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Bafana Bafana, the South African nickname for its national football team means?	BBC SPORT \| Football \| African \| Mbeki wants 'Bafana' name change Mbeki wants 'Bafana' name change The South Africa national team are also known as the Bafana Bafana South African President Thabo Mbeki has called for the national football team to drop its Bafana Bafana (The Boys, The Boys) nickname, saying it is unsuitable for the hosts of the 2010 World Cup. Mbeki's governing African National Congress (ANC) party want the Springbok rugby team to lose its nickname. The president said in a radio interview there should be a rethink about the names of all the national teams, including the women's football team Banyana Banyana (The Girls, The Girls). "What kind of a name [Bafana Bafana] is it? I don't think it is fit for a senior national team or for the hosts of the 2010 Fifa World Cup," Mbeki told a South African radio station. "We need to revisit the names of teams like Bafana Bafana, Banyana Banyana, Amaglug-glug [the under-23 football team]." All the national sides used to be known as the Springboks during the whites-only apartheid era which ended in 1994, but most of the teams have since adopted new monickers such as the Proteas in cricket. The one notable exception has been the rugby team but even their name is under threat after the ANC passed a resolution at a conference earlier this year for the Springbok title and emblem to be scrapped. Team strip Mbeki's call received support from former Bafana Bafana coach Jomo Sono who agreed the name was inappropriate. Sono also urged a rethink on the team's strip which has changed colour on a number of occasions since apartheid. "I support the president 100 percent. We also need to change the colours of the team and get something close to, or similar to the Boks, which is a source of national pride and represents the country," Sono said. President Mbeki wants the Bafana Bafana nickname to be dropped "Everyone knows the Springbok is an African animal, and green is our grass in the fields here. But what does Bafana Bafana mean? "The name came from a journalist as a nickname in an article [when South Africa was readmitted to world football] and it stuck. "It was relevant then, but now we need a name that is representative of the country." However Banyana Banyana's manager Fran Hilton Smith was cooler on the idea. "It will be difficult to change the names and colours of the teams ... because they are synonymous with the team. People already know them by those names," she said. Mbeki said it was important the public was involved in the names debate. "The public should participate in a plan where we look for new names for our national teams," he said. "I'm not saying we must call all our national teams Springboks, but we have to change the names, the emblems and the colours the teams wear, so that they can be recognised as representatives of South Africa." Bookmark with:	Boy (disambiguation)
What is the bodyguard character played by Kevin Costner in the 1992 film 'The Bodyguard'?	South Africa national football team - definition of South Africa national football team by The Free Dictionary South Africa national football team - definition of South Africa national football team by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/South+Africa+national+football+team (redirected from South Africa national football team) Also found in: Wikipedia . (Soccer) South African the official name for the South African national soccer team [C20: from Nguni bafana the boys] Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	i don't know
The 2,228m high Mount Kosciuszko is the highest mainland mountain of which country?	About the Snowy Mountains - History, Climate, Nature - Tourism Snowy Mountains Don't Miss! What's new in the Snowy Mountains About the Snowy Mountains The Snowy Mountains region is an iconic Australian treasure with a diverse climate, history, flora and fauna. Famous as a snow holiday destination, the Snowy Mountains attract visitors the year round with its stunning scenery, unique history and variety of attractions. Its unique beauty and stark contrasts, span its length and breadth. There is a real passion for this amazing part of the country, with its distinct seasons of fresh summer air and winter snow across an expansive mountain landscape. A land of spiritual connection for the indigenous culture for tens of thousands of years, the Snowy Mountains also holds a special place as the once province of European graziers in the mid 19th century. Play page-video Today the Snowy Mountains region is a significant tourism destination that attracts huge numbers of visitors each year for recreation and relaxation activities and to explore the rich history and diverse landscapes year round. The region is famous as a snow holiday destination, however it is also alive in the summer months particularly in and around its pristine lakes and streams. Major events and festivals fill the Snowy Mountains each year or you can even catch a sheep sale, sample food at farm-gates or see a quaint country show. The Snowy Mountains region is also the perfect destination for a natural adventure or to enjoy a myriad of fun activities from climbing to the top of Australia's highest peak, to horse-riding like the Man from Snowy River in a spectacular mountain environment.	Australia
Which European country ceased to be a monarchy in 1910?	Kosciuszko and Jindabyne \| Australian Alps National Parks Australian Alps National Parks Inspire and challenge your spirit of adventure Menu Kosciuszko and Jindabyne The rooftop of Australia The Kosciuszko area of the Australian Alps contains the highest peaks of mainland Australia and is one of the better known and most spectacular parts of the Australian Alps. Encompassing much of the Kosciuszko National Park, the region boasts well-developed attractions and features. Entry to the Kosciuszko area, including the alpine area and most of the NSW ski fields, is via the Kosciuszko Road and Alpine Way from the east, or the Alpine Way or Khancoban to Cabramurra Road from the west (summer only). You can drive to Thredbo Village, Smiggin Holes, Perisher and Guthega year-round and extend this to Charlotte’s Pass in non-winter periods. The Kosciuszko Alpine Way , with its numerous wayside stops, is the most popular route for those passing through the region. Great walks The Australian Alps Walking Track You can join the Australian Alps Walking Track (AAWT) at several locations within the region. The AAWT can be easily accessed at Dead Horse Gap, on the Kosciuszko Walk, at Guthega and at Munyang Power Station. The long-distance Australian Alps Walking Track stretches from Walhalla at the southern end of the Australian Alps and passes through Kosciuszko National Park on its way to the outskirts of Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory. For those looking for transport and advice about joining the Australian Alps Walking Track in the Kosciuszko area, charter transport is available from Corryong or Khancoban. Walks in the Kosciuszko and Jindabyne region Wild Walks has detailed walk information on over 50 walks in the Kosciuszko region with images, topographical maps, elevation details and track notes. Some great walks of the Kosciuszko region include: Kosciuszko Walk – Thredbo to Mt Kosciuszko (13 km return) Bullock’s Track – via Bullock’s hut (4.5km) Great drives VisitNSW.com has put together an itinerary for the Kosciuszko Alpine way . This fantastic route takes in some of Australia’s best alpine driving. The NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service has some information on touring and 4WD trips throughout the region. You should check this site prior to any trip for up to date information on road closures and bushfires. Mt Kosciuszko Australia’s highest mainland peak, Mt Kosciuszko, is a major drawcard for visitors to the region. Hiking to Kosciuszko’s peak at 2228 metres is one of the most inspiring single-day walks in the country. During summer, the summit can be reached from two starting points – the top of the chairlift at Thredbo or from the snow gums at Charlotte Pass. Both routes are equally scenic, traversing glacial lakes with breathtaking views of the valley and ranges that make up one of the world’s most dramatic ecosystems. Total vertical ascent is over 600 metres but well within the abilities of the average walker. From the Snow Gums Boardwalk at Charlotte’s Pass, you will see many of Australia’s highest peaks with superb views of the Main Range. The walk traverses sub-alpine woodland on the Guthrie Range and signs identify the visible peaks. Mount Kosciuszko is visible from the first lookout. Winter snow The Kosciuszko region has some of Australia’s best-known ski resorts with thousands flocking each winter to Thredbo , Perisher and Charlotte Pass resorts. If you have never been before, visit snowymountains.com.au for a great checklist of things to think about before the trip. Camping Camping is a great activity within the Kosciuszko region with many sites along the Kosciuszko Alpine Way, such as: A number of caravan parks and other accommodation in nearby towns are also available. Adventure A variety of licensed operators can help you explore the Kosciuszko region, through walking, mountain biking, rafting, fly-fishing and winter trips into the back country. The Snowy River and Khancoban Visitor Centres are great places to collect further information on the area, and Thredbo resort and Jindabyne township provide great bases for exploring. Mountain biking and cycling The Kosciuszko and Jindabyne region is rapidly becoming appreciated for the variety and extent of mountain biking and cycling opportunities. There are numerous cycling routes within the Kosciuszko National Park . Downhill and cross-country mountain biking is incredibly popular in Thredbo – the location of several National Championship and National series events. Summer tourist activity in the picturesque alpine village is beginning to rival the winter as mountain biking becomes more popular. The legendary Cannonball Run is one of Australia’s longest downhill courses at 4.2 kms. Catch your breath on the scenic chairlift ride back to the top, then do it all over again! Great cross-country loops include the Bridle Trail loop and the Golf Course loop. Make sure you stop over in Jindabyne on your way home too – there are new trails being developed all the time. Jindabyne was also the site for the 2002 international Red Bull Rampage downhill competition. Road cycling is quite popular along mountain roads such as the Alpine Way, Kosciuszko Road and Snowy Mountains Highway – hit the climbs and you can pretend you are in the Tour de France! Off-road touring opportunities abound along management trails within the park – explore for hundreds of kilometres in peace and safety, as these trails are closed to public vehicles. The Cascade Fire Trail, starting near Dead Horse Gap is a popular mountain bike route enabling riders to reach Cascade Hut (18 km return). Also popular is Summit Road along the old Kosciuszko Rd from Charlotte Pass to Rawson Pass (followed by a short walk up to the summit of Mt Kosciuszko) – 16 km return. Horse riding A good place to start when planning a horse riding expedition into this region is the NSW National Parks site. If you’d like to hook up with an organised tour, snowymountains.com.au has a list of operators to try. Download our smartphone guide!	i don't know
Farringford House on the Isle of Wight was the home of which poet?	Self Catering Isle of Wight Cottages & Cafe \| Tennyson Home Self Catering Cottages set in the scenic grounds of Farringford House on the Isle of Wight - the historic home of Alfred Lord Tennyson. Farringford House Isle of Wight » Self Catering Cottages Our lovely and extremely comfortable 4 star self catering cottages are sympathetically situated in 3 small groups within this uniquely historic estate. See our self catering cottages » Home of Tennyson Farringford was home to the celebrated Victorian Poet Laureate Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809-1892), and is arguably the island’s most important historic estate after Osborne House. Discover more about Tennyson » Isle of Wight Blog Tennyson's stargazing platform A previously hidden window was uncovered. Not an unusual thing in itself but it led out to a gulley between the inner pitches of the original roof... read our latest Blog »	Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Orzo is what type of foodstuff?	Farringford House: Freshwater, Isle of Wight, Isle of Wight, Poet Laureate, Blackdown, West Sussex, Lurgashall, West Sussex: Amazon.es: Frederic P. Miller, Agnes F. Vandome, John McBrewster: Libros en idiomas extranjeros Libros en idiomas extranjeros AÃ±adir a la Lista de deseos Â¿Tienes uno para vender? Volver atrÃ¡s Ir adelante Escuchar Reproduciendo... Interrumpido EstÃ¡s escuchando una muestra de la ediciÃ³n de audio Audible. MÃ¡s informaciÃ³n Ver esta imagen Farringford House: Freshwater, Isle of Wight, Isle of Wight, Poet Laureate, Blackdown, West Sussex, Lurgashall, West Sussex (InglÃ©s) Tapa blanda – 21 oct 2010 Tapa blanda, 21 oct 2010 "Vuelva a intentarlo" DescripciÃ³n del producto Reseña del editor Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Farringford House is a large manor house, with a farm and 9 hole golf course, located at Freshwater on the Western tip of the Isle of Wight in England. It currently serves as a hotel. It was also the home of Poet Laureate Alfred Lord Tennyson who resided here during much of his tenure as Poet laureate until his death in 1892. No es necesario ningÃºn dispositivo Kindle. DescÃ¡rgate una de las apps de Kindle gratuitas para comenzar a leer libros Kindle en tu smartphone, tablet u ordenador. Apple	i don't know
Tirana is the capital of which country?	Albania Facts on Largest Cities, Populations, Symbols - Worldatlas.com Ethnicity: Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb, Macedonian, Bulgarian) GDP total: $25.86 billion (2012 est.) GDP per capita: $8,000 (2012 est.) Land Sizes Language: Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects Largest Cities: (by population) Tirana, Durres, Elbasan, Vlore, Shkoder, Fier-Cifci, Korce, Fier, Berat, Lushnje, Kavaje, Lac, Gjirokaster, Patos Fshat, Kruje Name: Albania's name comes from the medieval Greek word Alb (white or mountain) National Day: May 9 Religion: Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10% Note: percentages are estimates; there are no available current statistics on religious affiliation; all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice	Albania
What item of his apparel was made of liquorice and eaten by Charlie Chaplin in the film 'The Gold Rush'?	What is the capital of Albania? Q&A What is the capital of Albania? Here we answer two questions about the capital of Albania. We tell you the name of the capital of Albania and we tell you the coordinates so you can find it on a map. The capital of Albania is: Tirana When researching the capital of Albania, we looked for where the country's government is governing from and also what city the officials in Albania have pronounced as their capital. If you want to find the capital of Albania on a map, use the following coordinates: 41 19 N, 19 49 E More information	i don't know
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is better known by what DuPont brand name?	Polytetrafluoroethylene You can view the 3D image of PPO by clicking here or just click on the image itself. Be sure to close the new window that opens up when you are ready to come back here. For polytetrafluoroethylene at a glance, click here ! Polytetrafluoroethylene is better known by the trade name Teflon®. It's used to make non-stick cooking pans, and anything else that needs to be slippery or non-stick. PTFE is also used to treat carpets and fabrics to make them stain resistant. What's more, it's also very useful in medical applications. Because human bodies rarely reject it, it can be used for making artificial body parts. Polytetrafluoroethylene, or PTFE, is made of a carbon backbone chain, and each carbon has two fluorine atoms attached to it. It's usually drawn like the picture at the top of the page, but it may be easier to think of it as it's drawn in the picture below, with the chain of carbon atoms being thousands of atoms long. PTFE is a vinyl polymer , and its structure, if not its behavior, is similar to polyethylene . Polytetrafluoroethylene is made from the monomer tetrafluoroethylene by free radical vinyl polymerization . And for those of you who are wondering, the monomer tetrafluoroethylene looks like this: You can view the 3D image of TFE by clicking here or just click on the image itself. Be sure to close the new window that opens up when you are ready to come back here. Fluorine is a very strange element. When it's part of a molecule, it doesn't like to be around other molecules or even the fluorine atoms on other molecules. But it likes other kinds of molecules even less. So a molecule of PTFE, being just chock full of fluorine atoms as it is, would like to be as far away from other molecules as it can get. For this reason, the molecules at the surface of a piece of PTFE will repel the molecules of just about anything that tries to come close to it. This is why nothing sticks to PTFE. Because it's non-stick, PTFE means you can fry things without grease or butter. This means less fat and cholesterol, for a healthier heart. The Big Question... The question remains then: If nothing will stick to this stuff, how does it stick to the surface of the frying pan? DuPont knows, but they're not telling! So, a while back we had a "What do you think?" section here, and we asked: "If you were designing frying pans, and you had to make non-stick PTFE stick to frying pans, how would you do it?" We received a bunch of neat ideas from nice smart people just like you. You can read some of the ideas and our input, too, right here . Before you go there, though - think about it first - how would you get PTFE to stick to the pan? (And here's a hint: melting PTFE doesn't help. First, because you'd have to heat it to over 300 o to melt it, which is impractical for making something cheap like frying pans. Second, melting PTFE doesn't make it stickier. It just turns form a solid that nothing sticks to into a molten goo that nothing sticks to. And a third hint, roughening the surface of the pan won't help, either, because that only increases the area of the two surfaces which will repel each other, increasing the repulsive force.) How to be Inert PTFE is more than just slippery. It's also useful because it won't react with anything. Why, you ask? First of all, if it repels everything, then no molecule can get near it to react with it! PTFE is kind of like a sad person who tries protect him or herself from emotional pain by never opening up to anyone. Then there's the fact that the bond between the fluorine atom and the carbon atom is just really, really strong. The bond is almost bullet proof! It's so stable that nothing will react with it. Even when it gets as hot as a frying pan, not even oxygen will react with it! Whoops! Polytetrafluoroethylene is another of those amazing accidental discoveries of science. In the late 1930s, when PTFE was discovered in DuPont's laboratories, DuPont was not at all concerned with nonstick frying pans or artificial heart valves. What they were really interested in was refrigeration. At the time, refrigerators used things like ammonia and sulfur dioxide as refrigerants. These are pretty nasty things to have leaking out of your refrigerator and into your kitchen. The quest was on, then, to make a non-toxic refrigerant. One of the compounds being investigated was tetrafluoroethylene. One chemist at DuPont who was working on the project was named Roy Plunkett. Know him? He once had a roommate named Paul Flory. One day Roy Plunkett opened up a brand new tank of tetrafluoroethylene gas, and nothing came out! He weighed it, and sure enough it was full. So he sawed the tank open and found a white powder where the gas was supposed to be. That powder, of course, was PTFE, polymerized from tetrafluoroethylene gas. This is the kind of accident that makes science fun. There are kinds of accidents in science which aren't fun, say, those that involve large explosions and huge clouds of toxic gasses, but we won't talk about those right now. The fun kind of accident, which all scientists hope for, is an unexpected discovery which opens up a whole new area of investigation. This kind makes you famous and gets you lots of research grants, if you work at a university. If you work for a chemical company, it makes a lot of money for the corporate shareholders, and then you get to keep your job when downsizing time comes. And then someday you might get your name mentioned in an educational website. Source:Roberts, Royston M.; Serendipity: Accidental Discoveries in Science; John Wiley and Sons; New York; 1989.	Polytetrafluoroethylene
In which year did the ocean liner the QE2 make her maiden voyage?	Polytetrafluoroethylene Also known as PTFE or Teflon®! Chances are you've never heard of poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene, but I'll bet you've heard of Teflon®, the stuff used on nonstick pans to make them nonstick. The name Teflon® is a trade name (from DuPont) for this polymer, but sometimes it just goes by its initials, "PTFE". What can PTFE do? Teflon® is used to make non-stick cooking pans, and anything else that needs to be slippery or non-stick. PTFE is also used to treat carpets and fabrics to make them stain resistant. What's more, it's also very useful in medical applications. Because human bodies rarely reject it, it can be used for making artificial body parts. Did you know that Teflon® is also made into "Thread Seal Tape" used by plumbers - or anybody who fixes leaky faucets or changes a shower head? Before screwing two metal pipes together, they wrap a piece of this tape around the threads first. It stretches a little and makes a great seal - much better than metal-on-metal. And, since it's slippery, the pipes are easier to screw together - no more scritchy scrapiness. You can find Teflon® tape in any store that sells plumbing supplies - most hardware stores will have it, but they might call it by its real name, PTFE. Activity: Secret Message PTFE Up Close Polytetrafluoroethylene, or PTFE, has a carbon backbone chain, and each carbon has two fluorine atoms attached to it. Part of a chain looks like this, but picture the chain being thousands of carbon atoms long: And for those of you who are wondering, the monomer tetrafluoroethylene looks like this: How to be Slippery Fluorine is a very strange element. When it's part of a molecule, it doesn't like to be around other molecules, even the fluorine atoms on other molecules. But it likes other kinds of molecules even less. So a molecule of PTFE, being just chock full of fluorine atoms as it is, would like to be as far away from other molecules as it can get. For this reason, the molecules at the surface of a piece of PTFE will repel the molecules of just about anything that tries to come close to it. That's why nothing sticks to PTFE. Because it's non-stick, PTFE means you can fry things without grease or butter. This means less fat and cholesterol, for a healthier heart. Other properties of PTFE:	i don't know
The white sea-borne floating mineral (magnesium silicate) called meerschaum, used in making tobacco pipes, takes its name from the German meaning of what?	The Tobacco Pipe Artistory: Meerschaum Lost in Translation: The Linguistic Hodgepodge of Mg4Si6O15(OH)2·6H2O Ben Rapaport Neither a major industrial mineral nor a precious stone, meerschaum still retains a record of a long—and continuing—association with art and the personal affairs of man. It’s about time for an in-depth, investigative treatise on it and écume de mer, two words that have been intertwined, confounded, and misunderstood for about 200 years. Here’s a reason why. A hundred or so years ago, one would have read: “There are some smokers who, because the English equivalent of the word, meerschaum, is seafoam, imagine that the light and delicate material of which their pipes are made is the froth cast by waves upon chalky coasts, which has become solidified by some process of nature” (“Mineral Treasures of the Earth,” The Search-Light, March 31, 1906, 205). Today, when Tinder Box posts the following online, I have to wonder where a newbie pipe smoker gets his meerschaum smarts: “The mineral itself is the fossilized shells of tiny sea creatures that fell to the ocean floor over 50 million years ago, there to be covered and compressed over the ages by layer upon layer of silt” (“ The Story of Your Meerschaum Pipe. ” ). In 1880, this observation was made: The German word for Seafoam is Meerschaum, and the word Meerschaum was applied to what is now a famous substance, from then belief that this substance was a product of the sea—was a kind of hardened foam. This belief, which was soon proved to be a myth, had a charm just like that other myth which represented Venus as springing from the foam of the sea, an origin that procured for her the name of Anadyomene. [Venus is mentioned later in this essay.] Yet in regard to meerschaum much still remains mythical. Rash statements are made; conflicting and confusing statistics perplex us; and we have to seize the truth, and often dubious truth, from the grudging depths of a chaos of possibilities...No kind of history is so apocryphal, so swarms with fictions, as anecdotal history. It is too often either puerile gossip or gross exaggeration (“Meerschaum,” Cope’s Tobacco Plant, No. 124.—Vol. II, July, 1880, 495). How true! It’s tough enough for a historian to wrap his arms around the mystery—or myth—of when, how and who started using that white, pliable mineral, meerschaum, to make tobacco pipes. The experts at the National Museum of Hungary, Budapest—and many others— have pretty much booted Karl Kovàcs off his cobbler’s bench, that Hungarian who, in popular lore, supposedly crafted the first meerschaum pipe (or pipes). Perhaps the earliest protest comes from my beloved Cope’s Tobacco Plant: “There is a story that early in the last century a cobbler at Pesth was the accidental inventor of meerschaum pipes, or, at least, of that particular mode of colouring them which has such fascination for many smokers. But a moment’s consideration must show that the story is wholly absurd, wholly lacks historical credibility (“Meerschaum,” 495). Following the trail of Kovàcs is arduous enough...harder still is charting the origin of the ubiquitous word meerschaum, its assorted spellings, and all its surrogates. As everyone knows, it has no English equivalent...it’s adopted from German. “Our debt to German is surprisingly small. Except those German words which have come to us through French, which are not very numerous, there appear to be only twenty-eight in all, and of these only camellia...meerschaum, in common use” (A. C. Champneys, History of English, 1893, 364). But the debut of this word and the other descriptors for this mineral are more complicated, and not so easily explained as this: "The word meerschaum, meaning in German ‘sea-foam,’ has been translated by the French into écume de mer; and English-speaking people, so famous for spelling and spelling reform, have, in accordance with usual custom, adopted the German spelling but not the German (correct) pronunciation” (“Meerschaum in New Mexico,” Century Path Weekly Illustrated, Volume XII, No. 8, December 28, 1908, 7). The more I mined, the more I dug, the more the findings have less historical clarity, more ambiguity and conflict. Tracking how these words evolved is akin to unraveling the (tobacco) Tower of Babel. No doubt, the reader is relatively familiar with the two aforementioned words, but how about kummer, and myrsen? They’re related. And to add complexity, I offer two other terms, keffekil (with alternate spellings) and lületaşi, both used interchangeably for this substance. How did these six words come about, who laid claim to their first use, and do they mean the same thing? Some 150 years later, this is my (unsuccessful) attempt to resolve the age-old puzzlement about the origin of these words and to challenge the conventional wisdom. Whether meerschaum pipe smoker or meerschaum pipe collector, in Brewski-speak, “this one’s for you!” BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION Just briefly, as to its earliest possible use “...meerschaum mining was started over 2,000 years ago by the early Greeks, who used the product for purposes now unknown” (Raymond B. Ladoo and William Marsh Myers, Nonmetallic Minerals, 1951, 311). It is said that the Romans knew this mineral and called it coral stone. History also tells that Jan (John III) Sobieski led the combined forces of Polish, German and Austrian troops at the Battle of Vienna in 1683 defending against the Turkish siege of that city. There is anecdotal evidence that he and his troops had seen many assorted objects and utensils crafted from a previously unknown white clay. Walker asserts “...on their retreat from the siege of Vienna in 1683 the Turks left behind in their camp quantities of meerschaum which were used to start a meerschaum pipe industry in Vienna” (Iain C. Walker, Clay Tobacco Pipes, With Particular Reference to the Bristol Industry, 1977, 54). And here’s a comment from the Internet: “The meerschaum pipes and Oriental amulets date back to the 1683 siege of Vienna by Turkish troops." When, chronologically, was the word meerschaum first seen in print? The earliest reference to meerschaum in written sources is found in a travel book, written in the XII century. When Eskisehir was a ‘frontier principality’ and a trade centre under the domination of the Turks, ‘Al-Haravi’ an Arabic traveller, visited the city in 1173, and wrote about Eskisehir in his travel book. He mentions the healing thermal waters and meerschaum; however, he does not give any information about who used meerschaum or for what purpose (http://www.eskisehirkulturturizm.gov.tr/dosya/1-280693/h/luletasien.pdf). A certain Al-Haravî did visit a minor principality of Eskişehir, Sultanyuki, in the 1170s, but it’s uncanny that an Arabic traveler would use this German word in the 12th century. The next mention supposedly occurred some 350 years later. A certain T. Dekker wrote: I am told, highly esteem those tobacco-pipes which they manufacture of a species of earth, of the magnesious genus combined with silex, denominated meerschaum; the spuma maris, ecume de mer, and keffekill of mineralogists: its native hue is a yellowish white, it is soapy to the touch, and readily hardens in the fire...A meerschaum pipe nearly black with smoking is considered a treasure, and has sometimes cost to the amount of fifty guineas (The Gull's Hornbook (1609), reprint, 1812, 176). According to Michael Herdick, meerschaum appeared in a German dictionary for the first time in 1475, and then again in 1732 in Zedlers Universallexikon, but it was defined as a raw material, not as a medium for tobacco pipes (“Vom Mineral zum Prestigeobjekt. Überlegungen zur Fertigung und kulturhistorischen Bedeutung der Meerschaum- und Magnesitschnallen,” 2000, 333). And according to A. Alvarez: Sepiolite is known since a long time. As early as 1758, Cronsted [Alex Fredrik Cronsted, Swedish mineralogist] described Keffekil Tartarorum, a mineral which may very well have been sepiolite. Later in 1794 Kirwan [Richard Kirwan, author of Earths and Stones] referred to sepiolite as Myrsen and [which, supposedly, the Germans corruptly called] Meerschaum, and in 1801, Hally [sic, R. J. Hauy] called it Écume de Mer (“Sepiolite: Properties and Uses,” in A. Singer and E. Galan [eds.], Developments in Sedimentology, 1984, 253). Others have argued that in 1847, a German professor of mineralogy, Ernst Friedrich Glocker first used the name “sepiolite” for meerschaum. (Sepiolite’s origin is from the Greek word sepia meaning cuttlefish. Some charge that the Germans translated the Persian phrase kef-i-daryd, which described the frothy white clay known technically as sepiolite; it and meerschaum have long been considered synonyms.) So, with all these claims and counterclaims, let me try to explain these assorted confabulations. MEERSCHAUM MATRONYMICS Alternative descriptors for meerschaum from assorted sources are cuttlefish, sepiolite, hydrous silicate of magnesia, magnesite, kreidemassen (German), fuller’s earth, Turkish earth, lületaşi (Turkish), keffekil/kefftil/kilkeffi (allegedly a Tatar word modified by the Turks), myrsen (of questionable origin), and poetic terms, such as white gold, curly stone, sea foam, sea froth, scum of the sea, and sea surf. Ever come across the words “Spiegel [mirror] Meerschaum”? Supposedly, it’s a special class, “looking-glass” meerschaum, because of its beautiful luster when it colors. Most agree that “mere sham” is a play on words, a sham pipe made of mere clay, a reference to the artificial or mock stuff, or as one claimed: “It appears not to be real meerschaum that has been discovered at Simla...It is a new material, exactly resembling meerschaum in appearance, and quite as valuable a material for pipes. On analysis, it appears to be essentially a silicate of alumina, and it is proposed consequently to name it meerschaluminate!” (“Miscellaneous,” Allen’s Indian Mail and Official Gazette, September 1, 1869, 825). This word is not in any dictionary I own! Ernst Voges, compiler and editor of Tobacco Encyclopedia (1984), claims “The name meerschaum is not derived, as first appearances and the French name ‘écume de mer’ would suggest, from the German for ‘sea foam’ but instead from the lingua franca (the Levantine trading language) name, mertschavon. The Turkish name is luletashi (‘pipe stone’)” (200). Interesting explanation, but I’ve not found anything to corroborate his assertion. And where might have Herr Voges gleaned this? According to Webster’s online dictionary: “Meerschaum is a soft white mineral sometimes found floating on the Black Sea, and rather suggestive of sea-foam (German: Meerschaum), whence also the French name for the same substance, écume de mer. This is a false etymology however; the name actually deriving from the term mertscavon used by Levantine traders.” A lengthy treatise on meerschaum by Walter Morgenroth appeared in Knasterkopf, Heft 12/1999 (“Meerumwoben—schaumgeboren...Das Ende einer Sage. Zur Herstellung der Meerschaumpfeifen im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert”). In brief, his theory is that koralle (coral) is “mercan” in Turkish, and the porous-like meerschaum would probably have been called “mercan”-Stein (stone), perhaps pronounced as “merdschan,” resulting in the German word, meerschaum. This is also an interesting theory, but it’s a bit of an intellectual reach. It’s easy to explain why this mineral received the appellations meerschaum and écume de mer: its resemblance to sea foam, its whiteness, more so its specific gravity (most stones float, but some do sink). “The few chemists who are not smokers have had the temerity to name this mineral Sepiolite, but they are only postponing their day of smoking. The word meerschaum means sea foam, and the mineral was so named because it was first found floating as sea foam on the coasts of Turkey, where the surf washed it into the sea” (Frederick H. Smith, Revised Pocket Geologist, and Mineralogist, 1890, 154–155). “The origin of the term ‘meerschaum’ is somewhat obscure. It need hardly be said that ‘the foam of the sea’ has no part in the composition of the substance; but it is possible that this appellation was given to it from the fact, as already stated, that the lighter kind will float on water” (Anon., Tobacco Whiffs for the Smoking Carriage, 1874, 26). Of course, so many opinions about meerschaum were based “...on the belief of the workmen engaged in digging the mineral, that it grows again in the fissures of the rock, and that it puffs itself up like froth” (Dr. L. Feuchtwanger, A Popular Treatise on Gems, 1859, 358). These explications, notwithstanding, are about meerschaum writ large, and leave out many granular and complex details, so I want to add some fantasy to this matrix of historical meerschaum mix-ups. If one compares written and oral language, maybe that’s how all that follows became so muddled, so tangled, so convoluted. Let the storytelling begin! Embrace the chaotic account that follows... and I hope that you like surprises! LET’S START WITH KUMMER! Truth be told, it’s no longer about deconstructing Kovàcs. It’s about Monsieur or Herr (no first name) Kummer (with alternate spellings of Krummer and Crummer), or, maybe, a thing called kummer, krummer and crummer. Sorting this out, however, is a yet holier grail. Frankly, after doing my homework, the Kummer story is more like who was Kilroy than who was Kovàcs. Some 150 years ago, these assorted spellings were in print in various primary and secondary sources; a century and half later, nary a mention in any pipe book. Fair warning: the majority of sources from which the remainder of this narrative is weaved are, principally, French and German, and rather than bore the reader with lengthy foreign sentences, they have been translated into English—with a little help from my friends—literally and loosely. Also note the very early years of publication of these references: they were from a timeframe of the supposed debut of that Kovàcs meerschaum pipe, proving that familiarity with the mineral and its uses were known to the Western world in the first quarter of the 19th century. According to Arthur Mangin: “Its [meerschaum] whiteness, its lightness, its fineness of grain, and its porousness have procured it the poetical designation of meerschaum, or écume de mer; and this latter designation is not, as a fanciful writer some thirty years ago supposed it to be, a mere corruption of Krummer, or Kummer, the name of an ideal personage to whom the said writer was pleased to attribute the invention of meerschaum pipes” (Earth and Its Treasures: A Description of the Metallic and Mineral Wealth of Nature, 1875, 156–157). Hummm, I thought that the invention of meerschaum pipes was the singular contribution of Kovàcs. The noted clay pipe researcher, Walker, had this to say: The earliest rival of the clay pipe was the meerschaum pipe. The origin of the use of this material in pipemaking is obscure, and the traditional story about this event appears to be fictitious....This story claimed according to Hendrickx by some etymologists, is that a Frenchman, Kummer, first made pipes of the material and that from this the French term for the material, écume de mer (literally, ‘sea-foam’, for which Meerschaum is the German translation) was derived. Herment (1952: 42, 1965 ed) notes this explanation is still current, but correctly observes it is erroneous. In fact, as stated above, the term écume de mer is a translation of the German Meerschaum, and that term in turn is a translation of the Persian kef-i-darya, sea-foam (so OED)...(Clay Tobacco Pipes...op. cit., 53–54). Walker also charged that a certain Eugène Vivier: ...asserted that while Kummer had indeed made pipes of ‘une certaine matière’ it had been erroneously supposed that he had used a play of words on his name to make it appear his pipes were of meerschaum. Unfortunately, who Kummer was, where he worked, and what the ‘certain material’ was with which he made pipes is not stated. The only hint to the last point is that it was a less valuable material than meerschaum; one suspects it may simply have been superior-quality clay (Clay Tobacco Pipes...op. cit., 53–54). Are you with me so far? Then, “For a while this écume de mer was thought to be, not a natural substance, but a manufactured paste, the invention of one Kummer. Of him it was held to be eponymic. Kummer probably did not discourage this idea” (“The Centenary of the Meerschaum,” New York Daily Tribune, April 18, 1897, 5). Okay, so Kummer was an inventor or a pipe-maker...or someone affiliated somehow with either the raw material or the finished pipe. WAS KUMMER A ‘HE’ OR AN ‘IT’? Mangin and Walker indicated that Kummer was a Frenchman. If he was, what did the French write about him? Word traveled slowly then, but as this story demonstrates, the ‘word’ continually changed...and quite often. In Rozan’s manuscript: It is widely agreed that the pipes were called this way as a corruption of the name Kummer, who was their inventor. No one knew who he was or his name and as a result no one knew the expression ‘pipes de Kummer,’ and in order to make sense of it, one would have said, relying exclusively on the sound of it, ‘pipes d’écume de mer.’ We used to believe that Mr. Kummer was a fictional character; however a retired staff officer was kind enough to inform us that he knew very well of a pipe manufacturer by this name in Strasburg. It is therefore a singular coincidence that on the subject of pipes the proper noun Kummer and the expression écume de mer should rhyme (Charles Rozan, Petites Ignorances de la Conversation, 1887, 68-69). Okay now...he was a pipe-maker in Strasburg [sic]. Not just any pipe maker, mind you, because Kummer was “...un fabricant qui a été le Stradivarius des pipes,” asserted Honoré de Balzac (Les Journalistes. Monographie de la Presse Parisienne, 2002, 86). “This explanation is worthy of the scientist who discovered that one should say ‘a Kummer pipe,’ manufacturer par excellence on the banks of the Blue Danube, as if it were not the emphatic and empirical name of bi-silicate of magnesium” (Pierre-Charles Laurent de Villedeuil, Bibliographie des Chemins de Fer, 1906, 484). Now Kummer is making pipes somewhere along the Danube, but the Danube doesn’t flow through France! (Later, I reveal that at least one person believed that Kummer was a German, not a Frenchman.) More Kummer-ations. Now we’re getting somewhere. The expression, d’écume de mer, is, evidently, a corruption of his last name. Then this: Regardless of one’s point of view, there can hardly be any doubt, and to answer the question raised by M.J. Rècle, I think that a purist should say ‘magnesite pipes’; as for us, we will have to stick to our meerschaum pipes, and that no one should ever talk about Kummer pipes, or pipes made of Cummer, unless one wants to use this name for the deplorable product of modern industry called fausse [false] écume, one that any true smoker would avoid like the cigars from Italy…That there might have existed, as some people claim, a pipe manufacturer named Kummer, and that in the trade, one would have named his products after his name, is a possibility (although not proven), but that is not the issue. What matters is to know whether the colloquial phrase, pipe en écume de mer, can be justified” (L’Intermédiare des Chercheurs et Curieux,..., 466). Wait! “Those that are called meerschaum are a misnomer, according to some: one should say Kummer pipes, after the name of its inventor. Kummer, indeed, made pipes from a certain material, and the mistake arises from his abusing the play on words his name gave rise to, in order to let people believe that they were made out of meerschaum, a more precious material than the one he used” (“Histoire de la Pipe: Kummer et l’Écume de Mer,” in Édouard Fournier, Le Vieux-Neuf, Tome Deuxième, 1877, 265). So that’s another interpretation: Kummer he did not use “fausse écume,” but something else, a “certain material.” This is maddening. Add another opinion: “The name Kummer or Cummer can be used here, assuming that this was the name of the first manufacturer of fake meerschaum (my italics)...As a result of this incorrect naming a major misunderstanding has arisen. For, if the smoker, to acquire a real meerschaum, insists on using the name Kummer, he is most likely not going to receive what he desired” (Duc, Du Role de la Pipe en Écume de Mer dans Humanité, 1866, 29). “Meerschaum. Turkey produces in large quantities silicate of magnesium, a whitish and porous compound used primarily for the quality and variety of its applications, to the point that the Kummer pipes became over time, and with the help of a mangled pronunciation, meerschaum pipes” ( http://mapage.noos.fr/turquieaime/rubriqueabrac.htm ). So...Kummer is manufacturing fake meerschaum pipes. Could that be the aforementioned “certain material”? “Porcelains and highly prized pipes are made from this material, whose inventor was called Kummer. In colloquial language, this name was mixed up with the silicate that makes up these pipes, and one says improperly pipes d’écume de mer, instead of Kummer pipes” (M. W. Duckett, Dictionaire de Conversation a l’Usage des Dames et des Jeunes Personnes...Tome Quatrième, 1844, 316). “[A] variety of other natural and manufactured products, among which one can note the product commonly called écume de mer or rather kummer, used to manufacture pipes it is called in Turkish Lulè tache” (Coup d’Oeil Général sur lExposition Nationale à Constantinople, 1863, 54). “Vienna made a specialty of this kind of pipe made from magnesite also called meerschaum, the manufacturer of pipes by the name of Kummer wanted to exploit this consonance and pretend to be the sole manufacturer of this kind of pipes” (Hippolyte Gautier et Adrien Desprez, Les Curiosités de l’Exposition de 1878, 1878,109) “Meerschaum, that many obstinately call Kummer, after the name of a manufacturer who never existed, provides the principal compound...”(C. Delvaille, Notes d’Un Visiteur sur l’Exposition Universelle de 1878, 1879, 104). I know that I am beating a dead equine, but stay with me. According to both the preceding and the following allegations, Kummer was an invented person. “Meerschaum pipe. Should one say: meerschaum pipe or Kummer pipe? Supporters of the second version claim that such pipes were invented by someone named Kummer who gave them his name. And if you tell them that no one has ever heard of this Kummer, that it is a character invented for the purpose, they will respond that it is absurd to pretend that one can make pipes from the foam of the sea…P.S. Kummer or Cummer is a character invented by Alphonse Karr” ( Dictionnaire des curieux [1880]). (Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr was a 19th century French critic, journalist, and novelist.) It’s resolved. Kummer is a substance, not a person. But is the substance real meerschaum, false meerschaum, fake meerschaum, a paste, or clay? “MAGNÉSITE. Someone, surprised by the expression meerschaum and noting that the sea does not create such foam, invented a manufacturer by the name of Kummer; according to which one would say meerschaum pipe for Kummer pipe; but nothing appears to prove the existence of this Kummer character...” (B. Legoarant, Nouveau Dictionnaire de Langue Française, 1858, 368). “PIPE DE KUMMER. An expression from which, by corrupted pronunciation, Meerschaum Pipe. The Kummer pipes are made from a kind of clay from Briançon and are named after their inventor Kummer…As far as Kummer pipe, it must be the corrupted expression” (Nouveau Dictionnaire..., 446). Many more citations could have been included, but to what end? It’s already apparent—at least to me—that among all these Frenchmen and others, there was little agreement as to who or what Kummer was or if Kummer existed. THE GERMAN KUMMER First, here’s a Frenchman confiding that Kummer is a German, but imaginary nonetheless: “I think I remember having read in Guêpes an article in which M. Alphonse Karr contested the characterization of meerschaum pipe given to a certain quality of pipes, and asked that they be called Kummer, after the German name of the inventor. This M. Kummer is simply an imaginary character...” (Édouard Gorges, Revue de Exposition Universelle, 1855, 221). (Karr started Les Guêpes, a monthly journal, and author of that popular phrase, “the more things change the more they remain the same .”) Well, let’s look to Germany for better, more precise answers. “Our word Meerschaum has been literally accepted and in use by the English even though it is an adaptation of the Tatar word Myrsen by which name it is known in the area of Kilschik, where the major deposits of the material are found. The French translate the word Meerschaum as Écume de mer describing a meerschaum pipe bowl as a ‘pipe de Cummer’ by assuming it to mean the name of the inventor Cummer” (Rudolf Kleinpaul, Das Leben der Sprache und ihre Weltstellung, Dritter Band, 1893, 336). “It was, at that time, believed that the material was not a natural product, but that it was the product of an artificial mixture, invented by a certain trader named Kummer. The mixture came to France, where it was known as le “Kummer,” and soon the origin of the name was forgotten; it was known now as “l’écume mer,” and to make it grammatically correct slipped in a ‘de,’ so that veritable “écume de mer” became the generally used word of description. And, of course, it wandered back to Germany as a direct translation to “meerschaum” (Hermann Pilz, Ueber den Tabak und das Rauchen, 1899, 195). “Strange is the expression of pipes of d’écume de mer as meerschaum pipes. Should it be seen as an allusion to the similarity that exists between the clay used to produce meerschaum pipes and the foam of the sea? Another view leans toward the expression used in association with a Strasbourg manufacturer of meerschaum pipes named Kummer; his pipes were known as ‘Kummer pipes.’ At a later date, when the original name was long forgotten, the name of ‘pipe d’écume de mer’ was generally accepted as descriptive of that type of pipe” (Dr. Karl Bergmann, Die Sprachliche Anschauung und Ausdrucksweise der Franzosen, 1906, 113). And it seems that in Germany, Kummer can’t die, because this is two decades old: “On the other hand...meerschaum was a direct translation from French and takes a folkloric reinterpretation of the French name ‘pipe de Kummer,’ a name of a manufacturer of pipes to the generally accepted name of ‘d‘écume de mer,’ sea foam” (Jamshid Ibrahim, Kulturgeschichtliche Wortforschung, 1991, 282). ENGLISH, PLEASE! Isaac Goldberg explains it all so easily. “Meerschaum originates in France as Kummer’s pipe: that is, pipe de Kummer. The popular ear, however, makes a false division of the sounds, and transforms them into pipe d’écume de mer; which is to say, ‘a pipe of sea-foam.’ Now the name of Kummer, and his pipe came originally from Germany. The Germans forgot this; they translate écume de mer as Meerschaum, and such the term remains henceforth in both German and French!” (The Wonder of Words, 1957, 282). Additionally: “Amusing examples are the transformation of pipe de Kummer (Kummer being the manufacturer) into pipe d’écume der mer (whence Meerschaum in German)...” (Joseph. Vendryes, Language: A Linguistic Introduction to History, 1925, 181). More evidence about Kummer comes from far-away New Zealand: “The earth in question is called by mineralogists ‘silicate of magnesia.’ That is, therefore, its scientific name, and not Kummer or Cummer of Vienna, who is sometimes erroneously declared to be the inventor of the new kind of pipe” (“What is Meerschaum,” Wellington Independent, Volume XIX, Issue 2174, March 2, 1865, 3), and “A learned man declares that we are grievously in error who talk of ‘meerschaum’ pipes; we should say ‘Kummer’ pipes, and commemorate perpetually our obligations to the discoverer of a compound which has nothing to do with the sea nor with its foam” (“Opinions of Smoking,” Auckland Star, Volume VII, Issue 2054, September 1876, 6). Alphonse Mariette reports: Pipe d’écume de mer. According to the Academy, écume de mer is the name of a white oily magnesian clay with which the Eastern people make smoking pipes. But whence this expression? It is plain enough that no pipe can be made with the foam of the sea. One might perhaps connect these words with a mere allusion to a certain likeness between the said clay and the froth of a stormy sea. The more plausible explanation, however, of this strange term is a surmise that pipes of this kind were first introduced by a certain M. Kummer, and through a corruption not at all uncommon in popular phraseology, des pipes de Kummer became des pipes d’écume de mer. That legendary M. Kummer was a German; but then, what connection could there be between the name of this more or less authentic personage and the word ‘meerschaum,’ the literal German equivalent of écume de mer? (French and English Idioms and Proverbs, Vol. II, 1896, 117). “At first it was thought that the substance was a paste, invented by a merchant named Cummer, and the learned of the period took advantage of their erudition to make fun of the ignorant who called it meerschaum or écume de mer, instead of cummer, an unpardonable barbarism, in their opinion” (“As to Meerschaum Pipes,” Seen and Heard, Vol. II, No. 21, May 21, 1902, 659). This anonymous writer seems to have a handle on it, labeling it folk etymology: Apparently these pipes were made by a person or company called Kummer. It was a Kummer pipe, in German a ‘Kummer-pfeife’ in French a ‘pipe de Kummer”. The folk etymology happened in the French version, then spread wildly back to German, then English. French speakers didn’t recognize what they were saying in ‘pipe de Kummer’, and it developed into ‘pipe d’ècume de mer’. Say both versions out loud and you’ll hear the difference more readily than reading it. Ècume is foam and ècume de mer is seafoam. This change in French was retranslated back into German as Meerschaum, and so it remained (“Reflections of a Travelanguist,” http://www.travelanguist.com/Reflections.php?Year=2004&MusNo=1.00). Finally, “The Germans translated the Persian phrase kef-i-daryd, which described the frothy white clay known technically as sepiolite, a type of hydrous silicate of magnesium, as 'sea foam' meerschaum” (Louis G. Heller, et al., The Private Lives of English Words, 1984, 123). The overwhelming evidence, at least so far, indicates that the word kummer appeared most often in French lexicons, dictionaries and books on etymology rather than in the standard works of tobacco pipe history, and that Monsieur or Herr Kummer was a figment of someone’s vivid imagination. Lots of people have the surname, Kummer, but none were ever affiliated with the pipe industry. (Parenthetically, there was at least one German Kummer, Ernst Eduard Kummer, of that era [January1810–May 1893], a mathematician, not a member of the tobacco trade.) Kummer, in German, means dolefulness or grief and, therefore, does not compute with meerschaum, and Kummer is not a French word. Etymologically, not philologically, speaking, it’s obvious that kummer (origin unknown) was the word that was later transliterated into écume de mer. Whereas most treatises on meerschaum argue that écume de mer is the literal translation from German, from what I have cited so far, it appears that it’s the other way around, as in that metaphor, what came first, the chicken or the egg. Why? The proof is in the writing and reading, and the preponderance, the sheer volume, of French primary and secondary sources about écume de mer far outweighs that which is in print in German about the origin of meerschaum. Hence, albeit counterintuitive, I am inclined to conclude at this point that the French coined the word first, and in the absence of any German-equivalent word, those working the German trade later transliterated écume de mer into meerschaum... maybe. IS MYRSEN THE KEY TO THIS MYSTERY? There is another, although a less substantiated, argument regarding which word came first, and that argument revolves around myrsen, mentioned in the first paragraph. When one “...hears the name ‘myrsen,’ also ‘myrshen,’ one is inclined to think that the German denomination meerschaum is derived from the Asiatic name” (The Engineering and Mining Journal, Volume 62, July 25, 1896, 81). Several other salient fragments on myrsen follow, the first of which is a not-so-helpful definition of a compound noun: “Myrsen meerschaum is pale grayish green, resembling tallow dropped upon brass, close, heavy, smooth, unctuous, glossy, not coloring, burning extremely hard and pale white; used as soap, and to make the large German tobacco pipes, or rather the bowls of them” (A. E. Youman, A Dictionary of Every-Day Wants, 1872, 498). “The meerschaum, called by the Turks (Myrsen, Keffekil), the material out of which the ancient Samian vessels were made, is yet used in Turkey for the manufacture of pipe-heads; of which only the smaller kinds are allowed to be exported” (William Howitt, Life in Germany; Scenes, Impressions, and Every-Day Life of the Germans, 1849, 170). According to Kozminsky, meerschaum “is also called keffekill and kiffekiefe, which has been credited with meaning the ‘earth of the town of Keffe or Kaffe,’ the Crimean town whence it is exported. Its technical name is Sepiolite, and its various forms are given as myrsen, meershaum, meerchum, mereschaum, merschaum, meerschaum” (Isidore Kozminsky, The Magic and Science of Jewels and Stones, 1922, 264). “Mr. Platts has an ingenious suggestion to explain Keffekill, a name for meerschaum; the usual derivation is Kaffa-gil, clay of Kaffa, the Crimean town where it was exported, but he suggests kef-i-gil, ‘foam of clay’. The admitted difficulty is that the proper Persian name is kef-i-darya, ‘foam of the sea’, but the alternative form is possible” (“The Oxford Dictionary,” The Saturday Review, No. 2,409, Vol. 92, 28 December, 1901, 810). “There exists some controversy in regard to the derivation of its name, some writers claiming it to be from the German Meer, the sea, and schaum, foam, suggested no doubt by its appearance, while others assert that is a corruption of its Tartar name Myrsen; but it is more probable that the former one is the correct one. It is known in Persia under the name of Kiefekle, from—keff, foam or scum, and—gill, clay or mud. Its mineralogical name is Sepiolite” (“What is Meerschaum?”, The Fancier’s Journal, July 10, 1876, 313). “The French name, ecume de mer, or ‘scum of the sea,’ and the Germans ‘sea foam,’ have doubtless an intimate relationship with this same ‘keff til’ of the Crimean Tartars” (Moredcai Cubitt Cooke, The Seven Sisters of Sleep, 1860, 61). Evidently, then, myrsen was a type of clay. “The idea of our childhood, it will be remembered, was that meerschaum was a sort of petrified seafoam, hence the name “Meer,” the German word for sea, and “schaum,” which in German means scum or foam. It is probable that the word is derived from the Tartar word “myrsen,” meaning clay” (“Coloring Meerschaum Pipes,” The Practical Druggist, Vol. XXX, No. 2, February 1912, 36). “Myrsen—Seafroth. This mineral is dug up near Konie in Natolia, and is employed in forming the bowls of Turkish tobacco pipes” (Thomas Thomson, A System of Chemistry in Four Volumes, Vol. III, 1802, 498). “Meerschaum, in German, signifies sea-froth, and is by some philologists alleged to have been applied to this mineral on account of its general aspect and lightness; while others derive it from the Natolian word myrsen...When first dug from the earth, it is soft and greasy. It lathers with water like soap; hence, it is used by some nations, as by the Tartars, for washing. In Turkey, it is made into tobacco-pipes” (David Brewster, The Edinburgh Encyclopædia, Vol. XIII, 1832, 551). In 1781 Johann Wiegelb explained how the misleading name ‘meerschaum’ (meaning ‘sea-foam’ in German) had come about: “In the Tatar language it is supposed to have been called keffekil or myrsen, from which latter name the word ‘meerschaum’ can easily have arisen through misunderstanding” (http://www.tobaccocollection.com/en/meerschaum_pipes.php). This last statement suggests that meerschaum is rooted in the word myrsen and is not a transliteration of écume de mer. What to do? APHRODITE: GODDESS, MINERAL, OR METAPHOR? The problem is that écume de mer (foam of the sea) does not translate literally into meerschaum (sea foam). Were meerschaum literally translated from French, given my limited command of German, it would have been Schaum des Meeres, a precise, exacting translation, something entirely different. “Im alten Rom Venus genannt, war sie in der griechischen Mythologie die aus dem Schaum des Meeres geborene Göttin” (In old Rome, named Venus, she [Aphrodite] was a goddess born from the foam of the sea) ( http://www.mondreich.de/goetter/aphrodite.htm , and many other urls). Various accounts of classical Greek and Roman legends indicate that Dione, a sea-nymph, gave birth to her daughter, Aphrodite, beneath the waves, hence the German reasoning, Schaum des Meeres. Wikipedia is somewhat in agreement: “According to Hesiod ’s Theogony , she was born when Cronus cut off Uranus ’ genitals and threw them into the sea, and from the sea foam (aphros) arose Aphrodite,” or as others have posited, she sprang from the seed and emerged from the foam that gathered around the mutilated genitals of Uranus. This may be the singular reason why the mineral in German is Meerschaum, not Schaum des Meeres, as a way to differentiate between mythology and mineralogy. The following is as good an explanation as any, I guess, because it’s not too far-fetched and it reflects the fact that the Germans are not alone in this perception: Thanks to this German application we have accepted the German name, from meer, sea, and schaum, foam. The scientific name is ‘sepiolite,’ from Greek sepia, cuttlefish, and lithos, stone, because the mineral resembles the bone obtained from those animals. A more appropriate name for us to use that German meerschaum would have been ‘aphrodite,’ from Greek aphros, foam. This would have honored the goddess Aphrodite, supposed to have been created from sea foam. Unfortunately, however, the name is now applied to another mineral of similar composition (Charles Earle Funk, Thereby Hangs A Tale. Stories of Curious Word Origins, 1950, 191). Again: “Unpoetical as it may appear, the German word Meerschaum, which is so familiar to us in connection with pipes, is the exact equivalent of Aphrodite” (Rev. J. G. Wood, Nature’s Teachings, 1907, 354). Or this: “I have little doubt...you have often been told by the illiterate, as I have, that meerschaum, like Aphrodite, is made from the froth of the sea; but when we come to investigate the composition of both the beautiful Anadyomene and meerschaum, we shall find they are, alas! made of common clay. Meerschaum, however, consists of hydrate of magnesia combined with silex; while Venus, I doubt not, was more composite in her nature, though hydrate of magnesia, and silex, too, would be found even in the body of a goddess” (Sydney Whiting, The Romance of a Garret, Vol. II, 1867, 26). Or this: “Aphrodite.—A mineral found at Taberg and Sala, and long supposed to be Meerschaum, has, on analysis, been found to be serpentine” (Thomas Anderson, “Analyses of New Mineral Species,” in Robert Jameson, The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, Vol. XXXII, 1842, 147). Even Oliver Wendell Holmes made mention of this: “The meerschaum is but a poor affair until it has burned a thousand offerings to the cloud-compelling deities. It comes to us without complexion or flavor,—born of the sea-foam, like Aphrodite, but colorless as pallida Mors herself” (The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table, 1900, 100). MY RANDOM THOUGHTS There is much, much more of this vague, fuzzy, baffling commentary in print. I am now more befogged than ever. There may be something in this can of words (not worms) worthy of another Internet interrogation, but I ain’t goin’ there! I feel like the university lad who sought an answer to this same quandary 150 years ago: “Meerschaum.—Can any of your readers inform me where is to be found the statement that the word Meerschaum is a retranslation of the French word écume de mer, which French word is a mispronunciation of the name of a certain Kummer from Vienna, who first made these pipes? (“Henri van Laun, Cheltenham College,” Notes and Queries, No. 292, August 3, 1861, 169). I don’t know if Henri received a satisfactory answer. More than a century later, in January 1996, Rickey Welch, having had his interest piqued while combing the dictionary for the connection between keffekil and meerschaum, commented in Pipes Digest Number 209 (www.pipes.org): “We may never know the ultimate historical context of this wonderful stuff we call Meerschaum!” I concur. French is a Romance language, German is one of several Indo-European languages, and Hungarian is one of a family of Uralic languages, with some roots in Turkic languages, so these three are essentially different branches of the language tree. Hungary and Turkey are neighbors. There is little doubt that the first meerschaums pipes were produced in Turkey and, then, chronologically, in Hungary. With its geographical proximity to and trade with its neighbor, Turkey, any or all three of these terms —lületaşi, keffekil, and myrsen—may have been the customary argot for quite some time among many Magyar pipe carvers. By the mid-18th century, meerschaum was a marketable commodity in Germany, and German craftsmen exhibited pipes of this material at the 1750 Leipzig Fair. Soon enough, the French were employing Viennese and Hungarian meerschaum carvers in their small ateliers, so it’s likely that all the descriptors for this mineral became comingled, scrambled or modified within these several countries. Myrsen probably crossed the Turkish and Austro-Hungarian border heading west, but the words lületaşi and keffekil did not, so how did the words écume de mer and meerschaum evolve? Myrsen and meerschaum are relatively close homophones; kummer and écume de mer are also close homophones, that is, they are pronounced similarly, although they are spelled differently. Which sources are reliable and where did they get their information? It’s near impossible to trace it all backward until actual facts are revealed. It appears that the origin, provenance, and derivation of meerschaum, the word, is much more French—they conducted a more animated, often contentious, dialogue in print about its origin—less so, German. Trying to make sense of all this, the possible avenues of transformation were: · From East to West: myrsen: meerschaum: écume de mer · From West to East: kummer: écume de mer: meerschaum · Kummer: écume de mer or, based on France’s exposure to the mineral, and without the antecedent kummer, coined her own descriptor, écume de mer. · Myrsen: meerschaum or, based on Germany’s exposure to the mineral, and without the antecedent myrsen, coined her own descriptor, meerschaum. · Other mutations and permutations of these words that I have yet to discover. · None of the above, because it really doesn’t matter one iota. Pick one or none! After all, in this essay, reading (not seeing) is unbelievable. I have decided to apply the logic of Occam’s razor, selecting among competing hypotheses that which makes the fewest assumptions and, thereby, offers the simplest explanation of the effect. My interpretation—and I am not on terra firma—is that myrsen was the operative term used in Germany until the popularity and general acceptance of écume de mer spread east across Western Europe; then, the Germans opted to transliterate the French term, rather than retain myrsen. It’s likely that it occurred this way. For anyone else in hot pursuit of ground truth, the issue is still wide open for debate. For sure, Kummer, real or imagined, whether animal, vegetable, or mineral, whether hoax or history, played no significant role. The trouble with all this information is that it lacks synthesis. It’s an aggregation, a mishmash that I am unable to confidently unify and fuse. It’s a story with an ending, but it is not the end of this story. Not even elegant scholarship and logic can make sense of this smoker’s salmagundi. As I see it, it took almost 200 years for both scholar- and hobbyist-writer-researchers to give Kovàcs his comeuppance, and a lesser number of years to quash the Kummer caper. However, the wellspring and interrelationship of these six words—meerschaum, écume de mer, kummer, myrsen, keffekil, and lületaşi—remain, for me, a mega-mystery. The factual origin, the antecedents, the unadulterated, unvarnished version of the interrelationship, if any, may never be revealed. This is as far down as I intend to dig and it’s as close as it gets. I have concluded that pursuing this any further is like the proverbial, perplexing Pandora’s box, best left unopened, but it sure was fun trying to find out! The title is borrowed from the 2003 film of the same name, because it is perfectly suited to this topic. ** The most recent denial of the legacy of Kovacs is Anna Ridovics, “True or false, in the Wake of a Legend: the so called ‘Pipe of the first Meerschaum Carver’, Károly Kovács, in the Hungarian Museum?” (Journal of the Académie Internationale de la Pipe, Vol. 3, 2010).	Honeycomb toffee
What primarily causes an ice-skate to melt ice, creating lubricated contact helpful for skating?	Full text of "Tobacco leaves; being a book of facts for smokers" See other formats PI, A NT OF KENTUCKY TOBACCO From a Sketch by TT, A. Brennan TOBACCO LEAVES BEING A BOOK OF FACTS FOR SMOKERS BY W. A. BRENNAN Department ol Medical Sciences The John Crerar Library PUBLISHED FOR Index Office, Inc. BY (Die Collegiate ^f ress GEORGE BANTA PUBLISHING COMPANY MENASHA, WISCONSIN 1915 First issue December, 1915 Copyright 1915 by W. A. BEEN NAN B? CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 7 CHAPTER I 11 Historical, Botanical. CHAPTER II 19 The Cultivation of the Tobacco Plant. Climatic and soil conditions Treatment of the growing plant Shade grown tobacco Harvesting. CHAPTER III 29 Production of Tobacco. Countries which produce tobacco and amount Production in the New World other than in the United States Varieties. CHAPTER IV 39 Production of Tobacco in the United States. Total production Amount produced by the different States Varieties raised Description of the different varieties. CHAPTER V 53 The Chemical Composition of the Tobacco Plant. Organic and inorganic matters contained in tobacco and the part they play An- alysis of various tobaccos Nicotine. CHAPTER VI 61 The Curing of Tobacco Leaf. Objects of curing Methods. 331634 CHAPTER VII 67 The Marketing and Sale of Tobacco Leaf. Methods of disposal by the grower The warehouse system Direct purchase Principal markets in the United States Prices. CHAPTER VIII 75 Rehandling and Fermentation of Tobacco Leaf Prior to Manufacture. Selection of leaf Treatment and blend- ing Objects and methods of manu- facturers fermentation Action of microbes. CHAPTER IX . x 88 Manufactured Products of Tobacco in the United States. Statistics of production and consumption Amount of capital invested Number of plants, etc. CHAPTER X 93 Cigars: Historical and General Facts. History Statistical information regard- ing the cigar business in the United States. CHAPTER XI 99 Cigars and Their Qualities. Qualities of cigars and cigar leaf Im- ported cigars Havanas Domestic cigars. CHAPTER XII Ill Cigar Making. Hand-made cigars Machine-made cigars Classification of cigars Terms used in the cigar trade. CHAPTER XIII 121 Pipe Smoking and Chewing Tobacco. Qualities required Description of kinds Perique tobacco Statistics. CHAPTER XIV 131 Cigarettes. Statistics Kinds and where made Im- ported cigarettes Domestic cigarettes Cigarette papers. CHAPTER XV 143 Snuff. How made Qualities Description of kinds. CHAPTER XVI 149 Tobacco Smoking Pipes. History How made and materials used in making Meerschaum Briar root Amber Special kinds of pipes Care of pipes. CHAPTER XVII . . . .171 Effects of Tobacco Smoking on the Human System. Physical and other effects Opinions of medical men quoted and discussed. CHAPTER XVIII 195 The Beneficial Effects of Tobacco. Its disinfecting action A protection against infectious disease Psycho- logical effects of smoking. CHAPTER XIX 207 Miscellaneous. Revenue, taxation, etc., in connection with tobacco Free^ imports The insect pests which attack tobacco Tobacco flavoring fluids, etc. Formulae. INTRODUCTION This little book is intended for the man who uses tobacco. While there is a very extensive literature concerning tobacco, yet it is sur- prising how few books there are written express- ly for the smoker. Much has been written concerning culture, production and manufac- ture; the historical and anecdotal aspects have been catered for ; pamphlets and books abusing and denouncing the use of tobacco are plenti- ful; but the smoker will find it difficult to get a book just giving him the facts concerning tobacco and smoking, which he ought to know, and omitting matters, which, although interest- ing, are not necessary. This little book is an attempt to fulfil that purpose; and it is felt that no apology is needed for its appearance. If the average user of tobacco is questioned concerning the matters treated in the following pages, he will be found ignorant of them. This ought not be so. The custom of tobacco smok- ing is so general and so intimate a part of the daily life of the great majority of men, that a better acquaintance with the plant, its qualities, uses and effects, should be cultivated and wel- comed. No claim is made for originality. The facts here stated have been gathered from various 7 sources and the only credit claimed is for put- ting them together in a concise and consecutive form. The object aimed at is to give informa- tion. Whether the custom of tobacco smoking is desirable, whether in any individual case it would be beneficial or otherwise to smoke these and similar questions are left to the reader's own judgment from the facts and opinions pre- sented, as well as from his own observations. The man who uses tobacco daily should know what he is doing. If statements are made either verbally or in print concerning the custom he should be able to verify them or show that they are incorrect. It is trusted that the informa- tion given in these pages will enable him to form a clear judgment whatever the judgment may be. It may be felt that many aspects of the use of tobacco and matters connected with it have either not been touched on, or only referred to very briefly. The reader who may desire fur- ther information will find it in the bibliographi- cal references given throughout the book. These references have generally been consulted by the author and his indebtedness is acknowl- edged here. To MY WIFE CHAPTER I HISTORICAL BOTANICAL 11 HISTORICAL The history of tobacco commences with the discovery of the New World by Columbus. The Chinese claim that it was known and used by them much earlier, but there appears to be no evidence to support this claim. Columbus found the natives of Cuba smoking the dried leaves, and his followers are said to have brought the plant to Spain about 1512. Oviedo published a book entitled La Hist or la general de las Indias in Seville in 1526, in which he mentions pipe smoking. It may be inferred that this custom was well established in Spain then. Sir Walter Raleigh is usually credited with hav- ing brought tobacco to England for the first time from Virginia in 1586; and the Virginian Colonists are known to have cultivated the plant' at that time; but there is evidence enough to show that Sir Francis Drake was the first to introduce the plant into England. Drake's voyages were made between 1570 and 1580 and he brought the plant with him in one of these. Some give the date of introduction by Drake as 1560. Raleigh was, however, probably the first English distinguished smoker, and he cultivated the plant on his estate at Youghal, Ireland. There is no doubt about the culture of tobacco by the early English Colonists in the U. S., 13 but it is doubtful whether the plant was in- troduced by them from England or whether they continued a culture learned from the Na- tives. From Virginia it spread to the other colonies. In Peru and other parts of South America the growing of tobacco was well es- tablished at the time of the Spanish Conquest. In 1560 Jean Nicot, the French Ambassador at Lisbon, sent some tobacco to Catherine de Medici as a cure for headache. Catherine was pleased with it and is said to have become quite addicted to its use. Tobacco was designated the "Queen's herb" and the "Sovereign herb" from this circumstance and Nicot himself is perpetuated in the word "Nicotine" and its derivatives. Many persons erroneously give credit to Nicot for the introduction of tobacco into Europe. It is quite clear, however, from Oviedo's book, quoted above, that the plant was known in Spain very much earlier; and it is most probable that the immediate followers of Columbus brought samples of the leaves and pipes back to Spain with them. Moveover, in 1558, Phillip II of Spain sent Francisco Her- nandez, a physician, to investigate the re- sources, etc., of Mexico, and on his return he brought back tobacco as one of the products, and grew it as a drug. From Spain and Eng- 14 land, the use of tobacco spread by degrees all over the known world. REFERENCES PENN, W. A. The Soverane Herbe; a history of Tobacco. Chapters I, II. London and New York, 1901. BOUANT, E. Le Tdbac; culture et Industrie. Paris, 1901. SHEW, JOEL. Tobacco; its history, nature and ef- fects on the body and mind. Wortley, 1876. BILLINGS, E. R. Tobacco; its history, varieties, culture, etc. Chapters II, IV. Hartford, Conn., 1895. COMES, O. Histoire, geographic, statistique du Tabac. Son introduction et son expansion dans tous les pays depuis son origine jusqu* a la fin du XIX siecle. Naples, 1900. FAIRHOLT, F. W. Tobacco; its history and associa- tions. London, 1876. WOLF, JAKOB. Der Tabak und die Tabakfabrikate. Chapter I. Leipzig, 1912. BOTANICAL Tobacco belongs to the family of plants known in botany under the name of Solanacece Other well-known members of this family are the Irish potato, the red pepper, the tomato, the egg-plant, etc. 15 American tobacco belongs almost exclusively to that group of this family which comprise the genus Nicotiana. Of this genus there are about 50 separate species, one of which, Nico- tiana Tabacwm, supplies almost all the tobacco of commerce. Plants of this species grow from 2 feet to 9 feet in height; they have numerous wide-spreading leaves sometimes as much as 3 feet in length; these leaves may be oval, oblong, pointed, or lanceolate in shape, and are generally of a pale green color when young ; they are arranged alternately in a spiral on the stem; the root is large and fibrous; the stem is erect, round and viscid, branching near the top. The alternate arrangement of the leaves on the stalk, succeeding each other spirally, so that the 9th overhangs the 1st, the 10th the 2nd, and so on, is very characteristic. The distance on the stalk between the leaves is about 2 inches. Flowers are in large clusters, with corollas of rose color, or white tinged with pink. The leaves and stalks are covered with soft downy hair. The plant is perennial but crops are usually raised from seed. Of this species (N. Tabacum) there are prob- ably more than 100 varieties grown in the U. S. alone. Some of the best known will be described later. 