters preferred James Callaghan as Prime Minister even as the Conservative Party maintained a lead in the polls. The Labour Government ran into difficulties with the industrial disputes, strikes, high unemployment, and collapsing public services during the winter of 1978-9, dubbed the ' Winter of Discontent '. The Conservatives used campaign posters with slogans such as "Labour Isn't Working" (see [4] ) to attack the government's record over unemployment and its over-regulation of the labour market.
James Callaghan 's Labour government fell after a successful Motion of no confidence in spring 1979 and in the general election of 1979 the Conservatives won a 44-seat majority in the House of Commons and Margaret Thatcher became the United Kingdom's first female Prime Minister. On arriving at 10 Downing Street , she famously said, in a paraphrase of St. Francis of Assisi :
"Where there is discord, may we bring harmony. Where there is error, may we bring truth. Where there is doubt, may we bring faith. And where there is despair, may we bring hope."
[ edit ] As Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher and Kenneth Kaunda
Thatcher became the first female Prime Minister on 4 May 1979 , with a mandate to reverse the UK's economic decline and to reduce the role of the state in the economy. Thatcher was incensed by one contemporary view within the Civil Service , that its job was to manage the UK's decline from the days of Empire , and she wanted the country to assert a higher level of influence and leadership in international affairs . She was a philosophic soulmate of Ronald Reagan , elected in 1980 in the United States , and to a lesser extent Brian Mulroney , who was elected in 1984 in Canada . It seemed for a time that conservatism might be the dominant political philosophy in the major English-speaking nations for the era.
In May 1980, one day before she was due to meet the Irish Taoiseach , Charles Haughey , to discuss Northern Ireland , she announced in the House of Commons that "the future of the constitutional affairs of Northern Ireland is a matter for the people of Northern Ireland, this government, this parliament, and no-one else."
In 1981, a number of Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Irish National Liberation Army prisoners in Northern Ireland 's Maze prison (known in Ireland as 'Long Kesh', its previous name) went on hunger strike to regain the status of political prisoners , which had been revoked five years earlier under the preceding Labour government. Bobby Sands , the first of the strikers, was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Fermanagh and South Tyrone a few weeks before he died.
Thatcher refused at first to countenance a return to political status for republican prisoners, famously declaring "Crime is crime is crime; it is not political." However, after nine more men had starved themselves to death and the strike had ended, and in the face of growing anger on both sides of the border and widespread civil unrest, some rights relating to political status were restored to paramilitary prisoners.
Thatcher also continued the policy of " Ulsterisation " of the previous Labour government and its Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Roy Mason , believing that the Unionists of Northern Ireland should be at the forefront in combating Irish republicanism . This meant relieving the burden on the mainstream British army and elevating the role of the Ulster Defence Regiment and the Royal Ulster Constabulary .
As a monetarist, Thatcher started out in her economic policy by increasing interest rates to slow the growth of the money supply and thus lower inflation. She had a preference for indirect taxation over taxes on income, and value added tax (VAT) was raised sharply to 15%, with a resultant actual short-term rise in inflation. These moves hit businesses -- especially the manufacturing sector -- and unemployment quickly passed two million, doubling the one million unemployed under the previous Labour government.
Political commentators harked back to the Heath Government's "U-turn" and speculated that Mrs Thatcher would follow suit, but she repudiated this approach at the 1980 Conservative Party conference, telling the party: "To those waiting with bated breath for that favourite media catch-phrase—the U-turn—I have only one thing to say: you turn if you want to; the Lady's not for turning." [3] That she meant what she said was confirmed in the 1981 budget, when, despite concerns expressed in an open letter from 364 leading economists, taxes were increased in the middle of a recession. In January 1982, the inflation rate dropped to single digits and interest rates were then allowed to fall. Unemployment continued to rise, reaching an official figure of 3.6 million — although the criteria for defining who was unemployed were amended allowing some to estimate that unemployment in fact hit 5 million. However, Norman Tebbit has suggested that, due to the high number of people claiming unemployment benefit whilst working, unemployment never reached three million.
By 1983, manufacturing output had dropped 30% from 1978.
Main article: Falklands War
In the Argentina of the 1980s an unstable military junta held power and was keen on reversing its widespread unpopularity caused by the country's poor economic performance. On 2 April 1982 , it invaded the Falkland Islands , known to the Argentinians as Islas Malvinas , the only invasion of a British territory since World War II . Argentina has claimed the islands since an 1830s dispute on their settlement. Within days, Thatcher sent a naval task force to recapture the Islands. Despite the huge logistical difficulties, the task force was successful, resulting in a wave of patriotic enthusiasm and support for her, at a time when her popularity had been at an all-time low for a serving Prime Minister.[ citation needed ]
[ edit ] 1983 General Election
This 'Falklands Factor', along with signs of economic recovery in early 1983, greatly aided the government's cause. The Labour party had split, and there was a new challenge to the political centre, the SDP-Liberal Alliance , formed by an electoral pact between the Social Democratic Party and the Liberal Party . However, this grouping of uncertain cohesion failed to make its intended breakthrough, despite briefly holding an opinion poll lead. In the June 1983 general election , the Conservatives won 42.4% of the vote, the Labour party 27.6% and the Alliance 25.4% of the vote. Although the Conservatives' share of the vote had fallen slightly (1.5%) since 1979, Labour's vote had fallen by far more (9.3%) and the large lead over the second-place party was translated by Britain's system of first past the post into a Conservative landslide . Under Margaret Thatcher, the Conservatives had won with a majority of 144 over the other parties.
[ edit ] 1983–1987
Thatcher was committed to reducing the power of the trade unions but, unlike the Heath government, adopted a strategy of incremental change rather than a single Act. Several unions launched strikes in defence of their rights to represent workers, [ citation needed ] but all the actions eventually collapsed without successfully effecting any real change to the policy. Gradually, Thatcher's reforms reduced the power and influence of workers' unions, the successive pieces of legislation restricting the permitted mandates of union representation ever further. The changes were chiefly focused upon preventing the recurrence of the large-scale industrial actions of the past, but were also intended to assure that the consequences for the participants would be severe if any future action was taken. The reforms were also aimed,Thatcher claimed, to democratise the unions, and return power to the members. The most significant measures were to make secondary industrial action illegal, to make it illegal for a union leadership to call strike action without first winning a ballot of the union membership, and to make the closed shop illegal. Further laws banned workplace ballots and imposed postal ballots.
The strikes carried out in 1984-85 by the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) in opposition to proposals to close a large number of mines, proved decisive. Thatcher had made preparations to counter a strike by the NUM long in advance by building up coal stocks, ensuring that cuts in the electricity supply, like those experienced during the industrial disputes of 1972, would not be required to protect the supply. Police tactics during the strikes greatly concerned civil libertarians , but the images of crowds of militant miners attempting to prevent other miners from working proved a shock even to some supporters of the strikes. Mounting desperation and poverty of the striking families - who went without any income at all whilst committed to the strike - led to divisions being formed between the miners. A group of workers, resigned to the impending failure of the actions and worn down by months of protests, began to defy the Union's rulings, starting splinter groups and advising workers that return to work was the only option remaining: the battle had already been lost.
The Miners' Strike lasted a full year before the NUM leadership conceded without a deal. The Conservative government proceeded to close all but 15 of the country's pits, with the remaining 15 being sold off and privatised in 1994. Private companies have since then acquired licences to open new pits and open-cast sites, with the majority of the original mines being destroyed and the land redeveloped. The defeat of the miners' strike led to a long period of demoralization in the whole of the trade union movement.
Following the arrest of the Coventry Four for breaching the UN arms embargo against apartheid South Africa in March 1984, and their repatriation to South Africa on bail, Thatcher invited apartheid South Africa 's president, P.W. Botha , and foreign minister, Pik Botha , to Chequers in June 1984 in an effort to stave off growing international pressure for the imposition of economic sanctions against South Africa, where Britain had invested heavily. She reportedly urged President Botha to end apartheid; to release Nelson Mandela ; to halt the harassment of black dissidents; to stop the bombing of African National Congress (ANC) bases in front-line states; and to comply with UN Security Council resolutions and withdraw from Namibia . [4] However Botha ignored these demands.
In an interview with Hugo Young for The Guardian in July 1986, Thatcher expressed her belief that economic sanctions against South Africa would be immoral because they would make thousands of black workers unemployed. [5] Because Pik Botha refused to allow the Coventry Four to return to England for their trial in the autumn of 1984, the £200,000 bail money had to be surrendered to the High Court. [6]
On the early morning of October 12 , 1984 , the day before her 59th birthday, Thatcher escaped injury in the Brighton hotel bombing when the hotel she was staying in for the Conservative Party Conference was bombed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army. Five people died in the attack, including Roberta Wakeham, wife of the government's Chief Whip John Wakeham , and the Conservative MP Sir Anthony Berry . A prominent member of the Cabinet, Norman Tebbit , was injured, along with his wife Margaret, who was left paralysed. Thatcher herself would have been injured if not for the fact that she was delayed from using the bathroom (which suffered more damage than the room she was in at the time the IRA bomb detonated). [5] Thatcher insisted that the conference open on time the next day and made her speech as planned in defiance of the bombers, a gesture which won widespread approval across the political spectrum.
On November 15 , 1985 , Thatcher signed the Hillsborough Anglo-Irish Agreement with Irish Prime Minister Garret FitzGerald , the first time a British government gave the Republic of Ireland a say (albeit advisory) in the governance of Northern Ireland. The agreement was greeted with fury by Northern Irish unionists. The Ulster Unionists and Democratic Unionists made an electoral pact and on January 23 , 1986 , staged an ad-hoc referendum by resigning their seats and contesting the subsequent by-elections, losing only one, to the nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP). However, unlike the Sunningdale Agreement of 1974, they found they could not bring the agreement down by a general strike. This was another effect of the changed balance of power in industrial relations .
Thatcher's political and economic philosophy emphasised free markets and entrepreneurialism . Since gaining power, she had experimented in selling off a small nationalised company, the National Freight Company, to its workers, with a surprisingly positive response. After the 1983 election, the Government became bolder and, starting with British Telecom , sold off most of the large utilities which had been in public ownership since the late 1940s. Many in the public took advantage of share offers, although many sold their shares immediately for a quick profit. The policy of privatisation , while anathema to many on the left, has become synonymous with Thatcherism . Wider share-ownership and council house sales became known as " popular capitalism " to its supporters.
In the Cold War , Mrs Thatcher supported Ronald Reagan 's policies of deterrence against the Soviets. This contrasted with the policy of détente which the West had pursued during the 1970s, and caused friction with allies who still adhered to the idea of détente. US forces were permitted by Mrs. Thatcher to station nuclear cruise missiles at British bases, arousing mass protests by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . However, she later was the first Western leader to respond warmly to the rise of reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , declaring that she liked him and describing him as "a man we can do business with" after a meeting in 1984, three months before he came to power. This was a start of a move by the West back to a new détente with the USSR under Gorbachev's leadership which coincided with the final erosion of Soviet power prior to the turbulence of 1991 and the collapse of the Union. Thatcher outlasted the Cold War, which ended in 1989, and voices who share her views on it credit her with a part in the West's victory, by both the deterrence and détente postures.
Also in 1985, as a deliberate snub, the University of Oxford voted to refuse her an honorary degree in protest against her cuts in funding for education. [6] This award had always previously been given to Prime Ministers that had been educated at Oxford.
She supported the US bombing raid on Libya from bases in the UK in 1986 in defiance of other North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies. Her liking for defence ties with the United States was demonstrated in the Westland affair when she acted with colleagues to allow the helicopter manufacturer Westland , a vital defence contractor, to refuse to link with the Italian firm Agusta in order for it to link with the management's preferred option, Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation of the United States. Defence Secretary Michael Heseltine , who had pushed the Agusta deal, resigned in protest at her style of leadership, and remained an influential critic and potential leadership challenger. He would, eventually, prove instrumental in Thatcher's fall in 1990.
In 1986, her government controversially abolished the Greater London Council (GLC), then led by radical left-winger Ken Livingstone , and six Metropolitan County Councils (MCCs). The government claimed this was an efficiency measure. However, Thatcher's opponents held that the move was politically motivated, as all of the abolished councils were controlled by Labour, had become powerful centres of opposition to her government, and were in favour of higher public spending by local government. Several of them had however rendered themselves vulnerable by committing hard-pressed public funds to causes widely seen as political and even extreme.
Thatcher had two noted foreign policy successes in her second term.
In 1984, she visited China and signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration with Deng Xiaoping on 19 December , which committed the People's Republic of China to award Hong Kong the status of a "Special Administrative Region". Under the terms of the so-called One Country, Two Systems agreement, China was obliged to leave Hong Kong's economic status unchanged after the handover on July 1 , 1997 for a period of fifty years – until 2047.
At the Dublin European Council in November 1979, Mrs Thatcher argued that the United Kingdom paid far more to the European Economic Community than it received in spending. She famously declared at the summit: "We are not asking the Community or anyone else for money. We are simply asking to have our own money back". Her arguments were successful and at the June 1984 Fontainbleau Summit, the EEC agreed on an annual rebate for the United Kingdom, amounting to 66% of the difference between Britain's EU contributions and receipts. This still remains in effect, although Tony Blair later agreed to significantly reduce the size of the rebate. It periodically causes political controversy among the members of the European Union .[ citation needed ]
[ edit ] 1987–1990
By winning the 1987 general election , on the economic boom and against a Labour opposition advocating unilateral nuclear disarmament, with a 102 majority, she became the longest continuously serving Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since Lord Liverpool (1812 to 1827), and the first to win three successive elections since Lord Palmerston in 1865 . Most United Kingdom newspapers supported her—with the exception of The Daily Mirror , The Guardian and The Independent —and were rewarded with regular press briefings by her press secretary, Bernard Ingham . She was known as "Maggie" in the tabloids , which inspired the well-known protest slogan " Maggie Out !", chanted throughout that period by some of her opponents. Her unpopularity on the left is evident from the lyrics of several contemporary popular songs: "Stand Down Margaret" ( The Beat ), "Tramp The Dirt Down" ( Elvis Costello ), "Dear Margaret" ( The Kinks ), "Margaret On The Guillotine" ( Morrissey ), some songs from Pink Floyd's ¨The Final Cut¨, and "Mother Knows Best" ( Richard Thompson ).
Though an early backer of decriminalization of male homosexuality (see above), Thatcher, at the 1987 Conservative party conference, issued the statement that "Children who need to be taught to respect traditional moral values are being taught that they have an inalienable right to be gay". Backbench Conservative MPs and Peers had already begun a backlash against the 'promotion' of homosexuality and, in December 1987, the controversial ' Section 28 ' was added as an amendment to what became the Local Government Act 1988 . This legislation has since been abolished by Tony Blair's Labour administration.
Welfare reforms in her third term created an adult Employment Training system that included full-time work done for the dole plus a £10 top-up, on the workfare model from the US .
In the late 1980s, Thatcher, a former chemist, became concerned with environmental issues, which she had previously dismissed: "When you've spent half your political life dealing with humdrum issues like the environment, it's exciting to have a real crisis on your hands", she said in relation to the Falklands conflict.
In 1988, she made a major speech accepting the problems of global warming , ozone depletion and acid rain . In 1990, she opened the Hadley Centre for climate prediction and research. [7] . In her book Statecraft (2002), she described her later regret in supporting the concept of human-induced global warming, outlining the negative effects she perceived it had upon the policy-making process. "Whatever international action we agree upon to deal with environmental problems, we must enable our economies to grow and develop, because without growth you cannot generate the wealth required to pay for the protection of the environment" (452).
At Bruges, Belgium , in 1988, Thatcher made a speech in which she outlined her opposition to proposals from the European Community for a federal structure and increasing centralisation of decision-making. Although she had supported British membership, Thatcher believed that the role of the EC should be limited to ensuring free trade and effective competition, and feared that new EC regulations would reverse the changes she was making in the UK. "We have not successfully rolled back the frontiers of the state in Britain, only to see them re-imposed at a European level, with a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels". She was specifically against Economic and Monetary Union , through which a single currency would replace national currencies, and for which the EC was making preparations. The speech caused an outcry from other European leaders, and exposed for the first time the deep split that was emerging over European policy inside her Conservative Party.
Thatcher's popularity once again declined, in 1989, as the economy suffered from high interest rates imposed to stop an unsustainable boom . She blamed her Chancellor, Nigel Lawson , who had been following an economic policy which was a preparation for monetary union; in an interview for the Financial Times, in November 1987, Thatcher claimed not to have been told of this and did not approve. [8]
At a meeting before the Madrid European Community summit in June 1989, Lawson and Foreign Secretary Geoffrey Howe forced Thatcher to agree the circumstances under which she would join the Exchange Rate Mechanism , a preparation for monetary union. At the meeting, they both claimed they would resign if their demands were not agreed to by Thatcher. [7] Thatcher took revenge on both by demoting Howe and by listening more to her adviser Sir Alan Walters on economic matters. Lawson resigned that October, feeling that Thatcher had undermined him.
That November, Thatcher was challenged for the leadership of the Conservative Party by Sir Anthony Meyer . As Meyer was a virtually unknown backbench MP, he was viewed as a stalking horse candidate for more prominent members of the party. Thatcher easily defeated Meyer's challenge, but there were sixty ballot papers either cast for Meyer or abstaining, a surprisingly large number for a sitting Prime Minister. Her supporters in the Party, however, viewed the results as a success, claiming that after ten years as Prime Minister and with approximately 370 Conservative MPs voting, the opposition was surprisingly small. [9]
Thatcher's new system to replace local government taxes, outlined in the Conservative manifesto for the 1987 election, was introduced in Scotland in 1989 and in England and Wales in 1990. The rates were replaced by the Community Charge (more widely known as the " poll tax "), which applied the same amount to every individual resident, with discounts for low earners. This was to be the most universally unpopular policy of her premiership.
Additional problems emerged when many of the tax rates set by local councils proved to be much higher than earlier predictions. Opponents of the Community Charge banded together to resist bailiffs and disrupt court hearings of Community Charge debtors . The Labour MP, Terry Fields , was jailed for 60 days for refusing on principle to pay his Community Charge. As Mrs Thatcher continued to refuse to compromise on the tax, up to 18 million people refused to pay,[ citation needed ] enforcement measures became increasingly draconian, and unrest mounted and culminated in a number of riots . The most serious of these happened in London on March 31 , 1990 , during a protest at Trafalgar Square , London , which more than 200,000 protesters attended. The huge unpopularity of the tax was a major factor in Thatcher's downfall.
One of Thatcher's final acts in office was to put pressure on US President George H. W. Bush to deploy troops to the Middle East to drive Saddam Hussein 's army out of Kuwait . Bush was somewhat apprehensive about the plan, but Thatcher famously told him that this was "no time to go wobbly!"
On the Friday before the Conservative Party conference in October 1990, Thatcher ordered her new Chancellor of the Exchequer John Major to reduce interest rates by 1%. Major persuaded her that the only way to maintain monetary stability was to join the Exchange Rate Mechanism at the same time, despite not meeting the 'Madrid conditions'. The Conservative Party conference that year saw a large degree of unity; few who attended could have imagined that Mrs Thatcher had only a matter of weeks left in office.
[ edit ] Fall from power
See also: Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 1990
Mrs Thatcher's political "assassination" was, according to witnesses such as Alan Clark, one of the most dramatic episodes in British political history. The idea of a long-serving prime minister - undefeated at the polls - being ousted by an internal party ballot, might at first sight seem like an improbable one. However, by 1990, opposition to Thatcher's policies on local government taxation, her Government's perceived mishandling of the economy (in particular, high interest rates of 15%, which were eroding her support base among homeowners and businesspeople), and the divisions opening in the Conservative Party over European integration made her and her party seem increasingly politically vulnerable.
On 1 November 1990 , Sir Geoffrey Howe , one of Thatcher's oldest and staunchest supporters, resigned from his position as Deputy Prime Minister in protest at Thatcher's European policy. In his resignation speech in the House of Commons two weeks later, he suggested that the time had come for "others to consider their own response to the tragic conflict of loyalties" with which he stated that he had wrestled for perhaps too long. Her former cabinet colleague Michael Heseltine subsequently challenged her for the leadership of the party, and attracted sufficient support in the first round of voting to prolong the contest to a second ballot. Though she initially stated that she intended to contest the second ballot, Thatcher decided, after consulting with her Cabinet colleagues, to withdraw from the contest. On 22 November , at just after 9.30 a.m., she announced to the Cabinet that she would not be a candidate in the second ballot. Shortly afterwards, her staff made public what was, in effect, her resignation statement:
Having consulted widely among my colleagues, I have concluded that the unity of the Party and the prospects of victory in a General Election would be better served if I stood down to enable Cabinet colleagues to enter the ballot for the leadership. I should like to thank all those in Cabinet and outside who have given me such dedicated support.
Neil Kinnock , Leader of the Opposition, proposed a motion of no confidence in the government; and Margaret Thatcher seized the opportunity this presented on the day of her resignation to deliver one of her most memorable performances:
"... a single currency is about the politics of Europe, it is about a federal Europe by the back door. So I shall consider the proposal of the Honourable Member for Bolsover ( Mr. Skinner ). Now where were we? I am enjoying this."
She supported John Major as her successor and he duly won the leadership contest. After her resignation a MORI poll found that 52% agreed that "On balance she had been good for the country", with 48% agreeing that she had been "bad". [8] In 1991, she was given a long and unprecedented standing ovation at the party's annual conference, although she politely rejected calls from delegates for her to make a speech. She did, however, occasionally speak in the House of Commons after she was Prime Minister. She retired from the House at the 1992 election .
[ edit ] Post-political career
Margaret Thatcher visits the former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet during his house arrest in London, in 1998
In 1992, Margaret Thatcher was raised to the House of Lords by the conferment of a life peerage as Baroness Thatcher, of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire, upon her. She did not take a hereditary title, as she had recommended for Harold Macmillan , later Earl of Stockton, on his ninetieth birthday in 1984. She has explained that she thought she hadn't sufficient means to 'support' an hereditary title [ citation needed ]. By virtue of the life barony, she entered the House of Lords . She made a series of speeches in the Lords criticising the Maastricht Treaty , describing it as "a treaty too far" and in June 1993 told the Lords: "I could never have signed this treaty". [10] She also advocated a referendum on the treaty, citing A. V. Dicey , since all three main parties were in favour of it and that therefore the people should have their say. [11]
In August 1992, she called for NATO to stop the Serbian assault on Gorazde and Sarajevo in order to end ethnic cleansing and to preserve the Bosnian state. She claimed what was happening in Bosnia was "reminiscent of the worst excesses of the Nazis ". [9] In December of that same year she warned that there could be a "holocaust" in Bosnia and, after the first massacre at Srebrenica in April 1993, Thatcher thought it was a "killing field the like of which I thought we would never see in Europe again". She reportedly said to Douglas Hurd, the Foreign Secretary: "Douglas, Douglas, you would make Neville Chamberlain look like a warmonger". [10]
She had already been honoured by the Queen in 1990, shortly after her resignation as Prime Minister, when she was appointed to the Order of Merit , one of the UK's highest distinctions. In addition, her husband, Denis Thatcher, had been given a baronetcy in 1991 (ensuring that their son Mark would inherit a title). This was the first creation of a baronetcy since 1965. In 1995, Thatcher was raised to the Order of the Garter , the United Kingdom's highest order of Chivalry .
In July 1992, she was hired by tobacco giant Philip Morris Companies , now the Altria Group , as a "geopolitical consultant" for US$250,000 per year and an annual contribution of US$250,000 to her Foundation.
From 1993 to 2000, she served as Chancellor of the College of William and Mary , Virginia, USA, which was established by Royal Charter in 1693. She was also Chancellor of the University of Buckingham , the UK's only private university. She retired from the post in 1998.
She wrote her memoirs in two volumes, The Path to Power and The Downing Street Years. In 1993 The Downing Street Years were televised by the BBC, where she described the Cabinet rebellion that brought about her resignation as "treachery with a smile on its face".
Although she remained supportive in public, in private she made her displeasure with many of John Major's policies plain, and her views were conveyed to the press and widely reported. She was critical of the rise in public spending under Major, tax increases and his more favourable attitude to European integration . After Tony Blair 's election as Labour Party leader in 1994, Thatcher gave an interview in May 1995 in which she praised Blair as "probably the most formidable Labour leader since Hugh Gaitskell . I see a lot of socialism behind their front bench, but not in Mr Blair. I think he genuinely has moved". [12]
In the Conservative leadership election in the aftermath of the Conservatives' landslide defeat at the hands of New Labour , Thatcher voiced her support for William Hague after Kenneth Clarke entered into an alliance with John Redwood . Thatcher reportedly then toured the tea room of the House of Commons, urging Conservative MPs to vote for Hague.
In 1998, Thatcher made a highly publicised visit to the former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet , while he was under house arrest in Surrey, during which she expressed her support for and friendship with him (see [13] ). Pinochet had been a key ally in the Falklands War . Thatcher and Pinochet are both members of the Rotary International . During the same year, she made a £2,000,000 donation to Cambridge University for the endowment of a Margaret Thatcher Chair in Entrepreneurial Studies. She also donated the archive of her personal papers to Churchill College, Cambridge where the collection continues to be expanded.
Margaret Thatcher actively supported the Conservative general election campaign in 2001 . In the Conservative leadership election shortly after, Lady Thatcher came out in support of Iain Duncan Smith because she believed he would "make infinitely the better leader" than Kenneth Clarke due to Clarke's "old-fashioned views of the role of the state and his unbounded enthusiasm for European integration". [14]
In 2002, she published Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World detailing her thoughts on international relations since her resignation in 1990. The chapters on the European Union were particularly controversial; she called for a fundamental renegotiation of Britain's membership to preserve the UK's sovereignty and, if that failed, for Britain to leave and join NAFTA . These chapters were serialised in The Times on Monday, 18 March and caused a political furore for the rest of the week until Friday, 22 March when it was announced she had been advised by her doctors to make no more public speeches on health grounds, having suffered several small strokes. [15]
She remains active in various groups, including the Conservative Way Forward group, the Bruges Group and the European Foundation . She was widowed on 26 June 2003 .
On June 11 , 2004 , Thatcher attended the funeral, and delivered a tribute via videotape to former United States President Ronald Reagan at his state funeral at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C.
Thatcher attends the official Washington, D.C. memorial service marking the 5th anniversary of the 9/11 terror attacks, pictured with Vice President Dick Cheney and his wife Lynne Cheney .
In December 2004, it was reported that Thatcher had told a private meeting of Conservative MPs that she was against the British Government's plan to introduce identity cards . She is said to have remarked that ID cards were a "Germanic concept and completely alien to this country". [16]
On 13 October 2005 , Thatcher marked her 80th birthday with a party at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Hyde Park where the guests included Her Majesty the Queen and HRH The Duke of Edinburgh . There, Geoffrey Howe, now Lord Howe of Aberavon, commented on her political career: "Her real triumph was to have transformed not just one party but two, so that when Labour did eventually return, the great bulk of Thatcherism was accepted as irreversible."
In September, 2006, Thatcher attended the official Washington, D.C. memorial service marking the 5th anniversary of the 9/11 terror attacks. She attended as a guest of the U.S. Vice President, Dick Cheney , and met with U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice during her visit. It marked her first visit to the United States since the funeral for former U.S. Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger in April 2006. [17]
On 12 November 2006 , she appeared at the Remembrance Day parade at the Cenotaph in London, leaning heavily on the arm of former Prime Minister, John Major . One week later, she released a an effusive statement of condolence on the death of her friend and economic mentor, Milton Friedman , the man often described as the inspiration behind Thatcherism .
[ edit ] Legacy
Many British citizens remember where they were and what they were doing when they heard that Margaret Thatcher had resigned and what their reaction was. Due to the ideological political climate of the time, Margaret Thatcher brought out both positive and negative reactions from different sides of the political spectrum.
She has been credited for her macroeconomic reforms with rescuing the British economy from the stagnation of the 1970s and admired for her committed radicalism on economic issues. The left wing accuse her of dismantling the Welfare State and of destroying much of the UK's manufacturing base, consigning many manufacturing to long-term unemployment. However, supporters of privatisation and of the free market cite the recovery of the economy during the mid-1980s and the present day success of the British economy, with its relatively low unemployment.
The UK was seen by some as the " sick man of Europe " in the 1970s. However, the UK emerged as one of the most successful economies in modern Europe. While the unemployment rate did eventually come down, it came after initial job losses and radical labour market reforms. These included laws that weakened trade unions and the deregulation of financial markets, which certainly played a part in returning London to a leadership position as a European financial centre, and her push for increased competition in telecommunications and other public utilities.
Perceptions of Margaret Thatcher are mixed in the view of the British public. A clear illustration of the divisions of opinion over Thatcher's leadership can be found in recent television polls: Thatcher appears at number 16 in the 2002 List of " 100 Greatest Britons ", which was the highest placing for a living person. She also appears at number 3 in the 2003 List of " 100 Worst Britons ", which was confined to those living, narrowly missing out on the top spot, which went to Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair . In the end, however, few could argue that there was any woman who played a more important role on the world stage in the 20th century. In perhaps the sincerest form of flattery, Labour Prime Minister, Tony Blair, himself a thrice-elected Prime Minister, has implicitly and explicitly acknowledged her importance by continuing many of her economic policies. Thatcher herself indirectly acknowledged Blair during a Conservative leadership contest when she said "[The Conservative Party]...don't need someone that can beat Mr. Blair, they need someone LIKE Mr. Blair".
In much of Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the urban and former mining areas of northern England, she is still reviled. Many people remember the hardships of the miners' strike, which destroyed many mining communities, and the decline of traditional heavy industry, despite the subsequent boom in service industries.
Negative opinions of Thatcher in the mining and industrial communities were reflected in the 1987 election, which she won by a landslide through winning large numbers of seats in southern England and the rural farming areas of northern England while winning few seats in the remaining areas of the country. Through the Common Agricultural Policy , British agriculture was (and remains) heavily subsidised while other failing parts of the economy did not receive similar tax revenue support. This geographical imbalance in Thatcher's support led to wide-spread feelings of alienation in Scotland, Wales and the English regions, and contributed directly to the growth of devolution movements in those areas.
Perceptions abroad broadly follow the same political divisions. On the left, Margaret Thatcher is generally regarded as somebody who used force to quash social movements, who imposed social reforms that disregarded the interests of the working class and instead favoured the wealthier elements of the middle class and business. Satirists have often caricatured her. For instance, French singer Renaud wrote a song, Miss Maggie, which lauded women as refraining from many of the silly behaviours of males – and every time making an exception for "Mrs Thatcher". She may be remembered most of all for her remark "There is no such thing as society" [18] to the reporter Douglas Keay, for 'Womans Own' magazine, 23 September 1987 . This remark has frequently been quoted out of its full context and the surrounding remarks were as follows:
"I think we've been through a period where too many people have been given to understand that if they have a problem, it's the government's job to cope with it. 'I have a problem, I'll get a grant.' 'I'm homeless, the government must house me.' They're casting their problem on society. And, you know, there is no such thing as society. There are individual men and women, and there are families. And no government can do anything except through people, and people must look to themselves first." [19]
On the economic and political right and centre right , Thatcher is often remembered with some fondness as one who dared to confront powerful unions and removed harmful constraints on the economy. On the left she is still reviled as the politician who cut funding of the public services to support the rich.
In 1996, the Scott Inquiry into the Arms-to-Iraq affair investigated the Thatcher government's record in dealing with Saddam Hussein. It revealed how £1bn of Whitehall money was used in soft loan guarantees for British exporters to Iraq. The judge found that during Baghdad's protracted invasion of Iran in the 1980s , officials destroyed documents relating to the export of Chieftain tank parts to Jordan which ended up in Iraq. Ministers clandestinely relaxed official guidelines to help private companies sell machine tools which were used in munitions factories. The British company Racal exported sophisticated Jaguar V radios to the former Iraqi dictator's army on credit. Members of the Conservative cabinet refused to stop lending guaranteed funds to Saddam even after he executed a British journalist, Farzad Bazoft , Thatcher’s cabinet minuting that they did not want to damage British industry.
Many on both the right and left agree that Thatcher had a transformative effect on the British political spectrum and that her tenure had the effect of moving the major political parties rightward. Will Hutton, author of the bestselling "The State We're In", argues that the change to conservatism could have been achieved with more consensus and less hardship by a leader less enamaoured of US hegemonic power.
New Labour and Blairism have incorporated much of the economic, social and political tenets of "Thatcherism" in the same manner as, in a previous era, the Conservative Party from the 1950s until the days of Edward Heath accepted many of the basic assumptions of the welfare state instituted by Labour governments. The curtailing and large scale dismantling of elements of the welfare state under Thatcher have largely remained. As well, Thatcher's programme of privatising state-owned enterprises has not been reversed. Indeed, successive Tory and Labour governments have further curtailed the involvement of the state in the economy and have further dismantled public ownership.
For good or ill, Thatcher's impact on the trade union movement in Britain has been lasting with the breaking of the miners' strike of 1984-1985 seen as a watershed moment, or even a breaking point, for a union movement which has been unable to regain the degree of power it exercised up to the 1970s. Unionisation rates in Britain declined under Thatcher and have not recovered, and the legislative instruments introduced to curtail the impact of strikes have not been reversed. Instead, the Labour Party has worked to loosen its ties to the trade union movement. While industrial action does still occur, there is no longer the kind of mass economic disruption seen in the 1970s, and the closed shop remains illegal.
Thatcher's legacy has continued strongly to influence the Conservative Party itself. Successive leaders, starting with John Major , and continuing in opposition with William Hague , Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard , have struggled with real or perceived factions in the Parliamentary and national party to determine what parts of her heritage should be retained or jettisoned. One cannot yet determine what the role of Thatcherism will be under the leadership of David Cameron .
In a list compiled by the centre-left publication New Statesman in 2006, she was voted fifth in the list of "Heroes of our time". [11] She was also named a Hero of Freedom by the Libertarian magazine Reason. [12]
[ edit ] Titles and honours
The arms of Margaret Thatcher. The admiral represents the Falklands War , the image of Sir Isaac Newton her background as a chemist and her birth town Grantham .
[ edit ] Titles from birth
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Margaret Thatcher
Thatcher redirects here. For other meanings see Thatcher (disambiguation) .
The Rt Hon. Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS
Sir Denis Thatcher, Bt.
Signature
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG , OM , PC , FRS (born 13 October 1925 ) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990.
Thatcher was the longest-serving British Prime Minister since William Gladstone , and had the longest continuous period in office since Lord Liverpool in the early nineteenth century. She is also the only woman to have served as Prime Minister, one of only two women to have led a major political party in the UK, and one of only two to have held any of the four great offices of state (the second being Margaret Beckett ). Undoubtedly one of the most significant British politicians in recent political history, she is also one of the most divisive, being loved and loathed on different sides of the political spectrum.
Contents
12 External links
[ edit ] Early life and education
Thatcher was born Margaret Hilda Roberts in the town of Grantham in Lincolnshire , England . Her father was Alfred Roberts , who owned a grocer's shop in the town, was active in local politics (serving as an Alderman ), and was a Methodist lay preacher . Roberts came from a Liberal family but stood—as was then customary in local government—as an Independent. He lost his post as Alderman in 1952 after the Labour Party won its first majority on Grantham Council in 1950. Her mother was Beatrice Roberts née Stephenson, and she had one sister, Muriel (1921-2004). Thatcher was brought up a devout Methodist and has remained a Christian throughout her life. [1]
Thatcher performed well academically, attending Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School and subsequently going up to Somerville College , Oxford in 1944 to study Chemistry . She became President of the Oxford University Conservative Association in 1946, the third woman to hold the post. She graduated with a second-class degree and worked as a research chemist for British Xylonite and then J. Lyons and Co. , where she helped develop methods for preserving ice cream . She was a member of the team that developed the first soft frozen ice cream. She was also a member of the Association of Scientific Workers .
[ edit ] Political career between 1950 and 1970
At the 1950 and 1951 elections, Margaret Roberts fought the safe Labour seat of Dartford , and was at the time the youngest ever female Conservative candidate for office. While active in the Conservative Party in Kent , she met Denis Thatcher , whom she married in 1951. Denis was a wealthy businessman and he funded his wife's studies for the Bar . She qualified as a barrister in 1953, the same year that her twin children Carol and Mark were born. As a lawyer she specialised in tax law.
Thatcher then began to look for a safe Conservative seat and was narrowly rejected as candidate for Orpington in 1954. She had several other rejections before being selected for Finchley in April 1958. She won the seat easily in the 1959 election and took her seat in the House of Commons . Unusually, her maiden speech was in support of her Private Member's Bill ( Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act 1960 ) to force local councils to hold meetings in public, which was successful. In 1961 she went against her party's line by voting for the restoration of birching .
She was given early promotion to the front bench as Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance in September 1961, retaining the post until the Conservatives lost power in the 1964 election . When Sir Alec Douglas-Home stepped down Thatcher voted for Edward Heath in the leadership election over Reginald Maudling , and was rewarded with the job of Conservative spokesman on Housing and Land. Shrewdly she adopted the policy of selling Council Houses to their tenants that had been developed by her colleague James Allason : it would prove popular in succeeding elections [1] . She moved to the Shadow Treasury team after 1966.
Thatcher was one of few Conservative MPs to support Leo Abse 's Bill to decriminalise male homosexuality , and she voted in favour of David Steel 's Bill to legalise abortion . However, she was opposed to the abolition of capital punishment and voted against making divorce more easily attainable. She made her mark as a conference speaker in 1966, with a strong attack on the high-tax policies of the Labour Government as being steps "not only towards Socialism , but towards Communism ". She won promotion to the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Fuel Spokesman in 1967, and was then promoted to shadow Transport and, finally, Education before the 1970 election .
[ edit ] In Heath's Cabinet
When the Conservative party under Edward Heath won the 1970 general election, Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education and Science . In her first months in office, forced to administer a cut in the Education budget, she was responsible for the abolition of universal free milk for school-children aged seven to eleven (Labour had already abolished it for secondary schools). This led to one of the more unflattering names for her, "Mrs. Thatcher, Milk Snatcher". Cabinet papers show that she spoke against the move in Cabinet, but was forced, due to the concept of collective responsibility, to implement the will of her fellow ministers. [2] This provoked a storm of public protest. She also successfully resisted library book charges.
Her term was marked by support for several proposals for more local education authorities to close grammar schools and adopt comprehensive secondary education , even though this was widely perceived as a left-wing policy. Thatcher also saved the Open University from being abolished. The Chancellor Anthony Barber actually wanted to abolish it as a budget-cutting measure, for he viewed it as a gimmick by Harold Wilson . Thatcher believed it was a relatively inexpensive way of extending higher education and insisted that the University should experiment with admitting school-leavers as well as adults. In her memoirs, Thatcher wrote that she was not part of Heath's inner circle, and had little or no influence on the key government decisions outside her department.
After the Conservative defeat in February 1974 , she was moved again, to Shadow Environment Secretary. In this position she promised to abolish the rating system that paid for local government services, which proved a popular policy within the Conservative Party.
[ edit ] As Leader of the Opposition
Margaret Thatcher as Leader of the Opposition in 1975
Thatcher agreed with Sir Keith Joseph and the CPS that the Heath Government had lost control of monetary policy -- and had lost direction -- following its 1972 U-turn . After her party lost the second election of 1974 , Joseph decided to challenge Heath's leadership but later withdrew. Thatcher then decided that she would enter the race on behalf of the Josephite/CPS faction. Unexpectedly she outpolled Heath on the first ballot, forcing him to resign the leadership. On the second ballot, she defeated Heath's preferred successor William Whitelaw , by 146 votes to 79, and became Conservative Party leader on 11 February 1975 . She appointed Whitelaw as her deputy. Heath remained bitter towards Thatcher to the end of his life for what he perceived as her disloyalty in standing against him.
On 19 January 1976 , she made a speech in Kensington Town Hall in which she made a scathing attack on the Soviet Union . The most famous part of her speech ran:
"The Russians are bent on world dominance, and they are rapidly acquiring the means to become the most powerful imperial nation the world has seen. The men in the Soviet Politburo do not have to worry about the ebb and flow of public opinion. They put guns before butter , while we put just about everything before guns."
In response, the Soviet Defence Ministry newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda (" Red Star ") gave her the nickname " Iron Lady ", which was soon publicised by Radio Moscow . She took delight in the name and it soon became associated with her image as an unwavering and steadfast character.
Thatcher appointed many Heath supporters to the Shadow Cabinet and throughout her administrations sought to have a cabinet that reflected the broad range of opinions in the Conservative Party. This was particularly true in the 1976-9 period as Thatcher had won the leadership as an outsider and had little power base of her own within the party. Thatcher had to act cautiously to convert the Conservative Party to her monetarist beliefs. She reversed Heath's support for devolved government for Scotland . In an interview for Granada Television 's World in Action programme in January 1978, she said "people are really rather afraid that this country might be rather swamped by people with a different culture", arousing particular controversy at the time. [3] She received 10,000 letters thanking her for raising the subject and the Conservatives gained a lead against Labour in the opinion polls, from both parties at 43% before the speech to 48% for Conservative and 39% for Labour immediately after. [2]
During the 1979 General Election , most opinion polls showed that voters preferred James Callaghan as Prime Minister even as the Conservative Party maintained a lead in the polls. The Labour Government ran into difficulties with the industrial disputes, strikes, high unemployment, and collapsing public services during the winter of 1978-9, dubbed the ' Winter of Discontent '. The Conservatives used campaign posters with slogans such as "Labour Isn't Working" (see [4] ) to attack the government's record over unemployment and its over-regulation of the labour market.
James Callaghan 's Labour government fell after a successful Motion of no confidence in spring 1979 and in the general election of 1979 the Conservatives won a 44-seat majority in the House of Commons and Margaret Thatcher became the United Kingdom's first female Prime Minister. On arriving at 10 Downing Street , she famously said, in a paraphrase of St. Francis of Assisi :
"Where there is discord, may we bring harmony. Where there is error, may we bring truth. Where there is doubt, may we bring faith. And where there is despair, may we bring hope."
[ edit ] As Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher and Kenneth Kaunda
Thatcher became the first female Prime Minister on 4 May 1979 , with a mandate to reverse the UK's economic decline and to reduce the role of the state in the economy. Thatcher was incensed by one contemporary view within the Civil Service , that its job was to manage the UK's decline from the days of Empire , and she wanted the country to assert a higher level of influence and leadership in international affairs . She was a philosophic soulmate of Ronald Reagan , elected in 1980 in the United States , and to a lesser extent Brian Mulroney , who was elected in 1984 in Canada . It seemed for a time that conservatism might be the dominant political philosophy in the major English-speaking nations for the era.
In May 1980, one day before she was due to meet the Irish Taoiseach , Charles Haughey , to discuss Northern Ireland , she announced in the House of Commons that "the future of the constitutional affairs of Northern Ireland is a matter for the people of Northern Ireland, this government, this parliament, and no-one else."
In 1981, a number of Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Irish National Liberation Army prisoners in Northern Ireland 's Maze prison (known in Ireland as 'Long Kesh', its previous name) went on hunger strike to regain the status of political prisoners , which had been revoked five years earlier under the preceding Labour government. Bobby Sands , the first of the strikers, was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Fermanagh and South Tyrone a few weeks before he died.
Thatcher refused at first to countenance a return to political status for republican prisoners, famously declaring "Crime is crime is crime; it is not political." However, after nine more men had starved themselves to death and the strike had ended, and in the face of growing anger on both sides of the border and widespread civil unrest, some rights relating to political status were restored to paramilitary prisoners.
Thatcher also continued the policy of " Ulsterisation " of the previous Labour government and its Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Roy Mason , believing that the Unionists of Northern Ireland should be at the forefront in combating Irish republicanism . This meant relieving the burden on the mainstream British army and elevating the role of the Ulster Defence Regiment and the Royal Ulster Constabulary .
As a monetarist, Thatcher started out in her economic policy by increasing interest rates to slow the growth of the money supply and thus lower inflation. She had a preference for indirect taxation over taxes on income, and value added tax (VAT) was raised sharply to 15%, with a resultant actual short-term rise in inflation. These moves hit businesses -- especially the manufacturing sector -- and unemployment quickly passed two million, doubling the one million unemployed under the previous Labour government.
Political commentators harked back to the Heath Government's "U-turn" and speculated that Mrs Thatcher would follow suit, but she repudiated this approach at the 1980 Conservative Party conference, telling the party: "To those waiting with bated breath for that favourite media catch-phrase—the U-turn—I have only one thing to say: you turn if you want to; the Lady's not for turning." [3] That she meant what she said was confirmed in the 1981 budget, when, despite concerns expressed in an open letter from 364 leading economists, taxes were increased in the middle of a recession. In January 1982, the inflation rate dropped to single digits and interest rates were then allowed to fall. Unemployment continued to rise, reaching an official figure of 3.6 million — although the criteria for defining who was unemployed were amended allowing some to estimate that unemployment in fact hit 5 million. However, Norman Tebbit has suggested that, due to the high number of people claiming unemployment benefit whilst working, unemployment never reached three million.
By 1983, manufacturing output had dropped 30% from 1978.
Main article: Falklands War
In the Argentina of the 1980s an unstable military junta held power and was keen on reversing its widespread unpopularity caused by the country's poor economic performance. On 2 April 1982 , it invaded the Falkland Islands , known to the Argentinians as Islas Malvinas , the only invasion of a British territory since World War II . Argentina has claimed the islands since an 1830s dispute on their settlement. Within days, Thatcher sent a naval task force to recapture the Islands. Despite the huge logistical difficulties, the task force was successful, resulting in a wave of patriotic enthusiasm and support for her, at a time when her popularity had been at an all-time low for a serving Prime Minister.[ citation needed ]
[ edit ] 1983 General Election
This 'Falklands Factor', along with signs of economic recovery in early 1983, greatly aided the government's cause. The Labour party had split, and there was a new challenge to the political centre, the SDP-Liberal Alliance , formed by an electoral pact between the Social Democratic Party and the Liberal Party . However, this grouping of uncertain cohesion failed to make its intended breakthrough, despite briefly holding an opinion poll lead. In the June 1983 general election , the Conservatives won 42.4% of the vote, the Labour party 27.6% and the Alliance 25.4% of the vote. Although the Conservatives' share of the vote had fallen slightly (1.5%) since 1979, Labour's vote had fallen by far more (9.3%) and the large lead over the second-place party was translated by Britain's system of first past the post into a Conservative landslide . Under Margaret Thatcher, the Conservatives had won with a majority of 144 over the other parties.
[ edit ] 1983–1987
Thatcher was committed to reducing the power of the trade unions but, unlike the Heath government, adopted a strategy of incremental change rather than a single Act. Several unions launched strikes in defence of their rights to represent workers, [ citation needed ] but all the actions eventually collapsed without successfully effecting any real change to the policy. Gradually, Thatcher's reforms reduced the power and influence of workers' unions, the successive pieces of legislation restricting the permitted mandates of union representation ever further. The changes were chiefly focused upon preventing the recurrence of the large-scale industrial actions of the past, but were also intended to assure that the consequences for the participants would be severe if any future action was taken. The reforms were also aimed,Thatcher claimed, to democratise the unions, and return power to the members. The most significant measures were to make secondary industrial action illegal, to make it illegal for a union leadership to call strike action without first winning a ballot of the union membership, and to make the closed shop illegal. Further laws banned workplace ballots and imposed postal ballots.
The strikes carried out in 1984-85 by the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) in opposition to proposals to close a large number of mines, proved decisive. Thatcher had made preparations to counter a strike by the NUM long in advance by building up coal stocks, ensuring that cuts in the electricity supply, like those experienced during the industrial disputes of 1972, would not be required to protect the supply. Police tactics during the strikes greatly concerned civil libertarians , but the images of crowds of militant miners attempting to prevent other miners from working proved a shock even to some supporters of the strikes. Mounting desperation and poverty of the striking families - who went without any income at all whilst committed to the strike - led to divisions being formed between the miners. A group of workers, resigned to the impending failure of the actions and worn down by months of protests, began to defy the Union's rulings, starting splinter groups and advising workers that return to work was the only option remaining: the battle had already been lost.
The Miners' Strike lasted a full year before the NUM leadership conceded without a deal. The Conservative government proceeded to close all but 15 of the country's pits, with the remaining 15 being sold off and privatised in 1994. Private companies have since then acquired licences to open new pits and open-cast sites, with the majority of the original mines being destroyed and the land redeveloped. The defeat of the miners' strike led to a long period of demoralization in the whole of the trade union movement.
Following the arrest of the Coventry Four for breaching the UN arms embargo against apartheid South Africa in March 1984, and their repatriation to South Africa on bail, Thatcher invited apartheid South Africa 's president, P.W. Botha , and foreign minister, Pik Botha , to Chequers in June 1984 in an effort to stave off growing international pressure for the imposition of economic sanctions against South Africa, where Britain had invested heavily. She reportedly urged President Botha to end apartheid; to release Nelson Mandela ; to halt the harassment of black dissidents; to stop the bombing of African National Congress (ANC) bases in front-line states; and to comply with UN Security Council resolutions and withdraw from Namibia . [4] However Botha ignored these demands.
In an interview with Hugo Young for The Guardian in July 1986, Thatcher expressed her belief that economic sanctions against South Africa would be immoral because they would make thousands of black workers unemployed. [5] Because Pik Botha refused to allow the Coventry Four to return to England for their trial in the autumn of 1984, the £200,000 bail money had to be surrendered to the High Court. [6]
On the early morning of October 12 , 1984 , the day before her 59th birthday, Thatcher escaped injury in the Brighton hotel bombing when the hotel she was staying in for the Conservative Party Conference was bombed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army. Five people died in the attack, including Roberta Wakeham, wife of the government's Chief Whip John Wakeham , and the Conservative MP Sir Anthony Berry . A prominent member of the Cabinet, Norman Tebbit , was injured, along with his wife Margaret, who was left paralysed. Thatcher herself would have been injured if not for the fact that she was delayed from using the bathroom (which suffered more damage than the room she was in at the time the IRA bomb detonated). [5] Thatcher insisted that the conference open on time the next day and made her speech as planned in defiance of the bombers, a gesture which won widespread approval across the political spectrum.
On November 15 , 1985 , Thatcher signed the Hillsborough Anglo-Irish Agreement with Irish Prime Minister Garret FitzGerald , the first time a British government gave the Republic of Ireland a say (albeit advisory) in the governance of Northern Ireland. The agreement was greeted with fury by Northern Irish unionists. The Ulster Unionists and Democratic Unionists made an electoral pact and on January 23 , 1986 , staged an ad-hoc referendum by resigning their seats and contesting the subsequent by-elections, losing only one, to the nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP). However, unlike the Sunningdale Agreement of 1974, they found they could not bring the agreement down by a general strike. This was another effect of the changed balance of power in industrial relations .
Thatcher's political and economic philosophy emphasised free markets and entrepreneurialism . Since gaining power, she had experimented in selling off a small nationalised company, the National Freight Company, to its workers, with a surprisingly positive response. After the 1983 election, the Government became bolder and, starting with British Telecom , sold off most of the large utilities which had been in public ownership since the late 1940s. Many in the public took advantage of share offers, although many sold their shares immediately for a quick profit. The policy of privatisation , while anathema to many on the left, has become synonymous with Thatcherism . Wider share-ownership and council house sales became known as " popular capitalism " to its supporters.
In the Cold War , Mrs Thatcher supported Ronald Reagan 's policies of deterrence against the Soviets. This contrasted with the policy of détente which the West had pursued during the 1970s, and caused friction with allies who still adhered to the idea of détente. US forces were permitted by Mrs. Thatcher to station nuclear cruise missiles at British bases, arousing mass protests by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . However, she later was the first Western leader to respond warmly to the rise of reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , declaring that she liked him and describing him as "a man we can do business with" after a meeting in 1984, three months before he came to power. This was a start of a move by the West back to a new détente with the USSR under Gorbachev's leadership which coincided with the final erosion of Soviet power prior to the turbulence of 1991 and the collapse of the Union. Thatcher outlasted the Cold War, which ended in 1989, and voices who share her views on it credit her with a part in the West's victory, by both the deterrence and détente postures.
Also in 1985, as a deliberate snub, the University of Oxford voted to refuse her an honorary degree in protest against her cuts in funding for education. [6] This award had always previously been given to Prime Ministers that had been educated at Oxford.
She supported the US bombing raid on Libya from bases in the UK in 1986 in defiance of other North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies. Her liking for defence ties with the United States was demonstrated in the Westland affair when she acted with colleagues to allow the helicopter manufacturer Westland , a vital defence contractor, to refuse to link with the Italian firm Agusta in order for it to link with the management's preferred option, Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation of the United States. Defence Secretary Michael Heseltine , who had pushed the Agusta deal, resigned in protest at her style of leadership, and remained an influential critic and potential leadership challenger. He would, eventually, prove instrumental in Thatcher's fall in 1990.
In 1986, her government controversially abolished the Greater London Council (GLC), then led by radical left-winger Ken Livingstone , and six Metropolitan County Councils (MCCs). The government claimed this was an efficiency measure. However, Thatcher's opponents held that the move was politically motivated, as all of the abolished councils were controlled by Labour, had become powerful centres of opposition to her government, and were in favour of higher public spending by local government. Several of them had however rendered themselves vulnerable by committing hard-pressed public funds to causes widely seen as political and even extreme.
Thatcher had two noted foreign policy successes in her second term.
In 1984, she visited China and signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration with Deng Xiaoping on 19 December , which committed the People's Republic of China to award Hong Kong the status of a "Special Administrative Region". Under the terms of the so-called One Country, Two Systems agreement, China was obliged to leave Hong Kong's economic status unchanged after the handover on July 1 , 1997 for a period of fifty years – until 2047.
At the Dublin European Council in November 1979, Mrs Thatcher argued that the United Kingdom paid far more to the European Economic Community than it received in spending. She famously declared at the summit: "We are not asking the Community or anyone else for money. We are simply asking to have our own money back". Her arguments were successful and at the June 1984 Fontainbleau Summit, the EEC agreed on an annual rebate for the United Kingdom, amounting to 66% of the difference between Britain's EU contributions and receipts. This still remains in effect, although Tony Blair later agreed to significantly reduce the size of the rebate. It periodically causes political controversy among the members of the European Union .[ citation needed ]
[ edit ] 1987–1990
By winning the 1987 general election , on the economic boom and against a Labour opposition advocating unilateral nuclear disarmament, with a 102 majority, she became the longest continuously serving Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since Lord Liverpool (1812 to 1827), and the first to win three successive elections since Lord Palmerston in 1865 . Most United Kingdom newspapers supported her—with the exception of The Daily Mirror , The Guardian and The Independent —and were rewarded with regular press briefings by her press secretary, Bernard Ingham . She was known as "Maggie" in the tabloids , which inspired the well-known protest slogan " Maggie Out !", chanted throughout that period by some of her opponents. Her unpopularity on the left is evident from the lyrics of several contemporary popular songs: "Stand Down Margaret" ( The Beat ), "Tramp The Dirt Down" ( Elvis Costello ), "Dear Margaret" ( The Kinks ), "Margaret On The Guillotine" ( Morrissey ), some songs from Pink Floyd's ¨The Final Cut¨, and "Mother Knows Best" ( Richard Thompson ).
Though an early backer of decriminalization of male homosexuality (see above), Thatcher, at the 1987 Conservative party conference, issued the statement that "Children who need to be taught to respect traditional moral values are being taught that they have an inalienable right to be gay". Backbench Conservative MPs and Peers had already begun a backlash against the 'promotion' of homosexuality and, in December 1987, the controversial ' Section 28 ' was added as an amendment to what became the Local Government Act 1988 . This legislation has since been abolished by Tony Blair's Labour administration.
Welfare reforms in her third term created an adult Employment Training system that included full-time work done for the dole plus a £10 top-up, on the workfare model from the US .
In the late 1980s, Thatcher, a former chemist, became concerned with environmental issues, which she had previously dismissed: "When you've spent half your political life dealing with humdrum issues like the environment, it's exciting to have a real crisis on your hands", she said in relation to the Falklands conflict.
In 1988, she made a major speech accepting the problems of global warming , ozone depletion and acid rain . In 1990, she opened the Hadley Centre for climate prediction and research. [7] . In her book Statecraft (2002), she described her later regret in supporting the concept of human-induced global warming, outlining the negative effects she perceived it had upon the policy-making process. "Whatever international action we agree upon to deal with environmental problems, we must enable our economies to grow and develop, because without growth you cannot generate the wealth required to pay for the protection of the environment" (452).
At Bruges, Belgium , in 1988, Thatcher made a speech in which she outlined her opposition to proposals from the European Community for a federal structure and increasing centralisation of decision-making. Although she had supported British membership, Thatcher believed that the role of the EC should be limited to ensuring free trade and effective competition, and feared that new EC regulations would reverse the changes she was making in the UK. "We have not successfully rolled back the frontiers of the state in Britain, only to see them re-imposed at a European level, with a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels". She was specifically against Economic and Monetary Union , through which a single currency would replace national currencies, and for which the EC was making preparations. The speech caused an outcry from other European leaders, and exposed for the first time the deep split that was emerging over European policy inside her Conservative Party.
Thatcher's popularity once again declined, in 1989, as the economy suffered from high interest rates imposed to stop an unsustainable boom . She blamed her Chancellor, Nigel Lawson , who had been following an economic policy which was a preparation for monetary union; in an interview for the Financial Times, in November 1987, Thatcher claimed not to have been told of this and did not approve. [8]
At a meeting before the Madrid European Community summit in June 1989, Lawson and Foreign Secretary Geoffrey Howe forced Thatcher to agree the circumstances under which she would join the Exchange Rate Mechanism , a preparation for monetary union. At the meeting, they both claimed they would resign if their demands were not agreed to by Thatcher. [7] Thatcher took revenge on both by demoting Howe and by listening more to her adviser Sir Alan Walters on economic matters. Lawson resigned that October, feeling that Thatcher had undermined him.
That November, Thatcher was challenged for the leadership of the Conservative Party by Sir Anthony Meyer . As Meyer was a virtually unknown backbench MP, he was viewed as a stalking horse candidate for more prominent members of the party. Thatcher easily defeated Meyer's challenge, but there were sixty ballot papers either cast for Meyer or abstaining, a surprisingly large number for a sitting Prime Minister. Her supporters in the Party, however, viewed the results as a success, claiming that after ten years as Prime Minister and with approximately 370 Conservative MPs voting, the opposition was surprisingly small. [9]
Thatcher's new system to replace local government taxes, outlined in the Conservative manifesto for the 1987 election, was introduced in Scotland in 1989 and in England and Wales in 1990. The rates were replaced by the Community Charge (more widely known as the " poll tax "), which applied the same amount to every individual resident, with discounts for low earners. This was to be the most universally unpopular policy of her premiership.
Additional problems emerged when many of the tax rates set by local councils proved to be much higher than earlier predictions. Opponents of the Community Charge banded together to resist bailiffs and disrupt court hearings of Community Charge debtors . The Labour MP, Terry Fields , was jailed for 60 days for refusing on principle to pay his Community Charge. As Mrs Thatcher continued to refuse to compromise on the tax, up to 18 million people refused to pay,[ citation needed ] enforcement measures became increasingly draconian, and unrest mounted and culminated in a number of riots . The most serious of these happened in London on March 31 , 1990 , during a protest at Trafalgar Square , London , which more than 200,000 protesters attended. The huge unpopularity of the tax was a major factor in Thatcher's downfall.
One of Thatcher's final acts in office was to put pressure on US President George H. W. Bush to deploy troops to the Middle East to drive Saddam Hussein 's army out of Kuwait . Bush was somewhat apprehensive about the plan, but Thatcher famously told him that this was "no time to go wobbly!"
On the Friday before the Conservative Party conference in October 1990, Thatcher ordered her new Chancellor of the Exchequer John Major to reduce interest rates by 1%. Major persuaded her that the only way to maintain monetary stability was to join the Exchange Rate Mechanism at the same time, despite not meeting the 'Madrid conditions'. The Conservative Party conference that year saw a large degree of unity; few who attended could have imagined that Mrs Thatcher had only a matter of weeks left in office.
[ edit ] Fall from power
See also: Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 1990
Mrs Thatcher's political "assassination" was, according to witnesses such as Alan Clark, one of the most dramatic episodes in British political history. The idea of a long-serving prime minister - undefeated at the polls - being ousted by an internal party ballot, might at first sight seem like an improbable one. However, by 1990, opposition to Thatcher's policies on local government taxation, her Government's perceived mishandling of the economy (in particular, high interest rates of 15%, which were eroding her support base among homeowners and businesspeople), and the divisions opening in the Conservative Party over European integration made her and her party seem increasingly politically vulnerable.
On 1 November 1990 , Sir Geoffrey Howe , one of Thatcher's oldest and staunchest supporters, resigned from his position as Deputy Prime Minister in protest at Thatcher's European policy. In his resignation speech in the House of Commons two weeks later, he suggested that the time had come for "others to consider their own response to the tragic conflict of loyalties" with which he stated that he had wrestled for perhaps too long. Her former cabinet colleague Michael Heseltine subsequently challenged her for the leadership of the party, and attracted sufficient support in the first round of voting to prolong the contest to a second ballot. Though she initially stated that she intended to contest the second ballot, Thatcher decided, after consulting with her Cabinet colleagues, to withdraw from the contest. On 22 November , at just after 9.30 a.m., she announced to the Cabinet that she would not be a candidate in the second ballot. Shortly afterwards, her staff made public what was, in effect, her resignation statement:
Having consulted widely among my colleagues, I have concluded that the unity of the Party and the prospects of victory in a General Election would be better served if I stood down to enable Cabinet colleagues to enter the ballot for the leadership. I should like to thank all those in Cabinet and outside who have given me such dedicated support.
Neil Kinnock , Leader of the Opposition, proposed a motion of no confidence in the government; and Margaret Thatcher seized the opportunity this presented on the day of her resignation to deliver one of her most memorable performances:
"... a single currency is about the politics of Europe, it is about a federal Europe by the back door. So I shall consider the proposal of the Honourable Member for Bolsover ( Mr. Skinner ). Now where were we? I am enjoying this."
She supported John Major as her successor and he duly won the leadership contest. After her resignation a MORI poll found that 52% agreed that "On balance she had been good for the country", with 48% agreeing that she had been "bad". [8] In 1991, she was given a long and unprecedented standing ovation at the party's annual conference, although she politely rejected calls from delegates for her to make a speech. She did, however, occasionally speak in the House of Commons after she was Prime Minister. She retired from the House at the 1992 election .
[ edit ] Post-political career
Margaret Thatcher visits the former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet during his house arrest in London, in 1998
In 1992, Margaret Thatcher was raised to the House of Lords by the conferment of a life peerage as Baroness Thatcher, of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire, upon her. She did not take a hereditary title, as she had recommended for Harold Macmillan , later Earl of Stockton, on his ninetieth birthday in 1984. She has explained that she thought she hadn't sufficient means to 'support' an hereditary title [ citation needed ]. By virtue of the life barony, she entered the House of Lords . She made a series of speeches in the Lords criticising the Maastricht Treaty , describing it as "a treaty too far" and in June 1993 told the Lords: "I could never have signed this treaty". [10] She also advocated a referendum on the treaty, citing A. V. Dicey , since all three main parties were in favour of it and that therefore the people should have their say. [11]
In August 1992, she called for NATO to stop the Serbian assault on Gorazde and Sarajevo in order to end ethnic cleansing and to preserve the Bosnian state. She claimed what was happening in Bosnia was "reminiscent of the worst excesses of the Nazis ". [9] In December of that same year she warned that there could be a "holocaust" in Bosnia and, after the first massacre at Srebrenica in April 1993, Thatcher thought it was a "killing field the like of which I thought we would never see in Europe again". She reportedly said to Douglas Hurd, the Foreign Secretary: "Douglas, Douglas, you would make Neville Chamberlain look like a warmonger". [10]
She had already been honoured by the Queen in 1990, shortly after her resignation as Prime Minister, when she was appointed to the Order of Merit , one of the UK's highest distinctions. In addition, her husband, Denis Thatcher, had been given a baronetcy in 1991 (ensuring that their son Mark would inherit a title). This was the first creation of a baronetcy since 1965. In 1995, Thatcher was raised to the Order of the Garter , the United Kingdom's highest order of Chivalry .
In July 1992, she was hired by tobacco giant Philip Morris Companies , now the Altria Group , as a "geopolitical consultant" for US$250,000 per year and an annual contribution of US$250,000 to her Foundation.
From 1993 to 2000, she served as Chancellor of the College of William and Mary , Virginia, USA, which was established by Royal Charter in 1693. She was also Chancellor of the University of Buckingham , the UK's only private university. She retired from the post in 1998.
She wrote her memoirs in two volumes, The Path to Power and The Downing Street Years. In 1993 The Downing Street Years were televised by the BBC, where she described the Cabinet rebellion that brought about her resignation as "treachery with a smile on its face".
Although she remained supportive in public, in private she made her displeasure with many of John Major's policies plain, and her views were conveyed to the press and widely reported. She was critical of the rise in public spending under Major, tax increases and his more favourable attitude to European integration . After Tony Blair 's election as Labour Party leader in 1994, Thatcher gave an interview in May 1995 in which she praised Blair as "probably the most formidable Labour leader since Hugh Gaitskell . I see a lot of socialism behind their front bench, but not in Mr Blair. I think he genuinely has moved". [12]
In the Conservative leadership election in the aftermath of the Conservatives' landslide defeat at the hands of New Labour , Thatcher voiced her support for William Hague after Kenneth Clarke entered into an alliance with John Redwood . Thatcher reportedly then toured the tea room of the House of Commons, urging Conservative MPs to vote for Hague.
In 1998, Thatcher made a highly publicised visit to the former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet , while he was under house arrest in Surrey, during which she expressed her support for and friendship with him (see [13] ). Pinochet had been a key ally in the Falklands War . Thatcher and Pinochet are both members of the Rotary International . During the same year, she made a £2,000,000 donation to Cambridge University for the endowment of a Margaret Thatcher Chair in Entrepreneurial Studies. She also donated the archive of her personal papers to Churchill College, Cambridge where the collection continues to be expanded.
Margaret Thatcher actively supported the Conservative general election campaign in 2001 . In the Conservative leadership election shortly after, Lady Thatcher came out in support of Iain Duncan Smith because she believed he would "make infinitely the better leader" than Kenneth Clarke due to Clarke's "old-fashioned views of the role of the state and his unbounded enthusiasm for European integration". [14]
In 2002, she published Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World detailing her thoughts on international relations since her resignation in 1990. The chapters on the European Union were particularly controversial; she called for a fundamental renegotiation of Britain's membership to preserve the UK's sovereignty and, if that failed, for Britain to leave and join NAFTA . These chapters were serialised in The Times on Monday, 18 March and caused a political furore for the rest of the week until Friday, 22 March when it was announced she had been advised by her doctors to make no more public speeches on health grounds, having suffered several small strokes. [15]
She remains active in various groups, including the Conservative Way Forward group, the Bruges Group and the European Foundation . She was widowed on 26 June 2003 .
On June 11 , 2004 , Thatcher attended the funeral, and delivered a tribute via videotape to former United States President Ronald Reagan at his state funeral at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C.
Thatcher attends the official Washington, D.C. memorial service marking the 5th anniversary of the 9/11 terror attacks, pictured with Vice President Dick Cheney and his wife Lynne Cheney .
In December 2004, it was reported that Thatcher had told a private meeting of Conservative MPs that she was against the British Government's plan to introduce identity cards . She is said to have remarked that ID cards were a "Germanic concept and completely alien to this country". [16]
On 13 October 2005 , Thatcher marked her 80th birthday with a party at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Hyde Park where the guests included Her Majesty the Queen and HRH The Duke of Edinburgh . There, Geoffrey Howe, now Lord Howe of Aberavon, commented on her political career: "Her real triumph was to have transformed not just one party but two, so that when Labour did eventually return, the great bulk of Thatcherism was accepted as irreversible."
In September, 2006, Thatcher attended the official Washington, D.C. memorial service marking the 5th anniversary of the 9/11 terror attacks. She attended as a guest of the U.S. Vice President, Dick Cheney , and met with U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice during her visit. It marked her first visit to the United States since the funeral for former U.S. Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger in April 2006. [17]
On 12 November 2006 , she appeared at the Remembrance Day parade at the Cenotaph in London, leaning heavily on the arm of former Prime Minister, John Major . One week later, she released a an effusive statement of condolence on the death of her friend and economic mentor, Milton Friedman , the man often described as the inspiration behind Thatcherism .
[ edit ] Legacy
Many British citizens remember where they were and what they were doing when they heard that Margaret Thatcher had resigned and what their reaction was. Due to the ideological political climate of the time, Margaret Thatcher brought out both positive and negative reactions from different sides of the political spectrum.
She has been credited for her macroeconomic reforms with rescuing the British economy from the stagnation of the 1970s and admired for her committed radicalism on economic issues. The left wing accuse her of dismantling the Welfare State and of destroying much of the UK's manufacturing base, consigning many manufacturing to long-term unemployment. However, supporters of privatisation and of the free market cite the recovery of the economy during the mid-1980s and the present day success of the British economy, with its relatively low unemployment.
The UK was seen by some as the " sick man of Europe " in the 1970s. However, the UK emerged as one of the most successful economies in modern Europe. While the unemployment rate did eventually come down, it came after initial job losses and radical labour market reforms. These included laws that weakened trade unions and the deregulation of financial markets, which certainly played a part in returning London to a leadership position as a European financial centre, and her push for increased competition in telecommunications and other public utilities.
Perceptions of Margaret Thatcher are mixed in the view of the British public. A clear illustration of the divisions of opinion over Thatcher's leadership can be found in recent television polls: Thatcher appears at number 16 in the 2002 List of " 100 Greatest Britons ", which was the highest placing for a living person. She also appears at number 3 in the 2003 List of " 100 Worst Britons ", which was confined to those living, narrowly missing out on the top spot, which went to Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair . In the end, however, few could argue that there was any woman who played a more important role on the world stage in the 20th century. In perhaps the sincerest form of flattery, Labour Prime Minister, Tony Blair, himself a thrice-elected Prime Minister, has implicitly and explicitly acknowledged her importance by continuing many of her economic policies. Thatcher herself indirectly acknowledged Blair during a Conservative leadership contest when she said "[The Conservative Party]...don't need someone that can beat Mr. Blair, they need someone LIKE Mr. Blair".
In much of Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the urban and former mining areas of northern England, she is still reviled. Many people remember the hardships of the miners' strike, which destroyed many mining communities, and the decline of traditional heavy industry, despite the subsequent boom in service industries.
Negative opinions of Thatcher in the mining and industrial communities were reflected in the 1987 election, which she won by a landslide through winning large numbers of seats in southern England and the rural farming areas of northern England while winning few seats in the remaining areas of the country. Through the Common Agricultural Policy , British agriculture was (and remains) heavily subsidised while other failing parts of the economy did not receive similar tax revenue support. This geographical imbalance in Thatcher's support led to wide-spread feelings of alienation in Scotland, Wales and the English regions, and contributed directly to the growth of devolution movements in those areas.
Perceptions abroad broadly follow the same political divisions. On the left, Margaret Thatcher is generally regarded as somebody who used force to quash social movements, who imposed social reforms that disregarded the interests of the working class and instead favoured the wealthier elements of the middle class and business. Satirists have often caricatured her. For instance, French singer Renaud wrote a song, Miss Maggie, which lauded women as refraining from many of the silly behaviours of males – and every time making an exception for "Mrs Thatcher". She may be remembered most of all for her remark "There is no such thing as society" [18] to the reporter Douglas Keay, for 'Womans Own' magazine, 23 September 1987 . This remark has frequently been quoted out of its full context and the surrounding remarks were as follows:
"I think we've been through a period where too many people have been given to understand that if they have a problem, it's the government's job to cope with it. 'I have a problem, I'll get a grant.' 'I'm homeless, the government must house me.' They're casting their problem on society. And, you know, there is no such thing as society. There are individual men and women, and there are families. And no government can do anything except through people, and people must look to themselves first." [19]
On the economic and political right and centre right , Thatcher is often remembered with some fondness as one who dared to confront powerful unions and removed harmful constraints on the economy. On the left she is still reviled as the politician who cut funding of the public services to support the rich.
In 1996, the Scott Inquiry into the Arms-to-Iraq affair investigated the Thatcher government's record in dealing with Saddam Hussein. It revealed how £1bn of Whitehall money was used in soft loan guarantees for British exporters to Iraq. The judge found that during Baghdad's protracted invasion of Iran in the 1980s , officials destroyed documents relating to the export of Chieftain tank parts to Jordan which ended up in Iraq. Ministers clandestinely relaxed official guidelines to help private companies sell machine tools which were used in munitions factories. The British company Racal exported sophisticated Jaguar V radios to the former Iraqi dictator's army on credit. Members of the Conservative cabinet refused to stop lending guaranteed funds to Saddam even after he executed a British journalist, Farzad Bazoft , Thatcher’s cabinet minuting that they did not want to damage British industry.
Many on both the right and left agree that Thatcher had a transformative effect on the British political spectrum and that her tenure had the effect of moving the major political parties rightward. Will Hutton, author of the bestselling "The State We're In", argues that the change to conservatism could have been achieved with more consensus and less hardship by a leader less enamaoured of US hegemonic power.
New Labour and Blairism have incorporated much of the economic, social and political tenets of "Thatcherism" in the same manner as, in a previous era, the Conservative Party from the 1950s until the days of Edward Heath accepted many of the basic assumptions of the welfare state instituted by Labour governments. The curtailing and large scale dismantling of elements of the welfare state under Thatcher have largely remained. As well, Thatcher's programme of privatising state-owned enterprises has not been reversed. Indeed, successive Tory and Labour governments have further curtailed the involvement of the state in the economy and have further dismantled public ownership.
For good or ill, Thatcher's impact on the trade union movement in Britain has been lasting with the breaking of the miners' strike of 1984-1985 seen as a watershed moment, or even a breaking point, for a union movement which has been unable to regain the degree of power it exercised up to the 1970s. Unionisation rates in Britain declined under Thatcher and have not recovered, and the legislative instruments introduced to curtail the impact of strikes have not been reversed. Instead, the Labour Party has worked to loosen its ties to the trade union movement. While industrial action does still occur, there is no longer the kind of mass economic disruption seen in the 1970s, and the closed shop remains illegal.
Thatcher's legacy has continued strongly to influence the Conservative Party itself. Successive leaders, starting with John Major , and continuing in opposition with William Hague , Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard , have struggled with real or perceived factions in the Parliamentary and national party to determine what parts of her heritage should be retained or jettisoned. One cannot yet determine what the role of Thatcherism will be under the leadership of David Cameron .
In a list compiled by the centre-left publication New Statesman in 2006, she was voted fifth in the list of "Heroes of our time". [11] She was also named a Hero of Freedom by the Libertarian magazine Reason. [12]
[ edit ] Titles and honours
The arms of Margaret Thatcher. The admiral represents the Falklands War , the image of Sir Isaac Newton her background as a chemist and her birth town Grantham .
[ edit ] Titles from birth
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Karl Landsteiner won a Nobel Prize for his discovery of what ? | Karl Landsteiner - Biographical
Karl Landsteiner
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930
Karl Landsteiner
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Karl Landsteiner - Biographical
Karl Landsteiner was born in Vienna on June 14, 1868. His father, Leopold Landsteiner, a doctor of law, was a well-known journalist and newspaper publisher, who died when Karl was six years old. Karl was brought up by his mother, Fanny Hess, to whom he was so devoted that a death mask of her hung on his wall until he died. After leaving school, Landsteiner studied medicine at the University of Vienna, graduating in 1891. Even while he was a student he had begun to do biochemical research and in 1891 he published a paper on the influence of diet on the composition of blood ash. To gain further knowledge of chemistry he spent the next five years in the laboratories of Hantzsch at Zurich, Emil Fischer at Wurzburg, and E. Bamberger at Munich.
Returning to Vienna, Landsteiner resumed his medical studies at the Vienna General Hospital. In 1896 he became an assistant under Max von Gruber in the Hygiene Institute at Vienna. Even at this time he was interested in the mechanisms of immunity and in the nature of antibodies. From 1898 till 1908 he held the post of assistant in the University Department of Pathological Anatomy in Vienna, the Head of which was Professor A. Weichselbaum, who had discovered the bacterial cause of meningitis, and with Fraenckel had discovered the pneumococcus. Here Landsteiner worked on morbid physiology rather than on morbid anatomy. In this he was encouraged by Weichselbaum, in spite of the criticism of others in this Institute. In 1908 Weichselbaum secured his appointment as Prosector in the Wilhelminaspital in Vienna, where he remained until 1919. In 1911 he became Professor of Pathological Anatomy in the University of Vienna, but without the corresponding salary.
Up to the year 1919, after twenty years of work on pathological anatomy, Landsteiner with a number of collaborators had published many papers on his findings in morbid anatomy and on immunology. He discovered new facts about the immunology of syphilis, added to the knowledge of the Wassermann reaction, and discovered the immunological factors which he named haptens (it then became clear that the active substances in the extracts of normal organs used in this reaction were, in fact, haptens). He made fundamental contributions to our knowledge of paroxysmal haemoglobinuria.
He also showed that the cause of poliomyelitis could be transmitted to monkeys by injecting into them material prepared by grinding up the spinal cords of children who had died from this disease, and, lacking in Vienna monkeys for further experiments, he went to the Pasteur Institute in Paris, where monkeys were available. His work there, together with that independently done by Flexner and Lewis, laid the foundations of our knowledge of the cause and immunology of poliomyelitis.
Landsteiner made numerous contributions to both pathological anatomy, histology and immunology, all of which showed, not only his meticulous care in observation and description, but also his biological understanding. But his name will no doubt always be honoured for his discovery in 1901 of, and outstanding work on, the blood groups, for which he was given the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1930.
In 1875 Landois had reported that, when man is given transfusions of the blood of other animals, these foreign blood corpuscles are clumped and broken up in the blood vessels of man with the liberation of haemoglobin. In 1901-1903 Landsteiner pointed out that a similar reaction may occur when the blood of one human individual is transfused, not with the blood of another animal, but with that of another human being, and that this might be the cause of shock, jaundice, and haemoglobinuria that had followed some earlier attempts at blood transfusions.
His suggestions, however, received little attention until, in 1909, he classified the bloods of human beings into the now well-known A, B, AB, and O groups and showed that transfusions between individuals of groups A or B do not result in the destruction of new blood cells and that this catastrophe occurs only when a person is transfused with the blood of a person belonging to a different group. Earlier, in 1901-1903, Landsteiner had suggested that, because the characteristics which determine the blood groups are inherited, the blood groups may be used to decide instances of doubtful paternity. Much of the subsequent work that Landsteiner and his pupils did on blood groups and the immunological uses they made of them was done, not in Vienna, but in New York. For in 1919 conditions in Vienna were such that laboratory work was very difficult and, seeing no future for Austria, Landsteiner obtained the appointment of Prosector to a small Roman Catholic Hospital at The Hague. Here he published, from 1919-1922, twelve papers on new haptens that he had discovered, on conjugates with proteins which were capable of inducing anaphylaxis and on related problems, and also on the serological specificity of the haemoglobins of different species of animals. His work in Holland came to an end when he was offered a post in the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York and he moved there together with his family. It was here that he did, in collaboration with Levine and Wiener, the further work on the blood groups which greatly extended the number of these groups, and here in collaboration with Wiener studied bleeding in the new-born, leading to the discovery of the Rh-factor in blood, which relates the human blood to the blood of the rhesus monkey.
To the end of his life, Landsteiner continued to investigate blood groups and the chemistry of antigens, antibodies and other immunological factors that occur in the blood. It was one of his great merits that he introduced chemistry into the service of serology.
Rigorously exacting in the demands he made upon himself, Landsteiner possessed untiring energy. Throughout his life he was always making observations in many fields other than those in which his main work was done (he was, for instance, responsible for having introduced dark-field illumination in the study of spirochaetes). By nature somewhat pessimistic, he preferred to live away from people.
Landsteiner married Helen Wlasto in 1916. Dr. E. Landsteiner is a son by this marriage.
In 1939 he became Emeritus Professor at the Rockefeller Institute, but continued to work as energetically as before, keeping eagerly in touch with the progress of science. It is characteristic of him that he died pipette in hand. On June 24, 1943, he had a heart attack in his laboratory and died two days later in the hospital of the Institute in which he had done such distinguished work.
From Nobel Lectures , Physiology or Medicine 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel . It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures . To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.
Karl Landsteiner died on June 26, 1943.
| Human blood group systems |
What kind of bridge is the Golden Gate Bridge ? | Karl Landsteiner, MD | Post Polio: Polio Place
Died: June 26, 1943
Major Contribution:
Credited with discovering the poliomyelitis virus, Karl Landsteiner demonstrated a slide of the familiar histological picture of acute poliomyelitis that had been made from the spinal cords of two monkeys, who had been injected with a suspension from a boy of nine who died from polio. This early work (1908) was done with Erwin Popper. Landsteiner abandoned work on polio, in part, because he recognized how costly the research was for laboratories that purchased and cared for a large quantity of monkeys and chimpanzees. Landsteiner is probably better known for his discovery of blood groups, or blood types.
Other Information:
Brief Biography: Landsteiner was an early 1900s immunologist who won the 1930 Nobel Prize for classifying the blood of human beings into the now well-known A, B, AB, and O groups. Vienna was the place of his birth, and he graduated there in medicine when he was twenty-three. Due to the circumstances of World War I, he moved to Holland where he was a pathologist at the R.K Ziekenhuis in the Hague. A few years later, he moved to New York to become a member of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical research, where he continued his studies on human blood groups. He became a member emeritus in 1939 and worked until his death in 1943.
Location of papers:
Major Articles: Karl Landsteiner, MD
Articles Found at ScienceDirect.com
Karl Landsteiner, the melancholy genius: His time and his colleagues, 1868–1943. Matthew Gottlieb Transfusion Medicine Reviews, Volume 12, Issue 1, January 1998, pages 18-27.
Karl Landsteiner died forty years ago. F. Borek. Journal of Immunological Methods, Volume 65, Issue 3, 30 December 1983, Page 388.
Karl Landsteiner. J. E. McCartney. The Lancet, Volume 242, Issue 6257, 31 July 1943, page 144.
Karl Landsteiner 1808-1948. The Lancet, Volume 242, Issue 6256, 24 July 1943, pages 110-111.
Articles found at JSTOR
Review: Author(s) of Review: Bentley Glass. Reviewed Work(s): The Specificity of Serological Reactions. Karl Landsteiner. The Quarterly Review of Biology > Vol. 39, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp. 102-103.
Review: Author(s) of Review: Mark Jackson. Reviewed Work(s): Species and Specificity: An Interpretation of the History of Immunology. Pauline M. H. Mazumdar. The British Journal for the History of Science > Vol. 29, No. 2 (Jun., 1996), pp. 249-250.
Karl Landsteiner. 1868-1943. Peyton Rous. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society > Vol. 5, No. 15 (Feb., 1947), pp. 294-324. (Note: This article contains high-quality images.) Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1479-571X%28194702%295%3A15%3C294%3AKL1...
Review: Author(s) of Review: Arthur M. Silverstein. Reviewed Work(s): Species and Specificity: An Interpretation of the History of Immunology. Pauline M H Mazumdar.The Quarterly Review of Biology > Vol. 71, No. 4 (Dec., 1996), pp. 549-552.
Key word suggestions for additional publication searches: poliomyelitis, poliovirus, blood types, blood groups, pathological anatomy, histology and immunology, serology, antigens, Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1930, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Pasteur Institute, Wassermann reaction.
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The city of Carrara, in the Italian region of Tuscany, is most famous for the production of what ? | Licciana Nardi Accommodations - Homes, Villas and Apartment Vacation Rentals in Tuscany and Italy
Vacation Rentals » Europe » Italy » Tuscany » Massa Carrara Region » Licciana Nardi
Licciana Nardi Accommodations
Licciana Nardi is a municipality in the Province of Massa-Carrara in the Italian region Tuscany , located about 110 km northwest of Florence and about 25 km northwest of Massa.
The town lies in the Lunigiana region on the border between Tuscany and Liguria . With the Apuane Alps as backdrop accommodations, vacation rentals, condo rentals, apartment rentals and villa rentals will not disappoint. The town is only a few kilometers from Massa and La Spezia and near famous tourist spots as Lerici , Portovenere and the Cinque Terre.
The territory of Licciana Nardi was populated since ancient times, due to its strategic position close to the city of Aulla and the Garfagnana area. Some lodging and villas reflect this history and the accommodation, vacation rental, condo rental, apartment rental and villa rental options could make its visitors like they have stepped back in time.
Among the most important monuments to see in Licciana Nardi is the Chiesa Parrocchiale (Parish Church), the Monumento Funebre di Anacarsi Nardi (Anacarsi Nardi's Funerary Monument) and the Medieval Castles.
There are numerous celebrations in Licciana Nardi including the "Chestnut's Feast" held yearly on the third Sunday of October. During this festival, many typical dishes based on chestnuts are cooked, according to local traditional recipes.
Massa is located in the Frigido River Valley, near the Alpi Apuane, some 5 kilometers from the Tyrrhenian Sea. The area is of high touristic value and also hosts a concentration of some 600 industrial and craft activities. Together with the twin town of Carrara, Massa is known for the extraction and production of marble. Accommodations, vacation rentals, apartment rentals and villa rentals are available to suit all tastes and budgets.
The Cinque Terre is a rugged portion of coast on the Italian Riviera. "The Five Lands" is composed of five villages: Monterosso al Mare, Vernazza , Corniglia, Manarola, and Riomaggiore. The coastline, the five villages, and the surrounding hillsides are all part of the Cinque Terre National Park and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Over centuries, people have carefully built terraces on the rugged, steep landscape right up to the cliffs that overlook the sea. Part of its charm is the lack of visible corporate development. Paths, trains and boats connect the villages, and cars cannot reach them from the outside. The Cinque Terre is a very popular tourist destination with many superb accommodation, vacation rental, apartment rental and villa rental options.
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#202349
avg €158 EUR/night
The cottage is situated in a beautiful position on a lovely estate with wonderful views of the countryside and the Castle of Poppi. Originally a barn, it has now been fully restored retaining many original characteristics and furnished in classic Tuscan style whilst being fitted with modern comforts. The ground floor of the cottage opens onto the own garden area perfect for dining al fresco, and the first floor balcony has pretty views towards the shared swimming pool which is situated in a gorgeous position in the grounds enjoying a lovely panorama. In the grounds is also a large gazebo, and for guests use there are barbeques, a laundry room with coin operated washing machine and iron, WiFi internet connection, and a communal room with large covered terrace area for events. Also on the estate is a lovely stone farmhouse, which houses eight apartments, and a further detached cottage. Just 1.5km away is the picturesque town of Poppi with a good selection of amenities including a supermarket, shops and restaurants. The Casentino area of Tuscany, much of which is a national park, has many hidden treasures, the lovely local hill towns are a joy to leisurely explore and the main art cities of Florence and Arezzo are within an hours’ drive. Other wonderful Tuscan towns such as Siena, San Gimignano and Cortona are lovely days out.
#202291
avg €140 EUR/night
<b>Local charges noted below paid on arrival directly to the owner and are per week (children under 5 not included). These are NOT included in the totals provided by Owner Direct: Air conditioning or heating: € 10 per day Animals: € 15 per week Extra cleaning: € 12 per hour Cot € 40 per week Extra linen € 5 per person Accommodation tax Euro 1 per person per night max 6 nights (children under 14 years free of charge)</b> Spacious apartment, part of a beautifully restored farmhouse on a large estate in the heart of the Tuscan countryside. It has its own garden area for relaxing and dining al fresco. Close by is a large swimming pool enjoying a lovely view. The apartment, on two floors, is spacious and comfortably furnished in classic Tuscan style retaining many of the original characteristics of the building, yet fitted with all modern comforts including air conditioning. The ground floor living area has a fully equipped kitchen / dining area which opens onto the garden where there is a barbecue and table and chairs for dining al fresco. A lovely brick archway separates the kitchen from the living room which has beamed ceilings, comfortable settees and satellite television. On the first floor are two pretty double bedrooms, and two shower rooms. The estate's large swimming (16m x 8m) pool is the perfect spot for relaxing and taking a cooling dip whilst enjoying lovely views of the countryside and just 2km from the pretty Tuscan town of Gambassi Terme which has a selection of shops and restaurants. Situated in the farmhouse are a further four apartments and in other secluded positions in the grounds of this immense estate there are two private villas, and the main building, originally a convent, where there are some rooms and a handy reception with internet access. In the heart of Tuscany its a great base from which to explore this lovely region.
#202290
avg €294 EUR/night
<b>PLEASE NOTE: The posted rates are for 6 people, with an additional cost of 40 EUR per person, per week for the 7th and 8th guest. This extra person charge is paid locally on arrival, and is NOT included in the total quoted by Owner Direct. </b> Situated in a beautiful position on a large estate in the heart of the Tuscany with wonderful views of the verdant countryside all around. Originally a barn, it has now been fully restored into a beautiful private villa with its own swimming pool and garden. On two floors the villa is furnished in classic Tuscan style yet fully fitted with modern comforts, including airconditioning throughout, whilst retaining all its original characteristics. On the ground floor is a fully equipped country kitchen/dining area separated by a lovely brick archway from the living area with comfortable settees, armchairs and satellite television. On the same floor is a twin bedroom and shower room. Both the twin bedroom and kitchen open directly onto the villa’s garden and pool area. On the first floor are two charming double bedrooms, with original slanted brick characteristics on the windows, and two shower rooms (one ensuite). In front of the villa is a private swimming pool (10m x5m) perfect for relaxing and surrounded by garden terraces where there is a barbecue and table and chairs for dining al fresco. There are extensive views of the beautiful landscape dotted with vineyards and olive groves from every corner of the estate. Just over 2km from the pretty Tuscan town of Gambassi Terme with shops and restaurants. Situated in other secluded positions on the estate are a further two private villas, some apartments and small reception with internet connection.
Tavarnelle Val di Pesa: Apartment
2 BDR
#202255
avg €201 EUR/night
Terra is a lovely split level apartment on an estate in a fantastic position in the Chianti region complete with a exquisite swimming pool (20m x 8m) with infinity edge, plenty of lawns and terraces for relaxing, a tennis court and small football pitch. The estate, which is totally environmentally friendly, is composed of the owners 11th Century manor house, a farmhouse and hayloft which have been recently skilfully restored into 6 beautiful apartments surrounded by vineyards and olive groves from which the owners produce excellent wine and oil which is available for tasting and purchase. The little village of Marcialla with its local shops is a handy walking distance of just over 1 km away. Terra is a delightful apartment on two floors, furnished in pretty traditional syle with a warm and invitiing atmosphere. The ground floor consists of a living area with fully equipped kitchen/dining area and sitting are with settee, lovely stone fireplace, and satellite television. Steps lead to the first floor where there are two double or twin bedrooms each with ensuite shower room. The living area opens onto the apartments terrace, furnished with table and chairs for dining al fresco. The addition of today’s comforts including dishwashers, safes, satellite plasma screen televisions, telephone/fast internet connection (on request), and air conditioning create the finishing touches. It is a beautiful location from which to enjoy country walks and a great base for exploring Tuscany.
#202248
avg €131 EUR/night
Albo apartment is situated on a lovely estate in a fantastic position in the heart of the Chianti region and is composed of the owners 11th Century manor house, a farmhouse and hayloft which have been recently skilfully restored into 6 beautiful apartments. The estates' exquisite swimming pool (20m x 8m), is shared only by the other apartments on the estate and has lovely views over the vine covered valley beyond. For the more energetic there is a tennis court and even a small football pitch. The estate is totally enviromentally friendly and produces excellent wine and oil both available directly for tasting and purchase. The little Tuscan village with grocers is a handy walking distance of just over 1 km away, and a further selection of amenities are within easy driving distance. Albo is an unusual split level apartment, one half of the restored hayloft. On the ground floor is the living area with fully equipped kitchen/dining area, sitting area with settee (which converts to a double bed on request), lovely stone fireplace, satellite television and a shower room. Glass steps lead to the gallery floor above where there is an unique oriental style double bed. At the entrance to the apartment is its terrace area which is furnished with table and chairs for dining al fresco. The addition of today’s comforts of dishwashers, safes, satellite plasma screen televisions, telephone/fast internet connection (on request), and air conditioning create the finishing touches.
#202214
avg €99 EUR/night
A very pretty apartment on an estate in the heart of the Tuscany with wonderful views of the verdant hills and olive groves all around. Part of a beautiful restored farmhouse, the apartment has its own private garden and there is a lovely swimming pool within the grounds of the estate. Furnished in classic Tuscan style, the apartment is very comfortably fitted with all modern comforts whilst retaining many original characteristics such as beamed ceilings and terracotta floors. The ground floor which opens directly onto the garden, consists of a pretty living room, furnished with two settees (one of which converts to a double bed on request), armchairs and satellite television, an eat in country style kitchen, and a washroom. On the first floor are two charming bedrooms, and with double four poster bed, the other with twin beds and a shower room. The apartments private garden is perfect for relaxing or dining al fresco and there is plenty more space around the lovely swimming pool set in a secluded position below the house. There is a little reception area, a laundry room with washing machine, WiFi internet connection, a built in barbecue for guests use and vegetable garden in the grounds. Also on the estate are four further apartments and a separate private villa with its own swimming pool which are also rented. The local town with a good selection of amenities is just 2km away, and all Tuscany's main sights are within easy driving distance.
#202202
avg €174 EUR/night
<b>Local charges noted below are paid on arrival and are NOT included in the quote provided by Owner Direct: - Heating on consumption if used (Euro 3,50 mc) - Air conditioning only bedrooms Euro 15 per day - Accommodation tax Euro 1 per person per night, max 7 nights (children under 12 years free of charge) **please note the club fee is a minimum of Euro 100 (5 guests)** </b> Situated in a beautiful position on a pretty estate in the heart of the Tuscany with wonderful views of the verdant hills all around is this villa. Originally a barn, it has now been fully restored into a beautiful private villa with its own swimming pool and garden. Furnished in classic Tuscan style, the villa is fitted with modern comforts whilst retaining all its original characteristics. The villa, which on two floors, boasts gorgeous beamed ceilings and has a light and airy atmosphere. The ground floor consists of a fully equipped country style eat in kitchen complete with large table and chairs, a washroom, two comfortable lounges. All have patio doors open onto the rear terrace which is furnished with table and chairs and shaded by a pergola. Also on the ground floor is a luminous corridor which opens onto the garden and pool area and leads to a single bedroom with en suite shower room. On the first floor there are two charming bedrooms one with double bed and one with twin beds and a shower room. Both bedrooms still retain original slanted brick characteristics on some of the windows. In front of the villa is a private garden complete with lovely swimming pool (8m x 3m) surrounded by lawns and secluded by a hedge. There is a Wi Fi internet connection, a laundry room with washing machine and built in barbecue for guests use.
#202201
avg €109 EUR/night
<b>Local charges noted below are paid on arrival and are NOT included in the quote provided by Owner Direct - Heating on consumption Accommodation tax from 1st March to 31st October, Euro 1,50 per person per night (max 5 nights) children under 12 years free of charge</b> A winding avenue of cypress trees leads to the apartment on the estate. Situated in a fantastic elevated position above San Gimignano, there are lovely views of the countryside and the medieval town across the valley. The unit is a part of a restored farmhouse, is a bright and comfortably furnished apartment with a great highlight of a large private balcony (44 sqm) shaded by a pergola, where you can relax and enjoy the marvellous panorama. A short walk through the grounds lead to the beautiful swimming pool (14m x 7m) which looks out across vineyards and olive groves to the distant hills. The pool is furnished with sunbeds and sun umbrellas and there is a handy changing room with shower. There is a washing machine and barbecues for guest use and farm produced wine and olive oil are available. Guests are free to wander the extensive estate where there are lovely country walks and fabulous views all around. The property is only 4.5 kms from San Gimignano. Known as ‘The City of Towers’. It is a fascinating place to explore with many craft shops, local art galleries and historic monuments, as well as an excellent selection of restaurants. Being in central Tuscany its a great base from which to explore this beautiful region, with Florence and Siena being within easy driving distance.
#202180
avg €112 EUR/night
PLEASE NOTE: The posted rates are for 2 people, with an additional cost of 70 EUR per person, per week for the 3rd guest. This extra person charge is paid locally on arrival, and is NOT included in the total quoted by Owner Direct. Beautiful detached cottage in a fantastic position with wonderful views of the Chiana valley beyond. It has a lovely garden and a large swimming pool that both also enjoy the pretty panorama. The cottage is furnished to a very high standard and the location is perfect for visiting the famous region of Southern Tuscany. It is situated on a typical Tuscan estate which has been recently lovingly restored. It is composed of the owners farmhouse and the cottage which is completely detached, the cottage has a lovely garden where you can relax whilst enjoying the view, or have a meal al fresco cooked leisurely over hot coals on the barbecue. On the estate there is a large swimming pool (12m x 6m) which is reserved for the guests and the occasional use of the owners who are friendly and helpful but will not disturb your privacy. The house is composed of a comfortable living room, which is furnished in typical Tuscan style with some antique pieces. It has a country style kitchen / dining area, a sitting area with settee, armchairs, and cosy fireplace. The bedroom is spacious, has beamed ceilings and there is a modern bathroom. It is excellently located for touring the area with the towns of Montepulciano, renowned for its excellent wine, Pienza, for its pecorino cheese, and beautiful Cortona all being close by.
#201475
avg €337 EUR/night
<b>Local charges noted below are paid on arrival and are NOT included in the quote provided by Owner Direct - Heating on consumption if used. Daily entrance fee to the Beauty Farm: Euro 20 per person Cot Euro 20 Extra linen Euro 10 per person</b> This villa lovely Tuscan Manor house on an estate in the hills between Arezzo and Florence. It is spacious and comfortably furnished in country style and retains many original characteristics such as oak beams, and stone fireplaces creating a warm and inviting atmosphere. The private swimming pool in the garden is the perfect spot for relaxing and enjoys pretty views. Surrounding the villa are spacious gardens with lawns, where there is a private swimming pool (12m x 6m) enjoying a beautiful view of the countryside. Close to the house is an annex building now converted into a large dining area with fully equipped kitchen with pizza oven, and shaded outside terrace with barbecue creating the perfect spot for the whole party to prepare delicious meals and dine al fresco together. Near the house is another farm building housing the owners farm equipment, and his well cared for vegetable garden, where he proudly grows an abundance of produce which can be sampled locally as well as a lovely beauty farm (payable locally), with indoor swimming pool (8m x 4m), hydro massage vitality tub, sauna, cromo therapy shower, and relaxation room.
#201154
avg €155 EUR/night
<b>Local charges noted below are paid on arrival and are NOT included in the quote provided by Owner Direct - Heating Euro 10 per day if used Air conditioning Euro 15 per week Wi Fi internet access Euro 15 per week payable locally and must be requested in advance at time of booking. Accommodation tax from 1st March to 31st October, Euro 1,50 per person per night (max 5 night) children under 12 years free of charge</b> A beautiful detached restored barn with private swimming pool, surrounded by its own well kept garden with wonderful views over vineyards and cypress groves towards medieval San Gimignano visible in the distance. Immersed in the countryside yet only 2 km from the town, the villa provides very high standard secluded accommodation in a much sought after area of Tuscany. Built on a slope, the accommodation is on three floors, all connected by internal staircases, but each floor actually opens on to an area of the garden. Originally a hayloft, the house has been carefully restored preserving original characteristics, such as slanted brick windows in the spacious bedrooms, terracotta floors, beamed ceilings and brick archways, all so typical of Tuscan country architecture. There are 3 shower rooms, one on each floor, and 2 fully equipped kitchens ensure modern comfort, yet marrying perfectly with the classic furniture. Both living rooms have comfortable sitting areas with settees which can convert to double beds on request, and the lounge on the ground floor also has a characteristic fireplace, a specially commissioned hand painted mural depicting the beautiful landscape, and arched patio doors which open onto the large patio and garden. Within the well kept grounds close to the house is the large swimming pool (14m x 7m) which is private to the villa and has a lovely view over the countryside. The house and its garden is fully enclosed, and has its own parking area. It is only 2km from San Gimignano and its selection of shops and excellent local restaurants, and many of the regions other sights are within easy driving distance. Florence and Siena are both easily accessible via main road and rail links from nearby Poggibonsi.
#201138
avg €60 EUR/night
A pretty detached cottage on a lovely estate close to San Gimignano, it has a large private terrace with pretty views of the medieval town of San Gimignano silhouetted on the hillside. Also on the estate is a pretty swimming pool surrounded by sun terrace and garden. Light and airy, this pretty cottage enjoys a delightful atmosphere. It has all its accommodation on the ground floor below there is only a basement floor and at the rear a storage barn. Comfortably furnished the living area has a traditional wood burning fireplace, settee/sofa bed, kitchen/dining area and glass doors opening on the terrace. There is also a double bedroom and shower room. A barbecue, utility room with washing machine, and metered telephone are available for communal use and parking is in the grounds near to the cottage.
#231966
avg €188 EUR/night
This beautifully restored free-standing stone farmhouse, with a fully independent 90 square metre apartment below, provides a secluded haven after the bustle of sightseeing. Our Italian friends call it a jewel. Both the main house, and the apartment (see separate listing), can be rented separately or together for a larger group. Restored by us some years ago as a family home, with great attention to detail, this much loved and cared for property is still more family home than holiday rental. We return from Australia every year to maintain, fix, renew, update and replenish everything that needs attention. It was freshly painted throughout in 2016. Furnished and equipped to a high standard, it is a house to feel at home in. The generous country kitchen features a large antique table to share meals around. It is the heart of the home. A huge oak refectory table and antique boudoir grand loaded with family photos dominate the dining and living rooms. Sadly, having made the journey from the south of Italy to Australia then back to Tuscany, the piano is now more ornamental than musical. Antique farmhouse furniture offers ample space for guests to unpack and completely settle in, and the comfy Natuzzi sofas make a quiet night in with a DVD a viable option. Additional power supply supports the many appliances. There's reliable plumbing and strong water pressure. All windows have screens and internal cypress shutters. In summer the 400m elevation promotes refreshing breezes, while the thick stone walls help cool the interior. Efficient central heating keeps it warm and cosy in the cooler months. (Unfortunately the fireplace shown in the photo doesn't work.) The house nestles in the hills 3.5 km above the village of San Polo in Chianti, so a car is a must. San Polo is slightly removed from the tourist turmoil yet it offers great essentials shopping, a fabulous restaurant and good road access to the must-see towns and sights of Tuscany. Proximity to Florence gives us convenient autostrada access, although you can’t see, hear or even imagine an autostrada from our tranquil rural setting. Set in its own private fenced garden in a rural neighbourhood of farmhouses, olive groves and vegetable patches, each window of the house has a pretty outlook over the garden or the cultivated valley. The lawn is often scattered with daisies, and fireflies sometimes come out at night. The garden overlooks the Arno valley towards the Vallombrosa Monastery, nestled in the magnificent oak and pine woodlands of the central Apennines. The surrounding forest offers up its bounty of porcini mushrooms, wild asparagus, even truffles, to intrepid locals who gather in small family groups to walk off Sunday lunch and enjoy the peace on sunny weekends. Depending on the season, around the house and garden you may find grapes, plums, raspberries, apricots and figs. The squirrels usually get the hazelnuts and almonds. Although we don’t live on site, we do have a loyal group of friends and retainers equipped to resolve any problems quickly and efficiently. A booklet of information at the house covers the A to Z of how things work, plus support phone numbers. We encourage guests to sms us with any concerns so we can ensure a quick resolution of any issue. Ahead of the trip, all our guests receive a comprehensive booklet (PDF) of tips and recommendations for things to do and places to go. These are some of our favourite things. It’s quite extensive and, like the house, is updated each year. Some guests find it very useful, particularly first time visitors to Italy.
#230025
avg €411 EUR/night
The view from here is - "just stunning but wait until you see the pool..." ... Villa is - "simply beautiful " Two comments form guests in August 2016 Villa is for sure, a really special property for both friends and families to enjoy. Tucked away on the sleepy hillside of Castiglion Fiorentino and where guests can make this their "home from home" - The property welcomed its first guests in May 2016, - The villa is set within an olive grove where the visible ruins of an ancient defence castle of Castiglion Fiorentino can be explored and enjoyed. Adjacent to the larger villa is a (deconsecrated) church from the 12th century which has also being restored. The Villa and its annex provide three bedrooms, three bathrooms, modern kitchens, 2 sitting rooms, a vast terrace with some of the loveliest views of the valley and the town of Castiglion along with the private Infinity Edge pool - strategically situated to enjoy the fabulous views. It is about 3 km from the town, where there are many restaurants, bars and shops and, there is also small shop,bar and restaurant just across the valley if you did not want to travel into the town, Much like the other villas here, this is also a good location - an excellent base to explore Tuscany its many hill towns, festivals, wineries and countryside including easy easy day trips to Cortona, Pienza, Montepulciano, Siena etc - Florence is also easy by either car (1 hour) or by train from our local station. This is one of our first reviews from May 2016. A first review says: “The houses are surrounded by a beautiful old olive grove. There are two terraces overlooking the valley and a very nice infinity swimming pool. The view is breathtaking. I have been in this valley before but the view here beats everything. There is a small terrace in the back to catch the early morning sun. The large (Giant) terraces in the front catch the sun from 10 am to sunset. For people like me who love to read in the shade : plenty of shade available under the surrounding trees. The olive groves around the houses are actually grassy meadows, ideal for children's play. In the woods on top of the hill behind the house lie the remains of a 13 th century castle. You have to drive up a drivable access road from the valley floor to reach this house. The next and only other house is 100 m down. The road continues up the hill for another 1.6 km, winding through beautiful olive groves and forests, offering breathtaking views. Then then for easy hiking, road changes into a hiking trail that joins the hiking trail that circumvent the valley. We were the first occupants in a newly developed property. We were two couples and stayed a week in May 2016. The property consist of two houses. The smaller one , just a few meters away, has one bedroom, with a king size bed, bathroom and a living space with kitchen. Tho main house has two bedrooms, with king size bed and the other with two single beds. The main house has two bathrooms. A dining room, sitting room and separate kitchen. Hendrik, NL. Also in the area are tennis courts, horse riding and , now the new Golf Course at Cortona -
#225923
avg €829 EUR/night
Placed on the top of a hill, in a very isolated and peaceful position,500 mt. Height and 5 kilometres from Montaione, Bosco Lazzeroni is part of the huge estate il Sapito, the largest one among Tognetti's properties, with an extension of 105 ha. Of predominantly oak forests, chestnut trees and Mediterranean bush, some vineyards and olive groves. In origin a medieval guarding tower, during the centuries it became first home of farmer families, then a refuge for brigants. Bosco Lazzeroni is today a beautiful Manor House with striking pink facade, dominating in charming contrast, the green background of the beautiful park that surrounds it. It is composed of 5 apartments of different size, including a particularly large one occupying the entire top floor. The apartments are equipped with all conforts, the traditional decor is beautifully matching the upholstery, pastel colors of ceilings and walls add light and brilliance. In the large lawn park of pines and oaks, wisteria and vines, pergolas give shade to the well equipped terraces for unforgettable dinners at open pure air. The green lawn enlarge towards the pool for adults and children amply supplied with sun loungers and at a distance of hundred meters, the tennis court and kids playground. From the parking lot, pathways lead to the forest where the "Cinto Toscano" pigs (saddleback) live in freedom, to the hunting reserve of deers and pheasants, to vineyards and olive groves, to lakes home for duks and geeses up to Il Sapito holiday homes and the Farm Restaurant Il Brigante. Book on-line our accommodation proposals for families, couples or groups up to 22 people. Ideal place to organize ceremonies, workshops and events both indoor and outdoor in the park. The nature of the place offers a wonderful opportunity to sports such as golf, tennis, horseback riding, hiking and mountain biking. Major cities are easily accessible by car: an hour to the centre of Florence, Pisa, Siena, 30 minutes to Volterra and 20 to San Gimignano!
#225634
avg €185 EUR/night
FLORENCE, The Heart of Tuscany 1500 sqft/160 M2 apartment located on the first floor of a XII century Medieval Tower , steps away from the Duomo and the entire historic district. Windows overlooking the peaceful square of San Pier Maggiore ... Where the Florentine daily life will be part of your visit. Live the atmosphere of the ancient era as you enter the main entrance door of the Corso Donati's Medieval Tower. An easy flight of stone steps will lead you to our apartment. When Paolo and myself went to see this apartment ... First thing we loved was the magic atmosphere of the place enhanced by the architectural medieval exposed details. The thick stone walls, the vaults, that huge window, the arch ... It was love at first sight. We are looking forward to welcoming you in Florence
#225108
avg €175 EUR/night
This newly restored, two-bedroom, two-bath apartment in an historic Oltrano Florentine building is on a quiet side street called Via della Chiesa (the cross street is Via delle Caldaie), located in the area of Santo Spirito Church. The apartment is located in the heart of the historic center of Florence in the Oltrarno/Santo Spirito area and is the perfect home base for exploring Florence. It is steps away from Santo Spirito Church, Pitti Palace, Ponte Vecchio, Boboli Gardens and Brancacci Chapel, the Uffizi and other historic monuments. It has 2 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, books, music, and a fully equipped kitchen. The views of rooftops and the sky are lovely, and the cross breeze is wonderful. The bedrooms are in the back of the apartment, and are quiet, and spacious. 2 large bedrooms, one has en-suite bathroom, both have lovely views from the windows 2 bathrooms, one with beautifully-tiled tub, washing machine, both with showers fully equipped kitchen (dishwasher, marble countertops, custom cabinets) & living room sleeps 4 comfortably, can accommodate 6 using pull-out couch quiet & sunny high wood-beamed ceilings & antique terracotta floors third floor, no elevator antique furnishings 2 hair dryers, iron, alarm clock, linens & towels, ceiling fans, cd player, cell phone
#224210
avg €212 EUR/night
We hope you will feel the same way after spending time in our Italian home. Near the ancient hill town of Volterra, surrounded by the green Tuscan countryside is our villa. Part of Borgo Collevicchi, we are on the top of a hill in the heart of Tuscany with breathtaking views of nearby valleys. This newly restored farm outbuilding contains our apartment. Our apartment is surrounded by landscaped gardens & cypress trees, all reflective of the perfect Tuscan landscape. It has all the modern amenities yet captures the Tuscan feel of architecture and design. Each of the two well appointed bedrooms has it's own air conditioner to provide comfort during the hot summer nights. To enjoy nature's gentle breezes, magnetized bug screens have been installed to allow the double doors to remain open without letting in nature's tiny creatures. Enjoy beautiful dreams on our pillow top mattresses in both bedrooms. The master bedroom features 2 extra long twin beds that can connect to form a King size bed or be enjoyed separately. The master also has an en-suite bathroom. The second bedroom has a Queen bed. The living room has a pullout queen size sofa bed. There is a second full bathroom available for guests. The kitchen features a gas stove, oven, dishwasher and full fridge. The apartment also features a washing machine with a private courtyard to air dry your laundry. The entire apartment is on the ground level and has no stairs, easy for small children or guests with mobility issues. Enjoy al fresco dining under your pergola in your private garden while savoring the panoramic views of Volterra. After dinner, enjoy a glass of wine on the outdoor couch and then take in the sunset from the pool deck. A panoramic pool makes the borgo an even more special & relaxing place after a day of sightseeing in Tuscany. The pool is open from mid June to mid September and is 8 metres by 4 metres. Our property manager will greet you upon arrival, or on your first day depending on flight times/arrival time at the apartment. We feel this friendly face is an important way to start your Tuscan adventure!
#224080
avg €103 EUR/night
Welcome to San Gimignano in Tuscany. A completely restored rural hamlet, is located eight km from the medieval town of San Gimignano. San Gimignano was a stopping point of the “Via Francigena”, the ancient road used by the catholic pilgrims coming from North Europe on their way to Rome. The "Historic Center of San Gimignano" is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The holiday house is also in the vicinity of Volterra, Siena, Florence, Pisa and is about an hour's drive to the seaside. The Apartment (about 65 sq. Meter) is located on the first floor. It consists of a living room (sofa bed, easy chair, dining table with six chairs and a well equipped kitchen), two double bedrooms and two bathrooms with showers. From the private garden, equipped with a table and six chairs (about 20 sq. Meter), there is a stair (seven steps) to arrive to the apartment entrance. The entire hamlet has been renovated in 2008. In the common area of the hamlet there is an unheated swimming pool (about 14 m x 7 m and 1.4 m deep, open from May 15 until September 15) a bathroom and two showers with hot/cold water. A solarium, a barbecue area with tables and chairs, a laundry room, a fitnessroom and a park surrounded by green nature are all for common use of the guests. A pleasant and healthy place to stay in the summer as well as in the other seasons, Ideal holiday house for vacation in Tuscany. It is located near San Gimignano, a stopping point of the Via Francigena. It is part of a renovated rural hamlet with a swimming pool, surrounded by green nature. Independent heating. Free 2G WiFi is available. No-smoking apartment. No pets. Car is essential. The region.Relaxing in the heart of Tuscany, between Florence and Siena. Ideal for visiting San Gimignano 8 km Colle Val d'Elsa 16 km Volterra 18 km Poggibonsi 19 km (train station) Area of Chianti Classico : 20 km Certaldo 23 km the Boccaccio town Castle of Monteriggioni 36 km Siena 40 km Cecina (seaside town) 65 km Florence 66 km (airport and main train station) Pisa 80 km (airport) Ideal for hiking on the Via Francigena. Shops, supermarkets and restaurants can be found in Castel San Gimignano (4 km) or in San Gimignano (8 km)
#210327
avg €110 EUR/night
90m2 (970ft2) of fully furnished non-smoking environment with 4-meter (12 feet) ceilings, at the 2nd floor of an ancient Florentine building with elevator, surrounded by historical palaces. Conveniently located in the Oltrarno district, literally steps from main landmarks in Florence: 100 meters away from Museo Bardini, 150 from the Arno River, 500 from Ponte Vecchio and Piazza Santa Croce, 700 from Piazza Pitti and Boboli Gardens, 800 from Piazza Signoria and Piazzale Michelangelo. USEFUL INFORMATION: • Owners live in same building and speak English. • Two supermarkets available within 500m (shopping cart available). • Centrally located apartment: many restaurants, coffeeshops and stores in neighbourhood. • Nearby public gardens near the river. • Flat located 50 meters inside Z.T.L. (Limited Traffic Zone). • Other people’s nearby indoor parking bookable. • No noisy nightclubs in neighbourhood. • Bus stops within 50 meters (line C3) and 100 meters (lines D, 12 e 23). • 2km from main train station (Firenze SMN), 10km from local airport (FLR Vespucci).