16 To this same species (N. Tabacum) Havana, East Indian and European tobaccos principally belong. The other important species are : Nicotiana Persica. Grown in Persia. This has a white flower and the leaves almost enwrap the stem. It is used almost exclusively as a pipe-smoking tobacco. Some claim that this is only a variant of N. Tabacum. Nicotiana Repanda. This is a species of Cuban tobacco entirely different from that grown in the Havana district. It is also called Yara. Nicotiana Rustica. A kind of wild growing tobacco principally cultivated in Mexico, and which is claimed as the parent of some of the Turkish, Syrian and Latakia tobaccos although many authorities claim that these tobaccos be- long to the species N. Tabacum. The European tobacco is hardier than the American parent plant. The leaves are smaller. N. Rustica. Also includes commpn Hungar- ian and Turkish tobaccos. There are large and small leaved varieties. N. Crispa. Grown in Syria and largely in Central Asia. Used as a cigarette tobacco in the Orient. It has been stated above that there are many varieties of N. Tabacwm in the U. S. Of these the most important are known to botanists 17 by the names, Nicotiana Tabacum Macrophylla and Nicotiana Tabacum Angustifolia. Maryland tobacco belongs to the Macro- phylla variety and there are many other types differing from each other according to shape of the leaf, size of the stalk, etc. Virginian tobacco is of the Angustifolia variety, and of this also there are many dif- ferent types. Most European and other grown tobaccos have been raised from original plants of the Maryland and Virginian varieties. It should be remembered that there is no essential difference in cigar, pipe smoking or cigarette tobaccos. The differences are physi- cal only. All kinds may be obtained from the same species or even the same variety of the species by suitable culture and crossing. REFERENCES ANASTASIA, G. E. Le varietd della Nicotiana Tabacum. Scafati, 1906. COMES, O. Delle razze dei tabacchi. Naples, 1905. KILLEBREW, J. B. and MYRICK H. Tobacco leaf ; its culture and cure, marketing and manufacture. Part I. New York, 1897. LOCK. C. G. W. Tobacco growing, curing, and manufacturing. Chapter I. London and New York, 1886. WOLF, J. Der Tabac. Chapter II. Leipzig, 1912. BILLINGS, E. R. Tobacco; its history, varieties, etc. Chapter I. Hartford, Conn., 1875. CHAPTER II THE CULTIVATION OF THE TOBACCO PLANT CLIMATIC AND SOIL CONDITIONS. TREATMENT OF THE GROWING PLANT. SHADE GROWN TOBACCO. HARVESTING THE CULTIVATION OF THE TOBACCO PLANT A few general facts concerning the culture of the tobacco plant and its treatment until it reaches the hands of the manufacturers will be of interest for the smoker. The general principles underlying the culture of tobacco are the same whether it is intended for the cigar, pipe smoking or cigarette trade; but the treatment of the leaf after it is har- vested differs considerably. Tobacco is a perennial plant. It is, however, usually raised each year from seed. The seed- lings are usually ready for planting towards the end of May and are generally planted between the last week in May and the middle of June. The successful raising of tobacco depends on four principal factors: (1) the climate, (2) the nature of the soil, (3) the seed, and (4) on the method of culture. The climate must be such as to favor rapid growth and therefore must furnish sufficient heat and moisture during the time the plant is growing. The fineness of the texture and the elasticity of the leaf depend on the climate. On the soil the plant depends for its food, and for the absorption of those chemical con- 21 stituents on which depend the burning qualities, the strength and the color. The physical qualities of the plant, structure and form, thickness of veins, size, shape and dis- tribution of leaves, are derived from the seed. Finally, on the method of cultivation (includ- ing the curing process) depends in part the final color, flavor and aroma ; the type and trade value; that is to say, on successful cul- ture and harvesting and treatment at the right time and in the best way, must depend the grower's hopes of the final value of his crop. The quantity of nicotine, essential oils, etc., on which flavor and strength depend, is regulated to the greatest extent by the time of cutting. The nature of the soil is a very important matter in the culture of tobacco, for the color of the cured tobacco leaf depends almost entire- ly on the soil. The light colored leaf is grown on light colored soil and the darker leaf is grown on heavy, dark soil. The best type of soil for the raising of tobacco intended for the cigar trade is a warm, deep, sandy loam which rests on permeable well-drained subsoil. The very light colored yellow tobacco cannot be raised except on light colored, porous soils; and so susceptible is this matter of the coloring of the leaf that it has been noted that the darkening of the soil by a liberal allowance of stable man- 22 ure will, on a very light colored soil, change the color of the tobacco leaf from a bright yellow to a mahogany shade. Very light sandy soils or very light loams with clayey subsoils are usually chosen for these light yellow tobaccos. Although by processes subsequent to growth it is possible to darken the color of tobacco leaf, there is no known process that will make a dark leaf light in color. Moreover, the soil must be very fertile and rich in the special substances needed by the growing plant. This is all the more necessary because tobacco is a rapidly growing plant, and reaches its maturity within a few months after its planting. The rapidity of growth therefore demands a rich fertile soil well stored with plant food. Good manuring, or liberal treatment with fertilizers, is essential for keep- ing such soils in prime condition, because the period of growing must not be extended. Tobacco is usually planted in rows, the rows being from three to four feet apart, the usual arrangement being that the plants are generally about 12 or 18 inches apart in the row. Some planters, however, give the plants more room for many reasons, varying the distance between the plants even as much as 30 inches. Cigar leaf tobacco plants are usually placed about 14 inches apart. 23 There are various operations necessary dur- ing the growth of the plant. The most import- ant of these for our purpose are those known as "priming' or "thinning out" and "cutting." Priming is usually done when the plant is well advanced in growth, but the time varies with different growers and according to the species. It consists in removing the lower or imperfect leaves from the plant, or these which have in any way become injured from insect or other harmful agencies. As a general rule the larger the number of leaves there is on a plant the lower is the quality of the subsequently cured leaf. An average of about 10 leaves to each plant is what is favored by most growers, and the plants are usually thinned to this extent. Seed buds are removed also at the same time and for the same reason. If the plants are "thinned" late and when they are approaching full growth the leaves removed are not des- troyed, but are cured separately and sold as inferior quality and are usually called "prim- ings" or "planters lugs." In the Southern American States the time allowed for the growth and maturing of the plant is somewhat longer than in the eastern and more northerly states where the soil, owing to richer fertilization, favors the rapid growth. Moreover, a stronger quality of tobacco is 24 wanted and the extra time allows the plant to effect a greater elaboration in its cells of the oils and gums, etc., which contribute particu- larly to strength and flavor. SHADE GROWN TOBACCO The matter of rapid growth has, however, its limitations. Too much sunlight is considered a disadvantage. Under such powerful action, nutrition is drawn quickly from the soil and the plants ripen too quickly. Under such circum- stances the leaves tend to become heavy bodied and not very large in size. To defeat this ten- dency and produce large, thin silky leaves for the cigar trade, the grower sometimes covers his field with a tent of cheese-cloth or similar protection from the glare of the sun. The ripening process is thereby slowed and the leaves are thinner, larger and lighter in shade. This method is employed principally in Cuba, Florida and Connecticut where cigar wrapper leaves are produced, and such tobacco is known as shade-grown. Tobacco which has been planted out at the end of May or early in June is usually ready for harvesting at the end of August or beginning to middle of September. The actual time of har- vesting varies a good deal according to the variety grown and the physical condition con- 25 cerned in the growing of the plant. The heavier tobaccos which are intended for the export trade are usually harvested late. The most im- portant operations connected with the culture of the tobacco leaf are the "yellowing" and "curing" processes, and, as these commence with the cutting of the plant, this latter must be done under strictly favorable conditions in order to insure proper results. The cutting must not be done while the sun is very hot, or while there is rain, or before the plant is fully matured. On the other hand, after the plant has reached its maturity, it must not be allowed to continue its growth, which along with other things would be likely to increase its nicotine content which is not desirable. The experienced tobacco grower knows well from the appear- ance of the plant when it is best fitted for cut- ting. The leaves become thick and heavy and assume a drooping appearance. They become crisp with a tendency to break easily, and a mottled, spotty look is noticeable on them. The surface becomes gummy and oily; the oily sub- stances increases and exudates as the days pass. When these signs appear the tobacco is cut on the first day when the weather favors. It is usual in most cases to split the stalks down the middle and allow the leaves to wilt, before the stalk is entirely cut through. After sufficient 26 wilting the leaves are gathered in piles and exposed to the action of the sunlight; or they are stuck by the stalks on poles or framework and so exposed that the sun and air have free access to all parts. This is the best and most approved practice. "Yellowing" of the leaf is very rapid after the plant is cut; it is the natural effect due to cutting off the food supply of the leaf and the consequent slow death of the vitality of the cells. It must be remembered that the leaves are large, varying in size (ac- cording to species) from 12 inches to over .2 feet in length. Such a leaf needs a large quan- tity of food and the sudden cutting off of the supply effects a rapid change in appearance. The leaves are allowed to hang on the scaffolds 3 to 5 days until they are fully yellowed. They are then ready for the process of "curing," which is the most important operation con- nected with cultivation. The "curing" and "fermentation" which the leaf undergoes are chemical actions and their success depends on the proper method of "yellowing." The leaves must not be exposed to the sun too long, be- cause the cells would lose their vitality too rapidly and be unfitted for the new part they have to play in the curing process. The chemi- cal changes will be explained in subsequent chapters. It is desired that the reader should 27 understand that to ensure a successful final issue the planter has need to watch continu- ously and to know all the conditions. If the leaf does not "yellow" properly no amount of after care in curing will make up for this de- ficiency. In tobacco growing as in everything else, to ensure final high quality each step in the process must be executed with skill, care, and judgment. The yield of tobacco per acre varies from about 300 Ibs. of leaf in the southern states to 1,000 Ibs. or more in the eastern. 700 to 800 Ibs. per acre is considered a good average crop. REFERENCES KILLEBREW AND MYRiCK. Tobacco leaf; its cul- ture and cure, marketing and manufacturing. Part I. New York, 1897. BILLINGS, E. R. Tobacco; its history, varieties, culture, etc. Chapter XIII. Hartford, Conn., 1875. LAURENT, L. Le tabac; sa culture et sa preparation production et consummation dans les divers pays. Paris, 1900. U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE. Farmers' Bulletins Nos. 6 and 60. Tobacco. U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE. Bureau of Plant Industry. Bulletin 96. Tobacco breeding. 28 CHAPTER III THE WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO TOTAL PBODUCTION. COUNTBIES WHICH CULTI- VATE TOBACCO. PBODUCTION IN THE NEW WOBLD OTHEB THAN IN THE UNITED STATES THE WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO The world's recorded annual crop of tobacco leaf is over one million tons. The latest government figures available are those for 1912 and 1913, and show 2,696,401,379 and 2,722,190,030 Ibs. respectively. Of this amount Asia and America produce each about 350,000 tons, Europe about 250,000 tons and the rest of the world the balance. The details of the production in the U. S. will be given in the next chapter. The principal Asiatic countries which pro- duce tobacco are China, Japan, Afghanistan, India, Persia and Asia Minor. China has an immense production and consumption of tobac- co, a large portion of which finds its way into western markets for the cigar and cigarette trade and is sold as "Turkish" tobacco. No figures as to production are available. British India and Afghanistan produce good tobacco, a lot of which is used in Hindustan and other Eastern countries. The Persian crop is known to be large, but there are no available records of it. In Persia most of the tobacco raised is of the species known as Nicotiana Persica. This is generally known under its trade name of Tumbach or 31 Tumbeki (or more correctly Teymbeki). This is the common Eastern name for tobacco. It is considerably exported to the countries in the neighborhood of Persia and is smoked in the pipe known as the Narghilli. In this pipe the teymbeki burns in contact with a piece of incan- descent charcoal. The smoker draws the vapor through a flexible tube which passes to the bot- tom of a water chamber and passes above it, whence it is inhaled. The narghili is technically a water pipe. The teymbeki is very strong in nicotine, containing up to 5 or 6 per cent. Japan produces large and medium size leaf of good color but poor in quality. It is generally used for pipe and cigarette trade. The statistics of production for Asia are ex- tremely unreliable. When we consider the teem- ing populations of China, India and other Eastern countries and the prevalence of the smoking habit, it is very probable that the figure of production (350,000 tons annually) is much under the mark. There is very little export of tobacco from the United States or Europe to the East. Whatever tobacco is con- sumed there is mostly of its own production. EUROPEAN PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO In Europe the principal tobacco producing countries are Germany, France, Austria, Russia, Italy and Turkey. 32 Germany has nearly 40,000 acres under tobacco cultivation in Rhenish Bavaria, Baden, Hesse, and Alsace-Lorraine. The annual pro- duction is about 50 to 70 million Ibs. ; and in addition nearly 3 times that much is imported. German home grown leaf is medium to large in size, of fair body, heavy and with coarse veins. It is used for cigar filler and pipe, but is not suited for cigar wrappers. (See the chapter on cigars.) French tobacco is raised from Virginia seed. It is dark, coarse and heavy and is suitable for plug and snuff making only. Russia is the largest European producer. Russian tobacco leaf is very large in size and like the French is coarse, dark and heavy and is only fit for plug and snuff making. There is a lighter kind grown from Turkish seed in South Russia which is fit for cigarettes. Italy has made several attempts to cultivate good tobacco, and several different types are produced. A dark heavy leaf is grown from Virginia seed, and a type from Kentucky seed is also produced. These types are suitable to the dark, heavy fertile soils of Middle and North Italy. In the lighter sandy soil of the south, the varieties grown are raised from Turkish seed and are similar in appearance and quality to the genuine Turkish tobacco. 33 Hungary is a heavy grower of tobacco and produces some of the best in Europe. There is a heavy dark type, of a rich brown color, medium sized leaf with small and thin veins, which is used in cigar manufacture. A small bright yellow leaf is also grown, poor in quality and aroma, which is used for pipe smoking and cigarettes. The most important foreign tobacco as re- gards U. S. consumers is that known as Turk- ish. The leaves of the Turkish tobacco are small (about 8" long), clear yellow in color, and have a special aroma, which renders them peculiarly suitable for the manufacturing of cigarettes. The principal producing centers are Macedonia, Albania, Syria, Palestine and Trebizond, that raised in Macedonia being per- haps the most celebrated. Just like the Cuban leaf, the very best grades of Turkish tobacco are not exported, but are kept for domestic consumption. Latakia tobacco is produced in the northern part of Syria. This tobacco has a very small nicotine content. It is produced by a special fabrication and is in very great demand as an ingredient of pipe smoking mixtures. The District of Cavalla in the Province of Roumelia, is one of the most important tobacco centers in the Turkish Empire. There are 34 about 75,000 acres under tobacco cultivation and the annual production is about 10,000,000 Ibs. The American Tobacco Co. has a large establishment here through which it purchases its Turkish leaf, amounting to over 6 million Ibs. yearly, for the manufacture of Turkish cigarettes, etc. The total importation of Turkish leaf into the United States during 1913 was : From Turkey in Europe . . . 10,816,048 Ibs. From Turkey in Asia 18,955,295 Ibs. Greece and the Balkan States produce tobacco which partakes of the qualities of Hun- garian and Turkish, the Grecian leaf being used a good deal as a substitute for genuine Turkish tobacco. TOBACCO PRODUCED IN THE NEW WORLD OTHER THAN IN UNITED STATES The government of Canada has given a lot of attention to experiments in connection with the growth of tobacco in the Dominion, but only with indifferent success. The leaf is raised principally from Virginian seed, but is large and coarse and is only fit for inferior plug and snuff making. Cuban Tobacco. The tobacco raised in the Island of Cuba is the most celebrated in the world for cigar making. The leaf is of a rich, 35 brown color; narrow and small in size, varying from 8 to 18 inches in length. Its richness of flavor and the peculiar aroma are its chief characteristics. Cuba produces annually about 300,000 to 500,000 bales of tobacco varying in weight from 80 to 150 Ibs. per bale, nearly one- half of which is exported to the United States alone. The importation of Cuban leaf into the United States over a series of years is shown below : Cuban leaf imports into the U. S. (Ibs.) 1855-1860= 7,014,485 1871-1875= 8,985,465 1886-1890 = 15,532,075 1896-1900 = 10,811,173 Average Yearly Imports. 1901-1905 = 24,048,837 Year 1914 = 26,617,545 The value in 1900 was $ 8,478,251 The value in 1905 was $13,348,000 The Province of Pinar del Rio produces about 70 per cent of the entire Cuban crop. In this is the District of Vuelto Aba jo which is celebrated the world over for the very finest cigar tobacco. The District of Habana or Havana produces about 13 per cent and Santa Clara about 13 per cent. The Cubans them- selves favor the dark "Maduro" fully ripened leaves. At present a good deal of Cuban cigar 36 leaf is grown under shade with the result that although when fully mature they are light in color, they are rich in flavor. The value of the cigar leaf imported by the U. S. from Cuba averages at present about 14 or 15 million dollars annually. Porto Rican leaf possesses many of the quali- ties of good Havana leaf, and like the latter is used in cigar manufacture. The annual pro- duction is about 120,000 bales. The U. S. imports from 4 to 5 million Ibs. annually. Further particulars regarding Cuban and Porto Rican leaf will be given in the chapters concerning cigars. Mexico produces a tobacco, large as to leaf, dark in color, with heavy body and coarse veins. The tobacco is very strong in flavor. The best grades approach the Cuban tobacco in quality and are imported and used as substitutes for it. The U. S. importation is small. The annual production is about 34 million Ibs. The best quality is produced in the neighborhood of Vera Cruz, and only a small portion is exported, principally to Cuba. Brazilian tobacco leaf is brown in color, medium in size, and medium in body. It posesses fair qualities as a cigar tobacco, for which purpose it is generally used in South America, which is its principal market. 37 EAST INDIAN AND PHILIPPINE TOBACCO The Dutch East Indies (Sumatra and the adjacent islands) produce yearly about 180 million Ibs. of tobacco, all of which is used in the cigar business. Of this the United States takes about from 30,000 to 40,000 bales of Sumatran leaf, about 5% million Ibs. About 2 Ibs. of this leaf wraps 1,000 cigars. The Philippine Islands produce from 50 to 100 million Ibs, of tobacco annually. The crop for 1913 was 101,544,736 Ibs. The imports into the United States are principally as manu- factured cigars by special arrangements which will be referred to later on in the chapter on cigars. CHAPTER IV PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO IN THE UNITED STATES TOTAL PRODUCTION. AMOUNT PRODUCED BY THE DIFFERENT STATES. VARIETIES RAISED. DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT VARIETIES 39 PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO LEAF IN THE UNITED STATES The amount of tobacco leaf raised annually in the United States varies from 700 million Ibs. to 1,000 million Ibs. Thus, according to the Government Statistical Reports, the pro- duction in 1909 was 1,055,764,806 Ibs., being an unusually high figure. The production in 1913 was 953,734,000 Ibs. and in 1914, 1,034,679,000 Ibs. The average crop may be taken as about 800 million Ibs., about half of which is exported as leaf, and the other half manufactured in the U. S. into cigars, smoking and chewing tobaccos, etc., and consumed in the U. S. To produce this immense crop over one million acres of rich, fertile land is under culture, the actual government figures for 1913 being 1,216,000 acres, and for 1914, 1,224,000, and the value of the raw crop is from 80 to 100 million dollars, which works out to an average value of from 10 to 12 cents per Ib. The cost of producing the best grades of cigar leaf in the Eastern States is from 8 to 10 cents per Ib. ; is Wisconsin from 5 to 10 cents. The price paid to the growers is from 5 to 15 cents, except for the highest grades (cigar wrapper leaf) for which special prices, up to 40 or 50 41 cents, may be paid. Smoking and chewing leaf of average grade fetches from 6 to 7 cents per Ib. From these figures it will be seen that the agricultural industry of tobacco growing is a most important one, and it is constantly in- creasing both in the quantity produced and in value. About 45 of the states in the Union are engaged in tobacco culture, the principal states and the quantities produced being as follows (for 1914) : Kentucky 364 million Ibs. North Carolina 172 " " Virginia 114 " " Tennessee 63 " " Ohio 78 " " Wisconsin 54 " " Pennsylvania 48 " " Connecticut 35 " " South Carolina 36 " " Maryland 17 " " Indiana 12 " " Massachusetts 11 " " Other states . 30 " " Total 1034 " " Virginia was, until recently, the premier tobacco state. Tobacco was first raised in Virginia about 1619 when the quantity pro- duced was about 20,000 Ibs. By 1753 the records show that over 50 million Ibs. were raised annually, all of which was exported. At this time and until about the period of the Civil War, Europe was dependant more than now on America for her tobacco supply, as at present a considerable part of her needs is sup- plied by her own production. Tobacco was not grown in Kentucky till about 1785 and a little later in Tennessee and Ohio. The cigar leaf industry of the New England States did not come into activity till about 1830. Cigar leaf was raised in Florida about the same time but was discontinued and was not resumed till fifty years later . Virginia, Maryland and Tennessee have shown a declining annual production since the Civil War. Thus Virginia in 1860 produced nearly 30 per cent of the total U. S. crop, whereas at present it produces about 12 per cent only. The causes which have contributed to the decline in tobacco culture in the Southern States are the loss of slave labor as well as the loss of capital during the war; more particu- larly it is due to the impoverishing of the soil without adequate fertilization. Thus with superior fertilization and intensive methods, Massachusetts and Connecticut give 1,750 Ibs. to the acre, as against 870 and 580 Ibs. for 4,3 Kentucky and Tennessee. In Massachusetts and Connecticut the cost for fertilizer per farm is $227 as against $17 and $4 respectively in Tennessee and Kentucky. Moreover, the Northern farms are smaller than the Southern. VARIETIES or TOBACCO RAISED The varieties of tobacco raised are mainly of the native American species ; but in some states (in Florida particularly) plants are raised from imported Cuban and Sumatran seed, in an en- deavor to produce cigar leaf equal in quality to the leaf now imported from these places which commands a high price in the trade. The rais- ing of cigar leaf tobacco from foreign seed began in Florida about 1902 ; and, although on the whole, the cultivation has been very success- ful, yet it cannot be said that the hoped for results have been fully realized. It was claimed for the Florida grown Sumatran leaf that in many ways it surpassed the native Sumatran leaf. Certainly the experimental samples of this Florida leaf exhibited by the U. S. at the Paris Exposition of 1900 were judged to be superior both in appearance and style and other matters. However, this superiority does not appear to have been upheld, for in the trade the native grown Sumatran leaf still holds its rank. 44 Similarly in the case of Florida grown Cuban leaf which at the same Exposition was voted as equal to the native. The native leaf, how- ever, whether due to the soil or not, has a finer flavor and aroma, and the best grades of native grown Cuban tobacco still hold the palm as the premier cigar tobacco of the world. The leaf raised in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Florida, Massachusetts, and New York State, is generally used for the cigar trade (see the chapters on cigars). Ohio and Florida (Cuban seed) leaf mostly used as cigar fillers ; Connecticut and Florida ( Sumatran seed), Pennsylvania and New York leaf mostly as wrapper leaf, the inferior leaves being used as fillers. Wisconsin leaf is used principally as cigar binder leaf. The total amount of cigar tobacco raised is roughly about one-fifth of the entire tobacco crop. The southern states produce the bulk of the export dark, heavy leaf. West Kentucky and Tennessee particularly, as well as Virginia, the Carolinas and Maryland, export considerable quantities. This tobacco is fire-cured. For the domestic trade, however, (pipe-smoking, chew- ing and cigarettes) the tobacco grown in these states is flue-cured, the principal product being of a bright yellow color, characteristic of this region. 45 This "yellow tobacco belt" extends from the coast across to the North Carolina Mountains, through Tennessee and South Carolina, South- ern Virginia, Southern Ohio, a few parts of Kentucky, some of Eastern Missouri and Ar- kansas. The best soils are those which are of a light sandy or sandy clay nature and they need not be deep or rich. In this region the very finest pipe-smoking tobaccos are raised. Whilst the U. S. has not been able to produce a cigar wrapper tobacco equal in quality to the Cuban or Sumatran, in pipe-smoking and cigar- ette tobaccos she stands without a rival. There are about 100 different varieties of tobacco grown in the U. S., many of these being approximately the same and are synonymous. Subvarieties are easily obtained by crossing. Cross-fertilization easily takes place where dif- ferent strains are produced in the same locality. On this account when it is desired to keep a variety pure, care must be exerted to see that seed is collected from pure strains. On the other hand, the ease of producing new varieties gives opportunity to the various State Agri- cultural Experimental Stations to try out new strains for desirable qualities. The enumera- tion of the differences between the various varie- ties would be tiresome for the reader, yet it will be well for the user of tobacco to know some of these 46 varieties, their characteristics and other par- ticulars concerning them. These are given here : LEADING VARIETIES OF AMERICAN TOBACCOS BURLEY. The variety known as White Burley has a long broad leaf, whitish in ap- pearance when growing. The points of the leaf hang down towards the ground when growing, often even touching the ground. The leaf is thin in texture, has a mild flavor, low nicotine content and good absorbing qualities. It is one of the most popular tobaccos in the U. S. and is used for pipe-smoking and chewing tobaccos and cigarettes. It cures to a bright yellow brown color. There is a variety known as Red Bur- ley which has a thin leaf narrowing from center to top. The leaves are of a characteristic cinnamon color and are more elastic than those of White Bur- ley. Burley tobacco is raised princi- pally in Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia, Maryland, Missouri and Indiana. CONNECTICUT Large, strong leaves, thin and SEEDLEAF. elastic, silky in texture, small fibers, sweetish taste and light in color. Used in the cigar trade as fillers and wrappers and grown in New England, 47 Pennsylvania, Ohio, and to a smaller extent in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indi- ana, Illinois and Florida. CONNECTICUT A modification of the above, BROADLEAF. the leaves being broader in proportion to their length. They are up to 35 inches long and 22 inches wide. Largely used in the cigar trade as filler and wrappers. Both the Connecticut Seedleaf and Broadleaf are superior to the imported Sumatran leaf in flavor and aroma, but are inferior in elasticity and covering qualities. Grown principally in Connecticut and New York States. ORINOCO. There are 3 varieties of this name: (1) Short Orinoco. Broad leaf, up- right growth and open habit, light colored, much ruffled. Grown in Vir- ginia and Missouri. (2) Big Orinoco. Short, broad leaf. Grown in Virginia, Missouri, North Carolina, Tennessee and West Virginia. (3) Yellow Or- inoco. Long, narrow, tapering leaf with fine texture. The sweetest variety grown. Grown in Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, West Vir- ginia and Missouri. 48 Orinoco tobacco leaf is used largely for plug and smoking tobaccos and for the export trade. VIRGINIAN. Sun and air-cured tobacco. Leaf is medium in size. Very bright brown color. Is rich in gums and oils which makes it sweet and fragrant and gives it a pleasant taste. Hence it is a favor- ite chewing tobacco. PRYOR. There are several varieties under this name : ( 1 ) Medley or White Pry or has a very broad leaf with silky texture and tough fiber. (2) Blue Pry or. Large, long fine leaf and good color. (3) Silky Pryor. A long sharp-pointed leaf; grows thin on the stalk ; very tough and pliant. (4) Yellow Pryor. Heavy, wide leaf, fine bright color, tough and weighs well. Pryor is used principally for the ex- port trade and to some extent also in the home trade both for cigar and plug and smoking tobaccos. It is grown generally throughout Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mis- souri and Indiana, the White variety being extensively grown in Virginia. LITTLE A very favorite pipe-smoking to- DUTCH. bacco. It has a small nicotine con- tent (less than 1%). The leaf is small; narrow, thick and short ; dark brown in color, glossy surface and sweet in taste. It is grown extensively in the Miami Valley of Ohio. SUMATRA Grown principally in Florida from SEED. imported Sumatran seed. The leaf is light in weight and color, not long compared with other seedleaf varieties. Very narrow and with fine ribs. Used in cigar trade and grown extensively also in the New England states. CUBAN This has the usual qualities of Cuban SEED. tobacco but with inferior fragrance and aroma to the native grown. Princi- pally raised in Pennsylvania, New York, Wisconsin, Connecticut and Florida for the cigar trade. PERIQUE. A special variety of tobacco grown only in a small area of Louisiana. The leaf is medium in size, has a fine fiber with small stems. Tough, gummy and glossy. It is grown in a deep, rich soil and grows very rapidly. Its special characteristics are acquired in the cur- ing, which is a special process peculiar 50 to itself, and which will be described in the chapter on Manufactured Tobaccos. REFERENCES Yearbooks of the United States Department of Agriculture. 1Q14 and previous. HOAGLAND, I. G. The Tobacco Industry. In Quarterly of the National Fire Protection As- sociation. 1Q07. Vol. I, Nos. 2 and 4. JACOBSTEIN, M. The Tobacco Industry in the United States. New York, 1Q07. BILLINGS, E. R. Tobacco; its history, varieties, culture, manufacture and commerce. Hartford Conn., 1875. 51 CHAPTER V THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE TOBACCO PLANT ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MATTERS CONTAINED IN TOBACCO AND THE PARTS THEY PLAY. ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS TOBACCOS. NICOTINE. 53 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE TOBACCO PLANT The tobacco plant when subjected to chemi- cal analysis is found to contain all or most of the following substances: Mineral Bases. Potash, Lime, Magnesia, Oxides of Iron and Manganese, Ammonia, Silica. Mineral Acids. Nitric, Hydrochloric, Sul- phuric and Phosphoric. Organic Base. Nicotine. Organic Acids. Malic, Citric, Acetic, Oxalic, Pectic and Ulmic. Other Organic Substances. Nicotianin, Green and Yellow Resin, Wax and Fat, Nitro- genous Substances and Cellulose. The substances which differentiate tobacco from other plants and form its chief character- istics are Nicotianin, Nicotine and Malic Acid. The percentage in which the important sub- stances exist in tobacco is given below: Nicotine . . . From 1 to 9% Malic and Citric Acids . Oxalic Acid . . .From 10 to 14% . . . From 1 to 2% Resins, Oils and Fats . . . . . . From 4 to 6% Pectic Acid ...About 5% Cellulose . . .From 7 to 8% Albumenoids ...About 25% Ash . . .From 12 to 30% 55 When tobacco is burned, chemical changes occur; the organic and other compounds are decomposed. The volatile matters pass off in the smoke if the combustion is complete, and the mineral ash remains. In ordinary pipe or other tobacco smoking, however, the combustion is not complete and many decomposition pro- ducts remain with the mineral ash. In tobacco smoke the following can usually be found: Furfurol, Marsh Gas, Hydrogen Sulphide, Hydrogen Cyanide, Organic Acids, Phenols, Empyreumatic Oils, Pyridine, Picoline Series and possibly some Nicotine. The ash left after complete combustion is important, as much of the smoking qualities of the tobacco depends on its constituents. An average sample gives the following analysis (in 100 parts) : AVERAGE MINERAL CONTENTS OF TOBACCO ASH Potash About 27% Soda About 3% Lime About 40% Magnesia About 9% Sodium Chloride About 9% Sulphuric Acid About 3% Silica About 5% Lime Phosphate About 4% 56 REMARKS ON SOME OF THE SUBSTANCES FOUND IN TOBACCO Nicotine Of all the substances found in tobacco, nico- tine is the most important. Nicotine in the pure state is a colorless liquid having a specific gravity of 1.027. It is an organic base having the chemical formula Cio H 14 N 2 . It is extremely acid and burning to the taste, and is a virulent poison. It easily volatilizes; is inflammable, and is soluble in water, alcohol, ether and some fixed oils. Nico- tine has the characteristic peculiar odor of tobacco. The amount of nicotine in tobacco is said to depend on the nature of the soil in which it is grown; rich, heavy soils and strong nitrogenous manuring favor the production of a large nico- tine content ; and light, sandy soils the opposite. Moreover the nicotine content depends on the age and development of the plant. An investigation by Chuard and Mellet showed nicotine contents of leaves : In young plants 7 weeks old contained .0324% In plants 10 weeks old contained 0447% In plants 13 weeks old contained 4989% In plants 19 weeks old contained 9202% The longer the plant is permitted to grow the larger will be its nicotine content. 57 Schlossing has made a similar investigation and found that in the same plant the nicotine content varies from 0.79% when young to 4.32% when fully matured. Most nicotine is found in the ribs and veins. H. B. Cox (American Druggist V. 24, 1894, p. 95) investigated the nicotine contents of various manufactured tobaccos. These were not "proprietary tobaccos" but samples ob- tained from different sources at random. His results are given here : NICOTINE CONTENTS OP DIFFERENT TOBACCOS Nicotine Syrian Tobacco leaf (a) 612% American Chewing Leaf 935% Syrian Tobacco Leaf (b) 1.093% Chinese Tobacco Leaf 1.902% Turkish Coarse Cut 2.500% Golden Virginia (whole strips) 2.501% Gold Flake Virginia 2.501% Navy Cut (light) 2.530% Light Kentuckian 2.733% Navy Cut (dark) 3.64 % Best "Bird's Eye" 3.931% Cut Cavendish (a) 4.212% Best Shag (a) 4.907% Cut Cavandish (b) 4.970% Best Shag (b) 5.00 % 58 Algerian Tobacco (a) 8.813% French Grown Tobacco 8.711% Algerian Tobacco (b) 8.90 % The average of a number of samples of Syrian tobacco showed 1 to 2% nicotine. Manila and Havana 1 to 3%, Virginia and Ken- tucky from 2 to 7%, and French tobaccos about 9%. Most of the nicotine in tobacco becomes volatilized and decomposed during combustion; a small part, however, may form a solution with the water which is also one of the combustion products. One of the decomposition products of nicotine is Pyridine Pyridine is usually found in tobacco smoke. When condensed it is a colorless non-oily liquid and is considerably less toxic than nicotine. Reference will be made later on to the effects of nicotine and pyridine on the human system. Potash Potash is important as on its amount depends the burning qualities of the tobacco. It is sometimes present in the ash to the extent of 30%, being converted into potassium carbonate by burning. Not only for free burning is the potash valuable, but also for the better volatili- zation of the nicotine and other substances. 59 The more perfect the combustion, the fewer deleterious compounds are formed. Chlorides, if present, retard the burning of the tobacco, and hence a tobacco which contains a high percentage of chloride, even if it is rich in potash salts, is a poor burning tobacco and therefore faulty. While it is important that the burning should be free and the volatilization as perfect as possible, yet the smoker does not want his tobacco to burn too rapidly. To meet this some manufacturers prepare "slow burn- ing" tobaccos generally by the addition of some chemical which checks the potash. The aroma and flavor of the tobacco depend to a great extent on the waxes, resins and oils, as well as on certain of the organic acids. REFERENCES U. S. DISPENSATORY. 1907 (19th Edition). KISSLING. The Chemistry of Tobacco. Scientific American (Supp.) 1905, Vol. 60, No. 1560. CHUARD & MELLETT. Variation de Nicotine dans les differents organes de la plante de Tabac. Comp. Rend. Acad. d. Sc. (Paris) 1912. Vol. 155, p. 293. PEZZOLATO, A. Conferenza Sulla Chimica appli- cato alia technologia del Tobacco. (Rome. 1903.) WOLF, JACOB. Der Tabak und die Tabak fabri- Jcate. Chapter III. Leipzig, 1912. SCHLOSSING. Sur la production de la nicotine par la culture du Tabac. Compt. Rend. Acad. d. Sc. (Paris), 1910. Vol. 151, p. 23. CHAPTER VI THE CURING OF TOBACCO LEAF OBJECTS OF CURING. METHODS. 61 THE CURING OF TOBACCO LEAF The "curing" of tobacco leaf is the process of drying out which has for its object the fol- lowing specific actions : (1) The expelling of the sap and superfluous moisture. (2) The completion of the "yellowing" pro- cess and the fixing of the desired color. (3) The preservation of the juices, etc., which give the characteristic flavor and aroma. (4) To give the necessary toughness and suppleness to the leaf. The first part of the curing is done by the grower in curing sheds on the farm immediately after the cutting of the crop ; the final part, or the fermentation part is usually done by the leaf dealer or manufacturer in special buildings called leaf-houses. There are three methods of curing in use by the growers, i. e., sun curing, air curing, and artificial heat curing. In the case of the tobacco known as Perique the curing process is more or less peculiar to itself. "Sun" and "air" curing are much slower processes than the curing by artificial heat. 63 All cigar leaf tobacco is sun-cured, and as a general rule pipe smoking and chewing tobacco are cured by artificial heat. For the purpose of drying and curing by artificial heat, the leaf is hung up in specially constructed curing houses or sheds. It is found that after the exposure to the sun for the first process of "yellowing" tobacco leaf still con- tains 1 Ib. of water approximately in each plant. The first part of the process of curing consists in drawing off this superfluous mois- ture. Dry heat is applied at a temperature of 90 F. to 120 F. for about 16 to 30 hours to effect this. A further exposure of about 48 hours at a temperature of 125 or so is neces- sary to complete the curing, and fix the color. The stems and stalks being thicker take a longer time and generally require 9 to 10 hours further exposure and a temperature which may range as high as 175 F. before they are fully cured, the temperature being graded hourly until the maximum necessary is reached. The process of curing varies considerably in different states. Some growers prefer to put the tobacco into the sheds immediately after cutting, and allow very little exposure in the fields. The temperature is usually kept steady at about 90 F. Again the process is different according to the quality of tobacco required. For the heavy type of leaf which is intended for the export trade, the curing in the sheds is done by an open fire, the fuel being usually hardwood logs. The smoky, creosotic flavor is absorbed by the leaf, and, although this flavor is not relished by the smokers of the U. S., it is much liked in Europe. The curing in such cases may last for 4 or even 5 five days. The tobacco is suspended on poles by the stalks and the fires are built on the floor immediately under them so that the carbonaceous products are easily absorbed by the open pores of the leaf. The chewing and pipe smoking tobacco, as well as cigarette tobaccos including all the bright yellow tobaccos used in the U. S. are usually cured by Flue curing. In this case the heat comes from pipes which run around the curing houses and are fed from a furnace in an adj oining chamber or in a cellar. The tempera- ture can be easily regulated. "Flue" curing is generally completed in about 4 days. "Flue" curing does not clog up the pores of the leaf which therefore remain more absorbent than in the open fire cured tobacco. This is an import- ant matter for the manufacturers because the flue cured leaf will absorb twice as much of the flavoring sauces (which are added to certain 65 kinds of tobacco) than tabacco leaf cured by open fires. Air exposure of 6 to 8 weeks (sometimes ex- tended to 3 or 4 months) is necessary when tobacco is cured by exposure to the sun and air. It is claimed, however, that this method of curing preserves far better the natural flavor of the leaf; and, where flavor and aroma are highly important, this method is always pre- ferred. Hence all cigar leaf tobaccos are cured by exposure to natural sunlight and not by artificial heat. "Air" curing as distinct from sun curing is generally done in open sheds which are thor- oughly ventilated and kept as far as possible at a temperature of about 75 F. The leaf is usually allowed to cure while attached to the stalk, but Florida curers generally prefer to strip the leaf and treat it separately. The finer classes of pipe smoking tobaccos are air cured. After the curing is completed the color of the leaf is usually fixed. Generally speaking, the riper the leaf the lighter will be its color when cured. Thus the bottom leaves of the plant will be lighter in color than the upper leaves because they are more mature. (For references see end of Chapter VIII) 66 CHAPTER VII THE MARKETING AND SALE OF TOBACCO LEAF METHODS OF DISPOSAL BY THE GROWER. THE WAREHOUSE SYSTEM. DIRECT PURCHASE. PRINCIPAL MARKETS IN THE UNITED STATES. PRICES. 67 THE MARKETING AND SALE OF TOBACCO LEAF When the tobacco leaf is fully cured it is at once prepared for the market. The first step is the planters' classification of the leaf. In the case of pipe smoking and chewing tobacco the planter collects all the imperfect, injured leaves, or those inferior from any cause* and ties them in bundles. These are the planters lugs. All other grades are leaf. Slightly in- jured leaves are classed as low-leaf or seconds. The others are classed medium, good, fine and selected leaf, according to grade, color, qual- ity, etc. In the case of cigar leaf tobacco a similar classification is made, more care being taken owing to the very great difference in price be- tween the better and poorer qualities. This difference may be as much as 20c in the lb., the finer and more suitable leaf being eagerly sought for. Pipe smoking and chewing tobacco leaf is usually packed in hogsheads or cases each weighing from 1,000 to 1,400 Ibs. The opera- tion of packing the leaf is called "prizing." Cigar leaf is usually put up in "hands." A "hand" consists of from 25 to 75 leaves tied together. Four hands tied together make a 69 "carrot" and 80 carrots go to the bale, but the size of the bale varies considerably. The to- bacco is then ready for the buyer. There are two systems of disposing of the planters' product: (1) direct purchase by the manufacturer or by a middleman from the grower; and (2) what is known as the ware- house system. In the southern states the ware- house system prevails. Every important to- bacco section in the south has its public ware- house which is under the control and super- vision of state law. Many of these warehouses are long established, that at Richmond, Va., dating as far back as 1730, and those at Louis- ville and Clarksville about 1839. On appointed days the planter brings his leaf to the warehouse. Here it is entered as "loose leaf" or "inspected leaf." In the case of loose leaf, the tobacco is open to the inspec- tion of prospective buyers, who examine it and afterwards bid on it, In the case of "inspected leaf" the warehouse officials first examine the consignments, grade them and mark them ac- cording to their judgment, taking samples. The samples are open to buyers' inspection and form the basis of sale. Tobacco auctions are regularly held when the buyers assemble and bid on the "loose leaf" and "inspected" lots. 70 Prices of the various grades are fixed and sales take place at the day's price. The principal tobacco markets are: For Kentucky and Tennessee At Louis- ville, Clarksville and Cincinnati. For Maryland and Ohio At Baltimore. For North Carolina At Durham and Wins- ton. For Virginia At Richmond. The warehouse system has the great ad- vantage that the proceedings are open and the prices are recorded and published. Hence growers can know how the market fluctuates and judge the best time for sale. This is not the case when the sale is private between the buyer and seller as is customary in the eastern and northern states. Here the price actually received by the grower is often different from that given out as paid. The price of tobacco leaf has had many vicissitudes during the past 25 years, the price often having reached so low a point as to dis- courage producers. Thus at Winston, N. C., the price has gradually fallen from 12. 3c per Ib. in 1889 to 6.3c in 1896. In the same period Burley leaf at Louisville and Cincinnati fell from lOc to 7%c. Prices similarly dropped in other centers. The price of cigar leaf has latterly increased. In 1900 prices ran from 71 6 to 15 cents; in 1905 from 8 to 17 cents. Many conditions at home and abroad affect the price, such as bad harvests or inferior grades of produce. The tobacco trust has been very unjustly blamed by many for the falling price of tobacco. As a matter of fact and record, however, the concentration of buying power by eliminating the middleman and the small dealers has not only placed the grower in a better position by giving him a better price, as recent records show, but it has benefited the consumer also who can obtain the superior grades at a lower price. It is the middleman's profit that has been cut. Moreover, the concentrated buying power of the large interests here has been an effective force in keeping up tobacco leaf prices against the foreign buyers. It must be re- membered that about half of our crop is ex- ported. The buyers of this portion, who are principally the agents of foreign governments (in the cases where tobacco is a government monopoly as in France, Italy, etc.) assemble at the auctions and bid in the usual way. As this competition is very limited there is always an opportunity for such buyers to agree among themselves as to the limit of prices. This has been one of the important factors which has kept the prices of tobacco leaf down. The con- 72 centration of American buying power has, how- ever, been a formidable check on it, the prices received by the growers being now fair and reasonable, and such as are the result of a healthy market, where the factors of supply and demand have their full share of effect. The government statistics show that for 1914 the prices of leaf varied from 5.5c to 20c for common to good varieties. (For references see end of Chapter VIII) CHAPTER VIII REHANDLING AND FERMENTATION OF TOBACCO LEAF PRIOR TO MANUFACTURE SELECTION OF LEAF. TREATMENT AND BLEND- ING. OBJECTS AND METHODS OF FER- MENTATION. ACTION OF MICROBES. 75 REHANDLING AND FERMENTATION OF TOBACCO LEAF PRIOR TO MANUFACTURE We have seen how the tobacco passes from the grower to the manufacturer or leaf dealer. Before it is fitted, however, for manufacture into cigars or other finished products the leaf must go through many processes, the most im- portant of which is fermentation. These pro- cesses, which are usually known as rehandling, are carried out in special buildings which are called leaf houses and stemmeries. The pro- cedures in different leaf houses may vary some- what, but the general principles and objects in view are the same in all. Moreover, the treat- ment is different, according to the ulterior dis- position of the leaf, i. e. whether intended for cigars, pipe smoking or other product. The general treatment as carried out in large establishments is about as follows: The leaf as soon as it is received whether in casks, cases, bales, or otherwise is opened up and inspected in the casing room. Large con- cerns which manufacture or deal in cigar and other kinds of leaf, sort out the different kinds suitable for each class of product, i. e. wrap- pers, fillers, binders, cigarette leaf, plug leaf, 77 etc. These are distributed to either special houses or departments. The tobacco leaf when first received is usually dry and brittle. The bundles are carefully opened up and the leaves loosened and spread out on large trucks where they are sprayed with water. When the leaf has soaked the water and is pliable it undergoes a sorting which is done by selecting leaves from different cases or even bundles of leaves and in a general way arranging them so that each truckfull represents a blend of the different kinds of leaf which are suitable for the purpose in view. These sorted packages are then rough- ly fastened together and after being again sprinkled thoroughly are sent to the "sweating" room to undergo fermentation which may last several weeks. The temperature of this room must be carefully regulated and is usually kept at about 90 F. The selection and blending of the different kinds of leaf is most important. It requires accurate and expert knowledge in choosing leaves and kinds possessing different strengths and other qualities and in combining them in such proportions that the final effect of the blend gives just what is required. It is particularly in this expert treatment of the leaf before manufacture that the greatest advance has been made in the tobacco industry. 78 The smoker has the advantage and satisfaction of knowing that not only does he get the benefit of improved scientific knowledge and sanitary conditions by which anything that might be harmful or undesirable is removed, but that handling the leaf in large quantities effects great economics and procures for him the bene- fit of choicest selected grades at a reduced cost. It may be said here incidentally that leaves of the very best tobaccos which are defective merely in size, or color, etc., are put through exactly the same processes as the choicer quality leaves, and are used in the manufacture of the popular priced machine-made "little cigars" and "cheroots." It will be necessary now to digress for a short time and consider what happens during the process of fermentation. FEEMENTATION OF TOBACCO The fermenting of tobacco leaf has for its principal objects, (1) the removal of acrid matters, (2) the fixing of the color, and (3) the production of flavor. Fermentation can only take place under suitable conditions of heat and moisture, and is essentially a chemical pro- cess during which certain organic compounds stored in the plant are split up and others formed. 79 A certain amount of fermentation takes place in the curing houses during the "yellowing" of the leaf after it has been harvested, but as we have seen the main process of fermentation does not occur until it is "rehandled" by the manu- facturers. The general opinion held at present as the result of investigation is that the transforma- tions which are effected in the leaf are purely the result of chemical processes. As the plant slowly dies and decomposes special ferments are produced. These ferments set up an oxi- dization process which splits up the complex organic compounds which still exist in the leaf cells. The starch in the plant is changed into sugar which is slowly consumed. There is a de- crease in the fats and gummy substances, also in nicotine and nitrogenous compounds, and there is a formation of certain organic acids such as malic, citric and oxalic which are essential in the production of flavor. Briefly it may be said that the process is an attempt by the plant to prolong its existence by feeding on its own substance, by drawing on its own re- serves and on its own structure for the food which its cells no longer receive through the natural growing process. When the struggle is over the "fermentation" is complete. The necessity for maturing tobacco has long been 80 known but the exact nature of the changes that take place during the process were not under- stood. Since the discoveries of Louis Pasteur regarding the part played by bacteria in gen- eral fermentative processes it has been generally claimed by bacteriologists that the changes wrought in the leaf and the production of flavor are solely the work of bacteria. Although this view has not been proved it has never been fully disproved, and there appears to be no doubt that the microbes known to exist in the leaf during the fermentation process play an important part in the process. Fermentation can only take place as stated under suitable conditions of heat and moisture and these are the conditions which favor the development of microbes and enable them to work. The results obtained are probably partially due to chemical action and partly to bacterial action, the two being complementary to each other. In 1899 Suchsland, a German scientist, startled the tobacco world by asserting that the flavor of tobacco was in no way due to the effects of the soil and climate where it was grown, but was solely due to microbic action, and that the specific flavor and aroma of any given tobacco could be artificially produced by the cultivation of selected bacteria and allowing the tobacco to cure and ferment under their ac- 81 tion. He conducted a series of experimental investigations in which he searched for and iso- lated the specific microbes found in the best West Indian tobacco. From these he made artificial cultures and introduced them into heaps of inferior, coarse German tobacco which was undergoing curing. His results were such that the smoking quality of the leaf was entirely changed. It could scarcely be distinguished from the best Cuban tobacco and experts and connoisseurs failed to identify the product as German tobacco. A company was formed to exploit the new ideas commercially, but it does not appear to have met with success. Other investigations failed to obtain Suchsland's re- sults and extensive investigation in the Agri- cultural Experimental Station in the United States have not up to now produced any results confirmatory of the theory. We can now proceed to follow the course of the tobacco in its peregrinations through the leaf house. On their return from the first fermentation the bundles go to the picking department. Leaves which are damaged or unsuitable in any way are here picked out and put aside to be used in the cheaper grades. The leaves are then sub- jected to a thorough cleaning to remove particles of sand, clay, etc., packed tightly in bundles and returned to the sweating depart- ment to undergo further fermentation and to allow for a thorough interchange of the aroma of the different blends. In due course the bundles pass to the stemming department for the removal of the midribs which usually form nearly one-third of the entire weight. The re- sulting half leaves are then arranged in piles of 50, each pile forming a "book." From the stemming department the books pass to the drying room where any superfluous moisture is removed by hot air currents. From the drying room the books pass to the ordering room where they undergo inspection for color, size etc., and subjected to further treatment if necessary. Here they are finally packed in cases and stored for several months to allow perfect and uniform blending after which they are ready for shipment to the fac- tory. Filler leaf for the finest cigars may stand in these cases for two or three years. Leaf which is intended for chewing or pipe smoking is not subjected to so great an elabora- tion of processes as cigar leaf, as the matters of uniformity of color, and delicacy as well as individuality of aroma are not of such great importance. Usually such tobacco leaf is fer- mented in bulk, and the removal of the stems is done before the principal fermentation. 83 After the preliminary selection of varieties, sorting, stemming and cleaning, the leaf is dipped into large vats containing flavors; and after drying are subjected to steaming. They are then packed away in bulk in the sweating department where they slowly ferment until required for use. These "bulks" or stacks may contain many tons of leaf. They require con- stant turning over, etc. Indeed it may be said that every step in these processes requires con- stant care. Temperature, moisture, length of exposure, etc., must all be carefully seen to. Otherwise the tobacco will spoil. In the case of tobacco leaf intended for ex- port trade rehandling consists mainly of stem- ming and removal of moisture. This is done before shipment in order to reduce the weight as customs duty is levied in accordance with the weight of the imported packages in the countries importing. REFERENCES U. S. DEPART. OF AGRIC. Farmers' Bulletins 6 and 60. LAUREUT, L. Le Tabac, sa culture et sa prepara- tion, production et consommation. Paris^ IQOO. BOUANT, E. Le Tabac; culture et Industrie. Paris, 1901. BOEKHOUT UND DE VmES. Uber T abac fermenta- tion. "Centralbl. f. Bakter," 1909- 2 Abteil. Vol. 24, p. 496. LOEW, O. Sind Bakterien die Ursache der Tabak- fermentation? "Centralbl. f. Bakter/' 1909- Vol. 6, p. 108. KILLEBREW AND MvRicK. Tobacco Leaf. Part I. New York, 1897. SUCHSLANL, E. Bobachtungen iiber die Selbster- warmung des fermentrerenden Tabaks. In "Festschrift 200-Jahr Jubel. d. Verein. Fried- richs Universit." Halle- Wittenberg, 1894. WOLF, JAKOB. Der Tabak und die Tabakfabri- kate. Chapter IV. Leipzig, 1912. HOAGLAND, J. G. The Tobacco Industry. In Quarterly of the Nat. Fire Protec. Assn., 1907. Vol. 1, Nos. 2 and 4. JACOBSTEIN, M. The Tobacco Industry in the U. S. Chapter II. New York, 1907. 85 CHAPTER IX MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS OF TO- BACCO IN THE UNITED STATES STATISTICS OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION, AMOUNT OF CAPITAL INVESTED, ETC. 87 MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS OF TO- BACCO. GENERAL REMARKS The importance and magnitude of the to- bacco manufacturing industry in the United States will be best understood from a considera- tion of the following statistics taken from the latest available government records : (For all Manufactured Products) Cost of materials used. . (1905) =$126,000,000 (1909)= 177,000,000 Value of the product. . . (1905)= 331,000,000 (1909)= 417,000,000 No. of establishments. .(1905)= 16,828 (1909)= 15,822 No. of persons em- ployed, more than one-third being wo- men (1905)= 160,000 (1909)= 197,000 The figures are given in round numbers. The total capital invested in this industry is be- tween $300,000,000 and $400,000,000. There are more than one and a quarter mil- lions acres in the U. S. under cultivation of tobacco which yields a crop at present approxi- mating to 1,000 million Ibs. of leaf annually. The industry shows an absolutely increasing condition in every particular at each census. 89 During the past 45 years the value of the pro- duct has increased more than $300,000,000. In addition to the trade in manufacturing in the U. S. there is the export trade principally in unmanufactured leaf. This amounts at present to about $54,000,000 annually. The price of export leaf has been continuously in- creasing despite of the fact that the produc- tion of leaf abroad is increasing. Thus in 1886 the average export price of leaf from the U. S. was S^c per Ib. In 1914 it was more than 12c. The following statement shows at a glance the marvelous increase in the tobacco industry : Comparative Statement of Manufactured To- bacco in the U. S. (all products) Capital No. of persons Value of invested. employed. product. Year 1880 $ 39,000,000 86,000 $126,000,000 Year 1890 90,000,000 117,000 195,000,000 Year 1900 111,000,000 142,000 264,000,000 Year 1905 324,000,000 159,000 330,000,000 Year 1909 197,000 417,000,000 In addition to the number of persons em- ployed in manufacturing we must take into ac- count those employed (as well as the capital invested) in the agricultural and distributing ends. The export manufacturing trade is not im- portant, being only valued at about 3 million dollars annually. 90 The value of the home manufactured pro- ducts which in 1905 was shown at $330,000,000 is distributed as follows. Cigars $198,000,000 Cigarettes 16,000,000 Chewing and smoking tobaccos . . 109,000,000 Snuff 6,000,000 Other products 1,000,000 Total $330,000,000 For the increase in the present value of the product these figures would be proportionately increased. In the year 1913 the United States exported about 350 million Ibs. of unmanufactured to- bacco leaf, and in 1914, 449 million Ibs. This was distributed as follows : To Great Britain and Ireland 174 million Ibs. To Canada 17 " To France 55 " " To Germany 32 " To Italy 45 To Netherlands 28 " To Spain 17 " " To Japan 16 To China 11 " " To Belgium 11 " " To Africa, Australia, etc 43 " " Total 449 " 91 The largest export manufacturing trade was to Asia, the cigarettes exported there having a value of 2% million dollars. The consumption of manufacturing products of tobacco in the U. S. has increased continu- ously since 1863 when it was 1.6 Ibs. per head to the present time when it is 5% Ibs. per head of the total population. This works out at about 16 Ibs. per head for each male over 16 years. The consumption of tobacco in the U. S. is high- er than in any other country and has increased more rapidly. For the past 40 years the con- sumption per head in U. S. has increased 240% ; in England 56% ; in France 24% ; in Germany 23%. From this fact different deductions might be made. It may be that the Americans smoke more because they are fonder of tobacco than Europeans; or because they get better and cheaper tobacco ; or because they can bet- ter afford to buy tobacco. The greatest per- centage of increase in the United States is in the consumption of cigars. The manufactured products are classed as (1) cigars, (2) pipe smoking and chewing to- baccos, (3) cigarettes, (4) snuff. To each of these separate chapters will be devoted. (For references see Chapter XV) CHAPTER X CIGARS. HISTORICAL AND GENERAL FACTS HISTORY. STATISTICAL INFORMATION REGARD- ING THE CIGAR BUSINESS IN THE UNITED STATES CIGARS. HISTORICAL AND GENERAL FACTS When the Spaniards landed for the first time on American soil they found the natives smok- ing the rolled-up tobacco leaves, that is a cigar. For a cigar is nothing more, four centuries having made little change in the Cuban cigar. The word cigar is most probably derived from the Spanish word cigarer to roll. Other deri- vations are given, but this seems etymologically the correct one; and we will rest content with it. In Spanish America to the present day the custom of smoking tobacco in the rolled form, either as cigars or cigarettes, prevails, rather than the custom of smoking in pipes which was the method of the northern aborigines from whom the English colonists adopted it. Smok- ing was introduced into Spain in the cigar form and into England in the pipe fcrm. Cigars, however, at the present time, both in North and South America, form the principal item in the tobacco account of the people; we shall there- fore enter somewhat fully into matters con- cerning their manufacture, etc. Although, as stated, it is in the cigar form that smoking was introduced into Spain, it was not till about 1790 that cigars were used generally in Europe. A factory for the manu- 95 facture of cigars was established at Hamburg in 1796. The custom did not spread rapidly and did not reach any considerable proportion in England till about 1830 when the high duties were considerably reduced. Cigar making has always been a staple in- dustry in Cuba. It was there when the Euro- peans landed and it is there still. Its record is unbroken. There was always a greater or lesser exportation to Europe and elsewhere. THE, CIGAR BUSINESS OF THE U. S. Of the various manufactured products of tobacco leaf, the cigar trade is the most im- portant in the U. S., its value being greater than that of all other tobacco products com- bined. The magnitude of this branch of the tobacco business may be gauged when we state that at the present time there are made annually in the U. S. cigars of all kinds to the amount of about 81/2 billions. The Census Bureau Report for 1912 shows that for that year the number of full-sized cigars made and on which tax was paid was in round numbers 7,500,000,000, and of "little cigars," that is under the regular size, about 1,000,000,000. These figures are cer- tainly stupendous, particularly when we con- sider that, in addition, at least several hundred 96 more were imported and that only about 2,000,000 were exported. Uncle Sam evidently likes to smoke cigars. To make these cigars requires a consumption of 136 million Ibs. of cigar leaf. Nearly 50 million Ibs. of this is imported at a gross cost (exclusive of duties) of about 35 million dol- lars, the rest of the leaf is home grown. The principal imports are from Cuba. In 1912 we imported cigar leaf from Cuba in amount nearly 23 million Ibs. and in 1913 this increased to over 27 million Ibs. valued at more than 16 million dollars. The imports of East Indian (Sumatran) leaf varies from 6 to 8 million Ibs. and costs from 7 to 8 million dollars. Although the amount of imported leaf used in cigar making shows a steady increase, being , now more than 50% greater than a decade ago, yet the proportion of foreign leaf to home- grown leaf in the whole manufacture shows a steady decrease. This speaks well for the im- proving quality of American grown leaf. There are in the United States about 26,000 cigar factories, both large and small. The large number of establishments is due to the fact that cigar making is still to a large extent a hand- making industry. About 135,000 persons arc- directly employed in the manufacture, nearly half of whom are women. The capital engaged 97 in the business is reported as 150 millions and the value of the product 200 million dollars annually. The actual consumer pays about 300 million dollars for the cigars smoked, the dif- ference between the cost of the product and the latter figure being the expense and profit of the retail handlers. The enormous growth of the cigar trade is seen when it is compared with 1860. In that year the annual value of this product was only 9 million dollars. The two states of New York and Pennsylvania are the centers of cigar manufacture. Between them they make nearly half of the entire product, Pennsylvania leading with about two thousand million cigars annually. Florida makes about 300 million. The price paid by the consumer works out to an average of about 4c for each cigar. 98 CHAPTER XI CIGAR MAKING HAND-MADE CIGARS. MACHINE-MADE CIGARS. CLASSIFICATION OF CIGARS. TERMS USED IN THE CIGAR TRADE CIGAR MAKING It was inevitable that modern progress should invade and revolutionize the old and slow methods of cigar making ; and so it has. Smok- ing is a sentimental occupation and lends itself easily to romantic associations. A good deal of romance and sentiment still hangs around the hand-made cigar and cigarette. In an up-to- date cigar factory, however, the whir of ma- chinery and the precise, regular movements of automatic contrivances give little scope for sentiment. Up to 1870 cigars were hand-made. All that was necessary was an inexpensive board, a cut- ting knife, and a block of wood with a station- ary knife, known as a "tuck," for measuring and cutting the finished cigar. About the time stated the "mold" was intro- duced. The mold is a wooden block about 18" x 6" x 3", a tool which facilitates the shap- ing of the "bunch" or filler part of the cigar and presses it into shape. This mold is now used in most "hand-made" cigar factories where the labor is subdivided into "bunch-makers" and "rollers," the latter putting on the binder and wrapper and finishing the cigar. It is the introduction of practically auto- matic machinery, however, which is revolutioniz- 101 ing the cigar-making business, and slowly but surely driving the "hand-made" cigar into the position occupied by the "hand-made" cigar- ette. And the writer cannot see why this should not be so. As it has been said, there is much sentiment about hand-made cigars. But com- mon sense seems to be on the side of the ma- chine. We quite understand the difficulty of killing old prejudices and time honored cus- toms; but it is difficult to understand how the flavor or quality of a cigar filler can be different whether it is pressed into the shape by a ma- chine or by the hand of a workman; or what the precise improvement is when a wrapper leaf is put on and licked by a workman rather than by a clean machine under perfect sanitary con- ditions. However, sentiment still persists. Im- aginary, or perhaps real, charms are ascribed to the hand-made goods and the smoker is will- ing and even wishful to pay a higher price for his fancy. The result is that the small factory is still predominant. It depends more on labor than on capital. But the large factories have an immense production. The condition will be best shown by stating that in less than 1 per cent of the cigar making establishments of the U. S. nearly 50 per cent of the entire output is made, or, putting it another way, nearly three-fourths of all the licensed cigar factories 102 produced less than one-tenth of the product. Of the 26,000 establishments in the U. S. only in 2 is the annual output more than 50 million and in 27 the output runs from 25 to 50 mil- lion. Pennsylvania establishments, principally in Philadelphia, produce 28% of the entire U. S. cigar output ; New York State, principal- ly New York City, comes next with about 20% ; and Ohio, principally Cincinnati, third with about 8%. For machine-made goods the principal ma- chines used are the bunch rollers and the suc- tion table. The former rolls the bunch of filler leaves and presses them into shape. The suc- tion table is used for wrapping the cigar. The operator places the wrapper leaf on a per- forated plate. By pressing a foot lever a vacuum is created beneath this plate which holds the leaf smooth and snug against the table. The perforated plate is exactly the form which the wrapper must be to properly fit the cigar. It is easily cut around and trimmed to shape. The bunch from the bunch roller is then quickly encased in the wrapper. Human labor is necessary only to feed the ma- chines and to spread the wrappers. 25,000 bunches can easily be wrapped in a week at a cost of $6 to $9 for labor (principally female) and the upkeep of the machine, This in labor 103 alone would formerly cost as much as $75.00. In the smaller "hand-made" factories, the method of procedure is about as follows : The leaf on receipt is opened and moistened. The "filler" leaf is separated from the wrapper. The filler leaf is made up into "books," a "book" being a bunch of leaves suitable for one cigar. The loose books are then allowed to ferment for a week or so when they are ready for use. The bunchmaker selects and arranges his leaves from each book, selects his binder and rolls the whole into cigar form. If a mold is used he puts the bunch in a matrix of the mold and fastens down the cover until the leaves are pressed into shape. They then go to the wrap- per man and are wrapped either by machine or by hand, according to the class of goods. The wrapping is begun at the lighting end and finished at the point which is called the head. After trimming to gauge, the cigar is ready for inspection and classification according to color, etc., and for banding. Cigars according to their manufacture are classed for trade purposes in various ways. The trade nomenclature embraces the following descriptions: Cigars, little cigars, all-tobacco cigars, stogies and cheroots. 104. Cigars proper have many subdivisions: (1) IMPORTED CIGARS. This term is usually confined to cigars made in Cuba, and does not include Porto Rican or Philip- pines. (2) PORTO Rico CIGARS.) Used for cigars made (3) PHILIPPINE CIGARS, j in those places. (4) CLEAR HAVANAS. This term denotes a cigar made by hand in the U. S. of Cuban tobacco exclusively and in the same style as in Cuba. (5) SEED AND HAVANA. Up to about 50 years ago there were no clear Havanas made in the U. S., the best produced being a combination of Havana leaf and leaf grown in the states from imported Havana seed. Hence the term which ordinarily means an American made cigar, the filler being wholly or partly of Cuban tobacco and the wrapper, a domestic or Sumatran leaf. (6) DOMESTIC CIGARS. This term is used for cigars made in the U. S. in contra-dis- tinction to imported cigars. (7) NICKEL GOODS. Ordinary 5c cigars made either entirely of domestic tobacco or with a Sumatran wrapper, and usually made partly or wholly by machine. It also usually includes "segundos" or 105 "seconds," i. e., cigars of a better type made to sell at higher prices but which on account of some defect are rejected on inspection. Sometimes clear Havanas made of scrap filler and inferior wrap- per are included. These cigars have a vast variety of designations and make up the general stock of most cigar stores. The cost of production does not usually exceed $20.00 per thousand and they sell to dealers at from $25.00 to $30.00 (8) STOGIES, TOBIES, ETC. CHEROOTS. Cigar shaped rolls of cheap domestic tobacco made quickly by machine, and of various sizes. Cheroots are open at both ends. The filler of stogies is usually a western grown leaf of full size, but rough qual- ity. They are manufactured principal- ly in Louisville, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Wheeling, etc. One of the large tobacco companies operates about 25 large cigar factories in various centers of the U. S. Here are made all classes of domestic cigars, but all are made under the same conditions of sanitation, economic hand- ling and strict supervision. The leaf is pre- pared, selected, fermented, blended, etc., in the company's own special leaf houses and is des- 106 patched to the various factories as needed. All the better class of domestic cigars are hand- made, machinery being used in making the cheaper grades. There are special factories for the making of "little cigars," of which a vast number are made on account of their popularity. These include the package goods and those put up in cardboard boxes of which such brands as "Virginia Cheroots" and "Royal Bengals" are types. By the terms "little cigar" the trade recognizes all cigars under the regular standard size and which weigh less than 3 pounds per thousand. In some "little cigar" factories these little cigars are not made from inferior leaf. They are made usually from the small leaves of the tobacco intended for higher priced goods, but which on account of faulty size cannot be used. The leaf is, however, cured and prepared in exactly the same way. In addition the "scrap" or waste portions of the high priced leaf is used for fillers for little cigars. The little cigars of this type are usually of first-rate quality and on account of their small cost give excellent value to the smoker. CIGARS. MISCELLANEOUS There are a good many terms used in the cigar trade to denote color, size, quality, etc., which smokers should know the meaning of. 107 Most of these terms are Spanish, because the cigar trade was for a long time confined to Cuba. Terms used to denote the quality of cigar leaf DESECHO. The finest quality; the top leaves of plant; best because they have re- ceived most sunshine and dew. DESECHITO. Good leaves but inferior to desecho. LIBRA. Good leaves but small in size ; the smal- ler top and bottom leaves. INJURIADO. Injured leaves; root leaves soil stained and injured by insects. Terms used to denote color Note : The color term refers to the wrapper only. Many smokers judge the mildness or strength of a cigar by its outside color. This is a fallacy. The wrapper constitutes only about 2 per cent of the cigar weight. More- over color is no criterion of strength. The darkest cigar may be and usually is very mild. The color is due (1) to the soil, (2) to the age of the plant when cut, and (3) to the length of time of curing and fermentation. As a general rule the lighter the color the more inferior and immature is the tobacco. Cigar smokers should remember this. 108 CLARO or CLARA. Very light colored. The lightest shade known in selected leaves. COLORADO. Red; medium in color. COLORADO CLARA. Light Brown. COLORADO MADURO. Dark Brown. MADURO. Ripe; very dark, almost black in color. Terms used to denote size and shape CONCHAS. Shell; cigars so marked are 4%" long. CONCHA FINA. A first quality Concha. CONCHA ESPECIAL. Finely finished and some- what larger than a Concha. LONDRES. London. Specially made for the London market and on account of its shape and length. REGALIAS. A cigar of a finer grade of tobacco than is used in Londres or Conchas. DAMAS. Ladies; small cigar about 3" long. PANATELAS. A long thin cigar that has been heavily pressed. NON PLUS ULTRA. A large handsome cigar made from the finest tobacco. ESCEPCIONALES. Exceptionally large sized cigar. OPERA. A small after-dinner cigar about long. PRINCESSES. Like the Opera, but thinner. COQUETTAS. Flirt; 3%" long. 109 BREVAS. A short, thick cigar. NOBLESSE. The largest and most expensive cigars. In addition to the above there is a multitude of trade names, such as Club House, Hoffman House, Rothschilds, Invincibles, Perfectos, etc., etc. Some of these terms merely denote par- ticular brands put out by certain makers and to distinguish their products. The Spanish terms refer to the cigar itself and not to the maker. They may be used by any maker, and no longer refer to any standard of excellence. (See references end of Chapter XV ) 110 CHAPTER XII CIGARS AND THEIR QUALITIES QUALITIES OF CIGARS AND CIGAR LEAF. IM- PORTED CIGARS. HAVANAS. DOMESTIC CIGARS. Ill CIGARS AND THEIR QUALITIES A cigar consists essentially of three distinct parts : the body or inner part called the filler; the covering of the filler which is called the binder; and the outside finishing cover which is called the wrapper. Cuban cigars, however, consist of filler and wrapper only. Except in the case of cigars made in Cuba the wrapper leaf is usually of a different class of tobacco from the rest of the cigar, as the qualities to be fulfilled by each part is different. The qualities required in a cigar must be viewed both from the smokers' and the manufacturers' standpoints and the leaf must be such as to conform to these qualities. Thus the smoker is concerned with the burning quality, the taste, flavor, aroma, color, general appearance and strength of the cigar. The manufacturer in addition to seeking leaf that will answer the smokers' requirements also has an eye to econ- omy and requires the leaf to have qualities re- garding size, weight, texture, etc. Therefore, in the best cigar leaf the following qualities are more or less essential: (1) good color, (2) fair body, (3) a continuous pleasant aroma, (4) fine texture combined with a certain toughness, (5) small ribs and veins, (6) good combustion so that it will hold fire for 4 or five minutes. 