#209582
avg €100 EUR/night
The apartment is located just inside the city walls in a quiet and beautiful part of the center and a few steps away from everything. It is situated on the first floor of a large old building and looks pretty and modern in furnitures. Entrance, kitchen and dining area, which opens onto an open space with a double bed; at the end a double bedroom, bathroom with shower, laundry with washing machine. Mattresses are new and very comfortable and the kitchen is made of Carrara marble. It comes with two bikes. The location is great, just a few steps away from everything you need. There are two bicycles at your disposal and that makes your stay much easier, as you can cycle (but also walk) to café, supermarket, grocery stores and into the historical centre. And last but not least, the motorway junction is very close (less than 10 minutes by car), so for those arriving by car it is very convenient. The local bus stop is at the bottom of the road (about 150 mt away). This means that for those who arrive without a car they can easily take the bus to Florence or Pisa (city centre and airports). The train or bus station can also be reached in a short walking distance (about 20 min). Free public park at 400mt. The following free services are included in the Apt.: Fast wifi&cabled internet connection A fully working Apple Mac G3 Flat digital TV with DVD player and several DVDs and music Cds Washing machine Ironing board and iron Dishwashing machine Oven and microwave oven Kettle Toaster Mosquito nets 2 Bicycles Safe
#209161
avg €100 EUR/night
The apartment takes its name from the two palms you may see in the entrance court, and is located just inside the city walls in a quiet and beautiful part of the center and a few steps away from everything. It is situated on the second and last floor of a large building, a convent in the medieval age, and looks pretty and modern in furnitures. Entrance, kitchen and dining area are very comfortable; the apt. Has a double bedroom, a bathroom with shower, a laundry with washing machine. Mattresses are new and very comfortable, air conditioning is at your disposal and you can have breakfast in the kitchen and lunch and dinner in the light dining room. You may reach the apartment climbing wide stone stairs or using the lift. The location is great, just a few steps away from everything you need: café, supermarket, grocery stores, restaurants are just outside the entrance court. The famous Piazza Anfiteatro is 100 mt far. And last but not least, the motorway junction is very close (less than 10 minutes by car), so for those arriving by car it is very convenient. The local bus stop is at the bottom of the road (about 150 mt away). This means that for those who arrive without a car they can easily take the bus to Florence or Pisa (city centre and airports). The train or bus station can also be reached in a short walking distance (about 20 min). The Apartment is inside the historical centre, free parking is available outside the city walls, approximately 400mt away. The following free services are included in the Apt.: • Wifi Internet connection • Air conditioning • Digital TV • Washing machine • Ironing board and iron • Oven and microwave oven • Kettle • Toaster • Dishwasher • Phone
#208849
avg €100 EUR/night
Charming apartment located in the historical center of Florence, with a heart full of technology. The house, in fact, has been renovated and designed according to the dictates of home automation, while offering a comfortable and cozy stay, thanks to its subdued colors and its characteristic structure. The apartment is located a few steps from the famous Piazza Santa Croce, where every year takes place the Calcio in Costume Fiorentino. Not far away are the Piazza Signoria, Ponte Vecchio and Piazza Ghiberti, where every day is held on the local market of S. Ambrose. Piazza del Duomo and the main Florentine museums are within walking distance to, and in the area you will find the most famous restaurants in the city center, shops characteristic of Florentine and the major international brands.??A nice entrance leads to the apartment. Immediately next door is a toilet service, and a large dining room with a sofa and a TV, the exit is to the courtyard. The place is equipped with table and chairs. Near the entrance, there is a fully equipped kitchen (5 burners, oven, fridge, freezer, dishwasher, toaster, kettle), with access to the same courtyard, where you find the washing machine. The kitchen leads to the night area, using an input where you deployed the wardrobe. In this area there is a double bedroom and a bathroom with shower. In the basement , there is a large lounge room with sofa bed. The apartment has been designed according to the dictates of modern home automation and presents the most innovative technology implementations , to provide a high level of quality of life . The house has been equipped with autonomous heating. ?Radio and wi fi .?
#208473
avg €175 EUR/night
This cottage is the latest addition to the small antique hamlet called Borgo Castelrotto. It is a converted hayloft that is now a charming and romantic getaway. The upstairs bedroom that overlooks the beautiful surrounding countryside is a loft style with its own bathroom and air-conditioning. Downstairs there is a large living room that leads into the open kitchen with all modern amenities. There is another bedroom, with air-conditiong, and an ensuite bathroom with shower. There is a restored brick and stone fireplace in the cozy living that adds to the unique atmosphere of this farmhouse. Enjoy incredible tranquillity and sunsets by sitting in your private garden or by the pool that overlooks the olive orchard and the Ombrone river valley. The infamous bike path "Eroica" is just behind our property and easily doable for all ages. Biking, walking, tennis and horseback riding, hot air ballooning rides are all within a very short distance.
#208313
avg €85 EUR/night
This studio is located in the historical centre of Lucca on the first floor of a building that was build in the 14th century. From here you can reach easily the central via Fillungo where are located all the most important shops and cafès. The apartment has old vaulted brickwork ceilings and there is a double bed a full kitchen and a small dining area, the bathroom with shower is on the back of the apartment. Air conditioning is at your disposal. Living here is like being part of the history of Lucca and the view from the window really gives an idea of the ancient center of the city. The apartment offers a perfect position, leaving the door takes you in the middle of the typical small Italian stores, shops and cafès and the famous Anfiteatro Square or San Michele Church are just 100 m from here.
#206416
avg €365 EUR/night
Quiet fully furnished house with beautiful views in the quaint historic hamlet which was the birthplace of the poet Carducci (just a short walk down the street). This charming getaway lies in the outskirts of Pietrasanta, an artist town in the valley of Versilia. From the house you can access the sea and some of the best of Tuscany’s beaches by bicycle, car, or bus (E.G., Viareggio, Marina di Pietrasanta, Lido di Camaiore, Forte dei Marmi, Marina di Alberese). The house is a short drive to historical towns in Tuscany: 30 minute drive to Lucca, a 30 minute drive to the five towns of Cinque Terre and nearby to numerous wineries. For staying closer to home, historic mule trails are just outside the front door, winding through other hamlets, caves and old city walls. A small swimming pool makes it perfect in summer, while a working fireplace in living room and heating system will keep you warm in winter. For those who would like to cook, there is a fully functional kitchen with both inside and outside terrace seating. For those that would like to enjoy the local cuisine and culture, there are several restaurants within walking distance. Also, Pietrasanta, Lucca and Viareggio have numerous dining options. Each of the four (4) bedrooms has its own bathroom (with shower) and air conditioner. The house can sleep 10-11 persons. Renting on weekly basis (minimum 3 nights).
#206155
avg €79 EUR/night
This apartment forms part of an ancient Villa dating 1500 in the charming village of Benabbio set amid olive groves and chestnut woods of the Val di Lima, a few KM from Bagni di Lucca, which is renowned for its thermal waters and the old Casino, the first in Europe. Benabbio, unlike other villages in the region, is hidden among the woods in a tranquil spot making it ideal for a holiday or a relaxing break. Despite this, a few minutes walk are only two restaurants, a newsagent / stationery and food with local products. The beautiful view from the terrace offers countless ideas for recreation such as walking in the woods of chestnut and olive groves, visits to the ancient Romanesque church, the Museum of Art or the ruins of the castle of Lupo Lupari, recently the subject of archaeological excavations. You can relax in the Villa's garden between bowers of vines and olive trees and take in the breath-taking mountain views. In addition, given the proximity to Tuscan cultural cities, it is possible to take day trips to Florence, Siena, Lucca and Pisa. The Olives' Terrace a apartment forming part of an ancient Villa dating 1500 in the charming village of Benabbio set amid olive groves and chestnut woods of the Val di Lima, a few KM from Bagni di Lucca, which is renowned for its thermal waters and the old Casino, the first in Europe. Benabbio, unlike other villages in the region, is hidden among the woods in a tranquil spot making it ideal for a holiday or a relaxing break. Despite this, a few minutes walk are only two restaurants, a newsagent / stationery and food with local products. The beautiful view from the terrace offers countless ideas for recreation such as walking in the woods of chestnut and olive groves, visits to the ancient Romanesque church, the Museum of Art or the ruins of the castle of Lupo Lupari, recently the subject of archaeological excavations. You can relax in the Villa's garden between bowers of vines and olive trees and take in the breath-taking mountain views. In addition, given the proximity to Tuscan cultural cities, it is possible to take day trips to Florence, Siena, Lucca and Pisa. Recently restored, the apartment, using materials and furnishings typical of the Tuscan style with antique furniture and objects characteristic of the traditional culture,
#206025
avg €712 EUR/night
A superior-styled vacation home in best area of Tuscany's Chianti region. Easy access and close proximity to Tuscany's finest restaurants make this a perfect choice for your vacation home near Siena and Florence. Recently renovated with all modern conveniences, this 1500's Stone Farmhouse is situated perfectly in the middle of Olive Groves and rolling Chianti Classico Vineyards. U.S. Owner resides in Tuscany, for your travel and touring guidance. Stay in this authentic antique-filled Tuscan Farmhouse behind gates up a long drive within walking distance of small villages of Villa-a-Sesta and San Gusme, restaurants and wine-tasting. A professionally-equipped kitchen and large outdoor living and dining spaces are just two of the premiere features of the property. Dreamliner Views overlooking vineyards and groves, the Chianti valleys, to the distant mountains of the Maremma. The main (middle) floor consists of an updated cook's kitchen, dining salon, living room, powder room, our own 'piazza' and rambling view terraces with fireplace and BBQ. A tended kitchen garden full of herbs, greens and seasonable vegetables, with almond, apricot, fig, and berries only an arm's length away for those yearning to be Tuscan chefs. The 'Vineyard Suite': upper two rooms with en-suite bathroom. Double room along with Single room, private entrance, view terraces, bathroom with jacuzzi-tub+shower. There is a cozy reading nook / window-seat in the double room. The 'Garden Suite': ground floor, two adjoining rooms with large en-suite travertine bathroom. This suite consists of a carved chestnut-wood 17th c. Double room, private entrance with view terrace, a French-Empire single sitting room, travertine Bathroom, antique claw-foot iron tub and large walk-in shower room. The entire property is thoughtfully furnished with 18-19c Italian and French antiques, sculpture, Italian ceramics. Italian bed linens and towels are provided. Wireless internet throughout. There are bicycles for exploring the easy rolling lanes, plenty of local wine and oil, and various in-season festivals and markets. The main dining terrace offers a pergola-covered travertine table with a large BBQ fireplace and seasonal lounge. All windows are screened, sleeping rooms offer individually-controlled air conditioning. AL fresco dining will accommodate up to 12 guests for your special occasions. Plan a home-catered meal on the main terrace for your ultimate Tuscan experience. The estate is minutes from the village of Castelnuovo Berardenga and is within close walking or biking proximity to San Gusme and Villa-a-Sesta, and Gaiole-in-Chianti. Florence is about an hour+,Rome just about 2+ hours. Siena is 20 minutes away. Reached easily by car are towns such as Montalcino, Arezzo, Greve, Cortona, or Castellina-in-Chianti. Tuscan beaches or fishing villages of the Cinque Terra are 2 to 4 hours away.
#205729
avg €60 EUR/night
The apartment is part of a farmhouse in a hill top position in the wonderful countryside west of Siena. It lies 12 KM far from Casole d’Elsa and 9 from Radicondoli, typical medieval villages still retaining their charm and original character. Our property is a perfect jump off point to explore the enchanting Tuscany, including seaside towns. City of art such as Siena, Florence, San Gimignano, Volterra, Monteriggioni, Massa Marittima are easily accessible on good roads. The house was built over an Etruscan site, that was inhabited since then. Also the nature lovers will enjoy the river reserves and wildlife sanctuaries of the area. Culinary specialities from land and sea await your discovery. The famous wine region “Chianti” is only 25 KM away. The apartment has its own patio and garden, from which our guests can enjoy the panoramic views and peace. There are various rivers in the area (Merse, Farma, Pavone and Cecina) with clean waters and good streams. Thermal baths are in Petriolo, 30 KM from our property, where hot water flows in the river Farma, offering a hot-cold swimming option. And in Rapolano Terme (40 KM far). Nice public pools are also in the town of Colle di Val d'Elsa and casole d'Elsa.
#205539
avg €120 EUR/night
The perfect place to relax and enjoy the magnificent views of the surrounding countryside. The apartment is located in a large, elegant 17th century villa, on the outskirts of Florence. Located in a superb location, with its panoramic views of the lush green hillside, where the famous Carmignano DOCG wine is produced and overlooking the Arno valley. The property also has a small swimming pool. The location, makes it the perfect solution to immerse themselves in art and culture of the surrounding towns, as well as to enjoy the beauty of the Tuscan countryside. The apartment is only 30 minutes from downtown Florence. You can explore all of Tuscany organizing daily trips to Lucca, Pisa, San Gimignano, Volterra, Montepulciano, Siena, Chianti, the park and the scenic walk in the region of Cinque Terre or the seaside resorts on the Tuscan coast. The apartment has its own entrance, is an intimate apartment with a good sized room and ensuite bathroom. The old stone walls of the apartment provide a quiet and cozy haven, a place to relax and escape from noise and bustle of the city.. In the fully equipped kitchen you can also find a small table as well as fridge, freezer, microwave and everything you need in the kitchen, in a typical Tuscany style.
#205182
avg €100 EUR/night
Your vacation begins with a unique florence apartment rental at the lovely Residenza LA Fiesolana. Enjoy your vacation rental and explore Florence Italy. LA Fiesolana is a lovely 430 sq foot vacation apartment in Florence located on the ground floor of an important, ancient house right in the historic centre of the city. The building (or “palazzo”) was once an old convent that has been later completely restored; the apartment has preserved the original layout traits such as exposed beams, frescoed ceilings and a stunning Florentine terracotta floor. This studio flat is provided with every comfort, including internet connection and air conditioning, and, thanks to its very central location, it is just at an easy walking distance not only from the main tourist attractions and churches - Piazza del Duomo (the Cathedral Square) is just 10 minutes away – but also from all sorts of shops, traditional cuisine restaurants, pubs and trendy night clubs. A public garage is close by, as well as an open air car parking. Enjoy the Renaissance in Florence with Residenza LA Fiesolana Self catered, fully furnished apartment to rent complete with all modern amenities Easy and safe online booking and payment system available 24 hours 7 days a week Personalised services during the booking process and professional assistance Serviced apartment ready on the spot - entirely furnished, fully equipped and available within short notice Cost effective alternative to a hotel stay - price per apartment not per person More space and privacy than in hotel rooms Short and long term stays - rentals available from a minimum of 2 days to several months Where we are LA Fiesolana apartment in Florence is located close to the duomo and within easy walking distance of all the main tourist sights. The apartment lies to the east, within the old city walls, between Piazza Santa Croce and the Four Seasons hotel. You will be immersed in the local culture, with the nearby bustling market and its square crowded with people, ideal for sipping wine or a tasty appetizer in the most famous Florentine nightlife. Walking just two minutes you will be in front of famous landmarks like the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Giotto’s Bell Tower and the Baptistery, the Uffizi Gallery, the Ponte Vecchio, Palazzo Pitti, with the charming garden of Boboli and more yet.
#205057
avg €63 EUR/night
Sunny apartment with a panoramic view of Florence center and surrounding hills, typical of Tuscany. Great for tourism in the historical Florence center, 15 min with a new fast and reliable tramvia T1 (every 3 min, stop at 100m from the apartment, ticket 1 Euro with family discount). Comfortable for families and small groups (up to 6 people) with sunny balcony, AIR CONDITIONING, PC, Wifi, Sat/TV and a nice kitchen full of tools. A lot of free car parking around, no parking problems. Apartment for vacationing families or professionals. Suitable for visiting Florence and the cities' historical neighbors (Pisa, Livorno, Lucca, Siena) by train or car. Suitable for business trips in and around Florence (fairs, conferences, activities' temporary studio etc.) Located Scandicci (FI) in a quiet and well served (restaurants, banks, bar / pastry shop, pharmacy, supermarket, shopping center). Just a few hundred meters from the Castle dell'Acciaiolo and pedestrian area where there are many shops, mostly clothing, shopping. About 5 KM from the center of Florence, 100 meters from the new tramway stop resistance (10-15 min from the center of the city 'and the Central Station SMN). About 5 KM from the A1 Highway (Scandicci) and from the highway to Pisa and Livorno (FI-PI-LI). Equipped with the comforts (satellite TV, internet / wifi, PC, air conditioning). Comfortable apartment with kitchen, bedroom and living room (max 6 people) Apartment for vacationing families or professionals. In building, V floor, in excellent condition. 3 rooms, 75 square meters, 1 kitchen, 1 bedroom with double bed and single bed 1 large living room with sofa bed and extra bed possible. For a total of 3/6 beds. A bathroom with shower and hairdryer. Two terraces: the kitchen side (veranda) overlooking the garden and hills, side sitting room (about 10 sqm) with a beautiful wide view of the Florentine hills and Duomo. Hot / cold heating, central heating condominium. Hot water with electric boiler. Oven, microwave, iron, dishwasher, washing machine, fridge and freezer. TV with digital terrestrial and satellite channels (free). Internet access with WIFI and desktop PC (Dell OptiPlex). Bed linen and towels included (weekly change). Apartment suitable for visiting Florence .. Near the center of Florence (about 5 KM) easily accessible by tram (stop resistance downstairs) about 10-15 min to get to the SMN train station in the city center '(closed to car traffic). How to reach the apartment By motorway: exit Scandicci the A1, direction Scandicci center, the City of Scandicci (the apartment is located opposite the Town Hall). In expressway, near the exit of the motorway FI-PI-LI, the same route of the highway. By train: From Central Station of Florence (SMN) take the tram (opposite the entrance to the station) and get off at resistance.
#204212
avg €503 EUR/night
This beautifully restored six bedroom and 5 bathroom villa sleeps up to 12 guests with amazing - "wow" views offering peace and tranquility. The Villa offers a compelling combination of Tuscan tradition and fresh ‘farmhouse’ style. Perfect for a great family or friends vacation. The living area is spread over three levels providing a combination of tasteful Tuscan charm and Modern living. The villa has many terraces and woodland. Directly below the living area lies the fabulous pool with views that are beyond the scope of photos - there is a gazebo providing shade and seating, a stone oven and Barbeque, volleyball court and pool bar. The villa is absolutely private and tranquil with amazing views of the Val di Chiana and beyond. The property’s look is uncluttered with a contemporary appeal, a sprawling, relaxed layout, with all amenities you would need for a great vacation. This Villa is a home you can easily enjoy. The house is easy, lovely and very welcoming. The restoration focused on bringing new life and simple beauty to this once-rustic farmhouse. The renovation was completed with a view to providing everything for the perfect vacation while respecting the historical character and history. The villa will appeal to anyone wanting to enjoy a private home with space and character, the pool and outside settings offer total peace and tranquility and views that are hard to match.
#204110
avg €140 EUR/night
The villa is an enchanting cozy cottage with a fabulous pool, nestled in olive groves with views of one of Tuscany's most gorgeous valleys. One of three properties, this independent detached cottage was recently restored and is built from the local sandstone, “Pietra Serena,” with its soft ochers and grays. Lovingly preserved, it retains its rustic charm and makes the perfect home for your vacation in Tuscany. The cottage can sleep up to 5. It has two bedrooms, (one double and one single), plus the option to use the adjacent annex which provides sleeping for an additional 2 guests by way of a sofa-bed and additional bathroom. The cottage has a lovely sitting room, kitchen/diner and bathroom. It has a private furnished terrace with access to the old stone oven and barbecue pit for ’al fresco’ dining. The swimming pool has been idyllically positioned to benefit from the stunning views of the valley and the distant Tuscan towns. Although the cottage has central heating, it also has a large open fireplace welcoming early and late season visitors. A laundry room on site is available for guests’ use. Our closest towns are Castiglion FIorentino and Cortona both tracing their roots back 3000 years! Both are protected by magnificent stonewalls and city gates over 2000 years old. Other places not to be missed are Arezzo, Pienza, Montepulciano, the Chianti region, Assisi, Siena, & by train, Florence is just an hour from the local rail station
#204108
avg €140 EUR/night
Part of the ancient Il Borgo Tranquilitta, this cottage is an enchanting and cozy cottage with a fabulous shared pool, nestled in olive groves with views of one of Tuscany's most gorgeous valleys. One of just three properties, this independent detached cottage was recently restored and is built from the local sandstone, “Pietra Serena,” with its soft ochers and grays. Lovingly preserved, it retains its rustic charm and makes the perfect home for your vacation in Tuscany. The cottage can sleep between 3 and 5 guests. It has two bedrooms, (one double and one single), plus the option to use the second sitting room as a bedroom which has a comfortable sofabed. In addition, the cottage has a lovely sitting room, kitchen/diner and bathroom. The cottage has its own private furnished terrace with stunning views and, with access to the old stone oven and barbecue pit for ’al fresco’ dining. The swimming pool has been idyllically positioned to benefit from the gorgeous views of the valley and the distant Tuscan towns. The house has central heating, and also has a large open fireplace welcoming early and late season visitors. Our closest towns are Castiglion FIorentino and Cortona both tracing their roots back 3000 years. Both are protected by magnificent stonewalls and city gates over 2000 years old. Other places not to be missed are Arezzo, Pienza, Montepulciano, the Chianti region, Assisi, Siena,
#202867
avg €140 EUR/night
Part of the small ancient hamlet of Il Borgo Tranquilitta, this charming stone cottage for three guests is the perfect place to start your vacation in Tuscany, Traditionally furnished, full of charm and character. From every room you can enjoy stunning views of the valley, the historic town of Castiglion Fiorentino, the gardens, olive groves and the large swimming pool. Cottage has two bedrooms, (One double and one single) a charming sitting room with open fireplace, fully equipped kitchen and dining area, terraces for outside dining – where there is also a barbeque for those warm summer afternoons and al-fresco dining. There are only three cottages in the village and lots of private spaces to enjoy this wonderful spot. The village has been totally and caringly renovated by local artisans retaining its natural charm and character whilst providing warm and inviting interiors. "Our first vacation to Italy. We had two cottages here, two patios - one for the morning sun and one for the afternoon and evenings when we are outside enjoying the sunsets. The apartments are set in real country setting, olives and other vegetation the views are really wonderful. The highlight though was the pool which, for the most part we had to ourselves and this, plus incredibly warm weather made it a great combination!"
#202864
avg £163 GBP/night
A charming little cottage/villa in a very private location. Set along a Tuscan hillside in the middle of olive groves, the property provides perfect peace and seclusion. From the garden and pool areas, there are spectacular views over the Val di Chio and, some of the most romantic sunsets. The interior of the house is comfortably and attractively furnished offering two bedrooms, a sitting room and kitchen/diner. The entrance to the property has a terrace overlooking the swimming pool and surrounding Tuscan countryside - so charming that guests use this for lunch and dinner, enjoying the gentle mountain breezes, the calm of the valley - occasionally interspersed by the crickets calling in the night air - sheer serenity. Tuscany is the Italian region famous all over the world and, it is a "must visit" for many, due to its magnificent cities and the sheer beauty of its countryside. Few regions in Europe can boast a landscape so beautiful and a history so immense as Tuscany. An abundance of rolling hills, picturesque villages, priceless art work in the smallest of villages and some of the loveliest towns such as Castiglion Fiorentino, Pienza, Cortona. Montepulciano, Arezzo and more. "Total Tranquility, a very enjoyable vacation" Carly Welling "Great location and enjoyable vacation. Enjoyed helping with the olive harvest and, walking down to the old press. Thanks for making it special" Aimee and Carl Dodds.
#202562
avg €320 EUR/night
Enjoy the quiet and serene surroundings, lovely views of the town of Montalcino in the distance, the sunsets, and long nature walks. Living space is on the first floor above ground, since the original layout was made to accommodate the animals on the ground floor, where still today, we have the stalls used for storage. It is a very pleasant car drive of approx. 30 kilometers to Siena and 10 kilometers away from Montalcino. Lovely day trips to the neighboring towns and monasteries such as Montalcino, Pienza or the Abbey of Monte Oliveto Maggiore, San Galgano or even the beach on the Maremma coast. Tennis courts and horseback riding nearby. Mountain bikes for rent as well. Wifi in the entire property for your use and free of charge. Large ceiling fans in every bedroom.
#200835
avg €153 EUR/night
WE'RE located in the Tuscan countryside only 15 minutes from Florence. Very independent apartment finely restored and furnished on two levels. On the first floor there are 2 double bedrooms, 1 smaller room/studio with a sofa bed and 2 bathrooms, one with a shower, and the other featuring a shower and bathtub. Living room, dining room, kitchen and bathroom are on the ground floor that opens onto an exclusive garden. The access from the main road as well as the car park are independent. The large shared pool, open from June to September 15th, is surrounded by vegetation and not visible from the house. Personal transportation is advised. Public transportation, (bus and train) are available at the bottom of the hill in the village of Caldine. It is a 10/15 minute walk through the hilly bucolic countryside. The train, a 12 minute ride from the Fiesole /Caldine station (with free parking) to Santa Maria Novella station in the center of Florence, runs approximately every hour. The buses, a 30 minute ride, also take you into Florence. There is little public transportation after 8pm. Caldine has a supermarket as well as post office and bank. It also has doctor and ambulance service. Please contact us for further details.
#200775
avg €158 EUR/night
WE'RE located in the Tuscan countryside only 15 minutes from Florence. Very independent apartment finely restored and furnished on two levels. On the first floor there are 2 double bedrooms, 1 smaller room/studio with a sofa bed and 2 bathrooms, one with a shower, and the other featuring a shower and bathtub. Living room, dining room, kitchen and bathroom are on the ground floor that opens onto an exclusive garden. The access from the main road as well as the car park are independent. The large shared pool, open from June to September 15th, is surrounded by vegetation and not visible from the house. Personal transportation is advised. Public transportation, (bus and train) are available at the bottom of the hill in the village of Caldine. It is a 10/15 minute walk through the hilly bucolic countryside. The train, a 12 minute ride from the Fiesole /Caldine station (with free parking) to Santa Maria Novella station in the center of Florence, runs approximately every hour. The buses, a 30 minute ride, also take you into Florence. There is little public transportation after 8pm. Caldine has a supermarket as well as post office and bank. It also has doctor and ambulance service. Please contact us for further details.
#200388
avg €201 EUR/night
The property is located in the heart of Val D'Orcia, the landscape inscribed on Unesco's World Heritage List. The ancient 'Podere', a 1700's farmhouse, has a wonderful view over the hills of Monticchiello and Pienza. The unique Montepulciano is only 5km. Here time stops: the farmhouse is nestled in the woods, an ideal site to relax yourself. And plenty of culture thanks to famous art-cities nearby: Montalcino, Cortona, Bagno Vignoni, Rapolano, San Casciano. You'll take with you wonderful memories of this place. The property has three delicious bedrooms, three bathrooms, three living rooms, three fireplaces, an ancient oven and large outdoor spaces for relaxing with a wonderful view of Val d'Orcia, olives groves and an orchard.
#200305
avg €375 EUR/night
This property is an authentically restructured typical Tuscan farmhouse with beamed ceilings and terracotta floors. It is situated on a little hill in the heart of the farm Fattoria Corzano e Paterno, where we produce excellent wines, sheep cheeses and extra virgin olive oil. The house is furnished very tastefully and luxuriously, the rooms are big and bright. Sitting on the terrace you have a spectacular view over the Tuscan hills, olive groves and vineyards. On the ground floor you find one big living/sitting room with a fireplace, one double and one twin bedrooms, one single room with one bed and a sofa bed which open on a living-room, two bathrooms (one with washing machine). The kitchen is well equipped, with fridge, electric oven with gas stove, dishwasher and microwave oven and with an open fireplace. On the first floor there are 4 more bedrooms with 2 single beds or 1 double bed each, as well as a living/sitting room, two bathrooms. On the terrace there is a veranda for eating outside and a pizza oven.
#200221
avg €392 EUR/night
The villa has two floors and is 450 sQ.M. The first floor contains the entrance, a small bathroom, a living room with piano, a double bedroom with sauna, jacuzzi, bathroom with shower and a covered terrace. Another bedroom with double bed, single bed, bathroom with shower and bathtub. From the room you exit into a large open terrace with wonderful views across the valley. On the ground floor there is' a library, a large lounge with fireplace, dining room, kitchen, an ironing room / laundry room and a bedroom with bathroom. There is also an attic with double sofa bed and 2 single bed . Externally the villa has a large paved area, furnished with tables, chairs, armchairs, sun beds to be used for lunches, relaxing, reading. The park is divided into many terrace and offers space for all kinds of entertainment, sports and games. Anessa the villa there is an outbuilding (former barn) with a gym on the ground floor . Linens, towels, private washing machine (including detergent), dishwasher, sauna, Jacuzzi, bicycles, fuel for the the BBQ, electricity and final cleaning are all included in the price.
#41835
avg €107 EUR/night
The house is REALLY fully furnished. Pascoso' finest asset, and the most important reason to travel there is the nature in which it is literally immersed. Pascoso is really a hiker's paradise, however it is not far from the "cities of arts" of Tuscany (Lucca, Florence,Pisa,Siena etc.), and beaches (Forte dei Marmi and Viareggio) are no more than 30 miles away. Furthermore, the house is situated under an hours drive from many of Italy’s finest and most picturesque golf courses, such as Golf Alisea - 32km -30 mins (5 holes promotional golf course), Montecatini Golf Club - 37 km -35 mins, There is also a nice private garden (roughly 120 square meters) with table, chairs, and a sun umbrella.
| Marble |
Cassiterite is the primary ore of which metallic element ? | VisitsItaly - Welcome to the Region of Tuscany, Italy
Vinci
on the west side of the Tiber River down into Lazio Roma . The Etruscans established a federation of twelve self-governing cities known as the Dodecapolis, and of those several remain vibrant Tuscan cities today: Arezzo , Chiusi, Cortona and Volterra .
Etruscan ruins dot the landscape and innumerable Etruscan artifacts have found their way, of course, into greater and lesser museums all over Tuscany, where they are on view to modern eyes.
By 200 BC, the Etruscans, after continuous defeats on the battlefield, were completely absorbed by an emerging Roman Empire . The Romans, during their time, founded Lucca , Pisa , Siena , Pistoia and Florence , and, with their roads, forts, ports, spas and other monuments left an indelible cultural, social, economic, and architectural mark on Tuscany. Like the Etruscans before them, the physical remains of the Romans also lie scattered around Tuscany, either in the form of ruins, or as museum artifacts.
Roman power had dramatically declined by AD 300, leaving their Empire weak and vulnerable. New forces began overwhelming all that had been Roman, including Tuscany. Much death and destruction was wrought, though not as much as elsewhere in Italy, but new ideas and cultural influences also flowed in. Peace was restored, at least for a time, when, during the 6th to 8th centuries AD, the Longobards , a Germanic people, established their 200 year long hegemony over northern and central Italy. Longobard Tuscany was administered as a Duchy, whose overlords lived in Lucca.
After the Longobards, Tuscan history is an intricate dance, involving a wide variety of local and foreign secular powers and the Roman Catholic Church , whose influence grew increasingly from late Roman times. In time, many Tuscan towns and cities became powerful city states, sometimes under the control of the Pope and his Bishops, and sometimes under the control of kings, princes and others lower down the aristocratic ladder.
In this political cauldron, Tuscan cities and towns, usually aided and abetted by mercenary forces, vied with one another, often in destructive and bloody conflict, over land, resources and influence. Alliances among and between them, and outside powers, were changeable, giving Tuscan "politics" a well-deserved reputation for deviousness and treachery. It is no wonder that Machiavelli , author of The Prince, a handbook for the exercise of power, was a native son.
Ultimately, Florence became the dominant Tuscan city, and it's history reflects in many ways, the history of the entire Region and the other important towns and cities within it. By the 13th century, Florence had evolved into a self-governing, oligarchical comune with banking as its most important industry. Powerful banking families emerged, and foremost among them were the Medici . By the 15th century, the "Age of the Comune" had passed, and governance rested with the Medici, or, from time to time, with other dominant families. This is the so-called "Age of the Signories".
During this extended period, from the early 14th to the late 15th centuries, Tuscany, and particularly Florence under the knowing patronage of the Medici, gives birth to a humanistic movement we now call the Renaissance which manifested itself in art, writing, architecture, science, and of course, fashion. The names associated with the Renaissance are legion: Galileo , Giotto , Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo , Brunelleschi , Donatello , Dante and a host of others. The long term impact of their work on the rest of Europe and the world simply can not be underestimated.
Ultimately, through various and sundry machinations, and through the shedding of considerable blood and the expenditure of much treasure, Florentine power overwhelmed that of the other cities in the Region. All of Tuscany was melded into a Grand Duchy, at first under despotic Medici dukes, some benign, some cruel. But, by the 16th century, the Medici line had burned out and others assumed power. The Duchy remained intact, except for a brief period when it fell under Napoleonic rule in the late 1790s, until 1860, when it was absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy, which, by 1948, was transformed into the modern Republic of Italy.
Now, Tuscany is crowded with tourists, especially during the sweltering months of July and August. They literally swarm over Florence, Pisa, Siena, Chianti, Cortona and other justifiably famous towns and cities within the Region. But, there are other industries of note: the Carrara marble that Michelangelo used for his David and other sculptures is mined and exported all over the world. There is wine from grapes (Chianti), and oil from olives (Lucca), and the production and distribution of a wide variety of other agricultural and food products from other parts of the Region.
One also finds light industry in the northern parts of Tuscany, machinery manufacturing, metal working, plastics molding and production and the manufacture of specialized electronic goods. Engineering work, industrial design, graphics design, and clothing fashion are also mainstays of the Tuscan economy.
Tuscany, when all is said and done, is a rich, sensual, three dimensional tapestry woven of time and space, with sights, sounds, aromas, flavors, and touches that penetrate the human mind and soul, evoking memory and desire.
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Wykehamists are pupils of which public school ? | Winchester College - Old Wykehamists Alumni
Old Wykehamists
Old Wykehamists
The Old Wykehamists (boys, and in some cases staff who have now left the School), maintain their own web site as they have a full programme of events and lively interaction all of which is, for the most part, separate to the daily running of the School. Although part of the site is password-protected there is much information to be gleaned for those interested in seeing the structure of the organisation.
We have recently been given details of two films featuring Winchester College made by Pathé. The Pathé newsreels are now available to view on-line via the following website, www.britishpathe.com
The Pathé archive includes two short films of particular interest to Wykehamists and the wider Win Coll community.
Please click here to view the first film, with a commentary, records the visit by HM the Queen to Win Coll in 1955.
The second film, lasting about 6 minutes, is provisionally dated as from the 1940s and was sent to us for identification. Please click here to view. We think this is dated 1956 or 1957 and have already asked Pathé to amend their description accordingly. The film evidently aimed to show a ‘day in the life' at Win Coll
Please click here to access the events programme.
Please click here to access the Old Wykehamists Alumni site.
| Winchester |
Give the name of the room where the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919. | Winchester College - The History
History
William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor (or, as we would now say, Prime Minister) of England, was a self-made man born at Wickham, Hampshire, in about 1323. By his personal talents, by a patron’s gift of an education, and above all by a certain natural toughness, he worked his way to the top of the executive class of his day and amassed a considerable fortune.
In an age when literacy, learning and government were the province of the Church, Wykeham wished to see the central government served by a well educated clergy. Placed as he was at the top of the tree, enjoying contacts with the throne and the Holy See, he was ideally situated to see to the meeting of this need. And his personal revenues lay ready to hand.
In 1382 he obtained his charter to found Winchester; the buildings were begun in 1387, and occupied, though incomplete, in March 1394. Meanwhile by 1386 his other and senior foundation at Oxford (New College, or Saint Marie College of Winchester in Oxford) had begun operations.
Thus by the end of the fourteenth century Wykeham’s great scheme for the supply of educated men dedicated to God and the public service, was realised and in working order. His seventy scholars at Winchester were to go on to New College, and thence out into the world, ready and equipped to serve.
From that day to this Wykeham’s seventy Scholars have lived in College. The original community was self-contained in the mediaeval manner. It numbered 115 persons, governed by the Warden and ten Fellows, with two schoolmasters and three chaplains. Sixteen quiristers (choristers) and three lay clerks completed the foundation proper, but Wykeham also allowed the education he provided to be shared at their own expense by ten others, the sons of gentry and particular friends of the College. These were the forerunners, if not the germinal idea, of the present Commoners.
When Henry VI founded Eton College, he took Winchester as his model, visited it on many occasions, borrowed its Statutes and removed its Headmaster and some of the Scholars to start his new school but apart from that interruption Winchester carried out its Founder’s intentions with great distinction until the Reformation.
The Reformation brought with it a break-up of mediaeval institutions and a deep suspicion of perpetual semi-monastic societies. Winchester and Eton were lucky to survive at all. Their connections with their sister colleges at Oxford and Cambridge saved them; but a very different Winchester emerged, with her revenues becoming the perquisites of absentee Fellows who found their enjoyment of them slightly inconvenienced by the obligation to educate the young.
Despite the abuses, education did continue. Scholars and Commoners were still taught together in Seventh Chamber, the ancient schoolroom, until the numbers made it too small. In 1683, largely by the personal munificence of Warden Nicholas, the brick School was built and it is from this time that we find an increasing interest focused upon the Commoners and a rise in the importance of the Headmaster. At the instigation of the Clarendon Commission of 1868 the Fellows ceased to be resident. The Warden ceased to be resident in 1904, but his importance as titular Head of the Foundation and Chairman of the Governing Body has never diminished.
In 1740 Dr Burton, the then Headmaster (or Head Master as he is often referred to) bought up the leases, and later the freehold, of the old Sustern Spital (a women’s hospital) which was situated on the site of the (present) Headmaster’s offices, and altered it to provide boarding accommodation for Commoners. By 1784 it was established that the Headmaster should move out of College and preside over the fee-paying Commoners, and that the Second Master should reside in College in charge of the Scholars. It is a point to mention that Scholars were more likely to be such for reasons of influence rather than ability.
In 1855 the seventy Scholarships were thrown open to intellectual competition and in 1862 three separate boarding houses, each under the supervision of a housemaster, were in existence but it was under the Headmastership of Dr Ridding (1867) that major changes were made. He added six new boarding houses (another was added in 1905), converted pre-existing buildings into useable classrooms, increased the teaching staff, and by reclaiming the marshy bog south of Meads, presented the School with its main playing fields. It is to be noted that much of this work was done at his own expense.
In 2002 the Friends of Winchester College produced a leaflet on Royal Visits to the School.
| i don't know |
Who wrote the lyrics for the musical Starlight Express ? | Starlight Express [Original Cast Recording] - Andrew Lloyd Webber | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Starlight Express [Original Cast Recording]
AllMusic Rating
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AllMusic Review by William Ruhlmann
In 1981, Andrew Lloyd Webber scored what turned out to be the biggest success of his career with Cats, a lightly plotted musical using contemporary pop/rock music that was dominated by its costumes, staging, and choreography, and appealed primarily to children. Teaming up again with director Trevor Nunn, Lloyd Webber also repeated many of the essential elements of Cats in his next musical, 1984's Starlight Express. Where Cats was about felines, Starlight Express was about trains, with the actors portraying engines and sidecars in elaborate costumes, recreating the effect of trains on tracks by riding around the theater on roller skates. The plot, such as it was, had to do with a race. But the score consisted largely of what in the theater are called "I am" songs, in which individual characters introduce themselves. Thus, like Cats, which took its lyrics from poems by T.S. Eliot, Starlight Express was as much a collection of individual songs as a theater score. Lloyd Webber stuck largely to current pop/rock styles circa 1984, and that meant lots of synthesizers and percussive dance tracks. He also found space, however, to include pastiches of blues, rap, country, and gospel music that were little more than lampoons and often revealed their composer's ignorance of the forms. For example, "The Rap" was more reminiscent of the rhythmic "Rock Island" opening of The Music Man, itself set on a train, than of the rap music of the 1980s. Richard Stilgoe's lyrics were simplistic and often a bit suggestive for a children's show. The ensemble cast was adequate, but overwhelmed by both the music and the staging. The show opened in London on March 27, 1984, and was an immediate hit. This original cast album was recorded live and in the studio the following month. It was released belatedly in the U.S. on May 9, 2000.
Track Listing
| Richard Stilgoe |
Which author created the character Hannibal Lecter ? | Broadway Musical Home - Starlight Express
Broadway Musical Home
Who starred in the original cast?
Where can I buy the music?
What’s the buzz on Broadway?
Find out at Broadway Musical Home
Starlight Express
by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Richard Stilgoe
Playing at a Theatre Near You
Buy Tickets
About the Musical
The Andrew Lloyd Webber roller-skating rock musical that is one of the longest-running musicals in West End history.
Story:
A boy's toy train set comes to life and the characters race to become the 'fastest engine in the world.' Will the underdog, Rusty, triumph and win the race and the heart of observation car, Pearl? Or will the Greaseball gang ruin everything?
761
Original Cast
Janet Williams Adderley, Ken Ard, Michael Berglund, Barry K. Bernal, Paul Binotto, Jamie Beth Chandler, A.C. Ciulla, Philip Clayton, Braden Danner, Steve Fowler, William Frey, Ronald Garza, Sean Grant, Michael Scott Gregory, D. Michael Heath, Lon Hoyt, Jane Krakowski, Mary Ann Lamb, Todd Lester, Frank Mastrocola, Andrea McArdle, Sean McDermott, Joey McKneely, Greg Mowry, Gordon Owens, Nicole Picard, Reva Rice, Robert Torti, Angel Vargas, Melanie Vaughan, Mary Windholtz, Christina Youngman
Director
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What was the Roman name for York ? | York's ancient origins
The City of York
ORIGIN OF YORK
The Roman name for York was Eboracum, based on a native British name for the ancient site. It is thought that the root of the early name was Eburos, an Ancient British personal name, which suggests that the site was founded by someone called Eburos.
An alternative view is that the name is based on the Ancient British word Eburos meaning Yew, a sacred Celtic tree from which the personal name Eburos derives. In Roman times there was a tribe in Gaul called the Eburorovices, who were the 'Warriors of the Yew Tree'.
When the Anglo-Saxons arrived in the north from Germany and Denmark in the sixth century they made Eboracum the capital of Deira, a Northumbrian sub-kingdom. Eboracum was corrupted by Anglo-Saxon speech into Eoforwic meaning 'wild boar settlement'. The Anglo-Saxons confused the Celtic word 'Ebor' meaning yew tree with their own word 'Eofor' meaning 'wild boar'.
In 865 AD the Danes captured the North and in 876 Halfdene the Dane made Eoforwic the capital of the Viking Kingdom of York . Later in 918 AD a mixed race of Norwegian-Irish Vikings settled at York and for many years York was subordinated to the Viking stronghold at Dublin.
Viking influence can still be detected in the street names of York, where the suffix 'gate' as in Stonegate or Goodramgate derives from the Old Norse 'gata' meaning road or way. Stonegate follows the course of a Roman road through the city and Goodramgate is named after Guthrum, a Viking leader.
Above: Bootham Bar and York Minster from an old postcard
The Vikings interpreted Eoforwic, the Anglo-Saxon name for York as Jorvik. The change of the Saxon f to a Viking V occured in other words in the English language such as the Anglo Saxon word 'Seofan' which was changed by the Vikings into its modern form 'Seven'.
In the late Viking period it is thought that the name Jorvik was shortened to something resembling its present form, York and in the medieval age the name York was generally used, although an independent form 'Yerk' is known to have existed at this time.
One of the problems of studying York's name is that many early records are written in Latin and thus use the Roman name Eboracum in periods when Eoforwic or Jorvik were used in every day speech. Today the early forms of York's name are still well known and although the Viking Kingdom of York no longer exists, its natural successor Yorkshire - 'the county of York' still takes its name from this ancient city.
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| Eboracum |
Which Oxford college was founded in 1899 to provide education specifically for working people ? | York travel guide - Wikitravel
14 Get out
For other places with the same name, see York (disambiguation) .
York is an ancient cathedral city with a history that dates back to before Roman times. A county in its own right for hundreds of years, York is now in North Yorkshire , England with some of the best preserved historical buildings and structures in Europe . As of the 2001 census, the population of York was 181,000.
York is frequently ranked with Manchester as the second most visited city in England after London and is, of course famous, for giving its name to the city and state of New York in the United States .
York is a fairly small city - four days is enough to see the major sights although York is a city that reveals its charms to explorers with curiosity and patience.
York is known as England's "City of Festivals" as there are regular cultural festivals every year. The official festivals are the Viking Festival, the Festival of Angels, Early Music, Late Music, Horse Racing (the "Ebor Race Meeting"), Multicultural Food and Arts, Chinese New Year, Mystery Plays, Christmas St Nicholas' Fair, and the Food and Drink Festival. It's a romantic city for a weekend break. York is full of magic and a wonderful place to bring children!
Understand[ edit ]
York Minster
York was known as Eboracum by the Romans, who founded the fortress city on the River Ouse in the year 71. York was home first to the Ninth Legion and later the Sixth. York quickly became one of the most important cities in Roman Britain, and after 211 became the capital of the province Britannia Inferior. Constantine the Great—later responsible for making Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire—was first proclaimed Emperor in the city.
After the Romans York was taken by the Angles and was renamed Eoforwic c. 400AD.
Captured by the Vikings 866, the city quickly took on a new identity as Jorvik (pronounced "Yor-vik") and experienced a major urban revival as a centre of Viking trade and settlement in northern England. The Coppergate excavations of the 1970s revealed much of this Viking past.
After the Norman Conquest, York became the second city of England, and kings often moved their court here while campaigning against Scotland. King Richard III had a special connection with the city and although portrayed as a villain by Shakespeare, many locals will tell you that it's all Tudor Propaganda. During the Georgian era, York's racecourse attracted the rich and influential from around the country, which meant in turn that the city was saved from the worst ravages of the industrial revolution - the factory and mill owners didn't want to pollute their "playground".
Industry finally came to York with the arrival of the railways in the 1830s, and owing to its strategic position approximately halfway between London and Edinburgh on the East Coast Main Line, the city became a major headquarters, junction and works for the railways, a role which it continues to this day. The other major industry of the city was confectionery; the Rowntree's works, now owned by Nestlé, is the only one still producing but a delicious chocolatey smell still wafts through the city when the wind is in the right direction.
By car[ edit ]
Although York is not directly on any of the main north-south motorways, the connections are reasonably good. From the south, the quickest route is probably to take the M1 northbound to junction 32, the M18 eastbound to junction 2, the A1(M) northbound to junction 44 and then the A64 eastbound to the York Outer Ring Road (A1237). Alternatively, you can take the M1 all the way to the A64, but the upper reaches of the M1 around Sheffield and Leeds can get very congested, especially at rush hour. From the west, the A59 and the M62 provide connections from Liverpool and Manchester. From the north, the A1 and the A19 link York with Tyneside, Northumberland and southeastern Scotland.
Driving into the city centre itself is something to avoid. Traffic congestion on the main arterial roads serving the city (especially the A19 on Bootham and the Inner Ring Road) can get very bad, especially during the rush hours and on Saturday mornings. The remodeling of some roads near bottleneck junctions to accommodate bicycle lanes has made traffic jams even worse still in recent years, and parking in the city centre is very expensive.
If you are just visiting York for the day, using a Park and Ride costs a lot less than trying to park in or near the city centre, and there are six sites dotted around the Outer Ring Road. However, the last buses from the city centre leave at around 20:00 in the evenings, and you are not allowed to leave your car in a Park and Ride overnight. Therefore, if you are staying overnight in York and arriving by car, make sure that your hotel offers parking before you book your room. If you are visiting only for the day but will be staying until late evening, you will need to use a city centre car park.
Wikitravel has a guide to rail travel in the United Kingdom .
York is one of the main hubs of the UK rail network , with a large range of services and destinations to choose from. The station itself is an attraction and was voted the 'nicest' station in the UK in 2007. Because of the number of lines that pass through the city, services tend to be frequent. Indeed, it was the largest train station in the world when it was first built. While intercity trains can be expensive, regional services are relatively affordable. Buying tickets online a few weeks in advance can provide substantial savings on long distance tickets.
National Rail [1] operates several services from York. York is situated halfway between Edinburgh and London on the East Coast Main Line. East Coast Trains run services along this route approximately every half hour between King's Cross station in London and Edinburgh Waverley. The journey time from London is typically about 2 hours and 15 minutes, while Edinburgh is 2 hours and 30 minutes away.
Grand Central Rail [2] operates 4 trains per day in each direction between York and London .
Arriva Cross Country [3] operates trains between York and Scotland , and across the country to Birmingham , Oxford , Reading , Bristol and the South-West.
First Transpennine Express [4] operates service to and from Liverpool , Manchester , Manchester Airport, Leeds , and Huddersfield . The service runs 24 h, making it possible to have a late night out elsewhere in North England while still being able to get back to York. It runs every 30 minutes during the daytime and early evening but has a fewer trains in the evenings and even after midnight.
Other regional trains run to Sheffield , Doncaster , Hull , Harrogate and Scarborough , Durham and Newcastle .
Train times can be found on the National Rail Planner [5] or by calling 0845 748 49 50 from anywhere in the UK.
By bus[ edit ]
National Express [6] operates coach service to/from York. Tickets can be purchased online, at the station, or from the Tourist Information Centre at 1 Museum Street in the city centre. The coach stops near the railway station. They is a bus every 20 minutes from Leeds and Malton and every 1-2 hours from Whitby and Scarborough run by Transdev Yorkshire Coasltiner and frequent buses from Hull, Market Weighton, Pocklington, Driffield and Bridlington run by East Yorkshire. They is also buses to Harrogate at every 2 hours and frequent buses to Easingwold, Thirsk and Helmsley. For all of York's bus routes Click Here .
Overview
Visitors to York arriving by air have a number of options:
Enter the UK at one of the London airports and travel onwards to York overland, either by road or by rail . If your itinerary includes other parts of the UK besides the northeast, this may be the best option, as the five London airports have a wider range of flight options and usually lower prices than are available for direct routings into an airport closer to York.
Enter the UK at Manchester Airport and travel onwards to York overland either by road or by rail . Manchester Airport has a train station within easy walking distance of all terminals that has regular direct trains to York with a journey time of less than 2 hours.
If Yorkshire and/or the northeast is the main destination of your visit to the UK, fly directly into the northeast using an airport with good road connections to York if you will be renting a car and/or are being picked up from the airport.
If Yorkshire and/or the northeast is the main destination of your visit to the UK, fly directly into the north-east using an airport with good public transport connections to York if you will not have access to a car.
If you are arriving in the UK at one of the London airports (Heathrow ( IATA : LHR), Gatwick ( IATA : LGW), London City ( IATA : LCY), Luton ( IATA : LTN) or Stansted ( IATA : STN)), your best bet is to travel to York either by road in a rental car or by train . If you take into account the time it takes to get from a London airport to King's Cross station, either way will normally take you 4-5 h from the arrivals hall to York city centre. The airports within a significantly shorter overland travelling time to York are as follows.
Leeds-Bradford International Airport ( IATA : LBA) is the geographically closest airport to York, located 31 mi from the city by road, but it is also arguably the least convenient and most expensive for visitors to the city. The low-cost carriers (LCCs) Jet2 [7] and Ryanair [8] operate extensive services throughout Europe. KLM is currently the only legacy airline offering hub-and-spoke connections worldwide via its three daily flights to and from Amsterdam. In light traffic, it takes about 1 h by road to York using the A658 and the A59, but often the journey takes 2 h. This route can get very congested around the outskirts of Harrogate during the rush hours, and there are several villages with 30mph speed limits along the way. York residents collecting arriving passengers should note that it costs £12/h if you need to park and go into the terminal building (for example, if the flight is delayed): you are allowed to wait at the pick-up and drop-off area for only 10min. There is no direct public transport to York. The best way is to take the 757 bus outside the airport to Leeds City Bus Station, the last stop, and then any bus at stand 25 to York.
Manchester Airport ( IATA : MAN), 84 mi by road from York, is the UK's largest airport outside London and offers a wider choice of LCC and legacy airline services worldwide. These include direct flights from the USA operated by American, Continental and Delta. By road, the journey using the M62 and the A64 takes about an hour and a half in average traffic, but if you get caught in the rush hours around Leeds and Bradford it can take a lot longer. The train station in the airport provides direct connections to York throughout the day and night (see by train above), with a typical journey time of 2 h. It is worth booking tickets for rail connections online in advance, because tickets bought on the day are often a lot more expensive, and, if you are travelling at peak times without a reserved seat, you may have to stand for most, if not all, of the journey (these trains also serve commuters to Manchester and Leeds, getting very crowded).
Doncaster-Sheffield ( IATA : DSA), 41 mi by road from York - mainly serving European holiday destinations. This airport is not easily accessible by public transport. You have to take a bus to the Doncaster station.
Humberside ( IATA : HUY, 48 mi) - KLM from Amsterdam and thence worldwide. Using the A1079 and the A15, the journey time to and from York is around an hour in typical traffic. This route takes you across the Humber Bridge, which is a spectacular sight in itself, but it can get congested in the rush hours. This airport is not easily accessible by public transport. You can take a bus to Hull or Grimsby stations. If KLM is offering a particularly attractive deal to Humberside, you will have access to a car and you are staying in a southern part of York, Humberside is worth considering.
Durham-Tees Valley IATA : MME, 47 mi from York - LCCs to UK and European destinations, plus KLM to Amsterdam and thence worldwide. The airport was formally called Teesside International until it was renamed in 2004, and the name "Teesside", "Tees-side" or "Teesside Airport" still appears on many local road signs and on tickets and boarding passes issued outside the UK. Although air fares to Durham-Tees Valley can cost a lot, it is well worth considering as a starting point for visiting northeastern England; as an underused regional airport, waiting and queuing times are very short. However, to recoup the lost revenue from falling passenger numbers in recent years, the airport introduced a facility fee of £6 per departing passenger (which must be paid before you are allowed through the security check). If you take the A67 eastbound from the airport through Yarm and Kirklevington and join the A19 southbound to York, this route is hardly ever congested, even during weekday rush hours. Using public transport, you can take a bus to Darlington. From there, York is a 30 min train ride on the East Coast Main Line, with frequent services throughout the day.
Newcastle ( IATA : NCL, 79 mi), offers a wider range of legacy services than LBA, HUY or MME, with British Airways and Emirates providing long-haul connections as well as KLM. Air Transat also operate direct flights from Toronto during the summer months. The journey to York by road using the A1 and the A59 takes just under two hours. Using public transport, a Newcastle Metro [9] train takes about 45 mi from NCL to Central Station, from which York is a 70 mi ride on the East Coast Main Line.
The major car rental chains are available at all of these airports except Doncaster-Sheffield.
By foot[ edit ]
The roads within the old city (i.e. within the city walls and to the north of the river ouse) are pedestrian precincts, closed to all cars except disabled drivers and emergency vehicles between 8:00 and 16:00, and most of the sights are only a short walk between one another. Take care walking around the city centre when the roads open to car traffic at 16:00, as the roads fill up quickly with delivery vehicles servicing local shops and businesses. The city centre is small enough to walk from one side to the other in 20 minutes.
By car[ edit ]
The best advice for driving in York is don't. The roads were designed for carts pulled by oxen, and the city council is actively discouraging car use through a combination of high parking charges and traffic-calming measures. If you are bringing a car to York, your best bet is to leave it in a Park and Ride, at your hotel, or if absolutely necessary, a city centre car park.
The "Park and Ride" car parks are signposted as you approach the city on the A64(S), A59, A19(N) A64(N) A1079 and A19(S), and provide free parking. Each has a colour coded "bus-line" with a fixed price shuttle bus service that operates every 8-12 minutes from 07:00 to 19:00 weekdays and Saturdays. Children travel free (2 per fare paying adult).
Maps and timetables can be found here: [10]
The Park and ride is very popular during the week with commuters who work in York, but live outside the city.
By bus[ edit ]
Bus services [11] connect all the points of interest in the city but they are not cheap. If more than one person is traveling and the distance is relatively short, a taxi may well be cheaper. However, a one-day bus pass costs £3.70/£4.00 (£2.00 Child) per person, which is worth considering if you're going to make several journeys in a day. Although if you are planning to travel on more than one Bus operator the All York Ticket is worth a buy it costs £4.50 or Family is £9 and Young Person is £2.30 and Week is £18, it offers unlimited travel on buses in York all day (excluding the City Tours & Race-day shuttle) See Bus routes in York, England
By bike[ edit ]
York is one of the most cycle-friendly cities in the UK - there's an extensive network of cycle routes in and around the city, and most of the traffic controls have been set up to give cyclists priority. There are no significant hills in or around the city centre, which is a big help. The river path along the Ouse contains some wonderful bike routes out of the city. Also beware that police and CCTV operators take a very dim view of cycling without lights after dusk, or cycling in the city centre pedestrianised area before 16:00, and will happily hand out an on-the-spot £30 fine for doing so. You should be able to pick up a copy of the York Cycle Route Map for free from cycle shops, or alternatively you can find PDFs here: [12] . Bikes are available to rent from a number of locations around the city, including the railway station.
Events & festivals[ edit ]
There is a very full series of events in York. The most important are:
York Races. [32] Held 6 to 8 times in the year with the key meetings in May and August.
Mystery Plays. [33] Medieval Passion plays, revived after the Second World War and the forum which first brought Dame Judi Dench to critical attention. Don't run every year and vary between the traditional plays acted on floats carried around the city and more formal renditions which change venues - the 2012 edition was the first since 2000, and was held in the Museum Gardens.
York Festival of Food and Drink. [34] Late September every year. The food element majors on Yorkshire food, while the drinks program has a world wide and wine orientated theme. The range of events is very wide with demonstrations, tastings, markets and dinners everyday for 10 days. Big 'Slow Food'/Fairtrade and other 'worthy' food element allied with lots of hands on cooking for kids.
Viking Festival, [35] February. A big event with a lots of appeal for children - lots of dressing up and mock fighting but backed with the serious educational purpose of the Viking Centre.
York Early Music Festival. Early July. World class event with very serious intent .
York Beer & Cider Festival [36] The Knavesmire (Tadcaster Road end) is the new venue for an expanded York Beer & Cider Festival held in September. The increased capacity means they will be able to offer up to 200 beers, 30 ciders and perries and a foreign beer bar, with wine and soft drinks also available. This is an exciting expansion for the branch which they hope will be enjoyed by people from York and beyond. There’ll be live music on the Friday and Saturday evenings as well as a good range of food from mainly local caterers and other stalls. There’ll be a large amount of seating – inside the tent if it’s wet, with some outside if the weather’s good. Children are welcome during the afternoon sessions. The festival site is less than 15 minutes from York Station and is served by regular buses (12 Woodthorpe, 4 FTR Acomb, 13/13A Copmanthorpe and the Coastliner).
York Festival of Traditional Dance September 2015 York’s own Ebor Morris, in conjunction with City of York Council and other local teams, invite a rich variety of traditional dance sides from all over the country to join in a non-competitive celebration of the diversity of ritual dancing. The Festival occupies the first weekend of September. The Saturday begins with a colourful dance procession from the Guildhall to Parliament Square, before the teams separate to dance on site, in King’s Square and St Sampson’s Square throughout the day before a final grand show in front of dignitaries. The Sunday dancing is less formal, taking place in St Sampson’s and King’s Square on the Sunday morning. Over the years we have had representatives of all the leading traditional team styles: the stick and hanky Morris of the Cotswolds, the large clog-stepping sides of the North West, the intricate weaving Yorkshire Longsword, the country-dance like East Anglian Molly, the bizarre costumes and disguises of Welsh border Morris and the swift interlacing of Northumbrian Rapper sword. This year’s Festival details are to be confirmed. We'll be inviting teams from all round England to join in this celebration of English Traditional dance, hosted by local team Ebor Morris. The two other local sides Acorn Morris & Minster strays should be in attendance, together hopefully with old favourites such as Brackley Morris from Northamptonshire.
Illuminating York 2009 Discover York in a New Light.23 October - 1 November The event is now in its fourth year and continues to showcase York as a vibrant, contemporary and creative city. The event breathes light and innovation into York's historic and urban environment, attracting visitors from far and wide. 2009 will see three exciting new commissioned art works each of which invites you to join-in and become part of the action. At the end of the day, when the park gates are locked, life continues into the night. Bright White present 'Vespertine', a captivating instillation that exposes the magnificence and brutality of nocturnal wildlife. The specially created sound track uses animal samples that are acoustically tuned to the space, creating a unique visitor experience. The latest technology allows you to explore pools of sound, which are linked to fascinating video effects. Tucked away in the grounds of King's Manor, this promises to be a real treat. KMA and Pilot Theatre present the world premier of '5Circles' a radical, imaginative, and beautiful global project. You can modify and manipulate the sound, light and content online and then visit St Sampsons Square to see your ideas projected on to the paving. Watch people and dancers playing in the space and triggering unique patterns of light - you can even join in yourself. GaiaNova provide an exciting opportunity to draw with light onto the multangular tower in Museum Gardens. Using 'Tagtools', a simple interactive drawing board, which allows you to see your drawings and doodles projected onto the walls and brought to life. International artists will also be using the tagtools at designated times to create colourful and inspiring works of art. Illuminating York is fantastic for people of all ages. Events are free.
Cinemas[ edit ]
Vue Cinemas - [37] - The city's largest multiplex, located on Clifton Moor Retail Park on the north-west outskirts of York. Access by car, or take the no.6 bus to Tesco or the no.20 bus from Acomb or University.
City Screen Ltd - [38] - A new, modern cinema located just off Coney Street in the centre of York. Has a bar/cafe with a fantastic balcony overlooking the River Ouse. No private parking available. 0870 758 3219
Reel Cinema York - [39] - Located inside a distinctive art deco building and known for decades under its Odeon ownership, the cinema is held close to the hearts of the residents of York. Despite protests, it shut down a few years ago due to increasing competition. It has recently been bought and reopened by Reel, although many people still refer to it as the Odeon. It is located just a 10 minute walk south of the city centre on Blossom Street. It is on the bus routes 1, 4, 10, 12, 13/13A first weekday 840, 843, 844, 845, X40, X43, X45, 743, 24, 37, 21, 823, 800, 812, 883, 412, 413, 142, 143, 13A Transdev Sunday 16A and the Askham Bar Park & Ride no.3. Very limited parking is available but not recommended. +44 1904 733633
Buy[ edit ][ add listing ]
York comes highly recommended for its unique shops & boutiques. There's the usual range of high-street stores, but York is also a great place if you're looking for tourist tat of the highest order. Tat-central is The Shambles - the narrowest (and most crowded) street in York, with a full range of a present from York - emblazoned merchandise manufactured in the Far East. Shops in York change from year to year but the beautiful old fashioned wooden shop fronts and buildings have not changed much since they were first built.
Gillygate and Low Petergate. There is a good range of stores apart from the standard high street, try these for some nice small shops and galleries. edit
Browns, Parliament Street. A local good quality department store. edit
Walmgate and Fossgate contain some interesting shops, including several small independent book shops and retro clothes shops.
York Designer Outlet, an indoor shopping centre on the southern outskirts of York containing 120 clothes stores from many top-name brands such as Hugo Boss, Fred Perry and Ted Baker. Located on the A64 dual carriageway and frequently served by bus services from the city centre.
Budget[ edit ]
For budget eating, try any traditional pub (though food quality may be variable).
A cafeteria in an old church facing away from Whip-Ma-Whop-Ma-Gate sells cheap good food - eat on the grass outside.
Hungary Horaces - Authentic working men's cafe. Greasy and tatty but the food is of a very high standard. The staff at the cafe are very friendly and may refer to you as love or flower.
Meltons Too - 5 minutes walk from the center in an area called Walmgate - good food in pleasant olde worlde environment.
Miller's - Delicious fish and chip shop in Fulford, which also works as a restaurant. Reasonable prices and as good a plate's worth as you'll get in York.
Pizza Express, Lendal. Needs no introduction, but worth a look for the setting - a spectacular Victorian brick edifice perched on the bank of the River Ouse. Summer evenings on the terraces are pleasant, and their toilets are marble temples of Victorian excess - it's worth eating there just for the chance to use a solid brass-and-marble urinal. edit
The Spurriergate Centre on Spurriergate - a great little cafe in an old church, well worth a visit just for the architecture but the food is good and there are vegetarian options - the staff have a "godly" feel but are friendly enough.
Mid-range[ edit ]
ASK, The Assembly Rooms. Like Pizza Express, come for the setting rather than the food (which is fine, just nothing special, standard chain food). A marble-pillared Georgian assembly rooms with 40-foot ceilings and plaster cherubs. Extremely busy at weekends and tourist periods. edit
Bari's, The Shambles. Cheerfully unpretentious Italian bistro serving pizza and pasta in an authentically Italian style (overly-phallic pepper grinders and waiters adopting cod accents.) Food's not bad, it's reasonably priced, and it's pretty lively of an evening. edit
El Piano, Grape Lane, [40] . Mexican influenced vegetarian food. Very relaxed atmosphere, you can carve your name in a table for a £1 donation to Amnesty (they lend you the tools). Has toys and games lying around. If you have children, ask nicely and they'll give you a room upstairs to yourselves.
Old Grey Mare, [41] . A good curry place about halfway between the city walls and the YHA hostel. edit
The Refectory Kitchen & Terrace, Station Road, ☎ 01904 688 688, [42] . Situated next to York train station, The Refectory Kitchen & Terrace is an all-day restaurant serving the finest local, seasonal produce. edit
The Lime House, Goodramgate, [43] . This restaurant has won many awards but still doesn't seem to be on the tourist radar. This is a shame, because it serves some of the most inventive, lovingly-prepared food in the city. Starters from £5, mains from £13.
Viceroy of India, Monkgate, ☎ +44 1904 622370. Always busy even in early evening, this long established Indian Restaurant is a favourite of York residents who keep returning time after time for its excellent food and friendly atmosphere. As they say - when in Rome... edit
Splurge[ edit ]
For upmarket eating, try York's 'restaurant district' on Fossgate and Walmgate.
Betty's Tea Rooms, 6-8 St Helen's Square, ☎ +44 1904 659142, [44] . Open 9AM-9PM every day.. World-famous for its nostalgic atmosphere and spectacular Swiss-Yorkshire patisserie-style catering. It is a twenties-style tea rooms complete with palm trees, aproned waitresses and piano player, and serves the kind of food that comes with the crusts cut off. The quality is superb, but it's not cheap - and be prepared for a queue at peak times, it's not unknown for potential customers to wait outside in the rain for a seat. edit
Four High Petergate, 2 - 4 Petergate, ☎ 0845 460 2020, [45] . One of the city’s finest restaurants with rooms, offering guests a delightful culinary experience and a beautiful place to stay right in the heart of York's city centre. The new venue also has the capabilities to stage weddings, tea parties and business events. edit
Little Betty's, 46 Stonegate, ☎ +44 1904 622865, [46] . Open Su-F 10AM-5:30PM; Sa 9AM-5:30PM. This is a smaller version of Betty's in Stonegate which doesn't get quite so busy, and serves exactly the same kind of food in a similar ambience. edit
Monty's Grill, St Peter's Grove, ☎ 0845 460 2020, [47] . An award-winning steak and seafood restaurant close to the centre of York. It is based on the concept of a Victorian chop house and specializes in serving high-quality, traditional British food. edit
The Judge's Lodging, 9 Lendal, ☎ 01904 639312 ( [email protected] ), [48] . Has the largest outside dining area in York. Its upstairs restaurant, located inside the hotel, serves freshly prepared meals, a selection of fine wines, cask ales and homemade desserts. These are enjoyed amongst the splendour of beautiful architecture. edit
Drink[ edit ][ add listing ]
York has perhaps the most pubs per square mile of any city in the country (supposedly one for every day of the year). You shouldn't have any problem finding somewhere to get a drink. There are three key City Centre areas for Drinking depending on your taste:
Micklegate area: which includes Rougier Street: Young, loud, brash, boozy, hen & stag nights abound. Wall to wall pubs in a very small area serving a younger clientele intent on getting well oiled and having a good time until 3 - 4AM.
Coney Street area: Goes from St Helens Square along Coney Street turning right to the edge of Ouse Bridge. Pubs & Bars are a lot more upmarket and it takes in 3 bars on Coney St overlooking the River Ouse.
Goodramgate, Swinegate area: Probably the best area for those who like a mix of traditional pubs, nice continental bars and 2 good swanky modern bars for dressing to impress. The atmosphere is the most laid back in this area and has the widest age range appeal.
The Quarter which includes Little Stonegate & Grape Lane, houses several nice bars such as Pivo, Stonegate Yard, Bobo Lobo, Slug and Lettuce (chain bar), 1331, Wilde's & Oscar's to name but a few. Tends to be slightly more chilled out but more expensive than other areas. Still rowdy on a weekend but more relaxed during the week where salsa lessons take place in a couple of the bars. The area is sometimes referred to as the 'latin quarter' due to the nature of some of the bars and restaurants.
An excellent map of York bars, complete with reviews, is available here: [49]
Bars and pubs[ edit ]
Budget[ edit ]
Ace Hostel, [58] . 4 Star Hostel from 16£, all bedrooms en-suite and with various views of the walls of York, Micklegate or York Minster. In the city centre, 2 minute walk from York Minister. Situated in a grand Georgian 1752 townhouse. Features stone-flagged entrance hall, sweeping staircase, vaulted cellar, and well equipped with TV lounge, Game Room, Sauna, 24-Hour Bar, coffee and tea making facilities, and other services. Free continental breakfast is included in the price, including hot & cold drinks/cereal, croissants, toast, fresh fruit and jams.
Barrington House, [59] . 4 Star Hotel from 30£. 10 minutes’ walk from the city centre, halfway between the railway station and York Racecourse. Situated in a quiet cul-de-sac, just off the main road, this Edwardian townhouse was built around 1906. Today, the house still retains many original features from that period. All of the en suite rooms are well equipped, with TVs and tea/coffee making facilities with complimentary biscuits. Breakfast is included in the price and guests can choose a full cooked English breakfast or a continental-style breakfast featuring various cereals, yoghurt, grapefruit, fruit juice and fresh fruit.
The Quality Hotel York, [60] . from 57£. Inexpensive compared to other hotels that are further away. Eye catching, modern design 6 story hotel, matched by stylish contemporary interiors. Very close to the city walls if you plan on walking around the city walls - a good way to see York. Also close to the shops, and if you've got heavy shopping bags, it will make a lot of difference to be close to the city center.
York YHA Hostel, (from 19£ ) twenty minutes' walk away from the city walls, is clean and cheap with good showers. Good family rooms for 4. Adequate breakfast is included in the price (they'll pack you a breakfast if you're leaving especially early).
Travelodge York Central located next to a popular Wetherspoons bar/restaurant next to the city wall and River on Piccadilly. 5-minute walk up Piccadilly to Parliament Sq in the Centre. Rooms are comfortable and private, and are pretty cheap (~£29-£60) if booked in advance online. Because of its prime location, walk-in fares are likely to exceed £80pn. Don't take the breakfast - instead go next door to the Weatherspoons, it's much better value! If you have a car, also try the Travelodge York-Tadcaster about 5miles from the city centre on the A64. Rooms will be significantly cheaper.
Ibis York, [61] . Ibis York Centre hotel is a budget hotel, located at the gates of the city walls, within a short walking distance from the Train Station and the main city centre.
Mid-range[ edit ]
Knavesmire Manor - +44 1904 702941 [62] . Very good value hotel with indoor swimming pool with free parking, just ten minutes' walk of city centre. This hotel is the prefect venue for the York famous racecourse. All rooms are en suite with breakfast and evening meals available too. Bar available at the hotel too.
The Dean Court Hotel - they don't come much more central than this - it's right outside the front door of the Minster, and the city center is just streets away. An imposing Victorian pile, this Best Western hotel has recently been renovated downstairs, and now sports a contemporary 'wine bar' look that's in complete contrast to the red-brick exterior. Unfortunately the refit didn't make it past the ground floor, and the bedrooms are beginning to look somewhat tired. Food is over-the-top nouvelle cuisine style, and they've got prices to match the location. Great if you're looking for something at the heart of the city, but not particularly good value given the standard of accommodation at the moment.
Hotel Noir - +44 1904 643711 [63] . Very good value hotel within ten minutes' walk of city centre. There are 28 comfortable rooms, all en suite. Free, small car park, good breakfast and free mini-bar. Good for a short break. The road outside can be noisy, so stay in one of the rear rooms if you're a light sleeper. Lively bar as well.
The Monk Bar Hotel - just outside Monk Bar, on the inner ring road. Perfectly adequate unspectacular Best Western-style hotel, but beware the bedrooms at the front - they overlook the inner ring road which is exceedingly noisy during the morning and evening rush hours. Not particularly good value for money, as the accommodation is unspectacular and food could best be described as adequate.
Premier Travel Inn, tel 0870 990 6594, [64] . Five minutes walk from the train station. A recent conversion of older low rise buildings. Clean, with a king size double bed and excellent showers. Rooms cost £70 a night plus between £3 and £7.50 for each adult for breakfast. Good value for families as 2 kids can sleep in the same room on pull out beds, and they get breakfast for free with a paying adult.
Queen Anne's Guest House, [65] . Approximately 7 mins walk from Bootham Bar (near the Minster), this is a small friendly guest house with a simple Full English Breakfast awaiting you in the morning, after a refreshing sleep in one of the clean, quiet rooms with en suite. Good value for money, the key to the front door is issued on arrival ensuring you do not have to tote bags around all day.
Ramada Fairfield Manor Hotel, [66] . The Ramada Fairfield Manor Hotel in York is set in a recently renovated Georgian mansion in six acres of grounds.This elegant York hotel mananges to combine the calm of an 18th-century country retreat with the vibrant cultural attractions of 2000-year-old York three miles away.
Novotel York Hotel, Fishergate , tel +44 113 396 9004, http://www.accorhotels.com/gb/booking/room-dates.shtml , Novotel York Hotel is located on the banks of the River Foss.
Mercure York Fairfield Manor Hotel, Shipton Road, York, YO30 1XW, ☎ 0844 815 9038 (fax: +44 1904 670311), [67] . The 4 star Mercure York Fairfield Manor Hotel is an 18th century Georgian manor house set in its own grounds. It is 6 km from York Castle and the Jorvik Viking Museum. edit
Splurge[ edit ]
Marmadukes Hotel, tel 0870 243 0765. St Peters Grove, [68] .
The Judge's Lodging, [69] , 01904 638733, [email protected]. Housed in a grade 1 listed Georgian townhouse, The Judge's Lodging has been extensively renovated and now offers travellers a luxurious and historical place to relax. It has a traditional cellar bar and restaurant (also open to non-residents) and is among the best located hotels in the city centre (within the main pedestrian area of York and overlooked by York Minster). The new Al-Fresco terrace is the largest beer garden inside the city walls. Also a venue for weddings and private dining.
The Principal York, Station Rd, York, YO24 1AA, [70] The Principal York, steps from the train station, is the perfect base from which to discover the historic city of York. Blending the grandeur of late-Victorian architecture with the comforts of modern travel, The Principal York offers its guests the warmest welcome this side of the Pennines.
The Grange Hotel, tel +44 1904 644744, [71] . A few minutes walk from Bootham Bar, this is one of York's premier (and most expensive) hotels. A Georgian town house, it's gone for the country-house-chic look - all deep sofas, open fires and unobtrusive service. There are three restaurants ranging from a seafood bar, through contemporary cellar bar to the full-on French silver service. Not cheap, but deeply luxurious, and a real change from the standard pre-packaged international chain hotels.
Hotel du Vin York, The Mount, tel +44 0844 748 9268, http://www.hotelduvin.com/locations/york/ , Hotel du Vin York is housed in a Grade II-listed building that dates back to the early 19th century.
Lendal Tower, [72] . This newly refurbished luxury establishment will surely be one of York's main landmarks within a couple of years. The 5 star ancient property offers a range of services including guest accommodation, private butler and chef, weddings and private dining.
Park Inn, North St, Y01 6JF [73] Tel +44 1904 459988. Located in the centre of York nearby to attractions including Jorvik Viking Centre, York Minster and the National Railway Museum.
Minster Walk Accommodation, 22 Marygate (a short walk from the Minster), ☎ +44 01904 652780 ( [email protected] ), [74] . A 300 years old building. It's a 6 bedroom guest house with also 2 self-catering apartments and one self-catering cottage. edit
Learn[ edit ]
The University of York [75] is constantly one of the UK's top 10 performing universities, and is one of the top 100 in the world. The departments of English and Related Literature, Chemistry, Computer Science and Psychology are particularly well regarded internationally as leading research centres.
Phone[ edit ]
York's std code (for landline numbers) is 01904 when dialed from within the British Islands or +44 1904 from abroad.
Internet[ edit ]
There are also several places that offer web and other internet access. These include:
City Screen Picturehouse , 13-17 Coney Street (tucked away behind Saint Martin's church - look for the iconic clock) ☎ 0871 704 2054 has computers, printing, and wireless in the Basement Cafe. If you bring your own laptop, wireless is £1 otherwise you pay by the amount of time spent online.
Evil Eye Lounge , 42 Stonegate, ☎ +44 1904 640002. Just as with City Screen, if you bring your own laptop wireless access is just £1. Pay at the counter just as you walk in to get that day's access code.
York Central Library, Museum Street (between the river and the Minster). Ask at the enquiry desk - you'll see plenty of locals using the computers, but the staff can arrange Web access for visitors too. Opens until 20:00 on Mondays, Tuesdays and Fridays.
Free City centre Wi-Fi is also available in Saint Helen's Square and Coney Street with a free wireless connection, open to laptops, smart phones or any other internet-enabled devices in the area.
Stay safe[ edit ]
Just like in every town and city York has its bad parts that are best avoided: areas that seem to keep appearing in newspaper reports! These are the outlying suburbs of Tang Hall, Bell Farm, and parts of Foxwood and Clifton but even these are relatively tame compared to similar areas in cities like Manchester or Leeds. Also try to avoid secluded cycle paths at night as it is not unknown (but still fairly rare) for robberies to take place in these parts, however this tends to be away from the main city centre.
The centre of town, however, is as civilised as everywhere else in Britain.
Take care on weekend evenings in York. Plenty of local youngsters overestimate their capacity for alcohol and the city centre can seem to be awash with lager louts, mainly over the river in the Micklegate area. If you are approached just keep on walking and they will find another victim to pester. Aim for our recommended pubs, though, and you'll find that safe socialising in the company of affable locals is still possible!
Get out[ edit ]
York is centrally located for the Vale of York and East and North Yorkshire , making it a great base for days out in any direction:
Aldborough Roman Villa [78] - it`s a bit of a push to the top of the county but well worth the trouble.
Castle Howard [79] - one of the locations for the filming of Brideshead Revisited, this amazing stately home is a great day trip out of York. If you've got a car and go to Castle Howard its worth a look at Kirkham Priory too, just off the A64 at the top of the hill near Castle Howard. Additional local historic sites in the York area include Beningbrough Hall, Bolton Abbey, Nunnington Hall and Riveaux Abbey.
Yorkshire Lavender [80] - Only 3 miles from Castle Howard, Yorkshire's Award-Winning Lavender Farm & Lavender Gardens is set in a spectacular hillside farm of nearly 60 acres, within the Howardian Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
Leeds - biggest city in Yorkshire. Fantastic for shopping, drinking, dining, and as a base for exploring Yorkshire.
Northallerton - from here get a bus to the picturesque, authentic, village of Osmotherley with three great pubs and plenty of good walking.
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Which famous actor played the killer of PC Dixon in the film The Blue Lamp? | The Blue Lamp Reviews & Ratings - IMDb
IMDb
35 out of 38 people found the following review useful:
Very realistic
Author: loza-1
9 June 2005
This was made just five years after the end of the second world war. Some old folk I spoke to as a kid told me that when they were kids there were no gangs of youths on the streets: there were gangs of men. After the second world war, we began to see the emergence of youth crime. It has grown since then, practically spiralling out of control.
When we look at this film from the frame of reference of the early twenty-first century, this film where the London underworld joins with the police to track down the killer of a policeman looks unreal. If you have read any of the reminiscences of police officers of the period (such as Robert Fabian's "Fabian of the Yard") you will see that this sort of relationship between the police and the underworld is right on the button. This is the sort of thing that would have happened.
The type of policing that this film portrays belongs to a bygone era, when criminals often didn't have cars to make their getaways. It also shows the advantage of the beat copper, who knows his beat so well that if there is anything unusual he notes it down, and if there is any trouble, he has a fair idea of who is causing it. And the pair played by Jimmy Hanley and Jack Warner showed perfectly the inexperienced learning from the experienced. The situations, such as the costermonger being continually told to "move along there" are real for then but not for now, when police work, once done using discretion, is now, like everything else, done by bureaucracy.
The film is shot in north London, in the Paddington, Maida Vale and Westbourne Park areas. P C Dixon's beat is round by the Grand Union Canal in an area known as Little Venice. The police station is the old Paddington Green station, which has since been knocked down and replaced by a new one on the Edgware Road.
What you must not do is watch this film and judge it by today's standards. I am old enough to know that the social conditions portrayed in this film are as realistic as it gets; and so is the way the police operate.
An excellent film.
from london
20 September 2005
When the Blue Lamp was released i was around 3 years old.I therefore do remember the London that it shows.To me the film is more interesting in what it reveals about the London of 1950 than the actual story.It shows the Metropolitan Music hall in the Edgware Road.It was in the last few years of its life before the A4 cutting a swathe into London meant that it was demolished for "progress".Music Hall by this time was in its last throes and what was left would be rendered extinct by the arrival of ITV.We see the Colloseium in Harlesden.Every High Street had cinemas like this.If you look carefully you will see that they were showing "Granny Get Your Gun" a 1940 "B" feature with May Robson.So it was probably a second run house.There are the bomb sites.I remember that in certain parts of London,particularly the East End there mere were more such sites than actual buildings.The streets do not have a great deal of traffic as there was little traffic at that time.So a film of some sociological interest
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17 out of 17 people found the following review useful:
Post-war classic of British cinema
15 October 2005
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
THE BLUE LAMP, voted Best Film of the Year in 1950 by the British Film Academy, is a semi-documentary homage to the post-war Bobby on the beat. PC Dixon shows a young rookie, Andy Mitchell, the ropes and offers him lodgings under his own roof. Two young hoodlums rob a cinema, and one of them, Tom Riley, shoots Dixon, who later dies in hospital. After his accomplice Spud is killed in a car crash, Riley is finally apprehended in the White City Stadium; the police are helped by the criminal underworld, and the bookies using their tic-tac code. THE BLUE LAMP is famous for two reasons, it made a star of Dirk Bogarde, and introduced Jack Warner to the character of PC George Dixon, who later appeared in 430 episodes, (1955-1976) in the BBC favourite "Dixon of Dock Green". The location shots are a breath of fresh air, real policemen were drafted in to control the crowds during the shooting of these scenes. The cast are excellent, particularly Bogarde and Warner, with three exceptions. Peggy Evans goes way over the top as Diana Lewis, the hysterical moll of Bogarde. She screams, and screams and screams her lines. The young couple who witness Dixon's shooting at the cinema, and disagree with each other on every subject, are just plain ridiculous. If only Bogarde had shot them instead of good old Jack Warner. Also, the little girl, Queenie, who finds the discarded revolver, and answers 'no' to every single question of Jimmy Hanley, is quite obviously not a child prodigy. It was great to see Sam Kydd pop up at the exciting White City climax as the bookies assistant. Basil Radford appeared in the movie by accident. Scenes were being filmed in a billiard hall near Piccadilly Circus when Basil went in looking for a game, and ended up in a scene with a background group of extras. THE BLUE LAMP is always a pure joy to watch, and is justifiably regarded as a post-war classic of British cinema.
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13 out of 15 people found the following review useful:
Excellent police drama
from Derby, England
27 June 2005
I taped The Blue Lamp when Channel 4 screened it one afternoon and found it very good.
It is about the normal life of Paddington Green Police station in London and the police have more work on when a murderer strikes. Worse still, one of the murderer's victims is PC George Dixon. These murders turn out to be connected with a series of robberies on shops and the search for the killer is stepped up. He is caught at the end in a greyhound stadium.
The Blue Lamp gives you an idea on what life was like at this time (1950) and it is great to see the old buses, trolleybuses, cars and other vehicles in the background. Very atmospheric at times too.
The cast is lead by Jack Warner as PC Dixon and is joined by Dirk Bogarde (Doctor In the House), Jimmy Hanley, Robert Flemyng (The Blood Beast Terror), Bernard Lee (long before he appeared as M in the James Bond movies), Gladys Henson and Dora Bryan (who can now be seen in comedy Last of the Summer Wine). Great parts from all.
Despite him being killed off in this, Jack Warner went on to star as PC Dixon in the long running and successful TV series Dixon of Dock Green.
The Blue Lamp is British drama at its best. Excellent.
Rating: 4 stars out of 5.
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10 out of 10 people found the following review useful:
The Bobbys of Paddington Station
from Buffalo, New York
13 November 2012
For those of us on this side of the pond The Blue Lamp is like the striped pole for barbershops only in the United Kingdom it hangs above the entrance to police stations. The Blue Lamp is a story of a pair of helmeted beat cops working out of Paddington Station in London, one a fairly new recruit, the other an old timer thinking of retirement.
The roles are played by Jimmy Hanley and Jack Warner respectively. Hanley was a favored callow juvenile player, doing those roles way past the age he should have is an earnest young officer trying to do his best to make good on the job. Jack Warner who was a music hall performer as well plays the older officer, a kindly veteran who is married to Gladys Henson who both take a parental interest in young Hanley. Their own son had died, most likely in the recent World War. In fact in the shooting on location in London you can see many unpleasant reminders of the war in bombed out buildings, still not repaired or replaced by 1951.
While Hanley is being mentored by Warner, there are a couple of punks played by Dirk Bogarde and Patric Doonan who are busy themselves. They're not taken terribly seriously by really professional criminals. As the film is narrated in talking about wannabes like Bogarde and Doonan it reminded of what John Wayne said in The Shootist that the ones you have to watch out for are the hotheaded amateurs. That's these two in a nutshell.
The Blue Lamp was Bogarde's breakout role and he's charismatic to the nines. He's every young girl's idea of a bad boy they'd like to have a romp with before settling into respectable married life. Such a girl is Peggy Evans who is fascinated by Bogarde and his disrespect for conventional behavior. Look at the home she comes from and you can see why she wants to escape.
The Blue Lamp won the BAFTA award which is the UK equivalent of the Oscar for Best Picture for 1951. It made Dirk Bogarde an enduring star in British cinema and it's a nice tribute to the London Metropolitan Police Force.
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20 out of 30 people found the following review useful:
Strange Watching It Today
from Isle Of Bute, Scotland
21 September 2005
THE BLUE LAMP is a very famous and popular British film , so popular that it paved the way for an equally famous TV show called DIXON OF DOCK GREEN but it's also a film that hasn't stood the test of time , in fact it's so dated it was satarized in an excellent post modernist teleplay called THE BLACK AND BLUE LAMP in 1988 and after recently seeing this movie I realise that it's a very easy target
First of all is the portrayal of the police . Policemen in the 1950s spent their time taking home lost children , looking for dogs that had run away from their owners and practicing their baritone in the station choir ! Good job the crime rate was so low back then because - just like today - they'd never be able to catch criminals . At least watching THE BLUE LAMP you realise why the cops would never be able to catch crims because they seem to smoke over 100 cigarettes a day , no seriously they do and it's pointed out that PC Mitchell doesn't smoke and that's probably why he's able to sprint after Riley at the end with all the other cops at the station destined to die from lung cancer due to the amount of ciggies they smoke . If you've just given up the weed it's a bad idea to watch this movie
As in so many other movies from this period the " adolescent " characters are played by actors far too old for the roles . Diana Lewis is quoted as being 17 years old on screen but Peggy Evans who plays her is in fact 25 years old and she looks it , and while the ages of Riley and Spud are never mentioned it's inferred they're not older than 21 , but Patric Doonan and Dirk Bogarde are both in their late 20's while the " twenty five year old Pc Mitchell " is played by Jimmy Hanley who was in his early 30s . It's strange but people in those days all look considerably older than the real ages
To give the film its due the climax where Riley finds himself at the stadium being hunted is rather exciting , and " exciting " is not something British films of that era were renowned for . Some people may criticise the idea of dodgy characters going out of their way to help the police but this is logical since the police may return the favour at a later date in not asking too many questions about things falling off the back of lorries .
All in all THE BLUE LAMP is a strange film when watched today . It's certainly not a film for cynics and comes across as being very mawkish and sentimental with almost a fairy tale like air . But it should be remembered that in those days a person being murdered during a crime would make national news headlines while a policeman killed in the line of duty would lead to several days national mourning , and of course in those days the police were - If not popular - certainly far more respected than policeman today could ever hope to be so you have to view this film in the context of when it was made . Ironically enough it's also the first movie to use the word " bastard "
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10 out of 13 people found the following review useful:
a good reflection of the times
from United Kingdom
18 January 2008
I first saw "The Blue Lamp" when I was a youngster at the Mile End Empire cinema in East London. At that time I thought it was a really good film. However, I saw it again recently on television.
It is still a good film. It takes place in post-war London. It was a time of severe austerity, rationing and people just making do. However, it was a time of public order and most crime was petty. Most men has done military service and women had been marshaled into war work and accepted discipline easily . The youth movements, play centers, and a large network of youth clubs kept teenagers busy and out of trouble and military conscription looked after the older male teens. There was a"teddy boy" problem but it was easily contained and minimal. Unlike today, people could walk the streets and feel safe and there were no no-go areas in London. Furthermore,football teams such as Arsenal, Spurs and Chelsea attracted large gates of over50-60,000 and there was never any crowd trouble. The metropolitan police was at the grounds to play music at half time and that's about all they did. The "Blue Lamp" does however,highlight a few policing problems. There was a serious working class resentment against the police. There was a feeling that many police officers had "done well" out of the war through contacts with the black market. Other police officers they thought had had a good war by being exempt from military service. Also it was thought that the police ware harassing people for petty things (the barrow boy for example). This resentment is shown in the film by the little girl who finds the murder weapon and does not want to talk to the police about it. She is not shy but says that her father says " all coppers are ....." The police interfere in peoples lives. A seventeen year old is picked up for leaving home and given a "talking to" even though she is old enough to get married and is holding down a job. Many of these police officers are not from London and do not know the community or its culture. One is from Wales and another Andy is from Maidstone. It is apparent that the police do not really have the consent of the people they are policing. The George Dixon character has been a police officer too long and is somewhat cynical about the job. His murder by psychotic killer played wonderfully by Dirk Bogarde shows the dangers faced by an unarmed police force. Lastly, I don't really understand why the B.B.C. resurrected George Dixon from the grave when they already had a "beat copper" series on the radio called P.C. 49. This radio series was very popular and there was a cartoon strip spin- off which appeared in "The Eagle" comic. Also there were two successful films made: "The Adventures of P.C. 49 and "A Case for P.C. 49." It could have easily been adapted for television.
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22 out of 37 people found the following review useful:
Benign & grandfatherly - or just complacent?
from Solihull, England
20 November 2001
Most crits of The Blue Lamp take the view that it shows the good old British copper as the embodiment of all society's virtues: honest, loyal, and imposing a firm but fair discipline. The major threat to social order comes from undisciplined youth. When order is disrupted, all social elements join forces to enforce discipline and restore order.
I believe a closer look at the film reveals something rather more disturbing. I actually find George Dixon a rather unattractive character! He isn't above using strong-arm tactics on a prisoner (Alf Lewis) and tells Andy Mitchell to finish his tea before rushing to investigate a case of wife-beating ("'E don't kill 'is missus off that quick!"). He is also sarcastic to his colleagues: when a member of the police choir complains about having a frog in his throat, Dixon says sourly he should let the frog do the singing.
More seriously, Dixon fails to appreciate what the modern police are up against. When another officer is coshed during a jewel robbery young Andy Mitchell is rightly concerned, seeing it as an escalation in violence towards the police. Dixon waves the incident aside, the officer "has a good hard head" so no harm was done.
As a result, when faced with Tom Riley wielding a pistol, Dixon thinks traditional respect for police officers and his personal air of authority will win through. The look on his face after being shot isn't pain, it's stunned disbelief.
For me, The Blue Lamp stands as a warning about the turmoil lurking beneath an apparently placid, orderly society and the methods that will be needed to keep things under control. The old ways are no longer enough.
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7 out of 9 people found the following review useful:
Highly underrated...and an exceptionally realistic thriller.
from Bradenton, Florida
14 August 2009
It's interesting that the robbery and shooting that is the subject of this movie doesn't even occur until almost 45 minutes into the film. This really isn't a complain, really, but more a statement about how the film was constructed. Instead of a typical linear film with a predictable format, this one is instead a realistic drama that emphasizes the routines and typical police work instead of a single crime. And, once the crime occurs, watching the police work was at times mundane and lacked the pizazz of some films but also made the film excel when it comes to realism. Stylistically, some might call it Noir or Noir Inspired--but the film deliberately avoids the lighting, language and grit of true Noir.
As for the acting, it generally was excellent. The policemen were very good--not overly glamorized or macho--but very believable. So, when the widow receives word that her husband died from his injuries, you feel very touched--he was a "real" person and not just a plot device. In fact, this scene was truly exceptional. The killer, Dirk Bogarde, is in one of his first films and is much better than I would have expected--he was menacing and a truly nasty piece of work! The only negative was Peggy Evans, as Bogarde's girlfriend. First, she was supposed to be 17 but was 25--and looked every bit of 25, if not more. Second, I think the director must have told her to scream incoherently if she didn't know what to do in a particular scene, as she did this a lot--too much, frankly.
Overall, it's a darn good police film. Realism seemed to matter over everything else and it was refreshing to see. In many ways, it reminded me of the American film, NAKED CITY, as the everyday police work and procedure was THE star of the film. Highly underrated and well worth seeing.
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8 out of 11 people found the following review useful:
British neorealism?
from New Delhi, India
30 January 2000
One of the few British efforts to make the kind of 'gritty city' movies that the Americans did so well (Ritt, Cassavates, Kazan). Tibby Clarke wrote this before his (imho) finest work - 'The Lavender Hill Mob' & the climactic chase sequence of TLHM has its more sober counterpart here. This particular chase sequence would definitely rate as one of the best for the '50s. The social commentary in the beginning about old crime vs new crime (old money/ new money) jars the more politically correct '00 ears, but it definitely adds to the charm.
The most interesting performance is definitely the hugely talented Dirk Bogarde's. As the psychotic thief/ killer he sends a shiver down your spine even today. The pathetic slouch with the cold, cruel eyes stands as far apart as possible from the staid & begonia-sprouting policemen of the New Scotland Yard. And the sound of passing trains that overlaps his fits of rage? Brings back (unwelcome) memories of Jean Gabin in 'La Bete Humaine' - hv I spelt that right?
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| Dirk Bogarde |
What name did the artist Michelangelo Merisi adopt ? | The Blue Lamp (1950) - Basil Dearden - film review
The Blue Lamp (1950)
Synopsis & Film Review
This article is protected by copyright and must not be copied.
With only a few weeks to go before he is due to retire from the Metropolitan Police, P.C. George Dixon wonders whether he should stay on for a few more years. Whilst he makes up his mind, he takes a young recruit, Andy Mitchell, under his wing, becoming both friend and mentor. One evening, Dixon is called to a theatre where a robbery has just taken place. The robber, a thuggish delinquent named Tom Riley, panics when he sees the police constable and shoots him at point-blank range. When Dixon later dies of his injuries, his colleagues resolve to track down his killer and bring him to justice...
Perhaps the most famous crime drama in British cinema, and certainly one of Ealing Studios' best known films, The Blue Lamp introduced a character who would become familiar to the British public for over twenty years. P.C. George Dixon, played by the avuncular Jack Warner, was killed off halfway through this film but reappeared five years later, in remarkably good health, as the main character of the hugely popular BBC television series Dixon of Dock Green, which ran for 430 episodes between 1955 and 1976. It was the second most successful resurrection in history.
The Blue Lamp may look dated today but when it was released in 1950 it was a highly innovative and controversial film, trailblazing the social realist phenomenon that would greatly impact on British cinema and television drama in the 1950s. The film eschews conventional melodrama for a semi-documentary approach, which is achieved by the use of real locations in London - including New Scotland Yard and Paddington Green police station - and the absence of any background music.
The big social issue this film addresses is the explosion of youth crime in Britain after the end of WWII. In its introduction, the film attributes this to the breakdown of families during and straight after the war, largely as a result of fathers being killed in the war. The film calls for a new approach to policing to cope with this new social menace. The old approach - epitomised by the genial P.C. Dixon - is manifestly ineffective against a new breed of criminal that does not respect the codes and moral boundaries of the traditional underworld class.
Although The Blue Lamp has some shocking moments - notably the sudden killing of Dixon - it is ludicrously tame compared with other contemporary crime films - particularly those being churned out in Hollywood. The film's realism is undermined somewhat by its weak characterisation. The policemen are portrayed in an idealistic, even stereotypical light - you could be forgiven for thinking that the film was made by the public relations department of the Metropolitan Police. Meanwhile, the villains are little more than two-dimensional mixed-up psychopaths. The performances are acceptable, but only Dirk Bogarde excels, in what was one of his first major screen roles.
The film's most famous sequence is the stunningly realised car chase through the streets of West London. This would be replicated ad nauseum in subsequent British crime thrillers and was even parodied in another Ealing film, The Lavender Hill Mob (1951).
In 1951, The Blue lamp won the BAFTA for the Best British Film. Despite its obvious faults, the film is highly regarded today and is seen as an important milestone in the history of British cinema.
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In the 1960's, which designer created the 'Space Age' collection ? | Vintage Glamour: 1960s Space Age Fashion · Lomography
2011-09-09 5 6 Share Tweet
The 1960s celebrated a decade of many highlights, especially in the realm of fashion. It was during this time that one of the most unique yet lesser known trends emerged: the eye-catching Space Age Fashion.
During the space exploration boom in the early 1960s, many bold and visionary fashion designers found themselves inspired to create one of the most unique trends ever known to man.
Photo via Urban Taster
Aptly called Space Age Fashion, there was nothing as shocking as it before, during, or even after it skyrocketed to popularity. Spearheaded by Italian-born French designer Pierre Cardin, Franco-Spanish designer Paco Rabanne, and French designer Andre Courreges, the style featured an array of out-of-this-world boots, skirts, dresses, goggles, coats, and headgear in crazy geometric shapes and patterns. As the name suggests, among the dominant colors of this fashion trend are metallic and fluorescent shades, white, red, and yellow. Materials used to create a futuristic, otherworldly look included shiny fabrics, vinyl, wool-acrylic, sequins, glass, and PVC.
But, enough of the descriptions and introductions; let’s watch some vintage clips showcasing Space Age Fashion from the three designers:
Sources and additional readings:
| Pierre Cardin |
In which British city is St Mungo's Cathedral ? | André Courrèges
André Courrèges
André Courrèges
By Jennifer Park
André Courrèges (1923- ) was born in Pau, in the Basque part of France. He studied engineering before pursuing a career in fashion. Courrèges worked first under the illustrious couturier Cristóbal Balenciaga from 1950 until 1961, when he left to open his own house. Balenciaga, whose clients were primarily mature and conservative women of wealth, was paradoxically often years ahead of his time. He produced sculptured garments that served as architecture for the woman's body, and it was from Balenciaga that Courrèges learned a highly disciplined yet innovative approach to design.
Early Career
The London "youthquake" of the early 1960s produced experiments in fashion that glorified young people and sent shock waves all the way to Paris, the capital of haute couture. André Courrèges's success was based on his ability to revitalize and preserve high fashion by injecting elements of the youthquake into haute couture. Along with London-based Mary Quant, Courrèges was a leading figure in the introduction of the miniskirt-the article of clothing most closely associated with youthfulness in its disavowal of traditional social codes and the rules of fashion. The miniskirt offered minimal coverage of the lower body, the better to flaunt the young legs that became so visible in the 1960s. Gone were the days of ladylike propriety, now banished by the emphasis on youth.
Although opinion is divided as to who actually "invented" the miniskirt, Quant or Courrèges, it is generally accepted that Mary Quant was first, although only after "the girls on the street." Courrèges initially showed his miniskirts in the early 1960s, followed by futuristinspired pantsuits, coats, hats, and his trademark white kid boots. British Vogue declared 1964 "the year of Courrèges" (Howell, p. 284). The spring-summer collection of 1964 represented a couture version of youth-oriented styles with the invention of the "moon girl" look; the collection ultimately secured for Courrèges the title the designer of the Space Age.
Courrèges's Space Age Design
Courrèges's 1964 Space Age collection unveiled, among other pieces, architecturally-sculpted, double-breasted coats with contrasting trim, well-tailored, sleeveless or short-sleeved minidresses with dropped waistlines and detailed welt seaming, and tunics worn with hipster pants. Vivid shades of pink, orange, green, and navy complemented the designer's bold repeated use of white and silver. Accessories for each ensemble included oversized, white, tennis-ball sunglasses or goggles with narrow eye slits, gloves, helmet-shaped hats and other hats recalling baby bonnets, and square-toed midcalf boots made of soft, white kid leather. Perhaps his most famous contribution to fashion after the miniskirt itself was the "Courrèges boot," originally designed in 1963. The entire 1964 spring collection was a phenomenal success and influenced other designers such as Pierre Cardin and Paco Rabanne to create their own versions of futuristic fashion. It also led ready-to-wear manufacturers, hoping to rake in huge profits, to copy and mass-produce similar designs.
Courrèges's visionary approach to fashion made use of clean geometrical lines and rejected superfluous material. He employed a minimal amount of decorative ornamentation; when he used it at all, it was most often his trademark daisy motif, chosen for its symbolic association with youth. The couturier's love of sharp lines and the angular crispness of his forms reflected his background in engineering. Courrèges's clothing not only emphasized technologically advanced synthetic materials that were evocative of the times, but also pushed fashion further into the future by situating it within modern life. This intellectual component, typical of Parisian design, carried over into Courrèges's work at his studio on the avenue Kléber, where he dressed luminaries from the duchess of Windsor to Jacqueline Kennedy, Lee Radzi-will, and Jane Holzer. The "white" salon, as the studio was known, personified the designer's ideals of functionality and practicality with its modern minimalist decor. André Courrèges created modern clothes for modern women living in modern times.
Courrèges's first official couture collection made its debut in 1965; two years later Prototype, the made-to-order custom line, was introduced. The introduction of luxury prêt-à-porter with Couture Future at the end of the decade marked Courrèges's transition into the 1970s. The new decade saw the establishment of the designer's first fragrance, Empreinte, in 1970 along with a men's ready-to-wear line in 1973. The need to reach a mass-market audience brought with it the lower-priced Hyperbole line in the early 1980s, and the desire to solidify a world-renowned brand name through profitable licensing arrangements led to the sale of the company in 1985 to the Japanese firm Itokin.
Courrèges's Legacy
Along with his contemporaries Paco Rabanne and Pierre Cardin, André Courrèges helped to create an unmistakable style that defined an era. His lasting impact on fashion design was his astute recognition of the revolution launched by the younger generation. The explosion of the "youthquake" onto the scene fundamentally altered the direction of fashion in the 1960s. Fashion now not only celebrated the present but also looked forward to the future. The future was conceivably Courrèges's greatest muse, and the infinite possibilities of tomorrow stimulated his experiments with form.
The mod revival spearheaded in the early 1990s by Miuccia Prada recalled the design principles and iconic looks pioneered by Courrèges three decades earlier.
From white, A-line minishift dresses to nylon microfiber accessories, Prada's continual search for innovation is influenced by Courrèges's designs from the 1960s. Furthermore, the fall 2003 collections represented a direct backward glance at youthquake fashion. Designs that evoked the Space Age appeared on catwalks from New York to Paris. White and metallic "lunar" shades with occasional splashes of bright color dominated the palette. Geometrical lines were everywhere. The miniskirt reappeared in full force at Chanel, Marc Jacobs, and Donna Karan, while midcalf leather boots accessorized mod ensembles at Moschino and Tommy Hilfiger. The focus on youth, the contemporary use of architecturally shaped minimalist designs in bold contrasting colors, and the deliberate application of detailing demonstrates the lasting impact of 1960s fashion. Henceforth, every retro mod fashion will forever be traced back to the work of André Courrèges.
Bibliography
"Balenciaga's Secret." Women's Wear Daily, 23 April 1961.
Braddock, Sarah E., and Marie O'Mahony. Techno Textiles: Revolutionary Fabrics for Fashion and Design. New York: Thames and Hudson, Inc., 1998.
"Eyeview." Vogue (October 1964): 87-89.
Giraud, Françoise. "After Courrèges, What Future for the Haute Couture?" New York Times Magazine (12 September 1965): 50-51.
Howell, Georgina. In Vogue: Six Decades of Fashion. London: Allen Lane, 1975.
Koski, Lorna. "Courrèges: 60s Encore." Women's Wear Daily (26 October 1984).
McDowell, Colin. Fashion Today. London: Phaidon Press Ltd., 2000.
Nonkin, Lesly. "Courrèges: Shops Stay in Touch with Customer." Women's Wear Daily (12 September 1979).
Sheppard, Eugenia. "Courrèges Back in Action." World Journal Tribune (19 March 1967): 8-11.
Steele, Valerie. Fifty Years of Fashion: New Look to Now. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997.
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Which English king was known as 'Old Rowley' ? | Famous Affinities of History - King Charles II. and Nell Gwyn (by Lyndon Orr)
Famous Affinities of History
At the National Gallery
King Charles II. and Nell Gwyn
One might classify the kings of England in many ways. John was undoubtedly the most unpopular. The impetuous yet far-seeing Henry II., with the other two great warriors, Edward I. and Edward III., and William of Orange, did most for the foundation and development of England’s constitutional law. Some monarchs, such as Edward II. and the womanish Henry VI., have been contemptible. Hard-working, useful kings have been Henry VII., the Georges, William IV., and especially the last Edward.
If we consider those monarchs who have in some curious way touched the popular fancy without reference to their virtues we must go back to Richard of the Lion Heart, who saw but little of England, yet was the best essentially English king, and to Henry V., gallant soldier and conqueror of France. Even Henry VIII. had a warm place in the affection of his countrymen, few of whom saw him near at hand, but most of whom made him a sort of regal incarnation of John Bull–wrestling and tilting and boxing, eating great joints of beef, and staying his thirst with flagons of ale– a big, healthy, masterful animal, in fact, who gratified the national love of splendor and stood up manfully in his struggle with the Pope.
But if you look for something more than ordinary popularity– something that belongs to sentiment and makes men willing to become martyrs for a royal cause–we must find these among the Stuart kings. It is odd, indeed, that even at this day there are Englishmen and Englishwomen who believe their lawful sovereign to be a minor Bavarian princess in whose veins there runs the Stuart blood. Prayers are said for her at English shrines, and toasts are drunk to her in rare old wine.
Of course, to-day this cult of the Stuarts is nothing but a fad. No one ever expects to see a Stuart on the English throne. But it is significant of the deep strain of romance which the six Stuarts who reigned in England have implanted in the English heart. The old Jacobite ballads still have power to thrill. Queen Victoria herself used to have the pipers file out before her at Balmoral to the “skirling” of “Bonnie Dundee,” “Over the Water to Charlie," and “Wha’ll Be King but Charlie!” It is a sentiment that has never died. Her late majesty used to say that when she heard these tunes she became for the moment a Jacobite; just as the Empress Eugenie at the height of her power used pertly to remark that she herself was the only Legitimist left in France.
It may be suggested that the Stuarts are still loved by many Englishmen because they were unfortunate; yet this is hardly true, after all. Many of them were fortunate enough. The first of them, King James, an absurd creature, speaking broad Scotch, timid, foolishly fond of favorites, and having none of the dignity of a monarch, lived out a lengthy reign. The two royal women of the family–Anne and Mary–had no misfortunes of a public nature. Charles II. reigned for more than a quarter of a century, lapped in every kind of luxury, and died a king.
The first Charles was beheaded and afterward styled a “saint"; yet the majority of the English people were against his arrogance, or else he would have won his great struggle against Parliament. The second James was not popular at all. Nevertheless, no sooner had he been expelled, and been succeeded by a Dutchman gnawing asparagus and reeking of cheeses, than there was already a Stuart legend. Even had there been no pretenders to carry on the cult, the Stuarts would still have passed into history as much loved by the people.
It only shows how very little in former days the people expected of a regnant king. Many monarchs have had just a few popular traits, and these have stood out brilliantly against the darkness of the background.
No one could have cared greatly for the first James, but Charles I. was indeed a kingly personage when viewed afar. He was handsome, as a man, fully equaling the French princess who became his wife. He had no personal vices. He was brave, and good to look upon, and had a kingly mien. Hence, although he sought to make his rule over England a tyranny, there were many fine old cavaliers to ride afield for him when he raised his standard, and who, when he died, mourned for him as a “martyr.”
Many hardships they underwent while Cromwell ruled with his iron hand; and when that iron hand was relaxed in death, and poor, feeble Richard Cromwell slunk away to his country-seat, what wonder is it that young Charles came back to England and caracoled through the streets of London with a smile for every one and a happy laugh upon his lips? What wonder is it that the cannon in the Tower thundered a loud welcome, and that all over England, at one season or another, maypoles rose and Christmas fires blazed? For Englishmen at heart are not only monarchists, but they are lovers of good cheer and merrymaking and all sorts of mirth.
Charles II. might well at first have seemed a worthier and wiser successor to his splendid father. As a child, even, he had shown himself to be no faint-hearted creature. When the great Civil War broke out he had joined his father’s army. It met with disaster at Edgehill, and was finally shattered by the crushing defeat of Naseby, which afterward inspired Macaulay’s most stirring ballad.
Charles was then only a child of twelve, and so his followers did wisely in hurrying him out of England, through the Scilly isles and Jersey to his mother’s place of exile. Of course, a child so very young could be of no value as a leader, though his presence might prove an inspiration.
In 1648, however, when he was eighteen years of age, he gathered a fleet of eighteen ships and cruised along the English coast, taking prizes, which he carried to the Dutch ports. When he was at Holland’s capital, during his father’s trial, he wrote many messages to the Parliamentarians, and even sent them a blank charter, which they might fill in with any stipulations they desired if only they would save and restore their king.
When the head of Charles rolled from the velvet-covered block his son showed himself to be no loiterer or lover of an easy life. He hastened to Scotland, skilfully escaping an English force, and was proclaimed as king and crowned at Scone, in 1651. With ten thousand men he dashed into England, where he knew there were many who would rally at his call. But it was then that Cromwell put forth his supreme military genius and with his Ironsides crushed the royal troops at Worcester.
Charles knew that for the present all was lost. He showed courage and address in covering the flight of his beaten soldiers; but he soon afterward went to France, remaining there and in the Netherlands for eight years as a pensioner of Louis XIV. He knew that time would fight for him far more surely than infantry and horse. England had not been called “Merry England” for nothing; and Cromwell’s tyranny was likely to be far more resented than the heavy hand of one who was born a king. So Charles at Paris and Liege, though he had little money at the time, managed to maintain a royal court, such as it was.
Here there came out another side of his nature. As a child he had borne hardship and privation and had seen the red blood flow upon the battlefield. Now, as it were, he allowed a certain sensuous, pleasure-loving ease to envelop him. The red blood should become the rich red burgundy; the sound of trumpets and kettledrums should give way to the melody of lutes and viols. He would be a king of pleasure if he were to be king at all. And therefore his court, even in exile, was a court of gallantry and ease. The Pope refused to lend him money, and the King of France would not increase his pension, but there were many who foresaw that Charles would not long remain in exile; and so they gave him what he wanted and waited until he could give them what they would ask for in their turn.
Charles at this time was not handsome, like his father. His complexion was swarthy, his figure by no means imposing, though always graceful. When he chose he could bear himself with all the dignity of a monarch. He had a singularly pleasant manner, and a word from him could win over the harshest opponent.
The old cavaliers who accompanied their master in exile were like Napoleon’s veterans in Elba. With their tall, powerful forms they stalked about the courtyards, sniffing their disapproval at these foreign ways and longing grimly for the time when they could once more smell the pungent powder of the battle-field. But, as Charles had hoped, the change was coming. Not merely were his own subjects beginning to long for him and to pray in secret for the king, but continental monarchs who maintained spies in England began to know of this. To them Charles was no longer a penniless exile. He was a king who before long would take possession of his kingdom.
A very wise woman–the Queen Regent of Portugal–was the first to act on this information. Portugal was then very far from being a petty state. It had wealth at home and rich colonies abroad, while its flag was seen on every sea. The queen regent, being at odds with Spain, and wishing to secure an ally against that power, made overtures to Charles, asking him whether a match might not be made between him and the Princess Catharine of Braganza. It was not merely her daughter’s hand that she offered, but a splendid dowry. She would pay Charles a million pounds in gold and cede to England two valuable ports.
The match was not yet made, but by 1659 it had been arranged. The Spaniards were furious, for Charles’s cause began to appear successful.
She was a quaint and rather piteous little figure, she who was destined to be the wife of the Merry Monarch. Catharine was dark, petite, and by no means beautiful; yet she had a very sweet expression and a heart of utter innocence. She had been wholly convent-bred. She knew nothing of the world. She was told that in marriage she must obey in all things, and that the chief duty of a wife was to make her husband happy.
Poor child! It was a too gracious preparation for a very graceless husband. Charles, in exile, had already made more than one discreditable connection and he was already the father of more than one growing son.
First of all, he had been smitten by the bold ways of one Lucy Walters. Her impudence amused the exiled monarch. She was not particularly beautiful, and when she spoke as others did she was rather tiresome; but her pertness and the inexperience of the king when he went into exile made her seem attractive. She bore him a son, in the person of that brilliant adventurer whom Charles afterward created Duke of Monmouth. Many persons believe that Charles had married Lucy Walters, just as George IV. may have married Mrs. Fitzherbert; yet there is not the slightest proof of it, and it must be classed with popular legends.
There was also one Catherine Peg, or Kep, whose son was afterward made Earl of Plymouth. It must be confessed that in his attachments to English women Charles showed little care for rank or station. Lucy Walters and Catherine Peg were very illiterate creatures.
In a way it was precisely this sort of preference that made Charles so popular among the people. He seemed to make rank of no account, but would chat in the most familiar and friendly way with any one whom he happened to meet. His easy, democratic manner, coupled with the grace and prestige of royalty, made friends for him all over England. The treasury might be nearly bankrupt; the navy might be routed by the Dutch; the king himself might be too much given to dissipation; but his people forgave him all, because everybody knew that Charles would clap an honest citizen on the back and joke with all who came to see him feed the swans in Regent’s Park.
The popular name for him was “Rowley,” or “Old Rowley"–a nickname of mysterious origin, though it is said to have been given him from a fancied resemblance to a famous hunter in his stables. Perhaps it is the very final test of popularity that a ruler should have a nickname known to every one.
Cromwell’s death roused all England to a frenzy of king-worship. The Roundhead, General Monk, and his soldiers proclaimed Charles King of England and escorted him to London in splendid state. That was a day when national feeling reached a point such as never has been before or since. Oughtred, the famous mathematician, died of joy when the royal emblems were restored. Urquhart, the translator of Rabelais, died, it is said, of laughter at the people’s wild delight–a truly Rabelaisian end.
There was the king once more; and England, breaking through its long period of Puritanism, laughed and danced with more vivacity than ever the French had shown. All the pipers and the players and panderers to vice, the mountebanks, the sensual men, and the lawless women poured into the presence of the king, who had been too long deprived of the pleasure that his nature craved. Parliament voted seventy thousand pounds for a memorial to Charles’s father, but the irresponsible king spent the whole sum on the women who surrounded him. His severest counselor, Lord Clarendon, sent him a remonstrance.
“How can I build such a memorial,” asked Charles, “when I don’t know where my father’s remains are buried!”
He took money from the King of France to make war against the Dutch, who had befriended him. It was the French king, too, who sent him that insidious, subtle daughter of Brittany, Louise de Keroualle–Duchess of Portsmouth–a diplomat in petticoats, who won the king’s wayward affections, and spied on what he did and said, and faithfully reported all of it to Paris. She became the mother of the Duke of Lenox, and she was feared and hated by the English more than any other of his mistresses. They called her “Madam Carwell,” and they seemed to have an instinct that she was no mere plaything of his idle hours, but was like some strange exotic serpent, whose poison might in the end sting the honor of England.
There is a pitiful little episode in the marriage of Charles with his Portuguese bride, Catharine of Braganza. The royal girl came to him fresh from the cloisters of her convent. There was something about her grace and innocence that touched the dissolute monarch, who was by no means without a heart. For a time he treated her with great respect, and she was happy. At last she began to notice about her strange faces–faces that were evil, wanton, or overbold. The court became more and more a seat of reckless revelry.