113 The burning must be free and even with a white or whitish-brown ash which remains intact until cigar is three-fourths smoked, (7) good size of leaf, (8) must be elastic and souple, must not be brittle, (9) it must be free from spots and light in weight. Some of these qualities are essential in filler leaf; some in wrapper leaf. Thus the color of filler leaf does not matter; neither does the aroma of the wrapper the essential qualities of which are color, lightness and elasticity. The cigars consumed in the U. S. are either (a) Imported or (b) Home Manufactured. (a) IMPORTED CIGARS The most important of the imported cigars are those that come from Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines. Up to the time of the Civil War cigars were imported principally from Germany and Cuba and the value was about 4% million dollars annually. High import duties have, however, altered this and the number of imported cigars is nearly 90 per cent less than formerly. The value of the import has not, however, fallen so much, that is to say only the higher grades of cigars are imported. The value of cigars now imported does not exceed 3 million dollars annually and they are principally Cuban. CUBAN, OR SO-CALLED HAVANA, CIGARS As the strictest laws are enforced in Cuba against the importation of tobacco, it follows that all genuine so-called Havana cigars are made of Cuban tobacco. The Havana Tobacco Co. controls about 260,000 acres of the best Cuban tobacco land and has 25 factories in the City of Havana. Here Havana cigars are made in all grades from those which can be bought at 2 for 25c to those which cost $2.00 each. The high priced are very limited in quSfrty, being made from tobacco grown in specially favored districts. The Province of Pinar del Rio pro- duces 70 per cent of the whole Cuban crop, and includes the celebrated District of Vuelta Abajo in which the finest cigar tobacco in the world is grown; the Provinces of Havana and Santa Clara each produces about 13 per cent of the Cuban crop. Havana Partidio leaf is of very fine quality and is used principally as wrappers of clear Havanas. Havana Remedios leaf comes from Santa Clara, has a high flavor, rather heavy body and is used mostly for fillers. The very finest Havana cigars never leave Cuba, for the merchant keeps them for his own use. He is a smoker before a trader. The crop of the very best Vuelta Abajo tobacco is so small that not more than about 30,000 cigars can be made from it. These are kept for pri- 115 vate purchasers and none go on the market. The finest Havanas are of an even tint of rich dark brown, free from all stains and spots, burning freely to a white or whitish-brown ash, and holding fire for 4 or 5 minutes. Altogether the District of Vuelta Abajo produces about one-quarter million bales of leaf annually and about one-tenth of this is high class and pro- duces up to 20 dollars per Ib. on the spot. As stated previously, Cuban cigars have no binder. They consist of filled and wrapper only and are all hand-made. The unique position which these cigars have held for so long is due not only to perfect curing and blending of the leaf, but also to the superior skill of the Cuban workmen who are the most expert cigarmakers and blenders in the world, and who in the best factories are allowed to take all the time they need in making the cigar. Some of these "Tabacqueros" have been making the same brand of cigar for 20 years or longer. Of the total annual output of Cuban made cigars, England takes about 40 per cent, the U. S. about 25 per cent and Germany 13 per cent. In 1913, the U. S. imported 659,358 Ibs. of cigars and cheroots from Cuba valued for $3,999,410. 116 PORTO Rico CIGARS From Porto Rico the U. S. ships about 125 million cigars annually. PHILIPPINE CIGARS The laws in force between the U. S. and the Philippine Islands, governing the tariff, provide for the importation annually from the Philip- pines to the U. S. free of import duties, of cigar wrapper leaf and filler leaf mixed or packed with more than 15 per cent of wrapper leaf, not in excess of 300,000 Ibs. ; of filler leaf alone not in excess of 1,000,000 Ibs.; and manufac- tured cigars in number not exceeding 150,000,- 000. The shipping must be direct. As the Philippine leaf is excellent and labor there is cheap, the U. S. smoker is thus enabled to get a very good smoke at a small cost. The full number of cigars allowed at least is im- ported. In 1913 the importation of Philippine cigars and cheroots to the U. S. was 1,641,832 Ibs. valued at $2,296,823. HOME MANUFACTURED CIGARS For the home manufactured cigar trade the leaf used is either imported or home grown. Imported cigar leaf comes principally from Cuba, Dutch East Indies (Sumatra, Java, etc.), Porto Rico, Mexico, Brazil, and the Philippines. 117 Imported Cuban leaf is used both as fillers and wrappers. The U. S. as already stated imports about 26 million Ibs. annually. The leaf varies in length from 8" to 18"; is a rich brown color, and its principal characteristic is its fine flavor and aroma, which is unequalled by any other tobacco in the world. The Sumatran leaf is perhaps more import- ant in the U. S. cigar trade than the Cuban leaf. It is used exclusively as wrappers, on account of its fine light brown color, its elastic texture and light weight. The genuine imported leaf is much less in weight than that grown from Sumatran seed in Florida. About 2 Ibs. of imported Sumatran leaf will wrap 1,000 cigars. Its length is usually from 14 to 20 inches and the U. S. imports annually about 7 million Ibs., valued at about 5 million dollars. The use of Sumatran leaf as a wrapper for home-made cigars has increased remarkably in the last quarter century. In the quinquennium ending 1885 the number of such cigars was 34 millions. In the last quinquennium the number exceeded 2,000 millions. The Sumatran leaf has little aroma or flavor and its value is for appearance only. The average prices paid by the United States for imported cigar leaf in 1914 was: for leaf suit- 118 able for cigar making, 127c per Ib. ; for "other leaf," 50.44c per Ib. OTHER IMPORTED CIGAR LEAF Since the introduction of tax-free manufac- tured cigars from the Philippines the importa- tion of leaf has declined. Mexican leaf is used as a substitute for Cuban, to which it is inferior. The imports of cigar leaf tobacco from Porto Rico and Brazil are relatively unimportant. CIGAR LEAF TOBACCO GROWN IN THE U. S. The home grown tobacco leaf used in the cigar manufacturing trade of the U. S. is grown principally in the states of Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Florida, Georgia, and Texas. The Connecticut leaf is used for wrappers and binders. The Ohio and Pennsylvania leaf almost exclusively for fillers. Wisconsin produces binder leaf particularly. The leaf grown elsewhere is used mostly as wrappers. It is usual, however, to use the im- ported and Sumatran leaf as wrappers for all high class home-made cigars. The finest American grown wrapper leaf is raised in Connecticut. The best known brands are known as Connecticut Seedleaf and Connec- ticut Broadleaf, both varieties raised orginally 119 from imported Havana seed. The leaf is desti- tute of thick fibers and has a fine texture. They run from 14" to 26" in length, giving good wrapping capacity. The Pennsylvania leaf is also classed as Seed and Broadleaf. It is about the same size as the Connecticut, but does not equal it in quality. The principal varieties in Ohio are the Geb- hardt, Zimmer, Spanish, and Little Dutch. These do not usually exceed 20" in length. Florida cigar leaf is usually small, running from 10" to 14" in length. (For references see Chapter XV ) 120 CHAPTER XIII PIPE SMOKING AND CHEWING TOBACCOS QUALITIES REQUIRED. DESCRIPTION OF KINDS. PERIQUE TOBACCO. STATISTICS. 121 PIPE SMOKING AND CHEWING TOBACCOS For pipe smoking mixtures the tobacco loaf used is of various kinds. Preferred strains of leaf from Virginia, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Maryland, and East Ohio, to which is added sometimes Turkish, Latakia, Perique, and a little Havana. The blend is made while the tobacco is in leaf form, portions of the desired kinds being assembled in accordance with a formula followed by the manufacturer. The leaf is then put through the required mechanical processes. The qualities necessary in pipe smoking to- baccos are that it must burn evenly, slowly, smoothly and thoroughly; it must have an agreeable aroma; it must not cause a burning or acrid sensation in the mouth when smoked; it is desirable that its nicotine contents should be low. Appearance is not of any consequence, but the manufacturer looks for leaf that, in ad- dition to the above qualities, is free from gum- miness as this interferes with granulation and cutting; also that the leaf may be a good absorbing kind in order that it may imbibe the juices with which this class of manufactured tobacco is treated both for chewing and pipe smoking. 123 As the taste of smokers with regard to the flavor and aroma of pipe tobacco varies con- siderably, some desiring a strong, others a mild or light tobacco, this must be taken into ac- count by the manufacturer and the blends graded accordingly. Pipe smoking tobaccos are distinguished ac- cording to the different mechanical processes used in their production. Thus there are (1) Granulated, (2) Plug-cut, (3) Long-cut, Fine- cut, etc. In former days it was customary for smokers to buy their tobacco in the roll or twist and cut and manipulate it themselves. This custom has, however, passed away almost entirely in the U. S. It still survives to a large extent in Europe where smokers prefer their tobacco moist. In the U. S. pipe smoking tobacco is usually cut and ready for the pipe and sold in packages or cans. GRANULATED is tobacco that has been flaked by breaking or cutting machines with blunt teeth or saws and then passed over a series of oscillating sieves of graded mesh. PLUG-CUT or CUT-PLUG is first made into plugs by pressure. These plugs are then cut into thin slices convenient for crumbling. The slices are put up in packages in which form the smoker uses it. Special forms of cut-plug are, bird's-eye, short-cut, cube-cut, straight-cut, 124 curly-cut, wavy-cut and cavendish-cut; the name being determined by the shape of the cut slices. "Navy-cut" is a particular kind of plug which was originally prepared directly by shipmen. LONG-CUT tobacco is leaf cut into long shreds. It differs from plug-cut in not having been pressed into solid plugs before cutting. FINE-CUT is finer and shorter shreds than the long-cut, and the tobacco used is usually of a less gummy kind. Other varieties known in the trade are: GERMAN SMOKING. A coarse-grained, heavy tobacco with strong flavor. It is a coarse granulated tobacco. STRIPS. A fine shredded or powdered tobacco used principally in the mining camps of Penn- sylvania. SCRAP. Smoking tobacco made up from cigar clippings and cheap cigar leaf of the filler and binder type. PERIQUE TOBACCO Perique tobacco is a specially dark, rich variety having special qualities which ren- der it desirable as a component in pipe smoking mixtures, or for straight smoking. Genuine Perique is grown and prepared only in the Parish of St. James in the State of Louisiana 125 by the descendants of the old French Colonists. The properties which it possesses are essential- ly due to the peculiar method of curing and fermentation and not to any peculiarity in the leaf itself. It is the only tobacco in the United States that is grown and put in its final condi- tion for the consumer by the farmer. It is said that the output of genuine Perique is small, being well under 50,000 Ibs. annually. But there is a good deal of substitute Perique sold in lieu of the genuine kind. The tobacco is raised on a black, deep, ex- ceedingly rich soil. The leaf is medium in size, about 18" long, and a rapid grower. The stein is small, the fiber tough and gummy. In curing no artificial heat is used. The leaf is hung in sheds for about 10 days. It is then stripped into half leaves. These are taken in bundles of about 20 each and converted into rough "twists." A dozen or so "twists" are packed in a box II" square the weight being about 50 Ibs. The contents of the box are then submitted to a pressure of about 7000 Ibs. for at least 24 hours. The tobacco is then taken out and the twists again opened up. The leaves are exposed to the air and sunlight until an exudate appears on them and is reabsorbed. This is done over and over again for at least 10 days or until in appearance the tobacco 126 is quite black. That is to say the curing of Perique is accomplished by allowing it to soak its own juice and then submitting to heavy pressure and repeating this process several times. When the leaf is cured it is made into rolls or "carottes." A cotton cloth 24" x 18" is taken and covered with leaves. Others are spread crosswise over these. Then rolled and a thin rope is wound very tightly about each bundle on "carotte." This process like the cur- ing is repeated over and over again. One man can handle about 10 carottes in a day, the weight being about 4 Ibs. each. Perique is considered to have a finer aroma than any other pipe smoking tobacco and its presence in a mixture is at once detected by the experienced smoker. It is said to contain only 14 of the citric acid, % of the nitric acid and 6 times as much acetic acid as tobacco cured in air. The resultant aroma is rich and fragrant, and the taste is smooth, delicate and agreeable. It is also claimed that it stimulates the brain without in any way being hurtful to the digestive or nervous systems. When the carottes are finally made it is usual to leave them under pressure for at least 12 months. The aroma is said to improve as the tobacco grows older. 127 It has been stated above that much of the Perique tobacco is a substitute for the genuine. This substitute is made by taking inferior leaf and submitting it to a similar process, i. e., pressure and oxidation repeatedly. The pro- cess is abridged but a black tobacco results particularly when certain darkening ingredi- ants are added. The moral is if you want genuine Perique be sure where you get it, and don't grudge the price. CHEWING TOBACCO The particular qualities required in leaf for this purpose are toughness, sweetness of taste, and a richness in oils and gums. Suitable leaf having been selected the leaf is cut and moulded into small plugs or "chews" which are put up in boxes for the market. Flavoring essences are of course plentifully used. As well as plug, chewing tobacco may be of the variety known as twist, the leaves being spun and twisted in a continuous roll. The plug consists of a wrapper and filler like the cigar the brighter and better grades of leaf being used as wrappers. Burley leaf and the yellow leaf tobacco of Virginia, Kentucky and the Carolinas are principally used. The sub- stances used for flavoring are liquorice, cane sugar, maple sugar, molasses, and rum, prin- 128 cipally. The plugs are packed in boxes of 72 Ibs. each, and also smaller boxes of 10 and 12 Ibs. each. The principal centers of the manufacture of pipe smoking and chewing tobacco are Missouri (St. Louis) ; North Carolina (Durham and Winston) ; Kentucky (Louisville) ; New Jer- sey (Jersey City) ; Virginia (Richmond) and Ohio (Cincinnati). There are altogether about 400 establish- ments employing about 20,000 persons, and the value of the product is over 100 million dollars annually. This class of products is by its nature more suitable for concentration of manufacture than either cigars or cigarettes. Hence the small number of establishments. Only about 10 million Ibs. of manufactured tobacco is exported. (See references end of Chapter XV) 129 CHAPTER XIV CIGARETTES STATISTICS. KINDS AND WHERE MADE. IM- PORTED CIGARETTES. DOMESTIC CIGAR- ETTES. CIGARETTE PAPERS. 181 CIGARETTES A cigarette according to the meaning of the word is a small cigar. It consists of a roll of loose tobacco wrapped in a case of either paper or tobacco-leaf. In the latter case it is known as an all-tobacco cigarette. Since the introduction of cigarette making machinery the output of cigarettes in the United States has grown enormously. This will be seen from the following figures which represent the output of cigarettes for the past 25 years: Number of cigarettes Year manufactured in the United States. 1890 2,000,000,000 1895 3,500,000,000 1900 4,000,000,000 1905 6,500,000,000 1910 7,000,000,000 These figures taken from Government Re- ports are given in round numbers. They in- clude "little cigars" which form about 15% of the totals. About one-third is at present exported. In addition to the manufactured cigarettes there is, of course, the large amount of cigarettes made directly by the smoker him- self. 133 There are only about 500 establishments in the whole U. S. engaged in cigarette manu- facture and about ten of these manufacture four times as many as all the rest together. There would in fact be fewer factories except for the popularity of certain brands of hand made cigarettes. 95% of the total output is made in 4 cities, i. e., New York, Dunham, N. C. ; Richmond, Va. ; and New Orleans. New York City alone manufactures about 60% of the whole; Richmond about 16% ; New Orleans about 10% and Durham the balance. Every country manufactures its own peculiar brand of cigarettes. The best known and most popular kinds of cigarettes are those known as Virginian, Turkish, Havana, Porto Rican, Mexican, Russian and Philippine. The Havana, Porto Rican, Mexican and Philippine cigarettes are usually of the all-to- bacco kind the others being paper wrapped. They are generally made from the cuttings and smaller leaves of cigar leaf tobacco. Turkish cigarettes are celebrated all the world over. The name is however mostly a misnomer, for nearly all the so-called Turkish cigarettes proper are made in Egypt, Greece, etc., and not in Turkey. In Egypt, however, the best Turkish cigarettes are made from tobacco grown in Turkey (in Europe) which 134, is imported, as no tobacco is grown in Egypt. The peculiar flavor of Egyptian Turkish cigar- ettes is due to special methods known only to the makers there. The crop of Turkish tobacco, particularly of the better kinds suitable for cigarettes, is small and less than half of it is exported. The supply of genuine Turkish cigarette tobacco is, therefore, strictly limited and does not find its way into ordinary channels. Much of so- called "Turkish" tobacco comes from China, and other parts of Asia. From Turkey, in Europe, the United States annually imports at present about ten million Ibs., the actual government figures for 1913 being 10,816,048 Ibs. valued at about 5% million dollars. From Turkey in Asia the imports in 1912 were 11,233,546 Ibs., and in 1913, 18,955,295, this latter being valued at nearly 5 million dol- lars. It does not follow that all this latter is Turkish. It was probably in large part col- lected from distant points and shipped from ports in Asia Minor. The imports of Turkish tobacco during 1914 are considerably reduced on account of the war. One American company which does an immense business in the cigarette line main- tains at Cavallo a large establishment for the direct purchase and treatment of its "own 135 Turkish leaf. This plant handles about 6 mil- lion Ibs. of leaf annually. The American smoker of home-made Turkish cigarettes has the ad- vantage of knowing that his leaf is genuine and bought economically. The most valued kind of Turkish tobacco is that grown in the Caza of Yenidji on the Vardar River region in Roumelia. The Latakia tobacco grown in the hilly part of Northern Syria is also celebrated as a cigar- ette tobacco. This tobacco has a low nicotine percentage (less than one per cent) and its peculiar aroma is due to its exposure for nearly 6 months to the smoke of the tree known as Quercus Ilex. Very choice parcels of these tobaccos fetch in the open market from $3 to $5 per Ib. ; lower grades are bought from 25c per Ib. and up. The best known grades of cigarettes made from genuine Turkish leaf are the La Ferme of Leipzig and St. Petersburg; the Nestor and Melachrino of Egypt; the Monopol of New York; and the Dubec of Richmond. In the Turkish hand-made cigarette there is no flavor- ing of any kind. In Europe the Turkish cigar- ettes are usually made by Greeks who are special adepts at this work. The paper wrappers are imported from France or Austria. The native cigarette 136 makers as a rule blend their own leaf and cut or shred it by hand. An expert workman can make about 3,000 cigarettes per day. In the United States, Turkish cigarettes are of two kinds, imported and domestic. The im- ported include those purchased already made from Egypt, England, France, etc. In 1913 the value of cigarettes purchased directly by the U. S. from Egypt was about $25,000 and from England $22,000, other countries less. In 1914 the total cost of imported cigarettes (not including those from Philippine Islands) was $79,554. The value of such trade is, therefore, not large. The Turkish cigarettes made in the States are termed Domestic Turkish, and are usually hand-made, though not by any means exclusively so. It appears to be nothing more than an idiosyncrasy to consider that a hand- made cigarette is better than a machine-made one. As in the case of cigars, other things being equal it would appear that on many con- siderations, hygienic as well as mechanical, the balance is in favor of the machine. However, many still think there is some peculiar talis- manic virtue in a hand-made cigarette and are willing to pay a higher price. There is, of course, a pleasure in making one's own cigar- ettes, but when they are bought made the ad- vantage of hand-making is not very apparent. 137 There are many variants of the Turkish cigarette. Besides the common paper wrapped variety some have fillers of Turkish tobacco with Havana or Virginia leaf wrapper; others have mixed fillers of Turkish, Virginia, Havana or Perique, two or more or all kinds being mixed. Each type of cigarette has its own special votaries. Cigarettes of this variety are not, however, so popular in the United States as in other countries where the cigarette is the most pronounced type smoked. The American cigarette is generally made of Yellow Virginian tobacco and is popular all the world over. The secret of success in good cigarette making lies in the selection and blend- ing of the leaf so that the proper strength and characteristics may be secured. As a general rule no adulterants of any kind are added to the tobacco except in some of the very cheap kinds in which the leaf is sometimes treated with a glycerine solution in order to give it a sweetish taste. The solution is quite harmless. The machinery for the manufacture of cigar- ettes has been brought to such perfection that it is quite automatic. The only hand work re- quired is the feeding of the tobacco into the hoppers. The cutting, rolling, wrapping, tip- ping and packing are all done quite mechanical- ly, the cigarettes being turned out all ready 138 for the smoker. In the large factories the pro- cesses are under strict hygienic conditions, which is not usually the case in the small work- shops where the hand-made goods are prepared. The various machines used in the manufactur- ing processes are highly complicated and a detailed description of them would be too tech- nical for these pages. The paper used for wrapping cigarettes has frequently been the subject of most unwar- ranted attacks and the most absurd statements have been made regarding it. Investigation and analysis of the paper used in the very cheapest grades of cigarettes by competent authorities have failed to find anything deleterious to health. The paper used for this purpose is made principally in France. It is of the kind known as rice paper although it has no connec- tion whatever with rice. It is a vegetable sub- stance being made usually from the membranes of the bread fruit tree or else from fine trim- mings of flax and hemp. The materials are thoroughly washed and treated with lime and soda before and after pulping. Careful analysis are made to see that nothing is left that might be harmful and the manufacturers use the great- est care and judgment to see that their product is as pure and perfect as possible as it is their interest that it should be so. The paper is ex- 189 tremely thin and light, very combustible, and gives off very little smoke. These are the only qualities necessary and there is not the least reason to use any harmful ingredients, as the re- quired qualities can be obtained by the ordinary manufacturing processes. Moreover, the best paper can be manufactured and supplied at a very low cost. From France the United States annually imports about $500,000 worth of cigarette paper and from Austria about $120,000 worth. Most manufactured cigarettes have a protec- tive tip at the mouth end. This not only keeps the cigarette intact but prevents the tobacco from being wetted by the saliva. As already stated, nicotine is soluble in water, and its en- trance to the mouth in this form is thus obviated. The tips are made of various sub- stances, cork, straw, goldleaf, cherry wood, etc., in fact any water-proof substance that is harmless, nonadherent and smooth can be used. Cigarettes must according to the law of the U. S. be put up in packages of 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, 50 or 100, and the packages must not contain any lottery or chance ticket nor any indecent picture. Much criticism, that is to a large extent groundless, has been directed against the habit of cigarette smoking. It has been shown by 140 many investigators that when not carried to excess the cigarette is the safest method of using tobacco. The reader is referred to the remarks regarding cigarettes in the chapter respecting the effect of tobacco on the human system; but it may be as well here to quote a recent editorial from one of the leading repre- sentative medical journals of the United States, the opinion stated in which should go far to- wards removing the absurd prejudice against the cigarette. From the New York Medical Journal of July 25, 1914 (Editorial) : "Particularly do the uninformed enjoy an attack on the cigarette ; it is cheap ; it is small ; and its patrons, numerous as they are, yet form an insignificant minority in our immense popu- lation. Therefore, the cigarette and its users are fair game for cheap and silly sneers ; sneers which are capable, however, of cowing an entire legislature, as in Georgia at this moment. Yet, beyond cavil, it has been proved scientifically that of all methods of using tobacco, cigarette smoking is the least harmful. Some months ago the Lancet undertook a careful laboratory study of the various ways of consuming tobacco, with the result that it was found that the cigar- ettes, Egyptian, Turkish and American, yielded the least amount of nicotine to the smoke 141 formed; the cigar came next in point of harm- lessness, while the pipe overshadowed the cigar to the extent that from 70 to 90% of nicotine was said to exist in its smoke. "As to the paper of cigarettes the attacks are simply preposterous. ##### "Men are well within their rights in forbid- ding cigarette smoking and other pleasures and distractions to their employes; it is another matter when they seize an opportunity to com- pound with vices they have a mind to, by damn- ing one they're not inclined to, especially when the latter affords solace and recreation to mil- lions perfectly capable of judging what is and what is not good for them. In Europe where a good deal of logical thinking still prevails, there is probably not one smoker of distinction in any walk of life who does not include the cigarette in his nicotian armamentarium." (See references end of Chapter XV) 142 CHAPTER XV SNUFF How MADE. QUALITIES. DESCRIPTION OF KINDS. SNUFF A century ago snuff taking was the principal form in which tobacco was used. The custom pervaded all classes of society and it was used by both sexes. The habit has to a very large extent died out; and it is rarely now that one sees a snuff box in use. Nevertheless there is still a very large trade in snuff manufacture, and it is used very extensively in many coun- tries. It will surprise many to know that about 24 million Ibs. of snuff are manufactured and used annually in the U. S. and that within re- cent years the percentage of increase in the use of this form of tobacco has been higher than in the case of cigar, cigarette or pipe smoking kinds. The value of the snuff manufactured an- nually is appraised for revenue purposes at about 6 million dollars. The process of the manufacture of snuff or tobacco powder, is essentially based on long and thorough fermentation as all bitter substances, acid and essential oils, as well as a large part of the nicotine, must be removed. Strong, coarse tobacco is suitable for the purpose, the darker types of Virginian and Tennessee tobaccos being used. Strong tobacco does not necessarily contain a high percentage of nicotine as is usually supposed. Strength 145 has nothing to do with nicotine content; but whatever amount of nicotine the tobacco pos- sesses, at least one-half must be removed by fer- mentation. As a general rule tobacco leaf which is at least 2 years old is used and this is submitted to a further fermentation process of a special kind for a period varying from 2 to 6 months. When the fermentation process is com- plete, the tobacco, while still in leaf and un- powdered, is technically known as snuff. There are two principal kinds of snuff and there are many varieties of each kind principally differ- ing in flavor and minor qualities. The two kinds of snuff are known as Wet and Dry. These terms are due to the difference in the mode of manufacture. In making wet snuff, the tobacco leaves are ground up into grain form before the fermenta- tion takes place. It only becomes snuff when the fermentation is completed. In the dry kind the grinding does not take place until after the fermentation is completed, when the fermented leaves are thoroughly dried. The grinding is then done in a muller similar to a mortar and pestle this operation being conducted by machinery on a large scale. After grinding the snuff is put through a sieving pro- cess and is then sent to the seasoning depart- 146 ment, thus occupying from 2 to 6 months or even longer. Various flavors attar of roses and such like are added to give the snuff different scents and flavors. The various names under which brands of snuff are put up are survivals of names applied to snuff made by methods no longer in vogue : SCOTCH SNUFFS are all dry. There are various kinds strong, plain, sweet, salt, high- toast, etc. MACCABOY is a semi- wet snuff. SWEDISH SNUFFS usually contain a large per- centage of moisture. The grains are coarse and usually highly flavored. Snuff taking is still extensive among the Swedish people. RAPPEE is a snuff made after the French fashion. REFERENCES (Chapters IX to XV) U. S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. Report of 13th Census, 1910. (Vol. on Manufacturers, 1912-1913.) U. S. DEPT. OF COMMERCE AND LABOR. BUREAU OF CORPORATIONS. Report of the Commissioner of Corporations on the Tobacco Industry. Vol. I, 1909, Continued. 147 IVENS, W. M. Brief and argument in certain ap- peals from the Circuit Court of U. S. for South- ern District of New York. (Tobacco Monopoly, 1911.) HOAGLAND, I. G. The Tobacco Industry. In Quarterly of the National Fire Protection Assn., 1907. Vol. I, Nos. 2 and 4. JACOBSTEIN, M. The Tobacco Industry in the U. S. New York, 1907. 148 CHAPTER XVI SMOKING PIPES HISTORY. MATERIALS USED IN MAKING. MEER- SCHAUM. BRIAR ROOT. AMBER. SPECIAL KINDS OF PIPES. CARE OF PIPES. 149 PIPES The history of tobacco smoking pipes began with the discovery of tobacco by the Spaniards. How long before that event they were used is not known, but that they were used by the Indians and others for a long period is quite clear from many items of evidence. The reader who desires information concerning pre-Colum- bian tobacco pipes is referred to the Pipes and smoking customs of the American Aborigines, by J. D. McQuire, based on the material in the U. S. National Museum 1889, and other similar .archaological works. The first mention of pipes in literature ap- pears to have been made by Oviedo in 1535 in his work La historia general de las Indias (Part 1). In this there is a small wood cut which is the oldest known picture of a pipe. This pipe was shaped like a Y the two ends of which were placed in the nose and the to- bacco leaves in the stem. The smoke was inhaled. Oviedo says that this pipe was called "Tabaca" from which the name tobacco was probably de- rived. Admiral John Hawkins was the first to mention the pipe in English literature in 1564. Raleigh's famous smoking feat did not take place until 1586. 151 The Indian pipes were principally of clay and this material was used in England for the first pipes made there and continued in sole use for about 250 years. From England it came to New England, with the first colonists. The Spaniards of South America did not generally use pipes. Meerschaum as a pipe making ma- terial was not known in Europe till 1723. It came about in this way: There was then in Pesth (Austria-Hungary) an honest old shoe- maker, Karl Kowates, who, when he was not making or mending shoes, made pipes. Count Andrassy, was one of his pipe patrons. The Count while on a mission to Turkey in 1723 was presented with a lump of meerschaum. The lightness and porosity of the material sug- gested to him that it would be a very suitable substance for a pipe bowl and on his return to Pesth he handed the lump to Karl to make a pipe of it. It seems Karl made two, one for the Count and one for himself. But Karl did more than that. The nature of his shoe work made his hands waxy and he noticed that wherever the pipe was waxed by his hands it turned into spots of clear brown color. He thus discovered the coloring qualities of meerschaum. Karl's first pipe is still preserved (it is said) at Pesth. The new material became very popular and it spread from Austria all over pipe-smoking Europe. 