Finally Catharine was told that the Duchess of Cleveland–that splendid termagant, Barbara Villiers–had been appointed lady of the bedchamber. She was told at the same time who this vixen was– that she was no fit attendant for a virtuous woman, and that her three sons, the Dukes of Southampton, Grafton, and Northumberland, were also the sons of Charles.
Fluttered and frightened and dismayed, the queen hastened to her husband and begged him not to put this slight upon her. A year or two before, she had never dreamed that life contained such things as these; but now it seemed to contain nothing else. Charles spoke sternly to her until she burst into tears, and then he petted her and told her that her duty as a queen compelled her to submit to many things which a lady in private life need not endure.
After a long and poignant struggle with her own emotions the little Portuguese yielded to the wishes of her lord. She never again reproached him. She even spoke with kindness to his favorites and made him feel that she studied his happiness alone. Her gentleness affected him so that he always spoke to her with courtesy and real friendship. When the Protestant mobs sought to drive her out of England he showed his courage and manliness by standing by her and refusing to allow her to be molested.
Indeed, had Charles been always at his best he would have had a very different name in history. He could be in every sense a king. He had a keen knowledge of human nature. Though he governed England very badly, he never governed it so badly as to lose his popularity.
The epigram of Rochester, written at the king’s own request, was singularly true of Charles. No man relied upon his word, yet men loved him. He never said anything that was foolish, and he very seldom did anything that was wise; yet his easy manners and gracious ways endeared him to those who met him.
One can find no better picture of his court than that which Sir Walter Scott has drawn so vividly in Peveril of the Peak; or, if one wishes first-hand evidence, it can be found in the diaries of Evelyn and of Samuel Pepys. In them we find the rakes and dicers, full of strange oaths, deep drunkards, vile women and still viler men, all striving for the royal favor and offering the filthiest lures, amid routs and balls and noisy entertainments, of which it is recorded that more than once some woman gave birth to a child among the crowd of dancers.
No wonder that the little Portuguese queen kept to herself and did not let herself be drawn into this swirling, roaring, roistering saturnalia. She had less influence even than Moll Davis, whom Charles picked out of a coffee-house, and far less than “Madam Carwell,” to whom it is reported that a great English nobleman once presented pearls to the value of eight thousand pounds in order to secure her influence in a single stroke of political business.
Of all the women who surrounded Charles there was only one who cared anything for him or for England. The rest were all either selfish or treacherous or base. This one exception has been so greatly written of, both in fiction and in history, as to make it seem almost unnecessary to add another word; yet it may well be worth while to separate the fiction from the fact and to see how much of the legend of Eleanor Gwyn is true.
The fanciful story of her birthplace is most surely quite unfounded. She was not the daughter of a Welsh officer, but of two petty hucksters who had their booth in the lowest precincts of London. In those days the Strand was partly open country, and as it neared the city it showed the mansions of the gentry set in their green-walled parks. At one end of the Strand, however, was Drury Lane, then the haunt of criminals and every kind of wretch, while nearer still was the notorious Coal Yard, where no citizen dared go unarmed.
Within this dreadful place children were kidnapped and trained to various forms of vice. It was a school for murderers and robbers and prostitutes; and every night when the torches flared it vomited forth its deadly spawn. Here was the earliest home of Eleanor Gwyn, and out of this den of iniquity she came at night to sell oranges at the entrance to the theaters. She was stage- struck, and endeavored to get even a minor part in a play; but Betterton, the famous actor, thrust her aside when she ventured to apply to him.
It must be said that in everything that was external, except her beauty, she fell short of a fastidious taste. She was intensely ignorant even for that time. She spoke in a broad Cockney dialect. She had lived the life of the Coal Yard, and, like Zola’s Nana, she could never remember the time when she had known the meaning of chastity.
Nell Gwyn was, in fact, a product of the vilest slums of London; and precisely because she was this we must set her down as intrinsically a good woman–one of the truest, frankest, and most right-minded of whom the history of such women has anything to tell. All that external circumstances could do to push her down into the mire was done; yet she was not pushed down, but emerged as one of those rare souls who have in their natures an uncontaminated spring of goodness and honesty. Unlike Barbara Villiers or Lucy Walters or Louise de Keroualle, she was neither a harpy nor a foe to England.
Charles is said first to have met her when he, incognito, with another friend, was making the rounds of the theaters at night. The king spied her glowing, nut-brown face in one of the boxes, and, forgetting his incognito, went up and joined her. She was with her protector of the time, Lord Buckhurst, who, of course, recognized his majesty.
Presently the whole party went out to a neighboring coffee-house, where they drank and ate together. When it came time to pay the reckoning the king found that he had no money, nor had his friend. Lord Buckhurst, therefore, paid the bill, while Mistress Nell jeered at the other two, saying that this was the most poverty- stricken party that she had ever met.
Charles did not lose sight of her. Her frankness and honest manner pleased him. There came a time when she was known to be a mistress of the king, and she bore a son, who was ennobled as the Duke of St. Albans, but who did not live to middle age. Nell Gwyn was much with Charles; and after his tempestuous scenes with Barbara Villiers, and the feeling of dishonor which the Duchess of Portsmouth made him experience, the girl’s good English bluntness was a pleasure far more rare than sentiment.
Somehow, just as the people had come to mistrust “Madam Carwell," so they came to like Nell Gwyn. She saw enough of Charles, and she liked him well enough, to wish that he might do his duty by his people; and she alone had the boldness to speak out what she thought. One day she found him lolling in an arm-chair and complaining that the people were not satisfied.
“You can very easily satisfy them,” said Nell Gwyn. “Dismiss your women and attend to the proper business of a king.”
Again, her heart was touched at the misfortunes of the old soldiers who had fought for Charles and for his father during the Civil War, and who were now neglected, while the treasury was emptied for French favorites, and while the policy of England itself was bought and sold in France. Many and many a time, when other women of her kind used their lures to get jewels or titles or estates or actual heaps of money, Nell Gwyn besought the king to aid these needy veterans. Because of her efforts Chelsea Hospital was founded. Such money as she had she shared with the poor and with those who had fought for her royal lover.
As I have said, she is a historical type of the woman who loses her physical purity, yet who retains a sense of honor and of honesty which nothing can take from her. There are not many such examples, and therefore this one is worth remembering.
Of anecdotes concerning her there are many, but not often has their real import been detected. If she could twine her arms about the monarch’s neck and transport him in a delirium of passion, this was only part of what she did. She tried to keep him right and true and worthy of his rank; and after he had ceased to care much for her as a lover he remembered that she had been faithful in many other things.
Then there came the death-bed scene, when Charles, in his inimitable manner, apologized to those about him because he was so long in dying. A far sincerer sentence was that which came from his heart, as he cried out, in the very pangs of death:
“Do not let poor Nelly starve!”
| Charles II |
What name is usually given to the larva of a click beetle ? | Timeline of the Kings & Queens of England
There have been 66 monarchs of England and Britain spread over a period of 1500 years.
SAXON KINGS
EGBERT 827 - 839
Egbert (Ecgherht) was the first monarch to establish a stable and extensive rule over all of Anglo-Saxon England. After returning from exile at the court of Charlemagne in 802, he regained his kingdom of Wessex. Following his conquest of Mercia in 827, he controlled all of England south of the Humber. After further victories in Northumberland and North Wales, he is recognised by the title Bretwalda ( Anglo-Saxon , "ruler of the British". A year before he died aged almost 70, he defeated a combined force of Danes and Cornish at Hingston Down in Cornwall. He is buried at Winchester in Hampshire.
AETHELWULF 839-856
King of Wessex , son of Egbert and father of Alfred the Great. In 851 Aethelwulf defeated a Danish army at the battle of Oakley while his eldest son Althelstan fought and beat the Danes at sea off the coast of Kent , in what is believed to be the first naval battle. A highly religous man, Athelwulf travelled to Rome with his son Alfred to see the Pope in 855.
AETHELBALD 856 - 860
The eldest son of Aethelwulf, Æthelbald was born around 834. He was crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames in southwest London, after forcing his father to abdicate upon his return from pilgrimage to Rome. Following his fathers death in 858, he married his widowed stepmother Judith, but under pressure from the church the marriage was annulled after only a year. He is buried at Sherbourne Abbey in Dorset .
AETHELBERT 860 - 866
Became king following the death of his brother Æthelbald. Like his brother and his father, Aethelbert (pictured to the right) was crowned at Kingston-Upon-Thames. Shortly after his succession a Danish army landed and sacked Winchester before being defeated by the Saxons. In 865 the Viking Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia and swept across England. He is buried at Sherborne Abbey.
AETHELRED I 866 - 871
Aethelred succeeded his brother Aethelbert. His reign was one long struggle with the Danes who had occupied York in 866, establishing the Viking kingdom of Yorvik . When the Danish Army moved south Wessex itself was threatened, and so together with his brother Alfred, they fought several battles with the Vikings at Reading, Ashdown and Basing. Aethelred suffered serious injuries during the next major battle at Meretun in Hampshire; he died of his wounds shortly after at Witchampton in Dorset, where he was buried.
ALFRED THE GREAT 871 - 899 - son of AETHELWULF
Born at Wantage in Berkshire around 849, Alfred was well educated and is said to have visited Rome on two occasions. He had proven himself to be a strong leader in many battles, and as a wise ruler managed to secure five uneasy years of peace with the Danes, before they attacked Wessex again in 877. Alfred was forced to retreat to a small island in the Somerset Levels and it was from here that he masterminded his comeback, perhaps ' burning the cakes ' as a consequence. With major victories at Edington, Rochester and London, Alfred established Saxon Christian rule over first Wessex, and then on to most of England. To secure his hard won boundaries Alfred founded a permanent army and an embryonic Royal Navy. To secure his place in history, he began the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.
EDWARD (The Elder) 899 - 924
Succeeded his father Alfred the Great. Edward retook southeast England and the Midlands from the Danes. Following the the death of his sister Aethelflaed of Mercia , Edward unites the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia. In 923, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles record that the Scottish King Constantine II recognises Edward as "father and lord". The following year, Edward is killed in a battle against the Welsh near Chester . His body is returned to Winchester for burial.
ATHELSTAN 924 - 939
Son of Edward the Elder, Athelstan extended the boundaries of his kingdom at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937. In what is said to be one of the bloodiest battles ever fought on British soil, Athelstan defeated a combined army of Scots, Celts, Danes and Vikings, claiming the title of King of all Britain. The battle saw for the first time individual Anglo-Saxon kingdoms being brought together to create a single and unified England. Athelstan is buried in Malmesbury, Wiltshire .
EDMUND 939 - 946
Succeeded his half-bother Athelastan as king at the tender age of 18, having already fought alongside him at the Batlle of Brunanburh two years earlier. He re-established Anglo-Saxon control over northern England, which had fallen back under Scandanavian rule following the death of Athelstan. Aged just 25, and whilst celebrating the feast of Augustine, Edmund was stabbed by a robber in his royal hall at Pucklechurch near Bath . His two sons, Eadwig and Edgar, were perhaps considered too young to become kings.
EADRED 946 - 955
The son of Edward the Elder by his third marriage to Eadgifu, Eadred succeeded his brother Edmund following his premature death. He followed in the family tradition of defeating Norsemen, expelling the last Scandanavian King of York, Eric Bloodaxe, in 954. A deeply religious man, Eadred suffered a serious stomach ailment that would eventually prove fatal. Eadred died in his early 30s, unmarried and without an heir, at Frome in Somerset. He is buried in Winchester.
EADWIG 955 - 959
The eldest son of Edmund I, Eadwig was about 16 when he was crowned king at Kingston-upon-Thames in southeast London. Legend has it that his coronation had to be delayed to allow Bishop Dunstan to prise Eadwig from his bed, and from between the arms of his "strumpet" and the strumpets' mother. Perhaps unimpressed by the interruption, Eadwig had Dunstan exiled to France. Eadwig died in Gloucester when he was just 20, the circumstances of his death are not recorded.
EDGAR 959 - 975
The youngest son of Edmund I, Edgar had been in dispute with his brother concerning succession to the throne for some years. Following Eadwig's mysterious death, Edgar immediately recalled Dunstan from exile, making him Archbishop of Canterbury as well as his personal advisor. Following his carefully planned (by Dunstan) coronation in Bath in 973, Edgar marched his army to Chester, to be met by six kings of Britain. The kings, including the King of Scots, King of Strathclyde and various princes of Wales , are said to have signalled their allegience to Edgar by rowing him in his state barge accross the River Dee.
EDWARD THE MARTYR 975 - 978
Eldest son of Edgar, Edward was crowned king when aged just 12. Although supported by Archbishop Dunstan, his claim to the throne was contested by supporters of his much younger half-brother Aethelred. The resulting dispute between rival factions within the church and nobility almost led to civil war in England. Edward's short reign ended when he was murdered at Corfe Castle by followers of Aethelred, after just two and half years as king. The title 'martyr' was a consequence of him being seen as a victim of his stepmother's ambitions for her own son Aethelred.
AETHELRED II THE UNREADY 978 - 1016
Aethelred was unable to organise resistance against the Danes, earning him the nickname 'unready', or 'badly advised'. He became king aged about 10, but fled to Normandy in 1013 when Sweyn Forkbeard, King of the Danes invaded England.
Sweyn was pronounced King of England on Christmas Day 1013 and made his capital at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. He died just 5 weeks later.
Aethelred returned in 1014 after Sweyn's death. The remainder of Aethelred's reign was one of a constant state of war with Sweyn's son Canute.
EDMUND II IRONSIDE 1016 - 1016
The son of Aethelred II, Edmund had led the resistance to Canute's invasion of England since 1015. Following the death of his father, he was chosen king by the good folk of London. The Witan (the king's council) however elected Canute. Following his defeat at the Battle of Assandun, Aethelred made a pact with Canute to divide the kingdom between them. Edmund died later that year, probably assassinated.
CANUTE (CNUT THE GREAT) THE DANE 1016 - 1035
Canute became king of all England following the death of Edmund II. The son of Sweyn Forkbeard, he ruled well and gained favour with his English subjects by sending most of his army back to Denmark. In 1017, Canute married Emma of Normandy, the widow of Aethelred II and divided England into the four earldoms of East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria and Wessex. Perhaps inspired by his pilgrimage to Rome in 1027, legend has it that he wanted to demonstrate to his subjects that as a king he was not a god, he ordered the tide not to come in, knowing this would fail.
HAROLD I 1035 - 1040
Also known as Harold Harefoot, in recognition of his speed and skill as a hunter. Harold was the illegitimate son of Canute, he claimed the English crown on the death of his father whilst his half-brother Harthacanute, the rightful heir, was in Denmark fighting to protect his Danish kingdom. Harold died three years into his reign, just weeks before Harthacanute was due to invade England with an army of Danes. He was buried in Westminster Abbey before Harthacanute had his body dug up, beheaded, and thrown into the Thames. His bits were later gathered and re-buried at St. Clement Danes in London.
HARTHACANUTE 1040 - 1042
The son of Cnut the Great and Emma of Normandy, Harthacanute sailed to England with his mother, accompanied by a fleet of 62 warships, and was immediately accepted as king. Perhaps to appease his mother, the year before he died Harthacanute invited his half-brother Edward, Emma's son from her first marriage to Aethelred the Unready, back from exile in Normandy. Harthacanute died at a wedding whilst toasting the health of the bride; he was aged just 24 and was the last Danish king to rule England
EDWARD THE CONFESSOR 1042-1066
Following the death of Harthacanute, Edward restored the rule of the House of Wessex to the English throne. A deeply pious and religious man, he presided over the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey, leaving much of the running of the country to Earl Godwin and his son Harold. Edward died childless, eight days after the building work on Westminster Abbey had finished. With no natural successor, England was faced with a power struggle for control of the throne.
HAROLD II 1066
Despite having no royal bloodline, Harold Godwin was elected king by the Witan (a council of high ranking nobles and religious leaders), following the death of Edward the Confessor. The election result failed to meet with the approval of one William, Duke of Normandy, who claimed that his relative Edward had promised the throne to him several years earlier. Harold defeated an invading Norwegian army at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire, then marched south to confront William of Normandy who had landed his forces in Sussex. The death of Harold at the Battle Of Hastings meant the end of the English Anglo-Saxon kings and the beginning of the Normans.
NORMAN KINGS
WILLIAM I (The Conqueror) 1066- 1087
Also known as William the Bastard (but not normally to his face!), he was the illigitimate son of Robert the Devil, whom he succeeded as Duke of Normandy in 1035. William came to England from Normandy, claiming that his second cousin Edward the Confessor had promised him the throne, and defeated Harold II at the Battle of Hastings on 14th October 1066. In 1085 the Domesday Survey was begun and all of England was recorded, so William knew exactly what his new kingdom contained and how much tax he could raise in order to fund his armies. William died at Rouen after a fall from his horse whilst beseiging the French city of Nantes. He is buried at Caen.
WILLIAM II (Rufus) 1087- 1100
William was not a popular king, given to extravagance and cruelty. He never married and was killed in the New Forest by a stray arrow whilst out hunting, maybe accidentally, or possibly shot deliberately on the instructions of his younger brother Henry. Walter Tyrrell, one of the hunting party, was blamed for the deed. The Rufus Stone in The New Forest, Hampshire , marks the spot where he fell.
HENRY I 1100-1135
Henry Beauclerc was the fourth and youngest son of William I. Well educated, he founded a zoo at Woodstock in Oxfordshire to study animals. He was called the 'Lion of Justice' as he gave England good laws, even if the punishments were ferocious. His two sons were drowned in the White Ship so his daughter Matilda was made his successor. She was married to Geoffrey Plantagenet. When Henry died of food poisoning, the Council considered a woman unfit to rule and so offered the throne to Stephen, a grandson of William I.
STEPHEN 1135-1154
Stephen was a very weak king and the whole country was almost destroyed by the constant raids by the Scots and the Welsh. During Stephen's reign the Norman barons wielded great power, extorting money and looting town and country. A decade of civil war known as The Anarchy ensued when Matilda invaded from Anjou in 1139. A compromise was eventually decided, under the terms of the Treaty of Westminster Matilda's son Henry Plantagenet would succeed to the throne when Stephen died.
HENRY II 1154-1189
Henry of Anjou was a strong king. A brilliant soldier, he extended his French lands until he ruled most of France. He laid the foundation of the English Jury System and raised new taxes (scutage) from the landholders to pay for a militia force. Henry is mostly remembered for his quarrel with Thomas A Becket, and Becket's subsequent murder in Canterbury Cathedral on 29th December 1170. His sons turned against him, even his favourite John.
RICHARD I (The Lionheart) 1189 - 1199
Richard was the third son of Henry II. By the age of 16, he was leading his own army putting down rebellions in France. Although crowned King of England, Richard spent all but 6 months of his reign abroad, preferring to use the taxes from his kingdom to fund his various armies and military ventures. He was the leading Christian commander during the Third Crusade. On his way back from Palestine, Richard was captured and held for ransom. The amount paid for his safe return almost bankrupt the country. Richard died from an arrow-wound, far from the kingdom that he so rarely visited. He had no children.
JOHN 1199 -1216
John Lackland was the fourth child of Henry II. Short and fat, he was jealous of his dashing brother Richard I whom he succeeded. He was cruel, self-indulgent, selfish and avaricious, and the raising of punitive taxes united all the elements of society, clerical and lay, against him. The Pope excommunicated him. On 15th June 1215 at Runnymede the barons compelled John to sign Magna Carta , the Great Charter, which reinstated the rights of all his subjects. John died - from over-eating - a fugitive from all his enemies. He has been termed "the worst English king".
HENRY III 1216 -1272
Henry was 9 years old when he became king. Brought up by priests he became devoted to church, art and learning. He was a weak man, dominated by churchmen and easily influenced by his wife's French relations. In 1264 Henry was captured during the rebellion of barons led by Simon de Montfort and was forced to set up a 'Parlement' at Westminster, the start of the House of Commons. Henry was the greatest of all patrons of medieval architecture and ordered the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey in the Gothic style.
Monarchs of England and Wales
EDWARD I 1272 - 1307
Edward Longshanks was a statesman, lawyer and soldier. He formed the Model Parliament in 1295, bringing the knights, clergy and nobility, as well as the Lords and Commons together for the first time. Aiming at a united Britain, he defeated the Welsh chieftains and created his eldest son Prince of Wales. He was known as the 'Hammer of the Scots' for his victories in Scotland and brought the famous coronation stone from Scone to Westminster. When his first wife Eleanor died, he escorted her body from Grantham in Lincolnshire to Westminster, setting up Eleanor Crosses at every resting place. He died on the way to fight Robert Bruce .
EDWARD II 1307 - deposed 1327
Edward was a weak and incompetent king. He had many 'favourites', Piers Gaveston being the most notorious. He was beaten by the Scots at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Edward was deposed and held captive in Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire. His wife joined her lover Mortimer in deposing him: by their orders he was murdered in Berkley Castle - as legend has it, by having a red-hot poker thrust up his anus! His beautiful tomb in Gloucester Cathedral was erected by his son, Edward III.
EDWARD III 1327 - 1377
Son of Edward II, he reigned for 50 years. His ambition to conquer Scotland and France plunged England into the Hundred Years War, beginning in 1338. The two great victories at Crecy and Poitiers made Edward and his son, the Black Prince, the most renowned warriors in Europe, however the war was very expensive. The outbreak of bubonic plague, the 'Black Death' in 1348-1350 killed half the population of England.
RICHARD II 1377 - deposed 1399
The son of the Black Prince, Richard was extravagant, unjust and faithless. In 1381 came the Peasants Revolt , led by Wat Tyler. The rebellion was put down with great severity. The sudden death of his first wife Anne of Bohemia completely unbalanced Richard and his extravagance, acts of revenge and tyranny turned his subjects against him. In 1399 Henry of Lancaster returned from exile and deposed Richard, becoming elected King Henry IV. Richard was murdered, probably by starvation, in Pontefract Castle in 1400.
HOUSE OF LANCASTER
HENRY IV 1399 - 1413
The son of John of Gaunt (third son of Edward III), Henry returned from exile in France to reclaim his estates previously seized by Richard II; he was accepted as king by Parliament. Henry spent most of his 13 year reign defending himself against plots, rebellions and assassination attempts. In Wales Owen Glendower declared himself Prince of Wales and led a national uprising against English rule. Back in England, Henry had great difficulty in maintaining the support of both the clery and Pariament and between 1403-08 the Percy family lauched a series of rebellions against him. Henry, the first Lancastrian king, died exhausted, probably of leprosy, at the age of 45.
HENRY V 1413 - 1422
The son of Henry IV, he was a pious, stern and skilful soldier. Henry had honed his fine soldiering skills putting down the many rebellions launched against his father and had been knighted when aged just 12. He pleased his nobles by renewing the war with France in 1415. In the face of tremendous odds he beat the French at the Battle of Agincourt , losing just 400 of his own soldiers with more than 6,000 Frenchmen killed. On a second expedition Henry captured Rouen, was recognised as the next King of France and married Catherine, the daughter of the lunatic French king. Henry died of dysentery whilst campaigning in France and before he could succeed to the French throne, leaving his 10-month old son as King of England and France.
HENRY VI 1422 - deposed 1461 Beginning of the Wars of the Roses
Gentle and retiring, he came to the throne as a baby and inherited a losing war with France, the Hundred Years War finally ending in 1453 with the loss of all French lands except for Calais. The king had an attack of mental illness that was hereditary in his mother's family in 1454 and Richard Duke of York was made Protector of the Realm. The House of York challenged Henry VI's right to the throne and England was plunged into civil war. The Battle of St Albans in 1455 was won by the Yorkists. Henry was restored to the throne briefly in 1470. Henry's son, Edward, Prince of Wales was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury one day before Henry was murdered in the Tower of London in 1471. Henry founded both Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, and every year the Provosts of Eton and King's College lay roses and lilies on the altar which now stands where he died.
EDWARD IV 1461- 1483
He was the son of Richard Duke of York and Cicely Neville, and not a popular king. His morals were poor (he had many mistresses and had at least one illegitimate son) and even his contemporaries disapproved of him. Edward had his rebellious brother George, Duke of Clarence, murdered in 1478 on a charge of treason. During his reign the first printing press was established in Westminster by William Caxton. Edward died suddenly in 1483 leaving two sons aged 12 and 9, and five daughters.
EDWARD V 1483 - 1483
Edward was actually born in Westminster Abbey, were his mother Elizabeth Woodville had sought sanctuary from Lancastrians during the Wars of the Roses. The eldest son of Edward IV, he succeeded to the throne at the tender age of 13 and reigned for only two months, the shortest-lived monarch in English history. He and his brother Richard were murdered in the Tower of London - it is said on the orders of his uncle Richard Duke of Gloucester. Richard (III) declared The Princes in the Tower illegitimate and named himself rightful heir to the crown.
RICHARD III 1483 - 1485 End of the Wars of the Roses
Brother of Edward IV. The ruthless extinction of all those who opposed him and the alleged murders of his nephews made his rule very unpopular. In 1485 Henry Richmond, descendant of John of Gaunt, father of Henry IV, landed in west Wales, gathering forces as he marched into England. At the Battle of Bosworth Field in Leicestershire he defeated and killed Richard in what was to be the last important battle in the Wars of the Roses. Archaeological investigations at a car park in Leicester during 2012 revealed a skeleton which was thought to have been that of Richard III, and this was confirmed on the 4th February 2013. His body was re-interred at Leicester Cathedral on 22nd March 2015.
THE TUDORS
HENRY VII 1485 - 1509
When Richard III fell at the Battle of Bosworth, his crown was picked up and placed on the head of Henry Tudor. He married Elizabeth of York and so united the two warring houses, York and Lancaster. He was a skilful politician but avaricious. The material wealth of the country increased greatly. During Henry's reign playing cards were invented and the portrait of his wife Elizabeth has appeared eight times on every pack of cards for nearly 500 years.
HENRY VIII 1509 - 1547
The best known fact about Henry VIII is that he had six wives! Most school children learn the following rhyme to help them remember the fate of each wife: "Divorced, Beheaded, Died: Divorced, Beheaded, Survived". His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, his brothers widow, whom he later divorced to marry Anne Boleyn. This divorce caused the split from Rome and Henry declared himself the head of the Church Of England. The Dissolution of the Monasteries began in 1536, and the money gained from this helped Henry to bring about an effective Navy. In an effort to have a son, Henry married four further wives, but only one son was born, to Jane Seymour. Henry had two daughters both to become rulers of England - Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, and Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn.
EDWARD VI 1547 - 1553
The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, Edward was a sickly boy; it is thought he suffered from tuberculosis. Edward succeeded his father at the age of 9, the government being carried on by a Council of Regency with his uncle, Duke of Somerset, styled Protector. Even though his reign was short, many men made their mark. Cranmer wrote the Book of Common Prayer and the uniformity of worship helped turn England into a Protestant State. After Edward's death there was a dispute over the succession. As Mary was Catholic, Lady Jane Grey was named as the next in line to the throne. She was proclaimed Queen but Mary entered London with her supporters and Jane was taken to the Tower. She reigned for only 9 days. She was executed in 1554, aged 17.
MARY I (Bloody Mary) 1553 - 1558
Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. A devout Catholic, she married Philip of Spain. Mary attempted to enforce the wholesale conversion of England to Catholicism. She carried this out with the utmost severity. The Protestant bishops, Latimer, Ridley and Archbishop Cranmer were among those burnt at the stake. The place, in Broad Street Oxford, is marked by a bronze cross. The country was plunged into a bitter blood bath, which is why she is remembered as Bloody Mary. She died in 1558 at Lambeth Palace in London.
ELIZABETH I 1558-1603
The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth was a remarkable woman, noted for her learning and wisdom. From first to last she was popular with the people and had a genius for the selection of capable advisors. Drake , Raleigh, Hawkins, the Cecils, Essex and many many more made England respected and feared. The Spanish Armada was decisively defeated in 1588 and Raleigh's first Virginian colony was founded. The execution of Mary Queen of Scots marred what was a glorious time in English history. Shakespeare was also at the height of his popularity. Elizabeth never married.
THE STUARTS
JAMES I and VI of Scotland 1603 -1625
James was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley. He was the first king to rule over Scotland and England . James was more of a scholar than a man of action. In 1605 the Gunpowder Plot was hatched: Guy Fawkes and his Catholic friends tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament, but were captured before they could do so. James's reign saw the publication of the Authorised Version of the Bible , though this caused problems with the Puritans and their attitude towards the established church. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers sailed for America in their ship The Mayflower.
CHARLES 1 1625 - 1649 English Civil War
The son of James I and Anne of Denmark, Charles believed that he ruled by Divine Right. He encountered difficulties with Parliament from the beginning, and this led to the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642. The war lasted four years and following the defeat of Charles's Royalist forces by the New Model Army, led by Oliver Cromwell , Charles was captured and imprisoned. The House of Commons tried Charles for treason against England and when found guilty he was condemned to death. His death warrant states that he was beheaded on Tuesday 30 January 1649. Following this the British monarchy was abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England was declared.
OLIVER CROMWELL , Lord Protector 1653 - 1658
Cromwell was born at Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire in 1599, the son of a small landowner. He entered Parliament in 1629 and became active in events leading to the Civil War. A leading Puritan figure, he raised cavalry forces and organised the New Model Army, which he led to victory over the Royalists at the Battle of Naseby in 1645. Failing to gain agreement on constitutional change in government with Charles I, Cromwell was a member of a 'Special Commission' that tried and condemned the king to death in 1649. Cromwell declared Britain a republic 'The Commonwealth' and he went on to become its Lord Protector.
Cromwell went on to crush the Irish clans and the Scots loyal to Charles II between 1649 and 1651. In 1653 he finally expelled the corrupt English parliament and with the agreement of army leaders became Lord Protector (King in all but name)
RICHARD CROMWELL, Lord Protector 1658 - 1659
Richard was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, he was appointed the second ruling Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, serving for just nine months. Unlike his father, Richard lacked military experience and as such failed to gain respect or support from his New Model Army. Richard was eventually 'persuaded' to resign from his position as Lord Protector and exiled himself to France until 1680, when he returned to England.
THE RESTORATION
CHARLES II 1660 - 1685
Son of Charles I, also known as the Merry Monarch. After the collapse of the Protectorate following the death of Oliver Cromwell and the flight of Richard Cromwell to France, the Army and Parliament asked Charles to take the throne. Although very popular he was a weak king and his foreign policy was inept. He had 13 known mistresses, one of whom was Nell Gwyn . He fathered numerous illegitimate children but no heir to the throne. The Great Plague in 1665 and the Great Fire of London in 1666 took place during his reign. Many new buildings were built at this time. St. Paul's Cathedral was built by Sir Christopher Wren and also many churches still to be seen today.
JAMES II and VII of Scotland 1685 - 1688
The second surviving son of Charles I and younger brother of Charles II. James had been exiled following the Civil War and served in both the French and Spanish Army. Although James converted to Catholicism in 1670, his two daughters were raised as Protestants. James became very unpopular because of his persecution of the Protestant clergy and was generally hated by the people. Following the Monmouth uprising (Monmouth was an illegitimate son of Charles II and a Protestant) and the Bloody Assizes of Judge Jeffries, Parliament asked the Dutch prince, William of Orange to take the throne.
William was married to Mary, James II's Protestant daughter. William landed in England and James fled to France where he died in exile in 1701.
WILLIAM III 1689 - 1702 and MARY II 1689 - 1694
On the 5 November 1688, William of Orange sailed his fleet of over 450 ships, unopposed by the Royal Navy, into Torbay harbour and landed his troops in Devon . Gathering local support, he marched his army, now 20,000 strong, on to London in The Glorious Revolution. Many of James II's army had defected to support William, as well as James's other daughter Anne. William and Mary were to reign jointly, and William was to have the Crown for life after Mary died in 1694. James plotted to regain the throne and in 1689 landed in Ireland. William defeated James at the Battle of the Boyne and James fled again to France, as guest of Louis XIV.
ANNE 1702 - 1714
Anne was the second daughter of James II. She had 17 pregnancies but only one child survived - William, who died of smallpox aged just 11. A staunch, high church Protestant, Anne was 37 years old when she succeeded to the throne. Anne was a close friend of Sarah Churchill, the Duchess of Marlborough. Sarah's husband the Duke of Marlborough commanded the English Army in the War of Spanish Succession, winning a series of major battles with the French and gaining the country an influence never before attained in Europe. It was during Anne's reign that the United Kingdom of Great Britain was created by the Union of England and Scotland.
After Anne's death the succession went to the nearest Protestant relative of the Stuart line. This was Sophia, daughter of Elizabeth of Bohemia, James I 's only daughter, but she died a few weeks before Anne and so the throne succeeded to her son George.
THE HANOVARIANS
GEORGE I 1714 -1727
Son of Sophia and the Elector of Hanover, great-grandson of James I. The 54 year old George arrived in England able to speak only a few words of English with his 18 cooks and 2 mistresses in tow. George never learned English, so the conduct of national policy was left to the government of the time with Sir Robert Walpole becoming Britain's first Prime Minister . In 1715 the Jacobites (followers of James Stuart, son of James II) attempted to supplant George, but the attempt failed. George spent little time in England - he preferred his beloved Hanover, although he was implicated in the South Sea Bubble financial scandal of 1720.
GEORGE II 1727 - 1760
Only son of George I. He was more English than his father, but still relied on Sir Robert Walpole to run the country. George was the last English king to lead his army into battle at Dettingen in 1743. In 1745 the Jacobites tried once again to restore a Stuart to the throne. Prince Charles Edward Stuart, 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' . landed in Scotland. He was routed at Culloden Moor by the army under the Duke of Cumberland, known as 'Butcher' Cumberland. Bonnie Prince Charlie escaped to France with the help of Flora MacDonald , and finally died a drunkard's death in Rome.
GEORGE III 1760 - 1820
He was a grandson of George II and the first English-born and English-speaking monarch since Queen Anne. His reign was one of elegance and the age of some of the greatest names in English literature - Jane Austen , Byron, Shelley, Keats and Wordsworth. It was also the time of great statesmen like Pitt and Fox and great captains like Wellington and Nelson . in 1773 the 'Boston Tea Party' was the first sign of the troubles that were to come in America. The American Colonies proclaimed their independence on July 4th 1776. George was well meaning but suffered from a mental illness due to intermittent porphyria and eventually became blind and insane. His son ruled as Prince Regent after 1811 until George's death.
GEORGE IV 1820 - 1830
Known as the 'First Gentleman of Europe'. He had a love of art and architecture but his private life was a mess, to put it mildly! He married twice, once in 1785 to Mrs. Fitzherbert, secretly as she was a Catholic, and then in 1795 to Caroline of Brunswick . Mrs. Fitzherbert remained the love of his life. Caroline and George had one daughter, Charlotte in 1796 but she died in 1817. George was considered a great wit, but was also a buffoon and his death was hailed with relief!
WILLIAM IV 1830 - 1837
Known as the 'Sailor King' (for 10 years the young Prince William, brother of George IV, served in the Royal Navy), he was the third son of George III. Before his accession he lived with a Mrs. Jordan, an actress, by whom he had ten children. When Princess Charlotte died, he had to marry in order to secure the succession. He married Adelaide of Saxe-Coburg in 1818. He had two daughters but they did not live. He hated pomp and wanted to dispense with the Coronation. The people loved him because of his lack of pretension. During his reign Britain abolished slavery in the colonies in 1833. The Reform Act was passed in 1832, this extended the franchise to the middle-classes on a basis of property qualifications.
VICTORIA 1837 - 1901
Victoria was the only child of Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Edward Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III. The throne Victoria inherited was weak and unpopular. Her Hanovarian uncles had been treated with irreverence. In 1840 she married her cousin Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Albert exerted tremendous influence over the Queen and until his death was virtual ruler of the country. He was a pillar of respectability and left two legacies to the UK, the Christmas Tree and the Great Exhibition of 1851. With the money from the Exhibition several institutions were developed, the Victoria and Albert Museum , the Science Museum, Imperial College and the Royal Albert Hall. The Queen withdrew from public life after the death of Albert in 1861 until her Golden Jubilee in 1887. Her reign saw the British Empire double in size and in 1876 the Queen became Empress of India, the 'Jewel in the Crown'. When Victoria died in 1901, the British Empire and British world power had reached their highest point. She had nine children, 40 grand-children and 37 great-grandchildren, scattered all over Europe.
EDWARD VII 1901 - 1910
A much loved king, the opposite of his dour father. He loved horse-racing, gambling and women! This Edwardian Age was one of elegance. Edward had all the social graces and many sporting interests, yachting and horse-racing - his horse Minoru won the Derby in 1909. Edward married the beautiful Alexandra of Denmark in 1863 and they had six children. The eldest, Edward Duke of Clarence, died in 1892 just before he was to marry Princess Mary of Teck. When Edward died in 1910 it is said that Queen Alexandra brought his current mistress Mrs. Keppel to his bedside to take her farewell. His best known mistress was Lillie Langtry, the 'Jersey Lily'
Name changed in 1917
GEORGE V 1910 - 1936
George had not expected to be king, but when his elder brother died he became the heir-apparent. He had joined the Navy as a cadet in 1877 and loved the sea. He was a bluff, hearty man with a 'quarter-deck' manner. In 1893 he married Princess Mary of Teck, his dead brother's fiancee. His years on the throne were difficult; the First World War in 1914 - 1918 and the troubles in Ireland which lead to the creation of the Irish Free State were considerable problems. In 1932 he began the royal broadcasts on Christmas Day and in 1935 he celebrated his Silver Jubilee. His latter years were overshadowed by his concern about the Prince of Wales and his infatuation with Mrs. Simpson.
EDWARD VIII June 1936 - abdicated December 1936
Edward was the most popular Prince of Wales Britain has ever had. Consequently when he renounced the throne to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson the country found it almost impossible to believe. The people as a whole knew nothing about Mrs. Simpson until early in December 1936. Mrs. Simpson was an American, a divorcee and had two husbands still living. This was unacceptable to the Church, as Edward had stated that he wanted her to be crowned with him at the Coronation which was to take place the following May. Edward abdicated in favour of his brother and took the title, Duke of Windsor. He went to live abroad.
GEORGE VI 1936 - 1952
George was a shy and nervous man with a very bad stutter , the exact opposite of his brother the Duke of Windsor, but he had inherited the steady virtues of his father George V. He was very popular and well loved by the British people. The prestige of the throne was low when he became king but his wife Elizabeth and his mother Queen Mary were outstanding in their support of him.
The Second World War started in 1939 and throughout the King and Queen set an example of courage and fortitude. They remained at Buckingham Palace for the duration of the war in spite of the bombing. The Palace was bombed more than once. The two Princesses, Elizabeth and Margaret, spent the war years at Windsor Castle . George was in close touch with the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill throughout the war and both had to be dissuaded from landing with the troops in Normandy on D-Day ! The post-war years of his reign were ones of great social change and saw the start of the National Health Service. The whole country flocked to the Festival of Britain held in London in 1951, 100 years after the Great Exhibition during Victoria's reign.
ELIZABETH II 1952 -
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, or ‘Lilbet’ to close family, was born in London on 21 April 1926. Like her parents, Elizabeth was heavily involved in the war effort during the Second World War, serving in the women's branch of the British Army known as the Auxiliary Territorial Service, training as a driver and mechanic. Elizabeth and her sister Margaret anonymously joined the crowded streets of London on VE Day to celebrate the end of the war. She married her cousin Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and they had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew and Edward. When her father George VI died, Elizabeth became Queen of seven Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (now known as Sri Lanka). Elizabeth’s coronation in 1953 was the first to be televised, serving to increase popularity in the medium and doubling television license numbers in the UK. The huge popularity of the royal wedding in 2011 between the Queen’s grandson, Prince William and the commoner Kate Middleton, now the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, reflected the high profile of the British Monarchy at home and abroad. 2012 was also an important year for the royal family, as the nation celebrated the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, her 60th year as Queen.
On 9th September 2015, Elizabeth became Britain's longest serving monarch, ruling longer than her great-great grandmother Queen Victoria who reigned for 63 years and 216 days. Congratulations Ma'am; God Save the Queen!
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On which US navy vessel did Japanese forces make their official surrender in 1945 ? | Chapter 14: Japan's Surrender
JAPAN'S SURRENDER
Continued Pressure on Japan
By the end of June 1945, United States forces had advanced their Pacific battle line thousands of miles from Australia and Pearl Harbor to reach the very threshold of the Japanese Homeland. They had overcome an enemy who fought with fierce tenacity and had solved unprecedented problems of logistics and enormous distance as they progressively occupied the coasts of New Guinea and New Britain, secured the strategic islands of the Solomons, Admiralties, Marianas, and Palaus, established airfields on Iwo Jima, moved into the Halmaheras, swept through the entire Philippines, and stood poised on Okinawa, the last military barrier to Japan Proper. (Plate No. 126)
Allied power dominated the land, sky, and sea of the western Pacific. General MacArthur's divisions had retaken vast island territories seized by Japan's armies at the outbreak of war and were now preparing to invade Japan itself. Huge formations of American Superfortresses pounded military and industrial targets on the Japanese mainland with increasing power. The U. S. Pacific Fleet had progressively cleared the ocean of Japanese warships in successive battles which stretched from the waters of Midway to the East China Sea and had bottled the decimated remnants of the Imperial Navy within their base ports. Even in its own Inland Sea and Tokyo Bay, the enemy fleet found neither respite nor refuge as fast American carriers navigated freely off the shores of Honshu and sent their bombing planes to hammer the great anchorages at Kure and Yokosuka. The time was ripe to hurl the whole might of the Allies against the defenses of Kyushu as the first step in Operation "Downfall."
In American hands, Kyushu could accommodate forty groups of the Far East Air Forces and provide unlimited opportunities for the use of air power against the military heart of Japan. In preparation for the main operation, "Coronet," planes from Kyushu could bomb every important target in Honshu, Korea, eastern Manchuria, and northern China. An additional forty air groups based in the Marianas, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa would magnify the potential force of destruction. The planes of these eighty air groups could drop 100,000 tons of bombs in September 1945 and 170,000 tons in January 1946. It was estimated that in March 1946 the projected date of the Honshu invasion, at least 220,000 tons of explosives could be released over the enemy's four main islands. In a single month, therefore, the industrial targets of Japan, contained in about one-tenth the area in which German targets were located, would be saturated by almost one-fourth the total bomb tonnage dropped on the Germans during the entire twelve months of 1944. 1
With the approach of summer, the general air and naval offensive against Japan was
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Allied Landings, August 1942 to August 1945
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intensified to pave the way for the planned invasion of Kyushu. From the middle of May, when fighters based on the island of Ie Shima first attacked targets on southern Japan, the scale of co-ordinated air raids by the Fifth and Seventh Air Forces rose steadily, reaching a peak previously unknown in the Pacific War. 2
On Okinawa, all organized Japanese resistance was ended by 21 June, and within two weeks fighters and bombers of the Fifth and Seventh Air Forces began their powerful assaults against Kyushu, neutralizing enemy air strength, severing lines of communication, and isolating the island from the rest of Japan.
Japanese targets in China also received their share of Allied attacks. Shanghai experienced its first large-scale aerial bombardment on 17-18 July, when the Seventh Air Force sent more than 200 Liberators, Mitchells, Invaders, and Thunderbolts from Okinawa over the great enemy-held industrial center in a two-day demonstration of air power. While the Seventh Air Force maintained its raids against Shanghai, the Fifth and Thirteenth Air Forces struck from bases in the Philippines to hit Formosa, Amoy, Swatow, Canton, and Hong Kong. The long-range bombers from the Marianas maintained a continuous shuttle over Japan itself, reducing its great industrial cities to ashes and rubble. 3
Naval Pre-Invasion Operations
In July, carrier planes from Admiral Halsey's powerful Third Fleet contributed to the cease less strikes against the Japanese capital and its surrounding airfields. After supporting the Okinawa operation, the fast carriers of Vice Adm. John S. McCain's Task Force 38 departed from Leyte Gulf on 1 July and proceeded northward toward Japan. Arriving within striking range of Tokyo on 10 July, the armada launched fighter and bomber sweeps against military installations in the metropolitan area and blasted the targets with bombs and rockets. (Plate No. 127) More than 1,000 carrier-based planes were employed as the relentless assault continued virtually unopposed throughout the day. It was the greatest massing of U.S. naval air power against the Japanese since the beginning of the Pacific War. Simultaneously with the carrier assaults, between 500 and 600 Marianas-based B-29's made their deepest penetration of Japan to that time, in destructive raids against the war factories of the enemy's home islands. 4
In a direct challenge to Japan's remaining air and naval strength, the Third Fleet on 14 July approached to within a few thousand yards of the enemy mainland off the steel plant city of Kamaishi and, in the first direct naval bombardment of the Homeland, fired thundering salvos into shore targets. Then, steaming 250 miles to the north, the mighty dreadnoughts and carriers on 14-15 July struck installations in northern Honshu and southern Hokkaido. Moving southward again, the Third Fleet was augmented by a carrier task force of the British Pacific Fleet and on 17 July carried out the first joint American-British bombardment of Japan. More than 2,000 tons of shells were fired into the coastal area at Hitachi, northeast of Tokyo. The next day over 1,500 United States and British carrier planes climaxed the shore attacks with the greatest carrier strike in history against the
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Third Fleet Pre-Invasion Operations against Japan
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Tokyo area.
Following eight days of continuous assault on enemy airfields, shipping, and industrial targets, the Third Fleet, together with its accompanying British fleet units, turned its attention to eliminating whatever was left of the Japanese Navy. A heavy attack was launched on 18 July, when hundreds of carrier planes concentrated on the enemy warships, including the battleship Nagato, which were anchored at Yokosuka naval base. At the same time, a light detached force of the Third Fleet bombarded military installations at Nojima Saki during the night of 18-19 July.
Five days later, on 24 and 25 July, extensive air raids were launched against Kure and the Inland Sea area by the combined American-British naval force. This sixth carrier strike against the Japanese Homeland since 10 July was followed by another raid on 28 July. Seventh Air Force Liberators from bases on Okinawa joined the attack on Japan's remaining naval units in Empire waters by blasting the anchored warships at Kure. On 30 July, the Tokyo area was again pounded by aircraft from the fast carriers, while battleships poured more than 1,000 tons of shells into the key port, rail center, and industrial city of Hamamatsu on the east coast of central Honshu. Bad weather delayed the naval onslaught for the first few days of August, but on the 9th and 10th, northern Honshu was again subjected to air and sea attacks. The final heavy blow was delivered against Tokyo on 13 August, with carrier planes raking airfields and other military installations as primary targets. 5 The suspension of hostilities early on the morning of the 15th found some carrier planes already airborne for an attack on Tokyo, but only one wave hit the objective area; a second wave was recalled before reaching its targets. 6
Resistance by the Japanese to this stinging nine-tailed lash of Allied naval and air power was scattered and ineffective; the enemy sought to conserve his few remaining planes and ships for the expected invasion. In Asia, meanwhile, several Japanese ground divisions were being steadily deployed to defend the important industrial regions of northern China after the Soviet Union on 5 April had announced its intention not to renew its existing neutrality treaty with Japan. 7
The Potsdam Declaration
Against the background of final military preparations for the invasion of Japan, international negotiations were under way which were ultimately to make the projected operations "Olympic" and "Coronet" unnecessary. On 17 July 1945, the President of the United States, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, and the Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics met in a series of conferences at Potsdam, Germany, and discussed, among other things, the acceleration of the campaign against Japan. One result of this tripartite conference was that the Soviet Union finally agreed to enter the Pacific war. Another equally outstanding product of the Potsdam conferences was the Potsdam Declaration. President Truman and Prime Minister Atlee, with the concurrence of the President of the National Government of China, issued a final ultimatum
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to the Japanese Government that gave Japan the choice of surrender or destruction. Set forth in powerful words of warning, the Potsdam Declaration read in part:
... The prodigious land, sea and air forces of the United States, the British Empire and of China, many times reinforced by their armies and air fleets from the west, are poised to strike the final blows upon Japan. This military power is sustained and inspired by the determination of all the Allied Nations to prosecute the war against Japan until she ceases to resist.
The result of the futile and senseless German resistance to the might of the aroused free peoples of the world stands forth in awful clarity as an example to the people of Japan. The might that now converges on Japan is immeasurably greater than that which, when applied to the resisting Nazis, necessarily laid waste the lands, the industry and the method of life of the whole German people. The full application of our military powers, backed by our resolve, will mean the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter destruction of the Japanese homeland.
The time has come for Japan to decide whether she will continue to be controlled by those self-willed militaristic advisers whose unintelligent calculations have brought the Empire of Japan to the threshold of annihilation, or whether she will follow the path of reason ... .
After listing seven terms under which the Allies would accept the Japanese capitulation, the declaration continued:
We call upon the Government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction. 8
The decision rested with Japan. Would it be "prompt and utter destruction," or surrender according to the plans outlined at Cairo 9 and Potsdam, which accorded Japan an opportunity to refit herself for membership in a world of peaceful nations?
"Blacklist" Plan
In anticipation of Japan's possible surrender, it now became necessary to accelerate the preparation of plans for a peaceful entry into the enemy's homeland. The course of events had given the strategic control of the Pacific War to the United States, and as the conflict progressed it became the nation chiefly responsible for the conduct of all operations dealing with Japan. Although the broad policies of occupation were agreed upon by the major Allied governments in accordance with the United Nations Charter, the United States would execute these policies, provide and regulate the main occupation forces, and designate their commander. Such control also would enable the institution of a strong centralized administration to avoid dividing Japan into national zones of independent responsibility as had been done with Germany. 10
In accordance with instructions from the Joint Chiefs of Staff received early in May 1945, General MacArthur had immediately
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directed his staff to prepare a plan for a possible peaceful occupation. The first edition of this plan, designated "Blacklist," was published on 16 July and presented four days later at Guam for comparison with a concurrent plan for occupation termed "Campus" which was being formulated by Admiral Nimitz. 11 General MacArthur's proposals were based on the assumption that it would be his responsibility to impose surrender terms upon all elements of the Japanese military forces within Japan and that he also would be responsible for enforcing the demands of Allied commanders in other areas.
The final edition of "Blacklist" called for the progressive and orderly occupation in strength of an estimated fourteen major areas in Japan and from three to six areas in Korea so that the Allies could exercise unhampered control of the various phases of administration. 12 These operations would employ 22 divisions and 2 regimental combat teams, together with air and naval elements, and would utilize all United States forces immediately available in the Pacific. (Plate No. 128) Additional forces from outside the theater would be requisitioned if occupational duties in Formosa or in China were required. "Blacklist" Plan provided for the maximum use of existing Japanese political and administrative organizations since these agencies exerted an effective control over the population and could obviously be employed to good advantage by the Allies. If the functioning governmental machinery were to be completely swept away, the difficulties of orderly direction would be enormously multiplied, demanding the use of greater numbers of occupation forces. 13
The preliminary opinions of the Joint Chiefs of Staff regarding the initial phase of the occupation inclined generally toward large-scale independent naval landings as envisioned in the Pacific Fleet Headquarters plan "Campus." 14 "Campus," the naval counterpart of "Blacklist," provided for entry into Japan by United States Army forces only after independently operating advance naval units had made an emergency occupation of Tokyo Bay and seized possession of key positions on shore including, if practicable, an operational airfield in the vicinity of each principal anchorage. 15
General MacArthur felt that this concept was strategically unwise and dangerous. Although he agreed that, immediately after capitulation, the United States Fleet should move forward, seize control of Japan's Homeland waters, take positions off critical localities, and begin mine sweeping operations, he thought that these steps should introduce immediate landings by strong, co-ordinated ground and air forces of the army, fully prepared to overcome any potential opposition. General MacArthur believed that naval forces were not designed to effect the preliminary occupation of a hostile country whose ground divisions were still intact and contended that the occupation of large land areas involved operations which were fundamentally and basically a mission of the army. The occupation, he maintained, should proceed along sound tactical lines with each
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Basic Plan for the Occupation of Japan
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branch of the service performing its appropriate mission.
General MacArthur felt also that, in the event landings by light naval units were authorized, army troops should go ashore at the same time to implement the display of force. Occupation by a weak Allied force might encourage opposition from dissident Japanese elements among the bomb-shattered population and lead to grave repercussions. In a radio to Washington, General MacArthur declared, "I hold the firm belief ... that sound military judgment dictates that the occupation should be effected in force in order to impose our will upon the enemy and to avoid incidents which might develop serious proportions." 16 "Blacklist" Plan therefore provided for a co-ordinated movement of ground, naval, and air forces and a gradual but firmly regulated occupation.
The final edition of " Blacklist " issued on 8 August was divided into three main phases of successive occupation, viz: (Plate No. 129)
Phase I: Kanto Plain, Nagasaki-Sasebo, Kobe-Osaka-Kyoto, Seoul (Korea), and Aomori-Ominato.
Phase II: Shimonoseki-Fukuoka, Nagoya, Sapporo (Hokkaido), and Fusan (Korea).
Phase III: Hiroshima-Kure, Kochi (Shikokku), Okayama, Tsuruga, Otomari (Karafuto), Sendai, Niigata, and Gunzan-Zenshu (Korea).
These major strategic areas of Japan and Korea would be seized to isolate Japan from Asia, to immobilize enemy-armed forces, and to initiate action against any recalcitrant elements. Thus, the projected occupations would permit close direction of the political, economic, and military institutions of the two countries. Other areas would be occupied as deemed necessary by army commanders to accomplish their missions. 17
The Final Blows
To lend additional force to the terms of the Potsdam ultimatum, the air and naval offensive was stepped up with even greater power. B-29's from the Marianas, supported by fighters based on Iwo Jima, averaged 1,200 sorties a week over the enemy's homeland, while planes from Okinawa airfields ripped his positions on the Asiatic mainland and destroyed what remained of his shipping. The Third Fleet and its attached British units meanwhile roamed Japanese waters, shelling coastal cities and shore targets with impunity. 18
In an effort to minimize the losses among the civilian population and to counteract false propaganda concerning Allied aims spread by the Japanese High Command, the Twentieth Air Force and the Far East Air Forces on 28 July began dropping warning leaflets to announce seventy-two hours in advance the names of the cities marked for destruction. In addition to notifying all civilians to flee to safety, the leaflets advised them to "restore peace by demanding new and good leaders who will end the war." 19
As a direct consequence of the failure of the Japanese Government to accept promptly the terms of the Potsdam proclamation, Japan became the victim of the most destructive and revolutionary weapon in the long history of warfare-the atom bomb. The first bomb of
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this type ever used against an enemy was released early on 6 August from an American Superfortress over the military base city of Hiroshima and exploded with incomparable and devastating force. The city was almost completely and uniformly leveled.
On 7 August President Truman electrified the world with a broadcast statement which declared:
Sixteen hours ago an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima, an important Japanese army base. That bomb had more power than 20,000 tons of TNT .... With this bomb we have now added a new and revolutionary increase in destruction to supplement the growing power of our armed forces....
It is an atomic bomb. It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe ....
We are now prepared to obliterate more rapidly and completely every productive enterprise the Japanese have above ground in any city. We shall destroy their docks, their factories, and their communications. Let there be no mistake; we shall completely destroy Japan's power to make war.
It was to spare the Japanese people from utter destruction that the ultimatum of July 26 was issued at Potsdam. 20
With the echo of this cataclysmic explosion reverberating around the world, another staggering blow befell the Japanese. The Soviet Union on 8 August declared war on Japan and hastily sent troops against the Japanese Kwantung Army in Manchuria. The Japanese were now assailed from every side.
On 9 August a second atomic bomb destroyed the city of Nagasaki amid a cloud of dust and debris that rose 50,000 feet and was visible for more than 175 miles. 20 The two bombs which fell on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were dropped by the 509th Composite Bomb Group based on Tinian. The selection of Nagasaki as the second objective of the atomic bomb was caused by unfavorable weather conditions. After circling for fifty minutes above the smoke-obscured city of Kokura, which was the primary target, the bombing plane flew on to drop the bomb over Nagasaki, the alternate target. 21
The advent of the atomic bomb coming on the heels of a long series of paralyzing military disasters, hastened the surrender which was already being intensively deliberated by Japan's leaders. By 10 August Japan had had enough; she recognized her situation as hopeless. After much internal struggle and argument, the Japanese Government instructed its Minister to Switzerland to advise the United States through the Swiss Government that the terms of the Potsdam ultimatum would be accepted if Japan's national polity could be preserved. The Japanese note read in part
... the Japanese Government several weeks ago asked the Soviet Government, with which neutral relations then prevailed, to render good offices in restoring peace vis-a-vis the enemy power. Unfortunately, these efforts in the interest of peace having failed, the Japanese Government in conformity with the august wish of His Majesty to restore the general peace and desiring to put an end to the untold sufferings entailed by war as quickly as possible, have decided upon the following:
The Japanese Government are ready to accept the terms enumerated in the joint declaration which was issued at Potsdam on July 26th, 1945, by the heads of the Governments of the United States, Great Britain, and China, and later subscribed by the Soviet Government with the understanding that the said declaration does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler.
The Japanese Government sincerely hope that this understanding is warranted and desire keenly that an explicit indication to that effect will be speedily forthcoming. 22
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On 11 August, the United States, acting on behalf of the United Nations, transmitted a reply which stated:
... From the moment of surrender the authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government to rule the state shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers who will take such steps as he deems proper to effectuate the surrender terms.
The Emperor will be required to authorize and ensure the signature by the Government of Japan and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters of the surrender terms necessary to carry out the provisions of the Potsdam Declaration, and shall issue his commands to all the Japanese military, naval, and air authorities and to all the forces under their control wherever located to cease active operations and to surrender their arms, and to issue such other orders as the Supreme Commander may require to give effect to the surrender terms.
Immediately upon the surrender, the Japanese Government shall transport prisoners of war and civilian internees to places of safety as directed, where they can quickly be placed aboard Allied transports.
The ultimate form of government of Japan shall, in accordance with the Potsdam Declaration, be established by the freely expressed will of the Japanese people.
The armed forces of the Allied Powers will remain in Japan until the purposes set forth in the Potsdam Declaration are achieved. 23
While the Japanese Government pondered the Allied answer, President Truman, on 12 August, directed the Strategic Air Force to cease its attacks. 24 The Far East Air Forces and the Allied Fleet in Japanese waters, however, continued their steady pounding. When no reply was received from the Japanese by 13 August, the Strategic Air Force was ordered to renew its operations 25 and on the same day 1,000 carrier planes from the Third Fleet made their final raid on Tokyo.
Never before in history had one nation been the target of such concentrated air power. (Plate No. 130) In the last fifteen days of the war, the Fifth and Seventh Air Forces flew 6,372 sorties against Kyushu alone. Forty-nine per cent of this devastating effort was directed at manufacturing areas and docks. The remaining percentage was divided among enemy shipping, air installations, and lines of communication. Thus, with a deafening crescendo of blasting bombs, the Far East Air Forces culminated their blows against Japan. During the last seven and one-half months of the war their planes had destroyed or badly damaged 2,846,932 tons of shipping and 1,375 enemy aircraft, dropped 100,000 tons of bombs, and flown over 150,000 sorties. 26
The end of the war in Europe had not only released additional ground, air, and naval forces for the war against Japan but it had also enabled the Soviet Union to mass its forces for an attack upon Manchuria and northern China. The veteran armies of General MacArthur were poised and ready for an invasion of Kyushu and Honshu. The warning to surrender or be destroyed had not been composed of idle words. Stark and ruinous defeat was already a frightening certainty for the Japanese.
Japan Capitulates
While Japan considered its final acceptance of the Allied terms, preparations for the progressive occupation of its cities and military possessions were already completed. The formal directive for the occupation of Japan, Korea, and the China coast was issued by the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 11 August. Arrange-
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Aerial Bombardment of Japan
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ments for the peaceful entry of Allied forces were patterned as far as practicable upon the actual invasion plans. The immediate objectives were the early introduction of occupying forces into major strategic areas, the control of critical ports, port facilities, and airfields, and the demobilization and disarmament of enemy troops. 27
First priority was given to the prompt occupation of Japan, second to the consolidation of Keijo in Korea, and third to the operations on the China coast and in Formosa. General MacArthur was to assume responsibility for the forces entering Japan and Korea. General Wedemeyer was assigned operational control of the forces landing on the China coast and was instructed to co-ordinate his plans with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. Naval forces entering ports in Japan and China were to remain under the command of Admiral Nimitz until General MacArthur and General Wedemeyer could take over these areas. Japanese forces in Southeast Asia were earmarked for surrender to Admiral Mountbatten, those in China to Generalissimo Chiang, and those in the Russian area of operations to the Soviet High Command in the Far East. 28
Final authority for the execution of the terms of surrender and for the occupation of Japan would rest with a Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. The British, Soviet, and Chinese Governments concurred in President Truman's proposal that General MacArthur be designated Supreme Commander to assume the over-all administration of the surrender. 29
The 15th of August was an eventful date in history. It was the day Japan's notification of final surrender was received in the United States; it was the day President Truman announced the end of conflict in the Pacific; it was the day the Emperor of Japan made a dramatic and unexampled broadcast to his people; it was the day that General MacArthur was made Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.
The Japanese acceptance of the terms laid down by the Allies at Potsdam read in part:
His Majesty the Emperor has issued an Imperial Rescript regarding Japan's acceptance of the provisions of the Potsdam declaration:
His Majesty the Emperor is prepared to authorize and ensure the signature by his Government and the Imperial General Headquarters of the necessary terms for carrying out the provisions of the Potsdam declaration.
His Majesty is also prepared to issue his commands to all the military, naval, and air authorities of Japan and all the forces under their control wherever located to cease active operations, to surrender arms, and to issue such orders as may be required by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces for the execution of the above-mentioned terms. 30
As soon as the note of acceptance was received, President Truman announced Japan's capitulation to the world and, at the same time, ordered that all offensive operations against Japan be suspended.
In Japan, meanwhile, the Emperor was making an unprecedented nation-wide broadcast of the Imperial Rescript of surrender, informing the Japanese of their country's first military defeat and exhorting them to unite in peace for the construction of the future:
After pondering deeply the general trend of the world situation and the actual state of Our Empire, We have decided to effect a settlement of the present crisis by resort to an extraordinary measure. To Our
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good and loyal subjects, we hereby convey Our will.
We have commanded Our Government to communicate to the Governments of the United States, Great Britain, China and the Soviet Union that Our Empire accepts the terms of their Joint Declaration ... .
Hostilities have now continued for nearly four years. Despite the gallant fighting of the Officers and Men of Our Army and Navy, the diligence and assiduity of Our servants of State, and the devoted service of Our hundred million subjects-despite the best efforts of all-the war has not necessarily developed in our favor, and the general world situation-also is not to Japan's advantage ....
Should we continue to fight, the ultimate result would be not only the obliteration of the race but the extinction of human civilization. Then, how should We be able to save the millions of Our subjects and make atonement to the hallowed spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors? That is why We have commanded the Imperial Government to comply with the terms of the joint Declaration of the Powers....
The suffering and hardship which Our nation yet must undergo will certainly be great. We are keenly aware of the innermost feelings of all ye, Our subjects. However, it is according to the dictates of time and fate that We have resolved, by enduring the unendurable and bearing the unbearable, to pave the way for a grand peace for all generations to come.
Since it has been possible to preserve the structure of the Imperial State, We shall always be with ye, Our good and royal subjects, placing Our trust in your sincerity and integrity. Beware most strictly of any outburst of emotion which may engender needless complications, and refrain from fraternal contention and strife which may create confusion, lead ye astray and cause ye to lose the confidence of the world. Let the nation continue as one family from generation to generation with unwavering faith in the imperish ability of our divine land and ever mindful of its heavy burden of responsibility and the long road ahead. Turn your full strength to the task of building a new future. Cultivate the ways of rectitude, foster nobility of spirit, and work with resolution so that ye may enhance the innate glory of the Imperial State and keep pace with the progress of the world. We charge ye, Our loyal subjects, to carry out faithfully Our will. 31
To initiate the steps towards the implementation of the surrender terms, President Truman announced the appointment of General MacArthur as the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers and dispatched the following orders to the Japanese Government:
You are to proceed as follows:
Direct prompt cessation of hostilities by Japanese forces, informing the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers of the effective date and hour of such cessation.
Send emissaries at once to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers with information of the disposition of the Japanese forces and commanders, and fully empowered to make any arrangements directed by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers to enable him and his accompaying forces to arrive at the place designated by him to receive the formal surrender.
For the purpose of receiving such surrender and carrying it into effect, General of the Army Douglas MacArthur has been designated as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, and he will notify the Japanese Government of the time, place, and other details of the formal surrender. 32
From the War Department in Washington, the Army Chief of Staff dispatched a message to General MacArthur which read, "Your directive as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers is effective with the receipt of this message." 33
Preparations for Surrender
General MacArthur received the announce-
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ment of Japan's capitulation with an expression of deep gratitude:
I thank a merciful God that this mighty struggle is about to end. I shall at once take steps to stop hostilities and further bloodshed. The magnificent men and women who have fought so nobly to victory can now return to their homes in due course and resume their civil pursuits. They have been good soldiers in war. May they be equally good citizens in peace. 34
The air waves crackled with urgent radio messages between Manila Headquarters and Tokyo. General MacArthur notified the Emperor and the Japanese Government on 15 August that he had been designated Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers and was authorized to arrange for the cessation of hostilities at the earliest practicable date. 35 Accordingly, he directed that the Japanese forces terminate hostilities immediately and that he be notified at once of the effective date and hour of such termination. He further directed that Japan send to Manila on 17 August "a competent representative empowered to receive in the name of the Emperor of Japan, the Japanese Imperial Government, and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters certain requirements for carrying into effect the terms of surrender."
General MacArthur's stipulations to the Japanese Government included specific instructions regarding the journey of the Japanese representatives to Manila. The emissaries were to leave Sata Misaki, on the southern tip of Kyushu, on the morning of 17 August. They were instructed to travel in a Douglas DC-3-type transport plane, painted white and marked with green crosses on the wings and fuselage, and to fly under Allied escort to an airdrome on Ie Shima in the Ryukus. From there the Japanese would be transported to Manila in a United States plane. The code designation chosen for communication between the Japanese plane and United States forces was the symbolic word " Bataan." 37
On the evening of the 16th, General MacArthur was notified that the Emperor of Japan had issued an order at 1600 that day commanding the entire armed forces of his nation to halt their fighting immediately. 38 The wide dispersion and the disrupted communications of the Japanese forces, however, made the rapid and complete implementation of such an order exceedingly difficult. As the Japanese apologetically explained, the Imperial order would take approximately two to twelve days to reach Japanese forces throughout the Pacific and Asiatic areas, "but whether and when the order will be received by the first line it is difficult to foresee." 39 The radio also stated that members of the Imperial family were being sent to Japan's numerous theaters of operations as personal representatives of the Emperor to expedite and insure full compliance with the Imperial order to cease hostilities.
The departure of the delegates for the Manila negotiations, the Japanese continued, would be slightly delayed "as it is impossible for us to arrange for the flight of our representatives on 17 August due to the scarcity of time allowed us." 40 The radio added, however, that preparations were being made with all possible speed and that General MacArthur
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would be immediately informed of the re-scheduled flight date. 41 A second message from the Japanese Government on the 16th described the tentative itineraries of the Imperial emissaries who were being dispatched by air to the various fronts. 42
General MacArthur's Headquarters assured the Japanese that their intended measures were satisfactory and promised that every precaution would be taken to ensure the safety of the Emperor's representatives on their missions. Further instructions were issued regarding the type of plane to be used in sending the Japanese to Manila, but authorization was given to change the type of plane if necessary. 43
Another communication from the Japanese on the 16th asked for clarification of the phrase, "certain requirements for carrying into effect the terms of surrender." 44 General MacArthur replied that the signing of the surrender terms would not be among the tasks of the Japanese representatives despatched to Manila. 45
On 16 August, Japan's leaders announced that their delegates had been selected and would leave Tokyo for Manila on 19 August. 46 It was now only a matter of days before the long-awaited moment of final surrender would become a reality.
The Manila Conference
Headed by Lt. Gen. Torashiro Kawabe, Vice-Chief of the Army General Staff, the sixteen-man Japanese delegation 47 on the morn-
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ing of 19 August boarded two white, green-crossed, disarmed Navy medium bombers and departed secretly from Kisarazu Airdrome, on the eastern shore of Tokyo Bay. 48 After landing at Ie Shima, according to General MacArthur's instructions, the Japanese passengers were immediately transferred to a U. S. Army transport plane and put down on Nichols Field south of Manila at about 1800 that same day.
On hand to meet the Japanese envoys as they emerged from the plane was a party of linguist officers headed by General Willoughby, General MacArthur's wartime director of intelligence. Following the necessary introductions and identifications, the Japanese were taken immediately to temporary quarters on Manila's Dewey Boulevard to await the meetings scheduled for that evening. 49
Less than three hours after their arrival, the sixteen-man Japanese delegation was led by General Willoughby to the first of two conferences held that night with members of General MacArthur's staff. General MacArthur him self was not present. As the solemn procession moved from Dewey Boulevard through the battered and war-torn streets of Manila and up the broad steps of the City Hall, the stony-faced Japanese officers in their beribboned gray-green uniforms, with their peculiarly peaked caps, and with their two-handed Samurai swords dangling from their waists almost to the ground, made a grim and curious picture. Shortly after 2100, the Japanese and American representatives entered General Chamberlin's office and sat down facing each other across the long, black table of the map-covered conference room. 50
The meetings continued through the night of the 19th and into the next day. 51 As General Sutherland led the discussions, linguists busily scanned, translated, and photostated the various reports, maps, and charts which the Japanese had brought with them. Allied Translator and Interpreter Section personnel worked throughout the night to put General MacArthur's requirements into accurate Japanese before morning. It was a matter of vital importance that all documents be capably and correctly translated so that arrangements for surrender could be completed with a minimum of misunderstanding and a maximum of speed.
The conference proceeded smoothly and all
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major problems were resolved satisfactorily. Results of the negotiations made it advisable to modify some of the original concepts on the problem of occupation. Based upon the full co-operation of the Japanese Government and Imperial General Headquarters, the new modifications provided for gradual occupation of designated areas after the Japanese had disarmed the local troops. No direct demilitarization was to be carried out by Allied personnel; the Japanese were to control the disarmament and demobilization of their own armed forces under Allied supervision. 52
General Kawabe expressed his belief that the Japanese would faithfully carry out all Allied demands, but because of the unpredictable reactions of the Japanese civilian and army elements he requested that Japan be given an additional period of preparation before the actual steps of occupation were taken. General Sutherland allowed three extra days. The target date for the initial landings was postponed from 25 August to 28 August. The arrival of the advance unit at Atsugi Airfield was scheduled for 26 August.
At the close of the conference, General Kawabe was handed the documents containing the "Requirements of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers." 53 These directives stipulated General MacArthur's requirements concerning the arrival of the first echelons of the Allied forces, the formal surrender ceremony, and the subsequent reception of the occupation forces. Also given to General Kawabe were a draft of the Imperial Proclamation by which the Emperor would accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and command his subjects to cease hostilities, a copy of General Order No. 1 by which Imperial General Headquarters would direct all military and naval commanders to lay down their arms and surrender their units to designated Allied commanders, and lastly the Instrument of Surrender itself which would later be signed on board an American battleship in Tokyo Bay.
The Manila Conference was over. The Japanese delegation left at 1300 on 20 August and started back to Japan along the same route by which it had come. The homeward trip, however, was marred by an accident which caused a few anxious moments to the bearers of the surrender documents. The plane carrying the key emissaries had to make a forced landing on a beach near Hamamatsu, and it was not until seven hours after their scheduled time of return that the members of the mission were able to report the results of the Manila Conference to their waiting Premier. 54 It now remained for Japan to prepare itself to carry out
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the provisions of surrender and to accept a peaceful military occupation of the Homeland by Allied forces.
General MacArthur anticipated that, subject to weather conditions which would permit the necessary air and naval operations, the Instrument of Surrender would be signed within ten days. "It is my earnest hope," he announced after the departure of Japan's representatives from Manila, "that pending the formal accomplishment of the Instrument of Surrender, armistice conditions may prevail on every front and that bloodless surrender may be effectuated." 55
Reorganization of AFPAC
Simultaneously with President Truman's announcement of Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, a thorough reorganization of AFPAC forces was effected in preparation for the forthcoming Allied mission in Japan. On 15 August, General MacArthur ordered sweeping changes to strengthen Sixth and Eighth Armies and XXIV Corps (then with Tenth Army in the Ryukyus) for their imminent duties of occupation. (Plate No. 131)
The 11th Airborne Division had moved 800 miles by air with full combat equipment from Luzon to Okinawa in a record time of forty-four hours and had already passed to the control of General Eichelberger's Eighth Army. Eighth Army, which would institute the occupation unassisted until 22 September, was also given control of XI Corps with the Americal, 1st Cavalry, and 43rd Divisions and the 112th Regimental Combat Team, IX Corps with the 77th and 81st Divisions and the 158th Regimental Combat Team, and the 27th Division on Okinawa. In addition Eighth Army included XIV Corps, the 31st Division and the 368th Regimental Combat Team, taken from X Corps, and the 40th Division, taken from Sixth Army. 56
General Krueger's Sixth Army was mean while increased by the addition of V Amphibious Corps, with its 2nd, 3rd, and 5th Marine Divisions located in Saipan, Oahu, Guam, and Hawaii. General Krueger also assumed command of X Corps, with the 24th and 41st Divisions; the 6th Division from Eighth Army, and the 98th Division from AFMIDPAC were also transferred to Sixth Army.
XXIV Corps on Okinawa passed from Tenth Army to the direct control of AFPAC to operate independently as the occupation force in Korea, south of the 38 degree parallel. General MacArthur assigned the responsibility for the security of the Ryukyus to Army Service Command I (ASCOM-I) and directed AFWESPAC to assume combat responsibilities in the Southwest Pacific Area. Lt. Gen. Wilhelm D. Styer, Commanding General of AFWESPAC, established two commands to maintain security in the Philippines: the Luzon Area Command and the Southern Islands Area command. 57 The former SWPA commands, Allied Land Forces, Allied Naval Forces, and Allied Air Forces, were to be abolished with the signing of the surrender terms, at which time control of the southern portion of the Southwest Pacific Area would pass to the British. 58
Initiation of "Blacklist"
As the day of formal surrender drew near, all available troop transports of the Far East
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Organization of Major Ground Forces for the Occupation of Japan Proper
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Air Forces and dozens of the huge Skytrains and Skymasters of the Pacific Air Transport Command were massed at Okinawa to airlift the first occupation forces to Japan in the greatest aerial movement of the Pacific War. On 26 August, General Eichelberger transferred the Eighth Army Command Post from the eastern coastal plain of Leyte to Okinawa and prepared to lead the vanguard forces of the 11th Airborne and 27th Infantry Divisions onto Japanese soil. At this critical juncture, however, a typhoon raging through the Japanese Home Islands caused a delay in Japan's final preparations to receive the occupation forces and resulted in a two-day postponement of the preliminary landings, originally scheduled for 26 August.
The first American landings in Japan were made at 0900 on 28 August by a small airborne advance party of 150 communications experts and engineers. Deplaning at the large navy airfield at Atsugi, some twenty miles southwest of Tokyo, the daring little group fell immediately to the task of setting up the communications and other operational facilities for the swarms of four-engined planes that would bring the 11th Airborne Division to establish the American airhead in the Atsugi area. This advance group was followed three hours later by thirty-eight troop transports carrying protective combat forces and necessary supplies of gasoline, oil, and other equipment. 59
The main phase of the airborne operation began at dawn on 30 August. The first plane, bearing a regular forty-man load, touched the runway at 0600. Practically every three minutes thereafter throughout the day, American planes landed on the huge Japanese airfield, gliding down with clockwork precision and without a single mishap. By evening, 4,200 combat-equipped troops of the 11th Airborne were on the ground and strategically deployed to protect the airhead against any eventuality. 60
It was a great, though calculated, military gamble. The American elements, outnumbered by thousands to one, were landing in a hostile country where huge numbers of enemy soldiers still had access to their arms. The occupation plan was predicated upon the ability of the Emperor to maintain psychological control over his people and to quell any recalcitrant elements. It was doubtful that the majority of the Japanese people would disobey the Imperial command to surrender peaceably, but the possibility that certain dissident extremists would forcibly oppose the occupation despite all orders had to be carefully considered. 61
In view of the unpredictable reactions of the Japanese troops, General Eichelberger flew in to Atsugi early the first day to take personal command of the situation and to make preparations for the arrival of the Supreme Com-
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mander. Fortunately, all apprehensions proved groundless. There was no trouble; not a sign of resistance was apparent. The Japanese had stationed picked and trusted troops around the field and along the main roads of egress to provide security for the greatly outnumbered American soldiers. 62 General MacArthur's calculated risk had been well taken.
Shortly after 1400 a famous C-54-the name "Bataan" in large letters on its nose-circled the field and glided in for a landing. From it stepped General MacArthur, accompanied by General Sutherland and his other staff officers. The Supreme Commander's first words to General Eichelberger and the men of Eighth Army and the 11th Airborne Division who greeted him were:
From Melbourne to Tokyo is a long road. It has been a long and hard road, but this looks like the payoff. The surrender plans are going splendidly and completely according to previous arrangements. In all outlying areas, fighting has practically ceased.
In this area a week ago, there were 300,000 troops which have been disarmed and demobilized. The Japanese seem to be acting in complete good faith. There is every hope of the success of the capitulation without undue friction and without unnecessary bloodshed.
The entire operation proceeded smoothly. General MacArthur paused momentarily to inspect the airfield, then stepped into a waiting automobile for the drive to Yokohama. Thousands of Japanese troops were posted along the fifteen miles of road from Atsugi to Yokohama, to guard the route of the Allied motor cavalcade as it proceeded to the temporary SCAP Head-quarters in Japan's great seaport city. 63
Meanwhile, Admiral Halsey's Third Fleet, including the British warships, steamed into Japan's coastal waters and anchored in Sagami Bay on the 27th. Japanese naval officers met the incoming fleet units to receive instructions for the safe entry of the Allied Fleet into Tokyo Bay in accordance with General MacArthur's surrender directives. On 29 August, the Third Fleet moved forward into Tokyo Bay to prepare for the landings at Yokosuka.
As the 11th Airborne poured into Atsugi Airfield, troops of the 4th Marine Regimental Combat Team, 6th Marine Division, went ashore at Yokosuka Naval Base on the west bank of Tokyo Bay below Yokohama. Immediately after the airborne landing, elements of the 188th Parachute Glider Regiment sped to Yokohama to take control of the huge dock area. Other patrols of the airborne unit fanned out to the south, and contacted troops of the 4th Marines, whose landing was also completed without incident. The Marine Regiment passed to the control of the Commanding General, Eighth Army immediately after it disembarked. 64
The intensive preparation and excitement that attended these first landings on the Japanese mainland did not interfere with the mission of affording relief and rescue to the unfortunate Allied personnel already inside Japan as internees or prisoners. Despite the bad weather that delayed the occupation operation, units of the Far East Air Forces and planes from the Third Fleet continued their surveillance missions. On 25 August they began dropping relief supplies of food, medicine, and clothing to Allied soldiers and civilians in prisoner-of-war and internment camps throughout the main islands.
While the advance echelon of the occupation forces was still on Okinawa, "mercy teams" were organized to accompany the first elements of Eighth Army Headquarters. Immediately
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after the initial landings, these teams established contact with the Swiss and Swedish Legations, the International Red Cross, the United States Navy, and the Japanese Liaison Office and rushed to expedite the release and evacuation, where necessary, of the thousands of Allied internees. 65
By 31 August the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment had joined the 188th Paragliders in the Yokohama area and established contact with the 4th Marines at Yokosuka. The 187th Parachute Infantry Regiment had consolidated the Atsugi airhead to secure it as a base for subsequent air activities by the Far East Air Forces and to protect the incoming 27th Infantry Division, also to be airborne from Okinawa. 66
The Reconnaissance Troop of the 11th Airborne Division made a subsidiary airlift operation on 1 September, flying from Atsugi to Kisarazu Airfield. This airfield was occupied without incident. On the morning of 2 September, the 1st Cavalry Division began landing at Yokohama as the surrender ceremonies took place in Tokyo Bay. With the exception of Tokyo itself, most of the strategic areas along the shores of Tokyo Bay had by then been secured by Allied forces. 67
Tokyo Bay : 2 September 1945
Japan's formal capitulation to the Allies climaxed a week of historic events as the initial steps of the occupation program went into effect. The surrender ceremony took place aboard the Third Fleet flagship, U. S. S. Missouri, on the misty morning of Sunday, 2 September 1945. As the Missouri lay majestically at anchor in the calm waters of Tokyo Bay, convoys of large and small vessels formed a tight cordon around the surrender ship, while army and navy planes maintained a protective vigil overhead. This was the objective toward which the Allies had long been striving-the unconditional surrender of the previously undefeated military forces of Japan and the final end to conflict in World War II.
The decks of the Missouri that morning were crowded with the representatives of the various United Nations that had participated in the Pacific War. Outstanding among the Americans flanking General MacArthur were Admirals Nimitz and Halsey, and General Wainwright who had recently been released from a Manchurian internment camp, flown to Manila, and then brought aboard to witness the occasion. Present also were the veteran staff members who had fought with General MacArthur since the early dark days of Melbourne and Port Moresby.
Shortly before 0900 Tokyo time, a launch from the mainland pulled alongside the great United States warship and the emissaries of defeated Japan climbed silently and glumly aboard. The Japanese delegation included two representatives empowered to sign the Instrument of Surrender, Mamoru Shigemitsu, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Gen. Yoshijiro Umezu of the Imperial General Staff, in addition to three representatives from the Foreign Office, three representatives from the Army, and three representatives from the Navy. 68
As Supreme Commander for the Allied
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Powers, General MacArthur presided over the epoch-making ceremony, and with the following words he inaugurated the proceedings which would ring down the curtain of war in the Pacific:
We are gathered here, representatives of the major warring powers, to conclude a solemn agreement whereby peace may be restored. The issues, involving divergent ideals and ideologies, have been determined on the battlefields of the world and hence are not for our discussion or debate. Nor is it for us here to meet, representing as we do a majority of the people of the earth, in a spirit of distrust, malice or hatred. But rather it is for us, both victors and vanquished, to rise to that higher dignity which alone befits the sacred purposes we are about to serve, committing all our peoples unreservedly to faithful compliance with the understandings they are here formally to assume.
It is my earnest hope, and indeed the hope of all mankind, that from this solemn occasion a better world shall emerge out of the blood and carnage of the past-a world dedicated to the dignity of man and the fulfillment of his most cherished wish for freedom, tolerance and justice.
The terms and conditions upon which surrender of the Japanese Imperial Forces is here to be given and accepted are contained in the instrument of surrender now before you .... 69
The Supreme Commander then invited the two Japanese plenipotentiaries to sign the duplicate surrender documents: Foreign Minister Shigemitsu, on behalf of the Emperor and the Japanese Government, and General Umezu, for the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters. He then called forward two famous former prisoners of the Japanese to stand behind him while he himself affixed his signature to the formal acceptance of the surrender: Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright, hero of Bataan and Corregidor and Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur E. Percival, who had been forced to yield the British stronghold at Singapore.
General MacArthur was followed in turn by Admiral Nimitz, who signed on behalf of the United States, and by the representatives of the other United Nations present: Gen. Hsu Yung-Chang for China, Adm. Sir Bruce Fraser for the United Kingdom, Lt. Gen. Kuzma N. Derevyanko for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Gen. Sir Thomas A. Blarney for Australia, Col. L. Moore-Cosgrave for Canada, Gen. Jacques P. LeClerc for France, Adm. Conrad E. L. Helfrich for the Netherlands, and Air Vice-Marshall Leonard M. Isitt for New Zealand.
The Instrument of Surrender was completely signed within twenty minutes. (Plate No. 132) The first signature of the Japanese delegation was affixed at 0904; General MacArthur wrote his name at 0910; and the last of the Allied representatives signed at 0920. The Japanese envoys then received their copy of the surrender document, bowed stiffly and departed for Tokyo. Simultaneously, hundreds of army and navy planes roared low over the Missouri in one last display of massed air might.
In signing the Instrument of Surrender, the Japanese bound themselves to accept the provisions of the Potsdam Declaration, to surrender unconditionally their armed forces wherever located, to liberate all internees and prisoners of war, and to carry out all orders issued by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers to effectuate the terms of surrender.
On that same eventful day, the Supreme Commander broadcast a report to the people of the United States. Having been associated with Pacific events since the Russo-Japanese war, General MacArthur was able to speak with the authority of long experience to forecast a future for Japan:
We stand in Tokyo today reminiscent of our
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Surrender Document
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countryman, Commodore Perry, ninety-two years ago. His purpose was to bring to Japan an era of enlightenment and progress by lifting the veil of isolation to the friendship, trade and commerce of the world. But, alas, the knowledge thereby gained of Western science was forged into an instrument of oppression and human enslavement. Freedom of expression, freedom of action, even freedom of thought were denied through supervision of liberal education, through appeal to superstition and through the application of force. We are committed by the Potsdam Declaration of Principles to see that the Japanese people are liberated from this condition of slavery. It is my purpose to implement this commitment just as rapidly as the armed forces are demobilized and other essential steps taken to neutralize the war potential. The energy of the Japanese race, if properly directed, will enable expansion vertically rather than horizontally. If the talents of the race are turned into constructive channels, the country can lift itself from its present deplorable state into a position of dignity.... 70
Immediately following the signing of the surrender articles, the Imperial Proclamation of capitulation was issued. The Proclamation, the draft of which had been given to General Kawabe at Manila, read as follows:
Accepting the terms set forth in the Declaration issued by the heads of the Governments of the United States, Great Britain and China On July 26th 1945 at Potsdam and subsequently adhered to by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, We have commanded the Japanese Imperial Government and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters to sign on Our behalf the instrument of surrender presented by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers and to issue General Orders to the Military and Naval forces in accordance with the direction of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.
We command all Our people forthwith to cease hostilities, to lay down their arms and faithfully to carry out all the provisions of the Instrument of Surrender and the General Orders issued by the Japanese Imperial Government and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters hereunder. 71
Surrender throughout the SWPA Areas
In accordance with the Emperor's proclamation, Japanese army commanders took steps to surrender the millions of their forces in overseas areas. (Chart) Offensive action by U. S. troops had been suspended on 15 August with the announcement of Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. All fighting did not cease, however, since it took many days, and in some cases weeks, for the official word of surrender to be carried along the badly disrupted Japanese communication channels.
Various devices were employed by the American commanders to transmit the news of final defeat to the dispersed and isolated enemy troops. Plane-strewn leaflets, loudspeaker broadcasts, strategically placed signboards, prisoner-of-war volunteers-all helped in persuading reluctant Japanese to submit themselves peaceably in conformity with the Imperial Rescript.
General MacArthur ordered General Styer, commanding the Army Forces of the Western Pacific, to receive the surrender of the Japanese units remaining in the Philippines. Rounding up the remaining enemy forces, however, was not a simple task. The remnants of the enemy scattered throughout the islands were split into a number of independent groups, all of which were operating from the comparative security of the mountainous terrain of the interior. Although these troops doggedly attempted to continue fighting, their resistance was disorganized and relatively ineffective. Malnutrition,
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ESTIMATES OF JAPANESE STRENGTH AS OF AUGUST 1945
AREA
G-2 ESTIMATE OF ENEMY GROUND FORCES1
JAPANESE STRENGTH ESTIMATES
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Japanese foreign affairs minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on board USS Missouri as General Richard K. Sutherland watches, September 2, 1945
The surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2, 1945, brought the hostilities of World War II to a close. By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy was incapable of conducting operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent. While publicly stating their intent to fight on to the bitter end, Japan's leaders, (the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War , also known as the "Big Six"), were privately making entreaties to the neutral Soviet Union to mediate peace on terms favorable to the Japanese. Meanwhile, the Soviets were preparing to attack the Japanese, in fulfillment of their promises to the United States and the United Kingdom made at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences .
On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima . Late in the evening of August 8, 1945, in accordance with the Yalta agreements, but in violation of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, and soon after midnight on August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Later that same day, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time on the city of Nagasaki . The combined shock of these events caused Emperor Hirohito to intervene and order the Big Six to accept the terms for ending the war that the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration . After several more days of behind-the-scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'état , Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15. In the radio address, called the Gyokuon-hōsō ("Jewel Voice Broadcast"), he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies.
On August 28, the occupation of Japan by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers began. The surrender ceremony was held on September 2, aboard the United States Navy battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) , at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender , thereby ending the hostilities in World War II. Allied civilians and military personnel alike celebrated V-J Day , the end of the war; however, some isolated soldiers and personnel from Imperial Japan's far-flung forces throughout Asia and the Pacific islands refused to surrender for months and years afterwards, some even refusing into the 1970s. The role of the atomic bombings in Japan's surrender, and the ethics of the two attacks, is still debated . The state of war between Japan and the Allies formally ended when the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April 28, 1952. Four more years passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which formally brought an end to their state of war.
Contents
Main article: Japan campaign
Allied landings in the Pacific Theatre of Operations, August 1942 to August 1945
By 1945, the Japanese had suffered an unbroken string of defeats for nearly two years in the South West Pacific , the Marianas campaign , and the Philippines campaign . In July 1944, following the loss of Saipan , General Hideki Tōjō was replaced as prime minister by General Kuniaki Koiso , who declared that the Philippines would be the site of the decisive battle. [1] After the Japanese loss of the Philippines, Koiso in turn was replaced by Admiral Kantarō Suzuki . The Allies captured the nearby islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa in the first half of 1945. Okinawa was to be a staging area for Operation Downfall , the American invasion of the Japanese Home Islands . [2] Following Germany's defeat, the Soviet Union quietly began redeploying its battle-hardened European forces to the Far East, in addition to about forty divisions that had been stationed there since 1941, as a counterbalance to the million-strong Kwantung Army . [3]
The Allied submarine campaign and the mining of Japanese coastal waters had largely destroyed the Japanese merchant fleet. With few natural resources, Japan was dependent on raw materials, particularly oil, imported from Manchuria and other parts of the East Asian mainland, and from the conquered territory in the Dutch East Indies. [4] The destruction of the Japanese merchant fleet, combined with the strategic bombing of Japanese industry , had wrecked Japan's war economy. Production of coal, iron, steel, rubber, and other vital supplies was only a fraction of that before the war. [5] [6]
The rebuilt battle cruiser Haruna sank at her moorings in the naval base of Kure on July 24 during a series of bombings.
As a result of the losses it had suffered, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) had ceased to be an effective fighting force. Following a series of raids on the Japanese shipyard at Kure, Japan , the only major warships in fighting order were six aircraft carriers, four cruisers, and one battleship, none of which could be fueled adequately. Although 19 destroyers and 38 submarines were still operational, their use was limited by the lack of fuel. [7] [8]
Defense preparations
Edit
Faced with the prospect of an invasion of the Home Islands, starting with Kyūshū, and the prospect of a Soviet invasion of Manchuria—Japan's last source of natural resources—the War Journal of the Imperial Headquarters concluded:
We can no longer direct the war with any hope of success. The only course left is for Japan's one hundred million people to sacrifice their lives by charging the enemy to make them lose the will to fight. [9]
As a final attempt to stop the Allied advances, the Japanese Imperial High Command planned an all-out defense of Kyūshū codenamed Operation Ketsugō . [10] This was to be a radical departure from the defense in depth plans used in the invasions of Peleliu , Iwo Jima , and Okinawa . Instead, everything was staked on the beachhead; more than 3,000 kamikazes would be sent to attack the amphibious transports before troops and cargo were disembarked on the beach. [8]
If this did not drive the Allies away, they planned to send another 3,500 kamikazes along with 5,000 Shin'yō suicide boats and the remaining destroyers and submarines—"the last of the Navy's operating fleet"—to the beach. If the Allies had fought through this and successfully landed on Kyūshū, only 3,000 planes would have been left to defend the remaining islands, although Kyūshū would be "defended to the last" regardless. [8] A set of caves were excavated near Nagano. In the event of invasion, these caves, the Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters , were to be used by the army to direct the war and to house the emperor and his family. [11]
The strategy of making a last stand at Kyūshū was based on the assumption of continued Soviet neutrality. [12]
Supreme Council for the Direction of the War
Japanese policy-making centered on the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War (created in 1944 by earlier Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso ), the so-called "Big Six"—the Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs , Minister of the Army , Minister of the Navy , Chief of the Army General Staff, and Chief of the Navy General Staff. [13] At the formation of the Suzuki government in April 1945, the council's membership consisted of:
The Suzuki cabinet in June 1945
Minister of Foreign Affairs: Shigenori Tōgō
Minister of the Army: General Korechika Anami
Minister of the Navy: Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai
Chief of the Army General Staff: General Yoshijirō Umezu
Chief of the Navy General Staff: Admiral Koshirō Oikawa (later replaced by Admiral Soemu Toyoda )
All of these positions were nominally appointed by the Emperor and their holders were answerable directly to him. Nevertheless, from 1936 the Japanese Army and Navy held, effectively, a legal right to nominate (or refuse to nominate) their respective ministers. Thus, they could prevent the formation of undesirable governments, or by resignation bring about the collapse of an existing government. [14] [15]
Emperor Hirohito and Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal Kōichi Kido also were present at some of the meetings, following the emperor's wishes. [16] As Iris Chang reports, "the Japanese deliberately destroyed, hid or falsified most of their secret wartime documents." [17] [18]
Divisions within the Japanese leadership
Edit
For the most part, Suzuki's military-dominated cabinet favored continuing the war. For the Japanese, surrender was unthinkable—Japan had never been invaded or lost a war in its history. [19] Only Mitsumasa Yonai, the Navy minister, was known to desire an early end to the war. [20] According to historian Richard B. Frank :
Although Suzuki might indeed have seen peace as a distant goal, he had no design to achieve it within any immediate time span or on terms acceptable to the Allies. His own comments at the conference of senior statesmen gave no hint that he favored any early cessation of the war ... Suzuki's selections for the most critical cabinet posts were, with one exception, not advocates of peace either. [21]
After the war, Suzuki and others from his government and their apologists claimed they were secretly working towards peace, and could not publicly advocate it. They cite the Japanese concept of haragei—"the art of hidden and invisible technique"—to justify the dissonance between their public actions and alleged behind-the-scenes work. However, many historians reject this. Robert J. C. Butow wrote:
Because of its very ambiguity, the plea of haragei invites the suspicion that in questions of politics and diplomacy a conscious reliance upon this 'art of bluff' may have constituted a purposeful deception predicated upon a desire to play both ends against the middle. While this judgment does not accord with the much-lauded character of Admiral Suzuki, the fact remains that from the moment he became Premier until the day he resigned no one could ever be quite sure of what Suzuki would do or say next. [22]
Japanese leaders had always envisioned a negotiated settlement to the war. Their prewar planning expected a rapid expansion and consolidation, an eventual conflict with the United States, and finally a settlement in which they would be able to retain at least some of the new territory they had conquered. [23] By 1945, Japan's leaders were in agreement that the war was going badly, but they disagreed over the best means to negotiate its end. There were two camps: the so-called "peace" camp favored a diplomatic initiative to persuade Joseph Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union, to mediate a settlement between the Allies and Japan; and the hardliners who favored fighting one last "decisive" battle that would inflict so many casualties on the Allies that they would be willing to offer more lenient terms. [1] Both approaches were based on Japan's experience in the Russo–Japanese War , forty years earlier, which consisted of a series of costly but largely indecisive battles, followed by the decisive naval Battle of Tsushima . [24]
As prime minister, Admiral Kantarō Suzuki headed the Japanese government in the final months of the war.
In February 1945, Prince Fumimaro Konoe gave Emperor Hirohito a memorandum analyzing the situation, and told him that if the war continued, the imperial family might be in greater danger from an internal revolution than from defeat. [25] According to the diary of Grand Chamberlain Hisanori Fujita , the emperor, looking for a decisive battle (tennōzan), replied that it was premature to seek peace "unless we make one more military gain". [26] Also in February, Japan's treaty division wrote about Allied policies towards Japan regarding "unconditional surrender, occupation, disarmament, elimination of militarism, democratic reforms, punishment of war criminals, and the status of the emperor." [27] Allied-imposed disarmament, Allied punishment of Japanese war criminals, and especially occupation and removal of the emperor, were not acceptable to the Japanese leadership. [28] [29]
On April 5, the Soviet Union gave the required 12 months' notice that it would not renew the five-year Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact [30] (which had been signed in 1941 following the Nomonhan Incident ). [31] Unknown to the Japanese, at the Tehran Conference in November–December 1943, it had been agreed that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan once Nazi Germany was defeated. At the Yalta conference in February 1945, the United States had made substantial concessions to the Soviets to secure a promise that they would declare war on Japan within three months of the surrender of Germany. Although the five-year Neutrality Pact did not expire until April 5, 1946, the announcement caused the Japanese great concern, because Japan had amassed its forces in the South to repel the inevitable US attack, thus leaving its Northern islands vulnerable to Soviet invasion. [32] [33] Russian Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov, in Moscow, and Yakov Malik , Soviet ambassador in Tokyo, went to great lengths to assure the Japanese that "the period of the Pact's validity has not ended". [34]
Foreign Minister Shigenori Tōgō
At a series of high-level meetings in May, the Big Six first seriously discussed ending the war—but none of them on terms that would have been acceptable to the Allies. Because anyone openly supporting Japanese surrender risked assassination by zealous army officers, the meetings were closed to anyone except the Big Six, the Emperor, and the Privy Seal—no second- or third-echelon officers could attend. [35] At these meetings, despite the dispatches from Japanese ambassador Satō in Moscow, only Foreign minister Tōgō realized the possibility that Roosevelt and Churchill might have already made concessions to Stalin to bring the Soviets into the war against Japan. [36] As a result of these meetings, Tōgō was authorized to approach the Soviet Union, seeking to maintain its neutrality, or (despite the very remote probability) to form an alliance. [37]
In keeping with the custom of a new government declaring its purposes, following the May meetings the Army staff produced a document, "The Fundamental Policy to Be Followed Henceforth in the Conduct of the War," which stated that the Japanese people would fight to extinction rather than surrender. This policy was adopted by the Big Six on June 6. (Tōgō opposed it, while the other five supported it.) [38] Documents submitted by Suzuki at the same meeting suggested that, in the diplomatic overtures to the USSR, Japan adopt the following approach:
It should be clearly made known to Russia that she owes her victory over Germany to Japan, since we remained neutral, and that it would be to the advantage of the Soviets to help Japan maintain her international position, since they have the United States as an enemy in the future. [39]
On June 9, the emperor's confidant Marquis Kōichi Kido wrote a "Draft Plan for Controlling the Crisis Situation," warning that by the end of the year Japan's ability to wage modern war would be extinguished and the government would be unable to contain civil unrest. "... We cannot be sure we will not share the fate of Germany and be reduced to adverse circumstances under which we will not attain even our supreme object of safeguarding the Imperial Household and preserving the national polity." [40] Kido proposed that the emperor take action, by offering to end the war on "very generous terms." Kido proposed that Japan withdraw from the formerly European colonies it had occupied provided they were granted independence, that Japan disarm provided this not occur under Allied supervision, and that Japan for a time be "content with minimum defense." Kido's proposal did not contemplate Allied occupation of Japan, prosecution of war criminals or substantial change in Japan's system of government. With the emperor's authorization, Kido approached several members of the Supreme Council , the "Big Six." Tōgō was very supportive. Suzuki and Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai , the Navy minister , were both cautiously supportive; each wondered what the other thought. General Korechika Anami , the Army minister , was ambivalent, insisting that diplomacy must wait until "after the United States has sustained heavy losses" in Ketsugō . [41]
In June, the emperor lost confidence in the chances of achieving a military victory. The Battle of Okinawa was lost, and he learned of the weakness of the Japanese army in China, of the Kwantung Army in Manchuria, of the navy, and of the army defending the Home Islands. The emperor received a report by Prince Higashikuni from which he concluded that "it was not just the coast defense; the divisions reserved to engage in the decisive battle also did not have sufficient numbers of weapons." [42] According to the Emperor:
I was told that the iron from bomb fragments dropped by the enemy was being used to make shovels. This confirmed my opinion that we were no longer in a position to continue the war. [42]
On June 22, the emperor summoned the Big Six to a meeting. Unusually, he spoke first: "I desire that concrete plans to end the war, unhampered by existing policy, be speedily studied and that efforts made to implement them." [43] It was agreed to solicit Soviet aid in ending the war. Other neutral nations, such as Switzerland, Sweden, and the Vatican City, were known to be willing to play a role in making peace, but they were so small they were believed unable to do more than deliver the Allies' terms of surrender and Japan's acceptance or rejection. The Japanese hoped that the Soviet Union could be persuaded to act as an agent for Japan in negotiations with America and Britain. [44]
Attempts to deal with the Soviet Union
Naotake Satō
On June 30, Tōgō told Naotake Satō , Japan's ambassador in Moscow, to try to establish "firm and lasting relations of friendship." Satō was to discuss the status of Manchuria and "any matter the Russians would like to bring up." [45] The Soviets were well aware of the situation and of their promises to the Allies, and they employed delaying tactics to encourage the Japanese without promising anything. Satō finally met with Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov on July 11, but without result. On July 12, Tōgō directed Satō to tell the Soviets that:
His Majesty the Emperor, mindful of the fact that the present war daily brings greater evil and sacrifice upon the peoples of all the belligerent powers, desires from his heart that it may be quickly terminated. But so long as England and the United States insist upon unconditional surrender, the Japanese Empire has no alternative but to fight on with all its strength for the honor and existence of the Motherland. [46]
The emperor proposed sending Prince Konoe as a special envoy, although he would be unable to reach Moscow before the Potsdam Conference .
Satō advised Tōgō that in reality, "unconditional surrender or terms closely equivalent thereto" was all that Japan could expect. Moreover, in response to Molotov's requests for specific proposals, Satō suggested that Tōgō's messages were not "clear about the views of the Government and the Military with regard to the termination of the war," thus questioning whether Tōgō's initiative was supported by the key elements of Japan's power structure. [47]
On July 17, Tōgō responded:
Although the directing powers, and the government as well, are convinced that our war strength still can deliver considerable blows to the enemy, we are unable to feel absolutely secure peace of mind ... Please bear particularly in mind, however, that we are not seeking the Russians' mediation for anything like an unconditional surrender. [48]
In reply, Satō clarified:
It goes without saying that in my earlier message calling for unconditional surrender or closely equivalent terms, I made an exception of the question of preserving [the imperial family]. [49]
On July 21, speaking in the name of the cabinet, Tōgō repeated:
With regard to unconditional surrender we are unable to consent to it under any circumstances whatever. ... It is in order to avoid such a state of affairs that we are seeking a peace, ... through the good offices of Russia. ... it would also be disadvantageous and impossible, from the standpoint of foreign and domestic considerations, to make an immediate declaration of specific terms. [50]
American cryptographers had broken most of Japan's codes, including the Purple code used by the Japanese Foreign Office to encode high-level diplomatic correspondence. As a result, messages between Tokyo and Japan's embassies were provided to Allied policy-makers nearly as quickly as to the intended recipients. [51]
Soviet intentions
Main article: Soviet–Japanese War (1945)
Security concerns dominated Soviet decisions concerning the Far East. [52] Chief among these was gaining unrestricted access to the Pacific Ocean. The year-round ice-free areas of the Soviet Pacific coastline—Vladivostok in particular—could be blockaded by air and sea from Sakhalin island and the Kurile Islands. Acquiring these territories, thus guaranteeing free access to the Soya Strait , was their primary objective. [53] [54] Secondary objectives were leases for the Chinese Eastern Railway , Southern Manchuria Railway , Dairen , and Port Arthur. [55]
To this end, Stalin and Molotov strung out the negotiations with the Japanese, giving them false hope of a Soviet-mediated peace. [56] At the same time, in their dealings with the United States and Britain, the Soviets insisted on strict adherence to the Cairo Declaration , re-affirmed at the Yalta Conference , that the Allies would not accept separate or conditional peace with Japan. The Japanese would have to surrender unconditionally to all the Allies. To prolong the war, the Soviets opposed any attempt to weaken this requirement. [56] This would give the Soviets time to complete the transfer of their troops from the Western Front to the Far East, and conquer Manchuria ( Manchukuo ), Inner Mongolia ( Mengjiang ), Korea, Sakhalin, the Kuriles, and possibly, Hokkaidō [57] (starting with a landing at Rumoi ). [58]
Manhattan Project
Main article: Manhattan Project
In 1939, Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd wrote a letter to President Roosevelt warning him that the Germans might be researching the development of atomic weaponry and that it was necessary that the United States fund research and development of its own such project. Roosevelt agreed, and the result was the Manhattan Project —a top-secret research program administered by General Leslie Groves , with scientific direction from J. Robert Oppenheimer . The first bomb was tested successfully in the Trinity explosion on July 16, 1945.
As the project neared its conclusion, American planners began to consider the use of the bomb. Groves formed a committee that met in April and May 1945 to draw up a list of targets. One of the primary criteria was that the target cities must not have been damaged by conventional bombing. This would allow for an accurate assessment of the damage done by the atomic bomb. [59]
The targeting committee's list included 18 Japanese cities. At the top of the list were Kyoto, Hiroshima, Yokohama, Kokura, and Niigata. [60] [61] Ultimately, Kyoto was removed from the list at the insistence of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , who had visited the city on his honeymoon and knew of its cultural and historical significance. [62]
In May, Harry S. Truman (who had become president upon Franklin Roosevelt's death on April 12) approved the formation of an "Interim Committee" , an advisory group that would report on the atomic bomb. [61] It consisted of George L. Harrison , Vannevar Bush , James Bryant Conant , Karl Taylor Compton , William L. Clayton , and Ralph Austin Bard , advised by scientists Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi , Ernest Lawrence , and Arthur Compton . In a June 1 report, the Committee concluded that the bomb should be used as soon as possible against a war plant surrounded by workers' homes, and that no warning or demonstration should be given. [63]
The Committee's mandate did not include the use of the bomb—its use upon completion was presumed. [64] Following a protest by scientists involved in the project, in the form of the Franck Report , the Committee re-examined the use of the bomb. In a June 21 meeting, it reaffirmed that there was no alternative. [65]
Events at Potsdam
Main article: Potsdam Conference
The leaders of the major Allied powers met at the Potsdam Conference from July 16 to August 2, 1945. The participants were the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States , represented by Stalin, Winston Churchill (later Clement Attlee ), and Truman respectively.
Negotiations
Edit
Although the Potsdam Conference was mainly concerned with European affairs, the war against Japan was also discussed in detail. Truman learned of the successful Trinity test early in the conference, and shared this information with the British delegation. The successful test caused the American delegation to reconsider the necessity and wisdom of Soviet participation, for which the U.S. had lobbied hard at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences . [66] High on the United States' list of priorities was shortening the war and reducing American casualties—Soviet intervention seemed likely to do both, but at the cost of possibly allowing the Soviets to capture territory beyond that which had been promised to them at Tehran and Yalta, and causing a postwar division of Japan similar to that which had occurred in Germany . [67]
In dealing with Stalin, Truman decided to give the Soviet leader vague hints about the existence of a powerful new weapon without going into details. However, the other Allies were unaware that Soviet intelligence had penetrated the Manhattan Project in its early stages, so Stalin already knew of the existence of the atomic bomb, but did not appear impressed by its potential. [68]
The Potsdam Declaration
Edit
It was decided to issue a statement, the Potsdam Declaration , defining "Unconditional Surrender" and clarifying what it meant for the position of the emperor and for Hirohito personally. The American and British governments strongly disagreed on this point—the United States wanted to abolish the position and possibly try him as a war criminal, while the British wanted to retain the position, perhaps with Hirohito still reigning. The Potsdam Declaration went through many drafts until a version acceptable to all was found. [69]
On July 26, the United States, Britain and China released the Potsdam Declaration announcing the terms for Japan's surrender, with the warning, "We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives. We shall brook no delay." For Japan, the terms of the declaration specified:
the elimination "for all time [of] the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest"
the occupation of "points in Japanese territory to be designated by the Allies"
"Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine." As had been announced in the Cairo Declaration in 1943, Japan was to be reduced to her pre-1894 territory and stripped of her pre-war empire including Korea and Taiwan, as well as all her recent conquests.
"The Japanese military forces shall be completely disarmed"
"stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals , including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners"
A session of the Potsdam Conference – those pictured include Clement Attlee , Ernest Bevin , Vyacheslav Molotov, Joseph Stalin , William D. Leahy , James F. Byrnes , and Harry S. Truman
On the other hand, the declaration stated that:
"We do not intend that the Japanese shall be enslaved as a race or destroyed as a nation, ... The Japanese Government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people. Freedom of speech , of religion, and of thought , as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established."
"Japan shall be permitted to maintain such industries as will sustain her economy and permit the exaction of just reparations in kind, ... Japanese participation in world trade relations shall be permitted."
"The occupying forces of the Allies shall be withdrawn from Japan as soon as these objectives have been accomplished and there has been established in accordance with the freely expressed will of the Japanese people a peacefully inclined and responsible government.
The only use of the term "unconditional surrender" came at the end of the declaration:
"We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction."
Contrary to what had been intended at its conception, the Declaration made no mention of the emperor at all. Allied intentions on issues of utmost importance to the Japanese, including whether Hirohito was to be regarded as one of those who had "misled the people of Japan" or even a war criminal, or alternatively, whether the emperor might become part of a "peacefully inclined and responsible government" were thus left unstated.
The "prompt and utter destruction" clause has been interpreted as a veiled warning about American possession of the atomic bomb (which had been tested successfully on the first day of the conference). [70]
Japanese reaction
Edit
On July 27, the Japanese government considered how to respond to the Declaration. The four military members of the Big Six wanted to reject it, but Tōgō persuaded the cabinet not to do so until he could get a reaction from the Soviets. In a telegram, Shun'ichi Kase , Japan's ambassador to Switzerland, observed that "unconditional surrender" applied only to the military and not to the government or the people, and he pleaded that it should be understood that the careful language of Potsdam appeared "to have occasioned a great deal of thought" on the part of the signatory governments—"they seem to have taken pains to save face for us on various points." [71] The next day, Japanese newspapers reported that the Declaration, the text of which had been broadcast and dropped by leaflet into Japan, had been rejected. In an attempt to manage public perception, Prime Minister Suzuki met with the press, and stated:
I consider the Joint Proclamation a rehash of the Declaration at the Cairo Conference. As for the Government, it does not attach any important value to it at all. The only thing to do is just kill it with silence (mokusatsu). We will do nothing but press on to the bitter end to bring about a successful completion of the war. [72]
The meaning of mokusatsu , literally "kill with silence," can range from "ignore" to "treat with contempt"—which fairly accurately described the range of reactions within the government. [72] But Suzuki's statement, particularly its final sentence, leaves little room for misinterpretation and was taken as a rejection by the press, both in Japan and abroad, and no further statement was made in public or through diplomatic channels to alter this understanding.[ citation needed ]
On July 30, Ambassador Satō wrote that Stalin was probably talking to Roosevelt and Churchill about his dealings with Japan, and he wrote: "There is no alternative but immediate unconditional surrender if we are to prevent Russia's participation in the war." [73] On August 2, Tōgō wrote to Satō: "it should not be difficult for you to realize that ... our time to proceed with arrangements of ending the war before the enemy lands on the Japanese mainland is limited, on the other hand it is difficult to decide on concrete peace conditions here at home all at once." [74]
Hiroshima, Manchuria, and Nagasaki
Truman announcing the bombing of Hiroshima
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On the morning of August 6, the Enola Gay , a Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets , dropped an atomic bomb (code-named Little Boy by the U.S.) on the city of Hiroshima in southwest Honshū. Throughout the day, confused reports reached Tokyo that Hiroshima had been the target of an air raid, which had leveled the city with a "blinding flash and violent blast". Later that day, they received U.S. President Truman 's broadcast announcing the first use of an atomic bomb , and promising:
We are now prepared to obliterate more rapidly and completely every productive enterprise the Japanese have above ground in any city. We shall destroy their docks, their factories, and their communications. Let there be no mistake; we shall completely destroy Japan's power to make war. It was to spare the Japanese people from utter destruction that the ultimatum of July 26 was issued at Potsdam. Their leaders promptly rejected that ultimatum. If they do not now accept our terms they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth ... [75]
At first, some refused to believe the United States had built an atomic bomb. The Japanese Army and Navy had their own independent atomic-bomb programs and therefore the Japanese understood enough to know how very difficult building it would be. [76] Admiral Soemu Toyoda , the Chief of the Naval General Staff, argued that even if the United States had made one, they could not have many more. [77] American strategists, having anticipated a reaction like Toyoda's, planned to drop a second bomb shortly after the first, to convince the Japanese that the U.S. had a large supply. [61] [78]
August 8–9: Soviet invasion and Nagasaki
At 04:00 on August 9 word reached Tokyo that the Soviet Union had broken the Neutrality Pact , [30] declared war on Japan , [79] and launched an invasion of Manchuria . [80]
Atomic bombing of Nagasaki
These "twin shocks"—the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and the Soviet entry—had immediate profound effects on Prime Minister Suzuki and Foreign Minister Tōgō Shigenori, who concurred that the government must end the war at once. [81] However, the senior leadership of the Japanese Army took the news in stride, grossly underestimating the scale of the attack. With the support of Minister of War Anami , they started preparing to impose martial law on the nation, to stop anyone attempting to make peace. [82] Hirohito told Kido to "quickly control the situation" because "the Soviet Union has declared war and today began hostilities against us." [83]
The Supreme Council met at 10:30. Suzuki, who had just come from a meeting with the emperor, said it was impossible to continue the war. Tōgō Shigenori said that they could accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration but needed a guarantee of the emperor's position. Navy Minister Yonai said that they had to make some diplomatic proposal—they could no longer afford to wait for better circumstances.
In the middle of the meeting, shortly after 11:00, news arrived that Nagasaki, on the west coast of Kyūshū, had been hit by a second atomic bomb (called " Fat Man " by the United States). By the time the meeting ended, the Big Six had split 3–3. Suzuki, Tōgō, and Admiral Yonai favored Tōgō's one additional condition to Potsdam, while Generals Anami, Umezu , and Admiral Toyoda insisted on three further terms that modified Potsdam: that Japan handle their own disarmament, that Japan deal with any Japanese war criminals, and that there be no occupation of Japan. [84]
Imperial intervention, Allied response, and Japanese reply
War Minister Korechika Anami
The full cabinet met on 14:30 on August 9, and spent most of the day debating surrender. As the Big Six had done, the cabinet split, with neither Tōgō's position nor Anami's attracting a majority. [85] Anami told the other cabinet ministers that, under torture, a captured American B-29 pilot had told his interrogators that the United States possessed 100 atom bombs and that Tokyo and Kyoto would be bombed "in the next few days". The pilot, Marcus McDilda, was lying. He knew nothing of the Manhattan Project and simply told his interrogators what he thought they wanted to hear to end the torture. The lie, which caused him to be classified as a high-priority prisoner, probably saved him from beheading. [86] In reality, the United States would have had the third bomb ready for use around August 19, and a fourth in September 1945. [87] The third bomb probably would have been used against Tokyo. [88]
The cabinet meeting adjourned at 17:30 with no consensus. A second meeting lasting from 18:00 to 22:00 also ended with no consensus. Following this second meeting, Suzuki and Tōgō met the emperor, and Suzuki proposed an impromptu Imperial conference , which started just before midnight on the night of August 9–10. [89] Suzuki presented Anami's four-condition proposal as the consensus position of the Supreme Council. The other members of the Supreme Council spoke, as did Kiichirō Hiranuma , the president of the Privy Council, who outlined Japan's inability to defend itself and also described the country's domestic problems, such as the shortage of food. The cabinet debated, but again no consensus emerged. At around 02:00 (August 10), Suzuki finally addressed Emperor Hirohito, asking him to decide between the two positions. The participants later recollected that the emperor stated:
I have given serious thought to the situation prevailing at home and abroad and have concluded that continuing the war can only mean destruction for the nation and prolongation of bloodshed and cruelty in the world. I cannot bear to see my innocent people suffer any longer. ...
I was told by those advocating a continuation of hostilities that by June new divisions would be in place in fortified positions [at Kujūkuri Beach, east of Tokyo] ready for the invader when he sought to land. It is now August and the fortifications still have not been completed. ...
There are those who say the key to national survival lies in a decisive battle in the homeland. The experiences of the past, however, show that there has always been a discrepancy between plans and performance. I do not believe that the discrepancy in the case of Kujūkuri can be rectified. Since this is also the shape of things, how can we repel the invaders? [He then made some specific reference to the increased destructiveness of the atomic bomb]
It goes without saying that it is unbearable for me to see the brave and loyal fighting men of Japan disarmed. It is equally unbearable that others who have rendered me devoted service should now be punished as instigators of the war. Nevertheless, the time has come to bear the unbearable. ...
I swallow my tears and give my sanction to the proposal to accept the Allied proclamation on the basis outlined by the Foreign Minister. [90]
According to General Sumihisa Ikeda and Admiral Zenshirō Hoshina, Privy Council President Kiichirō Hiranuma then turned to the emperor and asked him: "Your majesty, you also bear responsibility (sekinin) for this defeat. What apology are you going to make to the heroic spirits of the imperial founder of your house and your other imperial ancestors?" [91]
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Japan's Surrender Communiqués
Once the emperor had left, Suzuki pushed the cabinet to accept the emperor's will, which it did. Early that morning (August 10), the Foreign Ministry sent telegrams to the Allies (by way of the Swiss Federal Political Department and Max Grässli in particular) announcing that Japan would accept the Potsdam Declaration, but would not accept any peace conditions that would "prejudice the prerogatives" of the emperor. That effectively meant no change in Japan's form of government [92] —that the Emperor of Japan would remain a position of real power.
August 12
Edit
The Allied response was written by James F. Byrnes and approved by the British, Chinese, and Soviet governments, although the Soviets agreed only reluctantly. The Allies sent their response (via the Swiss Political Affairs Department) to Japan's qualified acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration on August 12. On the status of the emperor it said:
From the moment of surrender the authority of the Emperor and the Japanese government to rule the state shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied powers who will take such steps as he deems proper to effectuate the surrender terms. ...The ultimate form of government of Japan shall, in accordance with the Potsdam Declaration, be established by the freely expressed will of the Japanese people. [93]
President Truman ordered military operations (including the B-29 bombings) to continue until official word of Japanese surrender was received. However, news correspondents incorrectly interpreted a comment by Carl Andrew Spaatz that the B-29s were not flying on August 11 (because of bad weather) as a statement that a ceasefire was in effect. To avoid giving the Japanese the impression that the Allies had abandoned peace efforts and resumed bombing, Truman then ordered a halt to further bombings. [94] [95]
The Japanese cabinet considered the Allied response, and Suzuki argued that they must reject it and insist on an explicit guarantee for the imperial system. Anami returned to his position that there be no occupation of Japan. Afterward, Tōgō told Suzuki that there was no hope of getting better terms, and Kido conveyed the emperor's will that Japan surrender. In a meeting with the emperor, Yonai spoke of his concerns about growing civil unrest:
I think the term is inappropriate, but the atomic bombs and the Soviet entry into the war are, in a sense, divine gifts. This way we don't have to say that we have quit the war because of domestic circumstances. [96]
That day, Hirohito informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender. One of his uncles, Prince Asaka , then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai (imperial sovereignty) could not be preserved. The emperor simply replied "of course." [97] [98]
August 13–14
Edit
The Big Six and the cabinet spent August 13 debating their reply to the Allied response, but remained deadlocked. Meanwhile, the Allies grew doubtful, waiting for the Japanese to respond. The Japanese had been instructed that they could transmit an unqualified acceptance in the clear , but in fact they sent out coded messages on matters unrelated to the surrender parlay. The Allies took this coded response as non-acceptance of the terms. [99]
Via Ultra intercepts, the Allies also detected increased diplomatic and military traffic, which was taken as evidence that the Japanese were preparing an "all-out banzai attack ." [99] President Truman ordered a resumption of attacks against Japan at maximum intensity "so as to impress Japanese officials that we mean business and are serious in getting them to accept our peace proposals without delay." [99] The United States Third Fleet began shelling the Japanese coast . In the largest bombing raid of the Pacific War , more than 400 B-29s attacked Japan during daylight on August 14, and more than 300 that night. [100] A total of 1,014 aircraft were used with no losses. [101]
In the longest bombing mission of the war, [102] B-29s from the 315 Bombardment Wing flew 3,800 miles to destroy the Nippon Oil Company refinery at Tsuchizaki on the northern tip of Honshū. This was the last operational refinery in the Japan Home Islands and it produced 67% of their oil. [103] After the war, the bombing raids were justified as already in progress when word of the Japanese surrender was received, but this is only partially true. [104]
A leaflet dropped on Japan after the bombing of Hiroshima. The leaflet says, in part: The Japanese people are facing an extremely important autumn. Your military leaders were presented with thirteen articles for surrender by our three-country alliance to put an end to this unprofitable war. This proposal was ignored by your army leaders... [T]he United States has developed an atom bomb, which had not been done by any nation before. It has been determined to employ this frightening bomb. One atom bomb has the destructive power of 2000 B-29s.
At the suggestion of American psychological operations experts, B-29s spent August 13 dropping leaflets over Japan, describing the Japanese offer of surrender and the Allied response. [99] The leaflets had a profound effect on the Japanese decision-making process. As August 14 dawned, Suzuki, Kido, and the emperor realized the day would end with either an acceptance of the American terms or a military coup. [105]
The emperor met with the most senior Army and Navy officers. While several spoke in favor of fighting on, Field Marshal Shunroku Hata did not. As commander of the Second General Army , the headquarters of which had been in Hiroshima, Hata commanded all the troops defending southern Japan—the troops preparing to fight the "decisive battle". Hata said he had no confidence in defeating the invasion and did not dispute the emperor's decision. The emperor asked his military leaders to cooperate with him in ending the war. [105]
At a conference with the cabinet and other councilors, Anami, Toyoda, and Umezu again made their case for continuing to fight, after which the emperor said:
I have listened carefully to each of the arguments presented in opposition to the view that Japan should accept the Allied reply as it stands and without further clarification or modification, but my own thoughts have not undergone any change. ... In order that the people may know my decision, I request you to prepare at once an imperial rescript so that I may broadcast to the nation. Finally, I call upon each and every one of you to exert himself to the utmost so that we may meet the trying days which lie ahead. [106]
The cabinet immediately convened and unanimously ratified the emperor's wishes. They also decided to destroy vast amounts of material pertaining to war crimes and the war responsibility of the nation's highest leaders. [107] Immediately after the conference, the Foreign ministry transmitted orders to its embassies in Switzerland and Sweden to accept the Allied terms of surrender. These orders were picked up and received in Washington at 02:49, August 14. [106]
The text of the Imperial Rescript on surrender was finalized by 19:00,[ Clarification needed ] transcribed by the official court calligrapher, and brought to the cabinet for their signatures. Around 23:00, the emperor, with help from an NHK recording crew, made a gramophone record of himself reading it. [108] The record was given to court chamberlain Yoshihiro Tokugawa , who hid it in a locker in the empress 's secretary's office. [109]
Attempted military coup d'état (August 12–15)
Main article: Kyūjō Incident
Kenji Hatanaka , leader of the coup d'état
Late on the night of August 12, 1945, Major Kenji Hatanaka , along with Lieutenant Colonels Masataka Ida , Masahiko Takeshita (Anami's brother-in-law), and Inaba Masao , and Colonel Okitsugu Arao , the Chief of the Military Affairs Section, spoke to War Minister Korechika Anami (the army minister and "most powerful figure in Japan besides the Emperor himself"), [110] and asked him to do whatever he could to prevent acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. General Anami refused to say whether he would help the young officers in treason. [111] As much as they needed his support, Hatanaka and the other rebels decided they had no choice but to continue planning and to attempt a coup d'état on their own. Hatanaka spent much of August 13 and the morning of August 14 gathering allies, seeking support from the higher-ups in the Ministry, and perfecting his plot. [112]
Shortly after the conference on the night of August 13–14 at which the surrender finally was decided, a group of senior army officers including Anami gathered in a nearby room. All those present were concerned about the possibility of a coup d'état to prevent the surrender—some of those present may have even been considering launching one. After a silence, General Torashirō Kawabe proposed that all senior officers present sign an agreement to carry out the emperor's order of surrender—"The Army will act in accordance with the Imperial Decision to the last." It was signed by all the high-ranking officers present, including Anami, Hajime Sugiyama , Yoshijirō Umezu , Kenji Doihara , Torashirō Kawabe , Masakazu Kawabe , and Tadaichi Wakamatsu . "This written accord by the most senior officers in the Army, in addition to Anami's announcement,[ vague ]
acted as a formidable firebreak against any attempt to incite a coup d'état in Tokyo." [113]
The coup collapsed after Shizuichi Tanaka convinced the rebellious officers to go home. Tanaka committed suicide nine days later.
Around 21:30 on August 14, Hatanaka's rebels set their plan into motion. The Second Regiment of the First Imperial Guards had entered the palace grounds, doubling the strength of the battalion already stationed there, presumably to provide extra protection against Hatanaka's rebellion. But Hatanaka, along with Lt. Col. Jirō Shiizaki , convinced the commander of the 2nd Regiment of the First Imperial Guards, Colonel Toyojirō Haga, of their cause, by telling him (falsely) that Generals Anami and Umezu, and the commanders of the Eastern District Army and Imperial Guards Divisions were all in on the plan. Hatanaka also went to the office of Shizuichi Tanaka , commander of the Eastern region of the army, to try to persuade him to join the coup. Tanaka refused, and ordered Hatanaka to go home. Hatanaka ignored the order. [109]
Originally, Hatanaka hoped that simply occupying the palace and showing the beginnings of a rebellion would inspire the rest of the Army to rise up against the move to surrender. This notion guided him through much of the last days and hours and gave him the blind optimism to move ahead with the plan, despite having little support from his superiors. Having set all the pieces into position, Hatanaka and his co-conspirators decided that the Guard would take over the palace at 02:00. The hours until then were spent in continued attempts to convince their superiors in the Army to join the coup. At about the same time, General Anami committed seppuku , leaving a message that, "I—with my death—humbly apologize to the Emperor for the great crime." [114] Whether the crime involved losing the war, or the coup, remains unclear. [115]
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Imperial Guards Division Strategic Order No. 584
At some time after 01:00, Hatanaka and his men surrounded the palace. Hatanaka, Shiizaki and Captain Shigetarō Uehara (of the Air Force Academy) went to the office of Lt. General Takeshi Mori to ask him to join the coup. Mori was in a meeting with his brother-in-law, Michinori Shiraishi . The cooperation of Mori, as commander of the 1st Imperial Guards Division, was crucial. When Mori refused to side with Hatanaka, Hatanaka killed him, fearing Mori would order the Guards to stop the rebellion. [116] Uehara killed Shiraishi. These were the only two murders of the night. Hatanaka then used General Mori's official stamp to authorize Imperial Guards Division Strategic Order No. 584, a false set of orders created by his co-conspirators, which would greatly increase the strength of the forces occupying the Imperial Palace and Imperial Household Ministry , and "protecting" the emperor. [117]
The palace police were disarmed and all the entrances blocked. [108] Over the course of the night, Hatanaka's rebels captured and detained eighteen people, including Ministry staff and NHK workers sent to record the surrender speech. [108]
The rebels, led by Hatanaka, spent the next several hours fruitlessly searching for Imperial House Minister Sōtarō Ishiwatari , Lord of the Privy Seal Kōichi Kido , and the recordings of the surrender speech. The two men were hiding in the "bank vault", a large chamber underneath the Imperial Palace. [118] [119] The search was made more difficult by a blackout in response to Allied bombings, and by the archaic organization and layout of the Imperial House Ministry. Many of the names of the rooms were unrecognizable to the rebels. The rebels did find the chamberlain Tokugawa. Although Hatanaka threatened to disembowel him with a samurai sword , Tokugawa lied and told them he did not know where the recordings or men were. [120] [121] During their search, the rebels cut nearly all of the telephone wires, severing communications between their prisoners on the palace grounds and the outside world.
At about the same time, another group of Hatanaka's rebels led by Captain Takeo Sasaki went to Prime Minister Suzuki's office, intent on killing him. When they found it empty, they machine-gunned the office and set the building on fire, then left for his home. Hisatsune Sakomizu had warned Suzuki, and he escaped minutes before the would-be assassins arrived. After setting fire to Suzuki's home, they went to the estate of Kiichirō Hiranuma to assassinate him. Hiranuma escaped through a side gate and the rebels burned his house as well. Suzuki spent the rest of August under police protection, spending each night in a different bed. [120] [122]
Around 03:00, Hatanaka was informed by Lieutenant Colonel Masataka Ida that the Eastern District Army was on its way to the palace to stop him, and that he should give up. [123] [124] Finally, seeing his plan collapsing around him, Hatanaka pleaded with Tatsuhiko Takashima , Chief of Staff of the Eastern District Army , to be given at least ten minutes on the air on NHK radio, to explain to the people of Japan what he was trying to accomplish and why. He was refused. [125] Colonel Haga, commander of the 2nd Regiment of the First Imperial Guards, discovered that the Army did not support this rebellion, and he ordered Hatanaka to leave the palace grounds.
Just before 05:00, as his rebels continued their search, Major Hatanaka went to the NHK studios, and, brandishing a pistol, tried desperately to get some airtime to explain his actions. [126] A little over an hour later, after receiving a telephone call from the Eastern District Army , Hatanaka finally gave up. He gathered his officers and walked out of the NHK studio. [127]
At dawn, Tanaka learned that the palace had been invaded. He went there and confronted the rebellious officers, berating them for acting contrary to the spirit of the Japanese army. He convinced them to return to their barracks. [120] [128] By 08:00, the rebellion was entirely dismantled, having succeeded in holding the palace grounds for much of the night but failing to find the recordings. [129]
Hatanaka, on a motorcycle, and Shiizaki, on horseback, rode through the streets, tossing leaflets that explained their motives and their actions. Within an hour before the emperor's broadcast, sometime around 11:00, August 15, Hatanaka placed his pistol to his forehead, and shot himself. Shiizaki stabbed himself with a dagger, and then shot himself. In Hatanaka's pocket was found his death poem : "I have nothing to regret now that the dark clouds have disappeared from the reign of the Emperor." [122]
Surrender
The Japanese Surrender Documents of World War II
At 12:00 noon Japan standard time on August 15, the Emperor's recorded speech to the nation , reading the Imperial Rescript on the Termination of the War, was broadcast:
... Despite the best that has been done by everyone—the gallant fighting of the military and naval forces, the diligence and assiduity of Our servants of the State, and the devoted service of Our one hundred million people—the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan's advantage, while the general trends of the world have all turned against her interest.
Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is, indeed, incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization.
Such being the case, how are We to save the millions of Our subjects, or to atone Ourselves before the hallowed spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors? This is the reason why We have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the Joint Declaration of the Powers....
The hardships and sufferings to which Our nation is to be subjected hereafter will be certainly great. We are keenly aware of the inmost feelings of all of you, Our subjects. However, it is according to the dictates of time and fate that We have resolved to pave the way for a grand peace for all the generations to come by enduring the unendurable and suffering what is unsufferable.
The low quality of the recording, combined with the Classical Japanese language used by the Emperor in the Rescript, made the recording very difficult to understand for most listeners. [130] [131] This speech marked the end of imperial Japan's ultranationalist ideology, and was a major turning point in Japanese history. [131]
Public reaction to the Emperor's speech varied–many Japanese simply listened to it, then went on with their lives as best they could, while some Army and Navy officers chose suicide over surrender. At a base north of Nagasaki, some Japanese Army officers, enraged at the prospect of surrender, pulled some 16 captured American airmen out of the base prison and hacked them to death with swords. A large, weeping crowd gathered in front of the Imperial Palace in Tokyo, with their cries sometimes interrupted by the sound of gunshots as military officers present committed suicide. [132]
On August 17, Suzuki was replaced as prime minister by the emperor's uncle, Prince Higashikuni , perhaps to forestall any further coup or assassination attempts; [133] Mamoru Shigemitsu replaced Tōgō as foreign minister.
Japan's forces were still fighting against the Soviets as well as the Chinese, and managing their cease-fire and surrender was difficult. The last air combat by Japanese fighters against American reconnaissance bombers took place on August 18. [134] The Soviet Union continued to fight until early September, taking the Kuril Islands.
Beginning of occupation and the surrender ceremony
Edit
Allied personnel celebrate Japanese surrender in Paris
Allied civilians and servicemen alike rejoiced at the news of the end of the war. A photograph, V–J day in Times Square , of an American sailor kissing a woman in New York, and a news film of the Dancing Man in Sydney have come to epitomize the immediate celebrations. August 14 and 15 are celebrated as Victory over Japan Day in many Allied countries. [135]
The Soviet Union had some intentions of occupying Hokkaidō. [136] Unlike the Soviet occupations of East Germany and North Korea, however, these plans were frustrated by the opposition of President Truman . [136]
Japanese officials left for Manila on August 19 to meet Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers Douglas MacArthur , and to be briefed on his plans for the occupation. On August 28, 150 U.S. personnel flew to Atsugi , Kanagawa Prefecture , and the occupation of Japan began. They were followed by USS Missouri , whose accompanying vessels landed the 4th Marines on the southern coast of Kanagawa. Other Allied personnel followed.
MacArthur arrived in Tokyo on August 30, and immediately decreed several laws: No Allied personnel were to assault Japanese people. No Allied personnel were to eat the scarce Japanese food. Flying the Hinomaru or "Rising Sun" flag was severely restricted. [137]
MacArthur at surrender ceremony. The flag flown by Perry is visible in the background.
The formal surrender occurred on September 2, 1945 when representatives from the Empire of Japan signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender in Tokyo Bay aboard the USS Missouri. [138] [139] Shigemitsu signed for the civil government, while Gen. Umezu signed for the military.
On the Missouri that day was the American flag flown in 1853 on the USS Powhatan by Commodore Matthew C. Perry on the first of his two expeditions to Japan. Perry's expeditions had resulted in the Convention of Kanagawa , which forced the Japanese to open the country to American trade. [140] [141]
After the formal surrender on September 2 aboard the Missouri, investigations into Japanese war crimes began quickly. At a meeting with General MacArthur later in September, Emperor Hirohito offered to take blame for the war crimes, but his offer was rejected, and he was never tried. [142] Legal procedures for the International Military Tribunal for the Far East were issued on January 19, 1946. [143]
In addition to August 14 and 15, September 2, 1945 is also known as V-J Day . [142] In Japan, August 15 is often called Shūsen-kinenbi (終戦記念日), which literally means the "memorial day for the end of the war," but the government's name for the day (which is not a national holiday) is Senbotsusha o tsuitō shi heiwa o kinen suru hi (戦没者を追悼し平和を祈念する日, "day for mourning of war dead and praying for peace"). [144] In Korea, V-J Day is commemorated on August 15 as Gwangbokjeol (광복절, literally "Restoration of the Light Day") in the South and as Joguk Haebang Ginyeomil (조국 해방 기념일, roughly translated to "Motherland Liberation Day") in the North; in Australia it is Victory in the Pacific Day, V-P Day.
President Truman declared September 2 to be V-J Day, but noted that "It is not yet the day for the formal proclamation of the end of the war nor of the cessation of hostilities." [145]
Shortly after the surrender ceremony, the US government approved its initial Post-Surrender policy , which became the guiding document for occupation policy.
Further surrenders and continued Japanese military resistance
Edit
Following the signing of the instrument of surrender, many further surrender ceremonies took place across Japan's remaining holdings in the Pacific. Japanese forces in South East Asia surrendered on September 12, 1945 in Singapore. Retrocession Day (October 25), marked the beginning of the military occupation of Taiwan. [146] It was not until 1947 that all prisoners held by America and Britain were repatriated. As late as April 1949, China still held more than 60,000 Japanese prisoners. [147] Some, such as Shozo Tominaga , were not repatriated until the late 1950s. [148]
The logistical demands of the surrender were formidable. After Japan's capitulation, more than 5,400,000 Japanese soldiers and 1,800,000 Japanese sailors were taken prisoner by the Allies. [149] [150] The damage done to Japan's infrastructure, combined with a severe famine in 1946, further complicated the Allied efforts to feed the Japanese POWs and civilians. [151] [152]
The state of war between the United States and Japan officially ended when the Treaty of San Francisco took effect on April 28, 1952. Japan and the Soviet Union formally made peace four years later, when they signed the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 . [153]
Some Japanese holdouts , especially on small Pacific Islands, refused to surrender at all (believing the declaration to be propaganda or considering surrender against their code). Some may never have heard of it. Teruo Nakamura , the last known holdout, emerged from his hidden retreat in Indonesia in December 1974, while two other Japanese soldiers, who had joined communist guerrillas at the end of the war, fought in southern Thailand until 1991. [154]
Glantz, David M. (June 1983). "August Storm: Soviet Tactical and Operational Combat in Manchuria, 1945" . Fort Leavenworth, KA: Leavenworth Paper No.8, Command and General Staff College. Archived from the original on March 16, 2003. http://web.archive.org/web/20030316165348/http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz4/glantz4.asp . Retrieved May 31, 2012.
Glantz, David M. (1995) "The Soviet Invasion of Japan". Quarterly Journal of Military History, vol. 7, no. 3, Spring 1995.
Glantz, David M. (2003). The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, 1945 (Cass Series on Soviet (Russian) Military Experience, 7). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-5279-5 .
Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (2005). Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01693-4 .
Hoyt, Edwin P. (1986). Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict, 1853–1952. New York: Cooper Square Press. ISBN 978-0-8154-1118-5 .
The Pacific War Research Society (1968) [1965]. Japan's Longest Day (English language ed.). Palo Alto, California: Kodansha International.
Reynolds, Clark G. (1968). The Fast Carriers; The Forging of an Air Navy. New York, Toronto, London, Sydney: McGraw-Hill.
Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-44133-3 .
Skates, John Ray (1994). The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87249-972-0 .
Smith, John B.; Malcolm McConnell (2002). The Last Mission: The Secret Story of World War II's Final Battle. New York: Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-0778-1 .
Slavinskiĭ, Boris Nikolaevich (2004). The Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact: A Diplomatic History, 1941–1945. Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese studies series. London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-415-32292-8 .
Spector, Ronald H. (1985). Eagle against the Sun. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-394-74101-7 .
Hidenari Terasaki (寺崎英成) (1991). Shōwa Tennō dokuhakuroku: Terasaki Hidenari, goyō-gakari nikki (昭和天皇独白録 寺崎英成・御用掛日記). Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū. ISBN 978-4-16-345050-6 . (Japanese)
Wainstock, Dennis (1996). The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-95475-8 .
Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1999). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55879-2 .
Weintraub, Stanley (1995). The Last Great Victory: The End of World War II. Dutton Adult. ISBN 978-0-525-93687-9 .
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Which city is home to the 8th century 'Book of Kells' ? | The Old Library at Trinity College: Home To The Book Of Kells
The Old Library at Trinity College: Home To The Book Of Kells
by Kerry & Oisin 31 months ago
College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Photograph courtesy of Fáilte Ireland and its image contributors
Photograph courtesy of Fáilte Ireland and its image contributors
One of Ireland's most precious treasures, The Book of Kells, is housed in the Old Library of Trinity College in central Dublin. Celebrated for its ornate decoration, expertly crafted on treated sheets of calfskin, known as vellum, the collection dates from as early as the 8th century AD, consisting of four Gospels written in Latin in a form of medieval script called insular majuscule.
The book is said to have been created by a group of Columban monks, who fled to Kells in County Meath, after their original monastery on the Scottish island of Iona was attacked by Vikings at around the turn of the 9th century. Their invaluable calligraphic collection was first put on display at Trinity, roughly midway through the 19th century. Since then its popularity has grown enormously, attracting over half-a-million visitors each year at present.
Handy Hints:
1) Nothing can match viewing the orthographic masterpiece of ancient Ireland in person, while on a visit to Dublin's most prestigious college. However, if you are unable to make the trip during your stay, you can always avail of the next best thing and view some digital scans of pages from the Book of Kells, by clicking here .
2) For those that do make the trip in person, you can expect to queue for tickets on arrival. Thankfully waiting times are kept to a minimum though, you rarely have to queue for more than 10 minutes, even during busy periods.
3) Allow yourself at least 40 minutes to an hour, in order to complete the self-guided tour, which encompasses the main exhibition - 'Turning Darkness into Light' - along with The Book of Kells, and Long Room (featuring 200,000 ancient books and temporary exhibitions).
4) Don't neglect the other treasures in the Long Room either, such as one of the few remaining copies of the 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic, which was read aloud by Patrick Pearse outside the General Post Office, on April 24 1916, at the start of the Easter Rising. The Celtic harp from the 15th century is the oldest example of its kind in Ireland. Crafted from willow and oak, and fitted with 29 glowing brass strings, this is a real-life model of the national emblem of Ireland.
Opening hours:
The Old Library and Book of Kells Exhibition opens Monday to Saturday between 09:30 and 17:00; Sunday (May to September) between 09:30 and 16:30; Sunday (October to April) between 12:00 and 16:30.
Price of admission:
| Dublin |
Which firth separates Orkney from the Scottish mainland ? | HALF-DAY DUBLIN CITY TOUR | DUBLIN IRELAND | EUROPE - NORTHERN, BALTIC & UK | ShoreTrips.com
HALF-DAY DUBLIN CITY TOUR
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Dublin has all the attractions of a modern city, combined with the beauty and heritage of the past. Elegant shops, hotels, galleries, art-house cinemas, coffee houses and a stunning variety of restaurants have sprung up on almost every street in the capital. Roughly half of the Irish Republic’s 3.6 million people live in Dublin and its suburbs.
Automatically included in this tour:
• Georgian Dublin
Plus your choice of two of the following "inside" tours:
• Trinity College
• Dublin Castle
• Royal Hospital Kilmainham
This fascinating half-day tour of Dublin gives you an overview of Ireland’s premiere city. You will see the main highlights, including Georgian Dublin, Grafton Street and Phoenix Park.
The 18th century, the Georgian era, was this city’s age of elegance when the Irish gentry set about remodeling Dublin into one of the most elegant cities in Europe. Today the best examples of Georgian architecture can be seen around Merrion Square, Fitzwilliam Square and St. Stephen’s Green.
Grafton Street, the spine of Dublin’s most popular and stylish shopping district runs south from Trinity College to St. Stephen’s Green. This busy pedestrian strip is characterized by street entertainers as well as Dublin’s finest department store, Brown Thomas, and the famous jewelers Weirs, but also includes many high street names such as Marks & Spencer, Monsoon, Karen Millen, etc.
Just to the west of the city is Phoenix Park, Europe’s largest enclosed city park and the green lung of the city. Within the park you will find Dublin Zoo, Aras an Uachtarain (the Irish president’s official residence), Farmleigh House (former home of the Guinness family and now open to the public), the U.S. ambassador’s residence and a herd of wild deer. This is where many Dubliners come to exercise and it is a lovely place to spend a few hours away from the bustle of the city.
In addition to the above city highlights, you may choose two inside visits from the list below to complete this tour.
The two most popular options are Trinity College and the Book of Kells and St. Patrick’s Cathedral, but feel free to follow your individual interests. You may make your selections at the time of the tour.
Trinity College and the Book of Kells: Trinity was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I to ‘civilize’ Dublin. It is Ireland’s oldest and most famous college. Ireland’s largest collection of books and manuscripts is housed in the Trinity College Library. It’s principle treasure is the 8th century hand-illuminated Book of Kells, generally considered the most striking manuscript ever produced in the Anglo-Saxon world and one of the greatest masterpieces of early Christian art.
St Patrick’s Cathedral: The largest church in the country, this cathedral is named after Ireland’s patron saint who is said to have passed through Dublin on his journey through Ireland. In a well, close to where the cathedral now stands, he is reputed to have baptized converts to Christianity. To commemorate his visit, a small wooden church was built on this site and in 1191 St Patrick’s was raised to the status of cathedral. The present building was erected between 1200 and 1270.
Guinness Storehouse: Set in the center of one of the world's most famous breweries, Guinness Storehouse has rapidly become Dublin's 'must see' visitor attraction. The Guinness Storehouse's dramatic story begins more than 250 years ago and ends in Gravity, the bar in the sky, with a complimentary pint of Guinness, and an astonishing view of Dublin!
National Gallery of Ireland: Situated in the heart of Georgian Dublin, it houses the national collection which includes sculpture, prints, drawings and objects d’art but with paintings by Irish and European artists very much to the fore. The Irish art collection spans every period from the 14th century.
The National Museum: This museum on Kildare Street is Ireland’s largest, the national repository for all archaeological objects found in Ireland. Its collection contains more than two million artifacts ranging in date from 700 BC and the late medieval period. Closed Mondays.
Kilmainham Gaol: For anyone interested in Irish history, a visit to the Kilmainham Gaol is a must. The building was opened in 1796 and during its 130 years as a prison, it housed many of those involved in the fight for Irish independence, including Robert Emmet and Charles Stewart Parnell.
Dublin Castle: Located in the heart of historic Dublin, the castle stands on a ridge, on a strategic site at the junction of the River Liffey and its tributary the Poddle, where the original fortification may have been an early Gaelic ring fort. Later a Viking fortress stood on this site - a portion of which is on view to visitors at the 'Undercroft'. The south range houses the magnificent State Apartments that were built as the residential quarters of the viceregal court.
Christ Church Cathedral: Dublin's oldest building – this is the mother church of the dioceses of Dublin and Glendalough in the Church of Ireland.
Royal Hospital Kilmainham: A magnificent late 17th century Classical building with chapel, great hall, formal gardens, burial grounds and artists’ studios, it is now home to Irish and international visual art.
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Dubris was the Roman name for which town ? | Roman Dover
Home > Dover History > Roman Dover
Roman Dover
Roman Dover, the British port closest to the rest of the Roman Empire was a thriving town, thought to have covered at least a five hectare area along the Dour valley. The Romans called the town DUBRIS after DUBRAS, the British name meaning 'waters'.
The Roman town had a large harbour, flanked by two lighthouses and three successive forts.
Over 60 sites from the Roman period have been found in the Dover area. Sites which are open to the public include the Roman Painted House at Dover, the Roman lighthouse or Pharos in Dover Castle grounds and the Roman fort of Richborough near Sandwich.
The museum holds a large collection of Roman Samian ware found in the area
| Dover |
Which state is nicknamed the 'Mother of Presidents' ? | PORTVS DVBRIS
Portvs Dvbris
Type: Fort, Villa, Pharos, Town
Roads
Possible Coastal Road: E (5) to Folkestone (Kent)
N (12) to Rvtvpiae (Richborough, Kent)
Trackway: WSW (13) to Portvs Lemanis (Lympne, Kent)
N (9) to Worth
Portus Dubris - The Port on the river Dubras
The town appears as one of the termini of the third route in the British section of the Antonine Itinerary of the late-second century. Iter III is entitled "the route from Londinium to Portus Dubris - sixty-six thousand paces", and places Portum Dubris 13 miles away from Durovernum (Canterbury, Kent).
Dover is next mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum of the late-fourth century. Under the heading "at the disposal of the respectable man, the Count of the Saxon shore in Britain", the entry Dubris is listed between the entries for Othona (Bradwell, Essex) and Portus Lemanis (Lympne, Kent).
The final mention of the Roman port occurs in the Ravenna Cosmology (R&C#71) of the seventh century, which lists the name Dubris between the entries for Portus Lemanis (Lympne, Kent) and Durovernum Cantiacorum (Canterbury, Kent).
"Dover Kent. Dubris 4th cent., Dofras c.700, Dovere 1086 (
DB
). Named from the stream here, now called the Dour, a river-name (Welsh/Gaelic) *dubras meaning simply 'the waters'." (Mills)
Epigraphic Evidence from Portus Dubris
There are only three inscriptions on stone recorded in the R.I.B. for Dover, all of them added since the work was first published. There is an excellent inscription dedicated to the Matres by a government official from the provincial capital (vide infra), and another text which reads
EVSEB III IV IV
or "Euseb[ius?] three four four" (RIB 65c; Britannia xiv (1983), p.336, no.1). The final text is severely damaged, reading
... ... ...VSI... ...ST...
(RIB 65d; Britannia ix (1978), p.474, no.3), which defies translation.
Dedicatory Inscription to the Mother Goddesses by a Stator Consularis
ST COS OL CORDIVS CANDID MATRIB ITALICIS AEDEM FECIT VSLM
"The governor's messenger from the offices of London,¹ Cordius Candidus, for the Mother Goddesses of the Italians, has made this temple, willingly and deservedly fulfilling a vow."
(RIB 65b; Britannia viii (1977), pp426-7, no.4)
This portion of the text has been expanded
ST[ator] CO[n]S[ularis] O[fficina] L[ondini]
. The title stator consularis is literally translated as 'one who establishes or upholds [the edicts] of the consular governor'.
The Dover Entry in the Notitia Dignitatum
Praepositus militum Tungrecanorum, Dubris
( Notitia Dignitatum xxviii.14; 4th/5th C.)
Garrison Port of the Classis Britannica
A major fort of the Classis Britannia was established at Dover c.85AD as a replacement for their old fort at Richborough. The town developed during the late-1st century. Around 90AD twin lighthouses or Pharos were built on the north cliffs (at NGRef. TR3141 and TR3241). These were originally around 25m high with 4m thick walls made of stone with a rubble infill, octagonal in exterior shape with a 4m square central space. The second century fort covered (0.8ha) and is the suspected headquarters of the Classis Britannica or 'the British Fleet'. Around 270AD the second-century fort was replaced with a substantial 'Saxon Shore' fort, and it ceased to be a base of the Classis Britannica at the same time.
By the fourth century there were two lighthouses at Dubris, set on the cliff tops overlooking the port to either side of the River Dour. The north-eastern pharos was the first to be built, possibly as early as the first century. Only a fragment of the south-western lighthouse has survived, which contained re-used roof-tile material stamped Classis Britannica, giving an early fourth century construction date. Only the northern pharos has survived to any extent, protected within the confines of Dover Castle, beside St. Mary's Church.
See: Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names by A.D. Mills (Oxford 1998);
The Roman Inscriptions of Britain by R.G. Collingwood and R.P. Wright (Oxford 1965);
All English translations, including any inherent mistakes, are my own.
This page was last modified: 27/1/2016
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On what would you see a 'gnomon' ? | Gnomon | Definition of Gnomon by Merriam-Webster
Definition of gnomon
1 : an object that by the position or length of its shadow serves as an indicator especially of the hour of the day: such asa : the pin of a sundialb : a column or shaft erected perpendicular to the horizon
2 : the remainder of a parallelogram after the removal of a similar parallelogram containing one of its corners
| Sundial |
In Norse mythology, what is the hall of the slain known as ? | The Gnomon
The Gnomon
The Gnomon can be used to study the path of the sun
The gnomon is a scientific instrument that can be used for finding the declination of the sun through the year, among other things. It is one of the first scientific instruments ever made, originating with the Chaldean astronomers of Babylon and from there brought to the Greek world. It is still very instructive, an excellent example of random and systematic errors of measurement, vividly demonstrating astronomical principles. The Greek gnwmwn, originally meaning one who knows, or judge, was also used for the index of a sundial, as well as for the carpenter's square. It is easy to make a good portable gnomon, and easy to use it.
To make a gnomon, you will need a straight piece of wood for the base (I used a redwood 1 x 3 by 22 in. long), a length of metal rod (mine was 1/8 in. diameter brass rod about 10 in. long), a piece of millimeter paper, a small spirit level, and some household cement. The rod should be straight. Finish the wood as nicely as you want, then drill a 1/8 in. hole about 1 in. from one end on the center line. You must use a drill press so that the hole is perpendicular, to hold the gnomon at right angles to the base. Great accuracy in perpendicularity is not required. Saw off the piece of rod with a hacksaw, and finish the ends with a file. Then cement the rod in the hole, getting it as closely as possible to a right angle from the board. Prepare a strip of millimeter paper about 4 cm wide long enough to go from a couple of inches from the rod to near the end of the board. This may have to be in two pieces. With a pencil and ruler, draw a line down the middle of the strip. Cement the strip to the board so that the extended line passes through the base of the rod, and that some centimeter line is exactly a certain number of centimeters from the center of the rod. When this is done, mark every 50 or 100 mm on the line to make readings easy. Make sure that the base and the scale are long enough to measure the lowest elevation of the sun at noon (about 66° minus your latitude). Measure the height of the top of the rod from the board, and note the value in mm on the paper strip. The rod is the actual gnomon, while the base used for making a measurement. A small pocket spirit level can be obtained at low cost, and should be cemented to the board alongside the scale. All this can be done in fifteen or twenty minutes!
To use the gnomon, set it in the sun and rotate the base so that the shadow of the rod falls on the center line. The scale for reading the length of the shadow must be accurately horizontal, so use the spirit level to make sure of this, shimming the base as necessary with pieces of cardboard. Now, read the length of the shadow on the scale to the nearest millimeter. Note that the end of the shadow is not sharp - why not? - so measure to the center of the penumbra. The altitude of the sun is the arctangent of the ratio of the length of the gnomon to the length of the shadow, easily computed on a scientific pocket calculator. My gnomon can measure altitudes from 28° to 78° , or just about enough to measure the noon elevation of the sun for any date at my latitude of 40° . I should have made the board a little longer, since the minimum solar altitude at noon is 26° . If the board is set accurately north-south on the meridian, local noon occurs when the shadow is on the center line. This is the time to measure the altitude of the sun to determine its declination. When daylight savings time is in effect, noon is really at 1 pm. The sun is not exactly on the meridian at standard time noon, but the difference is not great.
The declination of the sun d (its angle north or south of the celestial equator) is the sum of the solar altitude a at noon and your latitude f , less 90° , as you can easily deduce from the Figure. Z is the zenith, P the pole, E the equator, and N,S are the north and south points. On a piece of graph paper, plot the declination along the y-axis, and the day of the year along the x-axis. Number the days beginning with March 21, which is near the vernal equinox, and allow for declinations in the range ± 30° . Plot the declination for every day that is sunny at noon - in Denver this can be done with few gaps - and missing a few days will not matter in any case. After you have done this for a full year, you will appreciate the sun's motion much more clearly.
Today, 5 September 1998, at apparent noon, the length of the shadow was 158 mm, giving an altitude of 56.7° , and a solar declination of 56.7° + 39.7° - 90° = +6.6° . The Astronomical Almanac 1998, page C14, gives the declination of the sun at this time as +6.7° , so my result is very good. I am pretty sure I can read the shadow to about 1 mm more or less. This is an estimate of a random error of measurement. Taking shadow lengths of 157 and 159 mm, I find that the corresponding difference in elevation is only 0.4° , so the accuracy of the result is consistent with this. If you are fortunate, your first attempt will be a degree or so off, and you can have the satisfaction of tracking down the reason for the discrepancy. I had to do this before I obtained a result free of systematic error. Don't give up until you can get results accurate to within half a degree, which this instrument is capable of.
A systematic error is a bias that is not a result of the ordinary uncertainty in reading a scale, or of other random fluctuations. It cannot be removed by averaging repeated measurements. The systematic errors of the gnomon are mainly constant ones. For example, an inaccurate level, wrong height of the gnomon, and incorrect latitude all will cause the measured value to deviate from the correct value. If you place the gnomon in the same place for all measurements, without leveling, there will be a constant systematic error in elevation. Each measurement can be corrected for this error once it has been determined, saving the bother of leveling each time. The level and latitude should be known to 0.1° (1/32" in 18" for level, and within 6 miles for latitude). Your latitude can be obtained from a USGS topographic map.
If the gnomon points to the celestial pole instead of being vertical, the shadow moves uniformly with the hour angle of the sun, as in the equatorial dial shown in the picture, which is at Cranmer Park in Denver, Colorado. In the winter, the lower face of the dial must be used instead. The dial shows apparent solar time, of course, and must be adjusted by the equation of time and for the longitude to show standard time.
Use the gnomon to measure the height of a tree. This can be done at any time, not just at noon, and does not require any trigonometry. If you know the declination of the sun at the particular time, the gnomon can be used to determine the latitude. This information is given very accurately in the Astronomical Almanac for the year, but an approximate value can be determined from the date in any year, for example from your annual plot. The gnomon can also be used to determine the time, when you know the sun's declination and the meridian, and the direction of the meridian, when you know the time. This does require some trigonometry, spherical trigonometry in fact. The gnomon can easily be used to determine the approximate date - figure out how to do this. This operation has been carried out to determine the date of the vernal equinox since very ancient times. What are some other ways of finding the vernal equinox? The full moon, as well as the sun, casts a measurable shadow. Mark the end of the shadow in the dark, then read the length of the shadow with a light.
I used my gnomon to measure and plot the declination of the sun throughout a year . This gave a vivid appreciation for the movement of the sun. It was very pleasing to see the plot develop, and showed how to find the latitude to a degree or better with such a simple instrument. With a permanent gnomon, properly fixed, the instant of apparent noon could be obtained and compared with the standard time, thereby finding the equation of time and the variations in the sun's motion through the year.
Composed by J. B. Calvert
Created 3 September 1999
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Which river, situated near the mouth of the River Esk in Dumfries and Galloway, hosts over 5000 weddings each year ? | Guide to Rural Scotland - Dumfries & Galloway | Scotland | Museum
Guide to Rural Scotland - Dumfries & Galloway
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People scurrying north along the M74 rarely turn off at Gretna and head for Dumfries and Galloway. This is a pity, as it is a wonderful area that can match anything in Scotland for beautiful scenery, grandeur and history. Travel Publishing has made available Free of Charge digital editions of its popular series of Guide Books. These are available with working hyperlinks and for free download for personal use from http://www.findsomewhere.co.uk/PDF/PDF.htm
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Towns and Villages
Aepg 8Annanpg 23Ardwellpg 51Balmaclellanpg 34Beeswingpg 28Caerlaverockpg 22Cairn Holypg 41Cairnryanpg 44Canonbiepg 27Carsphairnpg 35Castle Douglaspg 35Chapel Finianpg 48Closeburnpg 8Creetownpg 41Crocketfordpg 28Dalbeattiepg 38Dalswintonpg 7Daltonpg 26Drumlanrig Castlepg 12Dumfriespg 5Dundrennanpg 40Dunscorepg 14Durisdeerpg 13Eastriggspg 25Ecclefechanpg 25Eliock Housepg 17Ellislandpg 8Eskdalemuirpg 19Gatehouse of Fleetpg 40Glenlucepg 44Glentroolpg 44Gretna Greenpg 25Grey Mare’s Tailpg 19Hightaepg 21Holywoodpg 7Keirpg 13Kippfordpg 38Kirkbeanpg 28Kirkconnelpg 17Kirkconnelpg 26Kirkcudbrightpg 29Kirkmadrinepg 51Kirkmaidenpg 52Kirkpatrick Flemingpg 26Kirtlebridgepg 26Langholmpg 20Loch Kenpg 33Lochmabenpg 21Lockerbiepg 21Moffatpg 18Moniaivepg 15Monreithpg 49New Abbeypg 27New Gallowaypg 33Newton Stewartpg 45Palnackiepg 38Penpontpg 13Port Loganpg 51Portpatrickpg 53Powfootpg 24Rockcliffepg 39Ruthwellpg 24Sanquharpg 16St John’s Town of Dalrypg 35Stranraerpg 43Thornhillpg 8Threave Castlepg 36Threave Gardenspg 37Tonglandpg 33Torthorwaldpg 22Tweedswellpg 19Twynholmpg 40Tynronpg 14Upper Nithsdalepg 17Wanlockheadpg 15Westerkirkpg 20Whithornpg 49Wigtownpg 47
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People scurrying north along the M74 rarely turn off at Gretna and head for Dumfries andGalloway. This is a pity, as it is a wonderfularea that can match anything in Scotland forbeautiful scenery, grandeur and history. Thereare more than 200 miles of coastline withsmall coves, neat fishing ports, towering cliffsand wonderful sandy beaches. There also arebeautiful villages, old abbeys and castles, vibrant towns and country roads that meanderthrough soft, verdant scenery or climb up intobleak moorland landscapes that were made for walking. In the fields you will see herds of theregion’s own indigenous cattle - the BeltedGalloways, so called because they have a wide white band running round their bodies.Dumfries is the largest town in the area, andis a lovely place, full of old red sandstonebuildings and great shopping facilities. It is where Scotland’s national poet, Robert Burns, isburied, and any trip to Scotland should include
Dumfries & Galloway
a visit to St Michael’s Kirkyard to see hismausoleum. Kirkcudbright, because of thequality of light found there, has had an artists’colony since Victorian times, and is a graciousplace full of Regency and Georgian buildings. Wigtown is Scotland’s official book town, andStranraer, with its ferries, is a gateway toNorthern Ireland. Then there’s Lockerbie,forever associated with the air disaster of 1988. The area contains three former counties -Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire, and each one has its ownparticular charm. You can explore beautifulNithsdale in Dumfriesshire, for instance, and visit Drumlanrig Castle, one of the homes of the Duke of Queensberry and Buccleuch.Kirkcudbrightshire was the birthplace of JohnPaul Jones, founder of the American navy, and Wigtownshire was where Christianity wasintroduced into Scotland.Surrounding the fertile fields andpicturesque towns of coastal Galloway are thehigh hills and bleak moorland that cut off Dumfries and Galloway from the rest of Scotland. Because of this, the area was almostindependent of Scottishkings in medieval times,and was ruled by asuccession of families,from the ancient Lordsof Galloway to themighty Douglases. Allhave left their mark in
Glenwhan Gardens, Stranraer
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Y Gogarth (or Pen Y Gogarth) is the welsh name for which prominent geographic feature in North Wales ? | Discovery Audio Guides and Apps. - Dumfries & Galloway
An update of the title narrated by Cora Bissett.
Again the audio has been edited and reformatted and added to images.
The resulting audio/visual video is available here from the on-line shop to download and/or are embedded into our FREE mobile App. Discover Scotland.
This was the final title in our first series to cover Scotland in 2008 and is now the last title completing the second series on the country in 2014.
All our guides are sponsored by quality local businesses en-route - which are detailed below:-
Sanquhar
Wanlockhead is Scotland�s highest village at over 1500ft above sea level up high in the Lowther Hills.
This settlement grew up around lead and Gold mining, and features Europe�s second oldest subscription library dating from 1756, with over 3000 rare books.
The Gold panned locally was used to create the Scottish Regalia; so pure is this rare
Scottish Gold it is amongst the purest in the world.
Kids can pan for gold themselves at the Museum of Scottish Lead Mining; they can also enter a real mine, and experience the village life of the miners in a superb reconstruction.
Three hundred years of rural industrial history is showcased in this fascinating museum.
Sanquhar is a small burgh on the banks of the river Nith, known for its links with two declarations by Covenanters, the first against Charles 2nd and another against James 7th.
A royal burgh since 1484 under the protection of the castle, seat of the Crichton family;-
the Admirable Crichton was born nearby, he was a 16th century polymath genius who was killed in a brawl in Mantua at the age of just 22.
Sanquhar castle then passed to the first duke of Queensberry in 1639, who built Drumlanrig, but spent only one night in it preferring Sanquhar.
Newark Farm offers three accommodation options - bed and breakfast, self catering and a certified caravan location
A traditional family run working beef and sheep farm with magnificent views of the River Nith Valley. Salmon and trout fishing can be arranged on the Upper Nithsdale beat of the river as the farm is situated in the middle of that beat.
Bed & Breakfast offered in characteristic spacious centrally heated en suite rooms furnished to a very high standard with TV and tea making facilities.
Free WiFi is available and evening meal by request. To ensure visitors are well looked after, a packed lunch is included in the price.
A mobile home on the farm can sleep 4-6 and has gas central heating and double glazing, with towels and linen are all included and enjoys it own garden with furniture.
Newark Farm also has a Caravan Club awarded certificated location for tourers.
The farmhouse sits a mere stone's throw away from the site of a 13th century monastery, a papal seal clearly marked 1223 was found there in recent years by a visitor with a metal detector. The seal is now housed in the local museum.
A medieval stone carving, the Florian Cross dated 600 AD, was found also on the site of the monastery when the field was being ploughed. Further down the same field is the site of an old hospital and it is believed that the monks cared for lepers there.
www.newarkfarm.com
One of the main aims of A� The Airts is to showcase local talent and a small retail outlet sells a wide range of crafts and artwork by around ninety local people, mainly from Upper Nithsdale.
Books by local poets and authors and CDs of songs and music by local musicians are also available, as well as delicious, locally produced preserves, honey and chutneys. They also stock a wide range of very reasonably priced hand-crafted greetings cards to suit all tastes.
A fifty-seat theatre offers a range of events and doubles as a gallery with a rolling exhibition of paintings and other artwork by local artists.
Two craft rooms, for both wet and dry crafts, include a small electric kiln � with a full programme of arts and crafts groups and classes.
Caf� @ A� the Airts is run independently and specialises in great coffee and high-quality, locally produced and organic food. It also has a small but pleasant outdoor seating area which is open during the Summer months.
www.all-the-airts.com
Today accommodation at Sanquhar can be enjoyed at the Blackaddie House Hotel, set in two acres of pretty gardens on the banks of the Nith and dating back to the 16th century, formerly the manse to St Brides.
It is now under the new ownership of Ian and Jane McAndrew. Ian was the youngest English chef to be awarded Michelin star status and has been winning accolades ever since. He has even written three cookery books. The hotel also offers nine comfortable en-suite bedrooms alongside three self-catering cottages.
www.blackaddiehotel.co.uk
Thornhill
Continue on to Thornhill, a short distance before the village is Drumlanrig castle ; the Dumfrieshire home of the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry and consists of the Castle, Gardens, Country Park and 100,000 acre estate.
With woodland and wildlife walks and the Tree Trail including a number of champion trees such as the countries largest Sycamore and the oldest Douglas Fir.
The castle is open to the public with its gift shop and traditional tearoom.
Take a gentle stroll around the policies and see the Victorian heather huts, gardens and plant centre, as well as the stable-yard craft studios and working blacksmith.
The Disc Golf Course is the latest feature, to keep the kids amused as well as the Adventure Playground along with Mountain Biking, Cycling and even the Cycle Museum. It was a few miles away at the smiddy at Keir Mill, where Kilpatrick McMillan created the world�s first bicycle.
A number of Ranger led activities take place throughout the year and Land-Rover tours take in the more remote parts of the estate.
The castle is a unique example of late 17th century renaissance architecture, built by
Robert Mylne, the Kings master mason. on the site of an older stronghold of the Douglases.
The estate also own the award winning range of Buccleuch Foods and organise the
Drumlanrig Farmers� market. It also lets shooting and fishing and some holiday cottages
and hold regular events and activities throughout the year.
Drumlanrig estate is part of Buccleuch Estates, these days is the largest privately owned landholding in Europe totalling some 277,000 acres.
www.drumlanrig.com
Leave Thornhill via the Dalveen Pass a wonderful mountain pass through rounded the moor-land hills of the southern uplands to Crawford, then head south on to Moffat.
Whilst the motorway has created a fast alternative it is still possible to follow the old road in what must be one of the least used routes in the country running parallel with the railway and motorway much of the time.
Moffat
Moffat was chartered as a burgh in 1648. It grew to become a fashionable Spa Town with the bath house built in 1829 now the Town Hall and the three hundred bed-roomed Hydro hotel built in 1878, which was destroyed by fire in 1921.
The wide Main Street is the centrepiece of this genteel borders town,
which is home to the countries narrowest street; Syme Street and even the shortest; Chapel Street.
On High Street is located the narrowest hotel in the UK � The Famous Star Hotel.
Only twenty feet wide and featured in the Guinness book of records. It has been owned and managed by the same family for over twenty years and offers home-cooked meals in the two bars that also have real ale on tap and a large selection of malts.
The Famous Star Hotel offers eight recently refurbished en-suite rooms.
www.famousstarhotel.co.uk
At the head of High Street is the Stag Hotel, fully refurbished a few years ago.
The Stag has a great bar with very friendly staff offering a first class range of beers and lagers, [the speckled hen is highly recommended], as well as a dining room offering lunch and evening menus featuring good value home-made bar meals.
The Stag also has seven en-suite rooms, and a games room.
www.staghotelmoffat.com
The town has a long tradition of accommodating visitors and numerous Bed and Breakfasts offer a very comfortable overnight stay, a first class example is Dell-Marlocated a few yards off the High Street on Beechgrove.
This detached Victorian house overlooks the tennis courts and bowling green, with a separate residents lounge and breakfast room, alongside bedrooms that are all well appointed, bright, spacious and very
comfortably furnished. A real home from home, also benefiting from ample free parking outside.
www.dell-mar.co.uk
Burnock Water offers self-catering in a two bedroom, two bathroom riverside property � that sleeps three - fitted and equipped to the highest standards.
This luxury ground floor apartment has a private garden and is a two minute walk to Moffat town centre
The Moffat Ram; a statue also on High street, interestingly has no ears, indeed it is even rumoured the sculptor; William Brodie later committed suicide for this omission.
The road maker John Louden MacAdam died penniless in the town and is buried here.
The commander of the RAF during the Battle of Britain, Air Chief Marshall Lord Hugh Dowding was born here.
Moffat house on High Street, is an Adam mansion built for the Earl of Hopetoun in 1767, it was whilst staying here that James Macpherson launched his �Ossian fragments� in published form, this great work shook the whole of Europe at the time and is still much debated by scholars.
A little north of town on the scenic route to our capital city is the �Devil�s Beeftub� a hollow carved by a glacier at the head of the valley, which was much used by cattle rievers of old.
Another natural phenomena is the �Grey Mares tail� a waterfall pouring over the lip of a hanging valley and the fifth highest in the country. From here you can walk to Loch
Skeen, Britain�s rarest fish the �Vendace� has been re-introduced here from the Lake
District, a path continues up to the summit of highest hill in the southern uplands - White Coomb.
Lockerbie
Lockerbie was an important agricultural centre with lamb sales held since 1680 at Lamb Hill.
A great many of the local landowners were connected to the trade with China and the Jardine- Matheson Company.
This brought wealth into Lockerbie and the village grew into a town with its charter dating from 1863.
The town is built from red Permian sandstone, from a local quarry famed for its reptile footprints.
Thomas Carlyle, the Victorian influential thinker was born in a humble cottage at nearby Ecclefechan.
However, Lockerbie is mostly known as result of the air disaster of 1988; a matter of great sadness and still subject to on-going legal debate.
Dryfesdale Lodge Visitors� Centre, formerly a cemetery worker�s cottage, was opened on 25 October 2003 after extensive renovation work funded by the Lockerbie Trust and is maintained with grant assistance from Dumfries & Galloway Council and visitors� donations.
The Trust�s vision is that the Visitors� Centre should be a living, growing, flexible facility that can respond to the needs of visitors and the community.
There are three rooms in the Visitors� Centre;-
Dryfesdale Room
A place of quiet contemplation, where visitors can peruse �On Eagles� Wings�, which records the names and personal information of the victims of the air disaster of 21st December 1988. A bomb exploded on board Pan Am Flight 103, over Lockerbie, killing all 259 passengers and crew, together with 11 people on the ground. The 20th Anniversary Commemorative Quilt is on permanent display.
History Room
A series of wall-mounted tableaux, detailing the rich history of Lockerbie and surrounding area � from prehistoric times to the present day. Of particular interest is information about the Roman occupation of this Border region of Scotland.
Exhibition Room
Of great interest are a number of temporary exhibitions of local arts and crafts, together with information about the many places of interest for guests to visit during their stay in the Lockerbie area.
A mountain road leads up to Eskdalemuir and a most unusual find here in
the Southern Uplands; Samye Ling, a Tibetan Buddist Temple, with peace garden and tearoom.
Langholm is only about eight miles from the English border at the convergence of three rivers, the Esk, and it tributaries the Ewes and Wauchope.
It is located on the site of the battle of Arkinholme, at which in 1455 the Earl of Douglas defeated the Earl of Angus.
Memorials are erected hereabouts to the following sons of the town.
Thomas Telford; who was born in 1757 and rose to become the greatest civil engineer of his day is buried in Westminster Abbey.
A cairn was erected in 2007 near his place of birth at Glendinning.
Although surprisingly he was never knighted. Unlike the four sons of the local minister, the Malcolm brothers, who all received knighthoods, one of them; Sir Putney was the governor of St Helena when Napoleon was prisoner there.
They became known collectively as the Knights of Eskdale. The tall obelisk at the top of Whita Hill remembers them.
Another famous local was G.M. Grieve; better known as Hugh MacDiarmid the poet and founder of the S.N.P.
A gigantic open book also on a hill above town was built in his
memory.
The common riding on the last Friday of July started in 1816 prior to which it was on foot and originally dated from 1759.
Leave town and head south passing Gilnockie Tower a 16th century five storey tower house and clan Armstrong stronghold and a little further on is Scots Dyke two miles from Canonbie, a 16th century trench to mark the English � Scottish border at the time of the �debatable lands�.
Two self-catering cottages on a working hill farm � seven miles from Langholm
Georgefield Cottage is a tastefully restored self-catering cottage sleeping up to six - with everything on the ground floor for easy access. The cottage is perfect for a large family with children or a group of friends.
The three, tastefully decorated, bedrooms are comfortably furnished and all bed-linen is included at no extra charge as is a basket of logs and some coal.
Whilst Copper Beech Cottage is a recently restored barn conversion that also sleeps up to six people. This cottage is also all on the ground floor and provides easy access for the disabled. One of the main features is a very large wet-room style shower offering easy access to those with mobility difficulties. The lounge has a feature sandstone fireplace with open fire. Again all bed linen is included as is a basket of logs and some coal.
www.georgefield-cottages.co.uk
Gretna
Since 1754 when Lord Hardwicke�s act abolished irregular marriages in England, Gretna has witnessed many thousands of weddings of runaway couples from south of the border, this romance continues with nearly a thousand marriages a year in present times.
The Blacksmiths anvil is the iconic symbol of this historic practice, as a simple declaration could be made in front of a witness, with the smiddy the most popular venue.
Another feature was the age of consent being just sixteen. The law changed in 1856 requiring a residential qualification period of 21 days. Another change in the law in 1940 required a minister to be present.
Situated only 500 yards from the famous Gretna marriage rooms, Surrone House is a beautifully maintained, quiet, spacious Bed & Breakfast - all the rooms are non-smoking, comfortably furnished and provided with radio, flat screen television with free-view, en-suite bathrooms and full central heating.
Free Wi-fi is also available throughout
With an A la Carte menu and an extensive wine list, the restaurant / dining room makes an ideal place for dinner with wherever possible locally sourced ingredients .
www.surronehouse.co.uk
The Old Blacksmith�s Shop Centre is famous and steeped in this history.
It includes an award winning multi lingual exhibition, the Coach Museum, featuring the four in-hand state carriage used by King William 1V as well as many other coaches. The Blacksmith�s Courtyard and Sculpture garden are surrounded by an array of shops where you can find an enviable collection of Scottish gifts, clothing and foods. The Whisky House has a tasting bar and many rare malts on offer. The Food-hall offers snacks and full meals all with a Scottish Emphasis and regular cookery demonstrations.
All this is owned and managed by the Gretna Green Group Ltd a local independent family business established in 1886.
www.gretnagreen.com
A cottage next to the kirk is where Bonnie Prince Charlie spent a night on his return from his failed Jacobite campaign into England.
The Clochmaben stone on the shores of the nearby Solway Firth stands some 7ft High and weighs some ten tons and witnessed a meeting of the Scots and English to agree a truce in 1398, whilst the battle of Solway Moss saw the Scots defeated in 1542.
The Great War saw many thousands of munitions workers housed here and the rapid expansion of Gretna. This was no haphazard affair but built in the �Garden City� principle and employed the minds of the best architects of the day.
A fascinating exhibition, �The Devil�s Porridge� at nearby Eastriggs tells the secret story of the greatest munitions factory on earth.
In 1915, Britain was losing the Great War through lack of ammunition, until 30,000
women and men came here from all over the world to work in this massive war factory, whose buildings stretched more than nine miles located here on the Solway. It had some 125 miles of railway track, with 34 engines. It even had its own power station and water treatment plant.
�Devils Porridge� was the explosive paste of nitro-glycerine and nitro-cotton which these workers fashioned when dry, into the Cordite that was put into shells and bullets.
It was so-named by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle;- the well known novelist and creator of Sherlock Holmes who visited in 1916. This factory produced more Cordite than all the other factories in Britain put together.
www.devilsporridge.co.uk
Annan
Annan was originally a seat of the De Bruce family, the motte and bailey lay beside the river at the head of the tidal water. The seat moved to Lochmaben, then Annan became a Douglas burgh in a charter dating 1538.
The explorer of West Africa, Clapperton and great preacher Edward Irving were boyhood neighbours here and Thomas Carlyle taught in Annan Academy.
It was the home of Dr Blacklock, a friend of Robert Burns. It was near here in 1796 that Burns when very ill bathed in the Brow Well, a rock-cut well close to the sea and famed for its mineral properties, but he died three days later.
Dumbretton Farm Cottages are a collection of three self catering holiday properties nestled within a 400 acre dairy and beef farm.
Each of the cottages is tastefully decorated and well furnished throughout and command beautiful countryside views towards Cumbria.
They can be booked individually or together to accommodate up to 16 guests.
Each of the cottages: The Cottage, The Barn and The Loft � is tastefully decorated and well furnished.
They all enjoy a shared games room equipped with pool table, football table, table tennis and dart board.
As well as a play area with picnic tables and equipped with lots of activities for children. Play equipment is displayed in the adjoining garden for children to enjoy.
www.dumbrettonfarmcottages.co.uk
Visit Caerlaverock Wetland Centre and experience a day out like no other. There really is something for everyone - owned and managed by the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) - a conservation charity that saves wetlands.
Here on the Solway Firth marshes they provide protection for more than 30,000 overwintering barnacle geese, whilst whooper swans come in close to feed and osprey nest nearby in summer.
In 2004 a colony of rare tadpole shrimps, which date back over 200 million years, was found at Caerlaverock. This is only the second colony in the UK, the only other being in the New Forest in Hampshire.The shrimp is an endangered species that may be the oldest living animal species on earth. You can see one for yourself when you visit Caerlaverock in the visitor centre's aquarium.
The warm and comfortable farmhouse at Eastpark is situated at the very heart of the reserve and commands superb views from its own observation tower across this and the adjacent National Nature Reserve. This is also a great place to see the badgers that come up to the farmhouse every evening.The Farmhouse is let on a room basis for the winter months but reverts to whole house lets only for the summer months.
A short distance on is Caelaverock castle by Glencaple, this is one of Scotland�s most
unusual castles, a medieval moated fortress. Unique in Britain with its odd triangular
moated design, with massive and menacing rounded towers in red sandstone and yet
nobody knows who built it. Of late 13th century design, it was taken by King Edward 1st in 1300 and regained by the Scots in 1312 only to suffer under further conflicts. A 17th century range was added by the Lords Maxwell.
www.historic-scotland.gov.uk
Dumfries
The restored Control Tower of the former WWII airfield is the centrepiece of the Museum and is now a listed building.
The Museum is run by volunteers and houses a large and ever expanding aircraft collection, aero engines and a very impressive display of artefacts and personal histories relating to aviation, past and present. Both civil and military are represented.
There is also a small, but ever expanding collection of memorabilia honouring airborne forces.
www.dumfriesaviationmuseum.com
Dumfries has featured often in the pages of Scottish history.
The Twelve Apostles; the largest stone circle on the Scottish mainland is at Newbridge a couple of miles to the north.
Created a Royal burgh by William the Lion in 1186, it was here that Robert the Bruce in 1306 stabbed the Red Colyn, a representative of the English King Edward, at the altar of Greyfriars monastery. This led to him to declare his intentions to both the English and Scottish courts and in time led to his ultimate victory at Bannockburn.
Bonnie Prince Charlie made the County Hotel his headquarters when he held the town for ransom for three days and left with �2000 and 1000 pairs of shoes.
Robert Burns is buried in a mausoleum in St Michaels churchyard. The house in which he died is now a museum.
Today Dumfries is a busy commercial centre and the largest conurbation in the south west of Scotland by far.
Tam O Shanter Inn dated back to 1630 and was originally a coaching Inn, these days in owned by Broughton Ales and is a great place to enjoy this local ale.
The Douglas Arms, better known as �the Dougie� is another owned by Broughton Ales and has the Ale on tap.
Kings is an independent coffee shop serving speciality coffee and teas in a relaxed atmosphere Using directly and fairly traded coffee from the best farms in the world.
Offering breakfast and lunch menus.
Kings also stock a great range of carefully selected books (novels, biographies, lifestyle, reference etc.), Bibles, worship resources, Church of Scotland materials, Sunday school resources and much more.
They also stock a range of cards as well as CDs and music books for a range of tastes.
www.kingsonline.co.uk
T B Watson Ltd. � specialist Wine and Spirit Merchant - has been established for over 100 years and stocks over 800 whiskies, plus other spirits and wines as well as crystal and some great gift ideas.
The company also personalise labels for malt whisky, vodka, champagne, and wine along with miniatures for special occasions - indeed the malt whisky miniatures in particular are popular as wedding favours.
Revised text below:-
Specialising particularly in Malt Whisky, the company has a huge range of Scotch Whisky along with whiskies from all over the world and hosts a Whisky Festival annually in Dumfries on the last day of November.
www.drambusters.com
New Abbey
Marthrown of Mabie features an American style Tipi , a Mongolian Yurt , a Woodland Bunkhouse , Woodland Camping and the famous Iron Age Roundhouse ideal for 'Glamping'
For a slightly different experience how about chilling out in a native American style Tipi. In the Tipi there are 4 mattresses, a wood burning stove, rugs and 4 bean chairs as well as all the cooking and dining equipment you will need.
The centrepiece of the Yurt is a very effective wood burning stove which has an oven in which you can rustle up a tasty meal. It has a double sofa bed and two single beds, table and chairs and a range of books and games.
Marthrown Woodland Bunkhouse has a total of 26 bed spaces spread over 4 rooms
Whilst tucked away in the forest is the woodland camping area. As part of the site there is an outdoor (but private) hot shower, a dry composting loo and urinal all set in beautiful wooden buildings.
Marthrown Roundhouse - sleeps up to 16 and is only 125 metres over the hill from the bunkhouse (yet it seems like a world away) you come upon a truly awesome sight. Nestled amongst the trees in a clearing is an authentic replica of a Celtic Iron Age Roundhouse.
Head to New Abbey as you enter this pretty village The National
Museum of costume is based at Shambellie House.
Sweetheart Abbey is the romantic sandstone remains of a 13th century Cistercian Abbey founded by the Lady of Galloway in memory of her husband John Balliol, she is buried in the presbytery with her husbands embalmed heart.
New Abbey�s excellent facilities include a craft and gift shop: a beautiful tea shop two hostelries and excellent parking near the Abbey
Admirable Antiques specialise in antiques, fine art and collectables.
They also restore antiques and stock quality reproduction furniture and garden ornaments.
With an enviable reputation for quality, service and integrity they have been featured in the BBC TV series �Antiques Road Trip�.
A stunning range of new, solid mahogany, hand-made classic furniture is also available at unbeatable prices. All of the furniture is handcrafted using traditional techniques from mahogany that has been grown through a government plantation program. No two pieces are exactly the same - every piece of furniture is individual, and a study of the detail and fine hand carving invite ownership by the discerning.
www.admirableantiques.co.uk
On to the Colvend coast, a romantic place, with tiny coastal settlements, set amid the hills with fine cliffs, sandy beaches and far reaching views over the Solway to the mountains of the Lake District.
The old church, nestling below Clifton Crags was given fifteen shillings by King Edward 1st of England when he passed this way in 1300.
Mersehead is a 1000 hectare Nature Reserve acquired by the R.S.P.B. in 1993. It sits on the Solway and was formerly a mixed farm. Today this landscape is managed with
wildlife in mind, it contains many mixed habitats, inter-tidal sand dunes, merse � which means saltmarsh, wet grassland, cover cops and dry grassland.
This is the only place in the country to find the money Spider and Solitary Wasp, as well being home to natterjack toads, otters, badgers and roe deer.
But it�s the birds that are the main attraction here:- up to 14,000 barnacle geese winter on the reserve as do thousands of other wildfowl. There are numerous lapwings, snipe, curlew and waders alongside the smaller farmland birds such as skylarks, finches, buntings, warblers and sparrows.
Seabirds also use this habitat as do birds of prey such as peregrines, merlins, hen harriers and short eared owls.
With all this variety the reserve is a worthwhile visit any time of the year.
www.rspb.org.uk/scotland
Rockcliffe is joined to Kippford by the Jubilee path, through scrub by the sea edge along the shallows of the Urr estuary, the two settlements are four times as far apart by road.
The town of Dalbeattie is the next destination and is the largest settlement hereabouts, at the head of the tidal water of the Urr.
This area was a missionary field of St Constantine, who was sent here in the year 560,with many local church names bearing witness to this.
It was once an important harbour and exporter of Granite, used to build the Liverpool docks, Thames embankment and the Grand harbour of Valletta in Malta. The quarry today only produces granite chips, however the buildings of the town are granite, and as such is more akin to Aberdeenshire than Kirkcudbright-shire.
A bobbing mill survived here for many years, supplying the Lancashire textile mills.
The nearby village of Auchencairn;- the field of the cairn in Gaelic is a very quite and peaceful place; well off the beaten track.
However it was near here at Ringcroft of Stocking, a famous poltergeist haunting of the 1690�s was witnessed, this was reported in great detail at the time by a panel of ministers.
The surrounding hills are certainly cloaked in ancient history with a number of dark-age courtyard forts being identified.
Castle Douglas
Carlingwark Loch was a valuable source of marl, a limey-clay used as fertisliser which brought prosperity to the area.
A forge was recovered from the loch that is thought to have been left by King Edward 1st during one of his forays around 1300.
The original settlement known as Carlingwark, was re-named Castle Douglas in 1792 by Sir William Douglas of Gelston; a wealthy tobacco merchant.
The shore of the loch, adjacent to the town is now a park with boating, golf, bowls and tennis.
Nearby is the Motte of Urr, the largest man-made castle mound in the country and the former 12th century power-base of the De-Berkleys.
Castle Douglas has been an important market centre since the 18th century, supported the rich gently rolling agricultural hinterland.
These days the town is by-passed by the main road; giving it a more relaxed feel and pace as a result.
The three towns of Galloway are marketed as Food [Castle Douglas], Art [Kirkcudbright] and Books [Wigtown].
Douglas House is a 19th century townhouse offering comfortable and stylish en-suite accommodation in four en-suite rooms.
Enjoy an award winning breakfast, residents lounge area and the warmest of welcomes � awarded Tripadvisor certificate of excellence for last three consecutive years.
The gallery and working studio of artist Angela Lawrence - Clience Studio, is located under the Castle Douglas Clocktower. Open all year, Mon � Sat 10am �5pm
This artist is widely exhibited; her watercolours and oils are expressive glimpses of
landscapes that are contemporary and very atmospheric.
Scottish seacapes are a particularly strong theme especially local ones.
Angela�s work can be seen at a number of leading galleries throughout the country,
however it adds another dimension to see the work in progress and meet the artist in
person.
www.cliencestudio.co.uk
Established in 1991, Castle Douglas Cycles is an independent bike shop recently taken over by Andy and Lynn both keen cyclists themselves.
Retailers of Specialized and Giant bicycles, Castle Douglas Cycles offers a wide variety to suit all types of cyclist, plus a full range of accessories, equipment and clothing. With full workshop facilities offering servicing, repairs and custom builds.
A bike shop catering for all the family, servicing Dumfries and Galloway - home of the fantastic 7stanes mountain bike trails which offer some of the best off road excitement for even the most skilled rider as well as well as plenty of fun for the novice. Dumfries and Galloway has also become popular for road cycling with a large network of quiet scenic roads to explore and supports a number of sportives organised by local groups to take full advantage of beautiful area.
www.cdbikes.co.uk
Lochside Apartments are two, family run, self catering apartments.
These apartments are purpose built holiday lets which were only completed in late 2010 and are the only purpose built holiday lets in Castle Douglas.
Built in this location to take full advantage of the stunning views over Carlingwark Loch and out towards the Screel and Bengairn hills as well as all local amenities being within walking distance.
The apartments are set in their own grounds, just at the edge of Lochside Park with their own off street parking.
Each apartment consists of two ground floor bed rooms, bathroom and shower room, whilst on the first floor - an open plan kitchen/dining/living room with floor to ceiling doors leading to a balcony and outside areas to both front and rear.
They can be let separately or together, as one unit.
www.lochsideapartments.co.uk
Another important castle near to hand is Threave. The nearby gardens are a training ground for the gardeners of the National Trust for Scotland.
Whilst the Castle; a fortress on an island of the river Dee, was once owned by Archibald the Grim, Lord of Galloway. Formerly a stronghold of the Black Douglases who fell into conflict with King James 2nd who besieged the castle in 1455.
www.nts.org.uk/Property/Threave-Estate/
Kirkcudbright
Dundrennan Abbey some six and a half miles before Kirkcudbright; founded in the 12th century by King David were Mary Queen of Scots spent her last night in Scotland.
King James the 2nd created Kirkcudbright a Royal burgh in 1455 and the annual riding of the marches re-enacts the time when the Kings messenger, known as the pursuivant, carrying the charter, was met by the towns Cornet, who together rode round the boundaries of the burgh.
This is an ancient port, located on the estuary of the river Dee.
The harbour is dominated by Maclellan�s castle built in 1577 using the stone from the ruined monastery by the then provost Sir Thomas Maclellan.
Around this time a famous pirate; Leonard Robertson, who was also burgess of Kirkcudbright, was so prolific in the area that Queen Elizabeth 1st of England even complained to King James the 6th of Scotland. The King set up a commission of the local
lairds, who built the castle, a little ironic perhaps, as they had all benefited greatly from this illegal trade.
The Marks, which dates back to the 16th century, is reputed to be the dower house for McLellan�s Castle in Kirkcudbright, located just four miles down the road.
The farmhouse, with log fires roaring in the Study and Drawing room, is set in a large rambling old world garden the surroundings are tranquil and peaceful, nights are stunningly starlit.
Cars are safely parked on the gravel drive at the front of the house; bikes can be stored in one of the outbuildings.
In the farmhouse they offer Bed and Breakfast, with dinner in the evening if you wish, all good home cooking using our great local produce.
The bedrooms pleasantly situated with views over the garden and Galloway countryside, are all comfortably furnished, including hospitality trays.
The Marks is a working upland farm, with dairy cows milked twice daily with ponies in the paddock.
www.marksfarm.co.uk
Kirkland Mill offers self-catering in a newly and lovingly renovated property fitted and equipped to the highest standards. Set in 2 acres of exquisite countryside complete with a private 1/2 acre trout pond .
The Mill sleeps four to six and is nestled behind Cannee Farm, the quietness and seclusion of Kirkland Mill will suit those wishing to relax - yet is only a 10 minute walk to the artist's town of Kirkcudbright.
This picturesque town has been popular with artists for generations, the most famous
being one of the Glasgow Boys E.A.Hornel, who lived at Broughton House, on High
Street, now a National Trust for Scotland property; complete with many of his paintings and a Japanese garden planted by him.
www.nts.org.uk/Property/Broughton-House-and-Garden/
An artist working from her home and studio at Cornerways which is located on Selkirk Road, is Jane B Gibson.
Jane, a full time artist since 1981, is a member of both the Royal Society of Miniature Painters and the Hilliard Society of Miniaturists, the only person in Scotland to be a member of both. She represented our country in the millennium year at the world federation in Tasmania.
Jane not only works in miniature but has numerous landscapes in the �Hockin and Roberts� countryside series, alongside townscapes and seascapes, [the local �Night and Day� series on Kirkcudbright].
She also undertakes portrait commissions on people and pets; particularly dogs. Even her unique �Bear Essential� series is on display, based on teddy bears. All are executed in a range of medium including watercolours, pastels and oils.
Another testimony is Jane�s memorial to the Lockerbie disaster that hangs on Capitol Hill in Washington D.C.
www.cornerwaysart.co.uk
A stunning seventeen bedroom privately owned and managed townhouse hotel in the heart of the pretty harbour town of Kirkcudbright. Surrounded by Scottish history and the local art scene.
It�s perhaps the gentle pace and peaceful atmosphere which perhaps moved Scotland�s national poet Robert Burns to write the famous Selkirk Grace at this very hotel in 1794.
With a choice of two restaurants � The Bistro for casual dining or Artistas for a more formal setting with the style of dining that of a modern gastro pub.
In addition a sheltered garden offers the al fresco option.
Also the Selkirk Arms has a choice of two bars � Lounge and Sports � offering real ales and a wide selection of malts and extensive wine list.
The Selkirk Arms has been refurbished extensively to give a warm, contemporary and authentic feel to each individual bedroom and throughout the public area
www.selkirkarmshotel.co.uk
The earlier 17th century Tolbooth and many of the other buildings have an air of grandeur about them, no doubt associated with the town�s role as the capital of the Stewartry.
A short distance out of town near the rocky gorge of the Dee is the pretty site of Tongland Abbey, whose most famous Abbot was John Damian Dunbar, the �Fenyent freir�.
He attempted to fly, throwing himself off from the battlements of Stirling castle in front of a young King James the 4th. The Abbot remarkably survived and explained his failure on the fact that the wings had been constructed from the feathers of hens, which themselves could not fly!
An earlier Abbot was murdered at the altar here in 1235 by Scottish forces after the Galloway revolt.
Gatehouse of Fleet
Gatehouse of Fleet in peaceful pastel colours was founded in the 1760�s as a mill community. Indeed General Roy�s map of 1759 showed only one house.
Pre-dating this is Cardoness castle; a 15th century tower house and a small 1st century Roman fort was also located near the river.
Robert Burns is said to have composed �Scots Wha Ha�e� on the nearby moors and written the song down in his room at the Murray Arms Hotel.
Another local hostelry with literary connections is the Ship Inn. It was whilst staying here that Dorothy L Sayers wrote the famous novel �Five Red Herrimgs� that is based on the locality.
On high Street is Galloway Lodge, located in the old Tannery that dates from 1787, the building was restored in 1989, and is now home to Galloway Lodge Preserves
This firm established in 1971 by Nigel Hesketh, has grown into one of the most popular and successful producers of high quality marmalade, jams, chutney, jelly and mustard in Scotland. A true family business that is obsessed with the quality of our product and ensuring that each jar that we produce is as good as the last. Only the finest ingredients are used and cooked in small batches using traditional methods - this guarantees a quality product with an authentic taste.
The business also runs the successful coffee shop on the High St in Gatehouse of Fleet featuring a full Menu of soups, sandwiches, Panini�s, burgers, a selection of daily specials and home baking.
In addition to the coffee shop they also have a fully stocked gift shop with a selection of Scottish food, gifts and a hamper service for any occasion.
www.gallowaylodge.co.uk
A fine example of the period is located on High Street is The Mill on the Fleet - a restored 18th Century cotton Mill.
Today it houses a museum, bookshop, gift shop, tourist information centre, licensed caf� and galleries that feature displays on both natural and human heritage, as well as renewable energy.
The mill also has a riverside terrace, perhaps you may catch a rare glimpse of a kingfisher or dipper at the waters edge, as the Mill is also the local wildlife reporting station.
www.millonthefleet.co.uk
Fleet Gallery is located across the bridge in Fleet Street, this is a great place to visit if you are looking for that special gift.
The Gallery displays a wide range of work from artists and craft-people from here and elsewhere in Scotland as well as a selection of cards and gifts, all resulting in a unique shopping experience.Parking is available outside.
www.fleetgallery.co.uk
New Galloway
The Ken Bridge Hotel is a former coaching Inn in a beautiful riverside location on the banks on the River Ken, here at the head of Loch Ken.
This eleven bedroom family run Georgian Hotel, whose owners have connections to the area going back through many generations.
The hotel is noted for the quality of the restaurant and bar meals created using locally sourced fresh produce, indeed, it is unique in Scotland as crayfish can be caught straight from the water, cooked and be on the table in minutes.
The Ken Bridge hotel has fishing rights on the River Ken which is free to all residents as well as its own camping and caravan site.
Loch Ken at nine miles long was created as part of the Hydro Scheme and is today an important leisure resource, with water-sports, course-fishing and bird-watching including the Red Kite Trail.
New Galloway stands high above the North end of the Loch.
Interestingly New Galloway is the smallest of all Scottish Royal burghs.
Its charter of 1633 was a really a transference from nearby Dalry which was intended as the new burgh but Gordon of Kenmure wanted a burgh and market at his gates.
New Galloway is located just north of his seat Kenmore Castle.
The Lords of Galloway held sway over most of the area and Kenmure castle had been visited by Mary Queen of Scots on her fateful journey south.
It was however later destroyed by Cromwell and the ruin we see today is mostly the remains of the re-built castle.
It was an hotel after the war, then sold to a demolition contractor who stripped it of its lead and internal fittings and left it a roofless shell. It is now owned by a descendant of the Gordons of Kenmore.
Located on High Street is the CatStrand. A truly marvellous facility, in this rural heartland that attracts artists, writers and performers from all over the country and even further a-field.
This multi-purpose facility doubling up as a theatre and art gallery, as well as a cinema club, is also the venue for regular classes from computing to dance.
The Glenkens HistoryStop is also based at CatStrand; a great reference point for local history and heritage.
The range and quality of the events and activities held here is impressive by any standards with many leading authors giving readings, Singer songwriters and musicians performing, whilst many well known stand up comics, poets and actors all find time for a gig at The CatStrand.
www.catstrand.com
Galloway Forest Park
From 1922 onwards the forestry commission have managed a huge area of land designated as a Forest Park in 1947 it stands a total of 97,400 hectare; an area some five times the size of Glasgow and visible from space.
Galloway Forest Park is home to much wildlife and Red Kites where re-introduced in 2001. The third release in a country wide scheme. The project has been a success with over twenty breeding pairs in the forest park in 2007.
It is bisected by the Southern Upland Way. A way-marked coast to coast walk of over two hundred miles.
The Queens Way is the route between New Galloway and Newton Stewart.
This ancient pilgrim�s road was used by Mary Queen of Scots and many other monarchs� as they travelled on to Whithorn.
En �route is the Clatteringshaws Visitor Centre is one of three run by the Forestry Commission Scotland in the area, located on the shores of Chatteringshaws Loch, with a tearoom for light refreshments and a gift shop. The centre houses the wildlife zone- an interactive display featuring a stag, otter, fox and many more examples of the areas wildlife.
A short distance on are the Wild Goat Park and Red Deer Range.
A nearby monument is to Alexander Murray, a self taught shepherd boy who became a professor of language at Edinburgh University.
Near this is a waterfall, called the Grey Mare�s Tail, a name shared with several others in Scotland.
Kirroughtree Visitor Centre lies three miles south east of Newton Stewart with a childrens play area, way-marked walks and cycle routes. Another run by the Forestry Commission Scotland it has a tearoom and shop. The centre is also host to one of the 7 stanes mountain bike trails and has a bike shop on site.
Whilst Glentrool Visitor Centre is a few miles north of Newton Stewart and the final centre run by Forestry Commission Scotland at the gateway to Loch Trool. with waymarked trails and cycle routes, the centre also has a tearoom and shop.
Look out for the Galloway Forest Park annual paper full of ideas and stories about the area. Its called �The Galloway Ranger� and is free.
Glen Trool is famous for Bruce�s Stone. This commemorates his victory over the English at the battle of Glen Trool in March 1307. He beat a superior force by hurling rocks from the heights of Muldonach, whilst a herd of wild goats driven towards the enemy was mistaken for reinforcements and the English Fled.
The so-called Glen Trool hoard was found nearby in 1915 and consisted of a 3000 year old collection of Bronze Age swords, spears and various weapons.
www.forestry.gov.uk/gallowayforestpark
Newton Stewart & Creetown
A gateway between the Galloway Forest Park and the Machars. Newton Stewart has a good range of shops.
Newton Stewart was named after William Stewart the third son of the Earl of Galloway, however it name was briefly changed to Newton Douglas when the land was acquired by Sir William Douglas founder of Castle Douglas.
Burgaly Glen a few miles south east is associated with John Buchan�s novel �Thirty-Nine Steps�.
The district has much re-claimed bog along the Cree estuary and many agricultural practices developed here such as the dry stone dyke introduced in the 1690�s and forestry plantations, now such a feature of this landscape, also started here.
A small family run nursery specialising in herbaceous perennials and grasses.
Offering friendly and personal service and always happy to provide advice.
Although the nursery is small, it is continually expanding the range of stock and can always offer a wide range selection of plants suitable for all conditions.
Visitors are welcome to wander around the garden to see mature specimens of many of the plants on sale.
Amongst the perennials - there is always a good selection with a wide choice of flowering favourite and a choice of larger plants for those with space.
The range of grasses includes many larger and unusual cultivars together with a wide variety of choice smaller varieties.
www.elmleaplants.co.uk
Galloway Smokehouse prides itself on its range of local fresh and smoked fish, game, poultry as well as freshly prepared lobster and crab.
The fresh salmon is caught in the estuary over the road and the kilns are small allowing close monitoring of batches, the raw materials are the best available and even the sawdust is specially selected. [a by-product from a nearby cooperage, where whisky barrels are refurbished, the shavings impregnated with whisky are burnt in the smokers to give a rich strength of taste.]
All foods are cured with salt before smoking and the resulting prize winning smoked foods are a gourmet's delight. After smoking all of the products are vacuum packed to seal in the flavours. In this form they can be kept in the fridge of freezer without any loss of flavour. In fact having a selection of Galloway's finest produce in your freezer is always a food insurance for those emergency gourmet occasions.
In addition the shop also has a selection of locally produced jams and pickles, biscuits, ice cream, chocolate, wild life ornaments and a selection of books on fish and game cookery.
Look around the Smokehouse to see the traditional way of smoking food - raw salt, golden syrup and dark rum are all used and you will be amazed at the flavour. Samples are always available to try.
www.gallowaysmokehouse.co.uk
The Gem Rock is the leading independent museum of its kind in the UK and is renowned worldwide.
Owned and run by the Stephenson family it is regarded as one of the finest private collections of gemstones, crystals, minerals, rocks and fossils in Great Britain. Crystals and minerals are some of natures most outstanding creations and the collection demonstrates this with many fine specimens of world class standard on display.
The Museum is however, more than just a static display, it is a fully interactive experience with lots of things to do as well as to see and you will find any visit fun, relaxing and a thought provoking experience.
The Gem Rock has evolved over 20 years through a continuous policy of improvement and development to provide an experience you'll treasure forever.
On-site the Prospectors Pantry offers snacks and drinks and the Natural Gift Shop some amazing keepsakes.
www.gemrock.net
Wigtown
We now travel into the Machars to Wigtown, which is only home to less than a thousand folk but more than quarter of a million books.
As the National Book town of Scotland it plays host to the annual book festival, itself an established event in Scotland�s cultural calendar.
The Town is home to some twenty or so bookshops;
A good example is the Old Bank Bookshop at 7 South Main Street.
It offers over 5 rooms of quality out-of-print, secondhand and antiquarian books on all subject areas, with one room dedicated to an extensive sheet music collection.
Comfortable seating and wheelchair access. Open 7 days in main season and 6 days in winter.
Wigtown is an ancient burgh and was probably chartered in 1260. The mound of a medieval castle lies on the edge of the salt marshes beside the town.
The county town of Wigtownshire, it has a pleasant medieval layout and a central square.
There are two town crosses one dating from 1748 and a newer one erected to commemorate the battle of Waterloo.
The town overlooks the saltings, marshes and sands of Wigtown Bay this was once a flourishing port until silt blocked the harbour in 1914.
It now hosts the largest natural bay reserve in the country, with Ospreys nesting here, that return every spring after wintering in Africa. There is a camera focused on one nest and a viewing gallery in the County Buildings located at the town�s Main Square.
In 1685 two female convenanters, Margaret McLauchlan and Margaret Wilson were tied to stakes and drowned by the rising tide. A post is said to mark the spot in the bay and a memorial stands on Windyhill, a viewpoint behind the town.
About three miles North West is the Bronze Age Stone Circle of some 19 stones in a ring 60ft across.
To the South � West stands the ruin of Baldoon Castle the setting for Scott�s novel �The Bride of Lammermuir�.
Whithorn
Continue south to Whithorn.
St Ninian, Scotland�s first saint, was born and educated under Roman rule in AD397 and built the first ever stone built church here, founded over a century before Iona this is the earliest Christian building in Scotland.
In the Northumbrian period the monastry was a noted cultural centre and in AD 880-90 the Lindisfarne Gospel was washed up on the shore nearby.
Bede wrote of the shrine at Whithorn during this period and made reference to the fact it had been in existence some three centuries before. This early Christian settlement had contact with Gaul; a sophisticated church hierarchy in Europe and beyond.
It imported fine wines and pottery and was a thriving literate community and as such is possibly Scotland�s oldest civilised township.
In the middle ages Whithorn was visited by many thousands of pilgrims. Bruce visited a few months before his death in 1329.
King James 4th was a frequent visitor, once on foot all the way from Edinburgh.
Mary Queen of Scots made the last Royal pilgrimage in 1567, as an act of Parliament in 1581 made this observance illegal.
Visit the Whithorn Story to see the archaeological evidence for this remarkable settlement � there is a Museum of ancient Christian stones, the Priory ruins, and an excellent interpretation of the development of Whithorn throughout its 1600 years.
The Visitor Centre also provides fresh, local food has an audio visual presentation and offers a selection of fresh local food.
Today�s Whithorn has an attractive Georgian streetscape, built over the medieval settlement.
www.whithorn.com
Luce Bay & Mull of Galloway
The wider area hereabouts is known as the Machars; a lush green triangle lying between Wigtown Bay and Luce Bay whose famous sons include the novelist Gavin Maxwell and Alastair Reid an important 19th century economist and father of conservation.
Head towards Glenluce.
The ruins of Glenluce Abbey is nearby Founded by the Earl of Galloway in 12th century, visited by Robert the Bruce, James 4th and Mary Queen of Scots.
A little further on Glenwhan Gardens at Dunragit is a wild garden that has been hewn out of a natural site of great beauty in an outstanding location with far reaching views over Luce Bay to the Mull of Galloway and the Isle of Man.
It was featured on the Beechgrove Garden and Border TV and started in 1979, with two lakes created by damming a boggy area that now stock trout and carp.
The sheltered peaty soil is great for a wide variety of plants from the southern hemisphere that flourish here, as do moisture loving plants and the acid soil is favoured by rhododendrons and azaleas.
Winding paths lead to the enchanted woodland habitat of the resident red squirrels and the surrounding moorland and wetland are all accessible.
Over 120 species of grasses, ferns and wild flowers can be seen.
An extensive plant centre as well as a licensed tearoom is the final feature of Glenwhan.
www.glenwhangardens.co.uk
The Mull of Galloway is the southernmost tip of Scotland, with outstanding views in every direction; Over to Ireland, with the Antrim Hills and mountains of Mourne, to the Isle of Man and the ridge of Mona�s Isle and of course the Lake District and Cumbrian coast of North West England.Also closer to home you look out over Luce Bay to the Machars of Galloway and the Galloway hills.
An R.S.P.B. reserve is located around the Lighthouse, one of the smallest in the hands of this charity with a short circular walk. This is the nesting site for Guilliemots, Shags and Razorbills as well as a few Puffins. The lighthouse was built in 1828 to a Stevenson
Design and by the 1900�s this was joined with a Foghorn powered by a Kelvin diesel
engine which was in use until the 1980�s. The lighthouse was de-manned in 1988 and is now remotely monitored from Edinburgh.
The Gallie Craig coffee house is an award winning clifftop visitor facility, designed with environmental issues as a key factor, built into the contours of the cliff edge and
incorporating glass and natural stone under a turf roof.
So-named after the Gallie Craig; a ragged rock protruding from the sea which the large windows and terrace of the coffee shop overlook.
Offering home-made soups and meals, fresh home-baking, local ice cream and even an excellent range of quality gifts and souvenirs
www.galliecraig.co.uk
Portpatrick & the Rhins of Galloway
Exclusive, private and very secluded - Morroch Bay offers two extraordinary self- catering holiday cottages, both south facing with the most extraordinary uninterrupted open views out to sea and surrounded by high cliffs and directly accessible only by four-wheel drive - down the side of cliff - or on foot!
These beach cottages are approximately a quarter of a mile apart with a private water supply. - The four bedroom Morroch Cottage can sleep eight and Southern Croft, which sleeps two-four.
They are available individually or together for exclusive use and are available for weekly lets.
Both houses have been extensively refitted & landscaped and enjoy satellite broadband & Wi-Fi.
On a clear day the Isle of Man can be seen, and at night the lighthouses on the Irish coast complement the stars as the only lights, save those from the croft houses on the seashore.
www.morroch-bay.com
Head to Portpatrick, this was the shortest crossing to Ireland and is named after St Patrick who strode from Ireland to here.
The harbour was built in 1821 by John Rennie but the ferry route was moved to the safer crossing via Stranraer and as a result the harbour fell into decline and the railway also closed.
Today however this pretty harbour teams with pleasure craft and this busy holiday and fishing resort is a well loved spot.
To the south the romantic ruin of Dunskey Castle sits in its strong position on the headland high above the Craigoch Burn.
The Gardens of Dunskey which include a charming 18th century walled garden, an intriguing maze and interesting woodland gardens with loch views.
There is an established collection of mature shrubs and plants amongst which are some surprises that enjoy this micro climate.
The adjoining Seasons Tearoom with terrace and marvellous murals offers delicious home-made lunches and baking.
There is a small shop and an exotic collection of plants for sale.
Self-catering cottages and fishing on two trout lochs are also available at Dunskey.
www.dunskey.com
Logan is regarded as the country�s most exotic garden. Warmed by the Gulf Stream, southern hemisphere plants flourish in this plantsman�s paradise near Port Logan.
The Potting Shed Bistro is open in the summer it serves tasty lunches, light snacks and delicious home baking using the finest local ingredients.
Whilst the Botanics Shop has a fantastic selection of local crafts, gifts and plants, some of which can be seen growing in the Garden and indeed have been grown at Logan.
www.rbge.org.uk/the-gardens/logan
Continue north to Corswall Point. Here stands a most unusual hotel, Corsewall lighthouse, which was built by the grandfather of Robert Louis Stevenson.Built in 1815 and A listed, it still beams a warning for ships approaching the mouth of Loch Ryan as it has done for over 180 years.
This working lighthouse has undergone extensive renovations to create a truly unique small luxury hotel and restaurant.
With four luxury suites all complete with every convenience and feature you could imagine, some have conservatories, sitting rooms and all enjoy the most amazing sea-vista. As do the other six en-suite rooms.
Whilst the Corsewall restaurant offers a five course fine dining menu and has been awarded the much coveted AA Red Rosette. This unique Lighthouse Hotel is personally run by the owner.
Set in some twenty acres of spectacular coastline with views to Kintyre, Arran, Ailsa Craig and the coast of Ireland. The Iron Age fort of Dunskirkloch lies here and it�s a haven for sea birds, seals and a wide variety of flora amid the weathered rock-formations.
www.lighthousehotel.co.uk
Stranraer
The natural harbour of Stranraer is only a few miles away and sits at the head of the Sea-Loch, Loch Ryan.
Stranraer even enjoys a fine beach when the tide is out.
Its castle was the headquarters of Graham of Claverhouse, and many poor convenanters lay and perished in the dungeons.
It continued this theme and in the 18th and 19th century served as the town jail.
Near the pier the North West castle, now a hotel, was built in the form of a ship by the artic explorer Sir John Ross. His expedition to find the North West Passage led to the discovery of the magnetic North Pole in 1831.
We leave town and head east the short distance to Castle Kennedy and Gardens, these are regarded as one of the Scotland�s finest gardens.
The inspiration of the 2nd Earl Stair in the 1730�s the gardens are a magical landscape
created on an isthmus between two large natural lochs. They extend to 75 acres of
carefully landscaped terraces and avenues and contain at one end the romantic ruin of the 16th century Castle Kennedy with the 19th century Lochinch Castle, seat of the current Earl and Countess of Stair, at the other end.
Indeed Stair Estates own much of the land hereabouts including a sizeable section of the Southern Upland Way.
Close to the sea and benefiting from the Gulf Stream, the gardens contain many tender and exotic plants, alongside the towering avenues that consist of many magnificent trees planted from seed by the famous plants-man Joseph Hooker and includes a number of National Champion specimens.
The charming tearoom, gift shop and plant centre completes any visit.
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Which are of Tokyo, famous for its department stores, boutiques and restaurants, is one of the most luxurious shopping districts in the world ? | Official Tourism Guide for Japan Travel
Asia Vacation Package
Tokyo's Best Shopping
Anyone who loves shopping knows that Tokyo is one of the most renowned shopping cities in the world. It should come as no surprise that Japanese people love style and fashion as designers from around the globe know that Tokyo is a hot spot for their label to be featured. It is here that well-established Japanese shops and famous brand names like Gucci, Chanel, Armani, Louis Vuitton, and others stand side by side on the various blocks that make up the center of the Ginza shopping area. Tokyo also serves as a hub of artistic ingenuity as art galleries and purely Japanese modern architecture are visible throughout the entire city.
Ginza
While the history of this region dates back to the Edo period, recent modernization efforts have made Ginza an even more desirable shopping destination with its high end stores, boutiques, and cafes. Exclusive, sophisticated brands and restaurants featuring delicacies from all over the world can be seen throughout the area. Several fashion labels have commissioned their own personal restaurants in Ginza, with locales such as the Gucci Café and the Armani restaurant attracting visitors looking for a gourmet break from a day of shopping. During the weekends, Ginza employs the use of hokosha tengoku, or closed-off pedestrian streets, so that weekend shoppers have a chance to browse many stores of the renowned shopping region without having to worry about traffic congestion.
Harajuku and Omotesando
Harajuku's high fashion boutiques and branded shops make this area a hot spot for pop culture and new, cutting edge styles. On "Omotesando Hills", you'll find about 100 famous-brand shops including "Anniversaire Omotesando" popular for its limited-edition champagne and chocolate, as well as Prada, Louis Vuitton and Dior boutiques competing to express their individuality even through their architecture.
Roppongi
Roppongi has both aspects as an office town and an entertainment center that never sleeps. Since there are numerous embassies in the vicinity, many of the shops, bars and restaurants have international flavors and cater to people from other countries. Roppongi Hills, one of Japan's newest commercial developments, has over 200 shops and restaurants making it a great place to spend the day exploring local Japanese culture. http://www.roppongihills.com/
Shinjuku
This is one of the busiest towns in Japan, with its train station reportedly handling the largest number of passengers in the world. Department stores, electrical appliance megastores and huge book stores fan out around the station and are constantly filled with customers. In the underground mall, there are dozens of shops where you might find an unexpected bargain. The "Don Quixote" discount store is located along Yasukuni Dori (Ave.) at the east exit, and to the north of this store is the Kabuki-cho bright lights district, crowded with restaurants, adult entertainment spots, arcades and theaters. On the west exit side are the Tokyo Metropolitan Government buildings, super-high-rise buildings and first-class hotels. Enjoy the night view from the free observatory at the top of the Metropolitan Government building or from one of the skyscraper restaurants.
Shibuya
One of Japan's busiest towns, Shibuya is extremely popular with young people. There are department stores, restaurants and specialty shops; casual fashion shops in particular have a high profile as typified by the "SHIBUYA 109" fashion building. Each street has its own characteristic look; for example, Koen Dori (Ave.) has the "Seibu Department Store" and "Parco", Bunkamura Dori (Ave.) has the "Tokyu Department Store", and Spain Zaka (Hill Road) has small clothing boutiques and miscellaneous goods shops. On "Center Gai or Center Street", the street extending from the station, there is a constant stream of young people strolling past the fast food shops, shoe stores, and accessory and cosmetics shops. Fashion shops recently started opening up on Meiji Dori (Ave.), so you can enjoy window shopping while walking to Harajuku or Omotesando.
Tokyo Bay
This large shopping mall in the heart of Tokyo houses hundreds of stores and entertainment facilities perfect for all types of shoppers. Visitors can spend the day roaming the grounds and discovering new shops, movies, and several gourmet restaurants and cafés. Tokyo Bay is not to be missed for anyone looking for a day of fun for the whole family. For more information, please visit: http://tokyobay.lalaport.net/lala_eng/ Department Stores
| Ginza |
Which town in Northern Spain, once the seat of the Basque Parliament, was bombed bt German planes in 1937a and immortalised by a famous Picasso painting ? | Ginza
Ginza
Hotels
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The Ginza (���) is Tokyo 's most famous upmarket shopping, dining and entertainment district, featuring numerous department stores , boutiques, art galleries, restaurants , night clubs and cafes.
One square meter of land in the district's center is worth over ten million yen , making it one of the most expensive real estate in Japan. It is where you can find the infamous $10 cups of coffee and where virtually every leading brand name in fashion and cosmetics has a presence.
Chuo Dori street on a weekend afternoon
From 1612 to 1800 , today's Ginza district was the site of a silver coin mint (Ginza means "silver mint" in Japanese ), after which the district was eventually named. The Ginza evolved as an upmarket shopping district following the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake .
Most shops in the Ginza district are open every day of the week. A visit is most pleasant on weekend afternoons when the central Chuo Dori street is closed to automobile traffic and become a large pedestrian zone. The road closure takes place from 12:00 to 17:00 (until 18:00 from April through September).
Points of Interest
Yurakucho Gado-shita Dining ( more details )
One of Tokyo's most interesting dining districts is located beneath the elevated train tracks north and south of Yurakucho Station (in Japanese: Gado-shita from "below the girder"). Stretching over about 700 meters, dozens of restaurants are built into the brick arches below the Yamanote Line , ranging widely from small yakitori joints and izakaya to beer halls and slightly more upscale French wine bars.
Police Museum
Closed for renovations from April 1, 2016 to spring 2017
Located just outside of the Ginza area to the north, the four floor Police Museum is operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and is free of charge. Although there are no English explanations, displays such as historical uniforms and equipment can be easily understood.
Department Stores & Malls
Shops: 10:00 to 20:00
Restaurants: typically 11:00 to 22:00
The Ginza store of the Matsuya department store chain offers fashion, foods, household goods, a pet shop, a travel agency and an exhibition hall on its eleven floors.
Marronnier Gate
Daily 11:00 to 21:00 (restaurants operate until 23:00)
Marronnier Gate is a 12-floor shopping mall that opened in 2007 close to Yurakucho Station. Clothing stores are located from the basement to the fourth floor, while the top three floors are taken up by restaurants. The fifth to the ninth floor are the Ginza branch of the popular Tokyu Hands department store. The neighboring, former Printemps department store will fully become part of an extended Marronnier Gate complex from March 15, 2017.
Tokyu Plaza Ginza
Daily 11:00 to 21:00 (restaurants until 23:00)
Opened in 2016, the Tokyu Plaza Ginza shopping complex features 14 floors of shopping and dining, including two floors of tax free shopping for foreign tourists and an interesting open rooftop with views over the city.
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Which Lincolnshire town on the River Trent was at one time England's most inland port being over 55 miles from the North Sea ? | Gainsborough, Lincolnshire | Familypedia | Fandom powered by Wikia
River Trent and new Gainsborough Riverside developments
King Alfred, Sweyn Forkbeard and Canute the Great
Edit
Gainsborough was one of the capital cities of Mercia during the Anglo-Saxon period, which had preceded Danish rule. It is understandable that the Viking kings would have been drawn to it as an administrative centre, being close to the Danish stronghold at Torksey . [3]
In 868 King Alfred married Ealswitha , daughter of Aethelred Mucill, chief of the Gaini , whence the town gets its name. [4] [5]
Historically, Gainsborough is the "capital that never was". Towards the end of July 1013, the Dane Sweyn Forkbeard , together with his son Canute, arrived in Gainsborough with an army of conquest. Sweyn defeated the Anglo-Saxon opposition and King Ethelred fled the country. Sweyn was declared King of England, and he returned to Gainsborough. Sweyn and Canute took up high office at the Gainsborough Castle (on the site of the present-day Old Hall), while his army occupied the camp at Thonock (today known as Castle Hills). [5] But King Sweyn was killed five weeks later when he was thrown from his horse in Gainsborough. His son Canute established a base elsewhere.
King Canute may have performed his unsuccessful attempt to turn the tide back in the River Trent at Gainsborough. Historians believe he may have been demonstrating on the aegir , a tidal bore . He and his supporters may have known Gainsborough was the furthest reach of the aegir, and ideal for his demonstration. However the story was only written down a century later by Henry of Huntingdon , who gives no location, and may have been a myth or a fable.
Medieval Gainsborough
Edit
The Domesday Book (1087) records that Gainsborough was exclusively a community of farmers , villeins and sokemen , tenants of Geoffrey de Guerche. The population was only about 80 people, of which about 70% were of Scandinavian descent.
The Lindsey Survey of 1115-18 records that Gainsborough was then held by Nele d’Aubigny (known as Nigel the Black). He was the forebear of the Mowbray family, and the Mowbray interest in Gainsborough continued until at least the end of the 14th Century.
A weekly market was granted by King John in 1204.
Gainsborough Old Hall
Edit
Thomas Burgh acquired the manor of Gainsborough in 1455. He built Gainsborough Old Hall between 1460 and 1480, a large, 15th-century, timber-framed medieval strong house, and one of the best-preserved manor houses in Britain. It boasts a magnificent Great Hall and strong brick tower. King Richard III in 1483 and King Henry VIII in 1541 both stayed at the Old Hall. The manor was sold to the Hickman family in 1596.
English Civil War
Edit
The town was garrisoned for the King in January 1643 and began co-operating with the garrison at Newark in raiding the surrounding countryside and harassing the Parliamentarians there. With the Great North Road blocked to Parliamentarian traffic, Gainsborough became significant as part of a route around Newark by way of Lincoln and the line of the modern A15 road . It was in the Royalists' interests to obstruct this, which gave rise to the battles of Gainsborough and Winceby . Parliament captured Gainsborough in the battle on 20 July but was immediately besieged by a large Royalist army and forced to surrender after three days.
Parliament captured Gainsborough again on 18 December 1643, but was forced to withdraw in March 1644, razing the town's defences to prevent their use by the enemy. The Earl of Manchester’s army passed through Gainsborough in May 1644 on its way to York and the Battle of Marston Moor .
After the Civil War ended in 1645, several people in Gainsborough were fined for their Royalist sympathies, including Sir Willoughby Hickman at the Old Hall, who had been created the first Baron Gainsborough by Charles I in 1643. [6]
Churches
Edit
All Saints Church
The first recorded evidence of a church at Gainsborough is in 1180, when the rectory there was granted by Roger de Talebu to the great Preceptory of the Knights Templar in Lindsey, at Willoughton . In 1547, following the Protestant Reformation, the parish of Gainsborough came under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Lincoln for the first time.
The medieval Church of All Saints fell into disrepair after the Civil War, and in 1736 it was demolished to make way for a new church. The new Parish Church was completed in 1748 with a mix of perpendicular Gothic and Classical Revival styles. All that remains of the Medieval church is the west tower, 90 feet high, and housing eight bells. A monument to Richard Rollett, master sailmaker on Captain James Cook 's second voyage in 1824, is located in the porch. [7]
The town's increasing population in the 19th Century required the building of a second church in the south of the town, and Holy Trinity Church opened in 1843. This was followed by St John the Divine Church on Ashcroft Road in 1882, and St George's Church on Heapham Road in the 1950s. Holy Trinity closed in 1971 (and is now the Trinity Arts Centre), and St John the Divine closed in 2002.
Non-conformism flourished in Gainsborough. Some of the Mayflower Pilgrims worshipped in secret at the Old Hall before sailing for Holland to find religious freedom in 1609. The John Robinson Memorial Church in Church Street was dedicated in 1897; the cornerstone had been laid by Thomas F. Bayard , U.S. Ambassador . [8] Now the United Reformed Church it was named in honour of John Robinson (1576 – 1625), the pastor of the " Pilgrim Fathers " before they left on the Mayflower .
John Wesley , the founder of Methodism , preached in Gainsborough several times between 1759 and 1790. The town's first Methodist chapel opened in Church Lane in 1788, moving to a new site in North Street in 1804 (and rebuilt there as St Stephen's in 1966). The Primitive Methodists became established in the town in 1819, with chapels in Spring Gardens (1838), Trinity Street (1877) and Ropery Road (1910). St Thomas' Church in Cross Street caters for the town's Roman Catholics. [3]
Second World War
Edit
Gainsborough suffered its only large-scale air raid of the war on the night of 10 May 1941. High explosive bombs and incendiaries were dropped but many of them fell harmlessly on the surrounding countryside. There was only minor damage in the town, and no casualties.
On the night of 28–29 April 1942 a single Dornier 217 dropped a stick of bombs on the town centre, causing extensive damage and the loss of seven lives.
On 31 December 1942, a RCAF Bristol Beaufighter aircraft on a training exercise crashed on Noel Street, killing both airmen and a three-year-old girl.
On 22 May 1944 a RAF Spitfire fighter, in a training exercise, accidentally collided with a Wellington bomber and crashed into a Sheffield-bound goods train as it was passing over the railway bridge on Lea Road. The pilot was the only casualty.
In the early hours of 5 March 1945 a single Junkers 88 fighter/bomber made a low level attack over the town, dropping anti-personnel bombs on Church Street and the surrounding residential area. Three people lost their lives and 50 houses were damaged. [9]
New town
There was a proposal to develop Gainsborough as a new town linked to Sheffield , but the plan was not pursued. New housing was instead built to the south east of Sheffield. [10]
Governance
Edit
The Guildhall, former offices of the West Lindsey District Council
The town was formerly, before 1974, in the county of Lindsey in the Gainsborough Urban District Council. West Lindsey District Council was formed from five former councils.
Gainsborough Town Council was established in 1992, and in the same year Gainsborough's first Mayor was appointed.
Sir Edward Leigh has been Gainsborough's MP since 1983.
Oil
In July 1958, BP discovered oil at Corringham , then at Gainsborough in January 1959.
Geography
Edit
A631 bridge over the Trent
The town is at the meeting point of the east-west A631 (which crosses the Trent on Trent Bridge at the only point between the M180 and the A57 ), the A156 (from the south to Torksey ) and A159 (from Scunthorpe ). Thorndike Way, Gainsborough's dual carriageway, intended to connect with the A15 at Caenby Corner , only extends eastward to the town boundary, and is named after the actress Dame Sybil Thorndike (born in the town in 1885). The former A631 through the town is now the B1433.
The civil parish extends southwards across much rural land to Lea . The boundary passes to the south of Warren Wood, north of Lea Wood Farm, and passes along the northern edge of Lea Wood. Passing northwards through Bass Wood, it meets Corringham , the main settlement to the east of Gainsborough. The boundary crosses Thorndike Way (A631) and briefly follows the B1433. At Belt Farm it meets Thonock, then follows The Belt Road, to the south of Gainsborough Golf Club (also nearby are Thonock Park and Karston Lakes golf courses), then down Thonock Hill - the edge of the Trent Valley.
George Eliot and The Mill on the Floss
Edit
Many scholars believe Gainsborough to be the basis for the fictional town of St Ogg's in George Eliot 's The Mill on the Floss (1860). The novelist visited Gainsborough in 1859, staying in the house of a shipbuilder on Bridge Street (which survives today as the United Services Club). The stone bridge and the nearby willow tree are mentioned, and the Old Hall is described in detail. Thomas Miller’s Our Old Town published two years before, included the true story of a miller who loses a lawsuit after assaulting his adversary, and George Eliot used a similar story plot in The Mill on the Floss as the basis of the Tuliver/Wakem feud. It’s also possible that she witnessed the aegir on the Trent, which inspired the flood in her story’s climax. [3]
Economy
Edit
Gainsborough has a long-standing history of industry. The town was the manufacturing base of Marshall, Sons & Co. , a major boiler manufacturer founded by William Marshall in 1848. William Marshall died in 1861 (and was buried in the cemetery on Ropery Road). His business became one of the new joint stock companies run by his sons James and Henry. The company occupied Britannia Ironworks, a 16-acre site and the biggest in Europe when built. From Marshall’s Works steam engines went all over the world until it closed in the 1980s. [3] The site has now been split among many different companies, Tesco on Beaumont Street and Dransfield's remodelling about nine acres. The remainder of the site is occupied by local companies.
Entrance to Marshall's Yard, 2008
Tesco, on the corner of Trinity Street and Colville Terrace, demolished a large section of the works to create its large store around five years ago. Tesco now intends to replace their current store with a 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) Tesco Extra store, on stilts with parking underneath. Dransfield is remodelling about nine acres (36,000 m²) of the site to include a shopping area and a new heritage museum. The site Marshall's Yard opened during Easter 2007, with additional shops opening after that.
A Morrisons is located on Heapham Road South. A Co-op is located in the Lindsey Centre, at Morton by Gainsborough and on the old site of the Jack and Jill Pub by St Georges Community Hall.
Rose's
Edit
Another area of Gainsborough’s industry is Rose Brothers, [11] after William German Rose and Walter Rose, the co-founders. In 1893 William Rose invented the world's first packaging machine, and two years later bought the Trentside Works site and started to rapidly expand his packaging machine business. Rose's diversified into many other areas, and for many years they were associated with many household brands which produced the demand items of the day, including starch, razor blades and sweets, including Cadbury's chocolates after which the Roses selection is named. They produced seaside rock -making machines, cigarette-making machines and bread-slicing and wrapping machines. When the company closed, A.M.P Rose bought the confectionery packaging side of the business. [3]
Manufacturing
Edit
By the side of the east bank of the Trent near the railway bridge is a large mill owned by Kerry Ingredients (headquartered in Tralee ).
Gainsborough is the home of two of the largest jokes and novelties importers in the UK: Smiffy's (formerly known as RH Smith & Sons, founded in 1894), [12] and Pam's of Gainsborough, a smaller company founded in 1986. Smiffy's were the only wigmaker left in the UK until December 2008, when bulk production was outsourced to the Far East and over 35 staff were made redundant. The company has set its future goals on a more mature fancy dress and party market.
Another local business is the firm of Eminox , founded in 1978. They started by building replacement exhausts for the local bus company. They have expanded into a manufacturing company that specialises in the large stainless steel exhaust systems fitted to buses and commercial vehicles. They are also building low-emission catalytic systems for the London low emission zone .
Landmarks
Edit
Beside Riverside Walk are the Whitton's Mill flats, which won the Royal Town Planning Institute award for the East Midlands . Marshall's Yard also received an award [13] for regeneration.
West Lindsey District Council used to have their main offices at the Guildhall on Lord Street, but in January 2008, they moved [14] to a new £4.3m building in Marshall's Yard. The old building was to have been converted into a hotel but some residents believe it is a financial millstone for the people of West Lindsey.
view of the Water Tower on Heapham Road
A631 bypass - Thorndike Way looking west
Silver Street is home to many of Gainsborough's shops. Elswitha Hall is the birthplace of Halford John Mackinder , founder of the Geographical Association .