152 Wooden pipes do not appear to have come into use till the early part of the 19th Century. There is a good deal of interesting lore con- cerning early clay pipes into which it is not proposed to enter here. It will be interesting, however, to note that in William Penn's land transactions with the Indians, 300 clay pipes (probably English make) were one of the articles of barter. The earliest clay pipe stems were about 9 inches long. The long stem pipes with glazed ends were introduced about the year 1700 and were known as "Aldermen." The pipe known as the "Churchwarden" with a very long, thin, curved stem which was typical of a leisurable smoke did not come into use till about 1819. In those days smokers did not commonly carry pipes around with them. When a man arrived at an inn or tavern he ordered a pipe and to- bacco, just as he ordered his dinner. The "Cutty" or "Aberdeen" with the short stem was, however, used by those who needed a pocket pipe. It is very surprising how little changes the pipe has undergone. The original pipe was a simple bowl and stem, and the best pipe today is a plain bowl and stem; for although hun- dreds of devices and all kinds of patents have been tried, the true smoker prefers the simple 153 plain pipe which offers no obstacle to the clear drawing of the smoke from the burning tobacco. The materials used for pipes differ in various countries. Pipes are made of clay, porcelain, wood, metal, glass, ivory, horn, cane, bamboo, stone, etc. There is no know material which in the opinion of smokers equals genuine meer- schaum as a material for pipes. This is on ac- count of its lightness, its coolness, its absorbing qualities and its capabilities of high polish and assumption of a beautiful color when used from soaking the essential oils of the tobacco. Its friability, however, renders it more suitable for use as a home pipe than for a work-a-day pipe. For the work-a-day and knock-about pipe the wooden pipe with short stem is without a rival. The qualities which are essential for a wooden pipe are many and it is difficult if not impossible to get any material that will aflswer all of them. The wood for such a pipe must be hard and practically incombustible, yet light. It must be sapless and inodorous so that when heated the fragrance of the tobacco would not be mingled with that of the wood and be lost. In addition it must be a good absorber, cool and have beauty of grain and be susceptible of a high polish and must not be brittle. The wood known as briar root possesses these quali- 154 ties to a greater extent than any other wood known. It will be described in more detail later. Myall, a native Austrian wood of a very dark color, hard and of good grain has many excel- lent qualities for pipes, but is brittle. Maple, junipe and cherry and several other woods are used to a limited extent. MEERSCHAUM Meerschaum is a light, porous, clayey sub- stance composed of magnesium, oxygen and silicon. It is chemically described as a hydrated silicate of magnesia and its chemical formula is Mg Si 2 04 + 2H 2 0. The work meerschaum is composed of two German words, i. e., Meer, the sea; and Schaum, foam, and literally means "the foam of the sea." A popular belief being that the substance was petrified sea foam. The circumstances under which meerschaum came to be used for smoking pipes have already been detailed. Meerschaum occurs as a mineral more or less scattered all over the world, but the largest quantities and probably the best qualities occur in Asia Minor. In the United States, the mineral is found in South Carolina. Other mines occur in Spain, Greece and Moroc- co. The principal mines in Asia Minor are situated about 250 miles southwest of Constan- 155 tinople, on the plains of Eskishahr. Meer- schaum has been in use for sundry purposes in the Orient for many centuries and the mines of Asia Minor have been worked for at least 1,000 years. The result is that they are now ap- proaching exhaustion. The area in which the mineral occurs principally is small, about six square miles, and in this area many thousands of pits are worked. The soil is alluvial and in these deposits the meerschaum is found in soft lumps and nodules having no definite or regular shape. It also occurs in veins among the Ser- pentine rocks and marls. Although it is soft when taken out of the ground it rapidly hardens when exposed to the air. It is roughly shaped and cleaned at the mines and from thence sent to the dealers who further prepare it by waxing and polishing and put it on the market in the conditions in which it reaches the pipe makers. The principal European depots for meerschaum are Constantinople and Vienna. It is usually packed in boxes containing about 50 Ibs. each and sells for from 50c to $4.00 per Ib. The lumps on reaching the manufacturers are first cut with a band saw into suitable sized blocks according to the size and shape of the pipes desired. These blocks are then thorough- ly soaked in water until they are thoroughly saturated. The soaking renders the material 156 soft and soapy and gives it the consistency of cheese, so that it is then easily shaped into the desired form which the pipe is to take. It is then dried and hardened again and on comple- tion the bowl is hollowed out and the stem drilled. If the pipe is a plain one without carving it is finished on a lathe and filed ready for polishing. It is also threaded for the mouth- piece. The pipe is then sent to the drying room for such time as is necessary to expel all mois- ture. The final treatment for the smoothing of the surface is done by fine sandpaper and other special substances, then immersing in melted white beeswax for three to five minutes and finally the giving of a high polish with precipitated chalk, cotton and flannel being the usual rubbing materials used. Meerschaum by its nature is particularly adapted for carving. The hand carving of such pipes requires artistic and dexterous craftsmen, who are experts in this particular class of work. There are various imitations of meerschaum. One is made from burnt gypsum soaked with lime in a solution of gum arabic. This forms a hard, creamy plaster and is capable of receiving a highly smooth and polished marble-like sur- face. Another form of imitation is made of a hard- ened plaster of Paris highly polished and tinted 157 in a solution of gamboge and dragon's blood, being afterwards treated with paraffin or stearie acid. All cheaper grades of meerschaum pipes, holders, etc., are made of this or similar com- pounds and it is very hard for the average smoker to distinguish them as the ordinary tests will not suffice. The absorption and color- ing qualities are about the same. Such imita- tions cost about half as much as the genuine article or even sometimes less. It should be added that the chips and dust re- sulting from the working of the genuine meer- schaum are bonded together with a solution and moulded and this is also sold as meerschaum. The number of genuine meerschaum pipes annually manufactured is probably much less than one-half a million, while there are probably three or four times as many imitations. BRIAR ROOT As we have seen briar root is found to be the most suitable wood for pipe smoking. The word briar is not named from wild briar. The word is a corruption of the French name La Bruyere, meaning the heather shrub of that name which grows along the Mediterranean coast of France, Spain and neighboring coun- tries. It is the root of this shrub which is the substance used. The shrub is especially cul- 158 tured for the purpose of pipe making; but the area in which the best briar root grows is very limited. It takes considerable time and the re- sult is that the supply of the most suitable wood is far below the demand. The cultivation of the briar root is a simple matter. It consists mere- ly in pruning the growth as much as possible so as to encourage and strengthen the roots. The very best qualities of briar root come from Corsica and the neighborhood of Leg- horn. It is very finely grained, hard and tough, does not char and heats slowly. When full grown and ready for the market the wood is rough sawn into blocks, varying in size from 3 inches square up, according to the market sizes required, and allowed to season. When fully seasoned the blocks are packed in boxes each containing from 200 to 300 of these blocks. They are then sent to the dealers or direct to the pipe factories as the case may be. In the factory the blocks are sorted and then undergo a sweating process in steam vats for ten to twelve hours. This steaming gives the wood the familiar brown-yellow tint of the natural briar root uncolored. After sweating the blocks are sent to the drying room as all traces of moisture must be removed. This usually takes several months. For pipe making the workman selects his block and roughly trims 159 it to size. It is then placed in the frazing ma- chine. This usually has three cutters revolving at very high speed, making several thousand revolutions per minute. The center cutter shapes out the block and the outer knives cut away the wood on the outside so as to form the block roughly into the shape of a pipe bowl and stem. This is then placed in a special lathe for cutting irregular forms. It is usual to fit in it a metal pattern of the particular shape chosen for the pipe. A circular cutting tool is set in motion and the briar block, which turns with the metal pattern, is mechanically cut to the exact shape of the pattern. After cutting, the pipe passes to the sandpapering machines where both inside and outside are thoroughly treated, and it gets a first polishing or smoothing on a pumice stone wheel. The next process is the boring of the stem which is done in a drilling machine by a steel wire having a cutting top rapidly turned by a lathe. The thread on the end of the stem for the mouthpiece is formed by a special machine. The pipe is then ready for polishers and finishers. It is first sand- papered four times, twice with rough and twice with fine on revolving wheels. Unless the wood is to be left its natural color, it is dropped into a vat of stain until it acquires the color desired. After drying it is ready for "buffing." A "buff" 160 is a wheel made of many layers of cloth, leather, etc., which revolves very rapidly. For pipe buffing these buffs are usually Tripoli buff, sheepskin buff, muslin and cotton flannel buff. The Tripoli takes off any sediment held by the edges of the grain. The sheepskin buff burns the color fast into the wood. The muslin and cotton bring out the grain and gives the wood its final delicate lustre and finish, which are done when the stem and mountings have been put on. The pipes are then ready for final stamping with name and packing. The process is much the same with all other hard woods. Pipe factories are found in most countries. French briar pipes are justly celebrated, but the American pipes are better made. Within recent years calabash has come into vogue to a large extent as a pipe making ma- terial. The calabash is a South African squash and has a special softness of flavor. The curved stem end of the calabash is used, being lined with plaster of Paris, and quite a large trade has sprung up in South Africa in growing calabash for the pipe trade, the principal point being Cape Town. THE PIPE STEM It is very important that suitable material be selected for the mouthpiece of the pipe. In fact 161 from many points of view the mouthpiece is the most important part of the pipe for the smoker, because damage to the lips must be particularly avoided, and a defective, rough, or badly made mouthpiece is apt to cause damage. There are three very important qualities which the ma- terial must have: (1) It must be hard enough to resist indentation from the teeth and yet not feel gritty. (2) It must be capable of re- ceiving a perfectly smooth surface and of re- taining it under the action of saliva. (3) It must not be a rapid heater so that it will not burn the lips, or crack or splinter under action of heat. Other very desirable qualities are toughness, beauty of appearance and freedom from taste or odor under all circumstances of use. Amber has a unique place in fulfilling these conditions. Amber is a fossil gum or resin, the juice of pine trees, which in course of time has become petrified like coal. Amber is found is various parts of the world, but is more plentifully found along the sandy shores of East Prussia bordering on the Baltic Sea. This area was in time long past the site of pine forests. The amber is found very often to occur with lignite or brown coal. It is dug out of the cliffs or mined like coal out of the ground. Sometimes it is washed in from the 162 sea. In size it varies from the size of a pea to lumps as large as an orange. When first dug up it is usually of a pale yellow color, but this becomes darker on exposure. The manufacture of commercial amber is a government monopoly in Prussia. The pieces are all melted down at a temperature of about 550 F., and then after purification it is cast into slabs about % inch to 1% inches thick and four inches to eight inches long, in which form it is sold to dealers. There are two qualities, opaque and transpar- ent, the opaque being the tougher. The cost varies considerably, the inferior kinds being sold for $2.00 per pound, and the finest speci- mens cost up to $60.00 per pound. By far the largest quantity of amber used for ordinary pipes is imitation amber. The manu- facture of this is a trade secret. It is so good and fulfills its purpose so well that only experts can distinguish it from genuine amber. There are many substitutes for amber. Good vulcanite, except for the matter of ap- pearance is little inferior to amber as mouth- piece material. Cut vulcanite is cool and smooth, but moulded vulcanite is liable to be rough to the lips and should be avoided. Vul- canite mouthpieces are usually sold already finished direct to the pipe makers. 163 Except for the matter of brittleness unglazed clay is a most excellent pipe stem. Clay is usually cool and very absorbent of the acrid oils occurring in the distillation of tobacco. When the end of a clay stem is protected by a rubber band, it forms a very good mouthpiece. Bone and other materials are also used as mouthpieces. Ebonite is used, but is objec- tionable because it spoils the flavor of the to- bacco. Celluloid is a dangerous substance and should not be used as a pipe stem. The smoker should avoid biting the mouth- piece as it roughens it. It is far better to dis- card a mouthpiece when it becomes indented, rough or worn in any way. A damaged mouth- piece should on no account be used when the lips are chapped or lacerated because the irrita- tion may, if continued, lead to ulceration and tobacco juice is not beneficial to skin lesions. SPECIAL PIPES German pipes are, as might be expected, the most correct in scientific principle. The pipe has two bowls the upper of which is for the tobacco. This fits into a socket which allows the oils and aqueous solutions due to the dis- tillation to pass into the lower bowl, very little getting into the stem. The bowls are usually of porcelain and the long curved stem is of wood mostly cherry. 164 The Dutch pipe is similar to the German ex- cept that the stem is long and straight which allows the bowl to rest on the ground. The German pipe is usually held in the hand by the lower bowl. In Turkey and Oriental countries the water pipe is used. This form of pipe originated in Persia. The pipe consists of a receptacle for the tobacco, which has a perfo- rated bottom. This holder fits into a cup from which a hollow tube leads into a jar containing water. The tube passes through the stopper of the jar and descends almost to the bottom of the water. Another tube, the inhaling tube, also passes through the stopper of the jar, but does not reach to the surface of the water. On drawing through the inhaler a vacuum is created in the air space above the surface of the water in the jar which induces suction through the other tube below the water level. The smoke therefore bubbles through the water and is cooled before it reaches the mouth of the smoker. It, however, requires a considerable amount of effort to draw the smoke through. Water pipes are used extensively among the batter classes of the East. Some of them are very gorgeous affairs, the bowls being of the richest crystal and the fittings gold or silver set with gems. Sometimes they have several smok- ing tubes so as to accommodate more than one 165 smoker. The water pipe used by the Shah of Persia is said to be worth $400,000.00. In Turkey the water pipe is known by the name of Hookak. In Egypt it is called Nar- geeleh (or Narghile) because the water vessel is usually a cocoa nut for which the Arabic name is Na'rghee'leh. The Hookak usually stands on the floor and is ponderous, with many smoking tubes. The Nargeeleh is a hand pipe. In Eastern countries, however, besides the water pipe the ordinary clay bowl pipe is used to a very large extent, being fitted with a wooden stem from 3 to 5 feet in length. All these pipes are essentially home pipes, as it is not habitual with the Eastern people to smoke except when seated. In China both sexes commonly smoke pipes a water pipe made of brass is usually smoked by the richer classes. The poorer classes use a clay pipe with a bamboo stem. The principal importation into the United States of foreign made pipes and smokers' articles is from Austria, England and Germany. The latest government statistics show that from England $278,000, from Austria about $280,- 000, and from Germany about $139,000 worth of such goods are annually imported. These are principally pipes. Cigarette paper, briar root, etc., are not included in these figures. 166 The total importation value in 1912 (exclusive of duty) from Europe was $1,478,000. THE CAEE OF PIPES An experienced smoker lays down the follow- ing rules for the care of pipes. The rules apply whether a man uses one or half a dozen pipes: (1) When a pipe is used for the first time wipe out the bowl with a cloth. Then thorough- ly wet or dampen it. Before the moisture evaporates fill the pipe. Light evenly and be careful not to burn the rim with the lighted match. The tobacco being damp next the wood will not redden there, hence the wood will not char but a sooty film will form. (2) Ashes should be allowed to remain in the pipe till thoroughly cooled. Then emptied. The object of this is to allow the liquid residue to soak into the pores of the new wood. (3) Do not scrape the inner surface of the bowl. The thin coating of carbon (the "cake") which is formed on it is a nonconductor of heat and prevents the wood from overheating or cracking. It keeps the pipe cool and is a good absorber. (4) After half a dozen smokes the rule of re- moving the ashes should be reversed. They should be removed promptly after smoking. Blow through the mouthpiece after smoking. 167 By this time the inner surface of bowl is suf- ficiently soaked and coated and continuation makes it acrid and sodden. (5) Always allow your pipe to cool and dry before resmoking. Use pipe cleaners and pipe spoon for cleaning. When the "cake" becomes too thick part of it may be removed but always leave a layer next the wood. Be careful not to scrape the surface of the bowl. (6) A pipe should not be used continuously for more than a few weeks or a month. It should then be cleaned and allowed rest unused" for a while. It is well to allow it to hang where the sunlight can play on it. Acrid matters will dry out and the pipe will be sweet when smoked again. It is a good plan to pack the bottom of the bowl with powdered chalk when it is resting. When a pipe tastes acrid it requires more than ordinary cleaning. If one has the oppor- tunity a most excellent way is to blow steam through it, first removing the mouthpiece. An- other way recommended by a smoker who says it is most efficacious is to fit a cork into the bowl of the pipe. Make a hole in the cork, into which the nozzle of a soda siphon will fit snugly. Direct the mouthpiece into some emptying ves- sel and force about a wine glass of the soda 168 water from the siphon through the pipe. It will clean it out effectively. If you are smoking a meerschaum and desire it to color well and evenly it is a good plan to use a false upper bowl to fit inside the bowl of your pipe. The rim of fire where the tobacco is burning makes the pipe bowl too hot and does not allow that part to color. The false bowl will prevent this. Some smokers think that covering a meerschaum bowl with chamois will cause it to color well. The chamois will not aid the coloring but it will protect the bowl from being touched by the hand during the process and thus avoiding a spotty effect, par- ticularly if the hand should be moist or greasy. During the progress of the coloring the pipe should never be allowed to get too hot. The time required to color a pipe depends on the tobacco used. If it is a rich oily tobacco, the time necessary is shorter than with a dry to- bacco. Imitation meerschaum of the cheaper kind are sometimes artificially colored by the makers. This is done by boiling the pipe in an oily solu- tion of nicotine, the formula for which as given in the American Druggist, V. 58, is : Crude nicotine (oil of tobacco)= i. Olive oil=\|j ii. Yellow wax=3 viii. 169 The pipe is kept in the boiling solution from 10 to 15 minutes and rapidly absorbs it. The surface is capable of a high polish. REFERENCES PENN, W. A. The Soverane Herbe: a History of Tobacco. London and New York, 1901. FAIRHOLT, F. W. Tobacco; its History and As- sociations. London, 1876. 170 CHAPTER XVII EFFECTS OF TOBACCO SMOKING ON THE HUMAN SYSTEM PHYSICAL EFFECTS. OPINIONS OF MEDICAL MEN QUOTED AND DISCUSSED 171 EFFECTS OF TOBACCO SMOKING ON THE HUMAN SYSTEM It is a matter of very great importance for the user of tobacco that he should have clear information regarding the beneficial and harm- ful effects of tobacco on the human mind and body. There are very few matters which have been the subject of such varied opinions; such exaggeration and misconception. Those who are opposed to the use of tobacco have not hesitated to ascribe to it every form of evil, physical, mental and moral. Insanity, epilepsy, cancer, malignant throat disease, blindness, heart disease and a host of other diseased con- ditions are traced to tobacco smoking by its enemies. On the other hand the users of to- bacco are scarcely less vehement in holding that no harmful effects follow, but ascribing all kinds of virtue as resulting from its use. It is not our object in this chapter to justify or recommend the use, or to advise the avoidance of tobacco ; we think it is a matter that the in- dividual should decide for himself. Moreover, we think that no general rules governing all cases can be laid down, but that each individual must judge for himself whether the use of to- bacco is justified in his own particular case or not, taking into consideration all the circum- 173 stances that affect him. The important thing is that he should possess clear and correct in- formation with regard to the effects of tobacco as far as such have been scientifically deter- mined; and from the observation of its effects on his own organism to determine whether in his own case the practice is beneficial or other- wise and to what extent it may, be pursued if he desires to smoke. We, therefore, purpose to submit the facts which have been determined by the most careful scientific investigators and others of high stand- ing, who, from their experience in the investiga- tion of the causes of disease, are best qualified to offer opinions which may be accepted as authoritative. A perusal of the vast amount of literature both for and against the use of tobacco brings out certain points very largely. First, in the case of the opponents, the most sweeping state- ments are made without a particle of scientific proof in support of them, by persons who are in no way qualified to make such statements. Statistics are quoted most recklessly and ac- cepted as conclusive, although in most cases there is no logical connection between the mat- ter of the statistics and the absolute effects of tobacco. If there is a question of a certain condition, it is not sufficient to show that the 174 person suffering from it was a user of tobacco and to allege, therefore, that tobacco was the cause of the condition. It must be shown con- clusively that no other circumstances than the use of tobacco could have caused this condition. Dr. T. W. Jenkins, of Albany, N. Y., (New York Medical Journal, 1915, V. 102, p. 355), who was awarded a prize by this leading medical journal for his essay on tobacco smoking says: "The first thing to bear in mind is that con- sidering the large amount of tobacco used very little harm results, and care should be taken not to incriminate tobacco when the troubles under observation may be due to other causes." Secondly, among the investigators themselves who have made impartial inquiries about the effects of tobacco, there is sometimes a wide dif- ference of opinion in the interpretation of re- sults and in the relation of cause and effect. Thus most varied opinions exist on the subject of nicotine. The result is that it is difficult for the average man to come to a satisfactory con- clusion on the subject; for it cannot be said that the scientific knowledge of the effects of tobacco smoking on the human system as pre- sented to us today is final or sufficiently well determined to enable definite and true conclu- sions to tie arrived at. 175 Thirdly, there is the widespread error of ascribing the evils of the abuses of tobacco to the use of tobacco. This matter of the use and abuse of tobacco cannot be put too clearly. Most medical investigators have based their results clearly on the excessive use of tobacco. It is a very rare thing to find a medical investi- gator drawing attention to any harmful results following the moderate use of tobacco, and it appears a just statement to make that the majority of men use tobacco in moderation. It appears to be true that excessive smoking is harmful and is capable of producing deleterious effects on the respiratory and nervous systems in man, but ifc has never been scientifically proved that the moderate use of tobacco has any particularly harmful effects. Moreover, it is well-known to the medical profession and so stated constantly that in many cases where the use of tobacco has produced bad effects on the eye, nerves, etc., its use is contra-indicated, ow- ing to the condition of the subject due to other causes and that such results would not occur in a normally healthy subject. Therefore, be- cause tobacco when used excessively or when used by persons who are not constitutionally fitted for it, produces bad effects, it is not logical to argue, as many opponents of tobacco 176 smoking do, that the use of tobacco is univer- sally harmful. Fourthly, the conclusions arrived at by some investigators, are based on experiments made on animals, and it appears quite open to criti- cism, and is in fact disproved by common ex- perience, that such results will follow when ap- plied to man. Hinging on this is the question of immunity and toleration. The human system will easily after use tolerate effects which at first it rebels against. This may easily be seen in muscular and other efforts. Let a man who is constantly leading a sedentary life suddenly walk 10 miles. The result is almost prostration and he will not recover from it for a consider- able time. Let him, however, commence by walking a mile or two and gradually at each walk increase the distance, and in a short while he will be able to walk 10 miles without feeling any fatigue. Similarly running or other rapid exercise to a person not used to it will produce such rapid disturbances in the respiration and circulation as even to be fatal, while the sea- soned athlete may perform such feats without the least ill effects. To take animals or persons who have never before used tobacco and to argue or conclude that the effects of tobacco smoke on them are the effects of tobacco on smokers generally is 177 absurd. Yet such experimental results are very often made the basis of denunciation of tobacco smoking. Finally most investigators have made their inquiries for the exclusive purpose of discover- ing the evil effects of tobacco smoking. They proceed to their work with a biassed mind. They have already assumed that the habit is harmful and they simply want to find out how much harm they can discover. They are pre- judiced from the beginning. It is to this class of investigator that Dr. John Aikman refers to (New York Medical Journal, Oct. 30, 1915), when he says : "In reading the literature on the use of tobacco we are impressed by the fact that much of it is written by persons greatly op- posed to the use of the plant, and naturally prejudiced." It is quite conceivable that a man may investigate the evil effects which follow from wearing clothes and shoes and he could undoubtedly find some evil effects ; but the users of such articles could very justly say that the beneficial results of such habits more than out- weighed the demonstrated harm that might occur. And then the user of tobacco might say that the beneficial effects of smoking more than compensated for any slight harm that may hap- pen. For tobacco has undoubtedly many excel- lent effects, and no one knows this better than 178 the smoker himself. He will readily admit that excess is bad. He will readily admit that the use of tobacco is not suitable to immature per- sons, or in fact to many other persons, but he insist that in the majority of cases, it is not only practically harmless but that it has many desirable qualities, for that is proved by his own experience and the experience of millions of other smokers in all ages and under all con- ditions. We will now proceed to consider some of the effects which have been ascribed to tobacco smoking and give expressed opinions concern- ing them. PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF TOBACCO SMOKING The principal deleterious effects on the hu- man system ascribed to the use of tobacco are : (a) Throat diseases. (b) Disturbance of vision. (c) Heart troubles (smokers' heart). (d) Disturbance of the digestive organs (dyspepsia, etc.). (e) Disturbance of the nervous system. (f) Disturbance of nutrition. As regards (a) throat diseases, the following is the opinion of Dr. H. Reik of the Johns Hop- kins University, surgeon to the Baltimore Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, as expressed by him 179 in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 162, p. 856, 1910: "There is not one scintilla of evidence that malignant disease of the throat is due in any way to the use of tobacco ; and if it be admitted that carcinoma (cancer) of the lip or tongue has been produced by smoking, it is clearly not tobacco, but traumatism (i. e., injury) from the stems of the pipe or other tobacco con- tainer that is responsible. "It does not appear or at least has not been proven that tobacco causes any definite charac- teristic lesions of the nose, throat or ear." Dr. Reik is a man of high standing in the medical profession. His opinion is clear and unmistakable and it is presumed he has seen thousands of cases of nose and throat diseases and knows what he is talking about. Dr. Reik refers to the question of so-called smokers' cancer. Cancer is a disease which at- tacks all kinds of people and may occur in widely different parts of the body. The causa- tion of this disease is not known to the medical profession but what is known about it is that it usually occurs on the site of some previous in- jury. Thus cancer .may occur on the tongue as the result of the constant irritation of a jagged broken tooth. 180 Dr. I. C. Bloodgood (Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, No. 2, 1914), who has ex- amined 200 cases of lip cancer says that smok- ing is a common factor, the disease when occur- ing being usually on the site of a neglected and ulcerated smoker's burn. The burn may be a charring of the skin due to a very hot pipe stem or burning cigar stem. He says, moreover, that if the burn is not continued and there is no other injury, this defect may heal without evi- dence of ulceration. Similarly a cancer may be the result of con- tinual use of a broken or rough pipe stem or from using a pirty pipe stem on a broken skin. All these are clearly matters which the average smoker easily and usually avoids. It is, how- ever, clear that tobacco itself is in no way responsible for cancer, and no responsible medical writer on the subject alleges that it is. Most of the medical writers who have in- scribed injurious physical effects on the nerv- ous system, heart and sense organs, to excessive tobacco smoking have stated that these effects are due to the toxic action of the alkaloid nicotine known to exist in tobacco. There is a wide difference, however, in the results ob- tained by different writers as to the amount of the nicotine in tobacco which finds its way with the tobacco smoke. Moreover, some of the in- 181 vestigators who have done very careful work do not consider that nicotine is the toxic element, but the substance called pyridine which is de- rived from it. Dr. Bush (quoted below) referring to this matter says: "From a review of the literature it would ap- pear that extensive studies had been made as to the effects on living organisms of the alkaloid, nicotine. From such studies a great number of writers, especially laymen, have adopted the hasty conclusion that tobacco smoking entailed like results. "Comparatively few studies have been made of the effects of tobacco smoking on human be- ings ; and such as have been made fail to state if the tobacco used or the smoke produced was examined for nicotine or its congeners. The absence of an examination necessarily causes some doubt in the causative faction of the phenomena. Some authors are rather inclined to conclude that nicotine alone is the pathogenic factor in tobacco smoking, but since the pres- ence of nicotine per se in tobacco smoke is de- batable and since other toxic substances are demonstrable, it would seem as if the whole sub- ject still remained open for investigation." The nicotine contained in ordinary tobacco, according to many authors, ranges from about 182 1 to 8 or 9 per cent. Lee's investigation {Jour- nal of Physiology, 1908, p. 335) found that about half of the total nicotine was present in the smoke according to Lee the pyridin seemed to be entirely without influence. Lehmann (Archiv fur Hygiene, 1909, p. 319) found that from 80 to 90% of the total nicotine in a cigar or cigarette was to be found in the smoke. He found also that in the case of cigars about 10 to 18% of the nicotine in the smoke is absorbed by the smoker and that cigarette smoke absorbed by the smoker contains a less proportion of the nicotine in the tobacco than is the case with cigars. The general opinion is, however, that about one-seventh of the nico- tine in the tobacco will be found in the smoke. Entirely at variance with these results are those obtained recently by A. D. Bush, M.D., Instructor of Physiology in the University of Vermont (New York Medical Journal, March 14, 1914), and those obtained in the laboratory investigation by the London Laucet. Bush made long and extensive investigations on the effects of tobacco smoking and criticised the results of previous workers. He shows very clearly that in many cases the conclusions drawn by them as regards nicotine contained in tobacco smoke are either entirely erroneous or that the deductions made from the investiga- 183 tions were not warranted by the facts observed. He points out the fact that most writers on the subject have overlooked the fact of the great discrepancy between the possible effects aris- ing from the administration of the amount of nicotine in a cigar and the actual effect pro- duced on the smoker of the cigar. He asks this pertinent question : "If a cigar contains 0.085 grains nicotine, and if one-seventh of the nico- tine of the tobacco is present in the smoke and if but .004 grains is capable of causing death, why does the smoker not absorb enough nicotine to cause his demise?" As a result of his careful experiments, Bush found that although nicotine was present in all the samples of tobacco tested there was no nicotine whatever found in the smoke, except in the case of cigarettes and in this case only traces were found. The reason of this is given as due to the rapid burning of the cigarette which did not allow sufficient time for the com- plete decomposition of the nicotine. Pyridinc was, however, found in the smoke of all tobacco burned. Pyridine is only one-twentieth as toxic as nicotine. Bush concluded, therefore, that pyridine and not nicotine is the toxic fac- tor in tobacco smoke. The same fact was stated several years ago by Rideal (Disinfection and Preservation of Food, London and New York, 184 1903, p. 254), who says: "Tobacco smoke, contrary to popular belief, does not contain nicotine, which is decomposed by the heat; but pyridine and its homologues and the bene- ficial effects of tobacco in many cases of asthma must be attributed to this latter." The Lancet investigation (see Lancet, Ap. 6, 1912, pp. 944-947) was mode because "a recent review of numerous analysis of tobacco which have been published from time to time raises some doubt as to whether the results given cor- rectly represent the actual alkaloidal contents of the tobacco." Moreover, to find the relation- ship of the true amount of nicotine in any tobacco to that in the smoke produced by the combustion of that tobacco, and any modifica- tion caused by the method of smoking. The investigation was conducted under the strictest conditions, the most recent methods of chemical research being employed. The following table (given by the Lancet) shows the nicotine contents of various tobacco samples and the percentage of nicotine in the smoke : J85 Description of Tobacco. Virginian Cigarettes (Sample 1) .. 1.40 0.74 0.12 Virginian Cigarettes (Sample 2) .. 1.60 0.60 0.06 Caporal (French) Tobacco 2.60 2.20 0.95 Turkish Cigarettes 1.38 0.51 Egyptian Cigarettes 1.74 0.21 Pipe Smoking Mixture (1) 2.85 2.20 2.25 Pipe Smoking Mixture (2) 2.81 1.53 Pipe Smoking Mixture (3) 2.04 0.23 Perique Tobacco 5.30 1.27 0.57 Cavendish Tobacco 4.15 3.85 Latakia Tobacco 2.35 1.20 Havana Cigar 0.64 .... 0.20 From this analysis it appears that pipe mix- tures contain the largest amount of nicotine in the tobacco (2.04-2.85%). Egyptian and Turkish cigarette tobaccos come next (1.38- 1.74%). Virginian cigarette tobacco shows similar figures (1.40-1.60%). French tobacco (Caporal) contains 2.60%, and Perique 5.30%. For all practical purposes the tobaccos con- sumed by the public according to this report seldom contain more than 3% of nicotine and generally less, the average being about 2%, which is much lower than previous writers lead us to expect. The cigarette, whether Egyptian, Turkish or American, yields the least amount of its total 186 nicotine to the smoke formed, while the pipe yields a very large portion (in some cases be- tween 70 and 80%) of its nicotine to the smoke. Analysis of cigar smoke gives figures midway between the two. With the results of Bush and the Lancet before him the user of tobacco will be better able to judge of the opinions of those who des- cribe the effects of nicotine on the vision, heart, digestive organs, etc., as likely to be the results of tobacco smoking. Thus the disturbance of vision ascribed to tobacco smoking is called tobacco amblyopia. Dr. W. S. Franklin of San Francisco (Calif. State Jour, of Med., 1909, V. 7, p. 85), says that to produce this disease it is necessary to smoke daily from .75 to 1.0 gms. of pure nico- tine. If 17% of the nicotine of tobacco is car- ried in the smoke, in order to absorb that quan- tity 7 or 8 cheap domestic cigars, 10 or 11 Cubans or 60 cigarettes should be smoked. Now very few smokers consume this amount and ac- cording to Bush, and the Lancet, and others there is no such percentage of nicotine in the smoke. To the use of tobacco is ascribed an acid dyspepsia this, however, is noticed more par- ticularly in habitual chewers and in this case the nicotine not being burnt has no chance of 187 being decomposed. All writers have agreed that chewing is the worst way that tobacco can be used. Dr. R. V. Dolbey says: (Northwest Medicine, 1909, V. 1 p. 99). "In chewing, quantities of watery extract of tobacco are swallowed and taken down with the food containing a large percentage of nico- tine and causing severe dyspepsia. While to- bacco juice solution in the laboratory kills in- testinal bacteria, excessive tobacco chewing does not have this effect on the human body owing to the fact that the gastric and pan- creatic juices act on it and alter it." Dr. I. S. Gilfilian discusses the effects of to- bacco on the heart in the St. Paul Medical Journal, July, 1912, p. 338. He says that the important part whether organic changes in the cardio-vascular system may be produced by tobacco is still doubtful, and that it has never been shown that smokers suffer more from or- ganic heart disease than nonsmokers. General opinion is that smoking lessens the pulse rate and slightly increases the blood pres- sure, and that it is a cause of arterio-sclerosis. With regard to arterio-sclerosis, Dr. A. Lor- and of Carlsbad who is a world-wide authority on the effects of toxic substances on the blood, says in his book, Old Age Deferred (English translation, 1910, p. 367) : 188 "Clinically we have observed the great fre- quency of arterio-sclerosis in great smokers, but we do not think that two or three light cigars a day, but never before meals, can do any harm save in exceptional cases. Indeed there are a few instances of persons living to be over 100, notwithstanding the fact that they were smokers a fact contrary to the observation of Hufeland who pretends that he never heard of such a case. The famous English painter, Frith, who died in October, 1909, used to smoke 6 cigars a day, and Mr. F. of Chartres, in France, passed last year his 100th birthday in spite of his having taken snuff all his life." If there were any serious lesions caused in the human system by the continued use of tobacco we might naturally expect that life insurance companies would take notice of it, but hear what they have to say {Medical Record, New York, July 12, 1913) : Dr. H. G. Turney, at the meeting of Life Insurance Medical Officers Association, London, January, 1913, said that as far as observation and study of the literature went he did not con- sider that there was much evidence that the habit of smoking can be convicted of any seri- ous effect on the mortality table. One must confess rather to a feeling of surprise that the life-long absorption of so potent a drug as 189 nicotine by a large proportion of the male population should not be accompanied by more obvious results in the way of serious injury to the cardiac muscle than appears to be the case. Dr. A. Marvin of the Department of Pharma- cology, Vermont University, made numerous ex- periments on the effects produced by tobacco. In the cases of the respiratory system, he states that in rapid smoking the respiratory rate is increased, due more to the effort than to the drug. In deliberate smoking there is very little effect. In the digestive system the effects pro- duced were, increased flow of saliva and stimula- tion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. Marvin did not find any import- ant symptoms of systemic irregularities except where there was excessive use of tobacco. He says : "Tobacco produces, when used to excess, symptoms in a very small per cent and often it is only one factor in producing the conditions observed." A very cautiously expressed and noncommittal opinion. It is to be remembered that of the percentage of nicotine in tobacco smoke only a small por- tion is drawn into the smoker's system. The greater part passes off again in the smoke passed out; also that the products of combus- tion of tobacco include acqueous solution as 190 well as smoke ; it will not probably be questioned that some of this watery solution is drawn into the mouth as well as the smoke and probably contains minute quantities of nicotine or its derivatives. The smoker may obviate any slight harmful effects of these substances by care. If he is a cigar smoker he must avoid chewing or sucking the butt end of the cigar in which the acqueous solution finally gathers, and he would find it better to smoke long thin cigars which afford a small area behind the burning point for the collection of acqueous vapor and give a better combustion. Judged from these viewpoints the best and most expensive thick cigar is likely to be more harmful than the very worst kind of a cigarette, for although there may be a much smaller percentage of nicotine in the cigar to- bacco, a much larger proportion of it may reach the mouth of the smoker through the water pro- duced by combustion, in the case of the cigar than in the case of the cigarette. Every cigar and cigarette smoker should use a holder for the reason stated. The cigarette from the nicotine point of view is the least ob- jectionable form of smoking. In fact expert opinion is recognizing that unless where, tlu smoke is inhaled cigarette smoking if not ex- cessive is probably harmless. It is hard, of 191 course, to kill a popular prejudice, but we have to deal with demonstrated facts not prejudices. In the case of inhalation of cigarette smoke the danger is from carbon monoxide gas and not m nicotine. When the difference of opinion amongst authoritative investigators are discounted their general results will be found to agree very well with the general facts observed by all users of tobacco. What they see is that probably seventy per cent of the adult male population under all conditions and circumstances use to- bacco within limits of moderation. They see around them men who have for many years used it, and they do not observe any particular harmful results in the user of tobacco compared with the nonuser. Men as a rule are not more nervous, more subject to heart troubles or age troubles than women, who as a sex, do not use tobacco. Smokers do not deny and never have denied that the abuse of tobacco is harmful. The general view that both scientific investi- gators and popular observation is able to sup- port is well expressed by Clouston, who is a world known authority on nervous and mental disease. (See Hygiene of Mind, 3rd Ed. Lon- don, 1906, p. 260.) "If its use is restricted to full grown men, if only good tobacco is used not of too great 192 strength, and if it is not used to excess, then there are no scientific proofs that it has any injurious effects, if there is no idiosyncracy against it Speaking generally, it exercises a soothing influence when the nervous system is in any way irritable. It tends to calm and continuous thinking and in many men pro- motes the digestion of food. "Tobacco, properly used may, in some cases, undoubtedly be made a mental hygienic." Mann (Brit. Med. Journal, 1908, V. II, p. 1673), expresses a similar opinion thus : "Most men if they choose to smoke can do so within certain limits without injury to health. Some men can exceed such limits with apparent im- punity. The extent of the limitation must be determined by each man for himself." 