A large water tower stands on Heapham Road, built in 1897 to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. [15]
Transport
Edit
West Burton Power Station is three miles (5 km) to the south-west of the town, near to the railway to Retford . At the East Trent Junction, on the east side on the railway bridge over the Trent, the railway line from Retford (and Sheffield) and Doncaster , the line splits into two - for Grimsby and Lincoln . The two respective railway stations in Gainsborough are Gainsborough Central on Spring Gardens near the town centre (for the Grimsby line) and Lea Road (for Lincoln) on Lea Road (A156) to the south of the town. At the equivalent West Trent Junction, on the other side of the river in Nottinghamshire , the lines from Doncaster and Sheffield meet. The bridge over the Trent carries four possible routes of trains (Sheffield or Doncaster to Lincoln or Grimsby ).
Buses
Edit
There is a frequent bus service in the town Monday to Saturday. There is no Sunday service available. The buses serve the uphills of Gainsborough, downhills and Morton. The bus numbers 1 and 1a service goes around Gainsborough and to Morton. The number 2 bus serves the uphills only. The buses are operated by Stagecoach. There are services to number of places, including the hourly 100 services going to Lincoln and Scunthorpe, the 106 and 107 going to Lincoln, and the 95 and 97, going to Retford. There are also buses, the service 98, that goes to Doncaster running approximately every 2 hours Monday to Saturday . The town's bus station is located on Hickmen Street.
Rivers
River Trent in Gainsborough, 2009
Gainsborough is famed as Britain’s most inland port. It has had a long history of river shipping trade.
There is still one wharf in the town but ships no longer navigate this far up river. Commercial shipping only takes place further down the river at Gunness wharf, Grove wharf and Flixborough Wharf , which has direct rail links.
At the A631 Trent bridge, there used to be a ferry across the Trent before 1787, a distance of 235 feet across. The bridge, which cost £12,000, was completed in the spring of 1791. Originally a toll bridge, it was bought by the Ministry of Transport, Lindsey County Council, Gainsborough Urban District and Nottinghamshire County Council for £130,000 in 1927, and declared free of tolls on 31 March 1932. [3]
Sport
Edit
The town is home to Gainsborough Trinity F.C. , a semi-professional football club playing in the National League North, the sixth level of English football. During a brief spell at the start of the 20th century, the club was professional and a member of the Football League .
Gainsborough Rugby Club (the All Blacks) have been playing Rugby Union in the town since 1924.
The house and grounds of Richmond Park, in the north of the town, was opened as a public park in 1947. Attractions include greenhouses , an aviary and a 600-year-old oak tree. Whitton Gardens, on the Riverside, opened in 1973.
The Sands venue, located in Gainsborough's 1908 town hall, is a jazz club which seats 200 people. [16]
In 2000 renovation of the town's river banks was completed, providing residents and tourists with access to the riverside. After the riverside renovations, the second weekend in June saw the town play host to the Gainsborough Riverside Festival , an annual arts/heritage event which ran between 2001 and 2013, but was scrapped in 2014 due to financial constraints.
Education
Edit
Unlike most of the UK, Lincolnshire still retains the Tripartite System , with secondary education for many pupils decided by voluntary examination at eleven . The town has one of the top state schools in the country, Queen Elizabeth's High School (selective state grammar school from 11-18) on Morton Terrace (A159).
QEHS students consistently earn outstanding GCSE & A-Level results, and the school is over-subscribed. [17] Alternative secondary education is provided by The Gainsborough Academy , a new school which opened in a £25 million new building on Corringham Road in September 2009 as Trent Valley Academy and changed its name in July 2014. From 2010, both secondaries in collaboration with Lincoln College and the Aegir School, a new local Special School, are delivering the new Diplomas at Level 2 and Level 3 through the 14-19 Gainsborough Partnership, an organisation designed to offer educational opportunities for young people in the Gainsborough area.. There are many primary shools in the town.
The town has links with the John Leggott Sixth Form College in Scunthorpe , North Lindsey College , and Lincoln College which has a branch at Gainsborough College on Acland Street, focussing on vocational education.
Sweyn Forkbeard
| Gainsborough |
Libreville is the capital of which African country ? | Man and Van in Gainsborough | Cheap Man with a Van in Gainsborough
Man and Van in Gainsborough
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We specialise in house removals and office relocation. Our team of friendly, dedicated removers will use their expertise to relocate all your valuable possessions and make sure each and every item is moved safe, sound and secure to its rightful place in your new property.
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It doesn't matter whether you are moving items from just 1 bedroom in a flat or the entire contents of a 4 bedroom house with garage and garden furniture! Van Man Hire can help! Our domestic removal services cater for every need. Contact us today for your part or full house removal service.
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We help many commercial customers with their office moves. Whether you are moving from 1 room in a building to another area of the same building, or moving to completely new premises. We will assist you every step of the way, even down to the dismantling and reassembling of desks and other furniture, to packing away computers and setting them up in their new places. Whatever the level of service you require, we can help!
Removals Van
Your removal service will be completed in a choice of either our extra-long wheel based Mercedes Sprinter or our long wheel based Ford Transit Luton van with Tail Lift with a choice of between 1 and 6 professional removal staff. Our vans are all carpeted to ensure maximum safety to your items whilst in transport and fully insured. Each of our drivers have a minimum of 12 years' experience driving vans, along with bags of experience in the professional removers trade, so you can rest assured that all your belongings are in very safe and capable hands. You can take a look at some pictures of our vans here along with their dimensions to help you judge how many trips it may need to complete your removal work.
Removals Preparation
Like anything in life, preparation is the key and removals is no exception. There's a lot more to it than you think so please check out our Removals Preparation Guide for hints, tips and advice. Everything is covered from protecting your delicate items efficiently to prevent breakages in transit, covering floors to protect laminate flooring from scratches and snags to carpets, right down to what size boxes you need to be using for particular items.
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Gainsborough's History
Gainsborough was one of the capital cities of Mercia during the Anglo - Saxon period, which had preceded Danish rule. It is understandable that the Viking kings would have been drawn to it as an administrative centre, being close to the Danish stronghold at Torksey.
In 868 King Alfred married Ealswitha, daughter of Aethelred Mucill, chief of the Gaini, whence the town gets its name.
Historically, Gainsborough is the "capital that never was". Towards the end of July 1013, the Dane Sweyn Forkbeard, together with his son Canute, arrived in Gainsborough with an army of conquest. Sweyn defeated the Anglo - Saxon opposition and King Ethelred fled the country. Sweyn was declared King of England, and he returned to Gainsborough. Sweyn and Canute took up high office at the Gainsborough Castle (on the site of the present day Old Hall), while his army occupied the camp at Thonock (today known as Castle Hills). But King Sweyn was killed five weeks later when he was thrown from his horse in Gainsborough. His son Canute established a base elsewhere.
King Canute allegedly performed his unsuccessful attempt to turn the tide back in the River Trent at Gainsborough. Historians believe he may have been demonstrating on the aegir. He and his supporters may have known Gainsborough was the furthest reach of the aegir, and ideal for his demonstration.
Local Information for Gainsborough
Gainsborough is a town in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire. It is situated 15 miles (24 km) north-west from the city and county town of Lincoln, and on the River Trent. At one time it served as an important port with trade downstream to Hull, and was the most inland port in England, being more than 55 miles (90 km) from the North Sea.
You can find information on places to visit and the goings on at Gainsborough Town Talk .
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In which 2006 film did Tom Hanks play a character called Robert Langdon, a professor of religous iconography ? | The Da Vinci Code (2006) - IMDb
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The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 )
PG-13 |
From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video
ON DISC
A murder inside the Louvre and clues in Da Vinci paintings lead to the discovery of a religious mystery protected by a secret society for two thousand years -- which could shake the foundations of Christianity.
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Nominated for 1 Golden Globe. Another 6 wins & 21 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
Harvard symbologist Robert Langdon works to solve a murder and prevent a terrorist act against the Vatican.
Director: Ron Howard
A FedEx executive must transform himself physically and emotionally to survive a crash landing on a deserted island.
Director: Robert Zemeckis
When Robert Langdon wakes up in an Italian hospital with amnesia, he teams up with Dr. Sienna Brooks, and together they must race across Europe against the clock to foil a deadly global plot.
Director: Ron Howard
An eastern immigrant finds himself stranded in JFK airport, and must take up temporary residence there.
Director: Steven Spielberg
NASA must devise a strategy to return Apollo 13 to Earth safely after the spacecraft undergoes massive internal damage putting the lives of the three astronauts on board in jeopardy.
Director: Ron Howard
The true story of Captain Richard Phillips and the 2009 hijacking by Somali pirates of the US-flagged MV Maersk Alabama, the first American cargo ship to be hijacked in two hundred years.
Director: Paul Greengrass
Daniel Ocean recruits one more team member so he can pull off three major European heists in this sequel to Ocean's 11.
Director: Steven Soderbergh
Captain Barbossa, Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann must sail off the edge of the map, navigate treachery and betrayal, find Jack Sparrow, and make their final alliances for one last decisive battle.
Director: Gore Verbinski
Detective Sherlock Holmes and his stalwart partner Watson engage in a battle of wits and brawn with a nemesis whose plot is a threat to all of England.
Director: Guy Ritchie
Danny Ocean and his eleven accomplices plan to rob three Las Vegas casinos simultaneously.
Director: Steven Soderbergh
Jack Sparrow races to recover the heart of Davy Jones to avoid enslaving his soul to Jones' service, as other friends and foes seek the heart for their own agenda as well.
Director: Gore Verbinski
A police officer joins a secret organization that polices and monitors extraterrestrial interactions on Earth.
Director: Barry Sonnenfeld
Edit
Storyline
Professor Robert Langdon is in Paris on business when he's summoned to The Louvre. A dead body has been found, setting Langdon off on an adventure as he attempts to unravel an ancient code and uncover the greatest mystery of all time. Written by comicfan
Break The Codes See more »
Genres:
Mystery | Thriller
Motion Picture Rating ( MPAA )
Rated PG-13 for disturbing images, violence, some nudity, thematic material, brief drug references and sexual content | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
19 May 2006 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
El código Da Vinci See more »
Filming Locations:
£9,501,444 (UK) (19 May 2006)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
In the story, Robert Langdon's publisher is called Jonas Faukman. Jonas Faukman is an anagram of Dan Brown 's real life publisher, Jason Kaufman. See more »
Goofs
(at around 1h 3 mins) Teabing says that Jesus Christ was regarded as a human prophet until Constantine's party narrowly voted to deify Jesus in 323. In fact, Jesus Christ had been regarded as God in human form in most Christian documents since AD 95 and possibly early as AD 40. Around 300 a "heresy" was proposed to downgrade Jesus to a mere human prophet, but this new idea was voted down in a landslide in 323 in favor of the original concept of Jesus as God. This council was simply telling everyone what most already believed. See more »
Quotes
Silas : Stop now. Tell me where it is.
[removes hood]
Silas : You and your brethren possess what is not rightfully yours.
Jacques Saunière : I don't know what you are talking about.
Silas : Is it a secret you will die for?
Written and Performed by Dan Brown
Courtesy of DGB Records
(Singapore) – See all my reviews
This movie is becoming as controversial as the book. Since the day it was announced that it's gonna be made, there were protests against it being done, and it has escalated to calls for boycotting, or banning the movie altogether. I'll not waste time and go into its controversies, nor discuss what's real and what's not. Neither will I explain in detail the plot, as I believe most of you readers would already have some vague idea of what it's about, or have read the book, since it's on the bestsellers list for months.
Rather, I'll evaluate the movie as it is, on how well it entertains. Those who wish to preach in my comment box, prepare to have those comments deleted, at my discretion. This is the stand I shall take, that this movie is entirely fictional, based on events which are used loosely, for the sole purpose of weaving a storyline that tries to be believable. I think some have already mentioned it's too successful in doing that, and may mislead people into thinking its theories presented, are real. However, don't take it too seriously, and if you wish to, use another proper platform to debunk the myths, not my movie review blog.
The structure of the movie, is exactly the same as the book. There is no change to the ending, despite some rumours that it will be different. Naturally, some of the detailed explanation that's given in the book, especially many three-way dialogue between Sophie- Robert-Leigh, have to be summarized in order to pace this movie into 2 1/2 hours. Herein lies the challenges. For those who've read the book, the movie offers nothing new, other than the gratification of watching events and characters play out on the big screen. For those who haven't read the book, the movie version should be decent enough to make you want to pick up the novel and read more into the controversial theories explained.
However, having being familiar with the plot and how the story unfolds, red herrings, character motivations, twists and all, it may leave those who've read the novel, a page-turner in every sense of the word, a bit wanting, that the pace could've been improved. Undoubtedly the pacing sags when it's time for some dialogue heavy moments, but I suppose that is unavoidable when you're revisiting material.
However, its presentation of these controversial dialogue moments coupled with special effects, that will make you go wow. Truly, the technique is nothing original, and some of the visuals used looked like Return of the King and Kingdom of Heaven rejects, but as a whole, combined with the narrative, it helps to present the controversies in a more palatable manner.
Casting, I felt, was spot on. Tom Hanks makes Robert Langdon pretty accessible, given Hanks' everyman demeanor, and Audrey Tautou makes a believable Sophie Neveu. Ian McKellen, probably THE actor with 2 summer blockbusters back to back (the other being X- Men 3), is convincing as the rich grail hunter Sir Leigh Teabing. Paul Bettany is chilling as the albino killer Silas, and Jean Reno and Alfred Molina round up the star studded cast as the detective Captain Fache and Bishop Aringarosa.
Much is said about the haunting soundtrack, but as far as I'm aware, there's nothing scary about it. Silas, in his scene of self-cleansing, is horrid enough though, as are some scenes of unexpected on screen violence that hit like a sack of potatoes falling from the sky.
In the end, in spite of all the controversies, perhaps Robert Langdon's line is poignant - if given a chance, would you rather destroy faith, or renew it? The book and the movie have provided an opportunity for the faith to renew itself, to debunk the myths and theories (which were developed loosely to make the story flow of course), and to generally point the curious to the direction and light the faith wants to show.
Otherwise, this Ron Howard movie makes a good summer popcorn flick, with the usual thrills and spills you'd come to expect with its superb production values.
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| The Da Vinci Code |
In which 1959 film did an opera singer called Claude Heater play Jesus Christ, but was not creedited as his face was never shown ? | Amazon.com: Customer Reviews: The Da Vinci Code
The Da Vinci Code
4.2 out of 5 stars
2,041
5.0 out of 5 starsIf You Don't Take Things Too Serious, This Can Be A Great Movie
ByJay Flowon April 27, 2016
Sometimes, well maybe a large part of the time, we take ourselves too serious and to me this movie was about having an open mind to accept the viewpoint of others and not be confrontational just because they differ. I am a Catholic and a Christian and I wanted to watch this movie from the simple fact that I wanted to see what the story teller had to tell. My Faith in God is grounded and nothing can change that, especially a Hollywood movie. If I step back and just watch the movie for its entertainment value, I have to say I Loved it. I enjoyed the twists and turns the movie takes the viewer. I loved the plot upon plot and how they were interweaved together to come to a conclusion no one could have guessed. I thought the principle actors were great and I thoroughly enjoy any movie that keeps you on your seat and guessing as to whats next. I didn't agree with everything mentioned in the movie and in the end I am still the same person with the same beliefs, but I was entertained. This movie was very interesting and once again shows the power of Imagination and how we're able to come up with such stories and theories of past events.
3.0 out of 5 starsMore subtitles needed.
ByTom Paineon January 28, 2016
If you've avoided watching this as a matter of faith, remember, there is a reason the church of rome and the black hand of the mafia evolved out of the same culture/country. There are extremists in every walk of life, every industry, every religion. None so vehement however as those who would deny our Lord and Saviour, Jesus of Nazareth.
Was I offended?
Not really. I've had my faith tested, questioned, impuned, ridiculed, but as a physician I know a secret, and it comes from psychology: the ones who are most ardent in their desire to convert others are the ones with the most doubt.
I'm speaking of atheists.
Old joke: A vegan, a cross-fit trainer and an atheist walk into a bar. I only know because they told everyone within a minute of their arrival.
That said, if it could be proven there WAS a blood line back to Jesus (which doesn't really work, unless there were a daughter out of every generation since Mary Magdalene - highly, statistically improbable, on the order of, say, something equally as rare in humans like "virgin birth") and it could further be proven Jesus was married, how would that effect his divinity? His miracles, witnessed by thousands, testified to by the likes of Luke the Physician, Matthew, Mark, John, Jesus' brother John, and the converted Saul of Tarsus have no comparison in any other culture. His resurrection also has no equal nor an image left behind in a shroud.
The story was clever, more clever than the original writers of the Gospel are considered by some, more clever than, say, Emperor Constantine and the allegations of corruption at the council of Nicea.
Remember that old line about how can such a conspiracy occur among and between so many hundreds of people without ONE of them spilling the beans? Even among one of the conspirators of the "Final Solution" at the Wahnsee conference was someone who withheld the notes and got them out for the world to see. True believers.
Well, that's my comments on the backstory and, as to the film, the scenes/setting/lighting was like wandering through the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam among the masters of chiaroscuro. The improbable became the regular (how long was everyone awake?), last-minute,just-in-time cliches abounded like the cavalry coming over the hill with the bleat of trumpets - the coincidental ridiculous (of course the character played by Paul Bettany - intense in anything he does - shooting up the police and then his own master the Cardinal was like some kind of Deus ex Machina device whether from the book or the mind of the screenwriter/director it really took away from the enjoyment of the film. And just how WAS the monk making his way through Europe all that time?
Too much left out, too little, too many attempts to "wow" us with some contrived connection in symbology or literature or rumor and really, the worst of it was, it was SO hard to understand the french accent of the last heir Sophie they should have let her speak French and given her subtitles too. Jean Reno is at least comprehensible when he speaks English.
Worth watching, not entirely a waste of time, I won't demand my 2+ hours back. It helped bolster my faith.
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Maddox, Zahara and Pax (adopted) and Shiloh, Knox and Vivienne (natural) are the children of which Hollywood actress ? | Growing family! Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt fly the WHOLE brood out of LA - Mirror Online
Growing family! Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt fly the WHOLE brood out of LA
The Brangelina clan are the picture of family bliss as they fly together from LAX Airport
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Brad Pitt and Angelina departing on a flight with their kids Maddox, Pax, Zahara, Shiloh, Vivienne and Knox at LAX airport in Los Angeles, California (Photo: Flynet)
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The Jolie-Pitt family are an impressive bunch aren't they?
Hollywood royalty parents and six beautiful kids, they turn heads wherever they go.
They certainly did as they departed on a flight from LAX Airport this week.
Angelina Jolie and husband Brad Pitt accompanied their kids Maddox, Pax, Zahara, Shiloh, Vivienne and Knox at the California airport.
Brad Pitt and Angelina departing on a flight with their kids Maddox, Pax, Zahara, Shiloh, Vivienne and Knox at LAX airport in Los Angeles, California (Photo: Flynet)
Parents Angelina and Brad sported sunglasses and low-key casual outfits as they led their family pack through the terminal.
The family recently celebrated mum Angelina's 40th birthday last week in a quiet affair at home, shunning any offers of a glossy-magazine-covered affair for treasured quality time behind closed doors.
Angelina and Brad married just last year and rumours have been rife that the celebrity couple might adopt a child from Syria to add to their brood this summer.
Brad Pitt and Angelina lead their kids (L-R): , Pax, Vivienne, Shiloh, Maddox, Knox and Zahara (Photo: Flynet)
The Brangelina clan consists of three natural-born kids and three adopted children.
Twins Vivienne and Knox were born in 2008 and Shiloh, who now wants to be known as 'John' and dresses in tomboy style, was born in 2006.
Brad and Angelina have become well-known for adopting kids from around the world including Maddox from Cambodia (adopted in 2002), Pax from Vietnam (adopted in 2007) and Zahara from Ethopia (adopted in 2005).
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| Angelina Jolie |
Which 1988 action movie - the first in a series of five - was based on a novel called Nothing lasts forever by Roderick Thorpe ? | Angelina Jolie Brad Pitt Children - Brad Pitt Angelina Jolie Adopt Child
By Chelsea Peng
Sep 22, 2015
Update, 4/22: According to Radar , the adoption process has officially begun for the Jolie-Pitt crew. The family is reportedly working to adopt a boy from Syria.
"On one solo trip, Angelina met three Syrian orphan siblings," a reported insider told Radar. "Angelina was heartbroken to learn the three of them had seen their father taken away by Syrian soldiers, and their home was also bombed. And they lost their mother in the bombing."
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But even if they've started the process, it could take up to five months to bring a new brother or sister to the States, as there's plenty of red tape to get through. In fact, many are raising red flags about the reported adoption altogether, as currently there are laws against international adoption when it comes to Syrian orphans (though they remain murky at best ). Guess we'll have to wait and see if Saint Angelina can pull off the impossible.
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Update, 4/20: Now that Angelina Jolie—must we refer to her by her other name ?—is recovering from having her ovaries and fallopian tubes surgically removed , she and Brad Pitt are reportedly renewing their efforts to welcome a seventh child into their family.
The Express reports Jolie and Pitt "believe the time is right to adopt another orphan from [Syria], most likely a daughter," and that they will bring her or him home to California by the end of the summer. (It was previously reported a Syrian boy would become the newest Jolie-Pitt kid.)
During a speech in November 2013, the actress called on the world "to save a generation of traumatized, isolated, and suffering Syrian children from catastrophe."
Original post, 2/9: The Brangie Bunch might be getting a new addition: Moussa, a 2-year-old boy from Syria.
According to Woman's Day , Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt are reportedly adopting a fourth child, whom Jolie met during one of her tours as a United Nations ambassador.
"Moussa was just beaming from ear to ear and when he saw she was wiping tears from her eyes he toddled up to her and gave her a hug and it was a very emotional moment," a source tells the magazine. "She kissed him on the top of his head and then they were basically inseparable for the rest of the visit."
The toddler will join Maddox, Pax, Zahara, Shiloh, and twins Vivienne and Knox, which makes a total of seven Jolie-Pitt children under the age of 13. Godspeed.
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Which fairytale character did the Spanish actor Antonio Banderas voice in the Shrek sequels ? | Puss in Boots 2 Shrek Rumor: Mike Myers to Return?
Rumor: Shrek Could Return in ‘Puss in Boots 2’
Posted on Monday, March 30th, 2015 by Angie Han
It seems every other beloved fairy tale character is making their way back to the big screen, so why not Shrek? Actor Antonio Banderas hints that the not-so-jolly green giant might be back for Puss in Boots 2: Nine Lives and 40 Thieves, currently in development at Fox. More on the possible Puss in Boots 2 Shrek return after the jump.
Banderas offered up this juicy little rumor during an appearance on the Empire podcast:
I heard some rumors that Shrek may be coming back. That would be great. [Slips into Puss in Boots voice.] Shrek doing a cameo in my movie. Uh huh! [Laughs, returns to normal voice.] I would like that.
The character of Puss in Boots made his first appearance in 2004’s Shrek 2. He proved popular enough to get his own Shrek-free spinoff movie in 2011. Additionally, he debuted his own TV series this year on Netflix, titled The Adventures of Puss in Boots — though it’s Eric Bauza, not Banderas, voicing the title character in that one.
Shrek himself hasn’t been seen on the big screen since 2010’s Shrek Forever After, which was billed as “the final chapter” in his story. However, based on Banderas’ comments it seems the powers that be realized there’s still a little more story to tell. Or, more accurately, still a little more money to be made. If Shrek does return, we can probably assume he’ll be voiced once again by Mike Myers.
Puss in Boots 2: Nine Lives and 40 Thieves has been in the works for years already, but as Banderas points out a lengthy process isn’t abnormal for an animated feature:
The process with these movies is way longer than people think. A lot of people gotta participate in the creation of the script and story and narrative, everything. […] So we are in the process. […] They are now restructuring everything and probably by the end of the year we are going to start just laying down the tracks, the new recording. It’s going to take a while. It’ll take probably a couple of years just to get the movie done.
Hopefully they find some time in those couple of years to come up with a less unwieldy title.
If you’d like to hear Banderas’ comments for yourself, in full, check out the latest episode of the Empire podcast on iTunes. The Shrek talk begins around the 23-minute mark. Puss in Boots 2: Nine Lives and 40 Thieves does not yet have a release date.
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| Puss in Boots |
Of the five Marx brothers who appeared on film, who was the oldest ? | Actor Antonio Banderas | Interviews | Tavis Smiley | PBS
Actor Antonio Banderas
Podcast
The star of The Skin I Live In and Puss in Boots explains how he came to be an actor in the U.S. when he already enjoyed success and fame in Spain and shares the secret of making a Hollywood marriage work.
Before taking Hollywood by storm, Antonio Banderas was one of Spain's most famous faces. His film credits include the Zorro and Shrek franchises, Philadelphia—in a small role that was his breakthrough to mainstream American audiences—and his latest The Skin I Live In. Banderas dreamed of becoming a pro soccer player, but a broken foot at age 14 led to his discovery of acting as his passion. He's dedicated to philanthropy and was appointed by the U.N. as a Goodwill Ambassador for its anti-poverty fight, with a particular focus on Africa and Latin America.
Read the transcript
TRANSCRIPT
Tavis: Pleased to welcome Antonio Banderas to this program. In addition to his role in the upcoming “Shrek” installment he has re-teamed with the man who helped forge his career, director Pedro Almodovar. The new project is called “The Skin I Live In.” Here now, some scenes from “The Skin I Live In.”
[Preview for “The Skin I Live In”]
Tavis: I was saying to you while the clip was playing, Antonio, I love movies that entertain me, but I also love movies that make me think, and I was saying to you that you have to pay attention to this movie (laughter). If you don’t pay attention, you’re going to get lost. It’s a thriller, but you do have to pay attention, and you were saying to me?
Antonio Banderas: I was saying that yeah, that there are so many movies in the world now that you actually have to pay attention, that everything is pretty cooked, so you just feel comfortable in the movie theater.
I am not against that. Listen, I think movies serve many different purposes, from those movies that are frivolous and just an entertainment, to movies that just go to exploring the complexities of the human soul. Everything is valid if it’s done with honesty and dignity, and I actually do both of those type of movies in my career.
But sometimes, and this particular time in my life, I want to go back to Spain, I want to go back to the man that actually I worked with in many movies in the ’80s, back in the ’80s, and breaking basically all the rules of cinematic (unintelligible).
Tavis: Fair to say that Pedro made you a star?
Banderas: Well, he made me an actor.
Tavis: An actor, okay.
Banderas: He made me an actor, and it’s true that when I came to America he helped me, because the professional world here in the United States really, really appreciates what he did. So it was almost like a presentation card. When I used to go to studios or to auditions and they said to me, “What have you done?” and I said, “Pedro,” “Oh, yes, you are the guy in Pedro Almodovar.” He opened the door for me to just actually have access to place I probably wouldn’t have.
Tavis: So you referenced this, I want to get you to unpack this for me. So what’s happening or not happening in your life right now that makes you want to re-team with him, to your own point, and to break all the rules?
Banderas: Well, maybe because I’ve been working now in the United States for 21 years, and in a way, I am kind of handicapped here to a very strict number of characters that can be offered to me.
You have to think that when I came to this country 21 years ago, I couldn’t speak the language at all. I did my first movie, “The Mambo Kings,” in America without speaking the language. I learned the lines phonetically. I had an interpreter actually just to understand directions from my director.
So it was in a box, in a way, that doesn’t allow me just to play a specific number of characters, and with a specific number of directors. I’ve done a lot of epic and mainly Spanish characters, which I think is absolutely perfect because I am very proud of my heritage and my community, but there is a moment that you want to do something a little bit more substantial.
The possibility to do that was coming at this particular time in my life by the hand of my dear friend that I respect and I admire still, Pedro Almodovar, with whom I did five movies in the decade of the ’80s in a very interesting Spain, actually, and it was thoroughly changing at the time, coming from a dictatorship to a democracy.
There were people like him, that they were just defying the rules of cinematic gravity, in a way, and just putting in front of an audience things that they never saw before, with narrative processes that were invented by him, touching issues that were almost forbidden at the time in Spain. So I needed a little bit of that kind of acid feeling in my acting.
Tavis: You’ve said three things now that I want to go back and unpack. This is going to be a lot of fun, because again, I want to go back and just kind of pick apart a few things you’ve said.
Banderas: Sure.
Tavis: In no particular order, number one, when you referenced that you were coming of age as an actor, a young actor, when Spain was going from a dictatorship to a democracy –
Banderas: Correct.
Tavis: – you are a long way now from being harassed and threatened and arrested for just being on the stage.
Banderas: Correct.
Tavis: That’s a long way in your career. Take me back to those days when you were being maltreated just for being an actor on the stage in Spain.
Banderas: Yeah, well, I remember very specifically there was a group in Catalonia, and Catalonia is a region of Spain that they were arrested because they did a play that was against the (unintelligible) with this type of very specific police in Spain.
So we were complaining about that, doing theater in the south of Spain, in many groups. We got together to complain about that action by the government in Spain, putting these kids in jail.
(Laughs) So I remember performing on the stage and I remember looking on the wings and seeing this shiny thing that I didn’t really know what it was. There was something shiny there. Then when the curtain came down I realized that the shiny thing were the helmets of the (unintelligible) cops in Spain.
So they got on the stage and we got down on the ground, we were handcuffed and taken to the police station. But the interesting and funny thing is (laughs) that my father was the chief of police in (unintelligible). (Laughter)
So when I got in there, I had my face painted white, and he just looked at me and says, “What are you doing here?” I said, “I don’t know, ask this guy that you sent over there to arrest me and 17 like me.” He said, “Go home.” I said, “I’m not going home if you don’t release all these 17 guys.” So we went all to the street and because of that reason.
But they were difficult times. They were difficult times because we were not allowed to talk about the things that we wanted to talk about. Everything was forbidden. In Spain at the time, when I was a little kid, I remember everything was in a stage of anesthesia. Everything was fine, but there was kind of an eerie feeling.
Those are things that I remember when that thing passed, when I could look back, when I was 25, 27 and we were already in democracy and I looked back to those times and I said, “Oh, my God, that’s the way that we used to live.” We didn’t have any information coming from the exterior; it was difficult to read certain books, to watch certain movies. It was a very repressive system.
Tavis: What does that kind of repression do for the flourishing or the suffocating of one’s artistic gift?
Banderas: Well, it’s interesting, because it plays both ways. It’s true that you are not allowed to say certain things in the way that you want to say them, but at the same time, in a way you become more awake. You become very alert and you become very critical, and that is good for art. You continuously question life and the way it is, and why are these things happening to you and why in other countries there is more freedom.
That provoked many artists in the period of time of 40 years that we had a dictatorship in Spain. Came very, very strongly, with very interesting ideas basically about freedom, and sometimes you have all those freedoms, you may take it for granted and you may just get a little bit sleepy as an artist.
I am not saying that to be an artist you need to be punched all the time, but it’s life with a double blade and you can play both, and if you’re smart enough, you can actually make an art out of what apparently is just wrong, is bad to you.
Tavis: You mentioned that you’ve been in this country now as an actor for about 21 years. You are clearly a huge star in Spain. You could have stayed there, you could move back to Spain. Every artist in a different country outside of the U.S. has to decide what is the journey that he or she will take.
Some decide to stay in their native country and do what they do in their native country. You made a decision to come here. Why or what was it pulling you here when you could very well just be the star that you are when you walk down the streets in Spain?
Banderas: Well, it was kind of an accident, in reality. The first time I came to Los Angeles it was become of one of Pedro Almodovar’s movies was nominated for an Academy Award. It was called “Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown.” That was in 1990.
So something interesting happened that is funny, too. We went to visit some of the agencies here in town, and I remember there was, and still is, an agency called ICM.
I visited these agents because we were just kind of doing a tour over town and they received us there very kindly and they put us in a room. I remember all these guys talking to me; I didn’t understand one word of what they said. Nothing. (Laughter) So I was smiling a lot, and then when I came out of that room there was a kid that was actually taking coffees to the agents’ offices.
He spoke Spanish. He was originally from Cuba. He said to me in Spanish, “Do you mind if I represent you in America?” and I said, “Sure, you can represent me in America,” and I went away. I gave him, I think, my telephone number in Spain.
So I went to do an Italian movie, and when I went back to Spain he called me and he said, “You have to go to London and have an interview with this man from New York. He’s called Arnie Lyncher, and he’s going to do a movie called ‘The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love,’ which is a Pulitzer Prize by Oscar Hijuelos. Please go to London.”
I said, “But I don’t speak English. What am I going to do with a guy from New York?” “You have to go there. You just fake that you speak English.” (Laughter) How you can fake that?
So I went to London and I sat there and this very (unintelligible) young man, wonderful guy, came and talked and talked, and I just was saying “Yes,” and “Of courses,” and things like that, and, “Of course.” (Laughter) I didn’t know what he was talking about.
I learned one line that was my big monologue that basically was, “I can do that,” and he believed it. (Laughter) He believed it, and two weeks after they took me to New York and I did a test with at the time I think it was Kevin Kline and (unintelligible), wonderful group of actors that I admire very much from Spain, to see them in American movies.
So I did the test and they picked me to do the movie. They took the risk to say, “Well, we are interested in you as an actor for this particular character.” So when I finished I went back to Spain, and then Jonathan Demme, a year after, called me to do “Philadelphia.”
So I did the movie and I went back to Spain, and I was establishing kind of a bridge between both countries, and then something happened that changed my life – it’s that I met my wife, Melanie, and I decided just to move here to America because she came with two kids and they had two fathers here in the United States.
I didn’t have kids from my first marriage, so it was clear that I was the one who had to move, and that’s what made me live in California. I live here.
Tavis: You don’t have to give his name, but I’m really curious in this story about the enterprising young man who was bringing coffee into the room who had the presence of mind to say to you, “Let me represent you here.”
Banderas: He’s a huge agent now. (Laughter)
Tavis: Of course he is; he represents you. Of course he’s a huge agent.
Banderas: No, no, he represents me and he represents people like Tom Cruise, he represents Robert DeNiro, he represents – he actually became not only a talent agent, he became a financial agent to put packages together.
Tavis: Wow.
Banderas: He almost kind of saved – not saved, but he brought an incredible amount of money also to DreamWorks and Stephen Spielberg, and he was named the agent of the year I think two years ago. So he got –
Tavis: That’s a great story. That guy was bringing coffee to the room, but he picked –
Banderas: That’s what he was doing at the time. But this is the story of America.
Tavis: Oh, it is, yeah, yeah, yeah.
Banderas: This is the story of this country, people like that.
Tavis: Yeah. Since you mentioned your wife, what is the secret, if there is one for you, at least, of making these Hollywood marriages work? So-called Hollywood marriages.
Banderas: I think the secret is very simple and very complicated, and it’s reduced to something as simple as we love each other. (Laughter) It’s kind of difficult to say that because people may not even believe it. (Laughter)
You know what? I think it’s that we both came from failures in our relationships before we met each other, and I think we learned that you cannot keep alive those first feelings of the first encounter, the first six months, the first year.
People change, couples change, and you have to be able to accept what is coming without trying to hang on things that you had before that they may disappear but they may transform into something that is even better.
So you have to give time. People are not patient anymore. They are looking always for that first feeling that they may lose after that particular period of time. It could be two years, maybe, I don’t know. Each one has his own.
So we believed, we have faith that there are other worlds after that, and we believe that we could actually come out of our crisis, because we’re not perfect. We are human beings and we fight like everybody else. So we accept ourselves and the humanity of each other, without looking for perfection and for a clean fairy tale.
No, this is just life. Both of us at the same time I think we have a very strong sense of family, and Melanie’s a great mother, and family is another concept that came actually when we got together. It’s not only just her and me. Pepe Saramago, Nobel Prize of literature from Portugal, he used to say that a couple of made of three people, of three entities – the wife and the husband and the two of them together.
It’s a different (unintelligible). We keep our individualities, and at the same time there is that third entity that is just both of us together. I think that we are very clear with that.
Tavis: You and I were talking before we came on the set that we’re neighbors where we live here in L.A., and I remember, as all your fans do, when you and Melanie Griffith got together, and you said something now that again, I’m just – you’re so wise, I’m just curious as to your own take on this.
This is terribly common in our country now, but that is this notion of blended families – when a husband and a wife get together, and in your case you didn’t have kids from your first marriage, but she’s got kids and you’re coming in and there are a couple of stepdads – not stepdads, but fathers, biological fathers.
It’s a blended family, and every one of these things is different. I grew up in a blended family. But your thoughts on how you make blended families work these days, because there are certain examples of blended families that do work, but there are also many examples of where the infighting can just rip the thing apart.
Banderas: I don’t know, if I had the secret recipe that I actually could give everybody, I think it has to do very much with believing in yourself and giving time. Giving time to each member of the family.
For us, it’s not easy. I often feel very guilty because of the time that I spend outside of my home, and the little time that sometimes I have for my kids. So it’s very difficult for me to give advice to anybody. I know things that we did at the beginning – we used to travel with our kids everywhere, if I had to work in Argentina, we took them with us and we had a professor with us all the time, just teaching them.
But at the same time we started realizing that they need other kids and to interact with other kids. It was very good, though. It was very good, though, because I remember I think I did a movie with Mia Farrow, 1993, I think it was, and she always commented to me, “Antonio, it’s very good that you take your kids with you to another country, because I was raised in Hollywood and I thought that the whole, entire world was like Beverly Hills. That cost me in my life when I realized that that is not the world, that there were a lot of kids suffering, and they have a different life than I had. It was kind of a traumatic thing for me.”
So for me and for Melanie it was very important for our kids to see other realities, kids in Mexico, how they live, or in Argentina or in Spain and some other places, so they don’t believe that the world is reduced to the beautiful cut grass that you find in Beverly Hills. That the realities of the world are different.
So we always kept our doors very open for those type of feelings to come in the house, to share with them. But at the same time, as I said to you, sometimes I feel very guilty, so I don’t know if I am a clear example of a perfect father, because sometimes I also just punish myself, saying I’m not doing probably the right thing at this particular moment. It’s a secret.
Tavis: This is a great segue to circle back to the movie by first asking this question, which is those guilty feelings notwithstanding, are you, Antonio Banderas, at this point in your life comfortable with the skin that you live in?
Banderas: (Laughs) I guess so. Yes, I would say yes. I know that I have still areas that I’m not very happy about myself. I think everybody does. I kind of recognize them. Some of them I try just to overcome and just try to be better and trying to be self-analytic, but there are – I recognize always myself as a human being, and I’ve never done anything bad to another person consciously.
I may unconsciously probably provoke some bad things for others, but I’m comfortable. I’m comfortable with my family, with myself, with my professional life. Now, I’m 51 already and I started looking at life at this particular moment always thinking in the future, but there is a lot of things that you start accumulating behind.
That gives you a certain amount of tranquility. I am not anxious as I used to be. I used to run somewhere that I didn’t even know. It’s not like that play by Beckett, “Waiting for Godot,” but “Looking for Godot.”
Tavis: That’s right.
Banderas: And Godot was nothing. I feel like I’m more tranquil now, that I can – I think the worst enemy for success is the anxiousness to get it – the worst. I am more concentrating now on what I do and what I do professionally, it starts with “action” and it finishes with “cut,” and everything else around is just part of life that I don’t have to play so intensely as I used to play before. I feel more content at this particular time in my life.
Tavis: To your beautiful phrase, how would you describe, then, what happens, how would you describe what happens between “action” and “cut” on this particular film, “The Skin I Live In?” What happens between “action” and “cut?”
Banderas: It happens – it’s very difficult to talk about this movie because if I –
Tavis: Because you can’t give it away.
Banderas: I cannot give it away. (Laughter)
Tavis: Exactly. That’s why I’m not asking you about it until the last two minutes of the conversation.
Banderas: It’s a movie that basically reflects about power, it reflects about revenge, it reflects also about creation. The characters may be sometimes confused. Sometimes I think I am playing a monster, and he is. But sometimes I think I’m playing an artist, and sometimes –
Tavis: He’s that as well, though.
Banderas: Oh, yes.
| i don't know |
Who was crowned Queen of England at Westminister Abbey on this day in 1553 ? | Queen Mary I | Britroyals
Event
1553
Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen by her father-in-law The Duke of Northumberland. After nine days, Mary arrives in London, Lady Jane Grey is arrested, and Mary is crowned Queen.
1554
After Mary declares her intention to marry Philip of Spain, Sir Thomas Wyatt leads a revolt to depose her.
1554
Wyatt�s rebellion is crushed. Sir Thomas Wyatt, Lady Jane Grey, and her husband are executed.
1554
Mary's half-sister Princess Elizabeth is sent to the Tower of London on suspicion of involvement in Wyatt's rebellion
1554
Mary marries Philip of Spain heir to the Spanish throne.
1554
Four months after Mary's accession, Parliament meets to re-establish Catholicism in England
1554
The persecution of Protestants begins, the heresy laws are revived, and England is reconciled to Papal authority.
1555
Protestant bishops are burned at the stake for heresy.
1555
Princess Elizabeth (later Elizabeth I) is released from the Tower of London
1556
Cardinal Reginald Pole is appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.
1556
Thomas Cranmer, former Archbishop of Canterbury, is burned at the stake for heresy.
1556
Philip becomes King Philip II of Spain; he leaves England, never to return
1557
Philip II persuades Mary to declare war on France as an ally of Spain.
1558
Port of Calais, the last English possession in France, is captured by the French.
1558
| Mary I |
In which modern day country is the Sudetenlan, annexed by Nazi Germany on this day in 1938 ? | Queen Elizabeth I | Britroyals
Born: September 7, 1533 at Greenwich Palace
Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Relation to Elizabeth II: 1st cousin 13 times removed
House of: Tudor
Ascended to the throne: November 17, 1558 aged 25 years
Crowned: January 15, 1559 at Westminster Abbey
Married: Never Married
Children: None
Died: March 24, 1603 at Richmond Palace, Surrey, aged 69 years, 6 months, and 15 days
Buried at: Westminster
Reigned for: 44 years, 4 months, and 5 days
Succeeded by: her 3rd cousin James of Scotland
Queen of England (1558�1603), the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Through her Religious Settlement of 1559 she enforced the Protestant religion by law. She had Mary Queen of Scots executed in 1587. Her conflict with Roman Catholic Spain led to the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. The Elizabethan age was expansionist in commerce and geographical exploration, and arts and literature flourished. The rulers of many European states made unsuccessful bids to marry Elizabeth, and she used these bids to strengthen her power. She was succeeded by James I.
Elizabeth was born at Greenwich, London on 7 September 1533. She was well educated in several languages. During her Roman Catholic half-sister Mary's (Mary I) reign, Elizabeth's Protestant sympathies brought her under suspicion, and she lived in seclusion at Hatfield, Hertfordshire, until on Mary's death she became queen. Her first task was to bring about a broad religious settlement. Many unsuccessful attempts were made by Parliament to persuade Elizabeth to marry or settle the succession. She found courtship a useful political weapon, and she maintained friendships with, among others, the courtiers Leicester, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Essex. She was known as the Virgin Queen.
The arrival in England in 1568 of Mary Queen of Scots and her imprisonment by Elizabeth caused a political crisis, and a rebellion of the feudal nobility of the north followed in 1569. Friction between English and Spanish sailors hastened the breach with Spain. When the Dutch rebelled against Spanish tyranny Elizabeth secretly encouraged them; Philip II retaliated by aiding Catholic conspiracies against her. This undeclared war continued for many years, until the landing of an English army in the Netherlands in 1585 and Mary's execution in 1587, brought it into the open. Philip's Armada (the fleet sent to invade England in 1588) met with total disaster.
The war with Spain continued with varying fortunes to the end of the reign, while events at home foreshadowed the conflicts of the 17th century. Among the Puritans discontent was developing with Elizabeth's religious settlement, and several were imprisoned or executed. Parliament showed a new independence, and in 1601 forced Elizabeth to retreat on the question of the crown granting manufacturing and trading monopolies. Yet her prestige remained unabated, as shown by the failure of Essex's rebellion in 1601.
Queen Elizabeth I's Signature
Quotes:
�I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too� � Queen Elizabeth I (speech as the Spanish Armada approached)
�I have already joined myself in marriage to a husband, namely the kingdom of England� � Queen Elizabeth I (on being pressed by Parliament to marry)
�There is no marvel in a woman learning to speak, but there would be in teaching her to hold her tongue� � Queen Elizabeth I (on being praised for her linguistic skills by the French ambassador)
�Better beggar woman and single than Queen and married� � Queen Elizabeth I (her father Henry VIII had executed her mother Anne Boleyn)�
Timeline for Queen Elizabeth I
Year
| i don't know |
Which former US President will be celebrating his 89th birthday today ? | The World Today - Former world leaders unite to create council of elders
More Current Affairs:
Transcript
This is a transcript from The World Today. The program is broadcast around Australia at 12:10pm on ABC Local Radio.
You can also listen to the story in REAL AUDIO and WINDOWS MEDIA and MP3 formats.
Former world leaders unite to create council of elders
The World Today - Thursday, 19 July , 2007 12:34:00
Reporter: David Mark
ELEANOR HALL: South Africa's former president, Nelson Mandela, has celebrated his 89th birthday by launching a global council of senior statesmen to help solve the world's problems.
The council called 'The Elders' will work on tackling AIDS, poverty, international crime and other pressing global issues.
It's the brainchild of billionaire businessman Richard Branson and musician Peter Gabriel.
And The Elders involved include the former secretary general of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, and the former US president, Jimmy Carter.
David Mark reports.
DAVID MARK: Most people solve the world's problems with some old friends and a good bottle of wine over dinner.
But when Nelson Mandela brings his old friends together, there is a chance they might make a bit more progress than the average dinner party.
The former South African president brought together a who's who of international statesmen and women overnight to help celebrate his 89th birthday and embark on a global humanitarian mission.
(Sound of guests singing happy birthday)
Joining the man they call 'Mandiba' in Johannesburg was Kofi Annan, Jimmy Carter, the former Irish president Mary Robinson and Archbishop Desmond Tutu, who explained the thinking behind the new council known simply as "The Elders".
DESMOND TUTU: In traditional societies, it was the elders of the village who were trusted to resolve conflicts and provide wise guidance. Today we live in a global village, yet we don't have our global elders to lead and inspire.
DAVID MARK: Nelson Mandela.
NELSON MANDELA: I am confident that The Elders can become a real role model, leading, guiding, The Elders can speak freely and boldly.
(Sound of applause)
DAVID MARK: The former US president, Jimmy Carter, is confident the lack of a political imperative will give The Elders the ability to achieve more than those in elected office.
JIMMY CARTER: With no adverse political consequences and prospect of criticism from constituency or seeking public office, we will be able to risk failure in worthy causes, and we will not need to claim credit for any successes that might be achieved.
DAVID MARK: The former UN secretary general, Kofi Annan, explained the group's goals.
KOFI ANNAN: We all need to come together and work across national boundaries and deal with these problems, and I'm referring to problems of poverty, environmental degradation, infectious diseases, internationally organised crime, weapons of mass destruction, and I can go on.
DAVID MARK: The idea for the group comes from the British businessman Richard Branson and the musician Peter Gabriel, who sang this song about another anti-apartheid activist, Steven Biko, at last night's launch.
PETER GABRIEL (singing): Biko, Biko, Biko, Biko (sound of people clapping along). Oh Biko �
DAVID MARK: It's unclear how The Elders will succeed in solving some of the world's great problems where the UN and a myriad of other organisations have failed, but Nelson Mandela is confident the wisdom of his friends can help.
NELSON MANDELA: Using their collective experience, their moral courage and their ability to rise above the parochial concerns of nation, erase and create, they can help and make our planet a more peaceful, healthy and equitable place to live.
DAVID MARK: Nelson Mandela continued his birthday later in the day with a celebrity soccer match.
One of the world's greatest players, Brazil's Pele, led a group of 50 players in an Africa versus the Rest of World match labelled as '90 minutes for Mandela'.
(Sound of people cheering)
The match was played on Robben Island, where Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years.
And the result of the match: befitting a day dedicated to solving the world's problems, it was a three-all draw.
(Sound of people chanting "long live Mandiba, long live")
ELEANOR HALL: And that report prepared by David Mark.
| Jimmy Carter |
On October 1st of which year did Ford put its first Model T on sale ? Was it 1898, 1908 or 1918 ? | List of birthdays of all US President
List of all US Presidents Birthdays. The list is in order of when they became president.
George Washington
birthday is on February 22.
He was born in 1732
John Adams
birthday is on October 30
He was born in 1735
Thomas Jefferson
birthday is on April 13.
He was born in 1743
James Madison
birthday is on March 16.
He was born in 1751
James Monroe
birthday is on April 28th.
He was born in 1758
Benjamin Harrison
birthday is on August 20.
He was born in 1833
William McKinley
birthday is on January 29.
He was born in 1843
Theodore Roosevelt
birthday is on October 27.
He was born in 1858
William Howard Taft
birthday is on September 15.
He was born in 1857
Woodrow Wilson
birthday is on December 28.
He was born in 1856
John Quincy Adams
birthday is on July 11.
He was born in 1767
Andrew Jackson
birthday is on March 15.
He was born in 1767
Martin Van Buren
birthday is on December 5.
He was born in 1782
William Henry Harrison
birthday is on February 9.
He was born in 1773
John Tyler
birthday is on March 29.
He was born in 1790
James K. Polk
birthday is on November 2.
He was born in 1795
Zachary Taylor
birthday is on November 24.
He was born in 1784
Millard Fillmore
birthday is on January 7.
He was born in 1800
Franklin Pierce
birthday is on November 23.
He was born in 1804
James Buchanan
birthday is on April 23.
He was born in 1791
Abraham Lincoln
birthday is on February 12.
He was born in 1809
Andrew Johnson
birthday is on December 29.
He was born in 1808
Ulysses S. Grant
birthday is on April 27.
He was born in 1822
Rutherford B. Hayes
birthday is on October 4.
He was born in 1822
James A. Garfield
birthday is on November 19.
He was born in 1831
Chester A. Arthur
birthday is on October 5.
He was born in 1829
Grover Cleveland
birthday is on March 18.
He was born in 1837
Warren G. Harding
birthday is on November 2.
He was born in 1865
Calvin Coolidge
birthday is on July 4.
He was born in 1872
Herbert Hoover
birthday is on August 10.
He was born in 1874
Franklin D. Roosevelt
birthday is on January 30.
He was born in 1882
Harry S Truman
birthday is on May 8.
He was born in 1884
Dwight D. Eisenhower
birthday is on October 14.
He was born in 1890
John Kennedy
birthday is on May 29.
He was born in 1917
Lyndon B. Johnson
birthday is on August 27.
He was born in 1908
Richard M. Nixon
birthday is on January 9.
He was born in 1913
Gerald R. Ford
birthday is on July 14.
He was born in 1913
Jimmy Carter
birthday is on October 1.
He was born in 1924
Ronald Reagan
birthday is on February 6.
He was born in 1911
George H. W. Bush
birthday is on June 12.
He was born in 1924
William J. Clinton
birthday is on August 19.
He was born in 1946
George W. Bush
birthday is on July 6.
He was born in 1946
Barack Hussein Obama
birthday is on August 4.
He was born in 1961
Donald John Trump
birthday is on June 14.
He was born in 1946
| i don't know |
The first Japanese bullettrain ran on October 1st 1964 between Tokyo and which other city ? | World’s First Bullet Train Turns 50
World’s First Bullet Train Turns 50
Yahoo Tech•
(Associated Press)
It was, retired Japanese railway engineer Fumihiro Araki recalls, “like flying in the sky.”
Zipping cross-country in a super-high-speed train has become commonplace in many countries these days, but it was unheard of when Japan launched its bullet train between Tokyo and Osaka 50 years ago Wednesday.
The Shinkansen, as it’s called in Japan, gave a boost to train travel in Europe and Asia at a time when the rise of the automobile and the airplane threatened to eclipse it. It also was a symbol of pride for Japan, less than two decades after the end of World War II, and a precursor of the economic “miracle” to come.
The Oct. 1, 1964, inauguration ceremony was re-enacted at Tokyo Station on Wednesday at 6 a.m., complete with ribbon cutting. The first bullet train, with its almost cute bulbous round nose, traveled from Tokyo to Osaka in four hours, shaving two and a half hours off the 513-kilometer (319-mile) journey. The latest model, with a space-age-like elongated nose, takes just two hours and 25 minutes.
Araki, now 73, drove the Shinkansen briefly in the summer of 1967 as part of his training as a railway operations engineer. Last week, he slipped back in time as he sat in the driver’s seat of one of the early model bullet trains at a railway museum outside of Tokyo. He pulled a lever on the control panel, looking straight ahead as he was trained, though all he could see were other museum exhibits.
(Associated Press)
“It was like flying in the sky; it was that kind of feeling,” said Araki, the acting director of the museum. “On a clear day, you could see Mount Fuji, and riding atop the railway bridge at Hamanako Lake was very pleasant. It felt like you were sailing above the sea.”
A controversial project
Japan started building a high-speed line during World War II, but construction was halted in 1943 as funds ran out. The idea was revived in the 1950s, but many questioned undertaking such a costly project, particularly with the expansion of air travel and highways. Criticism turned to pride when construction, financed partly by an $80 million World Bank loan, was completed in time for the Tokyo Olympics in October 1964.
(Associated Press)
How fast?
The first Shinkansen had a maximum speed of 210 kilometers (130 miles) per hour. The fastest trains previously, in Europe, could reach 160 kph. Today’s bullet trains, in Japan and elsewhere, have reached and in some cases exceeded 300 kph (186 mph). By average speed, China has the fastest train in the world, averaging 284 kph on a route between Shijiazhuang and Zhengzhou, according to a biennial World Speed Survey by Railway Gazette.
Read More
Europe, Asia, but not the U.S.
The Shinkansen renewed interest in high-speed rail elsewhere, notably in Europe. France and Spain are among the leaders in Europe, and Turkey last year became the ninth country to operate a train at an average speed of 200 kph, according to Railway Gazette. South Korea and Taiwan also operate high-speed systems in Asia. The United States is an exception, though there are proposals to build lines in California and Texas. The fastest train in the U.S., Amtrak’s Acela Express, averages 169 kph (105 mph) on a short stretch between Baltimore and Wilmington, Delaware, the speed survey says.
(Associated Press)
What’s next?
Magnetic levitation. Shanghai launched a German-built maglev train in 2004 on a 30-kilometer route between the city and the airport. It can hit 430 kph (267 mph). A Japanese maglev train in development has topped 500 kph (310 mph) in tests. If built, it could reduce the travel time between Tokyo and Osaka to just over one hour. With speed, though, some of the romance is lost. A faster Shinkansen has eliminated its dining car. “The problem is that Japan is such a small country,” said Araki, the retired engineer. “If you go too fast, you’ll get there in no time. No time to enjoy an onboard meal.”
Associated Press writer Noriko Kitano contributed.
| Osaka |
Keith Duffy, who celebrates his 39th birthday today, was a founder ember of which band in 1994 ? | Japan's High-Speed Train Turns 50
Japan's High-Speed Train Turns 50
Wed, 10/01/2014 - 9:53am Comments
by Emily Wang & Ken Moritsugu, Associated Press
It was, retired Japanese railway engineer Fumihiro Araki recalls, "like flying in the sky."
Zipping cross-country in a super-high-speed train has become commonplace in many countries these days, but it was unheard of when Japan launched its bullet train between Tokyo and Osaka 50 years ago Wednesday.
View: Photos of the Day: The World's First Bullet Train
The Shinkansen, as it's called in Japan, gave a boost to train travel in Europe and Asia at a time when the rise of the automobile and the airplane threated to eclipse it. It also was a symbol of pride for Japan, less than two decades after the end of World War II, and a precursor of the economic "miracle" to come.
The Oct. 1, 1964, inauguration ceremony was re-enacted at Tokyo Station on Wednesday at 6 a.m., complete with ribbon cutting. The first bullet train, with its almost cute bulbous round nose, traveled from Tokyo to Osaka in four hours, shaving two and a half hours off the 513-kilometer (319-mile) journey. The latest model, with a space-age-like elongated nose, takes just two hours and 25 minutes.
Araki, now 73, drove the Shinkansen briefly in the summer of 1967 as part of his training as a railway operations engineer. Last week, he slipped back in time as he sat in the driver's seat of one of the early model bullet trains at a railway museum outside of Tokyo. He pulled a lever on the control panel, looking straight ahead as he was trained, though all he could see were other museum exhibits.
"It was like flying in the sky, it was that kind of feeling," said Araki, the acting director of the museum. "On a clear day, you could see Mount Fuji, and riding atop the railway bridge at Hamanako lake was very pleasant. It felt like you were sailing above the sea."
A CONTROVERSIAL PROJECT
Japan started building a high-speed line during World War II, but construction was halted in 1943 as funds ran out. The idea was revived in the 1950s, but many questioned undertaking such a costly project, particularly with the expansion of air travel and highways. Criticism turned to pride when construction, financed partly by an $80 million World Bank loan, was completed in time for the Tokyo Olympics in October 1964.
HOW FAST?
The first Shinkansen had a maximum speed of 210 kilometers (130 miles) per hour. The fastest trains previously, in Europe, could reach 160 kph. Today's bullet trains, in Japan and elsewhere, have reached and in some cases exceeded 300 kph (186 mph). By average speed, China has the fastest train in the world, averaging 284 kph on a route between Shijiazhuang and Zhengshou Dong, according to a biennial World Speed Survey by Railway Gazette.
EUROPE, ASIA, BUT NOT THE U.S.
The Shinkansen renewed interest in high-speed rail elsewhere, notably in Europe. France and Spain are among the leaders in Europe, and Turkey last year became the ninth country to operate a train at an average speed of 200 kph, according to Railway Gazette. South Korea and Taiwan also operate high-speed systems in Asia. The United States is an exception, though there are proposals to build lines in California and Texas. The fastest train in the U.S., Amtrak's Acela Express, averages 169 kph (105 mph) on a short stretch between Baltimore and Wilmington, Delaware, the speed survey says.
WHAT'S NEXT
Magnetic levitation. Shanghai launched a German-built maglev train in 2004 on a 30-kilometer route between the city and the airport. It can hit 430 kph (267 mph). A Japanese maglev train in development has topped 500 kph (310 mph) in tests. If built, it could reduce the travel time between Tokyo and Osaka to just over one hour. With speed, though, some of the romance is lost. A faster Shinkansen has eliminated its dining car. "The problem is that Japan is such a small country," said Araki, the retired engineer. "If you go too fast, you'll get there in no time. No time to enjoy an onboard meal."
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Which chemical element, Atomic Number 17, gets its name from the Greek word for green ? | Chemical Element: chlorine - Word Information
Chemical Element: chlorine
(Greek: chloros, grass-green; a reference to the color of the gas which tends to be greenish-yellow; gas)
Chemical-Element Information
Atomic number: 17
Year discovered: 1774 or 1810
Discovered by: Karl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786), a Swedish chemist, and credit is given to Sir Humphry Davy for showing that chlorine was an element not an oxygen compound.
Karl Wilhelm Scheele discovered many simple compounds from plants and animals, to say nothing of such poisonous gases as hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen cyanide.
Scheele was also involved in the discovery of a number of elements, though he never managed to get undisputed credit for a single one of them.
By 1774, he had done most of the preliminary work that led to the discovery of the element manganese.
His friend, the Swedish mineralogist Johan Gottlieb Gahn (1745-1818); however, completed the final step and got credit for the discovery.
Again, in 1774, Scheele isolated the gas chlorine, which was unusual in that it was not colorless.
Chlorine is greenish-yellow and its name is derived from the Greek word for “green”.
Scheele’s problem was that he didn’t recognize chlorine to be an element because he thought it was a combination of some substance with oxygen.
Since Scheele thought the resulting gas contained oxygen, Sir Humphry Davy proposed and confirmed chlorine to be an element in 1810, and he also named the element.
Scheele obtained chlorine through the reaction of the mineral pyrolusite (manganese dioxide) with hydrochloric acid (then known as muriatic acid).
Davy had worked with hydrochloric acid (a strong acid) and he showed that it contained no oxygen.
This was the final blow to the general assumption that oxygen was essential to acids.
Hydrochloric acid did contain chlorine, and Scheele thought chlorine was an oxygen-containing compound.
In 1810, Davy showed this was not true, and that chlorine was an element.
For this reason, Davy, rather than Scheele usually receives credit for the discovery of chlorine.
Name in other languages:
| Chlorine |
Which geological epoch started about 12,000 years ago at the end of the Pleistocene, and continues to this day ? | ChemTime Clock
A Clock with Chemical Elements
The Chemical Elements
All materials, whether solid, liquid or gas, are made of atoms. Atoms are the smallest bits of matter. Scientists have found over 100 different kinds of atoms. The many different materials we encounter are made from combinations of these atoms. A material in which all atoms are the same kind is called an element. Therefore, there are over 100 different elements.
Each element has been assigned a number, called its atomic number. In the Chem Time clock, the numbers have been replaced by the symbols of the corresponding element.
Atomic Number
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In geometry, which unit is defined as being equal to the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius ? | Radian dictionary definition | radian defined
Use radian in a sentence
the basic unit of plane angle in the SI system, equal to 57° 17? 44.8? (57.29578°, the angle formed at the center of a circle by two radii cutting off an arc whose length is equal to the radius of the circle): one degree equals 0.017454 radian and 360 degrees equals 2? radians: abbrev. rad
Origin of radian
| Radian |
Which painful condition is caused by the deposition of urates or uric acid into the joints of the body, most commonly in the big toe ? | Measurement of angles
Measurement of Angles
The concept of angle
The concept of angle is one of the most important concepts in geometry. The concepts of equality, sums, and differences of angles are important and used throughout geometry, but the subject of trigonometry is based on the measurement of angles.
There are two commonly used units of measurement for angles. The more familiar unit of measurement is that of degrees. A circle is divided into 360 equal degrees, so that a right angle is 90°. For the time being, we’ll only consider angles between 0° and 360°, but later, in the section on trigonometric functions, we’ll consider angles greater than 360° and negative angles.
Degrees may be further divided into minutes and seconds, but that division is not as universal as it used to be. Each degree is divided into 60 equal parts called minutes. So seven and a half degrees can be called 7 degrees and 30 minutes, written 7° 30'. Each minute is further divided into 60 equal parts called seconds, and, for instance, 2 degrees 5 minutes 30 seconds is written 2° 5' 30". The division of degrees into minutes and seconds of angle is analogous to the division of hours into minutes and seconds of time.
Parts of a degree are now usually referred to decimally. For instance seven and a half degrees is now usually written 7.5°.
When a single angle is drawn on a xy-plane for analysis, we’ll draw it in standard position with the vertex at the origin (0,0), one side of the angle along the x-axis, and the other side above the x-axis.
Radians
The other common measurement for angles is radians. For this measurement, consider the unit circle (a circle of radius 1) whose center is the vertex of the angle in question. Then the angle cuts off an arc of the circle, and the length of that arc is the radian measure of the angle. It is easy to convert between degree measurement and radian measurement. The circumference of the entire circle is 2π, so it follows that 360° equals 2π radians. Hence,
1° equals π/180 radians
and
1 radian equals 180/π degrees
Most calculators can be set to use angles measured with either degrees or radians. Be sure you know what mode your calculator is using.
Short note on the history of radians
Although the word “radian” was coined by Thomas Muir and/or James Thompson about 1870, mathematicians had been measuring angles that way for a long time. For instance, Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) in his Elements of Algebra explicitly said to measure angles by the length of the arc cut off in the unit circle. That was necessary to give his famous formula involving complex numbers that relates the sign and cosine functions to the exponential function
eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ
where θ is what was later called the radian measurment of the angle. Unfortunately, an explanation of this formula is well beyond the scope of these notes. But, for a little more information about complex numbers, see my Short Course on Complex Numbers .
Radians and arc length
An alternate definition of radians is sometimes given as a ratio. Instead of taking the unit circle with center at the vertex of the angle θ, take any circle with center at the vertex of the angle. Then the radian measure of the angle is the ratio of the length of the subtended arc to the radius r of the circle. For instance, if the length of the arc is 3 and the radius of the circle is 2, then the radian measure is 1.5.
The reason that this definition works is that the length of the subtended arc is proportional to the radius of the circle. In particular, the definition in terms of a ratio gives the same figure as that given above using the unit circle. This alternate definition is more useful, however, since you can use it to relate lengths of arcs to angles. The length of an arc is is the radius r times the angle θ where the angle is measured in radians.
For instance, an arc of θ = 0.3 radians in a circle of radius r = 4 has length 0.3 times 4, that is, 1.2.
Radians and sector area
A sector of a circle is that part of a circle bounded by two radii and the arc of the circle that joins their ends. The area of this sector is easy to compute from the radius r of the circle and the angle θ beween the radii when it’s measured in radians. Since the area of the whole circle is πr2, and the sector is to the whole circle as the angle θ is to 2π, therefore
Common angles
Below is a table of common angles in both degree measurement and radian measurement. Note that the radian measurement is given in terms of π. It could, of course, be given decimally, but radian measurement often appears with a factor of π .
Angle
π/6
Exercises
Edwin S. Crawley wrote a book One Thousand Exercises in Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1914. The problems in this short course are taken from that text (but not all 1000 of them!) He gave his problems with up to five digits of accuracy, so students had to work some time to solve them, and they used tables of logarithms to help in multiplication and division. Students had to be able to use the sine-cosine table, the tangent table, the logarithm table, the log-sin-cos table, and the log-tan table. Now we can use calculators! That means you can concentrate on the concepts and not on laborious computations.
Crawley didn’t used decimal notation for fractions of a degree, but minutes and seconds.
Each set of exercises includes first the statements of the exercises, second some hints to solve the exercises, and third the answer to the exercises.
1. Express the following angles in radians.
(a). 12 degrees, 28 minutes, that is, 12° 28'.
(b). 36° 12'.
1. (a). 0.2176. (b). 0.6318.
2. (a). 27° 17' 10". (b). 14.56° = 14°33.6' = 14°33'36".
3. (a). 0.03259 (b). 2.1137 times 0.2163 equals 0.4572.
4. (a). 0.16296/12.587 = 0.012947 radians = 0° 44' 30".
(b). 1.3672/1.2978 = 1.0535 radians = 60.360° = 60° 21.6' = 60° 21' 35".
5. (a). l/a = .032592/.01294 = 2.518.
(b). l/a = .4572/1.0533 = .4340.
6. ra = (3200') (0.20604) = 659.31' = 659' 4".
7. The angle a = 0.16776 radians. The difference in the lengths is 2102.5a – 1997.5a which is 5a. Thus, the answer is 0.84 feet, which to the nearest inch is 10 inches.
9. Angle = 1/3956 = 0.0002528 radians = 0.01448° = 0.8690' = 52.14".
10. One minute = 0.0002909 radians. 1.15075 miles = 6076 feet. Therefore one second will correspond to 101.3 feet.
14. a = l/r = 1.742/5.782 = 0.3013 radians = 17.26° = 17°16'.
23. The angle a is 8.5', which is 0.00247 radians. So the radius is r = l/a = 50/0.00247 = 20222' = 3.83 miles, nearly four miles.
About digits of accuracy.
Crawley is careful to give his answers with about the same accuracy as the data in the questions. This is important, especially now that we have calculators. For example, in problem 1, the datum is 12°28', which has about four digits of accuracy, so the answer, 0.2176, should also be given with only four digits of accuracy. (Note that leading zeros don’t count in figuring digits of accuracy.) An answer of 0.21758438 suggests eight digits of accuracy, and that would be misleading as the given information wasn’t that accurate.
For another example, see problem 3(a). The data are 0°17'48" and 6.2935, with 4 and 5 digits of accuracy, respectively. The answer should, therefore, be given with only 4 digits of accuracy, since the answer can be no more accurate than the least accurate datum. Thus, the answer a calculator might give, namely 0.032586547 should be rounded to four digits (not including the leading zeros) to 0.03259.
Although final answers should be expressed with an appropriate number of digits of accuracy, you should still keep all the digits for intermediate computations.
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Which city was awarded the 2020 Summer Olympics last month, beating Istanbul and Madrid ? | Tokyo Will Host The 2020 Summer Olympics, Beating Out Istanbul : The Two-Way : NPR
Tokyo Will Host The 2020 Summer Olympics, Beating Out Istanbul
Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Games, IOC officials said Saturday. In Tokyo, five-time Paralympian Wakako Tsuchida, left, and former Olympic athletes Hiromi Miyake, center, and Yoshiyuki Miyake cheer the news. Atsushi Tomura/Getty Images hide caption
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Atsushi Tomura/Getty Images
Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Games, IOC officials said Saturday. In Tokyo, five-time Paralympian Wakako Tsuchida, left, and former Olympic athletes Hiromi Miyake, center, and Yoshiyuki Miyake cheer the news.
Atsushi Tomura/Getty Images
It will be Tokyo, not Istanbul or Madrid, who hosts the 2020 Summer Olympics, the International Olympic Committee and its president, Jacques Rogge, announced in Buenos Aires Saturday. Rival city Madrid was eliminated in the first round of voting. We have updated this post with the latest news.
Update at 4:55 p.m. ET: Voting Tally Detailed
Madrid and Istanbul had been tied after the first round with 26 votes each, according to the Games Bids site . After Istanbul was chosen over Madrid in a runoff, Tokyo won 60 votes in the third round, to Istanbul's 36.
Update at 4:20 p.m. ET: Tokyo Is It
Tokyo has been chosen to host the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Summer Games, the IOC said in an announcement that was streamed live online Saturday afternoon.
In selecting Tokyo, IOC officials ended a recent trend that had favored holding the Olympics in cities or regions that haven't previously hosted the games. Tokyo hosted the Summer Olympics in 1964; the Winter Games were held in Nagano in 1998.
But Tokyo officials also promoted their city's bid as symbolizing a new chapter for Japan, which is still recuperating from the tsunami and earthquake that devastated swaths of the country in 2011. Organizers have said they plan to have Olympic torchbearers run through areas hit by the tsunami.
Article continues after sponsorship
After the initial round of voting, Istanbul won a runoff over Madrid, leaving Tokyo firmly in the favored spot.
The final announcement came as a striking turnabout for the Turkish delegation, which had earlier believed it had won not just the runoff vote but the competition itself, reports the Inside the Games website.
Our original post continues:
Officials from the three cities made their final pitches today. We'll update this post with the news of the winning city. We expect the announcement just after 4 p.m. ET.
As of earlier this week, oddsmakers saw Tokyo as a slight favorite to win. All of the finalists have submitted recent bids to host the Olympics. And all three were widely seen as having flaws that endanger their chances:
Istanbul saw a crackdown on anti-government protesters in June; last month, 31 Turkish athletes were suspended for doping. And worries over regional crises may play a role.
Tokyo officials have sought to reassure Olympic representatives that their venue is free from any ill effects from recent radioactive leaks at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.
Madrid has pursued its bid under the cloud of Spain's ailing economy and high unemployment rate, as well as its own doping problems.
Turkish officials had hoped to bring the 2020 Olympics to Istanbul. Here, the city's Hagia Sophia Museum is seen in the background, with Sultan Ahmed Square in the foreground. AP hide caption
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AP
Turkish officials had hoped to bring the 2020 Olympics to Istanbul. Here, the city's Hagia Sophia Museum is seen in the background, with Sultan Ahmed Square in the foreground.
AP
Bids from the cities of Baku, Azerbaijan, and Doha, Qatar, were not selected for the final round.
In coming days, the IOC meetings will also produce the final list of sports that will be part of the 2020 Games. Wrestling, squash, and a combined bid from baseball and softball are in contention for one remaining slot. And IOC officials will also select a new president to replace the outgoing Jacques Rogge.
| Tokyo |
Who did Wigan beat 16 - 0 to win the 2013 RL Challenge Cup at Wembley? | Abe helps secure 2020 Games for Tokyo | Reuters
Sat Sep 7, 2013 | 11:49 PM BST
Abe helps secure 2020 Games for Tokyo
1/11
People celebrate after hearing that Tokyo had been chosen to host the 2020 Olympic Games during a public viewing event in Tokyo September 8, 2013.
Reuters/Toru Hanai +
2/11
Japan's Olympic Committee President Tsunekazu Takeda celebrates as Jacques Rogge President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announces Tokyo as the city to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Game during a ceremony in Buenos Aires September 7, 2013.
Reuters/Marcos Brindicci +
3/11
Japan's Olympic Committee President Tsunekazu Takeda celebrates as Jacques Rogge President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announces Tokyo as the city to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Game during a ceremony in Buenos Aires September 7, 2013.
Reuters/Marcos Brindicci +
4/11
Japanese fencer Yuki Ota cries as Jacques Rogge President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announces Tokyo as the city to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Game during a ceremony in Buenos Aires September 7, 2013.
Reuters/Marcos Brindicci +
5/11
Members of the Tokyo bid committee celebrate as Jacques Rogge President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announces Tokyo as the city to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Game during a ceremony in Buenos Aires September 7, 2013.
Reuters/Marcos Brindicci +
6/11
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan arrives for the presentation by the Tokyo 2020 bid committee to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, in Buenos Aires September 7, 2013. The IOC will elect the winning city from candidates Tokyo, Madrid, and Istanbul on Saturday afternoon at their 125th Session in the Argentine capital.
Reuters/Fabrice Coffrini/Pool +
7/11
Japan's Princess Takamado speaks during the presentation by the Tokyo 2020 bid committee to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, in Buenos Aires September 7, 2013.
Reuters/Fabrice Coffrini/Pool +
8/11
Masato Mizuno, CEO of the Tokyo 2020 bid committee speaks with IOC member Princess Anne of Britain (R) before their presentation to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, in Buenos Aires September 7, 2013. The IOC will elect the winning city from candidates Tokyo, Madrid, and Istanbul on Saturday afternoon at their 125th Session in the Argentine capital.
Reuters/Fabrice Coffrini/Pool +
9/11
A man uses a mobile phone above a campaign sign for Tokyo to host the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games during a public viewing event in Tokyo September 7, 2013.
Reuters/Toru Hanai +
10/11
Prince Felipe of Spain speaks during the presentation by the Madrid 2020 bid committee to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, in Buenos Aires September 7, 2013. The IOC will elect the winning city from candidates Madrid, Tokyo and Istanbul on Saturday afternoon at their 125th Session in the Argentine capital.
Reuters/Marcos Brindicci +
11/11
Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan speaks to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) during the presentation of Istanbul as candidate to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, in Buenos Aires September 7, 2013.
Reuters/Marcos Brindicci +
By Ossian Shine | BUENOS AIRES
BUENOS AIRES Tokyo was awarded the 2020 Olympic Games on Saturday, beating Istanbul in a head-to-head vote after Prime Minister Shinzo Abe delivered a charismatic plea to the IOC, saying Japan's crippled nuclear plant was 'under control'.
The Japanese won by a landslide, 60 votes to Istanbul's 36. Abe, who left early from a Group of 20 summit in Russia to make his pitch at the meeting in Buenos Aires, promised the International Olympic Committee that concerns about the leaking Fukushima nuclear plant 230 km (140 miles) from Tokyo were unfounded.
Fixing the IOC members with a level gaze, he said: "It has never done and will never do any damage to Tokyo. There are no health-related problems until now, and nor will there be in the future -- I make the statement to you in the most emphatic and unequivocal way."
The plant's operator has said hundreds of tonnes of radioactive water are pouring into the Pacific Ocean each day, and radiation levels have spiked.
Abe's government said this week it will spend almost half a billion dollars to try to fix the water crisis and on Saturday he told the IOC: "Let me assure you the situation is under control."
MASTERFUL ORATORY
Tokyo won the right to stage the sporting extravaganza for the second time, having hosted in 1964 when the Games first went to Asia.
It was an enormous prize after two years of intense lobbying and tens of millions of dollars spent, and Abe was thrilled.
"I would like to thank everyone in the Olympic movement and we will host wonderful Olympic Games," a beaming Abe told Reuters just seconds after the result.
Bid leader Tsunekazu Takeda was in tears as he said: "It is a great honour that Tokyo has been chosen.
"The first thing I will do when I return is to thank all of Japan," he told Reuters after hugging dozens of IOC colleagues.
For Istanbul it was a fifth unsuccessful bid in the last six votes to host a summer Olympics.
They had pitched their bid on the appeal of a new region for the Games and as a vehicle to help peace in the Middle East, but the conflict in neighbouring Syria came and recent anti-government demonstrations in Turkey overshadowed the bid.
The Istanbul bid's sports director Alp Berker was searching for a reason for rejection as he told Reuters: "I don't know... there are too many variables, maybe it's the timing, maybe it's something else."
When asked if the Syrian crisis had damaged their chances, he said: "We tried to tell them it was not the case, because it's a global issue. Really I don't know what the members are thinking when they're pushing the button."
IOC vice-president and presidential candidate Thomas Bach described the decision as new versus old.
"I think it is an election between a traditional candidature and new grounds, and today it was the traditional candidature that won," he told Reuters.
BOOST FOR ABE
Madrid, which had pitched a safe, affordable, "sensible" bid had been earlier eliminated first in a secret vote by IOC members on a head to head with Istanbul after the two cities were tied in second place after the initial vote. Madrid's attempt to host 2020 had been a third consecutive bid.
Tokyo is planning to incorporate existing venues and has estimated a non-Games budget of around $4.4 billion compared to $3.4 billion for the actual event.
It already has a war-chest of some $4.5 billion in the bank.
The victory is expected to boost Abe's popularity, and could potentially spur his signature pro-growth policies for the world's third-biggest economy.
A successful Tokyo bid should boost confidence -- a key ingredient of Abe's economic success so far -- and bring real gains in terms of construction and tourism to the nation.
The next summer Olympics will be hosted by Rio de Janeiro in 2016. The preparations for that Games have been plagued by delays and complications, and a decision for Tokyo 2020 is a return to safer waters for the Olympic movement.
(Additional reporting by Alexandra Ulmer, Karolos Grohmann and Rex Gowar; Editing by Mitch Phillips and Peter Henderson)
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Bill Hoskyns, who died in August, was the first Briton to compete at six Olympic Games - 1956 to 1976 inclusive. He won the team bronze in Rome and an individual silver in Tokyo, in which sport ? | Bill Hoskyns - Telegraph
Sport Obituaries
Bill Hoskyns
Bill Hoskyns, who has died aged 82, was a gentleman fencer who became the first Briton to compete in six Olympic Games and was the country’s most successful competitor in three weapons — the épée, sabre and foil; he remains the last Briton to win an Olympic medal for the sport.
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Bill Hoskyns (left) scores a point against Wales' R Reynolds in 1966 Photo: S&G and Barratts/EMPICS Sport
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6:04PM BST 18 Aug 2013
Hoskyns competed in the Games from Melbourne (1956) to Montreal (1976), setting a record for appearances that was later equalled by Tessa Sanderson and more recently by the equestrian Mary King and the archer Alison Williamson. At the Tokyo Games in 1964 he added a silver in the individual épée to an earlier team silver won in Rome. In addition he was the world champion in épée in 1958, competing in a total of seven world championships from 1955 to 1967, and won a record aggregate of nine gold medals at the Commonwealth Games in both épée and sabre, although had to settle for silver in foil.
Hoskyns fenced left-handed and his nonchalantly elegant style was much admired. Although not quick on his feet, he had extraordinary timing and could put his opponents under continuous pressure so as to induce them to attack at the moment of his choosing. Watching him in action, one American opponent said simply: “Suave — so suave, it’s painful.”
In the British Championships, Hoskyns was the most successful fencer ever, with 21 medals. He won the épée title four times, the foil title three times and the sabre title once, making him only the second man to win all three championships.
He was born Henry William Furse Hoskyns in London on March 19 1931, the oldest of four boys, and grew up on his father’s estate at North Perrott, Somerset.
Educated at Eton, he took up fencing at his mother’s behest after suffering a broken nose in the boxing ring. While there he formed a lifelong friendship with Allan Jay (the other great British male fencer of his generation), after the two crossed épées at a competitive meeting. Jay likened his opponent to “Little Lord Fauntleroy”, and, though they were very different characters and fiercely competitive on the fencing piste, they became such great friends that Jay eventually retired to Hoskyns’s home village of North Perrott where, in later life, they channelled their competitive energies on to the bridge table.
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Dame Mary Glen Haig
26 Nov 2014
From Eton, Hoskyns went up to Magdalen College, Oxford, to read Agriculture. He always claimed that his father had “bought” his place and, while there, he neglected his studies, preferring to spend his time fencing or playing bridge. He was immensely proud of the fact that he graduated with a “Fourth”, often pointing out that (due to changes in the grading regime) it was an achievement which none of his children could ever emulate. After graduating, as well as taking part in competitive fencing he farmed fruit on his family’s estate in Somerset, where he built a “modern” farm shop 30 years before it became fashionable, and was a pioneer of farming co-operatives.
Before going up to Oxford, Hoskyns did his National Service in the Somerset Yeomanry and he continued as a Territorial to the rank of major, becoming inter-services champion at épée, sabre and foil in 1964.
He burst on to the international scene at the 1955 World Championships, where he played a major part in Britain’s foil team bronze medal, beating all four members of the French team. He finished his international career by winning the Duren épée tournament in 1973 and 1974 and coming second in Oslo in 1978, at the age of 47. Twenty years later, in 1998, he won a bronze medal at the Millennium Veterans’ world championships.
A keen private pilot, in his early years as a fencer Hoskyns enjoyed flying his team-mates to competitions around Europe in his own plane. In 1956, after being invited by the Hungarian government to attend a fencing competition in Budapest, he became the first private pilot to land behind the Iron Curtain. An extra frisson of excitement was provided by the official warning that if he deviated from the flight plan he would be shot down.
Hoskyns’s career as a pilot was brought to a premature conclusion, however, when his future wife Georgina, whom he had persuaded to accompany him on a flight, stepped off the carefully-marked footstep on the wing and inflicted fatal damage to the aircraft with a stiletto heel.
Hoskyns was thrilled to be invited on stage for the closing ceremony of the London 2012 Games but was unable to attend due to failing health. He died while walking his dog in his orchards with his secateurs in hand.
Bill Hoskyns was appointed MBE in 1966 and served as vice-president of British Fencing. He was recently elected to the International Fencing Federation’s Centennial Hall of Fame. A British Open fencing competition, named after him, is now in its ninth year.
He married, in 1961, Georgina Howard de Cardial Findlay, who survives him with their two sons and three daughters .
Bill Hoskyns, born March 19 1931, died August 4 2013
| Fencing |
Which Aviva Premiership Rugby Union side play their home games at Adams Park, High Wycombe ? | Obituary: Bill Hoskyns
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Bill Hoskyns was a gentleman fencer who became the first Briton to compete in six Olympic Games and was the country's most successful competitor in three weapons - the epee, sabre and foil. He remains the last Briton to win an Olympic medal for the sport.
Hoskyns competed in the Games from Melbourne (1956) to Montreal (1976), setting a record for appearances that was later equalled by Tessa Sanderson and more recently by the equestrian Mary King and the archer Alison Williamson. At the Tokyo Games in 1964 he added a silver in the individual epee to an earlier team silver won in Rome. In addition he was the world champion in epee in 1958, competing in a total of seven world championships from 1955 to 1967, and won a record aggregate of nine gold medals at the Commonwealth Games in both epee and sabre, although had to settle for silver in foil.
Hoskyns fenced left-handed and his nonchalantly elegant style was much admired. Although not quick on his feet, he had extraordinary timing and could put his opponents under continuous pressure so as to induce them to attack at the moment of his choosing. Watching him in action, one American opponent said simply: “Suave - so suave, it's painful.”
In the British Championships, Hoskyns was the most successful fencer ever, with 21 medals. He won the epee title four times, the foil title three times and the sabre title once, making him only the second man to win all three championships.
Henry William Furse Hoskyns was born in London on March 19, 1931, the oldest of four boys, and grew up on his father's estate at North Perrott, Somerset.
He was educated at Eton and took up fencing at his mother's behest after suffering a broken nose in the boxing ring. At school, he formed a lifelong friendship with Allan Jay (the other great British male fencer of his generation), after the two crossed epees at a competitive meeting. Jay likened his opponent to “Little Lord Fauntleroy”, and, though they were very different characters and fiercely competitive on the fencing piste, they became such great friends that Jay eventually retired to Hoskyns's home village of North Perrott where, in later life, they channelled their competitive energies on to the bridge table.
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From Eton, Hoskyns went up to Magdalen College, Oxford, to read agriculture. He always claimed that his father had “bought” his place and, while there, he neglected his studies, preferring to spend his time fencing or playing bridge. He was immensely proud of the fact that he graduated with a “fourth”, often pointing out that (due to changes in the grading regime) it was an achievement which none of his children could ever emulate. After graduating, as well as taking part in competitive fencing he farmed fruit on his family's estate in Somerset, where he built a “modern” farm shop 30 years before it became fashionable, and was a pioneer of farming co-operatives.
Before going up to Oxford, Hoskyns did his National Service in the Somerset Yeomanry and he continued as a Territorial to the rank of major, becoming inter-services champion at epee, sabre and foil in 1964.
He burst on to the international scene at the 1955 World Championships, where he played a major part in Britain's foil team bronze medal, beating all four members of the French team. He finished his international career by winning the Duren epee tournament in 1973 and 1974 and coming second in Oslo in 1978, at the age of 47. Twenty years later, he won a bronze medal at the Millennium Veterans' world championships.
A keen private pilot, in his early years as a fencer Hoskyns enjoyed flying his teammates to competitions around Europe in his own plane. In 1956, after being invited by the Hungarian government to attend a fencing competition in Budapest, he became the first private pilot to land behind the Iron Curtain. An extra frisson of excitement was provided by the official warning that if he deviated from the flight plan he would be shot down.
Hoskyns's career as a pilot was brought to a premature conclusion, however, when his future wife Georgina, whom he had persuaded to accompany him on a flight, stepped off the carefully marked footstep on the wing and inflicted fatal damage to the aircraft with a stiletto heel.
Hoskyns was thrilled to be invited on stage for the closing ceremony of the London 2012 Games but was unable to attend due to failing health. He died while walking his dog in his orchards, with his secateurs in hand.
Bill Hoskyns was appointed MBE in 1966 and served as vice-president of British Fencing. He was recently elected to the International Fencing Federation's Centennial Hall of Fame. A British Open fencing competition, named after him, is now in its ninth year.
He married, in 1961, Georgina Howard de Cardial Findlay, who survives him with their two sons and three daughters.
Telegraph, London
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Which swimmer, who never won an Olympic medal in his career, carried the flag for the United Kingdom at the opening ceremony at Beijing in 2008 ? | Andy Murray named Team GB Olympic opening ceremony flag-bearer | Daily Mail Online
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Wimbledon champion Andy Murray has been named as the Team GB flag-bearer at the Olympic Games opening ceremony in Rio's Maracana Stadium on Friday.
Murray, who was nominated for the prestigious role by his individual sport, was then selected by the British Olympic Association hierarchy from a list of all the others put forward.
'I'm very proud,' said the Scot. 'To represent your country at the Games is an unbelievable experience, but to lead out Team GB will be an incredible honour, the biggest in sport.
Andy Murray has been named as the Team GB flag-bearer at the opening ceremony
Murray said he was very proud and added leading Team GB out is biggest honour in sport
Murray speaks at the Team GB British House Reception ahead of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games
Murray, along with HRH Princess Anne, Princess Royal and Sebastian Coe, pose with Team GB
Murray won Olympic gold in London in 2012 by beating Roger Federer in the final
'I obviously have great memories of London and I am 100 per cent focused on winning here in Rio. The privilege of being the flag-bearer is a moment I will remember for the rest of my life and will certainly be one of the highlights of my career.'
Female reigning Olympic champion boxer Nicola Adams , who would have been the first black sports star to carry the GB flag at a summer Games opening ceremony, had been strongly tipped for the role earlier in the week having been nominated by British Boxing.
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However BBC sports personality of the year Murray's credentials are even stronger as a three time Grand Slam winner and almost single-handedly powering GB to a Davis Cup triumph last year.
And his major tennis successes started after he won the gold medal singles at London 2012.
His major tennis successes started after he won the gold medal singles four years ago
Murray trains at the Olympic centre ahead of the games, where he is again going for gold
He is no lover of ceremonial roles and only intends fleeting visit the Olympic Village fleetingly
However it was thought that the Olympic tennis competition starting less than 24 hours later would rule him out of contention. The draws are on Thursday.
Also Murray is no great lover of ceremonial roles and is only intending to make a fleeting visit to the Olympic Village.
He is staying outside the athletes complex with his entourage like he did in London because he found the attention he received in Beijing's athletes village four years earlier too distracting.
Murray was unveiled as the flag-bearer at the official reception for the GB team at British House on Wednesday night where he also made a speech to help inspire the British medal chase.
Murray almost single-handedly powered GB to a Davis Cup triumph last year
Female reigning Olympic champion boxer Nicola Adams had been tipped for the honour
Adams would have been the first black sports star to carry the GB flag at a summer Games
The Wimbledon champion will be the first tennis player to carry the flag for Britain at an opening ceremony.
At London 2012 the honour went to cyclist Sir Chris Hoy, while swimmer Mark Foster was chosen for Beijing four years earlier.
Judo star Kate Howey was the last woman to carry the flag, and the sixth in total, when she led the team in Athens.
The three Olympics before that, in Barcelona, Atlanta and Sydney, all saw rowers given the honour, with Steve Redgrave doing it twice before Matthew Pinsent took it in Australia.
British cycling legend Sir Chris Hoy carried the flag at London 2012
Swimmer Mark Foster waves to the crowd as he carries the flag for Team GB in Beijing
Judo star Kate Howey led the team at the opening ceremony in 2004 in Athens
Murray added: 'I was just getting into bed at about 11.15 - I was in my pants - and our team leader came and said, "the chef de mission needs to speak to you".
'I jumped out of bed, ran downstairs and Mark gave me the news. I was speechless.
'I didn't know what to say. I was repeating myself a lot, saying how honoured I was and humbled and I'll be extremely proud to do it.
'So thank you very much for the honour to do that.'
Murray addressed his Team GB team-mates at British House, the colonial building at Parque Lago, under Christ the Redeemer, which the BOA has taken over for the duration of the Games.
'Let's try to make this another amazing Olympics to remember for Great Britain,' he said.
In 2000 Matthew Pinsent made it three Games in a row for rowing, carrying the flag in Sydney
Steve Redgrave was given the honour in both 1992, in Barcelona, and 1996 in Atlanta
| Mark Foster |
What is the German name for the Polish city of Gdansk ? | Andy Murray named Team GB Olympic opening ceremony flag-bearer | Daily Mail Online
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Wimbledon champion Andy Murray has been named as the Team GB flag-bearer at the Olympic Games opening ceremony in Rio's Maracana Stadium on Friday.
Murray, who was nominated for the prestigious role by his individual sport, was then selected by the British Olympic Association hierarchy from a list of all the others put forward.
'I'm very proud,' said the Scot. 'To represent your country at the Games is an unbelievable experience, but to lead out Team GB will be an incredible honour, the biggest in sport.
Andy Murray has been named as the Team GB flag-bearer at the opening ceremony
Murray said he was very proud and added leading Team GB out is biggest honour in sport
Murray speaks at the Team GB British House Reception ahead of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games
Murray, along with HRH Princess Anne, Princess Royal and Sebastian Coe, pose with Team GB
Murray won Olympic gold in London in 2012 by beating Roger Federer in the final
'I obviously have great memories of London and I am 100 per cent focused on winning here in Rio. The privilege of being the flag-bearer is a moment I will remember for the rest of my life and will certainly be one of the highlights of my career.'
Female reigning Olympic champion boxer Nicola Adams , who would have been the first black sports star to carry the GB flag at a summer Games opening ceremony, had been strongly tipped for the role earlier in the week having been nominated by British Boxing.
RELATED ARTICLES
Share
451 shares
However BBC sports personality of the year Murray's credentials are even stronger as a three time Grand Slam winner and almost single-handedly powering GB to a Davis Cup triumph last year.
And his major tennis successes started after he won the gold medal singles at London 2012.
His major tennis successes started after he won the gold medal singles four years ago
Murray trains at the Olympic centre ahead of the games, where he is again going for gold
He is no lover of ceremonial roles and only intends fleeting visit the Olympic Village fleetingly
However it was thought that the Olympic tennis competition starting less than 24 hours later would rule him out of contention. The draws are on Thursday.
Also Murray is no great lover of ceremonial roles and is only intending to make a fleeting visit to the Olympic Village.
He is staying outside the athletes complex with his entourage like he did in London because he found the attention he received in Beijing's athletes village four years earlier too distracting.
Murray was unveiled as the flag-bearer at the official reception for the GB team at British House on Wednesday night where he also made a speech to help inspire the British medal chase.
Murray almost single-handedly powered GB to a Davis Cup triumph last year
Female reigning Olympic champion boxer Nicola Adams had been tipped for the honour
Adams would have been the first black sports star to carry the GB flag at a summer Games
The Wimbledon champion will be the first tennis player to carry the flag for Britain at an opening ceremony.
At London 2012 the honour went to cyclist Sir Chris Hoy, while swimmer Mark Foster was chosen for Beijing four years earlier.
Judo star Kate Howey was the last woman to carry the flag, and the sixth in total, when she led the team in Athens.
The three Olympics before that, in Barcelona, Atlanta and Sydney, all saw rowers given the honour, with Steve Redgrave doing it twice before Matthew Pinsent took it in Australia.
British cycling legend Sir Chris Hoy carried the flag at London 2012
Swimmer Mark Foster waves to the crowd as he carries the flag for Team GB in Beijing
Judo star Kate Howey led the team at the opening ceremony in 2004 in Athens
Murray added: 'I was just getting into bed at about 11.15 - I was in my pants - and our team leader came and said, "the chef de mission needs to speak to you".
'I jumped out of bed, ran downstairs and Mark gave me the news. I was speechless.
'I didn't know what to say. I was repeating myself a lot, saying how honoured I was and humbled and I'll be extremely proud to do it.
'So thank you very much for the honour to do that.'
Murray addressed his Team GB team-mates at British House, the colonial building at Parque Lago, under Christ the Redeemer, which the BOA has taken over for the duration of the Games.
'Let's try to make this another amazing Olympics to remember for Great Britain,' he said.
In 2000 Matthew Pinsent made it three Games in a row for rowing, carrying the flag in Sydney
Steve Redgrave was given the honour in both 1992, in Barcelona, and 1996 in Atlanta
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Edward VII's first Christian name wasn't Edward, What was it ? | Guts and Glory: Edward VII’s Appendix and the Coronation that Never Was | Unofficial Royalty
Who Knew?
Guts and Glory: Edward VII’s Appendix and the Coronation that Never Was
I have recently found myself with a bit more free time on my hands due to an attack of acute appendicitis and a consequent appendectomy. In these days appendectomies are typically quick, routine surgeries that involve fairly easy recoveries for most patients (as mine has been). However, surgery to relieve appendicitis is a relatively new treatment that has been practiced regularly for only about the past 100 years – previous sufferers of appendicitis typically died of sepsis.
One of the most famous (and at the time controversial) surgeries for appendicitis occurred in the United Kingdom in 1902. After spending more than 59 years as the Prince of Wales, Albert Edward, the eldest son of Queen Victoria, would be beginning his own rule as Edward VII. What occurred a few months into Edward’s reign changed the course of medical and legal history in surprising ways.
Edward had been king for a few months when a brilliant coronation ceremony was meticulously planned for June 26, 1902, at Westminster Abbey. Having spent nearly sixty years in pursuit of the finer things in life, Edward had had plenty of time to consider exactly how large of a celebration his coronation would entail. Several thousand pounds of fowl were ordered for the banquet, viewing stands were constructed along the parade route, and numerous hotels were built to accommodate the influx of expected guests to London.
While Edward was focused on the details of his coronation, his body had other plans. In the two weeks preceding the coronation, Edward had recurrent abdominal pain accompanied by a fever. After being examined by several members of his medical staff, Frederick Treves (once a physician for Joseph Merrick, otherwise known as the Elephant Man), Edward’s accomplished and newly-appointed Sergeant-Surgeon was summoned for his opinion.
Dr. Frederick Treves. Photo credit: Wikipedia
By the time Treves first examined Edward on June 18, Edward was running a constant fever and had developed a mass in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen. For his part, Edward was eager to resume his activities and was annoyed at the thought of rumors of his illness circulating. Edward’s private secretary, Sir Francis Knollys, quickly issued a report denying any problems with Edward’s health.
Although Edward was feeling well enough to attend a lavish banquet on June 23, he was confined to bed the following day with a high fever and intense pain. After another examination of the King, the medical team concluded that Edward was suffering from appendicitis and required immediate surgery.
The regrettable timing aside, Edward was incredibly fortunate to have appendicitis while in the care of Dr. Treves. Although not the first to perform an appendectomy, Treves first did surgery on a patient with recurrent appendicitis in 1888. After the successful surgery, Treves authored a paper presented to the Royal Medical and Surgical Society a few months later recommending the removal of appendices in similar cases. Although his recommendation was not well-received by the medical community, by the turn of the 20th century he had removed more than one thousand appendices.
Insisting on fulfilling his duty, Edward rejected his doctors’ planned course of action. He continued to refuse surgery until Treves bluntly pointed out that Edward would be dead before the coronation took place. This approach seemed to work on Edward as he finally agreed to the surgery – and the coronation was officially postponed until further notice.
Shortly after noon on June 24, the abscess in Edward’s abdomen was drained, irrigated, packed with gauze, and fitted with rubber tubing to allow additional pus to escape. The operation took about an hour and a half. Edward started to choke during the operation, but the team managed to get the King to breathe again by pulling on his beard, thus opening his mouth.
Edward’s appendix was actually not removed, but the draining and cleaning of the abscess prevented further illness. On the following day, Edward was able to sit up in bed and smoke a cigar and within two weeks, it was clear that the King would make a full recovery. The medical team (including Treves) was awarded knighthoods for their actions and authored numerous articles that described the King’s illness and treatment.
Most rejoiced at the King’s miraculous recovery, particularly those in the East End poorhouses who received the thousands of chickens, quails, and game hens intended for the coronation banquet. However, the cancelled coronation took its toll on those contracted to provide supplies, services, and payment for venues booked. A number of so-called “coronation cases” were decided in the British courts surrounding the contracts broken due to the cancellation.
Most of these contracts were voided as the arrangements were typically made with the sole purpose of celebrating the coronation. However, in the case of Herne Bay Steamboat Company vs. Hutton, it was ruled that a river cruise could be booked and enjoyed regardless of whether the coronation was held. Mr. Hutton was one of the few coronation case plaintiffs who were ordered to provide full payment as agreed by contract.
A more scaled-down coronation for Edward was held on August 9. While the practice of surgical intervention for appendicitis gained acceptance from one of its most famous patients, its adoption was not universal nor were the symptoms of appendicitis yet fully recognized. Shortly before Edward’s operation, Treves’ own daughter Hattie died of a ruptured appendix. Edward’s nephew Christian of Hanover had died from appendicitis that was incorrectly diagnosed a few months before. And in a final twist of irony, Frederick Treves himself died of peritonitis in Switzerland in 1923. An autopsy was not performed, but the culprit was assumed to be a ruptured appendix.
There is no word yet on the new date for my coronation.
| The Albert |
Which European capital city was known as Kristiana from 1877 to 1925 ? | Guts and Glory: Edward VII’s Appendix and the Coronation that Never Was | Unofficial Royalty
Who Knew?
Guts and Glory: Edward VII’s Appendix and the Coronation that Never Was
I have recently found myself with a bit more free time on my hands due to an attack of acute appendicitis and a consequent appendectomy. In these days appendectomies are typically quick, routine surgeries that involve fairly easy recoveries for most patients (as mine has been). However, surgery to relieve appendicitis is a relatively new treatment that has been practiced regularly for only about the past 100 years – previous sufferers of appendicitis typically died of sepsis.
One of the most famous (and at the time controversial) surgeries for appendicitis occurred in the United Kingdom in 1902. After spending more than 59 years as the Prince of Wales, Albert Edward, the eldest son of Queen Victoria, would be beginning his own rule as Edward VII. What occurred a few months into Edward’s reign changed the course of medical and legal history in surprising ways.
Edward had been king for a few months when a brilliant coronation ceremony was meticulously planned for June 26, 1902, at Westminster Abbey. Having spent nearly sixty years in pursuit of the finer things in life, Edward had had plenty of time to consider exactly how large of a celebration his coronation would entail. Several thousand pounds of fowl were ordered for the banquet, viewing stands were constructed along the parade route, and numerous hotels were built to accommodate the influx of expected guests to London.
While Edward was focused on the details of his coronation, his body had other plans. In the two weeks preceding the coronation, Edward had recurrent abdominal pain accompanied by a fever. After being examined by several members of his medical staff, Frederick Treves (once a physician for Joseph Merrick, otherwise known as the Elephant Man), Edward’s accomplished and newly-appointed Sergeant-Surgeon was summoned for his opinion.
Dr. Frederick Treves. Photo credit: Wikipedia
By the time Treves first examined Edward on June 18, Edward was running a constant fever and had developed a mass in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen. For his part, Edward was eager to resume his activities and was annoyed at the thought of rumors of his illness circulating. Edward’s private secretary, Sir Francis Knollys, quickly issued a report denying any problems with Edward’s health.
Although Edward was feeling well enough to attend a lavish banquet on June 23, he was confined to bed the following day with a high fever and intense pain. After another examination of the King, the medical team concluded that Edward was suffering from appendicitis and required immediate surgery.
The regrettable timing aside, Edward was incredibly fortunate to have appendicitis while in the care of Dr. Treves. Although not the first to perform an appendectomy, Treves first did surgery on a patient with recurrent appendicitis in 1888. After the successful surgery, Treves authored a paper presented to the Royal Medical and Surgical Society a few months later recommending the removal of appendices in similar cases. Although his recommendation was not well-received by the medical community, by the turn of the 20th century he had removed more than one thousand appendices.
Insisting on fulfilling his duty, Edward rejected his doctors’ planned course of action. He continued to refuse surgery until Treves bluntly pointed out that Edward would be dead before the coronation took place. This approach seemed to work on Edward as he finally agreed to the surgery – and the coronation was officially postponed until further notice.
Shortly after noon on June 24, the abscess in Edward’s abdomen was drained, irrigated, packed with gauze, and fitted with rubber tubing to allow additional pus to escape. The operation took about an hour and a half. Edward started to choke during the operation, but the team managed to get the King to breathe again by pulling on his beard, thus opening his mouth.
Edward’s appendix was actually not removed, but the draining and cleaning of the abscess prevented further illness. On the following day, Edward was able to sit up in bed and smoke a cigar and within two weeks, it was clear that the King would make a full recovery. The medical team (including Treves) was awarded knighthoods for their actions and authored numerous articles that described the King’s illness and treatment.
Most rejoiced at the King’s miraculous recovery, particularly those in the East End poorhouses who received the thousands of chickens, quails, and game hens intended for the coronation banquet. However, the cancelled coronation took its toll on those contracted to provide supplies, services, and payment for venues booked. A number of so-called “coronation cases” were decided in the British courts surrounding the contracts broken due to the cancellation.
Most of these contracts were voided as the arrangements were typically made with the sole purpose of celebrating the coronation. However, in the case of Herne Bay Steamboat Company vs. Hutton, it was ruled that a river cruise could be booked and enjoyed regardless of whether the coronation was held. Mr. Hutton was one of the few coronation case plaintiffs who were ordered to provide full payment as agreed by contract.
A more scaled-down coronation for Edward was held on August 9. While the practice of surgical intervention for appendicitis gained acceptance from one of its most famous patients, its adoption was not universal nor were the symptoms of appendicitis yet fully recognized. Shortly before Edward’s operation, Treves’ own daughter Hattie died of a ruptured appendix. Edward’s nephew Christian of Hanover had died from appendicitis that was incorrectly diagnosed a few months before. And in a final twist of irony, Frederick Treves himself died of peritonitis in Switzerland in 1923. An autopsy was not performed, but the culprit was assumed to be a ruptured appendix.
There is no word yet on the new date for my coronation.
| i don't know |
What was the stage name of the operatic soprano who was born Helen Porter Mitchell in 1861 ? | Helen Porter Mitchell - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus
Helen Porter Mitchell
an Australian operatic soprano (born: 1861 – died: 1931)
Class:
Nellie Melba | Dame Nellie Melba | Helen "Nellie" Porter Mitchell
(Born: 1861-05-19 – Died: 1931-02-23)
an Australian operatic soprano. She became one of the most famous singers of the late Victorian Era and the early 20th century. She was the first Australian to achieve international recognition as a classical musician. Melba studied singing in...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie Melba
Columbia Encyclopedia:
Melba, Dame Nellie | Dame Nellie Melba | Nellie Melba | Mitchell, Helen Porter | Melba, Nellie | Mitchell, Helen | Helen Porter Mitchell Armstrong | Dame Melba | Helen Porter Mitchell | ...
(Born: 1861 – Died: 1931)
Australian soprano, whose name originally was Helen Porter Mitchell. After study with Mathilde Marchesi in Paris, she made her operatic debut in ...
(22 of 105 words)
| Nellie Melba |
In which year were TV licences introduced in the UK? | Did a Melba - definition of did a Melba by The Free Dictionary
Did a Melba - definition of did a Melba by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/did+a+Melba
Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia .
Dame Nellie Melba
(mĕl′bə), Dame Nellie Originally Helen Porter Mitchell. 1861-1931.
Australian soprano primarily with London's Covent Garden (1888-1926) and New York City's Metropolitan Opera (1893-1910).
Melba
1. (Biography) Dame Nellie, stage name of Helen Porter Mitchell. 1861–1931, Australian operatic soprano
2. do a Melba slang Austral to make repeated farewell appearances
Mel•ba
(Dame) Nellie (Helen Porter Mitchell Armstrong), 1861–1931, Australian soprano.
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Which designer (brand) created the Kelly bag? | Kelly Style Handbag | eBay
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This is a bag that was made to resemble the Hermes Kelly bag. Again, this is NOT an authentic Hermes "Kelly" bag. This bag was simply inspired by the design of the Kelly. This bag comes with matching ...
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The perfect classic accessory for that chic outfit! Check out this adorable handbag! This is a faux patent leather handbag. It has matching antiqued hardware on the exterior and a gold tone clasp unde...
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By what name is the Gravelly Hill Interchange better known? | Hermes - Authentic Pre owned Designer Handbags, Wallets and Accessories
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Although perhaps not as recognizable in the mainstream as other brand names like Gucci or Louis Vuitton, Hermes has always been at the top of the charts as one of the most sophisticated and sought after designers. With a strong equestrian leather goods heritage, Hermes today is known for its iconic handmade Birkin and Kelly handbags, carried by royalty and celebrities alike, including Jennifer Lopez, Heidi Klum and Kim Kardashian, to name just a few. However, it’s important to realize that there are many replica Hermes bags out there that claim to be real, so it’s tough to know whether or not you’re really getting something authentic. Fortunately, Bella Bag ensures that every handbag goes through its own patented 13-step authenticity inspection before they buy each bag and sell it to you. With Hermes, this is one of the most important considerations, so don’t go somewhere else and get scammed! Bella Bag guarantees the authenticity of every bag sold . In fact, because Bella Bag stands behind the authenticity of every bag sold, they will refund your money if whatever you buy isn’t 100 percent real.
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The Galápagos Islands are a provincial territory of which South American country, 600 miles away on the same equatorial latitude? | Ecuador: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide & Travel/Holidays/Cities
President Correa Begins His Third Term
Geography
Ecuador, about equal in area to Nevada, is in the northwest part of South America fronting on the Pacific. To the north is Colombia and to the east and south is Peru. Two high and parallel ranges of the Andes, traversing the country from north to south, are topped by tall volcanic peaks. The highest is Chimborazo at 20,577 ft (6,272 m). The Galápagos Islands (or Colón Archipelago: 3,029 sq mi; 7,845 sq km), in the Pacific Ocean about 600 mi (966 km) west of the South American mainland, became part of Ecuador in 1832.
Government
Republic.
History
The tribes in the northern highlands of Ecuador formed the Kingdom of Quito around 1000. It was absorbed, by conquest and marriage, into the Inca Empire. Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquered the land in 1532, and throughout the 17th century a Spanish colony thrived by exploitation of the Indians. The first revolt against Spain occurred in 1809. In 1819, Ecuador joined Venezuela, Colombia, and Panama in a confederacy known as Greater Colombia.
When Greater Colombia collapsed in 1830, Ecuador became independent. Revolts and dictatorships followed; it had 48 presidents during the first 131 years of the republic. Conservatives ruled until the revolution of 1895 ushered in nearly a half century of Radical Liberal rule, during which the church was disestablished and freedom of worship, speech, and press was introduced. Although it was under military rule in the 1970s, the country did not experience the violence and repression characteristic of other Latin American military regimes. Its last 30 years of democracy, however, have been largely ineffectual because of a weak executive branch and a strong, fractious Congress.
Peru invaded Ecuador in 1941 and seized a large tract of Ecuadoran territory in the disputed Amazon region. In 1981 and 1995 war broke out again. In May 1999, Ecuador and Peru signed a treaty ending the nearly 60-year border dispute.
| Ecuador |
Who succeeded Sir Clive Woodward as England's rugby union coach? | Boca Raton Observer Feb2016 by Boca Raton Observer - issuu
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contents VOLUME XIII NUMBER 2
02.2016
Cruising The Galápagos Islands – The Land That Time Forgot
VOYAGE 82 BON Revel In The French Riviera As The Cannes Film Festival Turns 70
88 AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL
Celebrating 100 Years Of The National Park Service
SMART 94 JET Travel Like A Seasoned Pro With Tips From Local Experts
68 AS TRAVEL RES STRICTIO ONS ARE E LIIFTED, LE EAR RN HOW TO VIS SIT THIIS MYS STE ERIO OUS ISLAN ND NAT TION N
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Photo by Clara Bravo
A GUIDE TO PERSONAL GROWTH 51 Relations 54 Parents 58 Destinations 62 Destinations
58
THE DISH ON FOOD, WINE & RESTAURANTS 106 Recipes 112 Review 114 Listings 114 Bites
131 happenings
THE ESSENTIAL SOCIAL DIGEST 131 Around Town 147 Calendar 162 Flash
147
LOCAL NOTABLES & REAL DEALS 172 At Home
176 giving back CHARITY NEVER GOES OUT OF STYLE
50,000 AUDITED CIRCULATION
AS TRAVE RAVE VEL LR RES STRICTION TRICTIONS A ARE E LIF FT TE ED, LE EAR RN HOW TO VIS SIT THIIS IS MYS STE ERIOU OUS ISLAN AND NATI TIION N
VOLUME XIII NUMBER 2 ON THE COVER: CASTILLO DEL MORRO, HAVANA, CUBA PHOTO BY: CLARA BRAVO
THE TRAVEL ISSUE FEBRUARY 2016
AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL
CELEBRATING 100 YEARS OF THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
NATURAL SELECTION
CRUISING THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS – THE LAND THAT TIME FORGOT
BON VOYAGE
REVEL IN THE FRENCH RIVIERA AS CANNES FILM FESTIVAL TURNS 70
PLUS: TRAVEL LIKE A SEASONED PRO WITH TIPS FROM LOCAL EXPERTS
12
Volume XIII, Number 2, The Boca Raton Observer, (USPS 024758, ISSN 1940-4239) is published monthly except for July by A&A Publishing Corp. Executive Offices: 950 Peninsula Corporate Circle, Suite 1020, Boca Raton, FL 33487. Periodical Postage Paid at Boca Raton, FL and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Boca Raton Observer, 950 Peninsula Corporate Circle, Suite 1020, Boca Raton, FL 33487.
T H E B O C A R AT O N O B S E R V E R
The Preserve At 7700 Congress
561.997.5777 | DANBURG.COM
Please Call Us for Class “A” Office, Industrial, Retail, and Warehouse Space in Boca Raton from 350 to 35,000 Square Feet
PROPERTIES OF BOCA RATON
CENTRAL BOCA RATON’S TOP SELLING COMMUNITY 3 DESIGNER FURNISHED MODELS COASTAL MODERN ARCHITECTURE. CLEAN LINES. ELEGANT SPACES.
THE BOCA RATON
THE AUTHORITY ON BOCA & BEYOND publisher & ceo Linda L. Behmoiras chief operating officer Ralph Behmoiras EDITORIAL editor Chelsea Greenwood editorial interns Sebastian Cardone Anastasia Lugvina Alexa Silverman Amanda van Wyk ART art director Scott Deal graphic designer Rafer Schieck PRODUCTION production director Candi Montaperto ADVERTISING account managers Ronnie Kaufman [email protected]
Jessica Kruger [email protected]
PHASES 1 & 2 SOLD OUT! FOLLOW US ON FACEBOOK JOIN THE “BOCA RATON OBSERVER MAGAZINE” PAGE
3 & 4 bedroom homes from the MID $400s. Visit our concierge sales team 10am to 5pm, 7 days a week. Located on the Big Lake in Central Boca Raton, enter at the Boca Pointe 18th Street guard gate a half mile east of Powerline Rd. FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL 561-504-4657
OR E-MAIL [email protected]
www.Pointe100.com Price, terms and availability are subject to change and retraction without notice.
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T H E B O C A R AT O N O B S E R V E R
The Boca Raton Observer is published 11 times a year by A&A Publishing Corp. and is direct mailed to affluent homes in Boca Raton and Delray Beach. The Boca Raton Observer accepts no responsibility for the return of unsolicited manuscripts and/or photographs and assumes no liability for products or services advertised herein. Opinions expressed by the writers are their own and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Publisher. The Boca Raton Observer reserves the right to edit, rewrite or refuse material. Publisher is not responsible for typographical or production errors or accuracy of information provided by its advertisers. The Boca Raton Observer reserves the right to refuse any advertiser. Copyright © 2016 A&A Publishing Corp. All rights reserved. No portion of The Boca Raton Observer may be used or reproduced without the express written permission of the Publisher.
CRYSTAL SYMPHONY Join Florida Atlantic University
PRESIDENT JOHN KELLY & FIRST LADY CAROLYN KELLY on a cruise through the British Isles. Share a unique lecture with President Kelly as he talks about the “Behind the Scenes at a University” including the new healthy aging and technology advances being made at FAU. Featuring a lecture series by DR. HERBERT SHAPIRO of Lifelong Learning Society & WESLEY MILLS, a Professor of Cultural Studies.
JULY 23 TO AUGUST 6, 2016 British Isles Roundtrip London/Tilbury With Ports: Guernsey, Waterford, Liverpool, Dublin, Belfast, Isle of Skye, Orkney Islands, and Edinburgh Includes prepaid gratuities, cocktail parties, and lectures.
BOOKED EXCLUSIVELY THROUGH
FIVE STAR TRAVEL, INC. CALL 1.800.243.3066 A Member of Signature Travel Network
THE BOCA RATON
THE AUTHORITY ON BOCA & BEYOND CONTRIBUTORS
From freckles to frown lines... Choose a dermatologist for the life of your skin.
BOARD-CERTIFIED DERMATOLOGISTS Robyn Siperstein-Paul, M.D.
Christopher Buckley, D.O., F.A.O.C.D.
Yale University, Magna Cum Laude Yale University School of Medicine
Fellowship -Trained Mohs Surgeon
Nova Southeastern, Mount Sinai Medical Center
MIT, Harvard University University of Miami School of Medicine
Elizabeth Nestor, M.D. Cornell University University of Miami School of Medicine
Lise Brown, D.O. Jeanelyn Berges, PA-C Nicole Gentile, PA-C
writers Lynn Allison Licia Avelar Bill Bowen Stacey Feintuch Linda Haase Julie Kay Judy Kirkwood Debi Lander Susan Miller Rheana Murray Andrea Rollin Dianna Smith Beth Sobol Richard Westlund photographers Carlos Aristizabal Clara Bravo Brian Barnett Photography Alexander Daev Jimmy De Paris Jia Han Dong DreamFocus Photography Debi Lander LILA Photo Susan Mullane Papphoto Jim Peaco Jeffrey Tholl
Janette Menosky, L.M.E. Jennifer Mignano, L.M.E.