193 CHAPTER XVIII THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF TOBACCO ITS DISINFECTING ACTION. PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASE. PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SMOKING. 195 THE BENEFICIAL QUALITIES OF TOBACCO In the previous chapters the possible harm- ful effects of using tobacco have been dealt with at length. In this chapter we shall deal shortly with some positive beneficial effects. There is very little doubt that tobacco is a strongly protective agent against infection from disease. Its germicidal qualities are well- known and recognized. It is now recognized by medical writers that the mouth is one of the principal, if not the principal channel of in- fection for many infective diseases. The cavi- ties of the teeth are the breeding places of hosts of pathogenic bacteria, of which there are about 100 different varieties arising from decaying food and other sources. These destructive agents, many of them highly pathogenic, easily find their way from the mouth through various channels to the inside of the body. Many in- fective organisms floating in the air are drawn into the mouth in the act of respiration and this is a common method of falling a victim to con- tagion. The effect of tobacco juice on the bacteria of the human mouth was investigated by Dr. W. D. Fullerton and is reported by him in the Cleveland Med. Journal 1912, page 585. 197 In his experiments Fullerton used tobacco juice obtained from the human mouth by chew- ing plug tobacco. He also used a solution of smoke obtained from a well seasoned pipe. These were first thoroughly sterilized in order to obtain a pure natural mixture of tobacco and saliva. Cultures of well-known species of bacteria were made using every laboratory pre- caution so as to obtain accurate results. Specimens of these bacterial cultures were then submitted to the action of the tobacco juice. It was found that exposure for one hour killed or rendered innocuous 15 to 98 per cent of the bacteria ; exposure for 24 hours acted similarly on from 84 to 100%. Dr. Fullerton gives his opinion, from his results, that it seems that a pipeful of tobacco was more toxic to bacteria than one chew; but chewing tends to loosen retained food particles, foci of bacteria, etc., and much of this is ejected from the mouth. Fullerton's work agreed very well with the re- sults obtained by other workers in the same line of investigation. In Miller's Micro-organisms of the Human Mouth, p. 246, it is stated that the organisms of the mouth lead only a miser- able existence in a mixture of an infusion of tobacco, sugar and saliva ; and that the smoke of the last one-third or the first one-fourth of a Colorado Claro cigar sterilized ten cubic centi- 198 meters of beef extract solution which had been richly inoculated with bacteria from decayed teeth. Arnold, Lancet (London, 1907) re- ports similar experiences with some of the most virulent types of infective bacteria. Both nicotine and its derivative pyridine as well as the tarry oils resulting from tobacco distillation are strong and effective disinfect- ants ; and formaldehyde, one of the most power- ful germicides known, is so formed. Trillat, Annales de VInstitut Pasteur (Paris), Vol. 19, p. 722, shows that 100 grams of pipe tobacco will yield .063 grams and 100 grams weight of cigar .118 grams of formaldehyde. Also that a dilution of 1/1000 formaldehyde is germicidal to all bacteria although it has very little dele- terious effects on man. ** As far as can be ascertained there has not been very much investigation for the purpose of demonstrating the actual results of clinical ex- perience regarding the antiseptic qualities of tobacco in the case of smokers, but facts, so far as they have been recorded, bear out the experiments. Rideal Disinfection and Preser- vation of Food (London and New York, 1903) states that the investigations of Tessarini showed that tobacco smoke passed over the or- ganisms of human cholera and pneumonia killed them in from 10 to 30 minutes. He also states 199 that the Cigar Manufacturers Association of Hamburg reported that in the cholera epidemic of 1892 in that city, only 8 out of 5,000 em- ployes in the cigar factories there were at- tacked by the disease and that there were only 4 deaths. Professor Wenck, of the Imperial Institute of Berlin, has published an account of this cholera epidemic (see Laucett francaise, Paris, 1912, p. 1425). His conclusions favor the preservative action of tobacco. It was clearly shown that slightly moist tobacco was a fatal germicide for the cholera bacillus; all microbes die in it in 24 hours. The examination of cigars made in Hamburg during the epidemic showed that they were absolutely free from bacilli. Wenck asserts also that cholera mic- robes die in % hour, 1 hour, and 2 hours after having been placed in contact with the smoke of Brazilian, Sumatran and Havana tobacco. The fumes of tobacco will besides kill in five minutes the cholera microbes obtained from saliva. Fullerton already quoted examined a small number of mouths (74) in the Johns Hopkins Hospital at Baltimore. Of those who did not use tobacco in any form a larger per- centage showed signs of dental caries and decay of an advanced stage than in the case of tobacco users. Similarly in the case of women who never used tobacco ; and, although there was a 200 much greater care and cleansing of the teeth, yet the percentage of decay and disease was higher than in the case of men using tobacco. Fullerton says, "The smoking or chewing of tobacco is decidedly germicidal. Chewing, by exercising the teeth, helps nutrition and elimi- nates pathological agencies both by destroying them in situ and by removing them in the ex- pectoration." Rideal (already quoted) men- tions that Dr. Burney, the senior medical officer of Greenwich Hospital, London, asserts that the tobacco smoking inmates of that institution enjoyed comparative immunity from epidemics. From these opinions and examples it seems quite clear that whatever portions of the de- composition products of tobacco reach the mouth and mix with the saliva, or propagate themselves in the immediate surroundings of the smoker, are likely to have extremely good ef- fects. It would be easy to multiply these opinions but there is no use laboring the argu- ment. There is a matter, however, it will do no harm to mention here. Today it is being gradually recognized by the medical profession that the conditions which lead ultimately to gas- tric and intestinal ulcer including appendicitis are entirely due to infection. At the 1912 meet- ing of the British Medical Association this was clearly manifested and some of the leading 201 authorities in England pointed out the import- ance of the mouth as a focus of infection in such diseases. Now if this is so, it is at once apparent how important tobacco as a mouth disinfectant and germicide becomes ; and it may incidentally throw some light (otherwise un- explained) on the fact constantly observed that in persons under 30 years old these diseases are far more common amongst women than in the case of men. The use of tobacco is not asserted as a reason, but it may be. With regard to other beneficial effects Clouston, Fullerton and Marvin, state that the moderate use of tobacco has a beneficial effect on the digestive system as in general it causes an increased flow of saliva and gastric juice which helps in the digestion of food; it also stimulates the muscles and mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. The sedative effects of tobacco on the nerves is a preventative of nervous dyspepsia and is valuable for the pro- motion of good digestion. While much has been written on the effects of excessive smoking on the nervous system little has been said of the good effects of moderate smoking. Every smoker realizes that the sooth- ing effects of tobacco on the nerves is perhaps its most valuable property. Clouston's opinion, already quoted (and none could be better), is 202 that "tobacco exercises a soothing influence when the nervous system is in anyway irritable ; it tends to calm and continuous thinking." Fullerton says, "It gives a composure and feel- ing of well-being which are beneficial to mind and body." Of these facts there can be no doubt because they are matters of common daily observation and experience. Most smokers find a solace and quieting influence from their eve- ning smoke after the worries of a troublesome day which no other agent can give them. The effect produced may be partly psychological but that does not matter. Indeed the strenu- ousness of life in the age in which we live seems to demand such a help and nothing appears to supply the want so efficiently, so pleasantly, and with less harm, than a quiet smoke. It puts the smoker at peace with himself and at peace with others. Bush found in his investigations on the mental effects of tobacco on college stu- dents that there was a temporary loss of ten per cent in mental efficiency in certain faculties of the mind. This is probably true enough though his results are not quite conclusive. On the other hand many men find that they can think more clearly and more consecutively when helped by a smoke. Indeed they smoke when they have a knotty problem to solve. The I 203 point need not be argued; all smokers will agree with it. Judged from a psychological standpoint the effects of tobacco are entirely favorable. To the sleepless, the worried, to him who is troubled in mind or vexed in spirit, the pipe or cigar is a never-failing remedy to soothe and cheer. It is the feeling of betterment which it engenders and the spirit of good will which tobacco creates that are responsible for its universal use by men differing widely in grade and condition of life as well as in mental caliber; it reaches the com- mon springs which move humanity ; its qualities are those which have made the pipe a symbol of peace and a bond of fellowship and union be- tween man and man from Pole to Pole. From a general summing up of the opinions which have been quoted the question might finally be asked, "Is tobacco on the whole harm- ful or beneficial to its users?" The answer seems to be this: "Tobacco to the extent used on the average has some slight injurious ef- fects and some slight beneficial effects on the physical system. It is an excellent preservative agent against contagious and infectious disease. Mentally its effects are overwhelmingly bene- ficial." In every particular case a man must judge for himself, taking account of his indi- 204 vidual idiosyncrasies and conditions whether the use of tobacco is beneficial to him or otherwise. REFERENCES Lancet. London, 1906. Vol. I, p. 984. The germ-destroying properties of tobacco. ARNOLD, M. B. On the effects of the Exposure of Tobacco Smoke on the growth of pathogenic micro-organisms. Lancet. London, 1907. Vol. I, p. 1220. MURRAY, J. C. Smoking; when injurious, when innocuous, when beneficial. London, 1871. LEZARS, I. The use and abuse of Tobacco. Phila- delphia, 1883. 205 CHAPTER XIX MISCELLANEOUS REVENUE, TAXATION, ETC., IN CONNECTION WITH TOBACCO. FREE IMPORTS. DISEASES OF TOBACCO. TOBACCO FLAVORS. FORMULAE. 207 NOTES The "per capita" consumption of tobacco in the U. S. has increased from 1.6 Ibs. in 1863 to between 5 and 6 Ibs. at the present time. At the present time the United states collects about 70 million dollars annually from domestic taxation on manufactured tobacco ; and, in ad- dition, about 25 million in import duties. The actual total income from tobacco in 1912 was 96 million dollars. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913, tax was paid on the following "withdrawn for consumption": Cigars weighing more than 3 Ibs. per thous- and, 7,699,037,543. Cigars weighing less than 3 Ibs. per thousand, 1,033,778,160. Cigarettes weighing more than 3 Ibs. per thousand, 18,194,311. Cigarettes weighing less than 3 Ibs. per thousand, 14,276,771,160. Snuff, Ibs., 33,209,488. Tobacco, chewing and smoking, Ibs., 401,- 362,620. In France, Spain, Austria, Italy and other countries the government has a monopoly over the manufacture and sale of tobacco products. 209 Purchase of leaf in the U. S. is made through government agents. The quantities of tobacco which may be im- ported "free of duty" into European countries is as follows: Austro-Hungary 12 cigars, 35 grams to- bacco. Belgium None. Bulgaria 50 cigars, 50 cigarettes, 50 grams tobacco. Denmark None. Egypt 25 cigars, 100 cigarettes, 200 grams tobacco. France 30 cigars, 300 cigarettes. Germany Enough for immediate use. Great Britain 12 cigars, 20 cigarettes. Holland None. Italy 6 cigars, 15 cigarettes. Norway 100 cigars. Portugal None. Russia 100 cigars, 100 cigarettes, 100 grams tobacco. Spain None. Sweden None. Turkey None. In U. S. 50 cigars and 300 cigarettes may be imported free. 210 Small variations in the cost of manufacture (including the cost of leaf), which do not ex- ceed 10%, are usually borne by the manufac- turer, and do not affect the price to the con- sumer. But increase in taxation, either in- ternal revenue or tariff, usually occasions a diminution in consumption as it invariably in- creases the cost. THE DISEASES OF TOBACCO DUE TO INSECT PESTS, ETC. Tobacco, from the seed bed to the storage of the manufactured products, is subject to at- tack by insects, etc., and vigilance must at all times be exercised to keep it free from such harmful influences. Only a few of the principal agencies attack- ing tobacco will be mentioned here as the sub- ject is of more interest to the specialist than to the smoker. The growing plant is particularly subject to Cut-worm disease and Horn- worm disease. Cut-worms are the larvae of several species of moths. They injure the young, ten- der plant and feed on the leaves. Horn-worms are the larvae of the Sphinx Moth. 2 or 3 will ruin a plant in one day. Stored tobacco is subject to many diseases. Bud caperpillars, the leaf-miner or split-worm 211 and the Tobacco flea beetle are minute beetles which attack it. Mosaic disease, Frog-eye or Leaf-spot are probably bacterial diseases. In addition, tobacco, particularly during the curing process, is subject to pole-burn, pole- sweat, or house-burn, stem-rot, white-vein, and various forms of mould, all these being prob- ably due to bacteria. For additional information see: U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE. Farmers' Bulle- tin, 120. HOWARD, L. 0. The principal insects affecting the tobacco plant. Washington, D. C., 1900. U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE. Bureau of Entomology. Bulletin 65. SPECKLED OF SPOTTED CIGARS Many smokers of cigars have the idea that there is some special virtue in a cigar that shows specks or spots of discoloration in the leaf. As a matter of fact such spots have nothing whatever to do with the quality of the tobacco. The occurrence of such spots is ac- counted for differently. Some say the spots are due to certain bacteria which attack the leaf either when growing or fermenting and this most probably is the correct view. Others say that the spots are due to rain drops which, 212 sprinkled on the leaves, act as lenses and con- centrate the rays of the sun, thus causing a burning of the leaf in such spots. Some think the spots are caused by a worm. On account of the prejudice of smokers for speckled cigars dealers have been known to produce this appearance in the leaf artificially. There are different methods although resort is not often had at the present time to this prac- tice as the belief in this sign is no longer as prevalent as formerly. The following are ex- amples of such cigar speckling preparation, the chief ingredient being some active oxidiz- ing agent: Cigar speckling fluid: (Method 1.) Powdered Ammonium Carbon- ate and a concentrated solution of (H 2 O 2 ). Dissolve one part of the Ammonium Carbon- ate in 25 parts of the (H 2 O 2 ). Touch the cigar with this in spots with the end of a pointed stick. This gives the appearance of speckled Sumatran leaf. (Method 2.) The following method is said to be used by a large firm : Sodium Carbonate 3 parts. Chlorinated Lime 1 part. Mot Water 8 parts. Dissolve the washing soda in the hot water, add the chlorinated lime, and heat to the boiling 213 point. When cool decant and cork tightly. This is sprinkled over the tobacco. From American Druggest, Vol. 33, p. 328. Specks are sometimes caused by fluids used to destroy insects which attack the cigar after manufacture. TOBACCO FLAVORING ESSENCES In the chapter treating of the manufacture of smoking and chewing tobacco it was stated that the tobacco leaf was often treated by cer- tain flavoring essences. The following are quoted as examples of such essences : Cascarilla Bark 1 ounce. Fluid Extract Valerian 1 ounce. Tonka Bean 2 drams. English Rum 3 ounces. From Pharmaceutical Era, V. 21, 1899, p. 252. The following essences are said to be used in France and Germany: (1) For every 1,000 kilos, of tobacco take 4 kilos, of purified potash; 5 kilos, table salt; 10 kilos, canella water; 10 kilos, rose water; 5 kilos, melilotte water; 2.8 grams tonka bean; pulverized. Color the whole with 4 grams Eng- lish red. Add when the tobacco is cut up. (2) 12 kilos, soda; 4 kilos, salts of tartar; 10 kilos, canella water; 10 kilos, rose water; 5 214, kilos, melilotte water; 2.8 grams tonka bean; 4 kilos, simple syrup ; 5 kilos. French brandy ; 6 kilos, red sandal wood. From Pharmaceuti- cal Era, V. 24, p. 67. CIGAR FLAVORS Although the best cigars are made from the natural leaf and depend solely on its flavor and aroma, in the inferior article manufacturers sometimes resort to flavoring fluids. The following examples of cigar flavoring fluid formulae are taken from the Pharmaceuti- cal Era, V. 24, p. 455 : Formula 1. Extr. Vanilla % gal. Alcohol and Jamaica Rum, each, % gal. Tinct. Valerian 8 ounces. Carraway Seed 2 ounces. English Valerian Root 2 ounces. Bitter Orange Peel 2 ounces. Tonka Bean 4 drams. Myrrh 16 ounces. Formula 8. Valerianic Acid 3 drams. Acetic Ether 40 minims. Butyric Ether 10 minims. Alcohol 4 pints. 215 Formula 3. Fluid Extr. Valerian 1 ounce. Tinct. Tonka Bean 8 ounces. Alcohol enough to make 16 ounces. FORMULA TO IMPROVE THE BURNING QUALITIES OF TOBACCO 2 Ibs. of Saltpeter. Half gallon of Alcohol (100% proof). 1 gallon Port Wine. 9 gallons Lukewarm Water. Mix these ingredients thoroughly together, and add to every 100 Ibs. weight of tobacco. OVERCOMING DESIRE FOR TOBACCO (From The American Druggist, V. 51, 1908.) Kalometzer (Bulletin Medical, 1907) states that rinsing mouth with solution of silver nitrate (% of 1% strength) will overcome the desire. PREVENTING INJURIOUS ACTION OF NICOTINE A process for the treatment of tobacco leaves preventing in a way injurious action of nicotine and of acrid empyreumatic acid pro- ducts, was devised some years ago by Professor Gerold of Halle. His process is thus described : He employs for 8 kilograms of tobacco leaves 216 containing the usual percentage of nicotine a decoction prepared by boiling 15 grams of tannic acid with 1% kilograms of water until the weight is reduced to one kilogram ; then 30 grams of the essential oil of origanum vulgare are added, after which the decoction is im- mediately removed from the fire. Having stood for some minutes the mixture is filtered and allowed to cool to about 16 C., when the preparation is ready to be spread over the previously weighed tobacco. When the absorp- tion of this mixture by the tobacco leaves is completed, they are subjected to slight pres- sure and moderate heat, after which they are ready for the manufacture of the various to- bacco products. Tannic acid is a well-known antidote for nicotine poisoning, and it is claimed for Gerold's process that while the undistilled nicotine is neutralized in its toxic qualities only by the tannic acid, that this does not influence at all its peculiar odor nor most of its other charac- teristics. From the Pharmaceutical Era, July 27, 1899, p. 144. Havana cigars are generally better if smoked fresh; domestic cigars are better if allowed to age in the box several months before using. 217 Remember that the phosphorus or sulphur of a match may spoil the flavor of a fine cigar. Be careful when you are lighting it to use only the edge of the match flame. If the total number of cigars smoked an- nually in the United States were placed end to end they would encircle the whole world more than twenty times. 218 INDEX Air Curing of Leaf 66 Amber 162 American Production of Tobacco Other Than in U. S 35 Analysis of Tobacco 55 Asia, Production of Tobacco in 31 Bacterial Diseases, Effects of Tobacco on ... 197 Blends of Tobacco, How Made 78 Briar Root 158 Cancer and Tobacco 180 Chemical Constituents of Tobacco 55 Chewing Tobaccos 128 Cigar and Cigarette Holders, Value of .... 191 Cigar Business in U. S 96 Cigar Flavors 215 Cigar Leaf Tobacco Grown in U. S 119 Cigarette Paper 139 Cigarette Smoking, Criticisms of 140 Cigarettes, American 138 Cigarettes, Kinds of 134 Cigarettes, Nicotine in Smoke of 187 Cigarettes, Statistics 133 Cigarettes, Turkish 135 Cigarettes, Turkish, Manufactured in the U. S. . 137 Cigars, Classification of 104 Cigars, Composition of 113 Cigars, Desirable Qualities of 113 Cigars, Hand-made . 101 Cigars, History 95 Cigars, Imported Kinds, in U. S 114 Cigars, Machine-made 103 Cigars, Manufactured in U. S 117 Cigars, Speckles or Spots on 212 219 Cigars, Statistics of Production and Consumption in U. S 96 Cigars, Various Terms Regarding 107 Coloring Meerschaum Pipes 169 Consumption of Tobacco in U. S 92 Cuban Cigar Leaf 118 Cuban Tobacco 35 Curing of Tobacco Leaf 63 Digestive System and Use of Tobacco .... 202 Diseases of Tobacco Leaf 211 Disinfecting Action of Tobacco 199 East Indian Tobacco 38 Europe, Production of Tobacco 32 Exportation of Tobacco from U. S 91 Eyes and Use of Tobacco 189 Fermentation of Tobacco, Action of Microbes . . 81 Fermentation of Tobacco, Chemistry 80 Fermentation of Tobacco Leaf 79 Flavoring Essences 214 Flue Curing of Leaf 65 Hand-made Cigars 101 Havana Cigars 115 Holders for Cigars and Cigarettes, Value of . . 191 Infection, Value of Tobacco Smoking Against . . 197 Insects Affecting Tobacco Leaf 211 Life Insurance and Tobacco 188 Machine-made Cigars 103 Manufactured Products of Tobacco in U. S., Sta- tistics 89 Meerschaum 155 Microbes, Action in Fermentation of Tobacco . . 81 Mind, Effects of Tobacco Smoking 202 Mouthpiece of Pipes, Importance 161 Nerves, Effect of Tobacco Smoking on .... 202 Nicotine 57 220 Nicotine, Amount in Tobacco Smoke . . . . . 183 Nicotine Contents of Tobaccos 185 Nicotine Effects on Human System 182 Open Fire Method of Curing Leaf 65 Packing of Tobacco Leaf for Market 69 Perique Tobacco 50, 125 Philippine Cigars 117 Pipe Smoking Tobaccos, Kinds of 124 Pipe Smoking Tobacco, Qualities of 123 Pipe Stem, Importance . . . . . . . . . 161 Pipes, Briar Root, Making of 159 Pipes, Care of 167 Pipes, History of 151 Pipes, Importation of, Into U. S 166 Pipes, Materials Used in Making 154 Pipes, Meerschaum, Coloring 169 Pipes, Meerschaum, Making of 156 Pipes, Special Kinds of 164 Plug Tobacco for Chewing 128 Potash, Importance in Tobacco 59 Psychological Effects of Tobacco Smoking ... 202 Rehandling of Tobacco Leaf 77 Revenue Derived from Tobacco 209 Shade Grown Tobacco 25 Smoke, Tobacco, Nicotine in 187 Snuff, Manufacture, Statistics and Kinds . . . 145 Soils, Influence on Quality of Tobacco .... 22 Suchsland's Experiments With Bacteria on Tobacco Leaf 81 Sumatran Cigar Leaf 118 Teeth and Tobacco 201 Terms Used in Cigar Trade 107 Throat Diseases Due to Use of Tobacco .... 179 Tobacco, Analysis of Contents 55 Tobacco, Botanical Information 15 221 Tobacco, Burning Qualities of 216 Tobacco, Culture 21 Tobacco, Denicotianized 216 Tobacco, Effects of on Body 173 Tobacco, Exportation from U. S 91 Tobacco, Flavoring Essences 214 Tobacco, Free Importation in Different Countries . 210 Tobacco, History 18 Tobacco Leaf, Prices of 71 Tobacco Manufacturing Industry, Capital, etc. . . 89 Tobacco Plant, Varieties 16 Treatment of Leaf Before Manufacture .... 82 Turkish Tobacco 34 United States, Production of Tobacco .... 41 Varieties, Botanical of, Tobacco Plant .... 16 Varieties of American Grown Tobacco Leaf . 44, 46 Vulcanite, as Pipe Stem Material 163 Warehouse System of Sale of Tobacco Leaf . . 70 Water Pipes 165 Yellowing of Tobacco Leaf 27 222 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. LC FEB 1 5 19G6 5 ^ LD m 25/66 -n JIW1719738 RECDLD JA JAN 2 1976 73-2PMO 9 575 LD 21-100m-ll,'49(B7146sl6)476 YB 47463 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY	i don't know
Which British artist painted The Pond?	Great British Art: The Pond by LS Lowry - Anglotopia.net Anglotopia.net British Slang: 48 British Words For Driving That You May Not Know Check Out Our Slang Dictionary! Check out Anglotopia's Dictionary of British Slang - Your Complete Guide to over 1,000 British Slang Words and Phrases. Available from All Major Retailers. Click here for more info Buy Now In Print Buy Now for Your Kindle Buy Now for iPad - Anglotees Introducing Anglotees Anglotees is our sister business that offers up 2 British Themed T-shirt to buy a week and available only for 1 week. This Week's Shirts - 2 Designs This week we're offering 2 designs. Starting at $16.99. Available in Men's, Women's, V-neck, Long Sleeve, Sweatshirt and Hoodie. Issue #4 Now Shipping! We received Issue #4 from the printer last week and have begun the process of shipping out. There’s almost 900 to send, so it will take a about 7-10 days to ship them all out. It will be with you soon! Related Issue #4 is Almost Done! We’re almost done with Issue #4 which is taking a bit longer than we planned to get ready. It’s with our copy editor now and we’ll be sending it to the printer this week. We expect to begin shipping out in 2-3 weeks. Related The London Annual Has Gone to Press! We have approved the final proofs for the London Annual and it’s going to press. We expect them in the office in a couple weeks at which point we’ll mail them out to all that pre-ordered. It has sold very well for us and we ordered extras but as with all our other magazine, quantities […] Now Taking Pre-Orders for the London Annual and Issue #4 We’re now taking pre-orders for a special one off magazine called the London Annual which will be a great guide to London in 2017 (this is not included in the subscription). We’re also now open to pre-orders for the fourth issue of the Anglotopia Magazine. Place your orders here now. Related Third Issue Update: All Subscriptions Have Been Mailed We have finished mailing out all subscriptions and single issue orders of the third issue of the Anglotopia Magazine. Took a bit longer than we thought but they’re all on the way. We have a limited number left in stock of the third issue – so if you haven’t already – pick it up soon! […] Digital Subscribers – Your Issue is Ready to Download! We have sent out the emails to digital subscribers letting them know they can now download the Issue #3 of the Anglotopia Magazine. You will received an email from us, be sure to check your SPAM folder if you haven’t received it today. Email us right away and we’ll send you a different link to […] Issue #3 Has Been Printed and We’ll Begin Shipping Them We have just picked up Issue #3 of the Anglotopia Magazine from the printer. It looks beautiful! We’ll begin shipping them out tomorrow. It’s going to take us about a week to get them all out. We have about 600 subscribers and pre-orders to get through. Last time we used a third party shipping company […] Pre-order Issue #3 Now To make sure that you can get a copy of the next issue of the Anglotopia magazine, we recommend pre-ordering. We’re only getting 900 copies and 600 or so have already been reserved. We will likely sell out again. Click here to preorder. Related By Jonathan Leave a Comment This week in Great British Art we present The Pond by LS Lowry and was painted in 1950. It’s a stunning impression of an industrial landscape in Britain. From the Tate Gallery: “‘The Pond’ is an impressive industrial landscape containing many features typical of Lowry’s work; smoking chimneys, terraced houses and on the right, in the middle distance, the Stockport Viaduct. The scene is brought to life by his so called ‘matchstick’ people who swarm like ants through the city’s streets and open spaces. ‘This is a composite picture built up from a blank canvas. I hadn’t the slightest idea of what I was going to put in the canvas when I started the picture but it eventually came out as you see it. This is the way I like working best’. Lowry considered this to be his finest industrial landscape.” It’s currently on display in the Tate Britain gallery in London. Share this: Latest British News in Your Inbox Our Upcoming Trips At Anglotopia we're always planning our next trip. Here's a taste of what we have planned: We're planning a trip to London in late February 2017 We're planning a monthlong trip to Dorset and the Southwest of England for Christmas 2017 Jonathan plans to walk the length of Hadrian's Wall when he can lose 25lbs and walk 10 miles in a day Read about his Training Here The 2017 London Annual Guide Contact Us! Interested in advertising on the world's largest website dedicated to all things Britain? Or maybe you have a story for us or would like to work together. We want to hear from you! Reach Us At: E-mail: [email protected] As Seen On or In:	L. S. Lowry
Cuisses were medieval armour worn to protect which part of the body?	Great British Art: The Pond by LS Lowry - Anglotopia.net Anglotopia.net British Slang: 48 British Words For Driving That You May Not Know Check Out Our Slang Dictionary! Check out Anglotopia's Dictionary of British Slang - Your Complete Guide to over 1,000 British Slang Words and Phrases. Available from All Major Retailers. Click here for more info Buy Now In Print Buy Now for Your Kindle Buy Now for iPad - Anglotees Introducing Anglotees Anglotees is our sister business that offers up 2 British Themed T-shirt to buy a week and available only for 1 week. This Week's Shirts - 2 Designs This week we're offering 2 designs. Starting at $16.99. Available in Men's, Women's, V-neck, Long Sleeve, Sweatshirt and Hoodie. Issue #4 Now Shipping! We received Issue #4 from the printer last week and have begun the process of shipping out. There’s almost 900 to send, so it will take a about 7-10 days to ship them all out. It will be with you soon! Related Issue #4 is Almost Done! We’re almost done with Issue #4 which is taking a bit longer than we planned to get ready. It’s with our copy editor now and we’ll be sending it to the printer this week. We expect to begin shipping out in 2-3 weeks. Related The London Annual Has Gone to Press! We have approved the final proofs for the London Annual and it’s going to press. We expect them in the office in a couple weeks at which point we’ll mail them out to all that pre-ordered. It has sold very well for us and we ordered extras but as with all our other magazine, quantities […] Now Taking Pre-Orders for the London Annual and Issue #4 We’re now taking pre-orders for a special one off magazine called the London Annual which will be a great guide to London in 2017 (this is not included in the subscription). We’re also now open to pre-orders for the fourth issue of the Anglotopia Magazine. Place your orders here now. Related Third Issue Update: All Subscriptions Have Been Mailed We have finished mailing out all subscriptions and single issue orders of the third issue of the Anglotopia Magazine. Took a bit longer than we thought but they’re all on the way. We have a limited number left in stock of the third issue – so if you haven’t already – pick it up soon! […] Digital Subscribers – Your Issue is Ready to Download! We have sent out the emails to digital subscribers letting them know they can now download the Issue #3 of the Anglotopia Magazine. You will received an email from us, be sure to check your SPAM folder if you haven’t received it today. Email us right away and we’ll send you a different link to […] Issue #3 Has Been Printed and We’ll Begin Shipping Them We have just picked up Issue #3 of the Anglotopia Magazine from the printer. It looks beautiful! We’ll begin shipping them out tomorrow. It’s going to take us about a week to get them all out. We have about 600 subscribers and pre-orders to get through. Last time we used a third party shipping company […] Pre-order Issue #3 Now To make sure that you can get a copy of the next issue of the Anglotopia magazine, we recommend pre-ordering. We’re only getting 900 copies and 600 or so have already been reserved. We will likely sell out again. Click here to preorder. Related By Jonathan Leave a Comment This week in Great British Art we present The Pond by LS Lowry and was painted in 1950. It’s a stunning impression of an industrial landscape in Britain. From the Tate Gallery: “‘The Pond’ is an impressive industrial landscape containing many features typical of Lowry’s work; smoking chimneys, terraced houses and on the right, in the middle distance, the Stockport Viaduct. The scene is brought to life by his so called ‘matchstick’ people who swarm like ants through the city’s streets and open spaces. ‘This is a composite picture built up from a blank canvas. I hadn’t the slightest idea of what I was going to put in the canvas when I started the picture but it eventually came out as you see it. This is the way I like working best’. Lowry considered this to be his finest industrial landscape.” It’s currently on display in the Tate Britain gallery in London. Share this: Latest British News in Your Inbox Our Upcoming Trips At Anglotopia we're always planning our next trip. Here's a taste of what we have planned: We're planning a trip to London in late February 2017 We're planning a monthlong trip to Dorset and the Southwest of England for Christmas 2017 Jonathan plans to walk the length of Hadrian's Wall when he can lose 25lbs and walk 10 miles in a day Read about his Training Here The 2017 London Annual Guide Contact Us! Interested in advertising on the world's largest website dedicated to all things Britain? Or maybe you have a story for us or would like to work together. We want to hear from you! Reach Us At: E-mail: [email protected] As Seen On or In:	i don't know
The Battle of Antietam was fought during which war?	Battle of Antietam - American Civil War - HISTORY.com Battle of Antietam A+E Networks Introduction On September 17, 1862, Generals Robert E. Lee and George McClellan faced off near Antietam creek in Sharpsburg, Maryland, in the the first battle of the American Civil War to be fought on northern soil.Though McClellan failed toutlilize his numerical superiority to crush Lee’sarmy, he was able to check the Confederate advance intothe north. Aftera string ofUnion defeats, this tacticalvictory provided Abraham Lincoln the political cover he needed to issue his Emancipation Proclamation. Though the result of the battle was inconclusive, itremains the bloodiest single day in American history, withmore than 22,000 casualties. Fought along Antietam Creek, at Sharpsburg, Maryland , this battle brought about America’s bloodiest day, the product of Confederate audacity and Union command failure. Did You Know? The 1st Texas Infantry lost 82 percent of its menduring the Battle of Antietam, the highest casualty rate for any Confederate regiment in one battle of the Civil War. Following Second Manassas, General Robert E. Lee advanced into Maryland, believing that the potential strategic and political gains justified his defiance of the avowed Confederate defensive policy. Lee’s complex operational plan divided his outnumbered force; disaster loomed when a lost copy of that plan came to the Union commander, Major General George B. McClellan. Slow, cautious, and defensive-minded, however, McClellan wasted all the advantages of his lucky discovery and his two-to-one numerical superiority. The battleground Lee selected was well suited for defense but dangerous as well, having the Potomac River behind him. McClellan planned to overwhelm Lee’s left flank but failed to exercise command control, so the combat diffused south along the battle line. The first four hours of fighting, much of it across farmer David Miller’s thirty-acre cornfield, were indecisive. Next came a series of bloody head-on attacks against Lee’s center that finally overran the area afterward called Bloody Lane. The last action of the day was against Lee’s right, where Union troops pierced the line (weakened to reinforce other sections) but were stopped by late-arriving Confederate reinforcements. Lee withdrew across the river on September 18, suffering 10,318 casualties (of 38,000 engaged) to McClellan’s 12,401 (of 75,000). The draw that the Union claimed as a victory provided the Lincoln administration enough justification to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation . A series of graphic battlefield photographs of the dead, taken by Alexander Gardner, brought to the home front “the terrible earnestness of war.” NOAH ANDRE TRUDEAU The Reader’s Companion to Military History. Edited by Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker. Copyright © 1996 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Tags	American Civil War