Now offering early morning (7:30am), evening (5:30pm) and select Saturday appointments. VOLUMIZING THE HANDS WITH RADIESSE FILLER Wednesday, Feb 10th, 1:30pm • Call to Reserve a Space as Seating is Limited! DR NESTOR’S SKIN CANCER EDUCATION BRUNCH PART 2 Wednesday, Feb 10th, 1:30pm • Call to Reserve a Space as Seating is Limited!
COMING SOON MARCH •
THE HOME & DESIGN ISSUE Stylish interiors, DIY tips and home accessories
APRIL •
BOCA RATON: 950 GLADES ROAD, 4TH FLOOR
561.955.8885
BOYNTON BEACH: 9897 HAGEN RANCH ROAD
561.364.7774
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THE WOMEN’S ISSUE Leading ladies, fabulous style and inspiring stories
MAY •
THE MEN’S ISSUE Great guys, hot new gear and manly pursuits
170 RESIDENCES ADJACENT TO MIZNER PARK FUSE TECHNOLOGY, STYLE, LUXURY AND LOCATION.
PRECONSTRUCTION PRICING STARTING FROM $500K
COME SEE THE NEW BOCA VISIT OUR ON-SITE SALES CENTER | FURNISHED MODELS 199 EAST BOCA RATON ROAD, BOCA RATON, FL 33432 MON - FRI: 10AM - 5PM | SAT - SUN: 11AM - 5PM
561.396.2378 | TOWER155.COM BROKERS WELCOME This residential development TOWER 155 (“Project”) is being developed 155 Boca Raton Road, LLC ("Developer"), which has a limited right to use the trademarked names and logos of Compson. Any and all statements, disclosures and/or representations shall be deemed made by Developer and not by Compson, and you agree to look solely to Developer (and not to Compson and/or any of its affiliates) with respect to any and all matters relating to the marketing and/or development of the Condominium and with respect to the sales of units in the Condominium. ORAL REPRESENTATIONS CANNOT BE RELIED UPON AS CORRECTLY STATING THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE DEVELOPER. FOR CORRECT REPRESENTATIONS, MAKE REFERENCE TO THIS BROCHURE AND TO THE DOCUMENTS REQUIRED BY SECTION 718.503, FLORIDA STATUTES, TO BE FURNISHED BY A DEVELOPER TO A BUYER OR LESSEE. These materials are not intended to be an offer to sell, or solicitation to buy a unit in the condominium. Such an offering shall only be made pursuant to the prospectus (offering circular) for the condominium and no statements should be relied upon unless made in the prospectus or in the applicable purchase agreement. In no event shall any solicitation, offer or sale of a unit in the condominium be made in, or to residents of, any state or country in which such activity would be unlawful. This is not intended to be an offer to sell nor a solicitation of offers to buy real estate to residents of CT, ID, NJ, NY and OR, unless registered or exemptions are available, or in any other jurisdiction where prohibited by law, and your eligibility for purchase will depend upon your state of residency. For correct representations, reference should be made to the documents required by section 718.503, Florida Statutes, to be furnished by a developer to a buyer or lessee. All images and designs depicted herein are artist’s conceptual renderings, which are based upon preliminary development plans and are subject to change without notice in the manner provided in the offering documents. All such materials are not to scale and are shown solely for illustrative purpose.
THE BOCA RATON
THE AUTHORITY ON BOCA & BEYOND
www.smileboca.com
Smile Specialists
The Boca Raton Observer is the city’s essential lifestyle magazine, acting as the local authority on luxury retail, dining hotspots, design trends, nationally relevant topics and top personalities. Join the more than 173,000 readers that have chosen us as the city’s favorite publication. We reach our audience with an unmatched blend of controlled directmail, newsstand, digital and event distribution. With an unrivaled charity presence, engaging content, digital brand extensions and a renowned team, The Boca Raton Observer is a valuable partner for those wishing to reach the most welltraveled, affluent and cultured consumers in Boca Raton and surrounding communities. The Boca Raton Observer is one of South Florida’s most award-winning magazines and a recent recipient of the Silver Award for “Best Overall Magazine” from the Florida Magazine Association, as well as four awards for writing and design excellence. We have consistently been honored over the years with awards from the FMA and the Society of Professional Journalists. For general inquiries, please contact us via:
Mail:
ESTHETIC IMPLANTS • VENEERS CERAMIC CROWNS • BRIDGES • DENTURES
561.496.6855
950 Peninsula Corporate Circle, Suite 1020 Boca Raton, FL 33487 Phone: 561-982-8960 Fax: 561-994-8509 E-mail: [email protected] Web: bocaratonobserver.com Facebook: boca raton observer magazine editorial Your input and comments are welcome and appreciated. Email messages may be directed to the following addresses: [email protected] [email protected]
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advertising
Ralph Attanasi, DDS, MS
Addison Medical Professional Building 6290 Linton Boulevard Suite 104, Building IV Delray Beach, FL 33484
Advertising information can be obtained by calling 561-982-8960 or by emailing sales@bocaratonob server.com. Promote your business in the local lifestyle magazine with the largest circulation in Palm Beach County – 50,000 copies per month. Circulation is verified by the Alliance For Audited Media (The New Audit Bureau of Circulations).
on the web Visit bocaratonobserver.com to view past issues in their entirety.
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ESTATE RESIDENCES FROM THE
$
2 MILLION
THE LUXURY YOU DESERVE. THE LIFESTYLE YOU EXPECT. Seven Bridges in Boca/Delray Beach offers the ultimate in luxury living with gorgeous estate homes, incredible amenities, a lavish clubhouse and world-class tennis facilities by Florida’s top homebuilder, GL Homes. Visit today and see how to start living in luxury at Seven Bridges. THIRTEEN MODELS LOCATED AT THE BRIDGES OPEN DAILY 10AM - 6PM, VISIT TODAY!
Seven Bridges is located on Lyons Rd. between Clint Moore Rd. and Atlantic Ave. in Delray Beach. 16850 Lyons Road, Delray Beach, FL 33446 (561) 509-5400
Brokers Welcome. Broker must accompany client during client’s initial visit to this community. Both the client and Broker must execute the Developer’s Registration Form on the initial visit. Broker must also execute the Developer’s Broker Participation Agreement. Seven Bridges is being developed and sold by Boynton Beach Associates XXIV, LLLP. Prices and information subject to change without notice. ©2016 5300-006 01-07-16
from the publisher 2.2016
Linda L. Behmoiras [email protected]
I
t’s February – the time of year for hearts, love and romance. In that spirit, we showcase our love of vacationing with our annual Travel Issue. As Saint Augustine of Hippo reminds us, “The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only one page.” I enjoy working on this issue because, while physically I’m in front of a computer, mentally I’m on vacation – being whisked off to elegant locales and adventurous retreats in an attempt to “read” as many pages of the “book” that is our world. In this issue, we take you along on a grand tour of the globe, and we begin with a look at Cuba, the fascinating island nation just 90 miles from Key West. Check out “The Call of Cuba” (page 68), and learn how to include a visit to this mysterious country as U.S. travel restrictions are lifted. Personally, I look forward to visiting there sometime soon. If that’s not enough to send you packing, also on the itinerary are our country’s national parks. In celebration of the National Park Service’s 100th anniversary, “America The Beautiful” (page 88) explores five fantastic parks, from Great Smoky Mountains National Park to Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park. Maybe true jet-setting, red-carpet glamour is more your style? People-watching doesn’t get more fabulous than observing the attractive and affluent in Cannes, France, where the bustling city, breezy port, delicious cuisine and annual film festival make for a destination that shouldn’t be missed. For more, peruse “Bon Voyage” (page 82). For our nature lovers, we head to the magnificent Galápagos Islands, the land that time forgot, in “Natural Selection” (page 76), and “Jet Smart” offers tips from local experts on how to travel like a seasoned pro (page 94). Remember, whether it’s regarding travel or anything else, we fall in love by chance, and we stay in love by choice. With that said, best wishes to all for a Valentine’s Day filled with love and laughter. We hope this issue helps you plan a getaway that allows you to escape, relax, enjoy the company of your loved ones and perhaps discover some “unread” pages along the way. Fondly,
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Photo by Carlos Aristizabal
Chelsea Greenwood [email protected]
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A
s a kid, I had the great privilege to travel extensively. My father was a corporate executive, and his company hosted regular trips to reward topperforming employees in destinations like Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Tucson, etc. So my mom, dad, brother and I would travel together on these occasions, turning them into family vacations with my dad’s business obligations tagged on, culminating in a speech in front of hundreds of people. I didn’t know until years later that my dad faced considerable anxiety leading up to his speeches. Probably because I was a kid – and also because he handled it all with such grace. Of course, we went on our own vacations, too, to visit family or friends or to explore destinations my dad felt we kids ought to visit. He was always the fearless leader on our trips, literally leading the way with the rest of us in tow, wearing his bright Bermuda shorts and matching polos, gripping his camcorder, his eyes alight with a sense of adventure. Dad instilled in us a real appreciation for the history of a place and how that shapes its present. On trips, he preferred to do as much walking as possible – like the whole Freedom Trail in Boston (which, I see now, is only 2.5 miles; then, it seemed like a marathon) – to get us lazy kids some exercise and to view landmarks up close. I’ll never forget our day touring Washington, D.C. It was late afternoon, and we had already seen tons of memorials, when Dad decided we should walk over a bridge to Arlington National Cemetery. My older brother was gung ho as ever (he was always the golden child), but I was plain
exhausted. I sat down on a sidewalk halfway across the bridge and refused to walk a step further, channeling the hippies of yesteryear with my own sitin. My dad, more amused than angry, went on to Arlington with my brother, and my mom stayed behind with her 12-year-old protester. He also encouraged us to experiment with foreign foods. “Just try it once – it won’t kill you,” he’d say. Although I never took second bites of certain dishes, like schmaltz in Germany or crawfish in New Orleans, I was pleasantly surprised more often than not, and I still ascribe to Dad’s philosophy. You never know unless you try, right? Another lesson he shared with us while traveling was to attempt to learn and speak the native language. Even if you aren’t great at it, most locals won’t mock you – as many fear. Instead, they’ll appreciate you making the effort and will be that much more open to communicating with you. While spending time abroad in Spain, I, indeed, found this rule of thumb to be true. Finally, Dad taught us that you never regret money spent on travel. The knowledge, the perspective and the memories you gain are truly priceless and cannot be attained any other way. I wouldn’t be the person I am today without these experiences, and I can’t wait for what the future holds. In that spirit, I hope you find some ideas in this issue that inspire you to start planning your next trip. You never know – it might even change your life.
Photo by Carlos Aristizabal
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SAFE AND SOUND
Reporter Chris Hansen Still On The Prowl For Predators With New Show It’s been more than seven
years since Chris Hansen’s hit series “To Catch a Predator” ceased production, but the former “Dateline NBC” reporter is still hard at work protecting children from the dark corners of the Internet. It’s a cause close to his heart, he says: “I see this from two different angles: one, as a parent, and two, as a journalist.” On the show, decoys lured potential sexual predators to sting locations set up across the country, where Hansen waited with a camera crew and police backup. He completed his last investigation in December 2008, but keeping children safe is still his calling. Hansen recently filmed a reboot of the series that made him famous, calling it “Hansen vs. Predator,” a project funded through Kickstarter. He’s currently in discussions to find a home for the show. “It’s more dynamic now than ever before, because there are so many different social platforms where potential predators can contact children,” says Hansen, 56. “We had decoys in chat rooms on AOL and Yahoo, and today there are dozens of places where this contact can be made, and it all translates over to the smartphone.” Hansen, who lives with his family in Connecticut, has also teamed up with KidSafe Foundation, a Florida nonprofit with offices in Boca
Raton and Coral Springs that aims to prevent online bullying, abuse and exploitation among children. The group is honoring Hansen on March 12 at its annual Shine the Light Gala at Woodfield Country Club, sponsored by The Boca Raton Observer. “They’re a great organization doing great work,” Hansen says of KidSafe. “These people put in tons of hours for nothing more than the welfare of children, so you have to respect that.” He admits that the changing digital landscape makes it harder than ever to monitor children online. “My theory on this is that you can’t police it – the Internet is ubiquitous,” Hansen says. “But, if you can get into the minds of the people who are abusing it and understand how those people think, you can better educate your children. You can better educate the parents.” As for Hansen’s own children, two sons in their 20s, they appear to be following in their dad’s footsteps. His older son is a cameraman and associate producer for “Hansen vs. Predator” and also works on his Investigation Discovery series, “Killer Instinct with Chris Hansen.” His younger son is studying journalism at Michigan State University, Hansen’s alma mater. The proud dad says he’s more than happy to show them the tricks of the trade: “It’s fun. It really is.” O
LOOKING OUT: Chris Hansen
observed buzz
LUXE LIVING South Florida may be the land
of superstores, but the recent opening of Clive Daniel Home in Boca Raton puts a new spin on one-stop shopping. The two-story, 70,000-squarefoot building offers luxury home furnishings and accessories – including traditional items like beds, sofas and tables – along with wine bars, gourmet kitchens, landscape architecture, home automation and custom window treatments. The $12 million facility is the second store for the trendsetting retailer (its first venture is in Naples), and the father-son owners plan to use the showroom as a springboard for additional expansion on Florida’s east coast. “Like our store in Naples, the
Boca showroom will feature a total home concept,” said President and CEO Daniel Lubner in a pre-opening release. Noted Malcolm Butters, president of Butters Construction & Development, which built the showroom, in the release: “This facility will be one of the most
[STATS]
5,479 NUMBER OF PASSENGERS THAT CAN SAIL
on Royal Caribbean’s new Harmony of the Seas, the world’s largest cruise ship Source: The Palm Beach Post
[OVERHEARD] This new service presents a great opportunity to introduce our area as an alternative destination perfectly situated between those two major gateways [Orlando and Miami]. – Jorge Pesquera, president and CEO, Discover The Palm Beaches, about All Aboard Florida’s West Palm Beach train stop Source: The Palm Beach Post
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upscale retail stores in Boca Raton, and will definitely be a ‘must-stop’ destination for anyone looking to buy home furnishings in South Florida.”
The store employs about 65 team members, including 25 professional interior designers, as well as an extension of the company’s Hospitality Division, which has worked on projects at The Breakers Palm Beach, Hotel Indigo and The Ritz-Carlton Naples. Need help choosing colors, patterns or anything else? Clive Daniel’s interior designers are more than happy to lend a hand. “Our designers will also provide guidance to the customer who is building a ‘spec’ home or the developer who requires help furnishing models,” Lubner said. Visit clivedaniel.com.
A HAIR ABOVE Set aside some extra time for your next trip to Saks Fifth Avenue Boca Raton. You’ll want to visit the new John Barrett Salon on the second floor, where you can be pampered while your tresses are tamed. The upscale salon is the first of 15 planned for the United States and Canada, and the salon team will get exclusive training from the John Barrett Academy. “The salon in Town Center at Boca Raton is our first step in redefining the department store luxury salon experience across the country and elevating it to an entirely new level,” explains Barrett, the salon’s founder and creative director, in a press release. “John Barrett is a world renowned hair stylist and we couldn’t be more thrilled to bring his namesake luxury salon to our John clients and community,” Barrett
says Heather Shaw, the store’s vice president and general manager. Barrett’s philosophy is simple, but his creations are extraordinary. “Hair should be a glamorous extension of who you are on the inside,” he says. Barrett, who opened the illustrious John Barrett Salon on the penthouse floor of Bergdorf Goodman in New York, is known for his dry wit and candor as much as his creativity. His goal? “To give clients a clean warm, modern look that melds the glamour and grace of uptown with the youth and vitality of downtown,” he says. One word of warning: You’ll probably need a new outfit to go with that new ’do. Visit johnbarrett.com.
CHLOÉ
TOWN CENTER MALL, 5800 GLADES RD. 561.393.9100
observed buzz
CUTTING EDGE The Eugene M. & Christine E. Lynn Cancer Institute at Boca Raton Regional Hospital has a new weapon to help patients with tumors that can’t be treated with surgery or traditional radiation therapy. It’s the Accuray CyberKnife M6 System with InCise2 technology,
which is able to target tumors without damaging surrounding healthy tissue while tracking and attacking tumors as they shift during therapy. “With other systems, when the tumor moves you have to stop the radiation, wait for the mass to return to its original position, and then
restart the therapy,” says Dr. Tim Williams, the institute’s medical director of radiation oncology, according to a press release. “In addition to its tremendous efficacy, the procedure requires no anesthesia, no recovery time, no overnight hospital stay and no restrictive positioning devices that
FRESH FLORALS
Chocolate and flowers. That combo,
a traditional Valentine’s Day gift, gets a high-tech twist from Doral-based floral service Olyve. The company’s answer to the conventional gift: Olyve + Alexandra, a limited-edition bouquet that weaves red and pink roses into a teacup shape designed to look like a lush peony, encased in a signature white vase. The romance, the company promises, will still be there: “The design is curated to evoke the romantic sensations of the season.” The sentiment can be made even sweeter by adding Christopher Elbow Artisan Chocolates (tempting flavors include orange blossom, almond, lavender vanilla and mango ginger). Gift-givers are kept up-to-date on their deliveries with status updates and photos. Even better: They can include personalized video messages.
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Bouquets, which come attractively and safely packaged in colorful gift boxes, are currently available for delivery (cost included in purchase price) in Miami, New York, Los Angeles and San Diego. Visit olyve.com.
are used in other technologies.” The CyberKnife – available at only one other medical facility in the country – is used to treat malignant and nonmalignant tumors of the prostate, lung, brain, spine, liver, pancreas, kidney, bone and eye. Visit brrh.com.
3
MIAMI’S RANKING
on Priceline.com’s Top 2016 Travel Hot Spots in the U.S.
[OVERHEARD] It’s inevitable. – Tomas Regalado, Miami mayor, about the creation of a ferry service to Cuba out of Miami Source: Miami Herald
BOCA RATON RESIDENTS: CRUISE THE CARIBBEAN IN EXCEPTIONAL MSC YACHT CLUB STYLE. Experience the exclusive MSC Yacht Club Book a Caribbean Cruise sailing between April 23, 2016 and March 25, 2017 and save up • 24-Hour Butler and Concierge Service to 30% with Caribbean Super Deals. Book a Caribbean cruise with MSC Cruises today on the gorgeous ultramodern•MSC Divina.Pool, And Kids sail FREE select sailings! Your family vacation should be spent exploring Private Deck, Baronand Lounge the Caribbean Islands on one of our highly desired shore excursions. Book now!
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SAIL THE CARIBBEAN FROM MIAMI
Call 844-811-1709 or visit www.msccruises.com
Ship’s registry: Panama.
observed trends
CULINARY JOURNEY
Travel The Globe With International Food And Drink BY CHELSEA GREENWOOD 1. FROM SPAIN SANGRIA PITCHER GIFT SET makes whipping up traditional Spanish sangria quick and easy, with sangria mix; a recipe book; and a pitcher, hand-painted in Toledo and signed by the artist. Available at fromspain.com. 2
1
2. HOUSE OF MANDELA WINES, a South African wine label by Nelson Mandela’s daughter and granddaughter, is dedicated to sustainable practices. Each bottle features intricate designs symbolic of Mandela’s struggle and family legacy. Available at houseofmandela.com. 3. HARRY & DAVID SIGNATURE BAKLAVA, a recipe finely honed over the years, will make you shout, “Opa!” This best-selling Greek dessert is handmade with 60 phyllo pastry leaves, walnuts, butter, cinnamon, honey and lemon. Available at harryanddavid.com. 4. LEONIDAS MILK, WHITE & DARK ASSORTMENT offers a variety of the confections that have made this Belgian chocolatier, founded in 1913, one of the best in the world. The company’s commitment to the finest ingredients can be tasted in every bite. Available at leonidas-usa.com. 5. WOLFERMAN’S CREATE-YOUR-OWN TEAROOM SCONES allow you to mix and match 12 flavors to your heart’s content, choosing from such varieties as classic currant, blueberry, dark chocolate chunk and more. Add a cuppa, and even Her Majesty would approve. Available at wolfermans.com.
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6. UNCOMMON GOODS HIMALAYAN SALT TEQUILA GLASSES, sold in sets of four, add a mild salty essence as you toss back a shot of Mexican tequila or mezcal. Plus, they’re 5 reusable and naturally antibacterial. Available at uncommongoods.com.
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POLO CLUB
observed trends Continued from page 30 7. TEAVANA RUBY FILAGREE BONE CHINA TEA SET AND JADE CITRUS MINT TEA will make you want to drink all the tea in China (where both are made). The green tea blend, with a rich China Chun Mee base, is the perfect match for this elaborate nine-piece set, with high-quality red glazing and hand-finished gold paint. Available at teavana.com. 8. FRESH MARKET JAMAICAN BLUE MOUNTAIN COFFEE, one of the most sought-after coffee varieties in the world, is a steady favorite for this retailer, roasted in small batches and offering a full body with moderate acidity. Available at thefreshmarket.com.
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9. OLIVE & COCOA PENNE POMODORO CRATE provides a taste of Tuscany in a handcrafted wood crate, including farm-fresh tomato sauce, mostaccioli pasta, olive oil, balsamic vinegar, taggiasca olives and a tin of Italian seasoning. Available at oliveandcocoa.com. 10. SWISSMAR RED RACLETTE PARTY GRILL FROM SUR LA TABLE lets you bring a centuries-old Swiss tradition – akin to fondue – into your home. The tabletop grill cooks meats and vegetables on top and melts cheese in the trays below for dipping. Available at surlatable.com. 11. CAVIAR RUSSE, with restaurants in New York and Miami, is the largest caviar importer in the country, and its premium caviar is sourced from Russian sturgeon using sustainable practices and traditional Caspian methods. Available at caviarrusse.com. 12. VEUVE CLICQUOT RICH, the newest addition from the French brand, debuted stateside in Florida first – and it’s perfect for our climate. The sweet Champagne is meant to be served over ice and mixed with fresh ingredients like fruits, vegetables and herbs. Available at veuve-clicquot.com.
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observed la vida boca
THE SOPRANO Singer Candice Hoyes Has A Voice Heard ’Round The World BY STACEY FEINTUCH
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n the rich and finely honed voice that’s become her signature, jet-setting soprano vocalist Candice Hoyes ticks off some of her must-have items while traveling: snacks to keep her energy up; scarves to keep her warm and preserve her voice; and plenty of music on her smartphone, which helps lift her mood. It’s fitting that music comforts Hoyes. She’s an accomplished singer who dropped her first album, “On a Turquoise Cloud,” last spring, comprising rarely recorded songs for soprano written by Duke Ellington and featuring performances by contemporary jazz luminaries. The well-received album was in the top 10 of the American Jazz chart for two weeks. “It’s an amazing experience as a vocalist to create something new for your generation,” she says.
“
It’s an amazing experience as a vocalist to create something new for your generation.
”
Born in Manhattan and raised in Boca Raton, Hoyes started honing her musical talents at a young age. She sang at Boca Raton’s St. Jude Catholic Church, where her parents still belong. She starred in musicals at Pine Crest School in Fort Lauderdale and participated in professional and community theater locally. Hoyes moved north to study at Harvard University. There, she won the Fitzie Award, which provided her with voice lessons at Boston Conservatory. She sang jazz and soul at venues throughout Boston and, subsequently, was selected for classical training at Lorin Maazel’s Castleton Festival for Young Artists in Opera in Virginia. But part of her yearned for the stability of a professional career. So she went to law school, graduating from Columbia Law, but she never lost the music bug. Finally, she realized she was ready to give singing a real shot. “I’m glad my life has exposed me to different aspects of myself,” Hoyes says. “I have a broad 34
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understanding of my skills other than just singing.” She earned a master’s in voice pedagogy at Westminster Choir College in New Jersey, where she won the Westminster Voice Competition graduate division. She performed at Carnegie Hall that last year of her studies, and she’s been singing ever since. “Music is the way I express myself the best,” she says. She has an “affinity for languages,” she says, capable of singing in English, Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and German. And she has used those languages throughout her extensive travel. “I’ve always been fascinated with different
histories and cultures,” she says. She’s been to Budapest, performing at a big festival there; she’s traveled extensively through Asia; and she never forgets about Boca Raton, returning a few times a year to visit family and friends. Now living on the Upper West Side, you can find her on stage at Minton’s in Harlem, Gin Fizz Harlem and Dizzy’s Club Coca-Cola at Jazz at Lincoln Center. Hoyes says she loves being a recording artist, aspiring to make more albums: “I love the process, sharing the music and traveling around the country and the world and seeing how it touches people.” O
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[on screen in print on scene]
THE QUINTESSENTIAL ARTS REPORT
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Infamous Confrontation Comes To Life In “13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi” BY BILL BOWEN
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hen elite military operatives such as Navy SEALs complete their service, career opportunities may include government jobs protecting diplomats and state department employees in dangerous places. The deep bonds and camaraderie of one such band of brothers in harm’s way form the dramatic rhythms for “13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi,” an account of the Sept. 11, 2012, attack that has been the subject of political controversy ever since. The film, from the book by Pulitzer-nominated reporter Mitchell Zuckoff and directed by action film
veteran Michael Bay (“Transformers,” “Armageddon”), benefits from convincing performances by its rugged principals, including John Krasinski, who starred on TV’s “The Office,” and James Badge Dale (“World War Z”). Jack Silva (Krasinski) and Tyrone “Rone” Woods (Dale) are CIA-contracted security personnel who function efficiently with their teammates Mark “Oz” Geist (Max Martini), John “Tig” Tiegen (Dominic Fumusa), Kris “Tanto” Paronto (Pablo Schreiber) and Dave “Boon” Benton (David Denman).
They’re stationed in Libya during troubled times. Militias formed during the rebellion against Muammar Gaddafi are still in power, and, in the tumult, it’s often hard to distinguish the “friendlies” from Islamic militants. The security team refers to the good guys as “17 Febs,” a nickname deriving from the Feb. 17, 2011, date of the rebellion. So, sometimes, the only way to identify a jihadist is when he points a gun at you. In the U.S. diplomatic compound at Benghazi, it’s only natural to be wary of Sept. 11, the anniversary of the 2001 attacks on America. But the tension that morning is not extreme. The film, like the book, does not address issues of what could have happened or what should have happened – it depicts, in a convincing and masterly way, what did happen.
Late in the day, the action begins a mile from the compound, at a residential installation where Ambassador Chris Stevens (Matt Letscher) and Foreign Service Officer Sean Smith (Christopher Dingli) are in occupancy. Jihadists storm the gates and destroy the buildings. Bay’s deft touch with simulating night-vision photography illustrates the advantage the technologically superior security forces enjoy as they hold off hundreds of jihadists at the compound, which quickly begins to resemble the last stand at the Alamo. And Zuckoff’s story, turned into a screenplay by Chuck Hogan, makes clear the frustrations of combat in a region with so many militant factions, the difficulties of identification and the realization that Libyans fighting at your side seem to have all the phone numbers of the enemy. The confusion in the aftermath of the attack, later turned into political ping-pong, seems perfectly understandable when viewed in its natural environment. O TIME: 2 hours, 24 minutes RATED: R for strong combat violence throughout, bloody images and language
FEBRUARY 2016
media in print
LOVE LETTERS
Modern Romance Novels Set The Mood For Valentine’s Day BY AMANDA VAN WYK Move over, Danielle Steel. The romance genre has come a long way since the bodice-ripping days of yore. Today’s iterations aspire to higher literary standards, offering complex plots, fascinating settings, well-developed characters and unexpected elements that blur the lines between genres. So, whether you want to get in the mood for Valentine’s Day or plan on spending Feb. 14 alone with a good read, these five choices are sure to satisfy.
“Unhinge: A Novel” By Calia Read From the confines of a mental institution, a young woman tries to piece together the warped memories of her dark past. She shares a room with her infant daughter; at night, a handsome stranger visits her. In “Unhinge,” the second standalone novel in Calia Read’s Fairfax 38
series, Victoria is tormented with visions of her past: a seemingly perfect marriage, ruined by jealousy and deceit, and the eventual death of her husband. To learn more about her personal history by clearing her mind, she stops taking her medication. And Victoria quickly discovers that reality and delusion overlap more than she thought possible.
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“They say my name is Victoria. They say I’m twenty-seven. They say I’ve been in a psych ward for over a year. They say my husband is dead, and that my daughter is too. But. Wes visits me almost every night, and I hold my daughter every day.” Fragments of her story come together bit by bit, compelling the reader to keep digging for more.
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media in print On the surface, the bone-crunching zombie splatter of “Pride and Prejudice and Zombies” may seem random, even gratuitous. However, it raises interesting questions about the horrors hidden in the margins of the original text.
“The Girl You Left Behind: A Novel” By Jojo Moyes
“See Me”
By Nicholas Sparks
By Nora Roberts
Nicholas Sparks, author of 12 No. 1 New York Times best-sellers, is a modern-day romance icon. Most of his novels, notably “The Notebook” and “A Walk to Remember,” became even more popular thanks to their successful film adaptations. In “See Me,” however, Sparks veers slightly from the tear-jerker formula he’s known for and dabbles in suspense to deliver a hybrid-type story. Sparks ignite on a rain-swept road when two people meet by chance. And, just as the unexpected relationship between Colin and Maria begins, chaos ensues. In an interview with author Tess Gerritsen on Omnivoracious, The Amazon Book Review, Sparks says that thrillers are his favorite books to read, and he explains that “See Me” is different from his other novels, like “The Guardian” and “Safe Haven,” where the suspense stems from obsessive love. “I wanted to create a threat,” Sparks says, “that emerged as an outside, completely unknown force – all the more disconcerting because the source of the threat could be anyone.”
The rate at which New York Times best-selling author Nora Roberts produces novels – she has written upward of 200 – is nothing short of spectacular. Her latest, “Stars of Fortune,” is book one of The Guardians Trilogy, “about three couples who join together to create their own family and solve an ancient mystery through the powers of timeless love,” according to the publisher. In addition to romance, Roberts delves into the realms of fantasy and mysticism as a prophecy lures these six strangers to a Greek island. Compelled by visions, an artist, Sasha Riggs, draws extraordinary paintings of five characters, each representing an archetype with a unique ability and a hidden identity: a magician, an archaeologist, a loner, a fighter and a wanderer. “Stars of Fortune” centers on the couples’ quest to find three stars and vanquish the forces of evil by combining their inherent powers. Book two, “Bay of Sighs,” will be released in June.
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A compelling story of love and determination by New York Times best-selling author Jojo Moyes, “The Girl You Left Behind” is a historical novel featuring a dual timeframe that connects the past and present through a painting. Part one focuses primarily on Sophie Lefévre, the subject of a portrait painted by her husband. Sophie lives in occupied France during World War I and is shunned by her fellow townsfolk for consorting with German soldiers. Both Sophie and the portrait are taken by a German commandant, and the latter eventually resurfaces in modern-day London. In part two, we meet Olivia Halston, a grieving widow desperately clinging to the remaining objects of her deceased husband, including the portrait of Sophie. Olivia meets Paul McCafferty (who works for a company that recovers stolen art) and, for the first time since her husband’s passing, feels romantically drawn to someone. Unfortunately, conflict arises between the two when the painting’s true worth is revealed.
“Pride and Prejudice and Zombies” By Jane Austen and Seth Grahame-Smith It is a universally acknowledged truth that the canon of classical literature consists mainly of books that people praise but don’t read. In 2009, however, the publishing phenomenon known as horror mashups began resurrecting noble literary corpses from their shallow graves in the public domain. New York Times best-selling author Seth Grahame-Smith’s “Pride and Prejudice and Zombies” – a bizarre juxtaposition of Austen’s 1813 classic and elements of modern horror fiction – retains the original tone, structure and content. Narrative plot points remain mostly intact, while the heroine, Elizabeth Bennet, is as memorable and feisty as ever. On the surface, the bone-crunching zombie splatter may seem random, even gratuitous. However, it raises interesting questions about the horrors hidden in the margins of the original text. Zombies, referred to as “unmentionables” or “dreadfuls,” allude to the rigid class distinctions of Regency society. Regardless of subtext, GrahameSmith’s Neo-Austen classic is both entertaining and hilarious. (And the movie adaptation comes out this month.) O
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media on scene
DIVA DOES IT AGAIN Patti LaBelle Brings Soulful Hits To Kravis Center BY LINDA HAASE
T
o many, Patti LaBelle is the Queen of Rock & Soul Music. The Grammy Award winner certainly has the vocal chops, but have you tried her famous sweet potato pie? She probably won’t bring any dessert to “An Evening with Patti LaBelle” at the Kravis Center for the Performing Arts at 7 p.m. on Feb. 3, but she’ll no doubt prove her recipe for success. LaBelle, who will be honored at the BET Awards later this month, is the songbird behind hits such as “Lady Marmalade,” “When You Talk About Love” and “On My Own” (with Michael McDonald). The singer, whose real name is Patricia Louise Holt-Edwards, was also a contestant on “Dancing With The Stars” and had acting roles on TV shows like “American Horror Story” and “A Different World.” The mother of five is also godmother to Mariah Carey and, in her spare time, has written several books, including an autobiography, “Don’t Block the Blessings: Revelations of a
The Shoppes at Addison Place 16950 Jog Rd., Delray Beach 561.499.2055 everythingeyesboca.com
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Lifetime,” and several cookbooks, like “LaBelle Cuisine: Recipes to Sing About” for fellow diabetics. The 71-year-old self-admitted diva also has a line of sauces, Patti LaBelle Good Life. About those sweet potato pies… they sold out at Thanksgiving at Walmart locations across the country and were so popular that word is they’ll be available year-round. LaBelle, meanwhile, just launched two new cakes for her Walmart line. “Who’s ready for #PattiCake? My new vanilla pound cake is making its way to stores!” LaBelle tweeted recently. A post on her Facebook page provides insight into her life: “When I sing I sing with soul, When I dress I dress with soul, When I cook I cook with soul. I can never really tell you the way I do it every time because I never do it the same way every time.” O For more information, call 561-832-7469 or visit kravis.org.
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GLORY DAYS REVISITED
Celebrating 38 Years
Bruce Springsteen And The E Street Band Take The Stage At BB&T BY LINDA HAASE
Night & Day WE ARE THE ONE THE SHOPPES AT ADDISON PLACE 16850 JOG ROAD, DELRAY BEACH
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o matter how many times Bruce Springsteen tours, his music never gets stale. That’s because The Boss knows how to meld lyrics, catchy tunes and captivating performances. We predict his River Tour, which stops at the BB&T Center at 7:30 p.m. on Feb. 16, will be sold out. The lucky fans who get tickets will be treated to his top tunes, including a complete, insequence performance of “The River” album. His newest release, “The Ties That Bind: The River Collection,” contains 52 tracks on four CDs with a wealth of unreleased material as well as four hours of neverbefore-seen video on three DVDs. Springsteen, who has been honored as a MusiCares Person of the Year for his artistic achievements and philanthropic work, was inspired to take up music at age 7 after he saw Elvis Presley’s performance on “The Ed Sullivan Show.” “[Elvis] was as big as the whole country itself,” Springsteen says, according to Biography.com, “as big as the whole dream. He just embodied the essence of it and he
was in mortal combat with the thing. Nothing will ever take the place of that guy.” The singer-songwriter bought his first guitar at age 13 for $18. Although his father didn’t support his hobby, Springsteen’s mother took out a loan and bought him a Kent guitar when he was 16. That fueled the fire, and he went on to become the lead guitarist (and then lead singer) in the band The Castiles, performed with other bands and signed a deal with Columbia Records. He released his debut album, “Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J.,” with his New Jerseybased colleagues, later named The E Street Band. Fans can relate to his lyrics, which often focus on his youth and average people in the everyday struggles of life. Springsteen sums it up this way: “When you get the music and the lyrics right, your voice disappears into the voices of those you’ve chosen to write about... But all the telling detail in the world doesn’t matter if the song lacks an emotional center.” O
For more information, call 954-835-7469 or visit thebbtcenter.com. 44
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FOR THE ULTIMATE LUXURY LIFESTYLE, THERE IS ONLY ONE ADDRESS.
Between Delray Beach and Boca Raton, you’ll find the most desirable waterfront condominium in South Florida. 3200 South Ocean is located directly on the Intracoastal in Highland Beach with private ocean access. A select few residents will enjoy a one-of-a-kind lifestyle with incomparable amenities that include a rooftop pool, fitness center, and membership opportunities at the exclusive Seagate Beach Club, Country Club, and new Yacht Club.
To find out more, call 561.202.1165, or visit 3200southocean.com. ORAL REPRESENTATIONS CANNOT BE RELIED UPON AS CORRECTLY STATING THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE DEVELOPER. FOR CORRECT REPRESENTATIONS, REFERENCE SHOULD BE MADE TO THE CONTRACT AND THE DOCUMENTS REQUIRED BY SECTION 718.503, FLORIDA STATUTES, TO BE FURNISHED BY A DEVELOPER TO A BUYER OR LESSEE. ALL DIMENSIONS, FEATURES AND SQUARE FOOTAGE ARE APPROXIMATE AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. RENDERINGS AND SITE PLAN ARE ARTIST’S CONCEPT. 2/16
media on scene
The Beach Boys Share Good Vibrations At Hard Rock Live BY LINDA HAASE
I
t’s not often that bands make it past the half-century mark – and still continue to draw fans from multiple generations. The Beach Boys are that rare exception. The group, which has had such hits as “Catch a Wave,” “Kokomo,” “Surfer Girl” and “Wouldn’t it Be Nice,” will take the stage at 8 p.m. on Feb. 27 at Hard Rock Live at Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood. “As The Beach Boys mark more than a half century of making music, the group continues to ride the crest of a wave unequaled in America’s musical history,” notes the venue’s website. “The Beach Boys have become synonymous
with the California lifestyle and have become an American icon to fans around the world.” According to band member Mike Love, on the group’s website: “It’s pretty miraculous that we can start out as a bunch of guys who didn’t know anything about fame or money or anything like that. All we knew was that we liked to sing and make harmonies together. So to have become part of American musical culture is pretty amazing.” Known for its sound that was perfect for days at the beach, the band signed with Capitol Records in 1962 and released its first album, “Surfin’ Safari,” the same year. The tunes were an instant hit,
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and the album spent 37 weeks on the Billboard chart. “The Beach Boys invented California rock. Brian Wilson’s songs celebrated a West Coast teen fantasy, full of surfing, driving and pretty girls that barely hid the songwriter’s inner conflicts,” notes Rolling Stone. Adds the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame website: “Because of personal difficulties and internecine squabbling, The Beach Boys at times
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have appeared to be rock and roll’s longest-running soap opera. At the same time, they’ve been responsible for some of most perfect harmonies and gorgeous melodies in the history of popular music, and it is for this vast legacy for which they are remembered and celebrated.” O For more information, call 954-797-5555 or visit hardrocklive hollywoodfl.com
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This is how far we’ll go to get Afib patients off blood thinners.
1/5 of an inch
It’s called the left atrial appendage. For patients with atrial fibrillation, it can become a reservoir where blood clots form, migrate and cause stroke or other serious problems. That’s why afib patients require blood thinners that, while effective, can impact quality of life. What if you could eliminate that appendage and thus eliminate the need for blood thinners? At Boca Raton Regional Hospital we can. Boca Regional’s Chief of Cardiovascular Surgery, Richard Cartledge, MD, FACS, is one of a select group of surgeons nationally to be performing ultra-minimally invasive ligation of the left atrial appendage. Using two microscopic incisions, he seals off the appendage and closes it from circulation so clots no longer can be formed in the structure. It is then reabsorbed by the body. No left atrial appendage. No risk of forming clots. No need for blood thinners. And Dr. Cartledge does the procedure using incisions that are 1/5 of an inch compared to traditional minimally invasive openings of 2.5 inches. That means most patients require only over-the-counter pain medication, require no post-operative chest tube and can go home the next day. Ultra-Minimally Invasive Left Atrial Ligation at Boca Raton Regional Hospital. For Afib patients, it’s where 1/5 of an inch can change their lives.
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media on scene
Moscow Festival Ballet Performs “Sleeping Beauty” At Parker Playhouse BY LINDA HAASE
T
Photo by Alexander Daev
he timeless classic “Sleeping Beauty” has been enchanting people of all ages for centuries, leaving them spellbound. The story is even more enthralling on the big stage, with talented dancers and stunning sets that bring it all to life – like The Moscow Festival Ballet’s “Sleeping Beauty,” which will grace the Parker Playhouse stage at 2 p.m. on Feb. 28. What awaits guests? “Extraordinary Russian dancers, stunning choreography, opulent sets and lavish costumes, along with Tchaikovsky’s magnificent score create an experience the whole family will enjoy,” notes the venue’s website. “Under the direction of legendary Bolshoi Ballet principal dancer Sergei Radchenko, The Moscow Festival Ballet transports audiences to the storybook kingdom of a fairytale princess, a malevolent witch and the magic of true love’s kiss in the grand tradition of classical Russian ballet.”
The show has gotten rave reviews, including these accolades from The Chronicle: “An impressive performance of a classical ballet, energized with dramatic expression and sensational steps.” The troupe, founded by Radchenko, also performs the classics “Giselle,” “Don Quixote,” “Paquita” and “Carmen.” “What makes the Russian ballet tradition so great and so popular throughout the world is that we preserve and offer the original intent of the creator of ballet and composer of ballet, which is eternally new and fresh,” Radchenko says. The company tours as a pared-down group because it wants to reach audiences in smaller towns, not just large cities. “We wish to give people the opportunity to experience classical Russian ballet, one of Russia’s great cultural heritages as passed down to us through the ages,” Radchenko notes on his website. “We want to stimulate modern viewer interest and need for the art of Russian classical ballet.” O For more information, call 954-462-0222 or visit parkerplayhouse.org. 48
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[relations parents destinations]
A GUIDE TO PERSONAL GROWTH
CRUISE CONTROL Make The Most Of Your Time Together On The High Seas
BY LINDA HAASE
H
eather and Raymond Sandarr have been on 21 cruises. The West Palm Beach couple even moved here from New Jersey so they could cruise the Caribbean without having to fly to ports. “We both love being on or near the sea,” Heather says. “Ships have taken us to so many places we never would have gone on our own. We love the ease of getting on the ship, unpacking and letting the ship take us wherever she may. Onboard, there are so many activities and, of course, the food. More than anyone could hope for.” Frances Wood, sales manager at Reid Travel in Boca Raton, has another description: “A cruise ship is a resort on steroids.” Ready to ship out? Our experts have some tips for making the most
of your voyage as a couple: First, decide where and when you want to travel and what size ship you’d be most comfortable aboard. There’s ev-
“
People say the cabin doesn’t matter, but your comfort level should always be considered. Tight spaces for 10 days can be challenging for couples.
”
– Frances Wood, sales manager, Reid Travel
erything from small luxury ships to mammoth ships offering entertainment, activities and dining venues galore. Just remember, cautions Wood, that the ship may be huge, but the cabins are usually, shall we say, cozy – although balconies and suites offer more space.
“People say the cabin doesn’t matter, but your comfort level should always be considered,” she says. “Tight spaces for 10 days can be challenging for couples.” And, depending on the size of
the ship, you could be sharing your vacation with thousands of others. And that calls for a certain amount of etiquette. “I think the biggest hint for getting along with your shipmates is
FEBRUARY 2016
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life relations not hogging deck chairs and not ‘saving’ a whole row of seats in the show lounge,” Heather says. “Remember, it’s a lot of people gathered together in a pretty small space, compared to the ocean you’re floating on.” Does that close proximity mean you’ll disembark with a new BFF? That depends. “I find most travelers very approachable on cruise ships,” says Karen Ruppel, manager of leisure and cruises at Boca Raton Travel & Cruises. “You
can tell right away whether a couple is open to the company or conversation of others. Beware if they look the other way, though – definitely a sign they may prefer to be alone.” She adds: “Friends can be made anywhere: in a lounge having a cocktail prior to dinner, waiting to leave the ship to go exploring in a port of call or even just as soon as you embark.” For the Sandarrs, meeting new people is one of the highlights of a cruise.
“People tend to be very friendly on a ship, sort of like ‘we’re all in the same boat,’” says Heather. “It’s the only place I can think of that you would walk into a restaurant and willingly share your table with four, six or eight other people you’ve never met.” Another perk? There’s so much to do on a cruise that couples can pursue individual interests. “The active spouse can book a kayaking experience or zip-lining in Nicaragua while the other visits a native craft market,” Wood says. “Options abound in every port.” Solo opportunities can also be found onboard, and that can have its advantages.
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“Ray smokes a pipe, and, on Oceania, that’s only allowed in one corner of the pool deck,” Heather says. “So he spends a lot of time there and has met many friends.” In the meantime, Heather easily finds ways to amuse herself, whether reading on the balcony, attending a lecture or a cooking demo or enjoying a spa appointment. “I really can’t think of anything I wouldn’t do alone on a ship because I feel very secure in the environment,” she says. “I have gone alone to shows at night if Ray is tired; I never give it a thought.” And, last but certainly not least, there’s plenty of romance to be found on the high seas.
You can tell right away whether a couple is open to the company or conversation of others. Beware if they look the other way, though – definitely a sign they may prefer to be alone.
”
– Karen Ruppel, manager of leisure and cruises, Boca Raton Travel & Cruises
“It’s nice to get away occasionally just the two of you; spending quality time with your spouse can do wonders for a relationship,” Ruppel says. Notes Wood: “There are definitely cruises that are more romantic than others. These tend to be on the small yacht-like ships, some with sails, whose ports of call are in such exotic spots as Tahiti, the Greek Isles and remote Caribbean hideaways.” There are also “adult only” areas on some of the larger ships, as well as highly secluded areas, Ruppel says: “There are suite areas on ships that are ever so private [with] their own lounge, restaurant and even a private pool where you won’t even see the rest onboard if you so desire not to leave the confines of the suite private area.” Ruppel offers another enticing suggestion when searching for the right ship: “Wouldn’t you want to know about the ship that has the option to put a mattress up on the deck just for you – pajamas provided – and sleep under the stars?” O 52
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life parents
ON THE ROAD Teaching Today’s Teens Safe And Responsible Driving F
or most kids, turning 15 is a rite of passage. It’s the age of learner’s permits and driving lessons – and maybe even talks about getting a teen his or her own car once the actual driver’s license is in hand. Most adults look back on that time fondly because they remember how excited they were as they took that first step toward adulthood. So imagine the surprise of a parent whose 15-year-old doesn’t want anything to do with getting behind the wheel. Boca Raton mother Carrie Utrias was shocked when her daughter, Megan, told her that driving was the last thing on her mind. “At 15, I was dying to get behind the wheel,” Utrias says. “It was freedom.” But kids today don’t necessarily feel the same way. Teens without driver’s licenses 54
are more common nowadays, according to a study by the University of Michigan’s Transportation Research Institute. Between 1983 and 2010, the number of 17-year-olds throughout the country with driver’s licenses dropped from 69 percent to 46 percent. For Megan, the decision to postpone getting her learner’s permit and driver’s license had more to do with money than anything else.
“
At 15, I was dying to get behind the wheel. It was freedom.
”
– Carrie Utrias, Boca Raton mother
“My parents told me they would take care of the car and insurance if I took care of gas,” she says. “So I knew I would have to get a job.” But, between attending Boca
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BY DIANNA SMITH
Raton High School and cheerleading and other after-school activities, Megan decided she didn’t have time for a job. So she bummed rides with friends. “I was the last one of my group of friends to get my license,” she says. “There was no rush for me.” Frank Cantor, owner of Cantor’s
Driving School in Boca Raton, is a retired police officer who has spent the last four years teaching kids how to drive, and many of his clients are like Megan. “We teach a lot of kids coming home from college, and they’re finally going to get behind the wheel,” Cantor says. “It happens all the time.
life parents A lot of kids don’t have the time to get their license, and it’s expensive, so a lot of people are waiting. And it’s a maturity level, too.” He says 15-year-olds who want to get learner’s permits need to be mature enough to understand the dangers and responsibilities of driving – and that even one wrong move could land them in the hospital or worse. For example, they need to know how important it is to keep their eyes on the road instead of on their cellphones. And they need to pay attention to where they’re going. When kids are in the car while their parents are driving, many stare at their phones instead of out the window, so most have no idea how to get anywhere, even from their house to the grocery store. Parents of new drivers need to make sure their children know exactly where they are going once they’re behind the wheel, Cantor says. He suggests practicing driving on weekends when traffic isn’t as bad. Sundays during football season are great, he says, because many people are inside watching TV. Cemeteries, empty parking lots and even parks with paved roads are good spots for driving practice, as well as neighborhoods. Cantor has other expert tips for parents who are teaching children to drive. While your child is driving and you’re in the passenger seat, put the visor down, and open the mirror so you can see behind the
emergency brake. It may mess up the car, but it could save a life.” Teens won’t necessarily learn these lessons in high school as fewer and fewer offer driver’s education classes. Cantor recommends at least three lessons for all new drivers, and those count toward the 50 hours of drive time one needs in Florida during that year of having a learner’s permit. And, if a parent isn’t sure his or her child is mature enough to handle driving just yet, Cantor suggests taking more classes and practicing together. He gives his students certificates, which show they went to a certified driving school. That can help reduce car insurance rates with some companies, he says. Waiting until
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her younger brother to places like soccer practice. She was nervous, Megan says, but once she finally learned how to drive and felt that sense of freedom, she wished she had done it sooner. So, now her parents have new things to worry about, like crazy drivers on the road and where their daughter is going once the car leaves the driveway. But, thanks to technology and the Find My iPhone app, Utrias knows exactly where her daughter is. “It’s the greatest thing in the world,” she says. But Megan is usually where she’s supposed to be. She’s a good kid
We teach a lot of kids coming home from college, and they’re finally going to get behind the wheel. It happens all the time. A lot of kids don’t have the time to get their license, and it’s expensive, so a lot of people are waiting. And it’s a maturity level, too. – Frank Cantor, owner, Cantor’s Driving School
car. Also, know that you can put the car in neutral if the driver accidentally hits the gas pedal instead of the brake. “That happens a lot,” he says. “If you put your car in neutral, at least the car won’t go through the intersection. Then pull up the 56
age 17 to get a driver’s license can help reduce rates, too. That’s what Megan did. She turned 17 last April and finally got her license in August. She admits she was encouraged by her parents to finally bite the bullet because they knew she could help them cart
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who knows what her parents expect of her now that she’s a driver herself. She’s cautious behind the wheel. She avoids heavy traffic if she can, and her phone is always on silent, resting in a cup holder near her seat. For other teens questioning whether they should wait to drive, Megan recommends getting out there and learning as soon as possible – and gaining that first taste of freedom like she finally did. And what kid wouldn’t want that? O
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life destinations
The Lotte New York Palace Provides A Royal Stay In Manhattan BY JUDY KIRKWOOD
W
ant to play king or queen for a day – or even longer? The Lotte New York Palace is the perfect spot. Guests are not only treated royally at this palatial property – which has been a historic mansion, an investment for the Sultan of Brunei and a setting for “Gossip Girl” – but they feel as if they’re living a dream of both new and old New York. The iconic modern hotel at East 50th Street and Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan sprang from a
cluster of brownstone townhouses built for financier Henry Villard in 1882. The architecture firm McKim, Mead, and White designed the houses in the neo-Italian Renaissance tradition, modeled after the Palazzo della Cancelleria in Rome. The Villard carriage entrance on Madison Avenue is now the pedestrian courtyard entrance, with tall iron gates. A two-story lobby connects the old and new spaces in a seamless setting of marble and gold.
Guests are not only treated royally at this palatial property – which has been a historic mansion, an investment for the Sultan of Brunei and a setting for “Gossip Girl” – but they feel as if they are living a dream of both new and old New York. 58
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The sleek 55-story tower with reflective windows was added to the original architecture by developer Harry Helmsley. In 1992, under the Sultan of Brunei, the name was changed from the Helmsley Hotel to the New York Palace. The most recent owner, Lotte Hotels and Resorts, based in Seoul, South Korea, acquired the hotel last August and added its name. The Palace’s 822 guest rooms and 87 suites have always been spacious,
and the location is prime – a short hop from Rockefeller Center, Radio City Music Hall, Saks Fifth Avenue and the Museum of Modern Art and a 12-minute walk from Times Square and the Theater District. In addition, it’s across the street from St. Patrick’s Cathedral and has some of the best views in the city. After a recent $140 million renovation project, the property is more luxurious than ever. Everything has been upgraded and perfected, marrying sophistication and elegance with the latest technology and urban intuition regarding art and design. Floors 41 to 55 were transformed into a hotel within a hotel, The Towers, offering the pinnacle of Palace luxury as well as a separate entrance and private elevators. The 176 accommodations include 39 one-bedroom Corner Suites and four top-floor triplex suites with rooftop terraces. If the Metropolitan Suite, comprising 2,500 square feet, two bedrooms,
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life destinations
After a recent $140 million renovation project, the property is more luxurious than ever. Everything has been upgraded and perfected, marrying sophistication and elegance with the latest technology and urban intuition regarding art and design. a huge living room, a library sitting room and a dining room, feels like home, maybe it’s because it was the hotel manager’s apartment. A fresh blue and yellow color scheme references the panorama of taxi traffic below and blue sky above. The 5,000-square-foot triplex Jewel Suite, by celebrity jeweler Martin Katz, features art deco details, jewelry
designs on the walls and rich jewel tones. Walls of glass ensure that the city is the largest piece of art in the accommodation, and guests are sure to enjoy a hot spa bath overlooking Manhattan on the terrace garden. Another triplex, the Champagne Suite, has eight rooms, six bathrooms and a rustic wine cave as well as a private rooftop deck with a hot
tub, where you can raise your flute of Champagne with a toast to the city. Although The Palace has no destination restaurant, its bars and salons are the perfect places to begin or end a memorable evening. Trouble’s Trust, tucked under the lobby’s grand staircase, nods to The Palace’s history under former owner Leona Helmsley, considered the “Queen of Mean” by some. Trouble was the name of her Maltese, to whom she bequeathed $12 million (thus the cocktail Pampered Pooch). The venue, with red lacquered walls and embossed leather panels, is ideal for a post-shopping drink. Tavern on 51 is pure old New York, with modern art, wingback
contact For more information, call 800-804-7035 or visit lottenypalace.com.
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chairs and red booths, and it offers an interesting menu of vintage cocktails. But, to feel like a real insider, visit Rarities (for hotel guests and by special invitation), connected to Tavern on 51 by a staircase. As the name implies, drinks here include rare wines and fine spirits for captains of industry and other elite sophisticates. Arrange dinner with the concierge at one of New York’s limitless fine dining restaurants just beyond The Palace’s doorstep. But wake up to Pomme Palais (which translates to “Big Apple”). Off the grand lobby, this grab-and-go patisserie satisfies for breakfast or lunch to sustain you as you dart off to Rockefeller Center to be in the “Today” show crowd or to stroll along Fifth Avenue. The entire city is your front yard, whether you go north to Central Park or west to Times Square – or never leave your room. The views are that spectacular. O
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life destinations
LICENSE TO CHILL
The New Margaritaville Hollywood Beach Resort Offers The Best Of Sun And Fun BY LINDA HAASE
T
here aren’t many rules at Margaritaville Hollywood Beach Resort. After all, it is a Jimmy Buffett venue. But there’s one thing the staff insists upon: check in, and check out (mentally, that is). Welcome to Destination Paradise – a no-worries kind of place where flip-flops are encouraged. There’s a palpable laid-back vibe at this
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$175 million, pet-friendly oceanfront resort, which opened last fall. It’s tropical without being cheesy, and the result is a relaxed yet elegant ambience. A perfect place to escape. The “I’m on vacation” mindset begins in the sun-dappled lobby infused with natural rock and wood materials, lots of comfy seating and a stunning chandelier made from
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margarita glasses (we suggest you try counting them before wasting away in Margaritaville). Antique wooden surfboards, some from Buffett’s personal collection, hang on the walls, and private alcoves offer cozy seating. A 30-foothigh electric-blue flip-flop sculpture provides a touch of whimsy and a spot for those requisite photos. Even the elevators are unique: Panoramic views of boats, the beach and other tropical venues greet you as the doors open. The theme here is sun and fun; there are even water views from many of the meeting and event spaces. You’ll find plenty of Cheeseburgers in Paradise to consume. And, of course, margaritas to sip – along with shakers of salt. Oceanfront dining and beverages are a few steps away from the pools and lobby. Options, from the on-the-beach Floridays Airstream Café where you can savor gourmet
hotdogs to the upscale JWB Prime Steak and Seafood, are impressive. There’s also the Margaritaville Coffee Shop for a quick beverage, pastry or sandwich; the Lone Palm Beach Bar, a thatched-roof tiki; and the rustic indoor-outdoor 5 O’ Clock Somewhere Bar and Grill on the Intracoastal Waterway, which serves up live entertainment and daily sunset rituals. The two-story Jimmy Buffett’s Margaritaville Restaurant offers music nightly (Buffett has been known to pop in for a set), and diners can also relax on the oceanfront deck of The LandShark Bar & Grill while enjoying views of the Atlantic and watching adrenaline seekers on the FlowRider surf simulator. Ready to chill out? Head to the St. Somewhere Spa, where you can indulge in the signature Lost Shaker of Salt Scrub (which includes a complimentary margarita), a Flip
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life destinations Flop pedicure, massages, facials and hair and nail services. Serenity can be found in every crevice of this 11,000-square-foot retreat, from the 11 treatment rooms to the lounge areas. The spa is open to the public; spa guests can purchase day passes for $25 each that allow the use of
There’s a palpable laid-back vibe at this $175 million, pet-friendly oceanfront resort, which opened last fall. It’s tropical without being cheesy, and the result is a relaxed yet elegant ambience. A perfect place to escape.
property amenities, except the License to Chill Bar. There’s plenty for families here, too, from pools (one with a slide) surrounded by palm trees, cabanas and ocean views to stilt walkers who transform balloons into animals. A kid’s club offers even more activities. Full-service cabanas provide a place to escape the afternoon sun, while paddleboard and kayak rentals and a fitness center are also available. It seems like it’s 5 o’clock everywhere at the resort, and libations are plentiful. One option is Booze in the Blender, with flavors like Who’s to Blame and Tropical Fruit Margarita in a 22-ounce, takehome blender cup. Another venue – for adults only – is the License to Chill Bar, an 11th-floor rooftop terrace offering food and drink, a pool, lounge areas and breathtak64
ing views of Hollywood Beach. The accommodations are serene havens, and all 349 rooms have balconies overlooking the Intracoastal or the ocean. Rooms and suites start on the 11th floor, guaranteeing amazing views. Inside, the maritime accents; contemporary furniture; dark wood; and sand, sea and sky color palette impart a Key West feel. The details – including tropical-blue leather desk organizers, nautical door handles, engraved Margaritaville glassware and pillows with Buffett lyrics – are as unique as the rest of the resort.
contact For more information, call 954-874-4444 or visit margarita villehollywoodbeachresort.com.
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The 14 suites offer lots of space (the Presidential Suite is nearly 3,000 square feet) and abundant amenities. Some even comprise living space with a lounge area, a dining table for six, a bar and a kitchen or a kitchenette with a Margaritaville Frozen Concoction Maker – because it wouldn’t be Margaritaville without this signature drink. The 17-story resort is just steps from the beach and the 2.5-milelong Hollywood Beach Broadwalk, named one of America’s Best Beach Boardwalks by Travel + Leisure. Its brick-paved pathway is lined with art deco buildings, boutiques, restaurants and glimpses of Old Florida. Plus, just steps from the resort
are water taxis and trolleys to let you explore the area. And, since Hollywood Beach is so close to Boca Raton, a small change in latitude can certainly make a big change in attitude. O
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Inset photos by Jia Han Dong
hough Cuba sits only 90 miles from the tip of Key West, this forbidden country has, for decades, seemed so much farther away. Until now. Cuba is slowly reintroducing itself to the United States, brushing off the cobwebs that have collected since our country severed all ties with the island nation in 1961. After that, no Cuban trade or travel was allowed for Americans due to Fidel Castro’s communist regime. But political officials in both countries are working to fix this bruised relationship, and they’ve started by easing travel restrictions, which is already creating economic opportunities for both Americans and Cubans. Last year, U.S. travel agencies, cruise lines and airlines announced plans to offer trips to Cuba, providing tourists a glimpse of the land that many say has been frozen in time. The 1950s cars. The crumbling architecture. The lack of modern advances like the Internet.
Traveling to Cuba as a wandering tourist is off-limits under the federal government’s new rules and will likely remain that way for a while. But, thanks to the Obama administration, there are now other ways to get there. Visitors must have good reasons to visit, and those reasons have to fall under one of 12 categories, which range from working on a humanitarian project and conducting professional research to taking part in educational activities and having family members there. A traveler must be able to demonstrate that his or her visit helps the Cuban people in some way or has an educational component. One of the most popular ways to get to Cuba is by taking part in a “peopleto-people” program, which is what many of those in the travel industry are now offering. These tours must be for learning purposes only, so itineraries are typically jam-packed with activities such as meeting with Cuban artists and touring museums. Those who travel with these organizations
Sights from a Smithsonian Journey to Cuba
Castillo del Morro
FEBRUARY 2016
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don’t need to apply for specific licenses to visit the country because they are with groups that already have licenses. Smithsonian Journeys – the Smithsonian Institution’s worldwide travel program – was one of the first tour operators to receive a license from the U.S. Department of the Treasury to run people-topeople programs. This particular program begins in Miami, where travelers attend a panel discussion led by local Cuban experts to learn about the country’s history. Once in Cuba, they visit cities already popular among European tourists, such as Havana, Cienfuegos and Trinidad. In Havana, guests take part in an architectural tour of the city. They visit the National Museum of Fine Arts; attend a string orchestra performance; and meet with local farmers, professors and entrepreneurs. In Cienfuegos, group members visit an art school to meet regional artists; in Trinidad, they meet local shopkeepers to learn how businesses operate in Cuba and tour a botanical garden. Karen Ledwin, general manager of travel at the Smithsonian Institution, says the trips are already popular, and she expects them to become even more so as relations between the United States and Cuba continue to improve. “The unique history and relationship between the U.S. and Cuba naturally fascinates many Americans,” Ledwin says. And some are so fascinated that they’re willing to pay a hefty price to make their way to this mysterious place. Yacht specialist Paul Madden, owner of Paul Madden Associates in Palm Beach, began offering trips to Cuba in August by way of yacht. Prices start at $50,000 for a group of at least six travelers. Madden has been traveling to Cuba for more than 20 years. He normally visits for humanitarian reasons, taking medical supplies to a Catholic charity there. But, when he caught wind in late 2014 that traveling to Cuba may get a little easier, he decided to apply for a license to charter a yacht there. Everyone thought he was crazy. “All the lawyers told me I would never get a license because there had never been any before,” Madden says. “But, seven months later, I got a license, which was a surprise to everybody.” Another company received a license at 70
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Flatiron building in Havana
Plaza de la Catedral
“People tend to fall in love with Cuba, and it’s a combination of the culture, the people and the art. The people get by with very little, but there’s just a tremendous spirit there, and you see a lot of good-hearted people. That’s what
impresses people. The richness of the culture, and the history is just everywhere.” – Paul Madden, owner, Paul Madden Associates
the same time Madden did – and had applied for it 22 years prior, he says. That was last July, and, the next month, he took his first charter to Cuba under the people-to-people program. His guests met local artists, toured a cigar factory and interacted with Cubans as much as possible. “It ends up being very interesting and highly cultural,” he says. Madden’s clients typically spend their days on land and their evenings enjoying the yacht and its amenities. On land, they eat at some of the new private restaurants in Havana and enjoy entertainment at jazz clubs, including the infamous Tropicana Club. When guests return to the states, Madden says, they’re always amazed at how much they enjoyed their visit. “People tend to fall in love with Cuba, and it’s a combination of the culture, the people and the art,” he says. “The people
get by with very little, but there’s just a tremendous spirit there, and you see a lot of good-hearted people. That’s what impresses people. The richness of the culture, and the history is just everywhere.” Those who make their way to Cuba must explicitly state the purpose of their trip beforehand, and most must have a detailed itinerary. Visitors are required to keep travel receipts for five years after leaving Cuba. Madden is no exception to this rule and says he has to be a stickler for paperwork so he can show officials that the trips were legitimate if he were ever to be questioned. If you want to visit Cuba but can’t afford the luxury of a yacht, flying is another option. But it’s not a simple one: Airlines can’t sell tickets to Cuba until the United States and Cuba negotiate a civil aviation agreement. So, the commercial airlines that offer service to Havana, such as JetBlue and
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Hotel Nacional de Cuba
Cuba is slowly reintroducing itself to the United States, brushing off the cobwebs that have collected since our country severed all ties with the island nation in 1961. American Airlines, do so through a small number of travel agencies. These flights are typically booked as charters, and you have to call the agency to make flight arrangements. Often you must send paperwork in the mail, too. Agencies that can help book tickets include Cuba Travel Services and ABC Charters. According to CheapAir.com, it is the first and only online travel agency to sell Cuba-bound flights from the United States on the web. This site works with Cayman Airways and Bahamas Air, and tickets can be rather pricey. For example, a ticket in early March would cost as much as $926 roundtrip from Miami. Such ticket prices have upset many in 72
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South Florida because the flight to Cuba is less than 45 minutes from Miami, yet a ticket to Cuba costs more than a roundtrip ticket to Hawaii. Some people are opting for a more affordable route, like ferries and cruise lines that offer all-inclusive packages. Carnival Corporation hopes to begin sailing to Cuba this May. It plans to offer seven-night people-to-people tours of Cuba, leaving from Miami. According to Carnival officials, the ship will provide “cultural, artistic, faith-based and humanitarian exchanges between American and Cuban citizens,” all of which falls under the people-to-people travel laws. And the cruise will have three ports of call: Havana, Cienfuegos and Santiago de Cuba. Carnival is already taking reservations, accepting a $600 deposit per person to book a spot on the Adonia. The trip is expected to cost $2,990 per passenger total. Carnival hopes its presence in Cuba later this year will give it a leg up on the competition when and if traditional cruises are eventually allowed. Another service that received a license for Cuban travel is South Florida’s Havana Ferry Partners, which aims to eventually launch high-speed ferries from Port Everglades and Key West to Havana. Some believe cruising to Cuba is the way to go because Havana’s high-end hotels are few and far between, and most are booked well in advance. The lack of hotel rooms is a big reason that Airbnb started operating on the island last spring – and now is said to have more than 2,000
Centro Habana
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properties in Cuba that users can rent on a short-term basis. Hotel space isn’t the only thing lacking in Cuba when it comes to tourism. Internet connections are scarce, and, because international banking doesn’t exist there, American credit cards are practically useless. Carrying cash or opening a bank account are alternatives. If you do make it to Cuba and you have cash to spend, remember that Americans are not allowed to bring back more than $400 in souvenirs, and that includes $100 worth of cigars. As time goes on and the relationship between the United States and Cuba improves, perhaps the spending limit will
increase. Or maybe it will disappear altogether. Frank Comito, CEO of the Caribbean Hotel and Tourism Association in Coral Gables, says he expects the embargo to eventually be lifted, and, when that happens, “there will be quite a rush to travel to Cuba.” But Comito doesn’t expect that to happen until after this year’s U.S. presidential election. So, those who want to see the real Cuba, the beautiful, charming, frozen-in-time Cuba, should take a look now before everything there begins to change – and the country that’s so close to us here in South Florida doesn’t seem so distant anymore. O
Points Of Interest DISCOVER TOP-RATED TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN CUBA CASTILLO DEL MORRO: One of the best-preserved Spanish fortresses of the 17th century, it stands at the entrance to the Bay of Santiago. Visitors can explore the fort’s different levels. OLD HAVANA: A slice of Cuban history complete with cobbled streets and old buildings. Major attractions include the Plaza de la Catedral; La Bodeguita del Medio, the legendary restaurant and Ernest Hemingway hangout; and Castillo de la Real Fuerza, the military fortress.
TRINIDAD: Much of the architecture in this popular tourist town dates from the 17th to the 19th centuries, and it includes the Museum of Colonial Architecture, the Church and Monastery of Saint Francis and the art gallery at the Casa de Aldeman Ortiz. VARADERO: More than 50 hotels line the strip of white-sand beaches at this famous seaside destination. It’s home to Cayo Piedra Underwater Park, a popular diving and snorkeling area where underwater explorers often find pieces of shipwrecks. Source: PlanetWare.com
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Plaza de la Catedral
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TEXT AND PHOTOGRAPHY BY DEBI LANDER
CRUISING THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS – THE LAND THAT TIME FORGOT
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harles Darwin may have adored the Galápagos Islands for their scientific potential, and that remains a draw for many tourists today. But the untouched – and unplugged – beauty of these islands is alluring in its own right, transporting guests to a land that time forgot and encouraging a deep sense of serenity.
Cruising is the preferred choice because it offers the chance to see as much as possible.
The isolated marine reserve, which inspired Darwin’s theory of evolution, includes a curious ecological system: flightless cormorants, iguanas that swim, tortoises that weigh up to 500 pounds and boobie birds that flaunt red, blue or black feet. If you’re keen on nature, photography or ecology, this trip is a must. The Galápagos lie some 600 miles off the coast of Ecuador and rank among the world’s most distinctive and abundant wildlife destinations, with roughly 9,000 species. The awe-inspiring and mostly uninhabited isles present themselves as a living history museum. Except the performers aren’t re-enactors – they’re wild animals. Of the 13 main islands, only San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Floreana and Isabella are inhabited, with a combined population of around 25,000. The predominately Ecuadorian residents live in communities, villages and farms that cover just 3 percent of the land mass; the remaining 97 percent is protected by the Galápagos National Park Service, including 27,000 square miles of marine reserves. Visitors can stay in hostels or a few hotels on the islands but have limited opportunities to visit the park sites. Cruising is the preferred choice because it offers the chance to see as much as possible. Yachts house between 10 and 100 passengers, but most carry no more
than 40. The smaller size ensures personal attention from the crew and naturalist guides. However, a Galápagos cruise is an active adventure, not a relaxing seafaring hotel with dress-up dinners, indulgent spas or nightly entertainment. Watching animal behavior becomes a pleasurable pastime, along with witnessing stunning equatorial sunsets. Excursions via Zodiacs, or small tenders, take passengers off the boat up to four times a day. Landings may place you on dry docks, but most involve sloshing ashore near the beach. You explore by hiking on sandy or rocky ground and snorkeling offshore or in deep water, occasionally in strong currents. Some boats offer scuba diving as well. The author
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What makes this UNESCO World Heritage Site so fascinating is that each island unfolds like a new chapter and often features an endemic species, found only there.
What makes this UNESCO World Heritage Site so fascinating is that each island unfolds like a new chapter and often features an endemic species, found only there. One is overrun with marine iguanas that evolved into swimmers that eat algae and seaweed because of scarce land vegetation. Another features flamingos that fly. There are massive sea turtles, all sorts of birds, bizarre cacti, lava fields and an undersea world that looks like a neon kaleidoscope. Most cruises begin on a Sunday morning with a short flight from Quito or Guayaquil to San Crist贸bal. Guides meet passengers and help transfer them to the dock. My group of 20 boarded a luxury yacht, participated in safety drills and then received a lecture on the stringent rules. 78
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A licensed national park guide must accompany all visitors to pre-arranged sites during daylight hours. This regulation works well to avoid overcrowding the tiny islets. Other strictly enforced rules prohibit touching, feeding, disturbing or chasing animals or getting closer than 2 meters. Moreover, you’re not allowed to move or remove anything, take food off the boat or carry seeds from one island to another. They are serious: Our shoes or feet were hosed down each time we returned to our boat. Mornings typically begin with a 7 a.m. wake-up call, a 7:30 a.m. buffet breakfast and an 8:15 a.m. transfer off ship. Divided in two groups of 10, each with a guide, we would hike and explore a new island daily. On Punta Pitt, a natural overlook that affords dazzling views of the Pacific, our guide pointed out several red-footed boobies. An afternoon beach excursion included a kayaking adventure and introduced us to Sally Lightfoot crabs: strange, mesmerizing red-rock crustaceans that tiptoe along but can rapidly change course. They’re adorned with brilliant red, blue and yellow designs as if a preschooler scribbled on them with markers. Hundreds of Nazca boobies emerge as the stars on Española, the southernmost island. Many nest on eggs laid atop measly pieces of grass or beside their young chicks in the middle of the rocky trail. The boobies have no worries about predators and remain unfazed by hikers, thus fulfilling a photographer’s dreams. Another day brought us to the magnificent and deserted Gardner Bay beach. (It was so reassuring to know that beach chairs and piña coladas would never spoil its pristine shores.) At Gardner, tourists laze in the sun on towels near colonies of sea lions and are entertained by inquisitive mockingbirds that try to open backpacks. Everyone falls in love with the exuberant sea lions. We watched in amazement as
(Clockwise from above) Sally Lightfoot crab; giant tortoise; Gardner Bay beach; baby sea lions; hiking on a rocky path
large adult sea lions surfed the rolling tide along with local teens. When the awkward shuffling mammals tire or are full from eating fish, they waddle onto the beach, roll in the sand and nap. You must watch your step for fear of disrupting a sleeping pup. The islands’ name comes from the Spanish word “galápago,” meaning “tortoise.” On Santa Cruz Island, you travel by bus up to the highlands to watch the famed reptiles. They slowly maneuver their elephantine limbs to climb out of shallow ponds, then lumber forward to munch grass. Only 25,000 of these giants remain on the planet, here and in the Seychelles. Before the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of tortoises thrived worldwide, but pirates and buccaneers raided them. They kept the reptiles for fresh meat because they can survive without food or water for an entire year. The Darwin Research Station, also on Santa Cruz, is working to save the species. New hatchlings and young tortoises not ready to be freed are on view. Female tortoises abandon the nest after laying their eggs, so scientists dig them up and incubate and nurture the babies, which weigh as little as 1.8 ounces. They’re kept for approximately five years until they’re big enough to fend for themselves. The guides speak reverently of Lonesome George, the last tortoise found on Pinta Island and the last of his species, Chelonoidis nigra abingdoni. George became a symbol of conservation as researchers tried unsuccessfully to mate him with close subspecies before he died from heart failure in 2012. It is believed that, like many other giant tortoises, he had lived more than 100 years. On a tour of Pinta Island, which is shaped like a Chinese hat, we spied a few
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FOR YOUR INFORMATION GETTING THERE: Flights to Ecuador take four hours from Miami. Tourists often spend a night or two in Quito, the country’s capital, or Guayaquil before flying to the Galápagos. Direct flights arrive at either San Cristóbal or Seymour Airport on Baltra. Airplanes must be fumigated before landing. Luggage is again screened upon arrival, and all visitors pass through an additional Customs check. Plants, fresh flowers and live animals may not be brought to the islands. A $100 per person national park entrance fee is due upon arrival. Boats from the mainland are not allowed to take tourists to the islands. U.S. citizens do not need a visa to visit Ecuador and can stay for up to 90 days. CLIMATE: January to June is the warm but wetter season; July to December is dry.
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Temperatures range from 70 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit year-round. MONEY: No need to exchange currency; Ecuador uses the U.S. dollar as its official currency. Ecuadorian coins may be given in change. Credit cards are widely accepted. WHAT TO BRING: Video and underwater cameras are highly recommended, in addition to a DSLR or a point-and-shoot camera. Pack clothing in collapsible duffels to save room in ship cabins. Cruise lines provide snorkel gear and wetsuits. Bring quickdry shirts and shorts, cargo pants, water shoes or Teva sandals, sneakers for hiking (but not heavy hiking boots – it’s too warm and wet for those), a wide-brimmed sun hat and multiple bathing suits. Other essentials are sunglasses, sunscreen, aloe lotion and anti-nausea and anti-diarrhea medicine
(just in case). A small day bag that can fit a towel is handy for excursions. Wi-Fi is very scarce, so leave the laptop at home, and enjoy the escape. ACCOMMODATIONS: Cabins on Galápagos cruises are typically small, but lounges, dining areas and open decks are spacious and comfortable. I cruised aboard the Ecoventura line, a green pioneer in the industry that operates three 20-passenger yachts, including a brand new vessel. They offer itineraries with inclusive pricing, covering excursions, guides and meals, plus wine and beer during dinner. FOOD: Fabulous, fresh cuisine is served while cruising; breakfast and lunch are typically buffet-style, and dinner is a threecourse delight. Snacks are offered after outings.
The isolated marine reserve, which inspired Darwin's theory of evolution, includes a curious ecological system: flightless cormorants, iguanas that swim, tortoises that weigh up to 500 pounds and boobie birds that flaunt red, blue or black feet. If you're keen on nature, photography or ecology, this trip is a must.
Galápagos penguins, the only wild penguins to live north of the equator. My most unexpected event of the trip came that afternoon while snorkeling. I was observing a huge school of tropical fish, a ray and four white-tipped reef sharks when suddenly a group of penguins bulleted by. I could hardly contain my joy – I was swimming with penguins! Those three seconds of bliss gave me a new connection to planet Earth, and that magical memory remains my unexpected gift from the Galápagos, a souvenir I will always cherish. The last full day of cruising brought us to South Plazas, a desolate flyspeck of an isle with unusual 15-foot-high Dr. Seuss-like cacti, growing between cracks in rocks. South Plazas also harbors a spotty ground carpet of orange Sesuvium plants and lots of golden land iguanas. Later, we stopped at North Seymour Island, where our guide jokingly assured us we would “see more.” He was right. It’s the mother lode of breeding birds. Finally, we encountered the elusive blue-footed boobies, including a mating pair performing their courtship dance. The ritual began with a loud whistle, followed by the ruffling of feathers. Next, the male lifted his feet up and down while slowly turning in a circle. The female looked on demurely, pointing her head down, then up. Watching this spectacle felt like sneaking into a tryst. Continuing inland, we saw hundreds of magnificent black frigate birds along with their large chicks, which resembled growthspurt teenagers attempting to control their gangly limbs. These ominous-looking acrobats, with 5-foot wingspans, soar around the cliffs, and the males inflate scarlet throat pouches to attract females.
Finally, we arrived on Bartolomé Island, a place astronaut Buzz Aldrin claimed was like the moon. Barren, crater-like lava hills are inhospitable to most plants and animals. A wooden walkway with 364 stairs rewards climbers with a panoramic view of the bay and teetering Pinnacle Rock, the best-known landmark in the Galápagos. I felt so lucky to be there – and glad I had come when I did. Rumors abound that the Ecuadorian government wants to triple the number of visitors to the islands, which many fear will negatively impact the environment, as well as the quality of visits. I hope not. But, if you’re interested in visiting, you’d be wise to go soon. O
(Clockwise from above) black frigate bird; mating dance of the blue-footed boobies; Galápagos penguins; golden land iguana
BOCA’S GALÁPAGOS EXPERTS With Boca Raton’s Reid Travel, boasting more than 40 years of cruising expertise, discover the Silver Galápagos Experience aboard Silversea. The nine-day all-inclusive journey includes a seven-day cruise, roundtrip airfare between Ecuador and the islands, a two-night precruise hotel stay, an evening tour of Quito and more. Visit reidtravel.com.
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n y o o B V H C N E R F E M H L T I F N I S REVEL S THE C ANNE 0 A 7 S A N R R E I U V T L RI A V I T S FE BOL
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e g a La Croisette
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VERY MAY, A-LISTERS AND MOVIE BUFFS ALIKE FLOCK TO THE FRENCH RIVIERA
FOR A TWO-WEEK CINEMATIC CELEBRATION KNOWN AS THE CANNES FILM FESTIVAL, CELEBRATING ITS 70TH ANNIVERSARY THIS YEAR. BUT THE CITY OF CANNES HAS MORE TO OFFER THAN CELEBRITY SIGHTINGS – IT’S ALSO THE PERFECT SPOT FOR A CHIC MEDITERRANEAN GETAWAY ALL SPRING AND SUMMER LONG. SO, IF YOU’RE IN THE MOOD FOR GREAT FOOD, TERRIFIC NIGHTLIFE AND SCENIC BEACHES, YOU’LL WANT TO BOOK A TRIP TOUT DE SUITE. HERE’S WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW. For starters, flights from South Florida to Nice require at least one stop, with a total travel time of about 13 to 15 hours. (Unless you’re arriving via private plane, in which case you’ll be able to touch down at the exclusive Cannes-Mandelieu Airport.) From Nice, Cannes is about 25 miles away, and there are several ways to get there. You can rent a convertible, put the top down and navigate the winding, picturesque drive yourself or take a local or express bus from the airport. Feel like upping the glam factor? Skip the roads altogether and arrive by helicopter. Azur Hélicoptère, for example, can get you and two friends there in 10 minutes for 460 euros (roughly $500). Once in Cannes, you have plenty of options for accommodations. If intimacy is a priority, you’ll want to check out the Villa Garbo. With only 11 rooms, it’s exclusive without being overly secluded – and only a 10-minute walk to the center of town. Added bonuses: a private beach and free nightly cocktail hour. It’s also a great bet for those on a budget. For gambling fans and nightlife aficionados, look no further than the Pullman Cannes Mandelieu Royal Casino, which features a state-of-the-art casino, a concert hall and a chic disco. By day, there’s a stunning pool, a fitness lounge and a golf course, as well as beachside watersports. If you’re looking to do Cannes like true Hollywood royalty, however, there’s really only one option: 84
You can rent a convertible, put the top down and navigate the winding, picturesque drive yourself or take a local or express bus from the airport. Feel like upping the glam factor? Skip the roads altogether and arrive by helicopter. the Hôtel du Cap-Eden-Roc. Everyone from Elizabeth Taylor to Johnny Depp has stayed there, and, during the film festival, the grounds are literally a who’s who of Tinseltown. Should you be lucky enough to secure a reservation, you’ll be able to enjoy all the amenities of the worldrenowned landmark, including two
Villa Garbo lobby
Le Cavendish
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fine dining restaurants, five tennis courts, three bars, a chocolate atelier, a spa, a beauty salon, luxury shopping boutiques, 33 seaside cabanas and a saltwater swimming pool that dramatically cuts into the edge of a cliff. Such luxury, of course, doesn’t come cheap. Rooms will set you back at least $600 a night, and, during the film festival, prices have been known to surge by a third. Thankfully, the hotel now accepts credit cards. In years past, guests had to pay by cash. Dining is a popular pastime in Cannes, which boasts more than 300 eateries ranging from familyrun cafés to five-star restaurants. If you’re watching your wallet, there are many restaurants along the harbor, like L’Assiette Provençale, that offer a three-course meal – including starter, main course and dessert – for around $35. For casual beach fare, it’s hard to beat L’Ondine, a local favorite for the past 30 years. Specialties include fresh seafood, salads, pasta and crêpes served in a relaxed, oceanfront setting. In addition to the cuisine, L’Ondine offers 130 beach chairs, along with towels, hot and cold showers and changing rooms, to rent for the day. The brasserie Côté Jardin changes its gourmet menu weekly and is widely believed to offer some of the
(Top row, from left) L’Ondine beach dining; L’Ondine Sole; L’Ondine beach; (Center, from left) Hôtel du Cap-Eden-Roc; Eden-Roc cabana area; Eden-Roc Champagne Lounge; Eden-Roc Bar Bellini; (Below) Eden-Roc pool
FEBRUARY 2016
Cannes Film Festival’s Great Auditorium
Cannes Do A Quick Guide To The Film Festival
The first Cannes Film Festival took place in 1946, but it wasn’t until the 1950s – when Hollywood luminaries like Cary Grant, Sophia Loren, Kirk Douglas, Grace Kelly and more started attending – that the festival began to grow into the international cultural event it is today. Each year, thousands of films are submitted from all over the world, but only about 50 full-length and 30 short films are chosen as part of the Official Selection. This year, the film festival, May 11-22, celebrates 70 years of cinematic greatness. While anyone is welcome to show up to get a glimpse of the glitterati, access to screenings proves more difficult. Unfortunately, to attend an official screening, you must hold an invitation or be an accredited attendee. If you don’t fall into one of those categories, however, you’re not completely out of luck. Nighttime outdoor showings at the Cinema de la Plage, which screens out-of-competition films as well as the classics, are open to everyone on a first-come, first-served basis. Beach chairs and blankets are supplied, or just bring your own towel and settle in. Tickets are available through the Cannes Tourism website. If controversial or avant-garde films are up your alley, anyone is welcome into the Critic’s Week screenings. Free tickets are limited, and first priority is given to badgeholders, but it’s worth checking out the ticket tent, next to the Miramar Hotel, for availability. Similarly, a limited number of tickets is sold for the Directors Fortnight portion of the festival. The ticket booth is located at the Théâtre Croisette at JW Marriott, but, even with tickets, you’ll need to line up early for screenings. Finally, should you be lucky enough to receive an invite to an official festival screening, you’ll want to arrive on time and dress the part. Think smart outfit choices by day and black-tie glamour at night. Cannes is, after all, the ultimate red carpet affair. 86
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most authentic French cuisine in the city. Should you tire of French fare, there’s Da Laura for Italian and Sushi Kan for Japanese. For a late-night supper and superb peoplewatching, head over to Bâoli, a restaurant known to attract the jet-set and featuring dancing after dark. Finally, if your appetite and your budget are prepared, make a reservation at the grand dame of Cannes gastronomy, La Palme d’Or. Located in the Grand Hyatt Cannes Hôtel Martinez, the only two-star Michelin restaurant in Cannes is revered for showcasing local ingredients in a highly elevated manner. Seafood, meat,
Feeling adventurous? You can also charter a yacht for the day from one of several local companies. Yacht Riviera, for example, offers everything from speedboats to full-service ships that sleep a dozen people. If the ocean isn’t your thing, there’s plenty more to occupy your time. Check out the art at the hotel La Columbe D’Or, where Matisse, Chagall, Calder and Picasso once stayed and where many of their pieces hang on the walls. There are many tours to take advantage of, including ones that will allow you to explore the nearby regions of Marseilles, Aix, Avignon and Monaco. Then there’s the world-class shopping. You’d be wise to leave extra room in your suitcase when you go to Cannes. From the quaint markets selling local goods along Rue Meynadier to the extremely high-end stores along La Croisette and Rue D’Antibes (think Celine, Lalique,
When the sun goes down, the fun really begins in Cannes. It’s a city made for night owls, where the bars stay open until 5 a.m. and the nightclubs until 7 a.m. game, cheeses and desserts are only some of the highlights on the everchanging seasonal menu. If you’re prepared to pay up to $150 for an entrée (the price of the Black Angus Chateaubriand, for example), it’s a meal you’ll never forget. With temperatures averaging from the 70s to the low 80s during the high season, you’ll want to spend your days by the sea. If your hotel doesn’t have beach access, there are 13 public and two municipal beaches, including the Plage Macé (open June through September), which has bathrooms, showers, lockers, chairs and umbrellas available to rent. Just be warned: No food or beverages are allowed. But, if you’re looking to eat, drink, swim and sunbathe, there are numerous private beach restaurants, like Miramar Plage or La Plage 45, where you can enjoy a leisurely meal and pay a fee to stay for the afternoon.
Chanel and Christian Dior), chances are you’ll find plenty of souvenirs. When the sun goes down, the fun really begins in Cannes. It’s a city made for night owls, where the bars stay open until 5 a.m. and the nightclubs until 7 a.m. Bâoli is one option for those looking to dance ’til dawn, along with Les Marches, which has a terrace offering panoramic views of the city, and Gotha, where celebs including Leonardo DiCaprio and Justin Bieber have been spotted getting their groove on. Cannes also offers a great music scene. Catch some jazz at Cotton Club or at the piano bar L’Amiral at the Grand Hyatt or listen to a live band at L’Enoteca. There’s also a surprising number of Irish bars in town, including Morrisons and The Quays. No matter how you spend your holiday in Cannes, it’s sure to be a bon moment. O
Photos by Jimmy De Paris; Food images by Aline Gerard
(Clockwise from top right) Bâoli cuisine; Bâoli sushi; Bâoli terrace; Bâoli interior; Bâoli fountain; Bâoli nightlife
FEBRUARY 2016
CELEBRATING 100 YEARS OF THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Grand Canyon and Kolb Studio
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ne hundred years ago this August, President Woodrow Wilson put pen to paper – and protected what is now 84 million acres of
American soil. In creating the National Park
Service, Wilson sought to “conserve the scenery
and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will
South Kaibab Trail
leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations,” as dictated in the federal act. Today, with the system comprising more than 400 areas in 50 states, we celebrate a century of stewardship and the splendor of these natural treasures. Here, we outline the must-see and mustdo aspects of five diverse national parks, spanning from coast to coast – and beyond. So, when you start planning your next trip, skip the theme parks, water parks and amusement parks and consider the national parks instead. After all, they were created for our enjoyment.
Grand Canyon National Park Arizona One of the largest canyons on the planet, the Grand Canyon does not disappoint in size or scope, comprising 277 river miles and measuring up to 18 miles wide and 1 mile deep. Its immensity is overwhelming and can only be truly appreciated in person. The
Stone Corral
WHAT TO SEE:
With a landscape almost too big and iconic to absorb, it really does help to visit educational exhibits. See the film at the Visitor Center and tour the Historic District built by the Santa Fe Railroad at the South Rim Village. Kolb Studio, clinging to the canyon wall, showcases the home of the canyon’s pioneering photographers. One of the most
Desert View Watchtower
Bucket list items at Grand Canyon National Park include an overnight mule ride to Phantom Ranch at the bottom of the canyon or a whitewater-rafting trip down the Colorado River. view of 2-billion-year-old sediment compressed into colorful strata is not only a great photo op but a chance to see what the earth looks like below the surface. Source: National Park Service
magnificent viewpoints is the 70-foot Desert View Watchtower, based on the art and architecture of the Hopi, from which you can see the canyon; the Painted Desert; and the landscape
Phantom Ranch
Photo by Jim Peaco Old Faithful Geyser and Old Faithful Inn
Yellowstone National Park Wyoming, Montana, Idaho
of the ancestral home of the Navajo, Pueblo and Paiute people. WHAT TO DO:
You must hike at least partway into the canyon: Kaibab Trail to Cedar Ridge is a 3-mile round trip. Bright Angel Trail to Plateau Point (12 miles) ends with a great view of the Colorado River and a postcardperfect background. Bucket list items include an overnight mule ride to Phantom Ranch at the bottom of the canyon or a whitewater-rafting trip down the Colorado River.
Osprey Falls
GETTING THERE:
The Grand Canyon is 80 miles northwest of Flagstaff, Ariz.; 230 miles northwest of Phoenix; and 280 miles southeast of Las Vegas. A great way to arrive is via the Grand Canyon Railway from Williams, Ariz. Millions of tourists enter through the South Rim gateway, leaving the North Rim entrance free of traffic. However, it’s only open from May 15 to Oct. 15 annually, and it’s a five-hour drive to the South Rim, where most of the attractions are.
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Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone
Older than the Park Service itself, Yellowstone became the world’s first national park in 1872. Spanning more than 2 million acres, the park features geysers and other geothermal phenomena, alpine lakes, thick forests, deep canyons, waterfalls and mountains and is a great wildlife viewing area (it’s the best place in the country to see wolves). It may sound cliché, but Old Faithful is a must at Yellowstone National Park. Although it’s not the largest geyser in the park, it erupts the most frequently, every 60 to 110 minutes, the water reaching up to 140 feet. WHAT TO SEE: It may sound cliché, but
Yellowstone wolf
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Old Faithful is a must. Although it’s not the largest geyser in the park, it erupts the most frequently, every 60 to 110 minutes, the water reaching
up to 140 feet. To avoid crowds, go at dawn or at night (the park is open 24 hours a day). The largest concentration of geysers in the world is in the Upper Geyser Basin, where Old Faithful is located, so take advantage of the boardwalks to witness these geothermal “volcanoes.”
Great Smoky Mountains National Park Tennessee and North Carolina With both the Blue Ridge Parkway, known as America’s most beautiful drive, and part of the Appalachian Trail within its borders, it’s no wonder that Great Smoky Mountains is the most-visited national park. The 800-square-mile park, which is 95 percent forest, is home to 1,600 flowering species and offers spectacular color in the spring, summer and fall. There’s plenty of short, quiet hikes that provide a sense of botanic biodiversity and the history of early settlement in the Appalachian Highlands. And don’t miss the signature blue haze in the mornings – just breathtaking.
the Mountain Farm Museum with its collection of historic farm buildings, including a working blacksmith shop where they can make a dinner bell. Walk the halfmile from the parking lot to Clingmans Dome to watch the sunset with a 360-degree view from the observation tower.
GETTING THERE: This is a driving destination. The main entrances are in Gatlinburg, Tenn., 45 miles from McGhee-Tyson Airport, and Cherokee, N.C., 60 miles from Asheville Regional Airport. Speed limits are low due to winding mountain roads. (It is not recommended to use GPS or vehicle navigation systems in the mountains.)
WHAT TO SEE:
Old Faithful
WHAT TO DO: Yellowstone is an amazing
outdoor classroom for kids. Families should look for ranger-guided tours or hire a ranger for half a day. They can give kids laser guns to take the temperature of thermal features while teaching them how to be safe around the scalding waters. For kids older than 8 (and adults under 240 pounds), consider a one- or two-hour horseback ride through sagebrush flats, woods and meadows to an Old West Country Cookout at Yancy’s Hole. GETTING THERE:
Bus tours are available from several surrounding towns, but you really need a car to see Yellowstone. The most dramatic way to arrive is flying into Jackson Hole Airport, which is inside Grand Teton National Park and has service from Salt Lake City, Dallas/Ft. Worth, Chicago, Atlanta and Denver. Why miss one of the most scenic airports in the world as well as a drive through the Tetons? The south entrance of Yellowstone is also in Grand Teton National Park, about 60 miles from the airport.
Most visitors barely leave their cars except for photo ops at scenic points, but the views are remembered for a lifetime. Some of the most popular destinations on the
Sunset from Clingmans Dome Observation Tower
There’s plenty of short, quiet hikes at Great Smoky Mountains National Park that provide a sense of botanic biodiversity and the history of early settlement in the Appalachian Highlands. And don’t miss the signature blue haze in the mornings – just breathtaking. 6-mile loop include Roaring Forks, with its rushing streams, old-growth forest and log cabins; Rainbow Falls, where rainbows can be seen in the mist; and Place of a Thousand Drips, a low-flow waterfall with countless cascading channels. You can walk behind Grotto Falls (but watch out for black bears) and explore the Greenbriar, a road with the most stunning flora in the park. WHAT TO DO: Get out of the car. Take at least the 3.5-mile roundtrip path from Newfound Gap parking area to Indian Gap on the Appalachian Trail just so you can say you’ve hiked it. Kids will love
Rainbow Falls
Place of a Thousand Drips
Grotto Falls
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Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park Hawaii This national park is perhaps the most popular attraction on the Big Island, featuring the only “drivein” volcano in the world. Kids may be reminded of a powerful wizard’s cauldron as steaming red lava bubbles in a crater. Adults will be amazed by the forces within the earth that generate the explosive visuals at two of the world’s most active volcanoes: Kilauea and Mauna Loa. The whole park is like a science laboratory.
Holei Sea Arch
WHAT TO DO:
From the parking lot at Crater Rim Drive, descend through a lush rain forest to the bottom of a crater on the Kilauea Iki Trail. Dress appropriately to walk on solidified but still steaming lava. Bicyclists can avoid walking on the ground and pedal into the steaming caldera. Private companies offer guided tours on paved roads and trails from summit to sea. Also check out plane, helicopter and hot air balloon tours. Hike 210 feet to the top of a forested cinder cone, Pu’u Huluhulu, where you get 360-degree views of the park and the 18-mile Chain of
‘Apapane and nestlings
Mountain bikers
Adults will be amazed by the forces within the earth that generate the explosive visuals at two of the world’s most active volcanoes: Kilauea and Mauna Loa. Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is like a science laboratory. WHAT TO SEE:
The drama of the volcanoes is not to be missed. The eruption of Kilauea can be viewed at the Jaggar Museum overlook onto Halema’uma’u Crater. Morning and evening viewing are particularly spectacular, but a plume of volcanic gas is always visible at the fuming vent. Stop by the Kilauea Visitor Center to learn the legend of the fire goddess and why the park is sacred ground, and check the ranger report for road or viewing closures, depending on volcanic activity.
Craters Road, which offers stunning landscapes and ends where the lava buried the road in 2003. GETTING THERE:
Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is located on the Big Island of Hawai‘i. Hilo International Airport, which is about 30 miles from the park, is served by inter-island carrier Hawaiian Airlines and by United Airlines. More airlines serve Kona International Airport, about 96 miles from the park.
Halema‘uma‘u
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Kilauea Iki, Kilauea, Halema‘uma‘u and Mauna Loa
T H E B O C A R AT O N O B S E R V E R
Earthquake Trail
Sunset from Schoodic Coast
Tide pool tour
Acadia National Park Maine Most of Acadia National Park is on Mount Desert Island – part park, private property and seaside villages – anchored by the town of Bar Harbor. Acadia boasts waves crashing and rumbling at Thunder Rock; craggy outcrops and coves housing peregrine falcons; serene lakes, rivers and rills; and the highest point on the North Atlantic seaboard, Cadillac Mountain at 1,350 feet, which receives the country’s first rays of sun at certain times of year. WHAT TO SEE:
The 27-mile Mount Desert Island Park Loop Road
Schoodic Peninsula
Jordan Pond House
features views of the ocean, lakes, forests and mountains as well as shoreline exploration points. Sand Beach inlet is one of the few sandy beaches in Maine and a great place to plop down and watch whipping waves after stretching your legs on a walk. Escape the crowds in other parts of the park: Islesford Historical Museum and Baker Island are accessible by passenger ferries and excursion boats. The pink granite shores of Schoodic Peninsula on the mainland – plus back roads, fishing villages and a wilderness preserve and wildlife refuge – feel like your own private Acadia. WHAT TO DO: Have lunch, afternoon tea or dinner at the Jordan Pond
Carriage Road Bridge
The pink granite shores of Schoodic Peninsula on the mainland – plus back roads, fishing villages and a wilderness preserve and wildlife refuge – feel like your own private Acadia National Park. House restaurant (yes, they have lobster) and then walk the Jordan Pond Trail. Take a horse-drawn carriage ride from Wildwood Stables. The crushed-stone paths cross stone bridges and are open to walkers and bikers, with no motor traffic. Ranger-led activities and private tours include sea-kayaking, bird-watching and tide pool exploration. Kids will love getting to
know mussels, sea urchins, periwinkles and hermit crabs. GETTING THERE: Direct flights from Boston’s Logan International Airport land at Hancock County Airport, 10 miles from the park. Or fly into Bangor, Maine, a little over 40 miles away. Guided bus and trolley tours, and a free island shuttle that stops at most points of interest, mean visitors can leave their cars on the mainland and roam freely. O WANT TO LEARN EVEN MORE ABOUT THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE? Check out “National Parks Adventure 3D,” playing at the AutoNation IMAX 3D Theater in Fort Lauderdale, premiering Feb. 12. Visit mods.org.
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Jet Smart TRAVEL LIKE A SEASONED PRO WITH TIPS FROM LOCAL EXPERTS
I love to o trav av vel. No o amo moun untt off “bo book ok lea arn rning”” can a provide aningf gfful experiiences es of pe p rs r onall co on nta tact ct witth pe p ople, the mea pla ace es and es nd things yo you u disc scov over er on a fa fara r wa ay a ad dvent nttur u e. Fe eeling g th the e sp pra ray of Nia aga gara ra a Fal a ls on n my my fac ce, sta t rin ng in n awe at th he Gra and Can an nyon, racin ing along g at 200 00 milies perr hou ur on n the bulle et tra ain in Ja Japan n and zip p-llining g in n Co osta a Rica a are re e so ome e of my fa f vo v rite memorries. Rem membe eriing g my cousiin’ n s “b “big fa att Gre reek wedding ng”” on an Ae Aeg gean issland alon ong g wi w th doz ozen ens of rel e at a iv ives es from th the fa far cornerrs of the world d st s illl make es me smi mile le..
pparently, I’m not alone. According to the U.S. Travel Association, direct spending by domestic and international travelers in America totaled $644.9 billion in 2014, and U.S. residents logged 1.7 billion trips for leisure purposes. Each household in America would pay $1,147 more in annual taxes if it weren’t for the tax revenue generated by travel and tourism. “It’s a $2.1 trillion industry and is growing steadily,” says Cathy Keefe, media director of the association. And there’s good reason for the growth. “Traveling has huge psychological benefits,” says Dr. Loretto Maldonado, a Boca Raton-based psychologist. “We tend to drown in our own everyday stressors, so getting away helps give us per-
spective and see the ‘big picture.’ It forces us to take downtime, which can make most of us anxious if we are buried in the fast pace of our lives. We also learn how to see the best part of people in a more objective way and delve into new cultures, which expands our own horizons.” But, in this day and age, traveling can be complicated, especially with new rules and regulations regarding security and baggage. I can no longer travel with my trusted carry-on since many international airlines have lowered size and weight specifications. And, the last time I flew back from Toronto, I actually fainted while waiting more than two hours in a security line. But there are ways to minimize the hassles and make traveling even more enjoyable. Let’s ask the experts.
BY LYNN ALLISON
Pllan Wissely Mary Lou Gallagher was a fl ight attendant with commercial airlines for more than 15 years before she founded Beyond & Above Corporate Flight Attendant Training in Fort Lauderdale 15 years ago. She has trained thousands of fl ight attendants and still travels extensively. “To get the best rate, book your flights on a Tuesday and after holidays,” she says. “The best days to travel are Tuesday through Saturday.” Getting great seats can be a challenge, especially for those who are long-legged. “Of course, the seats in fi rst and business class will always be the most comfortable,” says Gallagher. “Next, you want to ask for a bulkhead seat, preferably [near] the aisle, so you can stretch out and get up whenever you want. As a fl ight attendant, I feel the aisle seats are also safer in case of an emergency.”
Navigating airports can be tricky, especially as many are renovating and updating gates to accommodate travelers with mobile devices. “I recently got lost in Los Angeles airport and ended up in the wrong terminal,” she says. “Always ask a uniformed attendant for directions if you are not sure where you’re going. And always allow at least an hour and a half between connections in case your plane is delayed or you have to travel from terminal A to E. Unless you’re a speed walker or sprinter, you may not make it to your gate on time.”
Lea arn n abou ou ut the th cu cult ltur lt u e of o the h are rea a yo ou plan n to visiit. t. The here are r doze enss of trra ave el boo oks tha at expla ain lo ocal al cussto oms and offfe er key y phra asess th hat you sh ho oul u d le earn n to enhanc ce yourr vissitt. I th hiin nk k the he e image e of th the e ‘u ugly Americ can’ tou urist iss fad din ng, g but utt th he ere sometimes es iss an an att ttittude of en nti titl t em emen nt th t att can be irri irri rittating ta ng g. – Kim Zuccarello, travel agent, Protravel International
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To avoid fainting like I did, Gallagher recommends getting a security pass at any Customs office if you travel frequently. This drastically shortens the wait time for security lines. I applied for one online and went to Port Everglades for the final interview. It cost $100 for five years of being able to fast-track security lines in the United States. Whether or not travel insurance is worth the cost is really a personal decision, she says: “I never get it because, when I make my reservations, I know I am going, and I have never had a flight cancel on me.” She also believes that checking luggage is easier than carrying on. “I always check my bags at the curb, tip the attendant and never had my bags lost in all my years of traveling,” she says. “This way, I don’t have to drag the luggage through the terminal and then hoist it overhead.” Although you can use a phone app to obtain your boarding pass, she doesn’t recommend it. “It would be just my luck that my phone dies as I am getting ready to check through the gate,” she says. “I prefer bringing my paperwork with me.” Gallagher also suggests investigating the latest trend in traveling – hiring private or corporate jets that depart from executive airports. “With the cost of first-class tickets skyrocketing, many people are getting a group together and booking their own flight,” she says. “These smaller planes seat around 30 people or less and are extremely well-maintained. They also have the advantage of being able to land just about anywhere, unlike commercial airlines.”
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Aztec Airways at Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport, for example, operates regularly scheduled flights on eight-seat Piper Chieftains to Eleuthera, Bahamas. The fee is reasonable – $259 each way – and passengers enjoy first-rate service from departure to arrival. “You can arrive 45 minutes before flight time, I check your passport and documents and off you go,” says Suzanne Tuccelli, flight co-coordinator for Aztec Airways. “You can even bring your dog along with you in the cabin for a small fee. And, because we fly lower than commercial airlines, the views are spectacular.”
Top Travel Apps GasBuddy: This app is for the road warrior. It locates the closest gas stations and provides approximate pricing. GateGuru: Have your own personal airport assistant with this handy app, which offers terminal maps as well as reviews of airport restaurants. Goby: Locate hot spots and events in any foreign city. You’ll find restaurants, hotels, museums and concerts right around the corner. Google Translate: Rapidly translate whole paragraphs of text or even the spoken word with this app. Simply say a phrase in English, and Google Translate will repeat your words in the foreign language of your choice. HotelTonight: This app may be a lifesaver if you’re stranded in a city with no reservations. It works with hotels in major metropolitan areas to offer last-minute rates for vacant rooms. Tripit: Be your own travel agent and plan every detail of your trip from car rental to lodging to restaurant reservations. Design your itinerary or have Tripit do it for you.
Pa ack Rig ghtt Amanda Perna, founder of The House of Perna fashion label in Delray Beach, is a seasoned designer who appeared twice on the TV show “Project Runway.” Before launching her own line, she designed for Calvin Klein in New York. “Hurricane Sandy and the bitter winters brought me to Florida,” she says. The frequent traveler, who recently got married in Italy, advises bringing
T H E B O C A R AT O N O B S E R V E R
pieces that can easily mix and match as well as a couple of “wild card” outfits for unexpected occasions. “I put my super-essential and important items in a carry-on so they are with me,” she says. “Then I pack the rest of my clothing in hardsided luggage so my things won’t get crushed.” Layering is key to her fashion strategy while traveling, she says: “I always bring clothing that can be layered. For example, I may pack a camisole with pants and a skirt that can be worn alone or slip a multipurpose blazer over the outfit for a more formal look. I try to bring shoes and accessories that will go with all the outfits.” Perna always travels in her signature Fabiana Jetsetter Pants because they are “easy to roll, don’t take up much space and don’t weigh very much.”
She adds: “When you roll your outfits instead of folding them, they don’t wrinkle.” Perna prefers packing silk garments, which also roll beautifully and are lightweight. Plus, since silk is a natural material, it breathes well and stays fresh longer. Once, her cosmetic bag exploded all over her suitcase, so she religiously double-bags all makeup and toiletry items. “A friend had her nail polish bottle break, spilling its contents all over her clothes, so we doublebag these items in a Ziploc as well,” she says. For convenience, Perna recommends 360-degree-rotating, four-wheel suitcases, which are much easier to maneuver. “There are often tremendous sales on luggage, so keep your eyes peeled for bargains,” she says.
Con nsu ult Th he Con ncie erge e When guests at the Boca Raton Resort & Club need assistance, Marci Fermin is their guardian angel. “I plan every aspect of their vacation or stay with us,” says the director of guest services/chef concierge at the Waldorf Astoria Resort. “A concierge assists guests with all their needs prior to arrival as well as when they are in-residence. We make dinner reservations, set up tours, obtain tickets to theaters, concerts and sporting events – whatever they need.” Fermin has been a concierge for more than 20 years, spending the last 12 years at the Boca Raton Resort & Club. “It used to be a profession dominated by men, but now women are in control – and for good reason,” she says. “We are more attentive to details; we are lovers and nurturers. My guests often become extended family members. Last weekend, I was in New York to attend the bat mitzvah of one of our clients. I met the young woman when she was 6 weeks old.” A good concierge can help visitors tap into the true character of a destination, she says, and she often arranges helicopter jaunts, Everglades tours, boat rentals and even surfing and scuba diving lessons to give guests a taste of Florida living. “We can also provide day trips to the Keys or Orlando,” says Fermin. “We want our guests to truly enjoy their stay and not have to think or work while they’re on vacation.” Fermin says she has often gone beyond the call of duty: “I recently shipped a guest’s ashes to London at the request of his wife. And, once, I managed to airlift a guest by helicopter who was staying in St. Maarten to a hospital in New York because his family was frantic and trusted me enough to coordinate this effort even though they weren’t staying at our resort.” Fermin says that travelers, especially those who don’t know anyone in the locale they are visiting, should take advantage of the concierge’s vast resources to enhance their vacation.
I alw ways che he eck my y ba b gs at th he curb b, tip the atttendan nt and neve verr had my ba ags lo l stt in alll my ye earss of trav veling ng. Th hiss way y, I don n’tt have e to dra ag th he lu ugga age th age ag t ro oug ugh h the te ermin nal and d th hen hoiistt it ov over erh er he d. head – Mary Lou Gallagher, founder, Beyond & Above Corporate Flight Attendant Training
“We can direct them to the best restaurants, even those that cater to gluten-free or special diets,” she says. “Although we work 10 to 12 hours a day, we really never go home because we are on-call for our guests’ every need. That’s how we build relationships and trust.”
depends on your budget and what you want to see and do. There are tours that offer active options like hiking and biking while others are more leisurely.” Pay attention to detail while perusing your choices, she says: “Check and compare all the options. The more expensive tours use better hotels that are usually situated right in the heart of the city while less expensive choices may opt for standard hotels on the outskirts. Are meals provided? Some tours only offer breakfast and select dinners while others are all-inclusive.”
Zuccarello says that a good tour company should provide more than just the tour. They should help with booking airfare and provide transfers from the airport to the hotel. “They should also advise you as to what is needed to get into the country you are visiting, like passports, visas and immunizations,” she says. But, she adds, it is ultimately up to the traveler to do his or her homework. “Learn about the culture of the area you plan to visit,” Zuccarello says. “There are dozens of travel books that explain local customs and offer key phrases that you should learn to enhance your visit. I think the image of the ‘ugly American’ tourist is fading, but there sometimes is an attitude of entitlement that can be irritating.” She cites, for example, Americans who are aghast when they don’t get ice in their sodas, “but that’s not the way soda is served in many countries,” she says. Another problem is that Americans tend to be bigger than average, she says, and most beds overseas are doubles – not queens or kings: “I know it sounds silly, but it’s one of the biggest complaints we hear. A good tour company can help arrange a more comfortable bed for your stay. Or check with TripAdvisor, which is a reliable source of information.” O
2016 Travel Hot Spots Ta ake A Tour Like many solo travelers, I rely on tours for most of my trips. I never mind paying a bit extra for the security and expertise of a professional leading the way. Kim Zuccarello, who has been a travel agent for 30 years and works for Protravel International in Boca Raton, encourages travelers to do their due diligence before selecting a tour. “Like anything else in life, you generally get what you pay for,” she says. “Choosing the right tour
Local experts share their picks for this year’s top destinations. “National parks celebrating 100 years, Australia/New Zealand and Alaska.” – Stacey Fugere, Boca Express Travel “European river cruises and Mekong River cruises, China and South Africa.” – Jay Shapiro, Five Star Travel “British Isles, the Baltic and Scandinavia.” – Lauren Jacob, Reid Travel
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SOME SAY GOOD MEN EN ARE HARD TO FIND, BUT THAT CERTAINLY ISN’T THE CASE IN SOUTH FLORIDA. FLORID OUR AREA IS BRIMMING WITH BUSINESSMEN AND PROFESSIONALS – INCLUDING INTERIOR DESIGN EXPERTS, REAL ESTATE AGENTS AND WINDOW AND DOOR SPECIALISTS – WHO ARE LEADERS IN THEIR RESPECTIVE FIELDS, OFFERING COUNTLESS YEARS OF EXPERIENCE AND FIRST-CLASS SERVICE. READ ON AND MEET SOME OF SOUTH FLORIDA’S MOST SUCCESSFUL, ENTERPRISING MEN AT WORK.
SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION
F E B R U A R Y 2 0 1 6 99
SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION
Safe And Secure
Danny Hazout And Richard Goodman Of Alpha Windows And Doors Are Experts In Keeping Your Family Protected
A
Danny Hazout and Richard Goodman
lpha Windows and Doors knows all
and door solutions for any size home, and
ance premiums,” Hazout says. “Impact-
the reputable, top-quality manu-
they take a personal approach to every re-
resistant windows are one of the few in-
model and new construction project.
vestments that will allow you to get all your
facturers in the industry and has evaluated every product before offering it to clients.
“We are extremely diverse with different
money back when you sell your home.”
“These products are approved by the
manufacturers and selection,” Goodman
Hazout has been a Boca Raton resident
Miami-Dade County and Florida Building
says. “That gives us a wide range of sizes,
for more than a decade, and Goodman
Codes and meet our high standards,” says
configurations, colors, finishes and pricing.”
has spent a lifetime in the South Florida
Richard Goodman, vice president.
“I HAVE SEEN HOUSES WHERE BURGLARS TOOK A SLEDGEHAMMER TO A BRICK WALL BECAUSE THEY COULDN’T BREAK THROUGH ONE OF OUR WINDOWS.”
Alpha offers the best high-security, impact-resistant and hurricane-resistant windows and doors for both residential and commercial properties, says Danny Hazout, president.
Most homeowners today want impact-
community. Both are sponsoring the CO
resistant windows and doors to protect
Awareness Run to alert the community of
“When we bought a new home in a
against intruders as well as hurricanes, says
the dangers of carbon monoxide (caitlin
Boca Raton gated community last year,
Hazout: “I have seen houses where bur-
foundation.org).
my wife wanted the most secure windows
glars took a sledgehammer to a brick wall
“Come visit us at our newly expanded,
and doors before anything else,” he says.
because they couldn’t break through one
state-of-the-art showroom where you can
“With three young daughters and a new-
of our windows.”
see, touch and feel a huge selection of
born son, security is very important to my
“You will reap other benefits, such as
windows and doors,” Hazout says. “Let us
family. My kids tell everyone we live in Fort
noise reduction; protecting your furnish-
give you a free quote specific to your fi-
Knox.”
ings, art and antiques from harmful UV rays;
nancial and architectural needs in a com-
and savings on utility bills and home insur-
fortable, no-pressure environment.”
Alpha provides customized window
Alpha Windows and Doors showroom is located at 590 S.W. Ninth Terrace, Suite 1, Pompano Beach. For more information, call 866-642-5742 or visit alphaimpactwindows.com.
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SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION
A New Home
Daniel Lubner Of Luxury Design And Furnishings Retailer Clive Daniel Home Opens $12 Million Boca Showroom
Daniel Lubner
aniel Lubner is excited about Clive
commercial clients in the renovation or re-
ee team at the two showrooms of Clive
Daniel Home’s new $12 million,
vitalization of a country club, community
Daniel Home, a family-owned and oper-
center, bank and public spaces.”
ated business.
70,000-square-foot showroom in the heart of Boca Raton. “We are bringing a fresh perspective to interior design with everything under one roof,” says Lubner, president and CEO. “Our showroom is a great complement to the current landscape and a ‘must-stop’ destination for anyone looking to buy home furnishings in South Florida.”
Lubner and his father, Clive, co-founded the company in Naples in 2011. “Ever since we opened our doors to our
“I lead the creative direction,” he adds, noting that Clive Daniel Home has won more than 125 awards from publications
“OUR SHOWROOM IS A GREAT COMPLEMENT TO THE CURRENT LANDSCAPE AND A ‘MUST-STOP’ DESTINATION FOR ANYONE LOOKING TO BUY HOME FURNISHINGS IN SOUTH FLORIDA.”
In addition to furnishings and accessories, the Clive Daniel Home showroom,
Naples store, we had clients driving over
and building organizations and has been
which opened in January, offers area rugs,
from the east coast, and we knew right
consistently named “Best Furniture Show-
cabinetry, custom window treatments,
away that our second location would be
room” in various competitions.
flooring, lighting, re-upholstery, home au-
in Boca,” he says. “While Boca has many
“At Clive Daniel Home, we have cre-
tomation, a gift boutique and an art shop.
great designers, we believe our showroom
ated a store that is exceptional in every
“Our team of 30 designers can provide
is a ‘must-see,’ especially with our con-
way,” he says. “From fabulous furniture to
guidance to homeowners, builders and
temporary, transitional, cottage and new
unique accessories to trend-setting style,
developers, and our Hospitality Division
tradition styles of furniture.”
there is no better place than Clive Daniel
has worked with scores of hoteliers and
Today, Lubner leads the 175-employ-
Home!”
Clive Daniel Home is located at 1351 N.W. Boca Raton Blvd., Boca Raton. For more information, call 561-440-4663 or visit clivedaniel.com.
FEBRUARY 2016
Scot Karp And Premier Estate Properties Connect Buyers And Sellers Scot Karp
I
t’s easy to see why Scot Karp is inter-
“Both sellers and buyers appreciate the
Board of Realtors® Professional Standards
nationally renowned as the go-to
ultrahigh level of service we provide,” says
Committee-Ethics and Arbitration. He is a
expert in Boca Raton’s ultraluxury condo-
Karp. “We are highly skilled at successfully
Gitomer Certified Advisor, trained to teach
minium market. With decades of experi-
marketing the most beautiful residences,
sales, marketing and customer service cours-
ence and a wealth of knowledge, he is
as well as identifying the most excellent
es. He also is certified by the Body Language
often recognized for his expertise. Ranked
opportunities for our buyers.”
Institute of Washington, D.C., as an instructor
by The Wall Street Journal as one of the top 250 real estate agents in the nation, Karp has sold more than $1 billion in high-end properties during his 36-year career. “There are only a handful of agents in
“WE ARE HIGHLY SKILLED AT SUCCESSFULLY MARKETING THE MOST BEAUTIFUL RESIDENCES, AS WELL AS IDENTIFYING THE MOST EXCELLENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR OUR BUYERS.”
the world who do what I do,” says Karp, director of the Ultraluxury Condominium Division for Premier Estate Properties.
Karp earned a degree in architecture and urban planning, enhancing his abil-
in body language and lie detection. Today, Karp takes pride in serving his
Considered the foremost expert with an
ity to explain the nuances of floor plans,
growing base of affluent clients.
unsurpassed understanding of the Gold
interior designs and building construction
“I greatly enjoy working with different
Coast’s finest condominium buildings, as
to local buyers, especially those who are
people, personalities and, of course, the
well as current trends in the ultraluxury mar-
new to the Florida lifestyle.
magnificent and beautiful properties I see
ket, Karp leads a five-person professional
Karp, who frequently speaks at confer-
every day. I am truly the luckiest guy in the
group that serves affluent U.S. and interna-
ences and coaches other agents locally
world – when you love what you do, it’s
tional clients with integrity and discretion.
and internationally, also serves on the area
not work.”
Premier Estate Properties is located at 800 E. Palmetto Park Road, Boca Raton. For more information, call 561-441-7902 or visit premierestateproperties.com.
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SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION
Design Is In His DNA Sklar Furnishings’ Rick Howard Helps Stimulate Clients’ Imagination Rick Howard
R
ick Howard has spent most of his
create any look and feel they desire.
the board, and has donated merchandise
life in the furniture business. From
“We can help to make your home as
manufacturing to design, he has always
unique as you are, and we can help you
He also believes in giving back to the
prided himself on bringing innovative and
to create a space that suits your lifestyle,”
environment. Howard is a founding mem-
groundbreaking design to clients.
he says.
ber of the Sustainable Furnishings Council
Nearly 15 years ago, Howard “failed at retirement,” he says. So, after exploring the marketplace, he found a niche that needed to be filled and opened
From inception to completion, Sklar
to its ReStores.
and partners in creating forests through
“WE DON’T BUY INVENTORY TO SELL, WE BUY IT TO STIMULATE OUR CLIENTS’ IMAGINATION.”
Sklar Furnishings in Boca Raton, which he describes as a hybrid retail model. “We don’t buy inventory to sell; we buy
Furnishings also has its own service and
the Forest Initiative by donating a tree to
delivery teams.
one of Florida’s four natural forests each
it to stimulate our clients’ imagination,”
“We embrace the relationship with our
time someone purchases a wood prod-
says Howard. “We are a concierge service
customers not only at point of sale but also
uct. Sklar Furnishings also was one of the
in the furniture and design business.”
at delivery and follow-up,” he says.
first in the industry to implement LED light-
Howard travels the world to find unique
Howard not only gives his all to clients,
designs of the highest quality to fill his
but he also believes in giving back to the
ing, which has resulted in an 80 percent
23,000-square-foot Boca Raton show-
community. Sklar Furnishings has spon-
“We have been truly blessed, and we
room. Although the furnishings are decid-
sored the construction of two homes for
are proud to be able to support many
edly modern and feature clean lines, his
Habitat for Humanity of South Palm Beach
different organizations and charities here
15-member design team can help clients
County, where he serves as chairman of
in Palm Beach County,” Howard says.
drop in electricity usage.
Sklar Furnishings is located at 6300 N. Federal Highway, Boca Raton. For more information, call 561-862-0800 or visit sklarfurnishings.com.
FEBRUARY 2016
103
Wine Spectator Award Of Excellence 2003-2015 Best Italian Readers’ Choice Award 2009, 2012, 2013 Best Wine List Boca Raton Magazine 2008, 2012 Best Brunch Boca Raton Magazine 2006, 2012 Best Oceanfront Dining Readers’ Choice Award 2005, 2010 Restaurant of the Year Delray Beach 2014, 2015 Trip Advisor Award Of Excellence 2015
Now Serving Our Brunch & Dinner Menus 7 Days | Live Entertainment | Valet Parking
34 South Ocean Boulevard Delray Beach 561-274-9404 caffelunarosa.com /caffelunarosa
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inside Savory Garlic Dishes, Exotic Asian Cuisine, Creative Grilled Cheese and more...
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THE DISH ON FOOD, WINE & RESTAURANTS
GOLDEN DELICIOUS
Accomplice Brewery & Ciderworks Brings Fresh Flavor To South Florida’s Beverage Scene
M
att Stetson seemed destined to open his own brewery. He comes from a long line of home brewers (dating all the way back to Prussia) and started making beer with his dad as a teen. After becoming a sommelier and working in the wine distribution business, he teamed up with his graphic designer girlfriend, Felonice Merriman, to launch Accomplice Brewery & Ciderworks last year in West Palm Beach. Accomplice currently offers an ever-changing variety of ciders, typically six to eight on any given day. Order a flight to sample them all. When we visited, we tried the classic Golden, Bone Dry Coffee (infused with local Subculture coffee), Wild Fermented Sour and Strawberry. Stetson deliberately keeps his
Felonice Merriman and Matt Stetson
ciders from veering into saccharine territory, and his creativity shines in limited-edition small batches like S’Mores, Bone Dry Pumpkin and Dry Hopped. The no-frills tasting room opened recently, and tours of the adjacent cider facility are available (the facility isn’t grand, but Stetson is a veritable font of knowledge on all things brewrelated). Plus, Accomplice guests can enjoy games, food trucks, outdoor seating and special art nights. For Merriman and Stetson, who live in Royal Palm Beach, it’s all
We are trying to distinguish ourselves from everyone else. – Matt Stetson, co-owner, Accomplice Brewery & Ciderworks
about producing beverages that are a little outside the norm. In addition to cider, the duo plans to create beer, sake, mead, wine and soda, as well as gluten-free beer, which is tailored for Merriman, who has celiac disease. (Their ciders are also naturally gluten-free.) “I do weird things that they don’t normally do in beer-making,” notes Stetson on their website. “We are trying to distinguish ourselves from everyone else.” They’ve teamed up with Brown Distributing, which has placed Accomplice ciders in local restaurants like Biergarten in Boca
Raton, Tryst in Delray Beach and The Brass Tap in Boynton Beach. Collaborations are key for Stetson and Merriman, according to their website: “In twenty years you make many connections. It’s your choice what you do with them. Matt has chosen to make many of them his ‘partners in crime.’ After all, beer is always better with friends.” And they’re always looking for more accomplices. O Accomplice Brewery & Ciderworks is located at 1023 N. Florida Mango Road, West Palm Beach. Call 561-568-7242 or visit accomplicebrewery.com.
FEBRUARY 2016
GARLIC EXPLORE THE POSSIBILITIES OF THIS VERSATILE BULB
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A
lthough garlic is neither an herb nor a spice, it has been used to enhance food as far back as when the pyramids of Giza were built. This unassuming bulb packs a powerful punch and is an essential component of recipes around the world. Chefs and home cooks use it to enhance other ingredients or as the signature element of a dish. Its taste varies in depth and aroma depending on the way it is cooked – it can be used raw for an intense level of heat or baked for a milder taste. The following recipes, from “Garlic” by Jenny Linford, include delicious ideas for entrées, side dishes and breads that explore this bulb’s endless possibilities.
CHICKEN WITH 40 CLOVES OF GARLIC This is truly a dish for garlic lovers. Pot-roasting the bird makes for tender, flavorful chicken, aromatic with tarragon. Serve the cooked whole garlic cloves with the chicken so diners can squeeze the softened garlic out of the skins as a rich and tasty accompaniment. (Serves 6) INGREDIENTS 4 lb. free-range chicken Salt and freshly ground black pepper 1½ tbsp. butter 1 tbsp. olive oil 40 garlic cloves, separated but unpeeled ¹⁄³ cup vermouth or dry white wine Freshly squeezed juice of ½ lemon 1 cup good-quality chicken stock 1 handful fresh tarragon sprigs TOOLS Lidded flameproof casserole dish, large enough to hold the chicken INSTRUCTIONS
Preheat the oven to 350° F. Season the chicken with salt and pepper. Heat the butter and olive oil in a large skillet. Add the chicken, and brown on all sides. Save the pan juices. Meanwhile, heat the casserole dish on the stovetop. Transfer
the browned chicken to the casserole dish. Tuck some of the garlic cloves into the cavity, sprinkle the rest around the chicken and pour the vermouth or wine on top. Allow to sizzle briefly, then pour in the buttery juices from the skillet, the lemon juice and the stock. Add the tarragon, placing a few sprigs inside the cavity. Bring to a boil on the stovetop, cover with the lid and transfer the casserole to the preheated oven. Bake, covered, for 1 hour 20 minutes to 1 hour 30 minutes until the chicken is cooked through and the juices run clear. Transfer the chicken to a serving dish. Use a slotted spoon to transfer the garlic cloves to the dish. Pour the juices into a serving pitcher to use as a gravy, skimming off any excess fat. Serve the chicken with the garlic cloves and gravy.
ROASTED GARLIC ROSEMARY FOCACCIA Freshly made focaccia is always a treat, with roasted garlic adding a wonderful savory element and rosemary an appealing aromatic note. Serve on its own or with Italian charcuterie, such as prosciutto or mortadella, for a light meal. (Makes 1 loaf; serves 6) INGREDIENTS 3½ cups strong white bread flour, plus extra for dusting 1 tsp. fast-action dried yeast 1 tsp. salt 1 tsp. sugar 1¼ cups hot water 5 tbsp. extra virgin olive oil 6 roasted garlic cloves, peeled and chopped 3 tbsp. rosemary leaves, finely chopped 1 pinch sea salt flakes TOOLS Large mixing bowl, oiled Baking sheet, greased INSTRUCTIONS
Mix together the flour, yeast, salt and sugar. Gradually add in the water and 2 tbsp. of the oil, bringing the mixture together to form a sticky dough. Turn out onto a lightly floured surface, and knead until smooth and elastic. Then work in the roasted garlic and 2 tbsp. of the rosemary. Transfer to the pre-
pared mixing bowl, cover with a clean, damp kitchen cloth and set aside in a warm place to rise for 1 hour. Break down the risen dough, and shape into a large oval on the prepared baking sheet. Using your fingertips, press into the dough to make numerous small indentations. Spoon 2 tbsp. of the oil over the dough, so that it fills the indents, and sprinkle the remaining rosemary on top. Set aside to rest for 30 minutes. Preheat the oven to 400° F. Bake the focaccia in the preheated oven until golden brown. Spoon the remaining oil on top, and sprinkle with the sea salt flakes. Serve warm from the oven or at room temperature.
“Garlic” is written by Jenny Linford with photography by Clare Winfield. It’s published by Ryland Peters & Small – CICO Books – and retails for $21.95. Find it at rylandpeters.com or wherever books are sold.
FEBRUARY 2016
107
SPAGHETTI ALLE VONGOLE One for shellfish lovers, this simple yet classic pasta dish offers a taste of the sea, Italian style. Fresh clams have a lovely sweetness and texture, flavored here simply but effectively with olive oil, garlic, white wine and parsley. (Serves 4) INGREDIENTS 2 lb. 3 oz. fresh clams Salt and freshly ground black pepper 14 oz. spaghetti
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6 tbsp. olive oil 3 garlic cloves, finely sliced, lengthwise 6 tbsp. fresh parsley, finely chopped ¹⁄³ cup dry white wine INSTRUCTIONS
Prepare the clams by rinsing them under running water and sorting through, discarding any that are open. Keep in the fridge until ready to cook. Bring a large pan of salted water to a boil. Add the spaghetti, and cook until al dente; drain. Meanwhile, heat the olive oil in a large saucepan.
Add the garlic, and fry gently until just golden, stirring often. Take care not to burn the garlic. Add the clams, 2 tbsp. of the chopped parsley and the white wine. Cover, and cook for a few minutes until the clams have opened. Discard any that remain closed. Season with pepper. Toss together the cooked spaghetti, clams and remaining parsley, adding just enough of the clam cooking liquid to moisten the spaghetti. Serve at once.
Celebrating 18 Years of Excellence CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
American Cuisine
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RESERVATION RECOMMENDED: 561.995.5044
Hours of operation: Sunday through Thursday: 5.00 pm - 9.30 pm Friday - Saturday: 5.00 pm - 10.00 pm
ROASTED GARLIC TARTIFLETTE This classic French dish is a fine example of comfort food, with roasted garlic adding a mellow richness to the indulgent layers of creamy sliced potatoes and melted cheese. Serve with a crisp green salad. Delice du Jura is a French cheese that imparts a distinctive flavor and texture. (Serves 4) INGREDIENTS 1 tbsp. vegetable oil 1 onion, halved and finely sliced 3½ oz. pancetta or bacon, cubed 1¼ cups crème fraîche or sour cream 1¼ cups whole milk 3 sprigs fresh thyme, leaves picked 3 roasted garlic cloves, peeled and crushed to a paste Salt and freshly ground black pepper 13⁄4 lbs. waxy potatoes, such as Charlottes, very finely sliced ½ small wheel Delice du Jura cheese, thinly sliced with rind left on TOOLS 50-oz. ovenproof dish, greased INSTRUCTIONS
Preheat the oven to 400° F. Heat the oil in a skillet. Add the onion, and fry, stirring often, until lightly browned and softened. Add the pancetta or bacon, and fry, stirring, for 2-3 minutes. In a large saucepan, mix together the crème fraîche or sour cream, milk, thyme leaves and roasted garlic paste. Season with salt and pepper. Bring to a boil, and add the potato slices. Reduce the heat, and simmer, covered, for 8 minutes. Mix in the fried pancetta (or bacon) and onion. In greased ovenproof dish, layer in a third of the crème fraîche (or sour cream) and potato mixture. Top with a layer of cheese slices. Repeat the process, finishing with a layer of cheese. Bake for 1 hour in the preheated oven until the potato slices are tender and the dish is golden brown. Serve warm from the oven. O
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Get Saucy with Vic & Angelo’s. Fragrant basil, imported Napoli tomatoes, and freshly grated Parmesan cheese. Give your palate a passport to flavor and enjoy rustic, Italian cuisine. Coal oven-baked, thin-crust pizzas, house-made pastas, and other traditional dishes. Buon appetito! Lunch l Dinner l Weekend Brunch l Happy Hour Patio seating available. 290 E. Atlantic Avenue, Delray Beach l 561-278-9570 4520 PGA Boulevard, Palm Beach Gardens l 561-630-9899 vicandangelos.com
Clock in anytime at The Office. On the Agenda: American gourmet comfort food, microbrews, handcrafted cocktails, and a portfolio of select wines. Take your palate to the next level with a menu of hearty sandwiches, salads, and entrees. Lunch l Dinner l Weekend Brunch l Happy Hour Patio seating available. 201 E. Atlantic Avenue, Delray Beach l 561-276-3600 theofficedelray.com
Work hard, play hard, eat deliciously.
taste review
EAST FEAST: (Clockwise from left) Dragon Lounge; Peking Duck; Chirashi Bowl; Michael Pirolo and Jen Chaefsky; (Below) Pork Dumplings
ASIAN SENSATION
Bazi In Miami Beach Offers Complex Flavors In A Seductive Setting BY JULIE KAY
N
amed after the pillars of destiny in Chinese astrology, Bazi, which recently opened at the historic Marlin Hotel on Miami Beach, is unlike any Asian restaurant you’ve ever experienced. Under the helm of Chef Michael Pirolo and his partner, Jen Chaefsky, it’s hard to say what’s more unique and pleasing about this restaurant: the ambience or the food. Usually, one or the other has the edge, but, in this case, both are perfection. Let’s start with the lush decor. The dramatic dining room, with a
small party room found up a winding staircase, features red tufted banquettes, flickering candles and a massive gold dragon wall hanging imported from China. It has the feeling of 1930s Hong Kong, except for the music in the background, which is decidedly modern, a mix of easy listening and Caribbean tunes. A decent variety of wines is offered, with a particular emphasis on Chardonnays. But the cocktails are the real stars at Bazi. Created by beverage director William Rivas (known for his work at Sra. Martinez in the Design District), the menu includes Coke and a Smile (Beefeater gin, crème de noyaux, lemon, cocoa
where Bazi is located at The Marlin Hotel, 1200 Collins Ave., Miami Beach. For more information, call 305-695-0101 or visit bazimiami.com. 112
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and cola foam), Text an Uber (Navy Strength Plymouth Gin, green chartreuse, maraschino and lime, served frozen) and more. The latter, served
The seafood dishes all came practically still alive (in a good way), thanks to the restaurant’s fishing boat that delivers fresh catches daily. We enjoyed the Cantonese-Style Florida Shrimp, with ginger, chives and Shaoxing wine; the Whole Crispy Silver Bream, with pickled green papaya in lettuce wraps; and the Famous Clams, engineered at Florida International University as part of a research project to design the perfect clam. The 22-ounce Grass-Fed Ribeye in miso butter with grapefruit
Under the helm of Chef Michael Pirolo and his partner, Jen Chaefsky, it’s hard to say what’s more unique and pleasing about this restaurant: the ambience or the food. Usually, one or the other has the edge, but, in this case, both are perfection. in a martini glass with a straw, was a cross between a tart piña colada and a margarita, refreshing and ideal for lightweight drinkers. After drinks, it was time to dine, and all eight dishes we sampled were excellent, particularly a side of Enoki Mushrooms, prepared with a white soy and scallion sauce and formed into spaghetti-like ribbons. We thought it was a heavenly pasta dish.
salt was well-seasoned, tender enough to cut without a knife and served at the perfect temperature. It may be a cliché, but you will definitely want to save room for dessert. Our pick is the Molten Chocolate Bowl, served with fresh passion fruit and Thai basil anglaise. It’s just a little bit of sweetness that promises to end your dinner with a flourish and won’t overfill you. O
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B I T E S/ MELT IN YOUR MOUTH New York Grilled Cheese Co. To Open In Boca Raton
taste listings AMERICAN/STEAKHOUSES
13 AMERICAN TABLE451 E.
Center at Boca Raton ❘ 6000 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.368.1077 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
Palmetto Park Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ ❘ Dinner nightly.
561.409.2061
ABE & LOUIE’SGlades Plaza
N
ew York Grilled Cheese Co. has made a name for itself in South Florida by taking grilled cheese out of the frying pan and into the waffle press – and it’s opening soon in Boca Raton. It began as a small frozen yogurt shop in Wilton Manors that added grilled cheese to the menu, which quickly gained a cult following and prompted the father-son team to transition into a full grilled cheese restaurant. Now, the demand for melt-in-your-mouth sandwiches has prompted the opening of a second location near Mizner Park. Pressed melts include SoHo Sweet Cheeses, Blue Buffalo, Meat Packing District and Broadway Classic. Add a side of Bacon Lollipops, Disco Fries or Hot Pork Sundae (yes, you read that right), and you’re in for a new kind of comfort food experience. Those with a sweet tooth can indulge in the signature dessert, Hell’s Kitchen Bread Pudding, made with their famous soft bread and house-made custard, topped with white chocolate morsels and drizzled with marshmallow and berry sauces. At the new location, New York Grilled Cheese Co. will feature one-of-a-kind breakfast grilled cheese sandwiches, such as the Queens Chicken & Waffle Melt, as well as salads, vegan options and dessert grilled cheese items.
New York Grilled Cheese Co. is located at 493 N. Federal Highway, Boca Raton. Visit newyorkgrilledcheese.com. – Anastasia Lugvina
❘ 2200 W. Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.447.0024 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday.
Dinner nightly. Brunch Sunday.
CUT 432432 E. Atlantic
THE ALCHEMIST100 Clematis
Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.272.9898 ❘ Dinner nightly.
St. ❘ West Palm Beach ❘ 561.355.0691 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. Brunch Sunday. ANGLEEau Palm Beach Resort
& Spa ❘ 100 S. Ocean Blvd. ❘ Manalapan ❘ 561.540.4850 ❘ Dinner Thursday-Saturday. THE ATLANTIC GRILLEThe Seagate Hotel & Spa ❘ 1000 E. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.665.4900 ❘ Dinner nightly. Brunch Saturday and Sunday. (Lunch Monday-Friday November-May.) BAZILLENordstrom, Town
Center at Boca Raton ❘ 5820 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.620.3286 ❘ Breakfast, lunch and dinner daily. BISTRO 241241 N.E. Second
Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.330.4080 ❘ Lunch and brunch Saturday and Sunday. Dinner nightly. BOGART’S BAR & GRILLE
Cinemark Palace 20 ❘ 3200 Airport Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.544.3044 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. BONEFISH GRILLShoppes at Boca Grove ❘ 21065 Powerline Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.483.4949 ❘ Lunch Saturday and Sunday. Dinner nightly. BREWZZIGlades Plaza ❘
2222 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ ❘ Breakfast, lunch and dinner daily. 561.392.2739
BURT & MAX’SDelray
Marketplace ❘ 9089 W. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.638.6380 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly. Brunch Saturday and Sunday. BUTCHER BLOCK GRILLFountains
Center ❘ 7000 W. Camino Real ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.409.3035 ❘ Lunch Saturday and Sunday. Dinner nightly. 114
T H E B O C A R AT O N O B S E R V E R
CHOPS LOBSTER BARRoyal Palm Place ❘ 101 Plaza Real S. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.395.2675 ❘ Dinner nightly.
DADA52 N. Swinton Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.330.3232 ❘ Dinner nightly. FIFTH AVENUE GRILL821
S. Federal Highway ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.265.0122 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. Brunch Saturday and Sunday. GARY RACK’S FAT ROOSTER
204 E. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.266.3642 ❘ Breakfast MondayFriday. Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly. Brunch Saturday and Sunday. GRAND LUX CAFETown Center at Boca Raton ❘ 6000 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.392.2141 ❘ Breakfast Saturday and Sunday. Lunch and dinner daily. THE GRILLE ON CONGRESS
5101 Congress Ave. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.912.9800 ❘ Lunch MondayFriday. Dinner Monday-Saturday. HENRY’SThe Shoppes at Addison
Place ❘ 16850 Jog Road ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.638.1949 ❘ Lunch Monday-Saturday. Dinner nightly. HOUSTON’S1900 N.W. Executive Center Circle ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.998.0550 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. HUDSON AT WATERWAY EAST
900 E. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.303.1343 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
J. ALEXANDER’SUniversity Commons ❘ 1400 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.347.9875 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. KE`E GRILL17940 N. Military Trail ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.995.5044 ❘ Dinner nightly. MADISONS NEW YORK GRILL & BAR2006 N.W. Executive Center
Circle ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.994.0808 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
Our New Seafood Menu Is Off The Hook. Discover Delray’s premier seafood restaurant, where bold flavors and fresh ingredients are only part of the lure. Our live entertainment and colossal aquariums will delight your senses, and our ocean-themed cocktails and newly expanded seafood menu will catch you by surprise!
OPENFOR FOR DINNER DINNER DAILY DAILY | HAPPY OPEN HAPPY HOUR HOUR4:00 4:00– –7:00 7:00P.M. P.M. LIVE ENTERTAINMENT ENTERTAINMENT TUESDAY LIVE TUESDAY––SUNDAY SUNDAY
For reservations, visit TheAtlanticGrille.com or call 561-293-3218. Gift cards are available at TheAtlanticGrille.com/GiftCards Located at The Seagate Hotel | 1000 East Atlantic Avenue, Delray Beach
taste listings MARIPOSANeiman Marcus,
Town Center at Boca Raton ❘ 5860 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.544.2320 ❘ Lunch daily. MAX’S GRILLEMizner Park ❘ 404 Plaza Real ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.368.0080 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. Brunch Saturday and Sunday. MORTON’S, THE STEAKHOUSE
The Shops at Boca Center ❘ 5050 Town Center Circle ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.392.7724 ❘ Dinner nightly. NEW YORK PRIME2350 N.W.
Executive Center Drive ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.998.3881 ❘ Dinner nightly. NYY STEAKSeminole Casino ❘
PIÑON GRILLThe Terrace at Town Center ❘ 6000 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.391.7770 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. Brunch Saturday and Sunday.
TEMPLE ORANGEEau Palm
Beach Resort & Spa ❘ 100 S. Ocean Blvd. ❘ Manalapan ❘ 561.540.4924 ❘ Breakfast, lunch and dinner daily.
RACKS DOWNTOWN EATERY & TAVERN Mizner Park ❘ 402 Plaza
TWENTYTWENTY GRILLERoyal
420 E. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.278.5050 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly.Royal Palm Place ❘ 101 Plaza Real S. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.544.8181 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly.
Real ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.395.1662 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. Brunch Saturday and Sunday.
TWO GEORGES AT THE COVE MARINA1754 S.E. Third Court ❘
MAI HIBACHI4801 Linton Blvd. ❘
Park Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.353.5888 ❘ Dinner nightly.
Deerfield Beach ❘ 954.421.9272 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
Delray Beach ❘ 561.499.2766 ❘ Lunch Monday-Saturday. Dinner nightly.
RUTH’S CHRIS STEAK HOUSE
ASIAN/SUSHI
NINJA SPINNING SUSHI BAR
Mizner Park ❘ 225 N.E. Mizner Blvd. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.392.6746 ❘ Dinner nightly. SALT SEVEN32 S.E. Second
OCEANS 234234 N. Ocean Blvd.
Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.274.7258 ❘ Dinner nightly.
THE OFFICE201 E. Atlantic
Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.276.3600 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. PARK TAVERN32 S.E. Second
Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.265.5093 ❘ Dinner nightly. Brunch Saturday and Sunday. THE PAVILION GRILLE301
Yamato Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.912.0000 ❘ Lunch Tuesday-Friday. Dinner Tuesday-Sunday.
SEASONS 522300 N.W. Executive Center Drive ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.998.9952 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. SIX TABLES112 N.E. Second St. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.347.6260 ❘ Dinner Tuesday-Saturday by reservation. SUNDY HOUSE106 S. Swinton Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.272.5678 ❘ Lunch TuesdaySaturday. Dinner TuesdaySunday. Brunch Sunday.
Steak Sandwich at The Office
BUDDHA SKY BAR217 E.
Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ ❘ Dinner nightly.
561.450.7557
861 Yamato Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.981.8986 ❘ Lunch MondayFriday. Dinner nightly. CAY DA VIETNAMESE7400
P.F. CHANG’S CHINA BISTRO
University Commons ❘ 1400 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.393.3722 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. RISE MODERN ASIAN CUISINE AND SUSHI6060 S.W. 18th St. ❘
#108 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.392.8808 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly.
FAH ASIAN BISTROBoca Valley
8841 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘
SAITO’S JAPANESE STEAKHOUSE
Plaza ❘ 7461 N. Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.241.0400 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly.
561.218.8788 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
HOUSE OF SIAM25 N.E.
Boca Raton ❘ 561.923.9378 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
Second Ave. ❘ #116 ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.330.9191 ❘ Lunch MondayFriday. Dinner nightly. JAPANGORegency Court ❘ 3011 Yamato Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.999.1263 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly. Riverstone Shoppes of Parkland ❘ 7367 N. State Road 7 ❘ Parkland ❘ 954.345.4268 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly.Delray Marketplace ❘ 14811 Lyons Road ❘ #106 ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.638.9996 ❘ Lunch Tuesday-Friday. Dinner nightly.
SANTO’S MODERN BUFFET & SUSHI3400 N. Federal Highway ❘
THE SEA SOUTH EAST ASIAN KITCHEN16950 Jog Road ❘ #1015 ❘
Delray Beach ❘ 561.270.3569 ❘ Lunch Monday-Saturday. Dinner nightly. SHINJU BUFFET7875 Glades
Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.488.4040 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. STIR CRAZY FRESH ASIAN GRILL
Town Center at Boca Raton ❘ 6000 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.338.7500 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
KAO TONG217 E. Palmetto
SUSHIGO477 N. Federal
Park Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.392.2999 ❘ Lunch and dinner Tuesday-Sunday.
Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.347.7888 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
Park ❘ 431 Plaza Real ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.347.7322 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
LA TRE249 E. Palmetto Park
Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.392.4568 ❘ Dinner nightly.
T H E B O C A R AT O N O B S E R V E R
41 E. Palmetto Park Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.361.8688 ❘ Lunch MondaySaturday. Dinner nightly.
N. Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.998.0278 ❘ Lunch TuesdayFriday. Dinner Tuesday-Sunday.
KAPOW! NOODLE BARMizner
MAGIC RICE1668 N. Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.395.7534 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
REBEL HOUSE297 E. Palmetto
5550 N.W. 40th St. ❘ Coconut Creek ❘ 954.977.6700 ❘ Dinner nightly. ❘ Deerfield Beach ❘ 954.428.2539 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. Brunch Sunday.
Palm Place ❘ 141 Via Naranjas ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.990.7969 ❘ Dinner Tuesday-Sunday.
SUSHI RAYThe Shops at Boca Center ❘ 5250 Town Center Circle ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.394.9506 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly. SUSHI THAI100 N.E. Second St. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.750.4448 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly.
taste listings MISSISSIPPI SWEETS BBQ CO.
9858 Clint Moore Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.883.6088 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
2399 N. Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.394.6779 ❘ Lunch Monday-Saturday. Dinner nightly.
UNCLE TAI’SThe Shops at Boca
PA BBQ GRILL1198 N. Dixie
Center ❘ 5250 Town Center Circle ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.368.8806 ❘ Lunch Monday-Saturday. Dinner nightly.
Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.416.7427 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
YAKITORI SAKE HOUSERoyal
Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.488.9688 ❘ Lunch TuesdaySaturday. Dinner nightly.
Palm Place ❘ 271 S.E. Mizner Blvd. ❘ #41 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.544.0087 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. YAMA JAPANESE RESTAURANT
200 N.E. Second Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.266.9929 ❘ Lunch Monday-Thursday. Dinner daily. YOKOHAMA9168 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.451.1707 60 N. Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.392.9328 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
BARBECUE LUCILLE’S BAD TO THE BONE BBQRegency Court ❘
3011 Yamato Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. 561.997.9557
SWEET DEWEY’S BBQ9181
BURGERS BURGERFI6 S. Ocean Blvd. ❘
Delray Beach ❘ 561.278.9590 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.2009 N.E. Second St. ❘ Deerfield Beach ❘ 954.531.6168 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. HABIT BURGERDelray Place ❘ 1831 S. Federal Highway ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.265.0934 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
SHULA BURGERDelray Marketplace ❘ 14917 Lyons Road ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.404.1347 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
Boca Raton ❘ 561.620.0033 ❘ Dinner nightly.
ZINBURGER WINE & BURGER BARTown Center at Boca Raton
OLIO BISTRO42 S.E. Second Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.278.6633 ❘ Dinner Tuesday-Saturday.
❘ 6000 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.393.3252 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
ST. TROPEZ7860 Glades
CONTINENTAL
Road ❘ Suite 130 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ ❘ Lunch MondayFriday. Dinner nightly. 561.368.4119
THE BOCA BEACH HOUSE887 TEA-LICIOUS TEAROOM & GIFTS E. Palmetto Park Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.826.8850 ❘ Breakfast and lunch daily. 4997-B W. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.638.5155 ❘ Breakfast and BOHEME BISTRO1118 E. lunch Monday-Saturday. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.278.4899 ❘ Breakfast, lunch FARM-TO-TABLE/ORGANIC and dinner daily. APROPO KAFE147 S.E. DORSIA RESTAURANT5837 First Ave. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.393.1223 ❘ Lunch and N. Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.961.4156 ❘ Dinner nightly. dinner Monday-Saturday. JOSEF’S TABLEPolo Shops ❘
FARMER’S TABLE1901
5030 Champion Blvd. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.353.2700 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly.
561.417.5836 ❘ Breakfast, lunch
Cendyn Spaces ❘ 980 N. Federal Highway ❘ Suite 115 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.419.2600 ❘ Breakfast MondayFriday. Lunch and dinner daily.
LA CIGALE253 S.E. Fifth Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.265.0600 ❘ Dinner nightly.
NEW WAVE
GARY RACK’S FARMHOUSE KITCHENRoyal Palm
Second Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ ❘ Lunch Friday. Dinner nightly. Brunch Saturday and Sunday. 561.381.9970
FONDUE
D
T H E B O C A R AT O N O B S E R V E R
and dinner daily. Brunch Saturday and Sunday.
MAX’S HARVEST169 N.E.
Oceans 234 In Deerfield Beach Debuts Fresh Changes eerfield Beach waterfront favorite Oceans 234 just unveiled a hot new makeover, with an even better ocean view, a revamped interior and re-imagined menus. This winter, Oceans 234 reopened after three months of large-scale renovations. No longer blocked by any walls, the picturesque ocean, beach and pier now can be viewed in all their glory via state-of-the-art floor-toceiling windows. The new contemporary-chic décor follows this prevailing theme of inviting the outdoors in, featuring a natural color palette of warm browns and greens, with pops of vibrant turquoise and tangerine. The menus, offering an array of Florida-inspired dishes and cocktails, were re-created by Chef Victor Franco. Seafood dishes include a selection of local fish, such as Pistachio Mahi-Mahi, with vanilla-rum butter sauce; sushi; cold-water oysters; and raw or steamed clams.
N. Military Trail ❘ Boca Raton ❘
Place ❘ 399 S.E. Mizner Blvd. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.826.2625 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly. Brunch Saturday and Sunday.
B I T E S/
118
LE RIVAGE450 N.E. 20th St. ❘
THE LITTLE CHALET485 S.
Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ ❘ Dinner nightly.
561.325.8000
THE MELTING POT5455 N.
Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ ❘ Dinner nightly.
561.997.7472
FRENCH From the bar comes the tempting Moët Ice Mojito, with Champagne, fresh mint and lime, served over ice. Cheers to that!
Oceans 234 is located at 234 N. Ocean Blvd., Deerfield Beach. Call 954-428-2539 or visit oceans234.com.
BISTRO PROVENCE2399
N. Federal Highway ❘ #4 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.368.2340 ❘ Dinner nightly. CARPE DIEM110 E. Atlantic
Ave. ❘ #120 ❘ Delray Beach ❘ ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. Brunch Sunday. 561.455.2140
– Amanda van Wyk
Bakery of France Authentic French Bakery In Boca Raton
BRE ADS
CROISSAN TS
PA S TRI ES
Breakfast ❙ Brunch ❙ Lunch ❙ Gourmet Coffees TWO LOCATIONS TO SERVE YOU VILLAGE POINT PLAZA • 6030 S.W. 18TH STREET, STE. A5
561.430.5616 625 N.E. SPANISH RIVER BOULEVARD • 561.361.4490
WWW.BAKERY-OF-FRANCE.COM
taste listings CASIMIR BISTRORoyal Palm
Place ❘ 416 Via De Palmas ❘ #81 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.955.6001 ❘ Lunch and dinner Monday-Saturday. CHEZ MARIE FRENCH BISTRO
Polo Club Shoppes ❘ 5030
Champion Blvd. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.997.0027 ❘ Lunch Tuesday-Friday. Dinner Tuesday-Sunday. KATHY’S GAZEBO CAFÉ
Spanish River Center ❘ 4199 N. Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.395.6033 ❘ Lunch MondayFriday. Dinner Monday-Saturday. LA FERME9101 Lakeridge
Blvd. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.654.6600 ❘ Dinner nightly. Brunch Sunday. LA NOUVELLE MAISON5 Palms
Building ❘ 455 E. Palmetto Park Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.338.3003 ❘ Dinner nightly.
GERMAN BIERGARTENRoyal Palm Place ❘ 309 Via De Palmas ❘ #90 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.395.7462 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
GREEK ESTIA TAVERNA & BARRoyal Palm Place ❘ 507 S.E. Mizner Blvd. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.417.5800 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. IT’S ALL GREEK9704 Clint Moore
Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.883.6337 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. JIMMY THE GREEK8221 Glades
Road ❘ #1 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.325.7122 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. RAFINA GREEK TAVERNAThe Boardwalk at 18th St. ❘ 6877 S.W. 18th St. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.409.3673 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. TAVERNA KYMA6298 N. Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.994.2828 ❘ Lunch MondayFriday. Dinner nightly. TAVERNA OPA270 E. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.303.3602 ❘ Dinner nightly.
INDIAN SAPPHIRE INDIAN CUISINERoyal
Palm Place ❘ 500 Via de Palmas ❘ Suite 79 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.362.2299 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. 120
ITALIAN ANTHONY’S COAL FIRED PIZZAShops at Boca Grove ❘
IL BACIO29 S.E. Second Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.865.7785 ❘ Dinner nightly.
21065 Powerline Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.218.6600 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.115 N.E. Sixth Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.278.7911 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
IL GIRASOLE RESTAURANT1911 S. Federal Highway ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.272.3566 ❘ Dinner nightly.
ARTURO’S6750 N. Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.997.7373 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly.
Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.988.0668 ❘ Dinner TuesdaySunday.
BRIO TUSCAN GRILLEThe Shops at Boca Center ❘ 5050 Town Center Circle ❘ #239 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.392.3777 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. CAFE MED BY BICE2096
N.E. Second Ave. ❘ Deerfield Beach ❘ 954.596.5840 ❘ Breakfast and dinner daily.
JOSEPHINE’S ITALIAN RESTAURANT5751 N.
LA STELLA'S RESTAURANT
159 E. Palmetto Park Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.544.2081 ❘ Dinner Monday-Saturday. LA VILLETTA RESTAURANT & LOUNGE4351 N. Federal
Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.362.8403 ❘ Dinner nightly. MAGGIANO’S21090 St. Andrews Blvd. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.361.8244 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
CALIFORNIA PIZZA KITCHEN
MARIO’S OSTERIA1400 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.239.7000 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
CARRABBA’S ITALIAN GRILL
The Boardwalk at 18th St. ❘ 6909 S.W. 18th St. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.544.8838 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. CASA D’ANGELO171 E.
Palmetto Park Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.996.1234 ❘ Dinner nightly. D’ANGELO PIZZA, WINE BAR AND TAPASAddison
Place ❘ 16950 Jog Road ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.381.0037 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly. DAVINCI’S OF BOCATown Center at Boca Raton ❘ 6000 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.362.8466 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. DAVITO’S19635 State Road 7 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.482.2323 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. DOMINICS8177 W. Glades Road
Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ ❘ Lunch MondayFriday. Dinner nightly. 561.994.3495
RISTORANTE SAPORIRoyal
Palm Place ❘ 301 Via de Palmas ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.367.9779 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly. SICILIAN OVENTown Center at Boca Raton ❘ 21170 St. Andrews Blvd. ❘ Suite 9 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.750.9772 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. SOLITA & MASTINO25 N.E.
Second Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ ❘ Dinner nightly.
561.899.0888
CAFFE LUNA ROSA34 S. Ocean Blvd. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.274.9404 ❘ Breakfast, lunch and dinner daily.
Town Center at Boca Raton ❘ 6000 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.368.2805 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
RENZO’S OF BOCA5999 N.
MATTEO’S RESTAURANT233 S. Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.392.0773 ❘ Dinner nightly.
TANZYiPic Theaters, Mizner Park ❘ 301 Plaza Real ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.922.6699 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. Brunch Saturday and Sunday. TERRA FIAMMADelray
Marketplace ❘ 9169 W. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.495.5570 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. TRAMONTI119 E. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.272.1944 ❘ Lunch Monday-Saturday. Dinner nightly. TRATTORIA ROMANA499 E.
Palmetto Park Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ ❘ Dinner nightly.
MEATBALL ROOMRegency
Court ❘ 3011 Yamato Road ❘ Suite A19 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.409.4111 ❘ Dinner nightly.
TUCCI'S FIRE N COAL PIZZA
MERLINO’S9 S.E. First Ave. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.756.8437 ❘ Dinner nightly. NICK’S NEW HAVEN-STYLE PIZZERIA & BARGlades Plaza ❘ 2240 N.W.
50 N.E. First Ave. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.620.2930 ❘ Lunch TuesdaySaturday. Dinner nightly. VENETIAN PARKLAND RISTORANTE BY RENZO
19th St. ❘ Suite 904 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.368.2900 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
7625 N. State Road 7 ❘ Parkland ❘ 954-345-9282 ❘ Lunch and dinner Tuesday-Sunday.
NINO'SFifth Avenue Shops ❘ 1930 N.E. Fifth Ave. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.362.8990 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
VIC & ANGELO’S 290 E. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.278.9570 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. Brunch Saturday and Sunday.
PELLEGRINO'S RISTORANTE
VILLAGIO ITALIAN EATERYMizner Park ❘ 344 Plaza Real ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.447.2257 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
3360 N. Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.368.5520 ❘ Dinner Tuesday-Sunday.
VILLA ROSANOThe Reserve ❘
❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.487.3186 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. Westwinds of Boca ❘ 9834 W. Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.487.6325 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
78 S. Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.395.8858 ❘ Dinner Monday-Saturday.
FRANK & DINO’S718 S. Federal
POSITANO4400 N. Federal
VINO WINE BAR AND ITALIAN TAPAS114 N.E. Second St. ❘
Highway ❘ Deerfield Beach ❘ ❘ Dinner nightly.
Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.544.2920 ❘ Dinner nightly.
Boca Raton ❘ 561.869.0030 ❘ Dinner Tuesday-Saturday.
954.427.4909
T H E B O C A R AT O N O B S E R V E R
PICCOLINO RESTAURANT
9858 Clint Moore Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.470.0112 ❘ Lunch Monday-Saturday. Dinner nightly.
Evening With n A d n e Us p S PLAZA
COMEDY – DRAMA – CONCERTS - PLAYS
THE LONG RUN - TRIBUTE TO THE EAGLES
THE JACKIE MASON MUSICAL
Conveniently located on Glades Road just West of the Turnpike 8221 Glades Road, Boca Raton
taste listings JAMAICAN ROCKSTEADY JAMAICAN BISTRO2399 N.
Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.465.3167 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.1179 S. Federal Highway ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.910.1562 ❘ Lunch and dinner Monday-Saturday.
KOSHER ASIA SUSHI/WOK/GRILLThe Fountains ❘
7600 Camino Real ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.544.8100 ❘ Lunch Sunday-Friday. Dinner Sunday-Thursday. BOCA GRILLSomerset Shoppes ❘ 8903 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.419.8434 ❘ Lunch Sunday-Friday. Dinner Sunday-Thursday. MOZART CAFEThe Fountains ❘ 7300 W.
Camino Real ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.367.3412 ❘ Breakfast and lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner nightly. PITA ’N GO22767 State Road 7 ❘ Boca
Raton ❘ 561.477.0633 ❘ Lunch Sunday-Friday. Dinner Sunday-Thursday.
LATIN CABANA EL REY105 E. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.274.9090 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. CARIBBEAN GRILL1332 N.W. Second Ave. ❘
Boca Raton ❘ 561.362.0161 ❘ Breakfast, lunch and dinner daily. THE CUBAN CAFEPlumtree Centre ❘ 3350 N.W.
Boca Raton Blvd. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.750.8860 ❘ Lunch Monday-Friday. Dinner Monday-Saturday. PADRINO’SMission Bay Plaza ❘ 20455 State Road 7 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.451.1070 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
MEDITERRANEAN/TURKISH ALADDIN’S EATERY21200 St. Andrews Blvd.
Early Bird Special
❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.419.9466 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. APEIRO KITCHEN & BARDelray Marketplace
❘ 14917 Lyons Road ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.501.4443 ❘ Dinner nightly. Brunch Saturday and Sunday.
MEXICAN BAJA CAFE DOS1310 S. Federal Highway ❘ Deerfield Beach ❘ 954.596.1304 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. BAJA CANTINA201 N.W. First St. ❘ Boca
Raton ❘ 561.419.8118 ❘ Lunch Monday-Saturday. Dinner nightly. CABO FLATS CANTINA AND TEQUILA BAR
Polo Club Shoppes 5030 Champion Blvd. #D3, Boca Raton, FL 33496
(561) 997-0027
WWW.CHEZMARIEFRENCHBISTRO.COM
Delray Marketplace ❘ 14851 Lyons Road ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.499.0378 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. CASA TEQUILA8228 Glades Road ❘ Boca
Raton ❘ 561.430.5458 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. 122
T H E B O C A R AT O N O B S E R V E R
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taste listings EL CAMINO TEQUILA BAR15 N.E. Second Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.865.5350 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. ROCCO’S TACOS AND TEQUILA BARThe Shops at Boca Center ❘ 5250 Town Center Circle ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.416.2131 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. SEÑOR BURRITO513 N.E. 20th St. ❘ Boca
Raton ❘ 561.347.6600 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. UNCLE JULIO’SMizner Park ❘ 449 Plaza Real ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.300.3530 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. Brunch Saturday and Sunday.
PUBS/SPORTS BARS BRICK YARD MICRO BREWERYThe
Garden Shops ❘ 7050 W. Palmetto Park Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.544.0001 ❘ Lunch Saturday and Sunday. Dinner nightly. DUBLINER IRISH PUBMizner Park ❘ 435
Plaza Real ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.620.2540 ❘ Dinner nightly. Brunch Sunday. DUFFY’S SPORTS GRILL21212 St. Andrews Blvd. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.869.0552 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. GLUTTONOUS GOATRoyal Palm Place ❘
99 S.E. Mizner Blvd. ❘ #114 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ nightly.
561.923.9457 ❘ Dinner
HOLLOWAY'S PUBRoyal Palm Place ❘ 504 Via De Palmas ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.361.8445 ❘ Dinner nightly. HOOTERS Glades Plaza ❘ 2240 N.W. 19th St. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.391.8903 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. HURRICANE GRILL & WINGSMission Bay ❘ 10125 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.218.8848 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. MILLER’S ALE HOUSEShoppes at Blue Lake ❘ 1200 Yamato Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.988.9142 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.Boca Lyons Plaza ❘ 9244 W. Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.487.2989 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. TAP 42The Shops at Boca Center ❘ 5050 Town Center Circle ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.235.5819 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. TILTED KILT PUB & EATERY3320 Airport Road ❘
Boca Raton ❘ 561.338.5458 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. THE WISHING WELL IRISH PUBRoyal
5455 N. Federal Hwy., Boca Raton • 561-997-7472 Reservations recommended • Fondue coast-to-coast Locally owned and operated • meltingpot.com
Host to over 250,000 celebrations and declarations of love since 1990.
124
T H E B O C A R AT O N O B S E R V E R
Palm Place ❘ 111 S.E. Mizner Blvd. ❘ #9 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.750.5208 ❘ Dinner nightly. Brunch Sunday. YARD HOUSEMizner Park ❘ 201 Plaza Real ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.417.6124 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily.
Impact 100 Palm Beach County The Power of Women Giving as One!
Impact 100 Palm Beach County brings individual women together to pool their equal contributions and collectively make annual high-impact grants of $100,000 to nonprofits in our local community. Women of all ages and backgrounds are invited to make a significant impact on the lives of others by joining Impact 100 Palm Beach County. We are a progressive leader in philanthropy by women, dedicated to awarding high impact grants to nonprofits in southern Palm Beach County in five focus areas: Arts & Culture, Education, Environment, Family and Health & Wellness. The following local nonprofits received over $1.1 million in grants in our first four years: Achievement Center for Children & Families* Anti-Defamation League Best Food Forward* Boca Helping Hands Children’s Home Society Coastal Conservation Assoc. SPBC Creative City Collaborative/ Arts Garage* Delray Beach Center for the Arts Equine Assisted Therapies* Flamingo Clay Studio of Lake Worth
Florence Fuller Child Development Center* Florida Fishing Academy* Parent Child Center* Pathways to Prosperity* The Milagro Center The Soup Kitchen* United Cerebral Palsy of Palm Beach County Urban League of PBC Women of Tomorrow*
)LIWK$QQXDO*UDQG$ZDUGV Exclusive Magazine6SRQVRU
*$100,000 Grant Recipient
JOIN US and become a member before March 31st so YOU can vote and have an IMPACT on Palm Beach County!
JOIN US!
www.impact100pbc.com 561-336-4623
Come experience the excitement at our 5th Annual Grand Awards Celebration in Boca Raton on April 19, 2016. For more information, please call 561-336-4623 or email: [email protected]
taste listings SANDWICHES/DELI BEN’S KOSHER DELICATESSEN RESTAURANT & CATERERSThe Reserve ❘ 9942 Clint Moore
Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.470.9963 ❘ Breakfast, lunch and dinner daily.
Polo Club Shoppes ❘ 5030 Champion Blvd. ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.241.5903 ❘ Breakfast, lunch and dinner daily. Glades Plaza ❘ 2240 N.W. 19th St. ❘ #700 ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.392.4181 ❘ Breakfast, lunch and dinner daily. Regency Court ❘ 3013 Yamato Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.997.9911 ❘ Breakfast, lunch and dinner daily. TOOJAY’S GOURMET DELI
SEAFOOD 32 EAST32 E. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.276.7868
❘ Dinner nightly.
50 OCEAN40 S. Ocean Blvd. ❘ Delray
Beach ❘ 561.278.3364 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. Brunch Sunday. BOCA LANDINGWaterstone Hotel ❘ 999 E. Camino Real ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.368.9500 ❘ Dinner nightly. BOSTON’S ON THE BEACH40 S. Ocean Blvd. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.278.3364 ❘ Breakfast Saturday and Sunday. Lunch and dinner daily.
BE A PART OF THE VILLAGE
CITY FISH MARKET7940 Glades Road ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.487.1600 ❘ Lunch MondayFriday. Dinner nightly. CITY OYSTER213 E. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.272.0220 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. DECK 84840 E. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray
Beach ❘ 561.665.8484 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. Brunch Saturday and Sunday. JB'S ON THE BEACH300 N.E. 21st Ave. ❘
Deerfield Beach ❘ 954.571.5220 ❘ Breakfast Friday-Sunday. Lunch and dinner daily. J & J SEAFOOD BAR & GRILL634 E. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.272.3390 ❘ Lunch and dinner Tuesday-Saturday. MUSSEL BEACH501 E. Atlantic Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.921.6464 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. RACKS FISH HOUSE + OYSTER BAR5 S.E. Second Ave. ❘ Delray Beach ❘ 561.450.6718 ❘ Lunch and dinner daily. Brunch Saturday and Sunday.
It truly does take a Village to raise a child. This year, the foster children at SOS Children’s Village need you to join the Village and help give them home, family and a happy childhood. Volunteer. Make a Gift. And, give a child their best chance for a bright future.
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TRULUCK’SMizner Park ❘ 351 Plaza Real ❘ Boca Raton ❘ 561.391.0755 ❘ Dinner nightly.
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WARHOL PRINTS FROM THE COLLECTION OF MARC BELL THROUGH MAY 1, 2016
WARHOL ON VINYL : THE RECORD COVERS, 1949 - 1987+ THROUGH APR. 10, 2016
BOB COLACELLO : IN AND OUT WITH ANDY THROUGH MAY 1, 2016
Support for these exhibitions is generously provided by Beatrice Cummings Mayer; Peter & Christine Raimondi; and Saks Fifth Avenue, Boca Raton. Media sponsor, Boca Raton Observer. Andy Warhol, Cow Wallpaper [Pink on Yellow], 1966. Collection of the Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh. © 2015 The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.
BOCA RATON MUSEUM OF ART 501 PLAZA REAL, BOCA RATON, FL 33432 561.392.2500 | BOCAMUSEUM.ORG
spotlight
CRUISING WITH CLASS Five Star Travel Combines Knowledge With Adventure BY ANDREA G. ROLLIN
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magine sailing to exotic lands you’ve only dreamed of – all while learning the history and culture of the destination, too. Five Star Travel, Inc., located in Fort Lauderdale and Las Vegas, transforms that fantasy into a reality. “I’ve been offering these cruises for the Lifelong Learning Society at FAU for 10 years,” explains Jay Shapiro, owner. “They take place year-round with an emphasis on summer and holiday time.”
The Professor lectures focus on the places travelers are visiting as well as world affair topics, he says. “Europe is very popular in the summer, and we’re doing three next summer – one to Northern Europe, one to the British Isles and a river boat on the Rhine,” Shapiro says. In addition, there are two cruises planned for December 2016: One is sailing the Mekong River (which includes Vietnam and Cambodia), and one is a round-trip Miami cruise to the Caribbean for 12 days. Shapiro and his wife started Five Star Travel in
1985 – and just celebrated 30 years in business. This full-service travel agency specializes in upscale travel and caters to the discriminating traveler. “We are a top account with the following cruise lines: Crystal, Oceania, Silversea and Regent,” Shapiro adds. “Besides Europe, clients travel to South Africa, China, Southeast Asia, the Arctic, Antarctica and India, among many others.” What clients like about Five Star Travel, and keeps them booking over and over again, is the agency’s hands-on, 24/7 personal service, thoroughness, knowledge, competitive rates with cruise and
tour amenities and availability to answer questions. The company is a member of the exclusive Signature Travel Network and has achieved awards for excellence and professional service from all of the luxury cruise lines. Shapiro and his dedicated team of highly trained, long-tenured Travel Counselors will work tirelessly to help you realize the trip of your dreams. “Many of our clients are repeat customers, but we also get numerous referrals for our excellent service,” he says. So, the next time you want to sail to an exotic locale and learn all the ins and outs of that destination while onboard, count on the travel experts who have been to 178 countries and are 25-year specialists on Africa and South Africa. Choose Five Star Travel – and experience the cruise of a lifetime. O
Five Star Travel, Inc., is located in Fort Lauderdale and Las Vegas. For more information, call 800-243-3066 or visit fivestarfl.com. 128
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Exclusive Media Sponsor
Timolin Cole Augustus, Nestor Torres, Laura Moore and Casey Cole Hooker
SWEET HARMONY
Nat King Cole Generation Hope President’s Society Dinner Raises $100,000
Photo by Brian Barnett Photography
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t was an unforgettable evening recently at the President’s Society Dinner at the Norton Museum of Art in West Palm Beach as supporters raised more than $100,000 to fund music education. The President’s Society consists of individuals, foundations and businesses who support the mission of Nat King Cole Generation Hope on an annual basis in a substantial way. Twin daughters of music legend Nat King Cole, Timolin Cole Augustus and Casey Cole Hooker of Boca Raton, launched Nat King Cole Generation Hope, Inc., to honor the legacy, music and life of their father in 2008 after learning of budget cuts in public schools affecting the arts. Nat King Cole Generation Hope values music as a critical learning tool that keeps students engaged in school, helps develop well-rounded individuals and encourages skills that are vital for success in the 21st century. Research has proven that access to a quality music education engages
students in the classroom and increases graduation rates; improves early cognitive development, math and reading skills; enhances learning in other core subjects; develops critical thinking and leadership skills; and fosters self-esteem and the ability to work in teams.
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We are proud of the programs and services we have been able to provide to children in need and we hope to continue for years to come.
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– Timolin Cole Augustus, co-founder, Nat King Cole Generation Hope
“As our organization is a publicly funded nonprofit organization, we have been blessed to have such strong support across the country, especially here in Florida and New York,� Augustus says. “We are proud of the programs and services we
have been able to provide to children in need and we hope to continue for years to come.� Adds Hooker: “Our father was a trailblazer in the music industry and will live forever through his style, grace and unforgettable music. Our mother, Maria, also an entertainer, sang with Duke Ellington and was known for supporting multiple causes throughout her life. By sharing our family’s history and giving students the opportunity to enhance their musical talents and abilities, our family’s legacy lives on.� Guests enjoyed a cocktail reception with a showcase of Nat King Cole memorabilia; a performance from children in the Generation Hope Summer Strings program; dinner with music by Steinway Ambassador Gary Clark; and a performance by Latin Grammy winner Nestor Torres. O For more information, call 561-213-8209 or visit natkingcolegenhope.org.
Around Town includes news about community and social events, parties, charities, fundraisers, special recognitions and more. Have something you’d like us to include? For consideration, please email no less than 500 words about the event, along with photos that include caption information, a phone number and a website address, to [email protected]. Please write “Around Town� in the subject line, and note that submissions will be edited for clarity and length. Photos become the property of The Boca Raton Observer. FEBRUARY 2016
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Donna Klein Jewish Academy’s Benefit Ball And Auction To Include Ultimate Dance Party
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ttendees of Donna Klein Jewish Academy’s annual Benefit Ball and Auction will dance the night away at The Polo Club of Boca Raton on Feb. 20. The theme is “We Hope You Dance – The Ultimate Dance Party.” The gala’s honorary chair is Linda R. Kaminow, and event chairs are Lynne and Alan Goldberg. Proceeds from the event will benefit the school’s programs and need-based tuition assistance. As guests dine, dance, socialize and bid on prizes – including international trips, collectibles, memorabilia, fi ne jewelry and unique objets d’art – they also will be treated to interactive entertainment. A highlight will be the presentation of the Linda R. Kaminow Visionary Leadership Award to longtime
principal of Lower School Judaic Studies, Yafa Levit. Levit has dedicated 25 years to educating students at DKJA, and she will retire at the end of the school year. “We like to keep it a surprise, but we promise that this year’s celebratory aura will definitely reflect an incredible party vibe,” says Lynne. “Our family has been involved with DKJA’s gala for the past 18 years. Every year, the event has a unique flavor of its own. This year will be no exception. We are excited to put on our dancing shoes!” The exclusive magazine sponsor is The Boca Raton Observer. Event sponsors are the Sandelman Foundation, Gregory’s Fine Jewelry and GL Homes. Known for its rigorous curriculum integrating challenging Judaic and
Lynne and Alan Goldberg
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Our family has been involved with DKJA’s gala for the past 18 years. Every year, the event has a unique flavor of its own. This year will be no exception. We are excited to put on our dancing shoes!
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– Lynne Goldberg, event co-chair
general studies, DKJA is the only K-12 Jewish day school in the country recognized as a FranklinCovey Leader in Me School. In 2015, DKJA was honored as the only Jewish day school in the world to be selected as a Leader in Me Lighthouse School – a leadership model for schools internationally. O For more information, call 561-558-2122 or visit dkja.org.
A FIVE STAR INDEPENDENT AND ASSISTED LIVING COMMUNITY There is no mistaking the look. When loved ones are happy and well cared for, it shows. Here, beautiful rental apartments, exceptional dining and luxurious resort-style amenities set the stage for seniors to truly thrive. Our residents enjoy compassion and respect from a caring staff that provides just the right amount of assistance to live each day to its fullest!
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Alex Katz, from left Black Dress 1 (Yi), Black Dress 3 (Oona), Black Dress 4 (Sharon), All pieces 2015, 32-color silkscreen, Edition 35, 80 x 30 inches, Vertu Gallery, Boca Raton
A New International Cultural Event for Boca Raton March 18 - 21, 2016 The Preview Vernissage on March 17 will beneďŹ t the Boca Raton Museum of Art School.
International Pavilion of the Palm Beaches Contemporary art, sculpture, and photography
at the Research Park on the campus of Florida Atlantic University 3450 NW 8th Avenue, Boca Raton, FL 33431
artbocaraton.com
JARC’s 30th Annual Gala To Reflect On Organization’s Past And Future
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resenting a retrospective of where the organization has been and where it is going, JARC’s 30th Annual Gala will take place at Boca West Country Club on March 6. Chaired by Peter and Elizabeth Levine, the event will feature live and silent auctions, chaired by Ellen Gechter and Marcia Kaufman, including a chance to win a trip to the New York City Wine & Food Festival. “The past 30 years have been a partnership between our families, staff, board and community,” says Debra Hallow, executive director of JARC. “I am most proud of the growth and expansion of our services because each program and activity gives our clients the opportunity to grow, increase their repertoire and move out of their comfort zone.” Scott Goldenberg, who has been with JARC for eight years, explains he came to the organi-
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The past 30 years have been a partnership between our families, staff, board and community.
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– Debra Hallow, executive director, JARC
zation to be independent: “I work, I live in a group home, I bowl, I am in the drama program, I clean and do laundry and I do aerobics. I came here to do things for myself.” JARC Florida, a nonprofit and nonsectarian organization based in Boca Raton, provides group homes, apartments and vocational training for adults with developmental disabilities. It strives to assist each individual with becoming all he or she is capable of and encourages this growth in a caring, nurturing environment. It is the mission of JARC, in partnership with the families of its clients, to promote independence, dignity and self-respect in order to create more fulfilling lives. JARC currently operates 10 group homes in the Boca Raton and Delray Beach area for adults with developmental disabilities. JARC offers apartment living for those who do not require 24-hour supervision as well as vocational training in the Mel & Elaine Stein Living and Learning Center. The organization was created in the mid1980s in response to the needs of families with adult children with developmental disabilities. O For more information, call 561-558-2550 or visit jarcfl.org.
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happenings around town
The Event, Featuring Henry Winkler, To Celebrate Jewish Community
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Last year, The Event drew more than 600 people who came to celebrate how we are able to do so much for so many. – Nancy Gefen, event co-chair
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undreds from throughout South Palm Beach County will come together on Feb. 23 at B’nai Torah Congregation in Boca Raton to celebrate the Jewish community’s accomplishments. They’ll also hear from Henry Winkler, the actor and producer best known for his award-winning role of Fonzie on “Happy Days.” The Event festivities will kick off with cocktails, hors d’oeuvres and a showcase of the Jewish community’s wealth of resources. “Last year, The Event drew more than 600 people who came to celebrate how we are able to do so much for so many,” says Nancy Gefen, who is cochairing the evening with her husband, Greg, and Chuck and Gayle Lichtman, along with founding chairs Debra and Larry Halperin. “We are excited to hear from Henry Winkler, whose remarks promise to be both entertaining and inspiring,” Chuck says. “There’s a real renaissance tak-
ing place in our Jewish community, and The Event will be a unique occasion to celebrate and amplify this growing awareness and pride in how we feed, protect, teach, inspire, save and comfort so many.” This special night benefiting the Jewish Federation of South Palm Beach County will offer great food (dietary laws observed) and entertainment. A minimum household contribution of $365 to the 2016 Jewish Federation of South Palm Beach County Annual Campaign is required to attend. The Event is sponsored by Berger Singerman; Brown’s Interior Design; CBIZ MHM, LLC; HJ SIMS; Hotwire Communications; Mozart Café; The Butcher Block Grill; and Suffolk Construction. The Boca Raton Observer is the exclusive magazine sponsor. Winkler’s portrayal of Arthur Herbert Fonzarelli for 10 seasons of “Happy Days” made him one of the most recognized actors in the world, and he won two consecutive Golden Globe Awards for Best Actor in a Comedy Series. He also wrote a series of best-selling children’s books with his partner, Lin Oliver, entitled, “Hank Zipzer: The World’s Greatest Underachiever,” inspired by his personal struggle with learning challenges. O For more information, call 561-852-5031 or email [email protected].
Call today to schedule an appointment! 561-998-0901 7805 N.W. Beacon Square, Suite 101 • Boca Raton • Florida • 33487 www.beaconsquarefamilydentistry.com
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Creating Smiles Transforming Lives
Fourth Annual Drug Abuse Summit Puts Spotlight On Society’s Stigmas
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ecently, prominent members of the health care and law enforcement communities, scientists, elected officials, educators and other community leaders discussed current local trends in mental health and substance abuse with concerned citizens and community partners. The fourth annual Drug Abuse Summit took place at Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience in Jupiter and was broken into three different panel discussions. Topics included stigmas, the role of the media and next steps locally.
Photo by LILA PHOTO
Kae Jonsons, Ric Bradshaw and Barbara Suflas Noble
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As a committed community partner, it is our responsibility to initiate and continue conversations Chuck Hood about the current state of mental health and substance abuse in our communities. – Kae Jonsons, CEO, Hanley Center Foundation
“As a committed community partner, it is our responsibility to initiate and continue conversations about the current state of mental health and substance abuse in our communities,” says Kae Jonsons, CEO of Hanley Center Foundation. “Part of Hanley Center Foundation’s mission is focused on substance abuse prevention efforts, which includes collaborating with other like-minded organizations. … This year was our most successful event yet and it is our hope that these conversations continue to lead to improved awareness and community education.” The half-day discussion was free and open to the public, thanks to cohosts GL Homes, Hanley Center Foundation, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office and The Ryan Licht Sang Bipolar Foundation. Florida Power & Light Company was the presenting sponsor. “Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience has been proud to play a role in the annual Drug Abuse Summit,” says Barbara Suflas Noble, Max Planck Foundation CEO. “Our institute is committed not only to our research … but also to community outreach and engagement, leading to a more informed and better educated public.” O For more information, call 866-7-HANLEY or visit hanleycenterfoundation.org. 138
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Save the Date
Boca-Delray Community Event Cocktails & Dinner Monday, February 29, 2016 St. Andrews Country Club, Boca Raton
HONORING
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FEATURING GUEST SPEAKER
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For more information, please contact us at:
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St. Paul Lutheran Church And School To Host Night To Shine Prom For Special Needs
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t. Paul Lutheran Church and School in Boca Raton recently announced that it will serve as one of more than 100 churches around the world to simultaneously host Night to Shine, sponsored by the Tim Tebow Foundation, on Feb. 12. Night to Shine provides an unforgettable prom night experience for people with special needs, ages 16 and older. The movement will take place in 41 states across the nation and seven countries around the world – and the numbers continue to grow. Every guest of Night to Shine will enter the prom on a red carpet complete with welcoming, friendly paparazzi. Once inside, guests will receive VIP treatment, including hair and makeup stations, shoe-shining stations, corsages and boutonnieres, a karaoke room and dancing. The highlight of the night will be when every guest is crowned a king or a queen of the prom.
LOUIS VUITTON
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We are honored to be able to work with so many churches across the country and around the world to impact the lives of people with special needs. – Erik Dellenback, executive director, Tim Tebow Foundation
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561 338.0656
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“We are honored to be able to work with so many churches across the country and around the world to impact the lives of people with special needs,” says Erik Dellenback, executive director of the Tim Tebow Foundation. “After such an amazing response to the inaugural event held in 44 locations [in 2015], our prayer is that this event will one day change the face of Valentine’s Day weekend from simply a celebration of love to a celebration of God’s love for people with special needs.” As sponsor of Night to Shine, the Tim Tebow Foundation will provide each host church with a detailed instruction manual, a prom kit with decorations and gifts for guests, financial support and individualized staff guidance. During Night to Shine 2015, 44 churches and 15,000 volunteers worked together to honor more than 7,000 attendees. This year, organizers around the world expect to host a total of more than 20,000 people. O For more information, call 561-395-0433 or visit nighttoshineboca.com.
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happenings around town
SPEAKING OUT Melissa Rivers To Keynote 4th Annual JFS Reflections Of Hope Luncheon
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elevision star Melissa Rivers will keynote the 4th Annual Reflections of Hope Luncheon on Feb. 25 at the Boca Raton Resort & Club. The event was created in an effort to break the stigma associated with mental illness and benefit the mental health services of Ruth & Norman Rales Jewish Family Services (JFS). Rivers is best-known for working in tandem with her late mother, Joan, in establishing the “red carpet” franchise for E! Entertainment Television. The Ivy League graduate is an accomplished television producer and author of multiple books. “This powerful event provides hope and inspiration and opens the door to a world of possibilities,” says Nancy Schiller, who is chairing the luncheon with Isabel Friedman and Robin Rubin. “As the daughter of a schizophrenic mother and the mother of a schizophrenic daughter, I felt early and learned deeply the stigma and challenges of mental illness.”
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Robin Rubin and Nancy Schiller
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This powerful event provides hope and inspiration and opens the door to a world of possibilities. As the daughter of a schizophrenic mother and the mother of a schizophrenic daughter, I felt early and learned deeply the stigma and challenges of mental illness. – Nancy Schiller, event co-chair
Florida Eye is pleased to welcome Jonathan Criss, M.D. to the practice. Lee Friedman, M.D., Randy Katz, M.D., Barry Schechter, M.D. F.A.A.O., Jason Gorscak, M.D., Joseph Nezgoda, M.D.
For more information, call 561-852-5013 or email [email protected]. 142
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“Mental illness can affect us all as it doesn’t have socioeconomic or demographic barriers,” says Rubin. “As a social worker, I am thrilled to be a part of this event as putting an end to the stigma of mental illness is of great importance to me.” Adds Friedman: “The community has provided overwhelming support of our efforts to raise awareness of mental illness, which in turn helps us provide much needed services. Based upon advanced sales and growth of the previous Reflections of Hope luncheons, we’re sure to expect a record crowd.” “We are extremely grateful for the generosity of so many,” says Judi Donoff, JFS chair of the board. “Grand benefactors Marilyn and Jay Weinberg are role models who truly understand the importance of this event and how it helps so many throughout our community.” Additional sponsors include Meryl and Ron Gallatin; Anne and Norman Jacobson; Judy Levis Markhoff; Jill Viner; Shirley and Barton Weisman; CBIZ MHM, LLC; Greenspoon Marder Law; Saks Fifth Avenue; Ticho Foundation; Vianna Brasil; the Boca Raton Resort & Club; The Boca Raton Observer; and the Sun Sentinel. O
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Children’s Holiday Music-Thon Raises Funds For Grieving Kids
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ITAS Healthcare, the nation’s leading provider of end-of-life care, with help from Palm Beach County music teachers, hosted its fifth annual Music-Thon fundraiser recently at The Gardens Mall in Palm Beach Gardens. More than 200 music students and teachers came together to play and sing during the 12-hour Music-Thon. “The event raised thousands through pledges, sponsors and direct donations from the public during the Music-Thon, which were donated to VITAS Community Connections [VCC],” says Susan Acocella, VITAS general manager. “We are grateful for the community’s support and are committed to the patients and families we serve and enjoy giving back to others.”
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The event raised thousands through pledges, sponsors and direct donations from the public during the Music-Thon, which were donated to VITAS Community Connections. – Susan Acocella, general manager, VITAS
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The VCC, established in 2010, is a nonprofit foundation for VITAS employees, patients and families to donate funds to support special needs patients and families within their communities as well as to help local health and medical nonprofits. Funds from the Music-Thon will help the VCC pay for full accommodations for 40 to 50 children to attend Camp VITAS, a free, overnight bereavement camp that provides support to children and teens who have lost loved ones, taking place in April at Camp Owaissa Bauer in Homestead. “The Music-Thon is a festive event that brings people together,” says Thomas Dalton, VITAS music therapist. “For five years, we have been able to send more than 200 grieving children to Camp VITAS free of charge.” Grief support and music therapy are just two of the many services VITAS provides to its terminally ill patients and families. VITAS music therapists use the power of music to help heal and transform lives by helping to guide patients and family members, including children, to express emotions through singing, playing instruments and songwriting. Additionally, VITAS’ trained bereavement specialists provide information about grief and facilitate support groups throughout South Florida. O For more information, call 800-93-VITAS or visit vitas.com. 144
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happenings around town
Braman Motorcars And Best-Selling Author Team Up For Training
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raman Motorcars recently partnered with New York Times best-selling business author Grant Cardone to train Braman employees in the principles for success outlined in his book “The 10X Rule.” Cardone also hosted a Braman Motorcars-sponsored public book signing at Ruth’s Chris Steak House in CityPlace in West Palm Beach. Cardone is a business strategist with expertise in marketing, branding and social media. He has worked with Fortune 500 companies such as Google, Northwestern Mutual, Ally Bank, Morgan Stanley, State Farm and Allstate, as well as millions of entrepreneurs worldwide. He also works with the Pentagon to create courses for troops transitioning to civilian life. “Braman Motorcars is already one of the top dealerships in the country, but with the accelerated evolution and steadily increasing competition
Grant Cardone and Richard Bustillo
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Braman Motorcars is already one of the top dealerships in the country, but with the accelerated evolution and steadily increasing competition of today’s business environment, success cannot be just a set of company policies and procedures. – Richard Bustillo, general manager, Braman Motorcars
Michael
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Block success cannot be just a set of company of today’s business environment, policies and procedures; it must be something every employee embraces on a personal level, a way of doing things that becomes a part of their lives,” says Richard Bustillo, Braman Motorcars general manager. “And we feel that the 10X program will give us the tools to achieve that.” According to the 10X Rule, extreme success, by definition, lies beyond the realm of normal action. Luck and chance must be removed from the business equation, and team members must embrace the idea that success is their duty, obligation and responsibility. “We live in extreme times and can no longer afford the ‘business as usual’ attitude,” says Cardone. “Since the game has changed, it’s important to change the game you play in order to advance your position down the field.” Braman Motorcars, one of the top-ranked dealerships in the country, has been serving West Palm Beach for more than 30 years as an authorized Rolls-Royce, Bentley, BMW, Porsche and MINI dealer. Braman RollsRoyce Palm Beach was named the 2015 national and global Dealer of the Year by Rolls-Royce. O
For more information, call 561-465-8293 or visit bramanmotorcars.com FEBRUARY 2016
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calendar happenings
2.2016
[concerts sporting events lectures art exhibits plays and so much more]
FEB. 9 There “Ain’t No Mountain High Enough” to keep Diana Ross from belting out a tune. The 71-year-old songstress, who gained acclaim as both a solo artist and the lead singer of The Supremes, shows no signs of slowing down – as fans will observe at her 8 p.m. show, part of the In the Name of Love Tour, at Hard Rock Live at Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood. Her enduring talent was evident at a recent concert. “The show was a nonstop cavalcade of hits with a depth and momentum that belied the modest 80-minute runtime,” according to The Boston Globe. Ross has garnered scads of awards over the years, including an Oscar nomination for her role as Billie Holiday in “Lady Sings The Blues,” a Golden Globe, a Tony, a BET Lifetime Achievement Award and being declared the most successful female singer of all time by “Guinness World Records.” She has sold more than 100 million records and topped the charts with such hits as “You Can’t Hurry Love” and “Reach Out and Touch.”
FEBRUARY 2016
happenings calendar
Adrienne Arsht Center For The Performing Arts Of Miami-Dade County
1300 Biscayne Blvd., Miami, 305-949-6722; arshtcenter.org Feb. 2-7 “Motown The Musical” Show times vary. Feb. 24 THROUGH March 6 “The Phantom Of The Opera” Show times vary. 148
HE WRITES THE SONGS: “Barry Manilow, One Last Time!” will take the stage at 7:30 p.m. on Feb. 5 at the BB&T Center
AmericanAirlines Arena
601 Biscayne Blvd., Miami, 786-777-1000; aaarena.com Feb. 7, 9, 20, 22, 24 Miami Heat Basketball Game times vary. Feb. 28 Harlem Globetrotters Game begins at 4 p.m.
T H E B O C A R AT O N O B S E R V E R
AutoNation® IMAX® Theater
Museum of Discovery and Science, 401 S.W. Second St., Fort Lauderdale, 954-467-6637; mods.org Feb. 1-11 “Wild Africa” – IMAX 3D Theater Show times vary.
Aventura Arts & Cultural Center
3385 N.E. 188th St., Aventura, 305-466-8002; aventuracenter.org Feb. 14 Ben Vereen: “Steppin’ Out Live With Ben Vereen” Show begins at 7 p.m. Feb. 28 & 29 New Shanghai Circus Show times vary.
BB&T Center
1 Panther Parkway, Sunrise, 954-835-7469; thebbtcenter.com Feb. 4, 6, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, 25 Florida Panthers Hockey Game times vary. Feb. 5 “Barry Manilow, One Last Time!” Show begins at 7:30 p.m. Feb. 16 Bruce Springsteen And The E Street Band Show begins at 7:30 p.m.
happenings calendar Feb. 27 Jeff Dunham “Perfectly Unbalanced” Show begins at 5 p.m.
Coral Springs Center For The Arts 2855 Coral Springs Drive, Coral Springs, 954-344-5999; coralspringscenterfor thearts.com Feb. 5-7, 12-14, 19-21, 26-28 “I Love You Because” Show times vary.
Hard Rock Live
Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino, 1 Seminole Way, Hollywood, 954-797-5555; hardrocklive hollywoodfl.com Feb. 9 Diana Ross Show begins at 8 p.m. PERFECT TENOR: Andrea Bocelli will bring the romance at 8 p.m. on Feb. 13 & 14 at Hard Rock Live
Feb. 13 & 14 Andrea Bocelli Shows begin at 8 p.m. Feb. 24 “Experience Hendrix” Show begins at 8 p.m. Feb. 27 The Beach Boys Show begins at 8 p.m.
James L. Knight International Center
400 S.E. Second Ave., Miami, 305-416-5970; jlkc.com Feb. 18-27 “Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus Live!” Show times vary. 150
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Jewish Families Living in Poverty? It’s true. More than 600 people right here in Boca Raton, Delray Beach and Highland Beach rely on our local food pantry for their next meal. And one in five Israeli families lives below the poverty line. That’s why our Federation funds vital food programs locally and supports a wide range of welfare services in Israel and throughout the world. Help make sure no Jew goes hungry by making YOUR impact now with a gift to the 2016 UJA/Jewish Federation of South Palm Beach County Annual Campaign.
IMPACT TODAY. IMAGINE TOMORROW. jewishboca.org
happenings calendar
events
Kravis Center For The Performing Arts
Feb. 1 THROUGH May 1 Boca Raton Museum Of Art Andy Warhol Exhibitions Three exhibitions reflect the life and work of one of the 20th century’s most iconic artists. Takes place at Boca Raton Museum of Art. Show times vary. For more information, call 561-392-2500 or visit bocamuseum.org.
701 Okeechobee Blvd., West Palm Beach, 561-832-7469; kravis.org Feb. 3 Patti LaBelle Show begins at 7 p.m. Feb. 6 Penn & Teller Show begins at 8 p.m. Feb. 18-28 “Lennon: Through A Glass Onion” Show times vary.
Mizner Park Amphitheater
590 Plaza Real, Boca Raton, 561-393-7700; ticketmaster.com Feb. 14 Alan Parsons Project Show begins at 8 p.m. Feb. 27 Benise – Strings Of Passion Tour Show begins at 7:30 p.m.
Parker Playhouse
707 N.E. Eighth St., Fort Lauderdale; 954-462-0222; parker playhouse.com
NOW YOU SEE THEM: Penn & Teller will make you believe in magic at 8 p.m. on Feb. 6 at the Kravis Center
Perfect Vodka Amphitheatre (formerly Coral Sky Amphitheatre)
The Broward Center For The Performing Arts
Feb. 6 Yanni Show begins at 7 p.m.
Feb. 19 Chris Mann Show begins at 8 p.m.
Pompano Beach Amphitheater
Feb. 27 Josh Groban Show begins at 8 p.m.
601-7 Sansburys Way, West Palm Beach; 561-795-8883; livenation.com
Feb. 20 Darlene Love Show begins at 8 p.m.
1801 N.E. Sixth St., Pompano Beach; 954-946-2402; livenation.com
Feb. 27 Rosanne Cash Show begins at 8 p.m.
Feb. 9 “Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story” Show begins at 8 p.m.
Feb. 28 Moscow Festival Ballet: “Sleeping Beauty” Show begins at 2 p.m.
Feb. 12 Dark Star Orchestra – Winter 2016 Tour Show begins at 7:30 p.m.
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201 S.W. Fifth Ave., Fort Lauderdale, 954-462-0222; browardcenter.org
The Fillmore Miami Beach At The Jackie Gleason Theater 1700 Washington Ave., Miami Beach, 305-673-7300; fillmoremb.com
Feb. 20 Bryan Adams: “Get Up” Show begins at 8 p.m.
Feb. 3 Jewish Federation Of South Palm Beach County Lion Of Judah Luncheon This elegant luncheon celebrates the generous women who contribute to the federation. Featured speaker Ayaan Hirsi Ali is an important voice for women’s rights. Takes place at The Polo Club of Boca Raton. Starts at 10:15 a.m. For more information, call 561-852-6058 or visit jewishboca.org. Feb. 3 Kravis Center Annual Gala This festive evening will begin with a reception followed by a dinnerdance and a performance by award-winning artist Patti LaBelle. Takes place at Kravis Center for the Performing Arts in West Palm Beach. Starts at 6 p.m. For more information, call 561-651-4320 or visit kravis.org. Feb. 3 Morselife Luncheon And Card Party This annual fundraiser helps support and enhance the lives of senior citizens in Palm Beach County. Takes place at The Mar-aLago Club in Palm Beach. Starts at 10 a.m. For more information, call 561-2424661 or visit morselife.org.
Feb. 4 Palm Beach Opera Gala “An Evening With Diana Damrau” A lavish black-tie soiree with poolside cocktails, an elegant dinner and a performance by internationally renowned opera singer Diana Damrau. Takes place at The Mar-a-Lago Club in Palm Beach. Starts at 6:30 p.m. For more information, call 561-8357558 or visit pbopera.org. Feb. 6 21st Annual Hanley Center Foundation Family Picnic This fun event for the entire family includes a buffet lunch, silent auctions, a magic show and creative crafts. Takes place at International Polo Club Palm Beach in Wellington. Starts at noon. For more information, call 561-841-1212 or visit hanleycenterfoundation.org. Feb. 6 59th International Red Cross Ball Enjoy a lavish night welcoming ambassadors, dignitaries and philanthropic leaders from around the world. Takes place at The Mar-a-Lago Club in Palm Beach. Starts at 6 p.m. For more information, call 561-6509105 or visit redcross.org. Feb. 6 The Classic Rock & Roll Party Hosted by HomeSafe, this high-energy charity event includes cocktails, dinner, an open bar, a silent auction and live entertainment. Takes place at Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Hollywood. Starts at 6 p.m. For more information, call 561-383-9800 or visit helphomesafe.org.
Love is in the Air at
Restaurants
Another Broken Egg Café Biergarten Boca Breakfast & Lunch Club Casimir Bistro Chops Lobster Bar Cote France Café Crepe Cafe Domus 39 Estia Greek Taverna Farmhouse Kitchen Fro-Yo Frenzy Giovanni's Pizza Gourmet Phile Grown Coffee Company Havana Nights Cigar Lounge Hijinks Sports Grill Ichiyami Buffet, Sushi & Bar Juiceateria Lemongrass Asian Bistro Pat's Wine Bar Ristorante Sapori Sapphire Indian Cuisine Saquella Caffe The Funky Biscuit The Wishing Well Irish Pub TwentyTwenty Grille Yakitori Sake House
Salons & Spas
Advanced Aesthetics & Wellness Back Bay Salon Boca Nails Brazelia Med Spa Green Wave Body Waxing La Mirage Salon Mane Bar Nu Beauty Bar Oasis Men's Hair Place Oxygen Salon Royal Palm MedSpa Royal Palm Nails Salon 300 Studio 306
Fashion, Apparel & Fine Jewelry
Adorn Boutique Be-Friend Boutique Consign with a Heart Deborah James D'Vara Jewelers Ivivva Jasmin Boutique Magenta Couture Shop DNA Swimland Swimwear Verdi Jewelers Vianna B.R.A.S.I.L Fine Jewelry Vicki Soble Couture PETS WELCOME!
Art & Design
California Closets DeConceptShop Design & Style Unlimited Fiat Custom Framing Gervis Design Studio Grand Interiors International Honey Bee Designz Mummaw + Associates The Place for Kitchens & Baths Tomasz Rut Gallery Yaacov Heller Gallery 22
Specialties & Services
40 Day Reset Balistreri Realty International Carrington Real Estate Services Cloud 9 Adventures Core Medical Group Edward Jones Investments E Motion of Life - Electric Bicycles Fred Astaire Dance Studio Genesis Tax House John M Sortino, MD Lifestyles of Lynne Gifts Planet Ballroom Pure Barre Rod Squad Fitness Royal Palm Academy Royal Palm Hearing Aid Center Royal Designs Showtime Performing Arts Theatre TravelGroup International
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happenings calendar Feb. 6 Food For The Poor’s 21st Annual Building Hope Gala An evening with dinner, music and dancing. Benefits Food for the Poor’s mission to build homes for families in Haiti. Takes place at Boca Raton Resort & Club. Starts at 6:30 p.m. For more information, call 954-427-2222 or visit foodforthepoor.org.
RAUL J. RODRIGUEZ, M.D. Diplomate, American Board of Psychiatry & Neurology Diplomate, American Board of Addiction Medicine
DEVOTED TO HEALING. DEFINED BY RESULTS.
EXPERT DIAGNOSIS PROGRESSIVE TREATMENT COMPLETE PRIVACY DEPRESSION
ANXIETY
EATING DISORDERS
DBT
Feb. 6 JDRF Gem Of An Evening Gala “One Hot Night On Palm Beach” A glam affair featuring an auction, music, dinner and dancing. Benefits the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. Takes place at Eau Palm Beach Resort & Spa in Manalapan. Starts at 6:30 p.m. For more information, call 561-686-7701 or visit greaterpalmbeach.jdrf.org. Feb. 11 The Emerald Isle Dinner Dance Hosted by The American Ireland Fund, the annual black-tie dinner dance includes a cocktail reception and an honoree presentation. Takes place at The Breakers Palm Beach. Starts at 7 p.m. For more information, call 212-213-1166 or visit theirelandfunds.org. Feb. 11 Love & Laughter – The Red Door Luncheon Presented by Cancer Treatment Centers of America, the luncheon includes a raffle, a silent auction and a presentation by Dr. Katherine Puckett on humor therapy. Benefits Gilda’s Club South Florida. Takes place at St. Andrews Country Club in Boca Raton. Starts at 11 a.m. For more information, call 954-763-6776 or visit gildasclubsouthflorida.org. Feb. 12 Night To Shine Prom Sponsored by the Tim Tebow Foundation, this worldwide prom night experience is for people with special needs, ages 16 and older. Takes place at St. Paul Lutheran Church and School in Boca Raton. Starts at 6 p.m. For more information, call 561-395-0433 or visit nighttoshineboca.com.
403 SE 1ST STREET • DELRAY BEACH, FL 33483 • 888.851.0649 DELRAYCENTER.COM 154
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Feb. 12-21 2016 Delray Beach Open (ATP World Tour) More than 50,000 spectators attend this annual event featuring nightly promotions and parties and exciting tennis matches. Takes place at Delray Beach Tennis Center. Start times vary. For more information, call 561-330-6000 or visit yellowtennisball.com.
Gala Chairpersons Lynne & Alan Goldberg
Honorary Chair:
Linda R. Kaminow
Honoree r
Yafa Levit, Principal of Lower School Judaic Studies Mrs. Levit will retire at the end of the school year after 25 years of dedication to the students of DKJA.
Auction Chairs
Sarah Finkelstein-Wolfe & John Wolfe
The cost to attend is $200 per person. RSVP to 561.852.5007. Sponsorship opportunities are available. EVENT SPONSOR LYNNE GOLDBERG
EXCLUSIVE MAGAZINE SPONSOR
EXCLUSIVE VALET SPONSOR
Erica’s Plumbing Professionals We are a woman owned and managed company that has been proudly serving South Florida since 2009. Our family of expert, plumbing professionals care about your family and your plumbing, just as much as you do. In fact, helping to solve problems to make your family happy…is what makes us happy. It’s what we love to do, it’s what we work hard to achieve and it’s what you can expect every time we come to your home or office. Licensed and Insured - Lic# CFC 1427956
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happenings calendar Feb. 13 11th Annual ForEverglades Benefit Featuring cocktails, dinner and entertainment, this event benefits science to protect and restore our ecosystem. Takes place at The Breakers Palm Beach. Starts at 7 p.m. For more information, call 305-251-0001 or visit evergladesfoundation.org. Feb. 13 Third Annual Florida Youth Dance Gala This vibrant event will feature talented dancers from leading Florida academies. Takes place at Lake Worth Campus of Palm Beach State College. Starts at 7:30 p.m. For more information, call 561-352-9572 or visit floridayouthdancegala.com. Feb. 13-15 31st ArtiGras Fine Arts Festival This outdoor art event includes a juried exhibition, live entertainment, artist demonstrations and interactive activities for all ages. Takes place at Downtown Abacoa in Jupiter. Starts at 10 a.m. For more information, call 561-748-3946 or visit artigras.org. Feb. 18 26th Annual Book Of Hope Luncheon This signature event features a raffle, an auction and lunch to benefit the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America. Takes place at Boca Raton Resort & Club. Starts at 10:30 a.m. For more information, call 561-218-2929 or visit visit ccfa.org. Feb. 19-21 10th Annual Boca Raton Concours D’Elegance A three-day event with gourmet tastings, car displays, custom motorcycles, extravagant jets, dinner, an auction and a performance by Jay Leno. Benefits the Boys & Girls Clubs of Broward County. Takes place at Boca Raton Airport and Boca Raton Resort & Club. Start times vary. For more information, call 888-3025439 or visit bocaratonconcours.com. Feb. 20 The American Heart Association’s 34th Annual Boca Raton Heart And Stroke Ball Features dinner, a live auction, entertainment and dancing. Takes place at Boca Raton Resort & Club. Starts at 6:30 p.m. For more information, call 561697-6683 or visit bocaratonheartball.ahaevents.org.
877-PLUMBER
Palm Beach 561-948-2625 or Broward 954-828-0249
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Feb. 20 DKJA Annual Benefit Ball And Auction This dance party-themed fundraiser benefits Donna Klein Jewish Academy’s programs and need-based financial assistance. Yafa Levit is the honoree. Takes place at The Polo Club of Boca Raton. Starts at 7:30 p.m. For more information, call 561-852-3300 or visit dkja.org.
Once you have
Hope and Heart, anything is posible.
ADOLPH & ROSE LEVIS JEWISH COMMUNITY CENTER
HELENE & ROY SCHWEDELSON SPECIAL NEEDS PROGRAMS Our programs enhance the lives of children, teens and adults with disabilities, connecting individuals with special needs to each other and our community through innovative social, recreational, educational and cultural programs and services. Families are embraced in Levis JCC life; an effort is made to include participants in campus and community-wide existing programs and events. Resource/referral services and ongoing support are provided to all families.
Join us for our Dream Builder Cocktail Reception
A Special Night fo Special Needs Celebrate our milestones, support our new initiatives and pay tribute to Boca Raton Regional Hospital represented by Jerry Fedele, President and Chief Executive Officer for its continued support. Co-chairs: Barbara & Jerry Lewin and Janice & Abe Obuchowski
Wednesday, March 9 5:30 – 7:30 p.m. At a private home* Minimum Donation of $500 To RSVP or for more information on becoming a Dream Builder to support the Schwedelson Special Needs Programs, contact Cindy Bergman, Associate Executive Director at (561) 852-3253 or [email protected]. *
Address provided upon RSVP
Thank you to our community partners
CRAIG DONOFF, P.A
happenings calendar
Youth With Experience. The Next Generation of Wealth Management. With more than 19 years of experience, Keith Heller of The Heller Financial Group of Wells Fargo Advisors is proudly helping affluent clients meet all their Investment needs, servicing them at his Boca Raton and New York offices.
Keith A. Heller, MBA The Heller Financial Group of Wells Fargo Advisors Senior Vice President - Investments
Wells Fargo Advisors, LLC 5355 Town Center Road Suite 600 Boca Raton, FL 33486 561-347-3880 280 Park Avenue, 29W New York, NY 10017 212-338-4859
Toll Free 844-791-6109 [email protected] Wells Fargo Advisors, LLC, Member SIPC, is a registered broker-dealer and a separate non-bank affiliate of Wells Fargo & Company. Trust services available through banking and trust affiliates in addition to non-affiliated companies of Wells Fargo Advisors. Wells Fargo Advisors and its affiliates do not provide legal or tax advice. Any estate plan should be reviewed by an attorney who specializes in estate planning and is licensed to practice law in your state. NOT FDIC-Insured
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NO Bank Guarantee
MAY Lose Value
T H E B O C A R AT O N O B S E R V E R
Feb. 21 Tank Pull Challenge Bring family and friends to Florida’s first charity tank pull challenge and enjoy a day of competition, activities and vendors. Benefits Kindness Shared Happiness Squared, Special Operations Warrior Foundation and the St. Philip the Apostle Knights of Columbus Special Fund for Colin Michael. Takes place at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton. Starts at 9 a.m. For more information, call 561-870-1982 or visit kindnesssharedtankpull.com. Feb. 22 “What You Do Matters” 2016 South Florida Luncheon Hosted by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the luncheon will feature bestselling author Jennifer Teege. Takes place at Boca Raton Resort & Club. Starts at 11:30 a.m. For more information, call 561-995-6773 or visit ushmm.org. Feb. 23 The Event Enjoy cocktails, small bites and a presentation by guest speaker, actor, author, director and producer Henry Winkler. Benefits Jewish Federation of South Palm Beach County. Takes place at B’nai Torah Congregation in Boca Raton. Starts at 6:30 p.m. For more information, call 561-852-6058 or visit jewishboca.org. Feb. 23 POSH Palm Beach Gala Dinner The exclusive preview dinner-dance will kick off the POSH Palm Beach sale, featuring donated clothing and accessories from socialites, celebrities, designers and retailers. Takes place at Club Colette in Palm Beach. Starts at 7 p.m. For more information, call 561-828-1522 or visit lighthouse.org. Feb. 25 Jewish National Fund 2016 Annual Winter Connection Brunch Featuring guest speaker Seth M. Siegel, author of “Let There Be Water: Israel’s Solution for a Water-Starved World.” Takes place at The Polo Club of Boca Raton. Starts at 9:30 a.m. For more information, call 561-447-9733 or visit jnf.org. Feb. 25 Ruth & Norman Rales Jewish Family Services Reflections Of Hope Luncheon A luncheon to benefit JFS mental health programs, featuring actress, author and producer Melissa Rivers as guest speaker. Takes place at Boca Raton Resort & Club. Starts at 11 a.m. For more information, call 561-852-3279 or visit ralesjfs.org.
happenings calendar
Southern Marsh, Vilebrequin, Clover Canyon, Rachel Zoe, %DUERXU/RHIĂ HU5DQGDOO5HEHFFD7D\ORU6PDWKHUVDQG%UDQVRQ
Feb. 25 THROUGH March 26 40th American Red Cross Designers’ Show House This annual event will feature a historic fire station in the Old Northwood neighborhood, decorated by professional interior designers. Takes place at North Station in West Palm Beach. Start times vary. For more information, call 561-650-9131 or visit redcross.org/designer showhouse2016. Feb. 26 Friday Night With Chelsea White Enjoy an evening of comedy with New York comedienne Chelsea White to help raise money for college scholarships for students with Tourette syndrome. Benefits Dollars 4 Tic Scholars. Takes place at South County Civic Center in Delray Beach. Starts at 6:30 p.m. For more information, call 561-487-9526 or visit dollars4ticscholars.org.
401 E. Atlantic Ave / Delray Beach 33483 / 561.270.7933 (on the corner of NE 4th across from Peter Mark Salon) www.circeswag.com / Circe + Swag Delray / circeswag_delray
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South Florida tServing Palm Beach, Broward and Martin Counties www.QwikQuote.Guru [email protected] 4710 NW 2nd Ave., Suite 104 Boca Raton, FL 33431 561.504.6900 160
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William R. Dyess, CLTC
Feb. 27 4KIDS Sweet Dreams Gala Join honorary hosts Bernhard and Vikki Langer for an evening of presentations unlocking the dreams of children in crisis in our community. Takes place at Woodfield Country Club in Boca Raton. Starts at 6 p.m. For more information, call 954-590-1557 or visit 4kidsofsfl.org. Feb. 27 Le Cirque Du Palm Beach This event features cocktails, dinner, dancing, circus and acrobatic acts and auctions. Benefits 211 Palm Beach. Takes place at The Colony Palm Beach. Starts at 6 p.m. For more information, call 561-383-1147 or visit 211palmbeach.org. Feb. 27 Unicorn Children’s Foundation Angel Ball An extravagant evening featuring cocktails, dinner, dancing, auctions and entertainment. Takes place at Boca West Country Club in Boca Raton. Starts at 6 p.m. For more information, call 561-620-9377 or visit unicornchildrensfoundation.org. Feb. 28 Ultimate Chefs Dinner Four chefs from South Florida will collaborate to present an elegant three-course meal, following passed hors d’oeuvres during a champagne reception. Benefits United Cerebral Palsy of South Florida. Takes place at The Yacht & Racquet Club of Boca Raton. Starts at 6 p.m. For more information, call 305-325-1080 or visit ucpsouthflorida.org. O
JEWISH NATIONAL FUND 2016 Annual
Winter Connection Brunch Thursday, February 25, 2016 Registration and Breakfast: 9:30 am Program: 10:30 am The Polo Club 5400 Champion Boulevard Boca Raton, FL 33496 Featuring Guest Speaker: Seth M. Siegel Author of Let There Be Water: Israel’s Solution for a Water-Starved World Open to the community • No cost to attend • Dietary laws observed Registration required by February 18 at jnf.org/winterconnection or to [email protected] For more information, please contact JNF at 561.447.9733.
We graciously acknowledge SunTrust Bank for their 2016 South Florida corporate sponsorship. jnf.org • 800.JNF.0099
Authentic Antique Posters Museum Quality Custom Framing Lithographs & Prints
Regency Court at Woodfield • 3013 Yamato Rd. • B-21 • Boca Raton
561.997.0084 FEBRUARY 2016
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Photos by Jeffrey Tholl Photography
happenings flash RUTH & NORMAN RALES JEWISH FAMILY SERVICES ANNUAL GALA The Ruth & Norman Rales Jewish Family Services Annual Gala, “Once Upon a Time,� recently took place at St. Andrews Country Club. The event raised more than $560,000 for food; financial assistance; senior services; counseling; and mental health, career and employment services for individuals and families in need in south Palm Beach County. Anne and Norman Jacobson were honored with the Rales Humanitarian of the Year Award, and Al Gortz received the Corporate Leadership Award.
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1 Anne & Norman Jacobson, Michele & Ken Pritzker and Melissa Jacobson 2 Craig & Judi Donoff, Norman & Anne Jacobson, Danielle Hartman, Stanley & Marilyn Barry, Jane & Al Gortz and Linda & Ivan Gefen 3 Marilyn & Jay Weinberg and Carolyn Kelly 4 Terry & Jerry Fedele and Christine Lynn 5 Meryl & Ron Gallatin 6 Larry & Diane Feldman
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Expert, Affordable Dental Implant Care From Ferber Dental Group Is Now In Boca!
We are proud to announce the opening of our Boca Raton location, making our expert, affordable Implant Dentistry more convenient for you. With high quality care, a friendly and compassionate environment, and affordable rates, Ferber Dental Group will have you smiling again.
Dental Implants $499! from
Excludes restoration (must be done on premises). D6010
Our doctors include Ivy League graduates and former Dental School faculty from schools including: Harvard Medical School, Harvard Dental School, The University of Pennsylvania, New York University, St. Louis University and Tufts University.
Boca Raton
7000 West Palmetto Park Road Suite 504 Boca Raton, FL 33433
Greenacres (Lake Worth) 5700 Lake Worth Road Suite 301 Greenacres, FL 33463
Qualifications required – estimate only. The patient and any other person responsible for the payment has a right to refuse to pay, cancel payment, or be reimbursed for payment for any service, examination or treatment which is performed as a result of and within 72 hours of responding to this free service, examination or treatment.
DN16161
Photos by Susan Mullane/Camerawork USA
happenings flash CHRIS EVERT/RAYMOND JAMES PRO-CELEBRITY TENNIS CLASSIC The 26th annual Chris Evert/Raymond James Pro-Celebrity Tennis Classic wrapped up a successful weekend by raising $600,000 for its ongoing campaign against drug abuse and child neglect. The monies go toward programs that are funded through the Ounce of Prevention Fund of Florida and the Drug Abuse Foundation of Palm Beach County. The latest fundraising efforts pushed the 26-year total over the $22 million mark. The weekend’s events included a pro-am, a charity gala and two days of pro-celebrity tennis.
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1 Jana Novotna, Timothy Olyphant, Gavin Rossdale and Murphy Jensen 2 Pam Shriver, Jason Biggs, Rennae Stubbs, Chelsea Handler and Chris Evert 3 Robert “Vanilla Ice” Van Winkle and Maeve Quinlan 4 Jason Biggs, Rennae Stubbs and Chelsea Handler 5 Celebrity selfie 6 Jana Novotna and Timothy Olyphant
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international
JEWELERS EXCHANGE 60 jewelers under one roof AVENTURA | 19275 Biscayne Boulevard (One block south of Aventura Mall) BOCA RATON | Glades Road, one block west of the Turnpike BOYNTON BEACH | Corner of Boynton and Military Trail Open Tuesday - Saturday 10am-5:30pm | www.intljewelers.com Not an authorized agent, representative or affiliate of any watch appearing in this advertisement. All watch names, dials & designs appearing in this advertisement are registered trademarks in the U.S.A.
Photos by Jeffrey Tholl Photography
happenings flash JEWISH FEDERATION OF SOUTH PALM BEACH COUNTY SANDLER FAMILY MAJOR GIFTS EVENT The Jewish Federation of South Palm Beach County’s top donors recently gathered at The Polo Club of Boca Raton for the annual Sandler Family Major Gifts Event. The crowd of 350 enjoyed a cocktail reception; an elegant dinner; and two speakers, Alan Gross, U.S. humanitarian aid worker, and Dennis Ross, a leading diplomat and expert in Middle East policy.
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1 Don & Linda Brodie, Dennis Ross, Alan Gross and Robin & Neil Baritz 2 Gary & Robin Rubin, David & Amy Ross, Harvey & Phyllis Sandler and Andrea & Larry Schnurmacher 3 Richard Steinberg, James Tisdale, Dennis Ross, Marjorie Horwin, Alan Gross, Al Gortz and Ken Pritzker 4 Alan Gross and Etta Gross Zimmerman 5 Ted & Barbara Wolk and Debra & Jerry Kramer
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Photos by Carlos Aristizabal
happenings flash CARMEN MARC VALVO SAKS FIFTH AVENUE APPEARANCE Saks Fifth Avenue welcomed renowned fashion designer Carmen Marc Valvo to Boca Raton with an intimate meet and greet reception, followed by a presentation featuring Valvo’s showstopping collection of cocktail dresses, stunning couture gowns and exquisite furs. Guests enjoyed champagne as they received one-on-one styling tips from the designer.
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1 Lori Kushner, Lynn Levine, Carmen Marc Valvo and Yetta Bregman 2 Heather Shaw and Carmen Marc Valvo 3 Linda Behmoiras and Carmen Marc Valvo 4 Carmen Marc Valvo styling a model 5 Carmen Marc Valvo 6 Model wearing Valvo fur
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S O M E D E A L E R S H I P S A DV E R T I S E O F F E R S T H E Y C A N ’ T D E L I V E R . . .
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Honorees Barbara Schmidt, Debra Ainbinder (on behalf of Lynn University), Yueh-Mei Kim Nutter and Lois Weisman
The Faulk Center For Counseling Hosts Inaugural Community Impact Awards & Reception The Faulk Center for Counseling hosted its inaugural event at Broken Sound Club. The Community Impact Awards recognized individuals and business and educational partners who support the Faulk Center’s mission of providing free and low-cost mental health counseling services to people of all ages. Boca Raton Deputy Mayor Robert Weinroth served as honorary chair of this special reception honoring community mental health advocates, including Barbara Schmidt, author and founder of Peaceful Mind Peaceful Life, who won the Community Impact Award for Mental Health & Wellness; Yueh-Mei Kim Nutter, Esq., board certified in marital and family law, from Brinkley Morgan, who won the Community Impact Advocacy Award; Lynn University Applied Psychology Department, which won the Community Impact Award for Education Excellence (accepted by Debra Ainbinder, program director and professor, on behalf of the program); and Lois Weisman, community volunteer, who won the Caring Heart Award. Faulk Center for Counseling, 22455 Boca Rio Road, Boca Raton, 561-483-5300; faulkcenterforcounseling.org.
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[charity never goes out of style] THE GOOD FLIGHT:
(Left) A 2011 Honor Flight group; (Below) vets at the World War II Memorial; James McLaughlin
their numbers are dwindling rapidly, as well as terminally ill vets. As veterans arrive in D.C. from 132 chapters in 43 states, they get together to see everything from the World War II Memorial and the Korean War Veterans Memorial to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the Navy Memorial. If time allows, some even visit the Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial and the Tomb of the Unknowns.
CALL OF DUTY
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an you imagine fighting for your country, risking your life and then never seeing the memorial created in your honor? Neither could Honor Flight, a national nonprofit dedicated to flying veterans from throughout the United States to Washington, D.C., to visit war memorials. “Our goal is to take every veteran available to see their memorials in Washington, D.C.,” says James McLaughlin, president and chairman of Honor Flight, which has nine Florida chapters, including one in South Florida. He remembers seeing a news story about the first Honor Flight in 2005. Six small aircraft carried 12 veterans 176
to the nation’s capital to see their war memorials for the very first time. “It tugged at my curiosity,” he says. “I emailed the founder immediately and have been hooked ever since.”
“
It’s life-changing for them. It’s cathartic for them and gives them closure in many cases. We’ve even heard that the nightmares have stopped for some. – James McLaughlin, president and chairman, Honor Flight
Since that first trip, Honor Flight has soared toward even bigger goals. The organization has taken more than 150,000 veterans on complimentary trips, and the impact on the travelers is hard to put into words, says McLaughlin, 71, an Ohio resident. “The pleasure that it brings the
T H E B O C A R AT O N O B S E R V E R
”
vets and the relief – it’s life-changing for them,” he says. “It’s cathartic for them and gives them closure in many cases. We’ve even heard that the nightmares have stopped after all of these years for some.” The organization prioritizes World War II veterans because
McLaughlin remembers an especially moving experience when he brought a marine from Georgia on a trip: “That night, we ate dinner…. Bill the marine was sitting beside a veteran pilot from Denver, and they began exchanging war stories. As it happens, the pilot had been in one of three planes that saved a group of stranded WWII soldiers. Bill happened to be one of those stranded soldiers. I said, ‘Bill, this man could have saved your life.’ And he said, ‘No, Jim, he definitely saved my life.’” The organization is funded by private donations, including a special partnership with Southwest Airlines, which donates 1,000 tickets a year to Honor Flight. “Southwest Airlines has given us 8,000 tickets to date,” says McLaughlin. Honor Flight is actively seeking volunteers and donations. O For more information, call 937-5212400 or visit honorflight.org.
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What is Bill Clinton's middle name? | Bill Clinton - Biography - IMDb
Bill Clinton
Biography
Showing all 99 items
Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trade Mark (2) | Trivia (75) | Personal Quotes (16)
Overview (4)
6' 1" (1.85 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Bill Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III in Hope, Arkansas, to Virginia Dell (Cassidy) and William Jefferson Blythe, Jr., a traveling salesman. His father died in a car crash three months before Bill was born. He was raised by his grandparents for four years while his mother was in Louisiana studying nursing, in order to support herself and her son. In 1950, his mother married Roger Clinton, whose surname young Bill took; his half-brother, Roger Clinton , was born in 1956. Always interested in politics and working to help people, Clinton majored in International Affairs at Georgetown University. He graduated in 1968 and won a Rhodes Scholarship, which he used to study government at Oxford University. Clinton graduated from Yale Law School in 1973. He then taught law in Arkansas, and ran for political office. He was elected Arkansas Attorney General in 1976, then Governor in 1978. He won re-election in 1982, and served until he won the US Presidency in 1992, becoming the 42nd President of the United States, and winning re-election in 1996.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: anon-14
Spouse (1)
( 11 October 1975 - present) (1 child)
Trade Mark (2)
Graduated from Hot Springs High School in Hot Springs, Arkansas in 1964.
Listed in "People Weekly"s "Most Intriguing People" list. (December 25, 1995/January 1, 1996 issue)
Graduated from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. and received his law degree from Yale Law School, where he met his wife Hillary.
Enjoys playing golf and the saxophone.
Daughter, Chelsea Clinton , born 27 February 1980.
Impeached (the equivalent of indicted) by the U.S. House of Representatives, Dec. 1998, for "high crimes and misdemeanors" on a strictly party-line vote (all Republicans voted for it, all Democrats voted against it; since the Republicans controlled the House, the impeachment was approved). He is the second president to be impeached; the first was Andrew Johnson in 1868 ( Richard Nixon would likely have faced impeachment, but he resigned before it came to that).
Admitted to having an affair with Monica Lewinsky . [August 1998]
Named Time magazine's Co-Man of the Year (with Ken Starr ) in 1998.
Ranked 21st (out of 41) in a survey of the best U.S. presidents. Some historians also rated him last in "moral authority", largely stemming from the Monica Lewinsky scandal and numerous rumored affairs. [February 2000]
Has said that The Harmonists (1997) is the movie that moved him the most deeply, and that High Noon (1952) is his favorite movie of all time.
Became the second youngest U.S. President to leave office, after Theodore Roosevelt . (January 20th 2001).
Was the third youngest person ever to serve as president, after John F. Kennedy and Theodore Roosevelt .
Named Time magazine's "Man of the Year 1992".
Collects saxophones, both miniature and life-size.
Left the presidency with an approval rating of 65%, higher even than former President Ronald Reagan .
Pardoned his half-brother, Roger Clinton , thereby erasing his criminal record shortly before leaving the White House in January 2001.
On January 19, 2001, agreed to admit that he gave misleading testimony in connection with the Monica Lewinsky scandal. He was also fined $25,000 and agreed to have his Arkansas law license suspended for 5 years. In exchange, he will not face criminal charges after leaving the White House.
Is fluent in German.
Became the first sitting U.S. president to be sued. Paula Jones sued him after claiming he sexually harassed her six years previously. [1997]
Had a 12-year affair with Gennifer Flowers from 1980-1992 while he was governor of Arkansas.
After leaving the White House, he established his new office in the Harlem section of New York City.
Since leaving the White House, he has made his living mostly giving speeches before various political and business organizations, both domestically and worldwide, averaging $100,000 per speech. That doesn't compare to former President Ronald Reagan , whose first speech after he left office, to a group of wealthy Japanese businessmen, netted him $3 million. [2001]
In August 2001 he signed a book deal with publisher Alfred A. Knopf, for a $10-million advance.
Attended a national prayer service for victims of the terror attacks of the World Trade Center, at the National Cathedral in Washington, DC. Also in attendance were former Presidents George Bush , Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , former Vice President Al Gore , former Senator Bob Dole and all their wives. [September 2001]
Was the first Rhodes Scholar to be elected President of the United States.
Secret Service codename was Eagle.
Inducted into the Arkansas Black Hall of Fame, October 2002 (honorary induction).
Has his look-alike puppet in the French show Les guignols de l'info (1988).
The producers of 60 Minutes (1968) originally wanted to pair Clinton with right-wing talk-show host Rush Limbaugh in their (now failed) Point/Counterpoint segment, but Clinton's people nixed the idea. They also rejected former Republican Congressman Newt Gingrich , conservative author William J. Bennett , former Christian Coalition executive Ralph Reed and conservative businessman and former Republican presidential candidate Steve Forbes as possible adversaries in debate, before settling on former Senator/Republican Presidential candidate Bob Dole .
At the 1988 Democratic Convention, Gov. he gave the introduction for Michael Dukakis , it was the longest keynote speech in the history of American politics. Throughout the speech people were screaming for Dukakis, and wanted him off the stage, after 48 minutes, he said, "In closing..." The entire audience stood up and went crazy. Shortly thereafter, he appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962), where he received a three-minute, 48-second introduction from Johnny Carson , it was multiple pages long, and was Carson's longest introduction for a guest. When Clinton finally came out, Carson, said, "Well, governor, I thank you for coming here tonight. And my first question is, how are you?" With that, Carson placed an hour glass timer on the desk.
Video exists showing a young Bill Clinton shaking hands with President John F. Kennedy . The video was aired on television during his 1992 presidential campaign on CBS News.
His terms in office made him the last US president of the 20th century as well as the first president of the 21st century.
Shares a birthday with Tipper Gore , wife of his former presidential running mate, Al Gore .
42nd President of The United States of America (1993-2001).
Son of Virginia Clinton Kelley (1923-1994).
Underwent emergency quadruple heart bypass surgery in September 2004 after experiencing an episode of angina. The former President had not suffered a coronary infarction, but some of his arteries were more than 90% clogged up. He later underwent corrective surgery for a partially collapsed lung in March 2005.
Considered becoming a jazz musician early in his career.
Attended the state funeral of Pope John Paul II at the Vatican, along with incumbent President George W. Bush and former President George Bush . This was Clinton's first public appearance since undergoing corrective surgery at a New York hospital. (April 8th 2005)
As of 2005, is only the second United States President who has been adopted. The only previous President who was adopted was Gerald Ford .
Brother of Kappa Kappa Psi, Inc. Fraternity.
Attended the state funeral of former President Ronald Reagan at the Washington National Cathedral with former U.S. Presidents Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , George Bush , incumbent President George W. Bush , and all their wives. (11 June 2004)
He was not adopted by Roger Clinton. He used the name "Clinton" when he started school. When he was a teenager, and his younger half-brother Roger Clinton was going to start school, Bill went to court to have his name legally changed to "Clinton". The future President wanted to have the same name as his half-brother, to avoid confusion in the Arkansas school system.
Cousin of Congressman James A. Lockhart.
Left the Presidency with a substantial budget surplus, the only president in more than 50 years to do so.
Is mentioned in the lyrics to the theme song of the cartoon series Animaniacs (1993) ("....Wakko packs away the snacks, while Bill Clinton plays the sax.").
On November 3, 1992, Clinton was elected the 42nd President of the United States by a wide margin in the Electoral College, despite receiving only 43% of the popular vote. The 1992 election was the first time since 1968 that a candidate won the White House with under 50% of the popular vote. (Neither Clinton in 1996 or George W. Bush in 2000 garnered 50% of the popular vote, though he did in 2004.) Clinton's home state of Arkansas was the only state in the entire country that gave the majority of its vote to a single candidate; the rest were won by pluralities of the vote. Clinton came in third in Utah, behind President George Bush and third party candidate Ross Perot , while Bush came in third in Maine, where the Bush family maintained a summer home in Kennebunkport.
Despite their numerous political and personal differences, he and former President George Bush , his opponent in the 1992 Presidential election, have actually become friends in recent years. The two have made several commercials together on behalf of the victims of 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina. As cited in "Time" magazine, former First Lady Barbara Bush even called them "The Odd Couple".
Huge fan of Elvis Presley .
In 1972, he was hired as a non-tenured professor of Law at the University of Arkansas at a starting salary of $14,706 per year.
In 1976, he was elected Attorney General for the State of Arkansas at a salary of $26,500 per year.
His allergies include chocolate, dairy products, and flour.
When he left the White House in 2001, he had legal bills in excess of $12 million as a result of campaign financing, the Monica Lewinsky trial, and Whitewater.
In 2006, he earned between $9-10 million on the lecture circuit. He gave 352 speeches, only 20% for personal income. His speaking fee, is approximately $150,000 per speech unless it is for one of the many Clinton causes or organizations, in which case he speaks for free.
In 2007, Forbes Magazine estimated his earnings for the year at $7 million.
Became the first serving US President to visit Northern Ireland. [November 1995]
Nominated for a 2008 Grammy Award for "Giving: How Each Of Us Can Change the World" [Best Spoken Word Album (Includes Poetry, Audio Books & Story Telling)].
Prior to the 2008 election, he is the youngest of the four living US presidents, born 44 days after current president George W. Bush.
First president from the "Baby Boom" generation.
His ancestors settled in and established Blythesville, Arkansas.
(May 10, 2010) Made the cover of Time magazine's double issue - The 100 Most Influential People in the World - alongside Lady Gaga and Didier Drogba .
(May 10, 2010) Merited a place in Time magazine's "The 100 Most Influential People in the World" ("Heroes" category) with an homage contributed by friend Bono .
Has met actress Elena Levon at the 2009 Clinton Foundation event in Los Angeles.
Favorite films are High Noon (1952) and The Princess Bride (1987).
Was presented "Person of the Year (1993)" award by pro wrestler Mick Foley .
Is a vegan since his heart surgery, eating only fruits, vegetables, and whole grain.
The first U.S. President to be born after World War II.
The first Democratic President to serve multiple terms since Harry S. Truman .
Did not smoke cigarettes, but would occasionally smoke cigars. Has since quit smoking entirely.
His mother Virginia Clinton Kelley married Roger Clinton, an alcoholic and a wife-abuser who threatened to kill her. Bill vividly remembers being 5 years old when he witnessed his stepfather Roger firing a gun at his mother; the bullet smashed into a wall next to where Virginia was seated. As Bill grew older, he began to intercede to stop his stepfather's violence to his mother. Bill said he was deprived of a male role model while growing up, as his biological father William had died before he was born and his stepfather Roger was rarely engaged in his life. He has also said that his mother's model of a troubled and violent marriage to Roger has affected his own views on marriage and family when he was a young adult, in which he doubted his own ability to have a successful marriage.
Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2013 by President Barack Obama .
His grandparents ran a grocery store and made a point of selling goods on credit to people of all races while there was segregation.
First grandchild, Charlotte Clinton Mezvinsky, was born on September 26, 2014. Parents are Chelsea Clinton and Marc Mezvinsky.
His nickname "The Comeback Kid: "was generated by the press after strong second place showing in 1992 New Hampshire primary.
Personal Quotes (16)
| Jefferson |
In which country are the Sutherland Falls? | Bill Clinton born - Aug 19, 1946 - HISTORY.com
Bill Clinton born
Publisher
A+E Networks
On this day in 1946, William Jefferson Blythe III is born in Hope, Arkansas. His father died in a car accident before he was born, and young Bill later took the last name of his stepfather, Roger Clinton. In 1992, Bill Clinton would be elected as the 42nd president of the United States.
By his own account, Clinton was inspired to enter politics after meeting President John F. Kennedy at the White House as a high school student. He attended Georgetown University and won a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford in 1968, then received a law degree from Yale. In 1974, Clinton lost a bid for Congress in Arkansas’ Third District. He married fellow Yale Law graduate Hillary Rodham the following year; their daughter Chelsea was born in 1980.
Clinton was elected Arkansas attorney general in 1976. In 1978, at the age of 32, he became the youngest governor to be elected in the United States in four decades. Though he lost his first reelection campaign in 1980, he regained the office four years later and was reelected comfortably three more times. In 1992, he won the Democratic nomination for president. In a campaign that revolved largely around economic issues, Clinton’s youth and the promise of change won over many voters, propelling him to victory over the incumbent George H.W. Bush and upstart third-party candidate Ross Perot.
Issues that arose during the first two years of his administration–including an ethics investigation into the Clintons’ involvement with the Whitewater housing development in Arkansas and a bitter debate in Congress over Clinton’s health care initiative–helped fuel a Republican takeover of the Senate and the House of Representatives in the midterm elections of 1994. Nevertheless, the improving economic climate during Clinton’s presidency resulted in a low unemployment and inflation rate and a balanced budget (even a budget surplus), and in 1996 he became the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win a second term in office.
In 1998, scandal erupted over Clinton’s alleged involvement with a young female White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. On the basis of an investigation by independent counsel Kenneth Starr, Clinton was accused of perjury and obstruction of justice over his repeated denials of the affair; he eventually apologized to his family and to the American public for his dishonesty. He became only the second U.S. president to be impeached by the House of Representatives, but was acquitted of the charges by the Senate in 1999.
Even throughout the tumult surrounding the Lewinsky affair, Clinton enjoyed high approval ratings at home. He was also popular on the world stage, confronting foreign policy challenges including war in Bosnia and Herzegovina; continuing hostility between Israelis and Palestinians; and Iraq’s refusal to comply with United Nations weapons inspections. He was praised for his peacemaking efforts in Ireland and Northern Ireland, and became the first U.S. president to visit Vietnam since the end of the Vietnam War.
After leaving the White House, Clinton remained active in global affairs and as a public speaker. He heads up the William J. Clinton Foundation, a philanthropic organization that has addressed issues such as HIV/AIDS and the environment. Meanwhile, his wife launched her own political career, winning election to the U.S. Senate from New York in 2000 and running her own presidential campaign in 2008 before accepting the position of secretary of state in the administration of Barack Obama.
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In the US TV comedy show Everybody Loves Raymond, what is Raymond's brother's first name? | Everybody Loves Raymond (TV Series 1996–2005) - IMDb
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The comical everyday life of a successful sports columnist and his dysfunctional family.
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Robert's new girlfriend is perfect. Pretty, smart, funny, nice, and sexy. But Ray finds out something: She eats flies. How can Ray make Robert believe him?
9.0
Marie thinks Debra has her canister, but Debra says she doesn't. But when Debra finds it in Ally's room, she gets Ray and Robert to help her sneak it back into Marie's house.
8.9
When Robert gets a job offer with the FBI, Marie tries to stop him from being successful.
8.7
"No Small Parts" IMDb Exclusive: 'Manchester by the Sea' Star Casey Affleck
Ben Affleck 's younger brother Casey Affleck has been nominated for a Golden Globe for his role in critically-acclaimed drama Manchester by the Sea . Take a look at some of his earlier roles. Don't miss our live coverage of the Golden Globes beginning at 4 p.m. PST on Jan. 8 in our Golden Globes section.
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Title: Everybody Loves Raymond (1996–2005)
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Ray Barone seemingly has it all. A wonderful wife, a beautiful family, a great job, a nice house on Long Island. There's only one problem. His obnoxious parents (who live across the street) and his jealous brother are always getting in the way. Written by <[email protected]>
A comedy about a dad who just can't resist being irresistible. See more »
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Trivia
In the pilot episode, Everybody Loves Raymond: Pilot (1996) Matthew and Gregory were named after Ray Romano 's twin sons in reality. Matthew was portrayed by Drew Ferreira and Gregory, was portrayed by Justin Ferreira . After the debut, the identical twin brothers' character names were known as Michael Barone & Geoffrey Barone & portrayed by identical twin brothers. Michael Barone was portrayed by Sullivan Sweeten & Geoffrey Barone was portrayed by Sawyer Sweeten . See more »
Goofs
Throughout the series, the missing section of the large door frame between the Barones' living room and kitchen is sometimes briefly evident in the top of the screen. See more »
Quotes
[Frank is eating lasagna from the platter]
Marie Barone : Frank! What are you doing? You can't eat it from there! Your fork was in there! Now nobody can eat it!
Frank Barone : That's all I have to do? In that case, the fork's been in the ice cream, too!
Ray Barone : [comes in] Hey.
Marie Barone : Hi, Raymond. Are you hungry? Do you want something to eat? Only you can't have lasagna... Or ice cream.
Frank Barone : [sticks his fork in cake] Or chocolate cake.
Marie Barone : Look at him! He's like an animal, marking his territory!
[Frank sticks Marie with the fork]
Frank Barone : What? That's a ...
[...]
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The Where's Lunch production logo shows a plate of food being placed on a dining table. Each episode has its own unique plate of food. See more »
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What is the largest flat fish species? | 'Everybody Loves Raymond' Cast Pays Tribute to Sawyer Sweeten - ABC News
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'Everybody Loves Raymond' Cast Pays Tribute to Sawyer Sweeten
By Michael Rothman
Apr 24, 2015, 9:52 AM ET
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The cast of "Everybody Loves Raymond" took to social media Friday to pay tribute to one of their own.
Sawyer Sweeten died Thursday of suspected suicide at the age of 19 and the show's star Ray Romano, who also played Sweeten's father onscreen, said, "I'm shocked, and terribly saddened, by the news about Sawyer. He was a wonderful and sweet kid to be around. Just a great energy whenever he was there. My heart breaks for him, his family, and his friends during this very difficult time."
Sweeten played Geoffrey Barone, Ray's son, on the show from 1996 to 2005. His twin brother, Sullivan, played Michael Barone.
Patricia Heaton , Ray's wife and the twins' mother on the show, also tweeted, "Sawyer Sweeten was a funny and exceptionally bright young man. He is gone from us far too soon ... The entire cast of #EverybodyLovesRaymond is in shock. Prayers for the Sweeten family."
Sawyer Sweeten was a funny and exceptionally bright young man. He is gone from us far too soon.
— Patricia Heaton (@PatriciaHeaton) April 24, 2015
Doris Roberts also posted, "It is with great sadness that I learned the news that Sawyer Sweeten, who played my grandson Geoffrey Barone on 'Everybody Loves Raymond,' died at his family's home in Texas. He was a very sweet young man who will be dearly missed."
When the news of his death broke late Thursday, Sweeten's rep released a statement from the family, saying, "This morning a terrible family tragedy has occurred. We are devastated to report that our beloved brother, son, and friend, Sawyer Sweeten, took his own life. He was weeks away from his 20th birthday. At this sensitive time, our family requests privacy and we beg of you to reach out to the ones you love."
Madylin Sweeten, the twins' sister, who was also on the show, posted a message on Facebook Thursday, writing, "At this time I would like to encourage everyone to reach out to the ones you love. Let them have no doubt of what they mean to you."
The Hollywood Reporter was the first to confirm the news.
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Who played the Ringo Kid in the original Stagecoach film? | Stagecoach (1939) - IMDb
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A group of people traveling on a stagecoach find their journey complicated by the threat of Geronimo and learn something about each other in the process.
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A senator, who became famous for killing a notorious outlaw, returns for the funeral of an old friend and tells the truth about his deed.
Director: John Ford
Dunson leads a cattle drive, the culmination of over 14 years of work, to its destination in Missouri. But his tyrannical behavior along the way causes a mutiny, led by his adopted son.
Directors: Howard Hawks, Arthur Rosson
Stars: John Wayne, Montgomery Clift, Joanne Dru
A small-town sheriff in the American West enlists the help of a cripple, a drunk, and a young gunfighter in his efforts to hold in jail the brother of the local bad guy.
Director: Howard Hawks
At Fort Apache, an honorable and veteran war captain finds conflict when his regime is placed under the command of a young, glory hungry lieutenant colonel with no respect for the local Indian tribe.
Director: John Ford
A Western retelling the tale of the Shoot-out at the OK Corral.
Director: John Ford
Captain Nathan Brittles, on the eve of retirement, takes out a last patrol to stop an impending massive Indian attack. Encumbered by women who must be evacuated, Brittles finds his mission imperiled.
Director: John Ford
A weary gunfighter attempts to settle down with a homestead family, but a smoldering settler/rancher conflict forces him to act.
Director: George Stevens
A cavalry officer posted on the Rio Grande must deal with murderous raiding Apaches, his son who's a risk-taking recruit and his wife from whom he has been separated for many years.
Director: John Ford
A retired American boxer returns to the village of his birth in Ireland, where he finds love.
Director: John Ford
A marshall, personally compelled to face a returning deadly enemy, finds that his own town refuses to help him.
Director: Fred Zinnemann
An aging group of outlaws look for one last big score as the "traditional" American West is disappearing around them.
Director: Sam Peckinpah
Edit
Storyline
A simple stagecoach trip is complicated by the fact that Geronimo is on the warpath in the area. The passengers on the coach include a drunken doctor, two women, a bank manager who has taken off with his client's money, and the famous Ringo Kid, among others. Written by Andrew Hyatt <[email protected]>
See All (71) »
Taglines:
Danger holds the reins as the devil cracks the whip ! Desperate men ! Frontier women ! Rising above their pasts in a West corrupted by violence and gun-fire ! See more »
Genres:
3 March 1939 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Höllenfahrt nach Santa Fé See more »
Filming Locations:
Mono (Western Electric Mirrophonic Recording)
Color:
Did You Know?
Trivia
John Ford loved the Monument Valley location so much that the actual stagecoach journey traverses the valley three times. See more »
Goofs
In one scene the stagecoach is seen moving far away from "The Mittens", and in the very next scene it is crossing in front of "The Mittens". See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Cavalry scout : These hills here are full of Apaches. They've burnt every ranch building in sight.
[referring to Indian scout]
Cavalry scout : He had a brush with them last night. Says they're being stirred up by Geronimo.
Capt. Sickel : Geronimo? How do we know he isn't lying?
Cavalry scout : No, he's a Cheyenne. They hate Apaches worse than we do.
(Brea, Ca. USA) – See all my reviews
Stagecoach is not your normal, run of the mill, western. It will have you on the edge of your seat as passengers make their way through some dangerous Indian country. By the time the film ends, you will know all of the characters very well and ,for the most part,care whether they live or die.John Ford's excellent directing, great performances from John Wayne, Claire Trevor, Andy Devine and, especially, Thomas Mitchell who won an Acadamy Award for his portrayal of a drunken doctor aboard the stage. Add a great score, super stunt work, and filming done at Monument Valley (Arizona /Utah border) and you have a complete motion picture. I highly recommend "Stagecoach".
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| John Wayne |
Which artist painted The Potato Eaters? | Stagecoach (1939) - The Criterion Collection
The Criterion Collection
Spine #516
This is where it all started. John Ford’s smash hit and enduring masterpiece Stagecoach revolutionized the western, elevating it from B movie to the A-list and establishing the genre as we know it today. The quintessential tale of a group of strangers thrown together into extraordinary circumstances, Stagecoach features outstanding performances from Hollywood stalwarts Claire Trevor, John Carradine, and Thomas Mitchell, and, of course, John Wayne, in his first starring role for Ford, as the daredevil outlaw the Ringo Kid. Superbly shot and tightly edited, Stagecoach (Ford’s first trip to Monument Valley) is Hollywood storytelling at its finest.
Cast
New, restored high-definition digital transfer, with uncompressed monaural soundtrack on the Blu-ray edition
Audio commentary by western authority Jim Kitses (Horizons West)
Bucking Broadway, a 1917 silent feature by John Ford, with new music composed and performed by Donald Sosin
Journalist and television presenter Philip Jenkinson’s extensive 1968 video interview with Ford
New video appreciation of Stagecoach, with director and Ford biographer Peter Bogdanovich
New video interview with Ford’s grandson, Dan Ford about the director and his home movies
New video piece, featuring journalist Buzz Bissinger, about trader Harry Goulding’s key role in bringing Monument Valley to Hollywood
New video homage to legendary stuntman Yakima Canutt, with celebrated stunt coordinator Vic Armstrong
Video essay by writer Tag Gallagher analyzing Ford’s visual style in Stagecoach
Screen Director’s Playhouse 1949 radio dramatization of Stagecoach, with John Wayne, Claire Trevor, and Ford, downloadable as an MP3 file
Theatrical trailer
PLUS: A booklet featuring a new essay by David Cairns and Ernest Haycox’s “Stage to Lordsburg,” the short story that inspired the film
New cover by Eric Skillman
Current Posts
| i don't know |
In architecture, what is a lancet? | Lancet (architecture) - definition of Lancet (architecture) by The Free Dictionary
Lancet (architecture) - definition of Lancet (architecture) by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Lancet+(architecture)
Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia .
lancet window
A tall, narrow window set in a lancet arch.
lancet window
(Architecture) a narrow window having a lancet arch. Sometimes shortened to: lancet
lan′cet win′dow
a high, narrow window terminating in a lancet arch.
[1775–85]
1.
lancet window - a narrow window having a lancet arch and without tracery
window - a framework of wood or metal that contains a glass windowpane and is built into a wall or roof to admit light or air
Translations
lancet window
n (Archit) → Spitzbogenfenster nt
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All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
| The Window |
Which singer's original name was Elaine Bookbinder? | Lancet - definition of lancet by The Free Dictionary
Lancet - definition of lancet by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lancet
Related to lancet: BMJ , JAMA
lan·cet
n.
1. Medicine
a. A surgical knife with a short, wide, pointed double-edged blade, used especially for making punctures and small incisions. Also called lance.
b. A small needle used to prick the skin, as to obtain blood samples for testing blood glucose levels, especially one designed to fit into a specially designed lancing device.
2. Architecture
[Middle English, from Old French, diminutive of lance, lance; see lance .]
lancet
1. (Tools) Also called: lance a pointed surgical knife with two sharp edges
2. (Surgery) Also called: lance a pointed surgical knife with two sharp edges
3. (Architecture) short for lancet arch , lancet window
[C15 lancette, from Old French: small lance]
lan•cet
1. a sharp-pointed surgical instrument, usu. with two edges, for making small incisions.
2.
[1375–1425; late Middle English lancette < Middle French. See lance , -et ]
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Gothic arch - a pointed arch; usually has a joint (instead of a keystone) at the apex
2.
surgical knife - a very sharp knife used in surgery
Translations
lancet window N → ventana f ojival
lancet
[ˈlɑːnsɪt] n (MEDICINE) → bistouri m
lancet
[ˈlɑːnsɪt] n (Med) → bisturi m inv
lan·cet
v. abrir con una lanceta.
lancet
n lanceta; diabetic — lanceta para diabéticos; — device lancetero
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View in context
He had evidently been schooling himself as to all sorts of little things, and remembered them, but he almost managed to sit down on his silk hat, which men don't generally do when they are cool, and then when he wanted to appear at ease he kept playing with a lancet in a way that made me nearly scream.
View in context
The Doctor still read from cover to cover his Lancet and his Medical Journal, attended all professional gatherings, worked himself into an alternate state of exaltation and depression over the results of the election of officers, and reserved for himself a den of his own, in which before rows of little round bottles full of glycerine, Canadian balsam, and staining agents, he still cut sections with a microtome, and peeped through his long, brass, old-fashioned microscope at the arcana of nature.
| i don't know |
A methuselah of wine holds the equivalent of how many bottles? | Wine Bottle Sizes
Holds 375 ml or one half of the standard bottle size.
Bottle
Holds 750 ml - the standard size.
Magnum
Two bottles or 1.5 litres.
Double Magnum
Twice the size of a magnum, holding 3.0 litres, or the equivalent of 4 bottles.
Jeroboam
There are two sizes of Jeroboams: the sparkling wine Jeroboam holds 4 bottles, or 3.0 litres: the still wine Jeroboam holds 6 regular bottles, or 4.5 litres.
Rehoboam
Champagne only - 4.5 litres or 6 bottles.
Imperial
Holds 6 litres or the equivalent of 8 bottles. Tends to be Bordeaux shaped.
Methuselah
Same size as an Imperial (6 litres) but is usually used for sparkling wines and is Burgundy-shaped.
Salmanazar
Holds 12 regular bottles (one case), or 9.0 litres.
Balthazar
Holds 16 bottles or 12.0 litres.
Nebuchadnezzar
Holds 20 bottles of wine or 15.0 litres. According to my colleague John Ager, quoting from Fogwells Wine Guide , it is equivalent to 20 standard bottles (15 litres, 3.96 US gal., 3.3 UK gal.). Bill Tighe says that the Nebuchadnezzar, according to the "Random House unabridged Dictionary of the English language, as she is spoken here in the colonies, is 20 quarts, or 18.9 liters". I suspect something amiss here! The Concise Oxford doesn't mention the word. The Encarta World English Dictionary refers only to the Babylonian king.
| eight |
Launched in 1960, what was the name of the first US communications satellite? | Bottle sizes and wine names - Wine Notes
Wine Notes
Gwendolyn
The other day, to celebrate the Wine.com office move and 13th holiday season, we all opened up a Methuselah of Champagne. A what? A Methuselah. That would be six literes (there are about 40 of us after all). Of course as we watched our founder open it, hoist it and try to “gently” pour it into our glasses, everyone wanted to know, what do you call this bottle? Though I know all the names, I’d already fogotten which size goes with which name. I’ve posted on bottle sizes before, but to re-cap for the holidays, in case you need something extra bit to impress…
A few numbers: A standard bottle holds 750mL and is the most common bottle size you will see.
A magnum holds 1.5 liters or 2 bottles
After the magnum, the names of bottle sizes come from the names of kings noted in the Old Testament.
Jeroboam
Bottle – 3 liters/4 bottles in Champagne & Burgundy (as well as most New World). In Bordeaux this size is called a Double Magnum.
King – After the death of Solomon, Jeroboam led a revolt against Rehoboam and became King of a newly independent kingdom of Israel.
Rehoboam
Bottle – 4.5 liters/6 bottles (in Bordeaux this size is called a Jeroboam, just to confuse you).
King – King of Judea after the death of his father, Solomon.
Methuselah
Bottle – 6 liters/8 bottles (in Bordeaux this size is called Imperiale).
King – Here is an exception, as Methuselah is not a king, but rather the oldest man cited in the Bible at 969 years old.
Salmanazar
King – King of Assyria, also known as Shalmaneser. Mentioned in 2 Kings, Chapter 17.
Balthazar
Bottle – 12 liters/16 bottles
King – In the Book of Daniel, King Belshazzar (or Balthazar) was the last king of Babylon.
Nebuchadnezzar
Bottle – 15 liters/20 bottles
King – King of Babylon (before Balthazar) who conquered and exiled many Jews. Also built the “Hanging Gardens of Babylon). Seen here in painting by William Blake.
There are larger bottles said to be out there – Melchior for 24 bottles and Sovereign for 34 bottles. These are rare.
The largest wine bottle made so far was commissioned by Morton’s Steakhouse in 2004. At 4.5 feet tall, the bottle held 130 liters (173 bottles, 1200 glasses) of wine. The wine itself was Beringer Vineyards 2001 Napa Valley Cabernet Sauvignon Reserve.
What’s the biggest bottle you’ve drunk?
| i don't know |
What does a cartophilist collect? | Cartophilist - Definition and synonyms of cartophilist in the English dictionary. Translation of cartophilist to 20 languages.
cartophilist
Meaning of cartophilist in the English dictionary
DICTIONARY
exclamation
Cartophilist is a noun.
A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc.
WHAT DOES CARTOPHILIST MEAN IN ENGLISH?
Definition of cartophilist in the English dictionary
The definition of cartophilist in the dictionary is a person who collects cigarette cards.
ENGLISH WORDS THAT BEGIN LIKE CARTOPHILIST
Synonyms and antonyms of cartophilist in the English dictionary of synonyms
SYNONYMS
WORDS RELATING TO «CARTOPHILIST»
cartophilist cartophilist other sporting hobbies hobby collecting cigarette cards from french carte card phily greek philos loving carˈtophilist collins always cartophily usage examples trends word frequency level data available kɑːˈtɒfɪlɪst noun reverso meaning also cartoonist cartographical capitalist encyclopedia information oxford rhymes psychology define tophilist encyclo results
Translation of «cartophilist» into 20 languages
TRANSLATOR
TRANSLATION OF CARTOPHILIST
Find out the translation of cartophilist to 20 languages with our English multilingual translator .
The translations of cartophilist from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «cartophilist» in English.
order by number of speakers
alphabetical order
Trends of use of cartophilist
TRENDS
TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «CARTOPHILIST»
The term «cartophilist» is used very little and occupies the 160.059 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary .
0
25
/100
The map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «cartophilist» in the different countries.
Principal search tendencies and common uses of cartophilist
1
List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «cartophilist».
Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about cartophilist
EXAMPLES
10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «CARTOPHILIST»
Discover the use of cartophilist in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to cartophilist and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.
1
Fitzgerald's Wood
'I'm a cartophilist,' he once told me as he reached up for one of his leather-bound binders. 'What's a cartophilist?' I asked, helping him to place the binder on the coffee table. 'Someone who is interested in cartophily,' he explained, opening the ...
David Nwokedi, 2005
2
American Philatelist Year Book
.Carter's Messenger, (New York), 1908-10.. CtrMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Carter's Monthly Record, (Liverpool), 1908-9. Crtht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Cartophilist, ( Cambridge, Eng.), 1906. Cskt , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Casket, (Toronto), 1884. Cat .
3
The Motor
... known as a cartophilist." Quite so, and the gentle creature who penned the above is, we presume, an enthusiastic car-tophobe. * » * The question is, what particular species of poultry does he refer to ? The answer is, of course, a goose.
4
The British Museum A-Z Companion
... cuttings, letters, shop bills, headed paper and reproductions, formed as part of his research into the history of London shops and trades. Edward Wharton-Tigar, the world's greatest cartophilist, began collecting at the age of seven in 1920.
Marjorie Caygill, 2014
5
Good Word Guide: The Fast Way to Correct English - Spelling, ...
... bibliopegist bibliophile cagophilist campanologist canophilist or cynophilist cartophilist coleopterist conchologist copoclephilist cruciverbamorist cumyxaphilist deltiologist ecclesiologist entomologist ephemerist epicure errinophilist ex-librist ...
Martin Manser, 2011
6
The Dictionary of Unfamiliar Words: Over 10,000ÊCommon and ...
automobilistSomeone wholoves and collectsautomobiles. balletomane Someone who loves ballet. bibliophile Someone wholoves and collects books. campanologist Someone who is enthusiastic about bellringing. cartophilist Someone who ...
Diagram Group, 2013
7
Chambers English Thesaurus
... arachnologist arctophile audiophil(e) balletomane bibliolat.rist bibliomane bibliopegist bibliophagist bibliophile bibliophilist bicameralist campanologist canophilist cartophile cartophilist cheirographist coleopterist conservationist cynophilist ...
8
Ultimate Dad Stuff
Here are a few of our favourites: Aerophilately air mailstampsand covers Arctophilist teddy bears Argyrothecologist money boxes Bestiarist medieval books onanimals Brandophilist cigarbands Cartophilist cigarette cards Conchologist shells ...
Steve Caplin, Simon Rose, 2014
9
The Chambers Crossword Dictionary, 3rd edition
... philatelist, scripophile, technophile,toxophilite 12 ailourophile, cartophilist, coleopterist, Dantophilist, deltiologist, entomologist, incunabulist, ophiophilist, phillumenist,stegophilist 13 arachnologist,campanologist, chirographist, lepidopterist, ...
Chambers,, 2012
10
New Oxford Rhyming Dictionary
... cartilage 20.6 cartilaginous 28.29 Cartland 16.45 cartload 16.23 cartographer 12.30 cartographic 21.10 cartography 4.14 cartomancy 4.45 carton 25.50 cartoon 25.33 cartoonish 29.9 cartoonist 31.10 cartoony 4.33 cartophilist 31.8 cartophily ...
2012
| Cigarette card |
Which European city had the Roman name Lutetia? | Recollector Forum - What do you call someone who collects <ABC>?
Recollector Forum
maprecord
04-17-2016, 12:38 PM
When I mention to a new acquaintance that I collect old maps, an interesting kind of conversation sometimes unfolds:
“Oh, so you’re a cartographer!”
“Well, no. Cartographers are people who make maps; I just collect them.”
“So what do you call somebody who collects map? A ‘cartophile’?”
“I usually call such a person a map collector, but it certainly would be nice if there were some single word that described people like me. Maybe ‘cartophile’ is the right word.”
It turns out that I am not alone in wanting to find a word to match my collecting interest. There are many, many different types of collectors, and there are some strange words that have been created to describe such people. Recently Jeff Aronson, who happens to be a clinical pharmacologist, wrote about this topic in the Freelance column of the Times Literary Supplement (Feb. 12, 2016). He seems to have scoured the Oxford English Dictionary for words used to describe various types of collectors, and found about forty different terms. The terms range from the unusual to the bizarre, and many are quite amusing. Few of these are in the vocabulary of a typical speaker of English. (Though William F. Buckley may have known some of these terms, he may have had a hard time finding opportunities to use them.)
For your entertainment, here are some of the more amusing of Dr. Aronson’s finds, along with what such a person collects:
aggregator – medical remedies
cartophilist – cigarette cards [no, not maps!]
deltiologist – postcards
phillumenist – match-box labels or match books
rhapsodist – literary pieces
scripophiles (old bond and share certificates)
simplist – herbs
tawny-moroccoite – books bound with tawny morocco
tegestologist – beer mats
timbromaniac – stamps [there are, of course, more common words for stamp collectors]
vecturist – transport tokens
velologist – car tax discs
So if you collect something unusual, and are looking for a word to describe your passion, don’t give up hope! If you can’t find an existing word in the OED, go to the library and get out a Greek or Latin dictionary and make up a new word to describe yourself and your fellow collectors. So if you collect ABCs, maybe tomorrow you can call yourself an abecedarianist.
| i don't know |
What is the green pigment found in most plants that is responsible for absorbing light energy? | photosynthesis pigments
Pigments:
Pigments are "molecules that absorb specific wavelengths (energies) of light and reflect all others."
Pigments are colored: the color we see is the net effect of all the light reflecting back at us.
Now, what do I mean by absorb?
Electrons in molecules can exist at specific energy levels. Normally they exist at the lowest possible energy level they can. However, if enough energy comes along to boost them into the next level, they can "absorb" that energy and occupy that higher level. This is what pigments do. The light they absorb contains' just the right amount' of energy necessary to push them into the next level. Any light that does not have enough or has too much energy can not be absorbed and is reflected.
The electron in the higher energy level, however, does not 'want' to stay there(i.e. it is unstable). It 'wants' to return to its normal lower energy level. In order to do this it must get rid or release the energy that has put it into the higher energy state to begin with. This can happen several different ways:
1) The extra energy can be converted into molecular motion and lost as heat.
2) Some of the extra energy can be lost as heat energy, while the rest is lost as light. This re-emission of light energy is called florescence.
3)The energy, but not the e- itself, can be passed onto another molecule. This is called resonance.
4)The energy and the e- can be transferred to another molecule.
Plant pigments usually utilize the last two of these reactions to convert the sun's energy into their own. When chlorophyll is isolated from the enzymes it is associated with, the second scenario can be seen to happen.
What should be the ideal pigment for chloroplasts?
A collection of pigments that would absorb all light and thus appear Black seems a logical choice... but in fact we know this is not true.. plants except for some of the red algae appear green or brown, not black. Why? a number of possible explanation occur...
IF plants had pigments that absorbed UV and x-rays this would mean that so much energy could be absorbed in light areas that electrons could be knocked off their orbitals and the molecule destroyed..
IF plants absorbed IR and radio waves, there would not be enough energy for electron transfer, just enough to warm up the molecule
Pigments that absorb in the visible region gain just enough energy to boost an electron to the next level...
However even in this region, not all visible wavelengths are abosrbed..there is some speculation that in the early competitive wars between photosynthetic bacteria [ and we mean early 3 BYA] , plants specialized so that some would absorb in the red, others green or blue. The survivors in the long run are the one with pigments that absorbed in the red/blue reflecting green.... at least on land.
What are these Pigment involved in Photosythesis?:
Chlorophyll a: This is the most abundant pigment in plants. Chlorophyll a absorbs light with wavelengths of 430nm(blue) and 662nm(red). It reflects green light strongly so it appears green to us. It contains a hydrophobic (fat soluble) phytol chain that allow it to be embedded in a lipid membrane. The rest of the structure called a tetrapyrrolic ring rests outside of the membrane . It is this part of the pigment that absorbs the energy from light. The metal at the center of the structure, Mg, can have variable oxidation states . This means that it can accept and donate e- readily depending of the situation. Its flexible, which is very important to the function of the molecule.
Chlorophyll b: This molecule has a structure similar to that of chlorophyll a. It absorbs light of 453nm and 642 nm maximally. It is not as abundant as chlorophyll a, and probably evolved later. It helps increase the range of light a plant can use for energy.
Carotenoids: This is a class of accessory pigments that occur in all photosynthetic organisms. They are completely hydrophobic (fat soluble) and exist in lipid membranes. Carotenoids absorb light maximally between 460 nm and 550 nm and appear red, orange, or yellow to us.
The most important function of carotenoids seems to be protecting the plant from free radicals formed from ultra violet or other radiation. Free radicals are dangerous because they contain an extra odd e- they don't really want to have. This means that they are constantly trying to get rid of this extra electron. They do this by attacking whatever bonds they can.
In animal systems it is speculated that:
Vitamin E + radical oxidized ---> radical + Vitamin E oxidized
Vitamin E oxidized + carotenoids ----> Vit E + carotenoids oxidized
Carotenoids oxidized + Vit C ---> carotenoids + Vit C oxidized
In animals, the Vit C can be flushed out of the system since it is soluble in water which none of the other molecules are. Whether this same series of transfers occurs in plants is unknown. In humans, taking Vit E or betacarotenes in themselves is not protection against oxidants unless there is a supply of Vit C to flush it out.. Smokes who maintain low levels of C are not helped with increases of the other 2.
In plants, as the vacuole is a generally safe aqueous repository, the oxidized C may end up here, whereas carotenoids could not ....
Xanthophylls are a fourth common class of pigments. They are essentially oxidized Carotenoids and contain oxygen. They are usually red and yellow and do not absorb energy as well as cartenoids. They are also fat soluble.
Anthocyanins are a fifth class of pigments. These pigments contain Cu and are stored in the vacuole of a plant because they unlike the other fat soluble pigments are water soluble.
Note the structure of the phycocyanins we in the red algae and BG's. How does it differ substantially from the above pigments?
| Chlorophyll |
Yeomen Warders at the Tower of London are commonly known by what other name? | Absorption of Light
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Absorption of Light
Pigments, like chlorophyll and carotenoids, absorb and reflect light at a certain region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Learning Objective
Differentiate between chlorophyll and carotenoids.
Key Points
Plant pigment molecules absorb only light in the wavelength range of 700 nm to 400 nm; this range is referred to as photosynthetically-active radiation.
Violet and blue have the shortest wavelengths and the most energy , whereas red has the longest wavelengths and carries the least amount of energy.
Pigments reflect or transmit the wavelengths they cannot absorb, making them appear in the corresponding color.
Chorophylls and carotenoids are the major pigments in plants; while there are dozens of carotenoids, there are only five important chorophylls: a, b, c, d, and bacteriochlorophyll.
Chlorophyll a absorbs light in the blue-violet region, chlorophyll b absorbs red-blue light, and both a and b reflect green light (which is why chlorophyll appears green).
Carotenoids absorb light in the blue-green and violet region and reflect the longer yellow, red, and orange wavelengths; these pigments also dispose excess energy out of the cell .
Terms
Full Text
Absorption of Light
Light energy initiates the process of photosynthesis when pigments absorb the light. Organic pigments have a narrow range of energy levels that they can absorb. Energy levels lower than those represented by red light are insufficient to raise an orbital electron to an excited, or quantum, state. Energy levels higher than those in blue light will physically tear the molecules apart, a process called bleaching. For example, retinal pigments can only "see" (absorb) 700 nm to 400 nm light; this is visible light . For the same reasons, plant pigment molecules absorb only light in the wavelength range of 700 nm to 400 nm; plant physiologists refer to this range for plants as photosynthetically-active radiation.
The visible light seen by humans as the color white light actually exists in a rainbow of colors in the electromagnetic spectrum , with violet and blue having shorter wavelengths and, thus, higher energy. At the other end of the spectrum, toward red, the wavelengths are longer and have lower energy .
The colors of visible light do not carry the same amount of energy. Violet has the shortest wavelength and, therefore, carries the most energy, whereas red has the longest wavelength and carries the least amount of energy.
Understanding Pigments
Different kinds of pigments exist, each of which has evolved to absorb only certain wavelengths or colors of visible light. Pigments reflect or transmit the wavelengths they cannot absorb, making them appear in the corresponding color.
Chlorophylls and carotenoids are the two major classes of photosynthetic pigments found in plants and algae; each class has multiple types of pigment molecules. There are five major chlorophylls: a, b, c and d, along with a related molecule found in prokaryotes called bacteriochlorophyll.
With dozens of different forms, carotenoids are a much larger group of pigments. The carotenoids found in fruit , such as the red of tomato (lycopene), the yellow of corn seeds (zeaxanthin), or the orange of an orange peel (β-carotene), are used to attract seed-dispersing organisms. In photosynthesis, carotenoids function as photosynthetic pigments that are very efficient molecules for the disposal of excess energy. When a leaf is exposed to full sun, the light-dependent reactions are required to process an enormous amount of energy; if that energy is not handled properly, it can do significant damage. Therefore, many carotenoids are stored in the thylakoid membrane to absorb excess energy and safely release that energy as heat.
Each type of pigment can be identified by the specific pattern of wavelengths it absorbs from visible light, which is the absorption spectrum. Chlorophyll a absorbs light in the blue-violet region, while chlorophyll b absorbs red-blue light. Neither a or b absorb green light; because green is reflected or transmitted, chlorophyll appears green. Carotenoids absorb light in the blue-green and violet region and reflect the longer yellow, red, and orange wavelengths .
(a) Chlorophyll a, (b) chlorophyll b, and (c) β-carotene are hydrophobic organic pigments found in the thylakoid membrane. Chlorophyll a and b, which are identical except for the part indicated in the red box, are responsible for the green color of leaves. β-carotene is responsible for the orange color in carrots. Each pigment has (d) a unique absorbance spectrum.
Many photosynthetic organisms have a mixture of pigments. In this way organisms can absorb energy from a wider range of wavelengths. Not all photosynthetic organisms have full access to sunlight. Some organisms grow underwater where light intensity and quality decrease and change with depth. Other organisms grow in competition for light. Plants on the rainforest floor must be able to absorb any light that comes through because the taller trees absorb most of the sunlight and scatter the remaining solar radiation
Plants that commonly grow in the shade have adapted to low levels of light by changing the relative concentrations of their chlorophyll pigments.
When studying a photosynthetic organism, scientists can determine the types of pigments present by using a spectrophotometer . These instruments can differentiate which wavelengths of light a substance can absorb. Spectrophotometers measure transmitted light and compute its absorption. By extracting pigments from leaves and placing these samples into a spectrophotometer, scientists can identify which wavelengths of light an organism can absorb.
| i don't know |
Which actress appears with Jarvis Cocker in Pulp's video, Common People? | Common People by Pulp Songfacts
Common People by Pulp Songfacts
Songfacts
This song is based on a girl lead singer Jarvis Cocker met at St. Martin's on the sculpture course. Jarvis revealed that nothing actually ever happened between them and that in fact, he just overheard her say that she would like to live in the East end of London. Some believe that the song reflects Jarvis' thoughts, as he does not come from a working class background.
As this was a catchy pop song, Jarvis Cocker wanted to come up with a dance routine to go with it, which can be seen in the video. >>
Suggestion credit:
Rachel - London, England, for above 2
This was the commercial breakthrough for Pulp, who were formed by the then 15-year-old Jarvis Cocker in 1978. In Q magazine, Cocker said: "It was clear 'Common People' was a significant song. Eight other songs on the album were written while it was in the charts. Knowing that you had a mass audience for once in your life gave me the confidence to bring certain things out of myself."
The video to the song featured Sadie Frost and was produced by Jarvis himself. He has a degree in film-making from St. Martins College of Art. >>
Suggestion credit:
Richard - Newport, United Kingdom
Jarvis Cocker told the story of the song to Uncut magazine August 2010: "It all started with me getting rid of a lot of albums at the Record And Tape Exchange in Notting Hill. With the store credit I went into the second-hand instrument bit and bought this Casio keyboard. When you buy an instrument, you run home and want to write a song straight away. So I went back to my flat and wrote the chord sequence for 'Common People,' which isn't such a great achievement because it's only got three chords. I thought it might come in handy for our next rehearsal."
He added: "Steve (Mackey, bass) started laughing and said, 'It sounds like (Emerson, Lake & Palmer's version of) 'Fanfare For The Common Man.' I always thought the word 'common' was an interesting thing. It would be used in 'Fanfare For The Common Man.' as this idea of the noble savage, whereas it was a real insult in Sheffield to call someone 'common.' That set off memories of this girl that I met at college. She wanted to go and live in Hackney and be with the common people. She was from a well-to-do background, and there was me explaining that that would never work. I hated all that cobblers you got in films and magazines in which posh people would 'slum it' for a while. Once I got that narrative in my head it was very easy to write, lyrically."
Cocker told Uncut about the Greek girl who inspired the song: "On that BBC Three documentary (2006's The story Of… Pulp's Common People), the researchers went through all the people who were contemporaries of mine at St Martins and they tried to track her down. They showed me a picture and it definitely wasn't her. I dunno. Maybe she wasn't Greek. Maybe I misheard her."
Pulp debuted this at the Reading Festival in 1994. Jarvis Cocker recalled in Isle of Noises : "I was up trying to finish the words the night before. If a song doesn't work you know after about 20 seconds but you've got to finish it, five minutes or whatever, then feel really embarrassed."
This was voted the top Britpop anthem by listeners of BBC Radio 6 Music in a 2014 poll to mark the 20th birthday of Britpop. The Verve's " Bittersweet Symphony " came second and Oasis' " Don't Look Back In Anger " third.
The song only made it to #2 in the UK charts. It was denied the top spot by Robson Green and Jerome Flynn's version of " Unchained Melody ."
Jarvis Cocker told a funny story of the day it was revealed at #2: "The Sunday they announced the charts it was presented live in Birmingham, and all the chart acts had to mime to their songs. We didn't know what position we were, so we waited in this back room for them to call us. So time went on, it got to 6 p.m. and everyone was getting shaky. I went to the toilet to put my contact lenses in, but I hadn't rinsed them properly, so my eye went bright red. Anyway, we had to go on, and I was still in quite extreme physical pain, and my eye was streaming, so people obviously thought I was crying because we were #2! And, of course, by that time my makeup was running and looked like non-set cement... It'd been raining, so there were big puddles in front of the stage, and just as 'Common People' reached its, erm, climactic chorus, I jumped off the monitor quite spectacularly, as you do, landed in a puddle, slipped and fell flat on me arse! So I'm left thinking, 'F--k me, this is meant to be your ultimate triumph, and you're flat on your back in a puddle, your eye killing you, face falling off, on a wet Sunday afternoon in Birmingham!' Not quite what I'd been dreaming of for 20 years."
Initially the song didn't go down too well with Cocker's bandmates when he presented it to them - drummer Nick Banks admitted during an appearance on BBC 5 live Breakfast that when he first heard Jarvis Cocker's initial demo, he thought it like "a tuneless dirge." He only began to appreciate this song when the band started recording in a studio.
Bassist Steve Mackey noted that it reminded him of the 1977 Emerson, Lake & Palmer song "Fanfare for the Common Man." However, keyboardist Candida Doyle saw the potential in the song from the start: "I just thought it was great straight away. It must have been the simplicity of it, and you could just tell it was a really powerful song then."
In an April 1996 interview with Q magazine, Jarvis Cocker went further into the genesis of the theme behind "Common People": "I really felt – especially after being out of step for so long – if you had a song that was in the right place at the right time then you'd be an idiot to let that moment pass. It seemed to be in the air, that kind of patronizing social voyeurism, slumming it, the idea that there's a glamour about low-rent, low-life. I felt that off Parklife, for example, or Natural Born Killers – there is that noble savage notion. But if you walk round a council estate, there's plenty of savagery and not much nobility going on. In Sheffield, if you say someone's common, then you're saying they're vulgar, coarse, rough-arsed. The kind of person who has corned-beef legs from being too close to the gas fire. So that's what attracted me to calling it 'Common People,' the double meaning, 'Oh, you're common as muck."
The song was actually released before the album it was on was completed - more of a rarity in today's music world. There was a good reason for that, as Cocker explained to Q magazine in 1996: "It was written in about June of '94 and the first time we played it it became clear to me it was a significant song. But then we had trouble writing the rest of the album. If you think, 'Oh God, my livelihood depends on this chord sequence!,' it can come out a bit stilted. In the end we forced Island to release 'Common People' as a single before the rest of the album was done. The other eight songs were done while 'Common People' was in the Top 10. That state of excitement, knowing for once in your life you had a mass audience, gave us the confidence, certainly gave me the confidence, to bring certain things out of myself."
Many bands come to resent the song that they are most known for, but evidently Pulp have never had that problem with "Common People" - at their comeback show at Reading Festival 2011, Cocker noted before they performed the song that "if Pulp are only ever remembered for this song, I don't care, it's a good song. Black Lace are only ever remembered for 'Agadoo,' could be a lot worse!"
According to Greek newspaper, The Athens Voice, the identity of the mystery Greek girl portrayed by Jarvis Cocker in the song is Danae Stratou, the wife of the Greek finance minister. The newspaper reported in April 2015 that Stratou studied at St. Martins College of Art and Design between 1983-1988, the same period that Cocker enrolled in a film studies course at the London university.
| Sadie Frost |
How many labours were performed by Hercules? | Common People by Pulp Songfacts
Common People by Pulp Songfacts
Songfacts
This song is based on a girl lead singer Jarvis Cocker met at St. Martin's on the sculpture course. Jarvis revealed that nothing actually ever happened between them and that in fact, he just overheard her say that she would like to live in the East end of London. Some believe that the song reflects Jarvis' thoughts, as he does not come from a working class background.
As this was a catchy pop song, Jarvis Cocker wanted to come up with a dance routine to go with it, which can be seen in the video. >>
Suggestion credit:
Rachel - London, England, for above 2
This was the commercial breakthrough for Pulp, who were formed by the then 15-year-old Jarvis Cocker in 1978. In Q magazine, Cocker said: "It was clear 'Common People' was a significant song. Eight other songs on the album were written while it was in the charts. Knowing that you had a mass audience for once in your life gave me the confidence to bring certain things out of myself."
The video to the song featured Sadie Frost and was produced by Jarvis himself. He has a degree in film-making from St. Martins College of Art. >>
Suggestion credit:
Richard - Newport, United Kingdom
Jarvis Cocker told the story of the song to Uncut magazine August 2010: "It all started with me getting rid of a lot of albums at the Record And Tape Exchange in Notting Hill. With the store credit I went into the second-hand instrument bit and bought this Casio keyboard. When you buy an instrument, you run home and want to write a song straight away. So I went back to my flat and wrote the chord sequence for 'Common People,' which isn't such a great achievement because it's only got three chords. I thought it might come in handy for our next rehearsal."
He added: "Steve (Mackey, bass) started laughing and said, 'It sounds like (Emerson, Lake & Palmer's version of) 'Fanfare For The Common Man.' I always thought the word 'common' was an interesting thing. It would be used in 'Fanfare For The Common Man.' as this idea of the noble savage, whereas it was a real insult in Sheffield to call someone 'common.' That set off memories of this girl that I met at college. She wanted to go and live in Hackney and be with the common people. She was from a well-to-do background, and there was me explaining that that would never work. I hated all that cobblers you got in films and magazines in which posh people would 'slum it' for a while. Once I got that narrative in my head it was very easy to write, lyrically."
Cocker told Uncut about the Greek girl who inspired the song: "On that BBC Three documentary (2006's The story Of… Pulp's Common People), the researchers went through all the people who were contemporaries of mine at St Martins and they tried to track her down. They showed me a picture and it definitely wasn't her. I dunno. Maybe she wasn't Greek. Maybe I misheard her."
Pulp debuted this at the Reading Festival in 1994. Jarvis Cocker recalled in Isle of Noises : "I was up trying to finish the words the night before. If a song doesn't work you know after about 20 seconds but you've got to finish it, five minutes or whatever, then feel really embarrassed."
This was voted the top Britpop anthem by listeners of BBC Radio 6 Music in a 2014 poll to mark the 20th birthday of Britpop. The Verve's " Bittersweet Symphony " came second and Oasis' " Don't Look Back In Anger " third.
The song only made it to #2 in the UK charts. It was denied the top spot by Robson Green and Jerome Flynn's version of " Unchained Melody ."
Jarvis Cocker told a funny story of the day it was revealed at #2: "The Sunday they announced the charts it was presented live in Birmingham, and all the chart acts had to mime to their songs. We didn't know what position we were, so we waited in this back room for them to call us. So time went on, it got to 6 p.m. and everyone was getting shaky. I went to the toilet to put my contact lenses in, but I hadn't rinsed them properly, so my eye went bright red. Anyway, we had to go on, and I was still in quite extreme physical pain, and my eye was streaming, so people obviously thought I was crying because we were #2! And, of course, by that time my makeup was running and looked like non-set cement... It'd been raining, so there were big puddles in front of the stage, and just as 'Common People' reached its, erm, climactic chorus, I jumped off the monitor quite spectacularly, as you do, landed in a puddle, slipped and fell flat on me arse! So I'm left thinking, 'F--k me, this is meant to be your ultimate triumph, and you're flat on your back in a puddle, your eye killing you, face falling off, on a wet Sunday afternoon in Birmingham!' Not quite what I'd been dreaming of for 20 years."
Initially the song didn't go down too well with Cocker's bandmates when he presented it to them - drummer Nick Banks admitted during an appearance on BBC 5 live Breakfast that when he first heard Jarvis Cocker's initial demo, he thought it like "a tuneless dirge." He only began to appreciate this song when the band started recording in a studio.
Bassist Steve Mackey noted that it reminded him of the 1977 Emerson, Lake & Palmer song "Fanfare for the Common Man." However, keyboardist Candida Doyle saw the potential in the song from the start: "I just thought it was great straight away. It must have been the simplicity of it, and you could just tell it was a really powerful song then."
In an April 1996 interview with Q magazine, Jarvis Cocker went further into the genesis of the theme behind "Common People": "I really felt – especially after being out of step for so long – if you had a song that was in the right place at the right time then you'd be an idiot to let that moment pass. It seemed to be in the air, that kind of patronizing social voyeurism, slumming it, the idea that there's a glamour about low-rent, low-life. I felt that off Parklife, for example, or Natural Born Killers – there is that noble savage notion. But if you walk round a council estate, there's plenty of savagery and not much nobility going on. In Sheffield, if you say someone's common, then you're saying they're vulgar, coarse, rough-arsed. The kind of person who has corned-beef legs from being too close to the gas fire. So that's what attracted me to calling it 'Common People,' the double meaning, 'Oh, you're common as muck."
The song was actually released before the album it was on was completed - more of a rarity in today's music world. There was a good reason for that, as Cocker explained to Q magazine in 1996: "It was written in about June of '94 and the first time we played it it became clear to me it was a significant song. But then we had trouble writing the rest of the album. If you think, 'Oh God, my livelihood depends on this chord sequence!,' it can come out a bit stilted. In the end we forced Island to release 'Common People' as a single before the rest of the album was done. The other eight songs were done while 'Common People' was in the Top 10. That state of excitement, knowing for once in your life you had a mass audience, gave us the confidence, certainly gave me the confidence, to bring certain things out of myself."
Many bands come to resent the song that they are most known for, but evidently Pulp have never had that problem with "Common People" - at their comeback show at Reading Festival 2011, Cocker noted before they performed the song that "if Pulp are only ever remembered for this song, I don't care, it's a good song. Black Lace are only ever remembered for 'Agadoo,' could be a lot worse!"
According to Greek newspaper, The Athens Voice, the identity of the mystery Greek girl portrayed by Jarvis Cocker in the song is Danae Stratou, the wife of the Greek finance minister. The newspaper reported in April 2015 that Stratou studied at St. Martins College of Art and Design between 1983-1988, the same period that Cocker enrolled in a film studies course at the London university.
| i don't know |
In which London pub did Ronnie Kray murder George Cornell? | Krayzy Days – Why London gangster Ronnie Kray really shot George Cornell inside the Blind Beggar pub in 1966 | John Fleming's blog - SO IT GOES
Krayzy Days – Why London gangster Ronnie Kray really shot George Cornell inside the Blind Beggar pub in 1966
(A version of this piece was also published on the Indian news site WSN )
Malcolm Hardee iconic autobiography
Towards the start of comedian Malcolm Hardee ’s autobiography I Stole Freddie Mercury’s Birthday Cake , this passage appears:
______________________________
There was a club in Catford called The Witchdoctor. It was a club we all went to although they didn’t sell drink. Downstairs there was ‘Mr Smiths’ – a gambling casino….
Eddie Richardson was involved in a big shooting at Mr Smith’s, underneath The Witchdoctor. It was a inter-gang thing. They all met down the gaming club and this bloke got shot and was bleeding all over the place from an artery. ‘Mad Frankie’ Fraser (the Richardson’s infamous ‘enforcer’) hit a bloke who subsequently died and ‘Mad Frankie’ himself was shot in the thigh. He got outside and the police found him lying in a front garden round the corner in Fordel Road, Catford, where my Aunt Rosemary and Uncle Doug were then living. His mates had just left ‘Mad Frankie’ there. A bit inconsiderate to the neighbours.
No-one outside South East London knew the Richardsons until they were arrested and there was a lot of publicity at their trial about torturing people in a home-made electric chair.
But everyone knew The Krays . As comedian Lee Hurst says, the Blind Beggar must be the biggest pub in the world. Every time you meet a London taxi driver he says he was in the Blind Beggar the day Ronnie Kray shot George Cornell.
Some people say the Krays wouldn’t have been big if there hadn’t been the shooting in the Blind Beggar. But these days people are getting shot all the time. In the paper yesterday there was a bloke shot in a pub in Yorkshire at lunchtime. I suppose The Krays were setting a trend.
The Krays also had that showbiz thing about them. They actually owned a club; the actress Barbara Windsor was a girlfriend of Charlie Kray and later married Ronnie Knight who worked for The Krays; and the Conservative politician Lord Bob Boothby, whose mistress had been Prime Minister Harold Macmillan’s wife, was having it off with Ronnie, the gay Kray.
______________________________________________________
Micky Fawcett in the May Fair Hotel, London, yesterday
Yesterday, I had tea at the May Fair Hotel in London with former Kray Twins associate Micky Fawcett.
His new book Krayzy Days is that rare thing – a totally true insight into what it was like being with the Kray Twins – Ronnie & Reggie – and their brother Charlie.
“Did the Kray Twins have a sense of humour?” I asked.
“Ronnie had a very good sense of humour,” Micky told me, “Reggie had no sense of humour, but Ronnie did.”
“What type?” I asked. “Black humour?”
“Yes,” said Micky. “Black humour.”
“Or maybe black and blue,” I suggested.
“He was an Oscar Wilde type,” mused Micky. “I’m not saying he was witty, but he would have loved Oscar Wilde. The way Oscar Wilde used to carry on.”
“Because he felt he was clever and superior?” I asked.
Ronnie Kray (left) with boxer Sonny Liston & Micky Fawcett
“Well, Ronnie felt superior,” Micky agreed. “He was called The Colonel. He thought he was superior to everything and everybody. As I say in my book, I was round the Twins’ house one day and somebody dropped in a copy of Private Eye . It was about ‘Knacker of The Yard’ (Private Eye’s name for un-named policemen) and all that – I can’t remember exactly what it was about. But Ronnie read it and laughed for the rest of the day.
“He used to describe himself as ‘a well-known thug and poof’.”
“But,” I said, “he took exception when George Cornell called him a poof.”
“No, that’s…” said Micky.
“When Ronnie shot him in the Blind Beggar pub,” I added.
The Blind Beggar pub in London
“Well,” said Micky, “in the book I tell the true reason for that. It has nothing to do with homosexuality at all. It’s in the book. I was visiting someone in Dartmoor Prison. But, the day before the Blind Beggar shooting, there was the big tear-up at Mr Smith’s in Catford.”
“That’s the one mentioned in Malcolm Hardee’s autobiography,” I said.
“Yes,” said Micky. “Everybody was Whoa! Did you hear that? Whoa! My God! and all that. Frank Fraser finished up with a bullet in his leg in that front garden. It was a big tear-up between the Richardsons and another local ‘firm’.
“The following evening, I was going to Dartmoor, so I went over to the Regency club to meet the fellah I was going with – the Regency being a club in Hackney frequented by the Krays, who had a small share in it. People think they owned it, but the Barry family owned it.
“When I got to the Regency, I saw Reggie outside and he said: What about the news! Reggie was a very uptight sort of fellah. He never hardly showed his emotions. But he grabbed hold of me and he was waltzing me round on the pavement saying: What about it, Mick? Wasn’t it great? The Richardsons had been arrested.
“But I didn’t feel very elated by it at all. They had never done anything to me and, as I came away, I thought to myself: I’ve a feeling now that the next thing is going to be them (The Krays). Once these things get underway, the police nick everybody. The Richardsons had been arrested, but it wasn’t something to celebrate.
“I met my pal. We went to Dartmoor Prison. Visited a fellah down there. Frank Mitchell was on the visit as well. When we used to go to Dartmoor, we’d get my mate out and say to the screw (the prison guard): Can you get Frank Mitchell too? and he’d get Frank Mitchell.”
Nine months later, ‘Mad Axeman’ Frank Mitchell was sprung from Dartmoor Prison by the Kray Twins and subsequently murdered on their orders when they found out he really was uncontrollably mad.
“Frank Mitchell would come for a chat at Dartmoor,” explained Micky, “because he didn’t have any visitors of his own. He’d sit down and say to the screw: You look after him, cos he’s a friend of mine and I’m telling you, if you don’t... and the screw would say Alright, Frank, alright. OK, Frank, keep calm... That’s a fact. They were good experiences when I look back.
“Anyway, we come home to London and, early in the morning, I got a newspaper and it said: MAN SHOT DEAD IN THE BLIND BEGGAR PUB. So I get on the phone straight away to Charlie Kray. He says: Meet me outside Mile End station. So I go straight there and I can remember it as if it was yesterday.
George Cornell in a police photo
“I said to him: Reggie? and he said No, Ronnie. I said Yeah? He said Yeah. What’s happened, Mick… you know that turn-out down there…”
(Micky and I agreed that, for the rest of the exact detail of this story, you will have to buy Micky’s book… He’s no fool and I am not going to argue with him. So there is a section of our conversation missing here… Micky then continued…)
“So he’s going to throw a petrol bomb into Freddie Foreman ’s pub.
“And Charlie Kray told me I wish you’d been here, Mick, because you’d have been the obvious choice to send over because I would have liaised – I used to – but they sent Nobby and he’s come back and gone Oh, it’s all off again! Murders! We’ve gotta do something! They’re going to burn Fred’s pub down!
“And Ronnie’s gone What? And Ronnie’s got all excited, cos he’s mad and he’s gone Give me a shooter! Right! Right! Let’s have a drive round and see if we… and he’s gone into the Blind Beggar and Boom! and that’s it. Just cos Cornell was one of them, cos he was associated with the Richardsons.
“I got on well with Georgie Cornell. He came from Stepney but was very friendly with the Richardsons in South London. He wasn’t 100% with them all the time. And all kinds of strange stories have gone on about why he was shot.
Micky Fawcett’s new myth-busting book
“The strangest of them all is that Georgie Cornell gave Ronnie a terrible beating on some previous occasion. John Pearson says it in his book. But the fellah who told Pearson is a terrible liar.”
“Is he alive?” I asked.
“Yes.”
“Well I’m not going to print that he’s a terrible liar, am I?” I said. “He might take it amiss.”
“Don’t worry about him,” Micky told me. “He’d have trouble getting out of his armchair.”
“There are so many stories,” I said to Micky: “The comedian Lee Hurst used to say that the Blind Beggar must be the biggest pub in the world because, every time you met any London taxi driver, he would claim he was in there the night Ronnie Kray shot George Cornell.”
“Well,” Micky told me, “in the pub that night there really was this fellah called George The Fib.”
“Is he violent, is he still alive and does he live near me?” I asked.
“You’re OK,” said Micky, “he’s dead. But he was called George The Fib cos he was known for lying about everything so, when he told people he had been in the Blind Beggar the night of the shooting, no-one would believe him. He was going around afterwards saying What about that turn-out? I was in there that night… but no-one would believe him. The Old Bill didn’t even interview him.”
“Krayzy Days indeed,” I said.
| The Blind Beggar |
What date is Trafalgar Day? | George Cornell's son breaks 50-year silence: "I hate the Krays but people who hero worship them are worse" - Mirror Online
News
George Cornell's son breaks 50-year silence: "I hate the Krays but people who hero worship them are worse"
Billy has told how his dad's shooting in the Blind Beggar pub in the East End wrecked his family and haunted him ever since
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Billy hates the Kray twins' celebrity (Photo: Ian Vogler/Daily Mirror)
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The family of a man murdered by Ronnie Kray in the Blind Beggar pub have broken their 50-year silence over the killing.
George Cornell’s son Billy has told how his dad’s shooting at the East End boozer wrecked his family and has haunted him and younger sister Rayner ever since.
Billy, 58, says: “ The Krays widowed my mother and orphaned two children, and my daughter and nieces and nephews never met their grandfather. My father was not the only victim that night.
“I hate the Krays and anyone who is part of their family – and worse, the people who hero-worship them today as some kind of glamorous Robin Hoods of the East End. They were vicious and evil.”
The slaying of his father, which has been re-enacted countless times in films about the Kray twins – most recently in Legend, starring Tom Hardy – is one of Britain’s most famous murders.
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It illustrated the power the Krays believed they had, and demonstrated psychopath Ronnie’s warped thirst for violence.
But it also signalled the beginning of the end of the twins’ violent stranglehold over the East End of London.
Ronnie Kray was jailed for life for the killing and died behind bars.
His brother Reggie, who went on to kill Jack “The Hat” McVitie in Stoke Newington, North London, also got life for that murder.
George Cornell had known the Krays since childhood, when the three of them were growing up on the streets around Whitechapel, and for a time they even did business together.
Ronnie and Reggie Kray (Photo: Mirrorpix)
George worked as a Billingsgate fish porter from the age of 12, and then at the nearby docks where he ran credit rackets.
Billy says: “Dad knew all the traders in Mile End and the guvnors of all the pubs. He made his money setting up warehouses and buying in goods on credit then selling them cheap and folding the business without paying his bills.
“He was from a very poor family but was physically strong and good with his fists. When people saw he could fight he got respect, they were afraid to challenge him.
Billy tells how, aged four, he went to the Krays’ East London home with his dad for a business meeting.
He says: “I recall being in the front room and them drinking tea.
“Ronnie was very edgy, like he could snap at any point and his brother was flash with a nice suit and slick way about him.”
George Cornell and Olive at their 1950s wedding
He says his father grew to despise Ronnie in particular, and refused to show deference to the twins. He says: “Ronnie was gay and liked being with young boys and to my dad, who was a gentleman who wouldn’t let anyone swear in front of a woman, in those days that was unacceptable.”
Cornell left the East End in the mid-1950s when he married wife Olive from Camberwell, South London, and set up his family in two flats there.
Billy says: “He made a success of himself in the most difficult circumstances. He was always well turned out in Aquascutum suits, Burberry raincoats and crocodile skin shoes.
“We had money and nice food at Christmas and he had a car and we lived in two flats in south London and had a house in the countryside.”
George became close to the Krays’ arch rivals, South London’s notorious Richardson gang – who, with their enforcer “Mad” Frankie Fraser terrorised London in the 1960s and 1970s.
And Cornell could look after himself. “Dad wasn’t scared of anyone,” says Billy. “I recall more than one occasion where he came home bashed up after a fight.
“One time we were in Maidstone, where we had a bungalow, and we’d stopped in the town centre so mum could get some cakes.
BIlly with dad George
“My dad parked his Austin 11, and we were waiting in the car when a bloke came over and told him not to park where he had as it was for cabs.
“My dad told him to ‘leave off’ and said he was only waiting for his wife but the bloke wouldn’t let it go and three other men came over and were getting on to dad.
“He got out of the car and took all four of them on and gave them a hiding.”
But it was Cornell’s refusal to show fear to Ronnie Kray that was to sign his death warrant.
On March 8 1966 there was a bloody confrontation between the Kray gang and the Richardson gang at Mr Smiths nightclub in Catford, South London.
Richard Hart, a friend of Ronnie and Reggie , was shot dead outside the back doors. But the next day George Cornell went to the Krays’ territory in the East End with two associates to visit a shot pal being treated at the Royal London Hospital.
Billy says: “My dad went into the Blind Beggar opposite the hospital for a pint after he had seen his mate.
“I’d seen him earlier that evening as I’d been a naughty boy and he’d given me a clip around the ear and sent me to bed. Dad was talking to someone he knew in the pub but they said they had to go – I think West Ham had just qualified for Europe and the only place you could get coverage was on the radio and he said he was going to listen to that.
“He didn’t though, he went outside and called the Krays and told them dad was in the pub.”
Blind Beggar after George was shot (Photo: PA)
The Kray twins drove to the pub, stopping to pick up a gun on the way.
Billy says: “Dad was drinking and turned as the door opened and saw Ronnie, and said: ‘Look what the cat’s dragged in.’
“Ronnie pulled out a gun and as dad went to get off his stool he shot him in the head.”
Legend has it that the juke box in the pub was playing the Walker Brothers song The Sun Ain’t Going to Shine Anymore and a warning bullet which ricocheted off the ceiling made the record stick, playing the chorus over and over again.
Billy says: “I think dad probably knew what was coming when Ronnie walked in but he wasn’t afraid of anyone. The twins drove off and my father was taken to the hospital but although they tried to save him he died two hours later.
“The two men he was with had to leave London as they knew they would be next as witnesses.”
Back at the Cornell family home, young Billy was woken by the sound of his mum answering the telephone.
Read more: The Krays wanted to 'rub out' Birmingham nightclub boss, new book claims
He says: “I could hear her saying ‘who is this? What is your name?’
“She put down the phone and called my auntie Pat and told her a fella had phoned up and said dad had been shot.
“I must have gone back to sleep but when I woke up a couple of hours later and went into the lounge it was full of men sat smoking.
“People were talking to me, asking me about football and how I was, but no one said dad was dead – but I knew he wasn’t coming back again.
“It was mum who told me, she said: ‘Your dad went out and there was a fight, it was with someone he has been angry with for a while, someone he worked with, he got killed.’
“It didn’t really sink in, I don’t know when it did. I know there was a big funeral and I wasn’t allowed to go. I remember looking out the window of our flat at the square of green outside and it being covered in bunches of flowers, like a carpet.
“My father was liked and respected and people showed their respect.”
But that was the end of the life young Billy had known.
His mother, widowed in her 20s with a son of seven and six-month-old baby daughter, “never recovered”, he says. She died from cancer aged 59, 20 years ago.
He says: “She loved dad from the moment they met to the day she died, she never got over his death.”
George Cornell
In the hours after George died, Olive is said to have gone to the Krays’ family home in Bethnal Green and thrown a brick through the front window.
He says: “She hated them more than anything in the world from the day he died.”
Former market trader Billy, who now lives in Bermondsey, South London, fell into crime and was jailed for pick-pocketing several times.
He once served a 14-month term in Camp Hill Prison on the Isle of Wight, next door to Parkhurst Prison – home at the time to Ronnie Kray.
He says: “Mother begged me not to do anything if I ever saw him.
“I used to dread her coming to visit me in case she bumped into any of his family on the ferry crossing, she would not have handled it well.”
Billy’s sister Rayner has had her own brush with the law, pleading guilty in 2011 to money laundering in relation to a plot to traffic more than a tonne of cocaine worth £375million.
Read more: Kray twin's former probation officer says killer Reggie should have been freed
Her husband Robert went on the run but was caught by police two years ago and is 18 months into a 10-year sentence for possession of 3kg of the drug.
She says: “I guess I’m like my mum and married a villain but you can’t help who you love.”
Billy said he has avoided the TV shows and films about his father’s death.
He says: “I can’t watch the films, people making money from those two killers makes me sick. When they died I wanted to go down to the funerals and tell all those people who have their faces tattooed on their arms what they were like, but my mum begged me not to.
“My sister got sick of being known around here because of dad’s death and moved to Spain to try and protect her children from it as they grew up.
“I used to see a lot of the old faces around, Frankie Fraser knew my dad and said he was a good guy to me and people say I look like him. But no one ever wants to hear our story, it’s always about them – but they wrecked our lives.
“People should remember they were killers and not be fooled by the pictures of them in suits with celebrities.”
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What is the birthstone for April? | Birthstone | Birthstones | Birthstone by Month
Birthstones
Birthstones by Month
Traditionally, a birthstone is associated with each month of the year. For example, the birthstone for January is a garnet, while lucky babies born in April get a diamond as their birthstone.
The origin of birthstones is believed to date back to the breastplate of Aaron which contained twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. The current list dates back to 1912 with only one addition since then – the tanzanite was added to December.
There are numerous legends and myths about birthstone healing powers and their therapeutic influence. According to these legends, wearing a gemstone during its assigned month heightened its healing powers. For the full effect, individuals needed to own all twelve and alternate them monthly.
Contact an AGS-certified jeweler near you with any birthstone questions you have:
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| Diamond |
What does 'E' represent in E = MC2? | April Birthstone | Diamond
April Birthstone
April Birthstone
Julius Klein Group
For those fortunate to be born in April, the most prized gemstone of all is their birthstone. For this month, diamonds truly are a girl’s (or a boy’s) best friend.
Take a look at the links below for more information on this gorgeous birthstone.
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What note do orchestras typically tune up to? | Orchestra Tuning / Warm Up - Clean Sound - YouTube
Orchestra Tuning / Warm Up - Clean Sound
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Uploaded on Apr 8, 2011
I uploaded this video because there are no other videos at the time with such a clean sound, concerning the warm up of an orchestra.
Don't know why but I just love this sound... :D
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| A |
Which English cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1666? | Why does the orchestra always tune to the oboe? |
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Why does the orchestra always tune to the oboe?
Circumstances of history, mostly, but also acoustics. The first orchestras (in the late 1600s) were mainly string instruments. A pair of oboes was sometimes used to strengthen the first and second violin parts. Soon composers were writing separate parts for the oboe, exploiting its singing tone as a contrast to the violins. The bright, rather penetrating sound of the oboe was easy to hear, and its pitch was more stable than gut strings, so it was natural to rely on it for tuning (One can also imagine it settling, or preventing arguments. Twenty string players squabbling over a tuning note, then asking the oboist to intervene). Other instruments drifted in and out of the orchestra – flutes, bassoon, French horns, clarinets – before its instrumentation became relatively standardized as we know it today. But oboes were almost always present, so they became the standard instrument for tuning.
There are exceptions. Sometimes a composer chooses to replace the oboes altogether with the mellower clarinets. In that case, the clarinet becomes the de facto tuning instrument. Then there are keyboard instruments like piano, harpsichord or organ. The entire orchestra must tune to them, but the oboe still plays a role. When a keyboard instrument joins the orchestra as either a featured instrument or just a section member, the oboist listens to the ‘A’ played by the keyboard, matches it, and plays it so the rest of the orchestra can hear. And what if there is no keyboard, no oboe, no clarinet – just strings? Then the concertmaster pre-tunes his or her A string to A=440 Hz and plays the note for everyone else to hear.
Orchestras always tune to ‘A’, because every string instrument has an ‘A’ string. The standard pitch is A=440 Hertz (440 vibrations per second). Some orchestras favor a slightly higher pitch, like A=442 or higher, which some believe results in a brighter sound. If you ever played in concert band, you’ll remember that you always tuned to B flat. This is because most of the band instruments are actually pitched in B flat, and so this is their natural tuning note.
Here’s a little secret you’ll never know as an audience member. Oboes can play sharp or flat, just like any other instrument. But every oboist uses a little electronic meter to ensure that their ‘A’ is exactly right. In fact, some orchestras – even major orchestras – have gone ‘modern’ and use an electronic device to sound the tuning note. Even then, tradition is respected: it’s the oboist who turns the device on for tuning, and off when the task is completed!
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Who shot and killed Billy the Kid in 1881? | Billy the Kid is shot to death - Jul 14, 1881 - HISTORY.com
Billy the Kid is shot to death
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Sheriff Pat Garrett shoots Henry McCarty, popularly known as Billy the Kid, to death at the Maxwell Ranch in New Mexico. Garrett, who had been tracking the Kid for three months after the gunslinger had escaped from prison only days before his scheduled execution, got a tip that Billy was holed up with friends. While Billy was gone, Garrett waited in the dark in his bedroom. When Billy entered, Garrett shot him to death.
Back on April 1, 1878, Billy the Kid ambushed Sheriff William Brady andone deputy in Lincoln, New Mexico, after ranch owner John Tunstall had been murdered. Billy had worked at Tunstall’s ranch and was outraged by his employer’s slaying-vowing to hunt down every man responsible. Sheriff Brady and his men, who had been affiliated with rival ranchers, were involved with the gang that killed Tunstall on February 18. Billy’s retaliatory attack left Brady and Deputy George Hindman dead. Although only 18 years old at the time, Billy had now committed as many as 17 murders.
Following his indictment for the murder of Sheriff Brady, Billy the Kid was the most wanted man in the West. Evading posses sent to capture him, he eventually struck a deal with the new governor of New Mexico: In return for his testimony against the perpetrators of the ongoing ranch wars in the state, Billy would be set free. Although he kept his word about the testimony, he began to distrust the promise that he would be released and so he escaped.
Once a fugitive, Billy killed a few more men, including the gunslinger Joe Grant, who had challenged him to a showdown. Legend has it that Billy managed to get a hold of Grant’s gun prior to the fight and made sure that an empty chamber was up first in the man’s revolver. When it came time to fire, only Billy’s gun went off and Grant was left dead.
Legendary Sheriff Pat Garrett finally brought Billy the Kid in to stand trial. The judge sentenced Billy the Kid to hang until “you are dead, dead, dead.” Billy reportedly responded, “And you can go to hell, hell, hell.” Two weeks before his scheduled execution, Billy escaped, killing two guards in the process.
Garrett mounted yet another posse to bring in the Kid. After tracing him to the Maxwell Ranch, Garrett shot him to death. No legal charges were brought against him since the killing was ruled a justifiable homicide.
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| Pat Garrett |
What was the first name of Dustin Hoffman's female character in Tootsie? | Historian wants Billy the Kid death certificate issued to put tales to rest | Daily Mail Online
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Historian wants Billy the Kid death certificate issued to prove once and for all that Pat Garrett shot the outlaw dead in 1881
Robert Stahl, an Arizona State University professor emeritus, is asking the state of New Mexico to issue an official death certificate for Billy the Kid
Stahl says the certificate would end tales and prove that the Kid was fatally shot by Lincoln County Sheriff Pat Garrett in 1881
Stahl says the death certificate would 'end a lot of people's doubts' but was told he'd need a court order for a certificate to be issued
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In which year (or decade) were luncheon vouchers introduced in the UK? | Company History
Distribution center opened in Duluth, Minn.
1905: Offices opened in St. Paul, Minn.
1910: George began running national advertisements to grow his business nationally and internationally.
1913:
Offices opened in Chicago, Ill.
1916:
Offices opened in Dallas, Texas.
By the end of WWI:
An impressive export business accounted for approximately one-third of company’s sales volume.
1918:
Offices opened in Atlanta, Ga.
1920s:
Company initiated a unique distribution system for its products involving “sausage trucks,” which were vans driven by salesmen who sold and delivered products on specific routes rather than relying on product distribution by refrigerated railroad cars.
1926:
Geo. A. Hormel & Co. developed the world’s first canned ham.
1927:
At the age of 67, George A. Hormel retired from handling day-to-day operations of the firm, but he continued to serve as chief executive officer. His son, Jay C. Hormel, was named acting president.
1928:
First manufacturing facility to produce branded products outside of Austin was established in Los Angeles, Calif.
Geo. A. Hormel & Co. became a public company.
1929:
Jay C. Hormel named president and brought a penchant for daring new products and promotions to his father’s company.
1933:
Geo. A. Hormel & Co. owned distribution centers in 14 cities across America.
1935:
Jay C. Hormel’s inventive thinking brought about new products including Dinty Moore® beef stew and Hormel® chili.
1937:
Innovative new product SPAM® luncheon meat introduced and achieved an 18 percent market share within the year.
1941:
The number of employees grew to nearly 4,500 and sales climbed to $74.6 million.
After WWII:
Mary Kitchen® roast beef and corned beef hash and Hormel® deviled ham entered the marketplace.
1946:
H. H. Corey succeeded Jay C. Hormel as president, keeping his predecessor’s commitment to innovation firmly in place. Jay C. Hormel served as chairman of the board.
1947:
In a bold marketing move, Jay C. Hormel established the Hormel Girls, a traveling troupe of 60 musical women, to promote Geo. A. Hormel & Co. products. No one had ever seen the likes of a women’s drum and bugle corps that toured, sang and sold Geo. A. Hormel & Co. products.
1950:
The introduction of cellophane packaging revolutionized the food industry throughout the 1950s. Geo. A. Hormel & Co. introduced 16 new products in 1950 alone, including Hormel® skinless frankfurters, Flavor-Saver sliced bacon and link sausage.
1955:
R.F Gray was named the fourth president of the company.
1959:
Hormel® Little Sizzlers® pork sausage introduced.
One-billionth can of SPAM® luncheon meat was produced.
1960s:
Geo. A. Hormel & Co. cast an ambitious eye toward foreign export business and developed licensing agreements and subsidiary arrangements for the production of our products overseas, thus expanding our international trade.
1963:
Hormel® Cure 81® ham introduced.
1965:
M.B. Thompson named as the fifth company president.
1969:
I.J. Holton succeeded M.B. Thompson as president. Thompson named chief executive officer and chairman of the board.
1970s:
Represented a decade of unprecedented growth and investment in equipment and facilities at Geo. A. Hormel & Co. An assortment of new products, many of them line extensions, geared for specific market segments, were introduced.
1973:
Hormel Foods was the first meat packing company to include nutritional labels on meat products.
1979:
Richard L. Knowlton succeeded I.J. Holton as president, and Holton was named chairman of the board.
1982:
A new 1,089,000-square-foot plant—equivalent to approximately 23 football fields—opened in Austin, Minn. The $100 million building featured state-of-the-art technology in processing equipment and was the largest investment in Geo. A. Hormel & Co. history.
1986:
Geo. A. Hormel & Co. acquired Jennie-O Foods, the nation’s largest privately-owned turkey processor.
1987:
After introducing more than 130 new selections during an 18-month period prior to April 1987, Geo. A. Hormel & Co. was chosen “New Products Company of the Year” by Prepared Foods magazine.
1988:
Forbes Magazine called Geo. A. Hormel & Co. one of the most innovative companies in the food processing industry.
The company introduced Hormel® microwave bacon.
1990s:
Hormel Foods unveiled a number of food products that appealed to consumers’ newly emerging tastes, including Jennie-O® spiced and marinated turkey; Hormel® Always Tender® fresh pork; Hormel® microwave bacon; Hormel® turkey pepperoni; Hormel® turkey chili; Hormel® vegetarian chili; and Dinty Moore® turkey stew.
1991:
Hormel Foods celebrated 100 years of operations.
The company organized the Foodservice division to be the premier supplier of products, services and usage ideas to all facets of the food-away-from-home market.
1993:
Name of Geo. A. Hormel & Co. officially changed to Hormel Foods Corporation to more accurately reflect the corporation’s role and industry presence as a diversified consumer-branded marketer of value-added products.
Joel W. Johnson succeeded Richard Knowlton as president and CEO.
Mid-1990s:
As the consumer food marketplace quickly evolved with new global dimensions, Hormel Foods expanded into international markets. A joint venture with Grupo Herdez, S.A. de C.V., in Mexico City grew to a second joint venture with the company to feature authentic Mexican choices under the Herdez®, Bufalo® and Doña María® brands in the United States.
2000:
Prepared Foods magazine presented the New Products Company of the Year award to Hormel Foods; Meat Marketing & Technology magazine named Hormel Foods the "Company of the Decade."
2001:
Hormel Foods acquired The Turkey Store, the business was combined with Jennie-O Foods to form Jennie-O Turkey Store.
2003:
Hormel Foods acquired Century Foods International, a leading supplier of ingredients for whey protein powders, ready-to-drink protein beverages, and nutrition bars.
2004:
Jeffrey M. Ettinger succeeded Johnson as company president and introduced the Billion Dollar Challenge, setting a goal for the company to generate $1 billion in sales from new products by the end of fiscal year 2009.
Hormel Foods acquired Farmer John.
2005: Hormel Foods acquired Lloyd’s Barbeque Company, a pioneer in the heat-and-eat barbeque category.
2006:
Hormel Foods acquired Valley Fresh Inc., a leader in the ready-to-eat canned chicken category.
Hormel Foods acquired Saag’s Products, Inc., a specialty meat and sausage company.
2007:
Hormel Foods released its first Citizenship Overview, formally reporting the company’s corporate responsibility initiatives.
Hormel Foods acquired Burke Corporation, a manufacturer and marketer of pizza toppings and other fully-cooked meat products, strengthening the company’s position in the pizza topping industry.
2008:
The $1 billion sales goal of the Billion Dollar Challenge was achieved a year early; new challenge introduced to generate $2 billion in sales from new products by 2012.
Hormel Foods honored with the Food Processor of the Year award by Food Processing magazine, recognizing the strength of its portfolio as a successful balance between innovation and tradition.
2009:
The joint venture with Grupo Herdez in Mexico City expanded to create MegaMex Foods, LLC, which markets and distributes a variety of Mexican foods in the United States, including the Embasa®, Del Fuerte® and La Victoria® brands.
Hormel Foods named one of The 400 Best Big Companies in America by Forbes Magazine for the 10th consecutive year.
2010:
Hormel Foods Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 5 million shares of common stock—another reflection of the company’s solid financial position.
MegaMex Foods acquired Don Miguel Foods, a leading provider of branded frozen and fresh authentic Mexican flavored appetizers, snacks and handheld items.
Hormel Foods opened Progressive Processing (Dubuque, Iowa). The plant was LEED® Gold certified, it was one of the first manufacturing plants to be a LEED-certified project at any level.
Hormel Foods celebrated the 75th anniversary of Hormel® chili and Dinty Moore® stew.
2011:
Fresherized Foods maker of Wholly Guacamole® dips joined MegaMex Foods, LLC.
Hormel Foods introduced SPAMMY®, a fortified, shelf-stable turkey spread to help address childhood malnutrition throughout the world. The company made an initial three-year commitment to deliver 1 million cans to in-need families in Guatemala
2012:
The SPAM® brand celebrated its 75th anniversary with the introduction of Sir Can A-Lot™, its first ever campaign spokescharacter.
Hormel Foods announced that it met its ambitious “Go for $2B by 2012” goal by achieving $2 billion in total sales from new products created since 2000 by the end of fiscal year 2012.
Hormel Foods announced its second set of environmental goals. The company surpassed the water reduction, packaging and solid waste minimization goals of its first set of five-year goals, which ended in 2011.
2013:
Hormel Foods acquired SKIPPY® peanut butter. The brand, first introduced in 1932, holds the No. 2 share in this category and is the leading brand of natural peanut butter.
Hormel Foods introduced Hormel® REV® wraps, one of the company’s largest new product launches.
The Hormel® Cure 81® brand celebrated its 50th anniversary.
Hormel Foods received two AMI environmental achievement awards for the company’s expansion project at the Corporate Office and a water conservation project at Burke Marketing Corp.
2014:
Hormel Foods acquired CytoSport Holdings, Inc., maker of Muscle Milk® products and other premium protein products in the sports nutrition category.
Hormel Foods announced a partnership with the Cancer Nutrition Consortium, to provide cancer patients with nutritional offerings for their specific, individual needs during cancer treatment.
Century Foods International achieved zero waste to landfill.
Hormel Foods announced Project SPAMMY® research results.
2015:
Hormel Foods announced that it met its solid waste reduction goal six years early.
The company acquired Applegate Farms, LLC, owner of the Applegate® brand, the No. 1 brand in the natural and organic value-added prepared meats category.
James P. Snee named president and chief operating officer.
2016:
Jeffrey M. Ettinger, chairman of the board and chief executive officer, named one of the World's Best CEOs by Barron's.
Hormel Foods acquired Justin’s, LLC, owner of the Justin’s® brand and a pioneer in nut butter-based snacking.
| 1955 |
How did soul singer Otis Redding die in 1967? | Company History
Distribution center opened in Duluth, Minn.
1905: Offices opened in St. Paul, Minn.
1910: George began running national advertisements to grow his business nationally and internationally.
1913:
Offices opened in Chicago, Ill.
1916:
Offices opened in Dallas, Texas.
By the end of WWI:
An impressive export business accounted for approximately one-third of company’s sales volume.
1918:
Offices opened in Atlanta, Ga.
1920s:
Company initiated a unique distribution system for its products involving “sausage trucks,” which were vans driven by salesmen who sold and delivered products on specific routes rather than relying on product distribution by refrigerated railroad cars.
1926:
Geo. A. Hormel & Co. developed the world’s first canned ham.
1927:
At the age of 67, George A. Hormel retired from handling day-to-day operations of the firm, but he continued to serve as chief executive officer. His son, Jay C. Hormel, was named acting president.
1928:
First manufacturing facility to produce branded products outside of Austin was established in Los Angeles, Calif.
Geo. A. Hormel & Co. became a public company.
1929:
Jay C. Hormel named president and brought a penchant for daring new products and promotions to his father’s company.
1933:
Geo. A. Hormel & Co. owned distribution centers in 14 cities across America.
1935:
Jay C. Hormel’s inventive thinking brought about new products including Dinty Moore® beef stew and Hormel® chili.
1937:
Innovative new product SPAM® luncheon meat introduced and achieved an 18 percent market share within the year.
1941:
The number of employees grew to nearly 4,500 and sales climbed to $74.6 million.
After WWII:
Mary Kitchen® roast beef and corned beef hash and Hormel® deviled ham entered the marketplace.
1946:
H. H. Corey succeeded Jay C. Hormel as president, keeping his predecessor’s commitment to innovation firmly in place. Jay C. Hormel served as chairman of the board.
1947:
In a bold marketing move, Jay C. Hormel established the Hormel Girls, a traveling troupe of 60 musical women, to promote Geo. A. Hormel & Co. products. No one had ever seen the likes of a women’s drum and bugle corps that toured, sang and sold Geo. A. Hormel & Co. products.
1950:
The introduction of cellophane packaging revolutionized the food industry throughout the 1950s. Geo. A. Hormel & Co. introduced 16 new products in 1950 alone, including Hormel® skinless frankfurters, Flavor-Saver sliced bacon and link sausage.
1955:
R.F Gray was named the fourth president of the company.
1959:
Hormel® Little Sizzlers® pork sausage introduced.
One-billionth can of SPAM® luncheon meat was produced.
1960s:
Geo. A. Hormel & Co. cast an ambitious eye toward foreign export business and developed licensing agreements and subsidiary arrangements for the production of our products overseas, thus expanding our international trade.
1963:
Hormel® Cure 81® ham introduced.
1965:
M.B. Thompson named as the fifth company president.
1969:
I.J. Holton succeeded M.B. Thompson as president. Thompson named chief executive officer and chairman of the board.
1970s:
Represented a decade of unprecedented growth and investment in equipment and facilities at Geo. A. Hormel & Co. An assortment of new products, many of them line extensions, geared for specific market segments, were introduced.
1973:
Hormel Foods was the first meat packing company to include nutritional labels on meat products.
1979:
Richard L. Knowlton succeeded I.J. Holton as president, and Holton was named chairman of the board.
1982:
A new 1,089,000-square-foot plant—equivalent to approximately 23 football fields—opened in Austin, Minn. The $100 million building featured state-of-the-art technology in processing equipment and was the largest investment in Geo. A. Hormel & Co. history.
1986:
Geo. A. Hormel & Co. acquired Jennie-O Foods, the nation’s largest privately-owned turkey processor.
1987:
After introducing more than 130 new selections during an 18-month period prior to April 1987, Geo. A. Hormel & Co. was chosen “New Products Company of the Year” by Prepared Foods magazine.
1988:
Forbes Magazine called Geo. A. Hormel & Co. one of the most innovative companies in the food processing industry.
The company introduced Hormel® microwave bacon.
1990s:
Hormel Foods unveiled a number of food products that appealed to consumers’ newly emerging tastes, including Jennie-O® spiced and marinated turkey; Hormel® Always Tender® fresh pork; Hormel® microwave bacon; Hormel® turkey pepperoni; Hormel® turkey chili; Hormel® vegetarian chili; and Dinty Moore® turkey stew.
1991:
Hormel Foods celebrated 100 years of operations.
The company organized the Foodservice division to be the premier supplier of products, services and usage ideas to all facets of the food-away-from-home market.
1993:
Name of Geo. A. Hormel & Co. officially changed to Hormel Foods Corporation to more accurately reflect the corporation’s role and industry presence as a diversified consumer-branded marketer of value-added products.
Joel W. Johnson succeeded Richard Knowlton as president and CEO.
Mid-1990s:
As the consumer food marketplace quickly evolved with new global dimensions, Hormel Foods expanded into international markets. A joint venture with Grupo Herdez, S.A. de C.V., in Mexico City grew to a second joint venture with the company to feature authentic Mexican choices under the Herdez®, Bufalo® and Doña María® brands in the United States.
2000:
Prepared Foods magazine presented the New Products Company of the Year award to Hormel Foods; Meat Marketing & Technology magazine named Hormel Foods the "Company of the Decade."
2001:
Hormel Foods acquired The Turkey Store, the business was combined with Jennie-O Foods to form Jennie-O Turkey Store.
2003:
Hormel Foods acquired Century Foods International, a leading supplier of ingredients for whey protein powders, ready-to-drink protein beverages, and nutrition bars.
2004:
Jeffrey M. Ettinger succeeded Johnson as company president and introduced the Billion Dollar Challenge, setting a goal for the company to generate $1 billion in sales from new products by the end of fiscal year 2009.
Hormel Foods acquired Farmer John.
2005: Hormel Foods acquired Lloyd’s Barbeque Company, a pioneer in the heat-and-eat barbeque category.
2006:
Hormel Foods acquired Valley Fresh Inc., a leader in the ready-to-eat canned chicken category.
Hormel Foods acquired Saag’s Products, Inc., a specialty meat and sausage company.
2007:
Hormel Foods released its first Citizenship Overview, formally reporting the company’s corporate responsibility initiatives.
Hormel Foods acquired Burke Corporation, a manufacturer and marketer of pizza toppings and other fully-cooked meat products, strengthening the company’s position in the pizza topping industry.
2008:
The $1 billion sales goal of the Billion Dollar Challenge was achieved a year early; new challenge introduced to generate $2 billion in sales from new products by 2012.
Hormel Foods honored with the Food Processor of the Year award by Food Processing magazine, recognizing the strength of its portfolio as a successful balance between innovation and tradition.
2009:
The joint venture with Grupo Herdez in Mexico City expanded to create MegaMex Foods, LLC, which markets and distributes a variety of Mexican foods in the United States, including the Embasa®, Del Fuerte® and La Victoria® brands.
Hormel Foods named one of The 400 Best Big Companies in America by Forbes Magazine for the 10th consecutive year.
2010:
Hormel Foods Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 5 million shares of common stock—another reflection of the company’s solid financial position.
MegaMex Foods acquired Don Miguel Foods, a leading provider of branded frozen and fresh authentic Mexican flavored appetizers, snacks and handheld items.
Hormel Foods opened Progressive Processing (Dubuque, Iowa). The plant was LEED® Gold certified, it was one of the first manufacturing plants to be a LEED-certified project at any level.
Hormel Foods celebrated the 75th anniversary of Hormel® chili and Dinty Moore® stew.
2011:
Fresherized Foods maker of Wholly Guacamole® dips joined MegaMex Foods, LLC.
Hormel Foods introduced SPAMMY®, a fortified, shelf-stable turkey spread to help address childhood malnutrition throughout the world. The company made an initial three-year commitment to deliver 1 million cans to in-need families in Guatemala
2012:
The SPAM® brand celebrated its 75th anniversary with the introduction of Sir Can A-Lot™, its first ever campaign spokescharacter.
Hormel Foods announced that it met its ambitious “Go for $2B by 2012” goal by achieving $2 billion in total sales from new products created since 2000 by the end of fiscal year 2012.
Hormel Foods announced its second set of environmental goals. The company surpassed the water reduction, packaging and solid waste minimization goals of its first set of five-year goals, which ended in 2011.
2013:
Hormel Foods acquired SKIPPY® peanut butter. The brand, first introduced in 1932, holds the No. 2 share in this category and is the leading brand of natural peanut butter.
Hormel Foods introduced Hormel® REV® wraps, one of the company’s largest new product launches.
The Hormel® Cure 81® brand celebrated its 50th anniversary.
Hormel Foods received two AMI environmental achievement awards for the company’s expansion project at the Corporate Office and a water conservation project at Burke Marketing Corp.
2014:
Hormel Foods acquired CytoSport Holdings, Inc., maker of Muscle Milk® products and other premium protein products in the sports nutrition category.
Hormel Foods announced a partnership with the Cancer Nutrition Consortium, to provide cancer patients with nutritional offerings for their specific, individual needs during cancer treatment.
Century Foods International achieved zero waste to landfill.
Hormel Foods announced Project SPAMMY® research results.
2015:
Hormel Foods announced that it met its solid waste reduction goal six years early.
The company acquired Applegate Farms, LLC, owner of the Applegate® brand, the No. 1 brand in the natural and organic value-added prepared meats category.
James P. Snee named president and chief operating officer.
2016:
Jeffrey M. Ettinger, chairman of the board and chief executive officer, named one of the World's Best CEOs by Barron's.
Hormel Foods acquired Justin’s, LLC, owner of the Justin’s® brand and a pioneer in nut butter-based snacking.
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Who invented the revolver (handgun)? | The Colt Revolver - Invention and History
By Mary Bellis
Updated February 01, 2016.
Samuel Colt invented the first revolver, a gun named after its inventor "Colt", and after its revolving cylinder "revolver". In 1836, Samuel Colt was granted a U.S. patent for the Colt revolver, which was equipped with a revolving cylinder containing five or six bullets and an innovative cocking device.
Before the Colt revolver only one and two-barrel flintlock pistols had been invented for hand held use. Colt revolvers were all based on cap-and-ball technology until the Smith and Wesson license on the bored-through cylinder (bought from Rollin White) expired around 1869.
According to www.midwestgunshows.com: "Horace Smith & Daniel Wesson formed their second partnership (S&W) in 1856 for the development and manufacture of a revolver chambered for a self contained metallic cartridge. During this development period, while researching existing patents, it was found that a Rollin White had patented a bored through cylinder for a paper cartridge some time earlier."
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A licensing agreement was arranged between Smith and Wesson and Rollin White. In 1855, Rollin White patented the bored-through cylinder.
According to www.armchairgunshow.com: "The Rollin White patent covered the right to make a revolver cylinder bored-through end to end - an obvious requirement for an effective cartridge revolver. This fact didn't slow down some firms, who proceeded to make the highly popular cartridge style revolvers. Some used their own designs, and some just produced outright copies of the Smith and Wesson pattern. Smith and Wesson pursued redress in court, resulting in several US makers being required to mark "Made for S&W" or words to that effect on their revolvers."
| Samuel Colt |
In which ocean is Ascension Island? | Invention | The Colt Revolver
The Colt Revolver
Invention
The Colt Revolver has played a paramount role in the history of American weapons. It was one of the first multi-shot weapons to be put into mass production and became a symbol of the American frontier. In this section, I will be looking at the invention of the Colt Revolver, specifically how it was invented and the perceived need it fulfilled.
How Samuel Colt first came up with the idea for his revolver is contested. Some claim he had a eureka moment while target shooting at whales, others that he noticed the way a ships wheel locked into position while he was on a voyage, while his competitors claimed he stole the idea from the Collier Pistol which he may have seen in India [1] . Despite the actual origin story of Colt’s idea, the fact remains that in December of 1835 Colt filed a patent for his revolver in England, and in February of 1836 filed one in America [2] . The key behind Colt’s revolver model and what differentiated it from previous multi-shot pistols is the simplicity. Colt used a very simple pawl, attached to the hammer of the pistol, which when cocked would press the pawl against a recession in the rear of the cylinder, which would rotate the chamber into position [3] . Additionally, Colt cut a notch into the hammer, allowing for a half cocked position which allowed the cylinder to spin freely, allowing for freer loading, as well as designing the cylinder to lock into place once the hammer was fully cocked. [4] Colt was able to raise enough money to start his own factory in March of 1836, called the Patent Arms Manufacturing Company in the town of Patterson New Jersey. In 1837, the factory began production of the Pocket Model Patterson Revolver, and soon came out with the most famous model they would produce, the Colt Holster Model Paterson Revolver No. 5. The No. 5 became highly popular in Texas, but the popularity and the sales did not match, and Colt’s new company was bankrupt by 1842 [5] . Several years later, collaborating with Samuel Walker, a captain of the U.S. Mounted Rifle, Colt came out with the Walker Colt, a .44 that held six shots and weighed over four pounds [6] . The success of the pistol allowed Colt to build a new factory in Hartford Connecticut. Colt then improved the Walker, making it lighter and more reliable and naming this new pistol the Dragoon. [7] As well as full sized guns, Colt additionally made “baby” models, essentially smaller versions of his popular models that were reduced in size and or caliber.
Design Scheme for a Patterson Colt
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In which country was cricketer Ted Dexter born? | Ted Dexter: One of the most colourful characters to grace English cricket - Cricket Country
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Ted Dexter: One of the most colourful characters to grace English cricket
Ted Dexter was one of the most fascinating characters of English cricket with fearless strokeplay, dashing image and debonair attitude.
| Updated : May 15, 2016 2:22 PM IST
Ted Dexter: a truly multi-faceted personality © Getty Images
Ted Dexter, born May 15, 1935, was one of the most fascinating characters of English cricket with fearless stroke-play, dashing image and debonair attitude. Arunabha Sengupta looks back at the life and career of the man who was at his very best against high quality fast bowling, and was further characterised by his love for life, specifically golf, racehorses and bikes.
The inimitable Lord Ted
Few cricketers have tickled the fantasy of onlookers with their absolute nonchalance against fast bowling as did Ted Dexter . The balls came at him at furious speed — hurled by Wes Hall and Charlie Griffith , propelled across by Alan Davidson and Graham McKenzie. And Dexter stood tall, with feline grace and raw power, and drove them back, treating the bowling with a disdain it seldom deserved.
Who can forget the Lord’s Test of 1963 — one of the greatest ever played. With Hall and Griffith charging in, England lost John Edrich for a duck, without a run on the board. Captain Dexter walked out to face the world’s most feared pair of bowlers bowling at their fastest. And he proceeded to hook, cut and essay those thundering drives, in a scintillating display of audacity. When Garry Sobers trapped him leg before, Dexter had raced to 70 from 75 balls, out of a total of 102.
Dexter often batted like the cavalier amateur of the old school, delighting the spectators and often bruising the hands of the fielders with his enormously powerful drives and cuts. And like the true romantic among batsmen he could often succumb to the bowling due to his absolute refusal to treat even the best with any semblance of respect. It was breath-taking, brilliant and could be frustrating.
When he was named a Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1961, the Almanac noted: “Few batsmen announce themselves as Dexter did when batting for Sussex against Surrey at The Oval last summer. His first ball, from the pavilion end, was slightly over-pitched on middle and leg. Feet moved fractionally, head hardly at all, but the bat swung the ball for six over long-leg and they fetched it back from the seats under the gasholder.”
However, he was no mere dasher. Five of his nine hundreds in Test cricket turned out to be over 150. The Australians, following their perennial penchant for mockery, did not take him too seriously before he batted almost six hours at Birmingham to save the Test with an impeccable innings of 180. Later, as captain, he took 93 and 52 off them at Melbourne in the course of a memorable Test victory, which he recounted later as his most satisfying knocks. Dexter could be superb against spin as well. He was perhaps the only English batsman to have mastered Derek Underwood , scoring heavily against the left arm spinner when Sussex played Kent.
He was a thinker too. Fred Trueman recalled that Dexter as captain had more theories than Charles Darwin. As captain of Sussex, he adapted to the novelty of the one-day game with remarkable ease, establishing fielding positions that were original and effective. Perhaps Dexter had the biggest influence in the development of the modern game.
Yet, when things did not happen on the field, and one or two striking moves did not pay off, Dexter was known to get bored. He switched off, standing in the field, practicing his golf swings. Yes, he was a scratch golfer, and went on to write books about golfing techniques. During the 1962-63 tour of Australia, he played a foursome with Norman Von Nida, Jack Nicklaus and Gary Player, while Colin Cowdrey acted as his caddy. The professionals were impressed enough to offer a trip to America to become a tournament golfer. Besides, he had a passion for speed — with motor bikes, jaguars, greyhounds and race horses. He used to carry a portable television, then a rare commodity in those days, to watch races in dressing rooms. Once he declared a Sussex innings from the Brighton Racecourse.
Perhaps it was his impatience and lack of focus, that strain of the amateur that kept him from becoming one of the best captains of England.
But, whenever one saw him in the field, batting with his sublime mix of grace and strength, bowling the often effective medium-paced swing, cutting off strokes at cover-point or merely standing there in his flannels, with his blue cap perched on his head, on the green field under the English sun, one could not help being charmed by the aristocratic bearing. No wonder he was named ‘Lord Ted’.
From Milan to Malay to Paris to Melbourne
Edward Ralph Dexter was born in Milan, Italy, where his father was a businessman. He was merely three, when, along with his many siblings, he was taken to England as the Second World War was about to break out. His parents returned to Milan to close shop, and just about managed to squeeze out on the last boat, with one suitcase between them which they had to leave in Nice, to collect at the end of the War.
His father, Major RM Dexter, had served in the First World War and was too old to join action in the second worldwide mayhem. However, being fluent in Italian, he was drafted as an intelligence officer. He worked in Scotland, Ireland and Wales, and little Dexter hopped from school to school before settling down in Radley.
Initially a wicket-keeper and later captain of the first eleven, Dexter was drafted for National Service as second lieutenant and served during the Malayan Emergency in 1956-57. He later recalled those days with a sense of nostalgia, tinged with a flavour of adventure and free spirit, the period when he overcame his constant attacks of hay-fever.
Returning to England, he enrolled in Jesus College, Cambridge. He earned his Blues in cricket, developed lifelong passion for golf and also played a lot of rugby, but, in the end, he failed to obtain a degree. Yet, he looked back at the period as days well spent, since it was cricket and golf which took him places and helped him earn a living.
Dexter made his First-Class debut for Cambridge University, playing against a Surrey attack of Peter Loader, Jim Laker , Tony Lock and Eric Bedser. His second match was against Yorkshire and he ended up facing Fred Trueman , Johnny Wardle and Bob Appleyard. And in his third game, he was pitted against the bowling of Brian Statham and Roy Tattersall of Lancashire. County cricket was a tough affair in those days.
He spent his holidays playing golf in Italy, and for a while it did look as if the drives would continue to rain on the stationary ball, but finally cricket won through. Born in Italy, Dexter could play for any county, and ultimately it was Sussex who successfully wooed him. The wicket at Hove suited his medium pace, and on occasions it was good enough to post good scores.
Ted Dexter kisses fiancee Susan Longfield at the London Airport before embarking on the 1958 MCC tour of Australia © Getty Images
Dexter made his Test debut against New Zealand at Old Trafford in 1958, and launched a fierce counter-attack alongside skipper Peter May. He struck 6 fours and 2 sixes in his quick 52, and added 82 with May as England cruised to an innings win. Unfortunately, the selectors had already decided on the team to travel to Australia that winter, and Dexter was not in it. EW Swanton, rooting for his selection, disclosed that Dexter’s omission had prompted a correspondent to write to him calling the selectors, “Blind fools, triple bandaged moles.”
While at Cambridge, Dexter had come across Susan Georgina Longfield in a University party. Susan’s father was TC Longfield, a Kent cricketer who had turned out for Bengal in seven Ranji Trophy matches between 1937-39 (and became the first to lead Bengal to a Ranji Trophy title). Much more importantly for Dexter, Susan was a stunner who later worked as a model. Dexter decided to marry her on sight.
In late 1958 he was in Paris where his wife was working as a model when Peter May’s injury hit side required his services. Dexter was flown in but was a failure. It was his Parisian clothes rather than his bat that made a stir in the country. However, he did make his first Test hundred in the New Zealand leg of the tour.
The good years
Returning to England, Dexter was stricken by jaundice and it was mainly Gubby Allen’s overwhelming support that got him picked for the tour of West Indies. He was slowly eased into the matches as his body recovered. Dexter hit an unbeaten 136 at Barbados and followed it up with 77 at Trinidad and 110 at Guyana. He was established as a top class player of genuine pace bowling and never looked back.
In the next summer, he was appointed captain of Sussex. It was the 1961 summer that saw Dexter burst forth as superstar. At Edgbaston, with England needing 321 runs to avoid innings defeat against Australia, Dexter cracked 31 boundaries to score 180 — securing a draw. It was his last ditch effort to get a double ton that got him stumped off Bobby Simpson in the final minutes. Ray Robinson wrote: “Few hundreds have filled such a yawning gap… Dexter so dominated a stand with (Ken) Barrington that more than two-thirds of the 161 runs came from his masterful bat before he was stumped trying to lift Simpson’s leg-break on to some distant fairway.”
Spectators applaud Ted Dexter after he scored 180 against Australia on the last day of the first Test at Edgbaston © Getty Images
In the famous Fourth Test at Old Trafford Dexter scored 76 in 84 minutes with 14 fours and a six before snicking Richie Benaud to Wally Grout. He left the crease with England needing 106 to win with eight wickets in hand. Two balls later Peter May was bowled round the legs, and England lost by 54 runs.
Dexter became the captain of England when both May and Cowdrey made themselves unavailable for the tour to the subcontinent. England won in Pakistan, but lost the five match series in India by 2-0. Dexter ended the tour with a career-best 205 in Karachi.
Back in England, there was a curious manoeuvre by the selectors after the retirement of Peter May. Dexter led in two Tests against Pakistan , Cowdrey in the third, before Dexter again led in the final two matches. It did not matter in the long run, though, with England winning the series 4-0 and Dexter amassing 446 runs at 89.20
When England travelled to Australia in 1962-63, Dexter was appointed the full-time captain.The series ended in a draw, but Dexter demonstrated some wonderful form, equalling Patsy Hendren’s English record of 6 consecutive half centuries, and amassing 481 runs at 48.10. This included the match winning effort at Melbourne, and by the end of the tour Tom Goodman wrote, “After his thunderous Melbourne display Dexter was a magnet; the first thing people wanted to know about a team selection was: ‘Is Dexter playing?’…Batting against South Australia, he lifted the ball onto the high roof of the members stand – a tremendous hit. Some of his drives along the ground just could not be stopped, even when they went straight to a fieldsman.”
In the tour match between the MCC and an Australian XI, Dexter hit 102 in 110 minutes, with 2 sixes and 13 fours. John Woodcock of The Times wrote “I doubt if it is possible to hit a cricket ball any harder than Dexter did today. Melbourne is a huge ground and no one who hits a six here is likely to forget it. Against Veivers, an off-spinner, Dexter twice cleared the sight screen, once by a good 20 yards.” In the Test at Adelaide, Dexter hit “a six from a gigantic hit onto the roof of the stand — one of the biggest hits ever seen at the ground.”
The name ‘Dexter’ made heads turn during the trip in other ways as well. Fred Trueman recalled, “Ted Dexter’s wife arrived in Australia. Ted’s wife was a looker and a model. She is a very lovely lady, but on hearing of her arrival, when Ted faced the press, the majority of questions posed were about his wife…during an England cricket team press conference!”
Yet, the tour also generated some harsh criticism of his captaincy. Australia came back from a 0-1 deficit by winning in Sydney, and it was Dexter’s obstinacy in persisting with a pace attack that proved the undoing of the English side. Trueman even volunteered to step down in favour of an extra spinner, but Dexter refused. In the end, Fred Titmus took 7 wickets in the first innings, with Dexter having to turn to Barrington as a second spinner. If David Allen or Ray Illingworth had played, it might have been a different story. The match ended on the fourth day, in the midst of rain. Had Dexter not put himself on and conceded 27 runs in 26 balls, the game could have been pushed into the morrow — and it rained all through the scheduled fifth day. While Benaud was determined to hold on to the Ashes, it seemed Dexter was content with squaring the series.
Dexter was back at his charismatic best as captain, leading from the front in that famous 1963 series against Frank Worrell’s West Indians. England lost the series, but the captain won and fluttered a lot of hearts with courageous batting and exciting cricket. In 1963 and 1964, he led Sussex to wins in the newly established Gillette Cup One Day tournament – the first two trophies in the long history of the county.
However, soon he was criticised again — during the 1964 Ashes series. With Fred Titmus running through the side, and Australia reduced to 178 for seven, Dexter took off his spinner, put Trueman on and handed him the new ball. The fast bowler kept bowling short and Peter Burge hooked his way to 160. Australia took a big lead and won the Test, the only result in the five match series. Dexter did score 174 in the next Test at Old Trafford, but the Ashes was lost.
End of career
Dexter’s multiple interests got better of his cricket when in 1964-65 he stood down from the tour of South Africa. He was contesting future Prime Minister Jim Callaghan’s Cardiff South East seat in the 1964 General Election.His campaign ended in a dismal defeat, and it left him free to go for the cricket tour. He ultimately travelled as the deputy of Mike Smith. He scored heavily on the trip, including 172 at Johannesburg, his ninth and final Test hundred, but he never led England again.
Dexter was crushed out of serious cricket by his other pet passion — his Jaguar. Having run out of petrol in West London, he was pushing it along when he got pinned by it to a warehouse door. His leg was broken and that virtually ended his career.
He tried a brief comeback, but failure in the 1968 Ashes series prompted him to give up international cricket.
Dexter called it a day with 4,502 runs in 62 Tests, at an average of 47.89. With his medium-pace, he also captured 66 wickets at 34.93 apiece.
The many faces of Dexter
After retirement, Dexter worked as a journalist and formed his own Public Relations firm. He spent time with his Jaguars, racy motorbikes, greyhounds and race horses. In 1970, he flew his own Aztec BPA-23 Pommies Progress to Australia to cover the Ashes series as a journalist.
In 1976, when West Indies toured England , Dexter launched ‘Testkill’ an eminently forgettable crime novel co-authored with Clifford Makins, in which an Australian bowler is murdered during a Test match against England at Lord’s.
In 1987, along with statisticians Gordon Vince and Rob Eastaway, Dexter was instrumental in developing a ranking system for Test cricketers. It was launched as the Deloittes Ratings, and has now gained lasting prominence as the ICC player rankings. In an article in The Cricketer, Dexter observed: “The rankings idea was my biggest contribution to cricket. Much better than being known for hitting a couple of extra-cover drives.”
Dexter served as the Chairman of Selectors for England from 1989, and under his reign some curious decisions were taken. He championed the use of four fast bowlers and no spinner at Headingley, and advocated putting Australia in, which saw the visitors pile up over 600. For the next Test he wrote an inspirational hymn for the England cricketers to sing, and called it “Onward Gower’s Soldiers”. He even appointed a team chaplain. He himself, however, remained aloof from the players and seldom visited the dressing room. At the end of the summer he joked that the Ashes defeat was because “lines of Venus were in the wrong juxtaposition”.
Gower was eventually removed and Graham Gooch was made captain.Things had come a full circle for Dexter. When the Essex batsman had been appointed captain previously, Dexter had had remarked that the decision was like “being hit in the face by a dead fish”. However, the two forged a working relationship. England did have some success in the next few years, and it included reaching the final at the World Cup. But, his stint ended with a 3-0 brownwash in India, perhaps rekindling memories of his first trip as captain.
In 2001, Dexter was appointed president of the MCC, and served as chairman of the establishment’s cricket committee until 2003. Forever known as Lord Ted, he was awarded the CBE in the 2001 New Year Honours.
In his late seventies, Dexter remains as full of life and speed as ever, riding fast bikes to this day and maintaining a low golf handicap. His attitude towards life is perhaps apparent from a simple facet of his website. His biography on the page comes in two versions — the short and the long. While the long one categorically states his honours and achievements, the shorter version simply reads “International Sportsman and jolly good egg.”
That is how the most charismatic of all cricketers would like to be remembered.
( Arunabha Sengupta is a cricket historian and Chief Cricket Writer at CricketCountry. He writes about the history and the romance of the game, punctuated often by opinions about modern day cricket, while his post-graduate degree in statistics peeps through in occasional analytical pieces. The author of three novels, he can be followed on Twitter at http://twitter.com/senantix )
First Published on May 15, 2013 2:18 PM IST
Last updated on May 15, 2016 2:22 PM IST
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Who was the first English monarch to abdicate? | Ted Dexter - IMDb
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At which railway station was the film Brief Encounter made? | Carnforth Station Heritage Centre - Home of Brief Encounter
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Carnforth Station Heritage Centre and the Brief Encounter Refreshment Room opened on 17 October 2003 following 3 years work to renovate the derelict buildings of Carnforth Station. We celebrated our 10th anniversary in 2013 and would like to thank the organisations listed for their generous support.
We welcome visitors from all over the world, who come to enjoy the nostalgia of the station, which has been restored to it’s 1940s glory when the Refreshment Room was used as the setting for David Lean’s film “Brief Encounter”.
Carnforth Railway Station was opened in 1846 by the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway Company and was originally just a single platform. In 1856, a small station was built following the connection of the Furness and Midland Railway lines. A year later a new station and small engine shed were constructed. On 1st August, 1880, the station was rebuilt at a cost of £40,000.
The station was completely rebuilt in 1937 by the London Midland and Scottish Railway Company, financed by over £53,000 of government-funded money. A 890 ft long platform was added for the Furness trains, and the longest unsupported single piece concrete roof in Britain was erected. Carnforth developed into a bustling junction linking stations across the North West from Cumberland through to Leeds.
During the two World Wars thousands of servicemen passed through Carnforth Station en route to duty overseas. In 1945 David Lean filmed his romantic classic “Brief Encounter” starring Celia Johnson and Trevor Howard. Carnforth was chosen by the Ministry of War Transport as it was remote and safe from attack. Filming had to take place at night between 10pm and 6am so as not to interfere with daytime train operations.
Opening Hours
Heritage Centre: Daily 10am - 4pm
Refreshment Room: Daily 9am - 4pm
Carnforth Station Heritage Centre
The demise of steam and radical reorganisation of the railways by Dr Beeching in the 1960's led to a gradual rundown of the station. The mainline platforms were closed down and physically removed in 1970 prior to electrification of the West Coast Main Line. Carnforth was then reduced to a branch station and the buildings gradually fell into disrepair.
The Carnforth Station and Railway Trust Co Ltd was formed In November 1996 to restore the derelict buildings and a £1.5 million project was commenced in late 2000 in cooperation with Railtrack.
The Refreshment Room has been restored to its 1940s splendour and is a run as a separate franchise by Andrew and Helen Coates.
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Who was the first British person to walk in space? | The Brief Encounter Refreshment Room At Carnforth Station
The Refreshment Room © 2009-2017 All rights reserved.
The Refreshment Room franchise at Carnforth Station is owned and managed by Andrew and Helen Coates. It is known most famously known by film buffs from the role that it played in the 1945 David Lean film “Brief Encounter” that starred Trevor Howard and Celia Johnson with a supporting role played by Stanley Holloway.
In the film, the station is referred to as Milford Junction, but the the actual location was Carnforth Station. The Refreshment Room has been faithfully restored to its 1940’s period glory and offers a superb range of home made food, licensed bar and top quality hot beverages. Throughout the year a varied programme of entertainment and special events are scheduled.
The Refreshment Room is open daily with a full menu table service from 9am - 4pm. We only close for the Christmas and New Year holidays.
All meals are also available for takeaway.
Private functions can be accommodated outside
of normal opening hours by arrangement.
The Refreshment Room is located adjacent to The Heritage Centre at Carnforth Station on Platform 1. Carnforth Station ceased to be a main line station in 1970 prior to electrification of the line, and fell into disrepair.
Following completion of a 3 year, £1.5 million renovation project the Heritage Centre and Refreshment Room opened in October 2003.
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