What is produced in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?	Kids History: Civil War Battles of 1861 and 1862 After the first shot was fired at the Battle of Fort Sumter, the American Civil War would escalate. Many more battles would be fought over the next few years. First Battle of Bull Run This was the first major land battle of the war. It took place on July 21, 1861 near the city of Manassas, Virginia. General Irvin McDowell led the Union troops against P.T. Beauregard's Confederate Army. The goal was to capture the Confederate capitol of Richmond, Virginia. The Union forces were doing well at first until reinforcements came for the south. The Confederate Army started to gain ground and soon the Union forces were fleeing. The Capture of Fort Donelson On February 14-15, 1862, the Union Army under Ulysses S. Grant captured Fort Donelson from the Confederates. This is the first major Union victory in the war and opened up a route for the Union Army into Northern Alabama. The Battle of the Monitor and Merrimac CSS Virginia by Clary Ray This was one of the most significant naval battles during the civil war primarily because of the new kinds of warships used. It was fought on March 8-9, 1862 near Hampton Roads, Virginia. The Monitor and Merrimac were the first iron clad warships. This meant that instead of just being made of wood, like all the ships before them, they had hard iron on the outside making them very durable against cannon fire. These new ships could easily defeat wooden ships and changed the way navy warships were made around the world. In the actual battle, both ships survived and the fight was largely inconclusive. Battle of Shiloh Fought in Tennessee on April 6-7, 1862, the Battle of Shiloh was the largest battle fought in the western part of the country. The Confederate Army, led by General's Albert Johnston and P.T. Beauregard, attacked the Union Army led by General Ulysses S. Grant . They won the first day, however, General Johnston was killed and they stopped the attack. The next day reinforcements arrived for the North. The North counterattacked and drove back the Confederate Army. Both sides suffered heavy losses. There were around 20,000 casualties and 3500 deaths in this battle. The Battle of New Orleans The city of New Orleans was the largest city in the Confederacy and a major port as well. Flag officer David G. Farragut led the attack of the Union Navy from the Mississippi River. He first attempted to bombard the two forts, Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip, but was unsuccessful. Then he broke through the chain between the two forts in the river and proceeded to the city of New Orleans. Once in New Orleans he took control of the city on April 24, 1862. This was an important victory for the Union. Seven Days Battles The Seven Days Battles took place between June 25, 1862 and July 1, 1862. There were six major battles fought during this time near the city of Richmond, Virginia. General Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Army attempted to capture the Union Army under General George B. McClellan. As McClellan's army retreated, Lee continued to attack. McClellan managed to escape, but Lee had gained a victory which increased the moral of the South. Battle of Antietam and Troops at Antietam by The New York Times This was the first major battle fought in the North. It was fought near Sharpsburg, Maryland on September 17, 1862. The Battle of Antietam is known as the bloodiest battle of the American Civil War. There were over 23,000 casualties and 4600 deaths. The Confederate Army, led by General Robert E. Lee, was vastly outnumbered, but still managed to harass and fight off the more conservative Union Army, led by General George B. McClellan. Eventually, though, the Union Amy was able to push back Lee's army and cause them to retreat from Northern soil. Battle of Fredericksburg This battle took place on December 11-15, 1862 at Fredericksburg, Virginia. It was a huge battle involving over 180,000 soldiers. The North was led by General Ambrose Burnside and the South was led by General Robert E. Lee. The North was leading a major attack into the South. General Lee managed to fight them back with a much smaller force. It was considered a major victory for the Southern forces. Activities	i don't know
Which country's old name is Kemet, meaning 'black land', a reference to the fertile soil of its vast flood plains?	Free ebooks written by Egypt. Read books online at ReadAnyBook.com. 8/10 2 Egypt (pronounced /?i?d??pt/ ( listen); Arabic: ???? Mi?r, pronounced [mis??] ( listen); Egyptian Arabic: Ma?r [?m?s??]; Coptic: ????, k?mi; Egyptian: Kemet), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, i ... s a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west. Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its estimated 77.4 million[1] live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable agricultural land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with the majority spread across the densely-populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta. Egypt is famous for its ancient civilization and some of the world's most famous monuments, including the Giza pyramid complex and its Great Sphinx. The southern city of Luxor contains numerous ancient artifacts, such as the Karnak Temple and the Valley of the Kings. Egypt is widely regarded as an important political and cultural nation of the Middle East. Egypt possesses one of the most developed economies in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and service at almost equal rates in national production. Consequently, the Egyptian economy is rapidly developing, due in part to legislation aimed at luring investments, coupled with both internal and political stability, along with recent trade and market liberalization. One of the ancient Egyptian names of the country, Kemet (km.t), or "black land", referring to the fertile black soils of the Nile flood plains, distinct from the deshret (dš?t), or "red land" of the desert.[4] The name is realized as k?mi and k?m? in the Coptic stage of the Egyptian language, and appeared in early Greek as ????? (Kh?mía).[5] Another name was t3-mry "land of the riverbank".[6] The names of Upper and Lower Egypt were Ta-Sheme'aw (t3-šm?w) "sedgeland" and Ta-Mehew (t3 m?w) "northland", respectively. Mi?r, the Arabic and modern official name of Egypt (Egyptian Arabic: Ma?r), is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew ????????? (Mitzráyim), literally meaning "the two straits" (a reference to the dynastic separation of upper and lower Egypt).[7] The word originally connoted "metropolis" or "civilization" and also means "country", or "frontier-land". The English name Egypt was borrowed from Middle French Egypte, from Latin Aegyptus, from ancient Greek Aígyptos (????????), from earlier Linear B a-ku-pi-ti-yo. The adjective aigýpti-, aigýptios was borrowed into Coptic as gyptios, kyptios, and from there into Arabic as qub??, back formed into qub?, whence English Copt. The Greek forms were borrowed from Late Egyptian (Amarna) Hikuptah "Memphis", a corruption of the earlier Egyptian name Hat-ka-Ptah (?wt-k3-pt?), meaning "home of the ka (soul) of Ptah", the name of a temple to the god Ptah at Memphis.[8] Strabo attributed the word to a folk etymology in which Aígyptos (????????) evolved as a compound from Aigaiou hupti?s (A?????? ??????), meaning "below the Aegean". At 1,001,450 square kilometers (386,660 sq mi),[9] Egypt is the world's 38th-largest country. In terms of land area, it is approximately the same size as all of Central America,[10] twice the size of Spain,[11] four times the size of the United Kingdom,[12] and the combined size of the US states of Texas and California.[13] Nevertheless, due to the aridity of Egypt's climate, population centres are concentrated along the narrow Nile Valley and Delta, meaning that approximately 99% of the population uses only about 5.5% of the total land area.[14] Egypt is bordered by Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. Egypt's important role in geopolitics stems from its strategic position: a transcontinental nation, it possesses a land bridge (the Isthmus of Suez) between Africa and Asia, which in turn is traversed by a navigable waterway (the Suez Canal) that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea. Apart from the Nile Valley, the majority of Egypt's landscape is a desert. The winds blowing can create sand dunes more than 100 feet (30 m) high. Egypt includes parts of the Sahara Desert and of the Libyan Desert. These deserts were referred to as the "red land" in ancient Egypt, and they protected the Kingdom of the Pharaohs from western threats. Towns and cities include Alexandria, one of the greatest ancient cities, Aswan, Asyut, Cairo, the modern Egyptian capital, El-Mahalla El-Kubra, Giza, the site of the Pyramid of Khufu, Hurghada, Luxor, Kom Ombo, Port Safaga, Port Said, Sharm el Sheikh, Suez, where the Suez Canal is located, Zagazig, and Al-Minya. Oases include Bahariya, el Dakhla, Farafra, el Kharga and Siwa. Protectorates include Ras Mohamed National Park, Zaranik Protectorate and Siwa. See Egyptian Protectorates for more information. Egypt does not receive much rainfall except in the winter months.[15] South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm (16.1 in),[16] with most of the rainfall between October and March. Snow falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Damietta, Baltim, Sidi Barrany, etc. and rarely in Alexandria, frost is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt. Temperatures average between 80 °F (27 °C) and 90 °F (32 °C) in summer, and up to 109 °F (43 °C) on the Red Sea coast. Temperatures average between 55 °F (13 °C) and 70 °F (21 °C) in winter. A steady wind from the northwest helps hold down the temperature near the Mediterranean coast. The Khamaseen is a wind that blows from the south in Egypt in spring, bringing sand and dust, and sometimes raises the temperature in the desert to more than 100 °F (38 °C). Every year, a predictable flooding of the Nile replenishes Egypt's soil. This gives the country consistent harvest throughout the year. Many know this event as The Gift of the Nile. The rise in sea levels due to global warming threatens Egypt's densely populated coastal strip and could have grave consequences for the country's economy, agriculture and industry. Combined with growing demographic pressures, a rise in sea levels could turn millions of Egyptians into environmental refugees by the end of the century, according to climate experts.[17] See also Population history of Egypt There is evidence of rock carvings along the Nile terraces and in the desert oases. In the 10th millennium BC, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishers replaced a grain-grinding culture. Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the Sahara. Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society.[18] By about 6000 BC the Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley.[19] During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to Dynastic Egyptian civilization. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining somewhat culturally separate, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.[20] A unified kingdom was founded circa 3150 BC by King Menes, giving rise to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia. Egyptians subsequently referred to their unified country as tawy, meaning "two lands", and later kemet (Coptic: k?mi), the "black land", a reference to the fertile black soil deposited by the Nile river. Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion, arts, language and customs. The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the Old Kingdom period, c.2700?2200 BC., famous for its many pyramids, most notably the Third Dynasty pyramid of Djoser and the Fourth Dynasty Giza Pyramids. The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years.[21] Stronger Nile floods and stabilization of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes. The New Kingdom (c.1550?1070 BC) began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well-known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II. The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period in the form of Atenism. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded by Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians, but native Egyptians drove them out and regained control of their country[22].	Egypt
In 2010, Asda (owned by Walmart) bought the UK stores of which discount grocers for £778m?	Egipto : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki Egipto: Wikis Advertisements Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . (Redirected to Egypt article) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the country of Egypt. For a topical guide of this subject, see Outline of Egypt . For other uses, see Egypt (disambiguation) . Arab Republic of Egypt listen ) ; Egyptian Arabic : مصر Maṣr [ˈmɑsˤɾ]; Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, kīmi; Egyptian : Kemet), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country mainly in North Africa , with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia . Thereby, Egypt is a transcontinental country , and is considered to be a major power in North Africa, Mediterranean Region , African continent, Nile Basin , Islamic World and the Red Sea . Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west. Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East . The great majority of its estimated 77.4 million [1] live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable agricultural land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with the majority spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo , Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta . Egypt is famous for its ancient civilization and some of the world's most famous monuments, including the Giza pyramid complex and its Great Sphinx . The southern city of Luxor contains numerous ancient artifacts, such as the Karnak Temple and the Valley of the Kings . Egypt is widely regarded as an important political and cultural nation of the Middle East. Egypt possesses one of the most developed and diversified economies in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and service at almost equal rates in national production.[citation needed] Consequently, the Egyptian economy is rapidly developing, due in part to legislation aimed at luring investments, coupled with both internal and political stability, along with recent trade and market liberalization. Contents in hieroglyphs Unicode: 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 The ancient Egyptian name of the country is Kemet ( km .t) [𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖], which means "black land", referring to the fertile black soils of the Nile flood plains, distinct from the deshret (dšṛt), or "red land" of the desert. [4] The name is realized as kīmi and kīmə in the Coptic stage of the Egyptian language, and appeared in early Greek as Χημία (Khēmía). [5] Another name was t3-mry "land of the riverbank". [6] The names of Upper and Lower Egypt were Ta-Sheme'aw (t3-šmˁw) "sedgeland" and Ta-Mehew (t3 mḥw) "northland", respectively. Miṣr, the Arabic and modern official name of Egypt ( Egyptian Arabic : Maṣr), is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (Mitzráyim), literally meaning "the two straits" (a reference to the dynastic separation of upper and lower Egypt). [7] The word originally connoted "metropolis" or "civilization" and also means "country", or "frontier-land". The English name Egypt was borrowed from Middle French Egypte, from Latin Aegyptus, from ancient Greek Aígyptos (Αἴγυπτος), from earlier Linear B a-ku-pi-ti-yo. The adjective aigýpti-, aigýptios was borrowed into Coptic as gyptios, kyptios, and from there into Arabic as qubṭī, back formed into qubṭ, whence English Copt . The Greek forms were borrowed from Late Egyptian (Amarna) Hikuptah "Memphis", a corruption of the earlier Egyptian name Hwt-ka-Ptah (ḥwt-k3-ptḥ), meaning "home of the ka (soul) of Ptah", the name of a temple to the god Ptah at Memphis . [8] Strabo attributed the word to a folk etymology in which Aígyptos (Αἴγυπτος) evolved as a compound from Aigaiou huptiōs (Aἰγαίου ὑπτίως), meaning "below the Aegean". History See also: Population history of Egypt There is evidence of rock carvings along the Nile terraces and in the desert oases. In the 10th millennium BC , a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishers replaced a grain -grinding culture . Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the Sahara. Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society . [9] By about 6000 BC the Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. [10] During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt . The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to Dynastic Egyptian civilization . The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining somewhat culturally separate, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC. [11] Ancient Egypt in hieroglyphs Unicode: 𓇾𓇾 A unified kingdom was founded circa 3150 BC by King Menes , giving rise to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia. Egyptians subsequently referred to their unified country as tawy [𓇾𓇾], meaning "two lands", and later kemet [𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖] ( Coptic : kīmi), the "black land", a reference to the fertile black soil deposited by the Nile river. Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion , arts , language and customs. The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the Old Kingdom period, c.2700−2200 BC., famous for its many pyramids , most notably the Third Dynasty pyramid of Djoser and the Fourth Dynasty Giza Pyramids . Djoser Pyramid The Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Giza , built during the Old Kingdom , are modern national icons that are at the heart of Egypt's thriving tourism industry. The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. [12] Stronger Nile floods and stabilization of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III . A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos . The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris . They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I , who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes . The Hanging Church of Cairo, first built in the third or fourth century AD, is one of the most famous Coptic Churches in Egypt. The New Kingdom (c.1550−1070 BC) began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia , and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well-known Pharaohs , including Hatshepsut , Thutmose III , Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti , Tutankhamun and Ramesses II . The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period in the form of Atenism . Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans , Nubians and Assyrians , but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country [13] . Persian, Greek and Roman occupation The Thirtieth Dynasty was the last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch. It fell to the Persians in 343 BC after the last native Pharaoh, King Nectanebo II , was defeated in battle. Later, Egypt fell to the Greco–Macedonians and Romans , beginning over two thousand years of foreign rule. The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII , who committed suicide with her lover Marc Antony, after Caesar Augustus had captured them. Before Egypt became part of the Byzantine realm, Christianity had been brought by Saint Mark the Evangelist in the AD first century. Diocletian 's reign marked the transition from the Roman to the Byzantine era in Egypt, when a great number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted. The New Testament had by then been translated into Egyptian. After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, a distinct Egyptian Coptic Church was firmly established. [14] Arab and Ottoman occupation The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Persian invasion early in the seventh century, until in AD 639, Egypt was absorbed into the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs . When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, with the help of some revolutionary Egyptians, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices that had survived through Coptic Christianity that was expanded in Egypt by the Byzantines, giving rise to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. [15] Muslim rulers nominated by the Islamic Caliphate remained in control of Egypt for the next six centuries, with Cairo as the seat of the Caliphate under the Fatimids . With the end of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty , the Mamluks , a Turco - Circassian military caste, took control about AD 1250. By late 13th century, Egypt linked the Red Sea, India, Malaya, and East Indies. [16] The strategic positioning "assured importance in productive economy". [16] They continued to govern the country until the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517, after which it became a province of the Ottoman Empire . The mid-14th-Century Black Death killed about 40% of the country's population. [17] After the 15th century, the threat of military European Crusaders and Central Asian Mongols set the Egpytian system into decline. [16] The defensive militarization challenged the civil society and economic institutions. [16] The weakening of the economic system combined with the effects of Black Death left Egypt vulnerable to foreign invasion which can be seen with the Portuguese taking over their trade. [18] Egypt suffered six famines between 1687 and 1731. [19] The famine that afflicted Egypt in 1784 cost it roughly one-sixth of its population. [20] Modern history British admiral Codrington negotiating with Muhammad Ali Pasha in the latter's palace in Alexandria. The brief French invasion of Egypt led by Napoleon Bonaparte began in 1798. The expulsion of the French in 1801 by Ottoman, Mamluk, and British forces was followed by four years of anarchy in which Ottomans, Mamluks, and Albanians who were nominally in the service of the Ottomans, wrestled for power. Out of this chaos, the commander of the Albanian regiment, Muhammad Ali (Kavalali Mehmed Ali Pasha) emerged as a dominant figure and in 1805 was acknowledged by the Sultan in Istanbul as his viceroy in Egypt; the title implied subordination to the Sultan but this was in fact a polite fiction: Ottoman power in Egypt was finished and Muhammad Ali, an ambitious and able leader, established a dynasty that was to rule Egypt (at first really and later as British puppets) until the revolution of 1952. [21] His primary focus was military: he annexed Northern Sudan (1820–1824), Syria (1833), and parts of Arabia and Anatolia ; but in 1841 the European powers, fearful lest he topple the Ottoman Empire itself, checked him: he had to return most of his conquests to the Ottomans, but he kept the Sudan and his title to Egypt was made hereditary. A more lasting consequence of his military ambition is that it made him the moderniser of Egypt. Anxious to learn the military (and therefore industrial) techniques of the great powers he sent students to the West and invited training missions to Egypt. He built industries, a system of canals for irrigation and transport, and reformed the civil service . [21] For better or worse, the introduction in 1820 of long-staple cotton , the Egyptian variety of which became famous, transformed Egyptian agriculture into a cash-crop monoculture before the end of the century. The social effects of this were enormous: it led to the concentration of agriculture in the hands of large landowners, and, with the additional trigger of high cotton prices caused by the United States' civil war production drop, to a large influx of foreigners who began in earnest the exploitation of Egypt for international commodity production. [21] Mosque of Muhammad Ali Female nationalists demonstrating in Cairo , 1919. Muhammad Ali was succeeded briefly by his son Ibrahim (in September 1848), then by a grandson Abbas I (in November 1848), then by Said (in 1854), and Isma'il (in 1863). Abbas I was cautious. Said and Ismail were ambitious developers; unfortunately they spent beyond their means. The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. The expense of this and other projects had two effects: it led to enormous debt to European banks , and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it necessitated. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British Government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, "with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government." [22] Local dissatisfaction with Ismail and with European intrusion led to the formation of the first nationalist groupings in 1879, with Ahmad Urabi a prominent figure. In 1882 he became head of a nationalist-dominated ministry committed to democratic reforms including parliamentary control of the budget. Fearing a diminishment of their control, Britain and France intervened militarily, bombarding Alexandria and crushing the Egyptian army at the battle of Tel el-Kebir . [23] They reinstalled Ismail's son Tewfik as figurehead of a de facto British protectorate. [24] In 1914 the Protectorate was made official, and the title of the head of state, which had changed from pasha to khedive in 1867, was changed to sultan, to repudiate the vestigial suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan, who was backing the Central powers in World War I. Abbas II was deposed as khedive and replaced by his uncle, Hussein Kamel , as sultan. [25] In 1906, the Dinshaway Incident prompted many neutral Egyptians to join the nationalist movement. After the First World War, Saad Zaghlul and the Wafd Party led the Egyptian nationalist movement, gaining a majority at the local Legislative Assembly . When the British exiled Zaghlul and his associates to Malta on 8 March 1919, the country arose in its first modern revolution . Constant revolting by the Egyptian people throughout the country led Great Britain to issue a unilateral declaration of Egypt's independence on 22 February 1922. [26] The new Egyptian Government drafted and implemented a new constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary representative system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. In 1936 the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability in the Government due to remaining British control and increasing political involvement by the king led to the ousting of the monarchy and the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution . The officers, known as the Free Officers Movement , forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad . On 18 June 1953, the Egyptian Republic was declared, with General Muhammad Naguib as the first President of the Republic. Naguib was forced to resign in 1954 by Gamal Abdel Nasser – the real architect of the 1952 movement – and was later put under house arrest . Nasser assumed power as President in June 1956. British forces completed their withdrawal from the occupied Suez Canal Zone on 13 June 1956. His nationalization of the Suez Canal on 26 July 1956 prompted the 1956 Suez Crisis . View of Cairo, the largest city in Africa and the Middle East. The Cairo Opera House (bottom-right) is the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital. Three years after the 1967 Six Day War , during which Israel had invaded and occupied Sinai , Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat . Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972. He launched the Infitah economic reform policy, while violently clamping down on religious and secular opposition alike. In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched the October War , a surprise attack against the Israeli forces occupying the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights . It was an attempt to liberate part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier. Sadat hoped to seize some territory via military force, and then regain the rest of the peninsula by diplomacy. The conflict sparked an international crisis between the two world superpowers: the US and the USSR, both of whom intervened. Two UN-mandated ceasefires were needed to bring military operations to a halt. While the war ended with a military Israeli victory, it presented Sadat with a political victory that later allowed him to regain the Sinai in return for peace with Israel. [27] Sadat made a historic visit to Israel in 1977, which led to the 1979 peace treaty in exchange for the complete Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Sadat's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League, but it was supported by the vast majority of Egyptians. [28] A fundamentalist military soldier assassinated Sadat in Cairo in 1981. He was succeeded by the incumbent Hosni Mubarak . In 2003, the Egyptian Movement for Change , popularly known as Kefaya, was launched to seek a return to democracy and greater civil liberties . Identity Mahmoud Mokhtar 's Egypt's Renaissance 1919–1928, Cairo University . The Nile Valley was home to one of the oldest cultures in the world , spanning three thousand years of continuous history. When Egypt fell under a series of foreign occupations after 343 BC, each left an indelible mark on the country's cultural landscape . Egyptian identity evolved in the span of this long period of occupation to accommodate, in principle, two new religions, Islam and Christianity ; and a new language, Arabic , and its spoken descendant, Egyptian Arabic . [29] The degree to which Egyptians identify with each layer of Egypt's history in articulating a sense of collective identity can vary. Questions of identity came to fore in the last century as Egypt sought to free itself from foreign occupation for the first time in two thousand years. Three chief ideologies came to head: ethno-territorial Egyptian nationalism, secular Arab nationalism and pan-Arabism , and Islamism . Egyptian nationalism predates its Arab counterpart by many decades, having roots in the nineteenth century and becoming the dominant mode of expression of Egyptian anti-colonial activists and intellectuals until the early 20th century. [30] Arab nationalism reached a peak under Nasser but was once again relegated under Sadat ; meanwhile, the ideology espoused by Islamists such as the Muslim Brotherhood is present in small segments of the lower-middle strata of Egyptian society. [31] The work of early nineteenth-century scholar Rifa'a et-Tahtawi gave rise to the Egyptian Renaissance, marking the transition from Medieval to Early Modern Egypt. His work renewed interest in Egyptian antiquity and exposed Egyptian society to Enlightenment principles. Tahtawi co-founded with education reformer Ali Mubarak a native Egyptology school that looked for inspiration to medieval Egyptian scholars, such as Suyuti and Maqrizi , who themselves studied the history , language and antiquities of Egypt. [32] Egypt's renaissance peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the work of people like Muhammad Abduh , Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed , Muhammad Loutfi Goumah , Tawfiq el-Hakim , Louis Awad , Qasim Amin , Salama Moussa , Taha Hussein and Mahmoud Mokhtar . They forged a liberal path for Egypt expressed as a commitment to individual freedom, secularism and faith in science to bring progress. [33] Governance Egypt has been a republic since 18 June 1953. President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak has been the President of the Republic since 14 October 1981, following the assassination of President Mohammed Anwar El-Sadat . Mubarak is currently serving his fifth term in office (28 years). He is the leader of the ruling National Democratic Party . Prime Minister Dr. Ahmed Nazif was sworn in as Prime Minister on 9 July 2004, following the resignation of Dr. Atef Ebeid from his office. Although power is ostensibly organized under a multi-party semi-presidential system , whereby the executive power is theoretically divided between the President and the Prime Minister , in practice it rests almost solely with the President who traditionally has been elected in single-candidate elections for more than fifty years. Egypt also holds regular multi-party parliamentary elections. The last presidential election, in which Mubarak won a fifth consecutive term, was held in September 2005 . In late February 2005, President Mubarak announced in a surprise television broadcast that he had ordered the reform of the country's presidential election law, paving the way for multi-candidate polls in the upcoming presidential election. For the first time since the 1952 movement , the Egyptian people had an apparent chance to elect a leader from a list of various candidates. The President said his initiative came "out of my full conviction of the need to consolidate efforts for more freedom and democracy." [34] However, the new law placed draconian restrictions on the filing for presidential candidacies, designed to prevent well-known candidates such as Ayman Nour from standing against Mubarak, and paved the road for his easy re-election victory. [35] Mohammad Hosni Mubarak Concerns were once again expressed after the 2005 presidential elections about Government interference in the election process through fraud and vote-rigging, in addition to police brutality and violence by pro-Mubarak supporters against opposition demonstrators. [36] After the election, Egypt imprisoned Nour, and the U.S. Government stated the "conviction of Mr. Nour, the runner-up in Egypt's 2005 presidential elections, calls into question Egypt's commitment to democracy, freedom, and the rule of law." [37] As a result, most Egyptians are skeptical about the process of democratization and the role of the elections. Less than 25 percent of the country's 32 million registered voters (out of a population of more than 72 million) turned out for the 2005 elections. [38] A proposed change to the constitution would limit the president to two seven-year terms in office. [39] Thirty-four constitutional changes voted on by parliament on 19 March 2007 prohibit parties from using religion as a basis for political activity; allow the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law to replace the emergency legislation in place since 1981, giving police wide powers of arrest and surveillance; give the president power to dissolve parliament; and end judicial monitoring of election. [40] As opposition members of parliament withdrew from voting on the proposed changes, it was expected that the referendum would be boycotted by a great number of Egyptians in protest of what has been considered a breach of democratic practices. Eventually it was reported that only 27% of the registered voters went to the polling stations under heavy police presence and tight political control of the ruling National Democratic Party. It was officially announced on 27 March 2007 that 75.9% of those who participated in the referendum approved of the constitutional amendments introduced by President Mubarak and was endorsed by opposition free parliament, thus allowing the introduction of laws that curb the activity of certain opposition elements, particularly Islamists. The CIA World Factbook states that the legal system is based on Islamic and civil law (particularly Napoleonic codes); and that the judicial review takes place by a Supreme Court, which accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction only with reservations. Foreign relations Main article: Foreign relations of Egypt Mubarak in the G8 Summit in Italy 2009 Egypt's foreign policy operates along moderate lines. Factors such as population size , historical events, military strength, diplomatic expertise and a strategic geographical position give Egypt extensive political influence in Africa and the Middle East. Cairo has been a crossroads of regional commerce and culture for centuries, and its intellectual and Islamic institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural development . The permanent Headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the Secretary General of the Arab League has traditionally been an Egyptian. Former Egyptian Foreign Minister Amr Moussa is the current Secretary General. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to Tunis in 1978, as a protest to the signing by Egypt of a peace treaty with Israel, but returned in 1989. Egypt was the first Arab state to establish diplomatic relations with Israel, with the signing of the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty in 1979. Egypt has a major influence amongst other Arab states, and has historically played an important role as a mediator in resolving disputes between various Arab states, and in the Israeli-Palestinian dispute . Former Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali served as Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1991 to 1996. In the twenty-first century, Egypt has encountered a major problem with immigration, as millions of Africans attempt to enter Egypt fleeing poverty and war. Border control methods can be "harsh, sometimes lethal." [41] Governorates and regions Egypt is divided into 29 governorates . The governorates are further divided into regions . The regions are then subdivided into towns and villages. Each governorate has a capital, sometimes carrying the same name as the governorate. In April 2008, Cairo and Giza were subdivided into 4 governorates, namely the governorates of Cairo, Giza, 6 October and Helwan. In 2009, the city of Luxor was declared an independent governorate. The tables below list the governorates of Egypt in alphabetical order. The Upper governorates are those located south of Cairo, while the Lower governorates are the ones located in the Delta of the Nile north of Cairo. Governorate White Desert, Farafra At 1,001,450 square kilometers (386,660 sq mi), [42] Egypt is the world's 38th-largest country. In terms of land area, it is approximately the same size as all of Central America, [43] twice the size of Spain, [44] four times the size of the United Kingdom, [45] and the combined size of the US states of Texas and California . [46] Nevertheless, due to the aridity of Egypt's climate, population centres are concentrated along the narrow Nile Valley and Delta, meaning that approximately 99% of the population uses only about 5.5% of the total land area. [47] The coastline of Alexandria , Egypt's second largest city Egypt is bordered by Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. Egypt's important role in geopolitics stems from its strategic position: a transcontinental nation , it possesses a land bridge (the Isthmus of Suez) between Africa and Asia, which in turn is traversed by a navigable waterway (the Suez Canal ) that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea. The Nile River near Aswan Apart from the Nile Valley, the majority of Egypt's landscape is a desert. The winds blowing can create sand dunes more than 100 feet (30 m) high. Egypt includes parts of the Sahara Desert and of the Libyan Desert . These deserts were referred to as the "red land" in ancient Egypt, and they protected the Kingdom of the Pharaohs from western threats. See Egyptian Protectorates for more information. Climate Main article: Climate of Egypt Egypt does not receive much rainfall except in the winter months. [48] South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm (16.1 in), [49] with most of the rainfall between October and March. Snow falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Damietta, Baltim, Sidi Barrany, etc. and rarely in Alexandria, frost is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt. Temperatures average between 80 °F (27 °C) and 90 °F (32 °C) in summer, and up to 109 °F (43 °C) on the Red Sea coast. Temperatures average between 55 °F (13 °C) and 70 °F (21 °C) in winter. A steady wind from the northwest helps hold down the temperature near the Mediterranean coast. The Khamaseen is a wind that blows from the south in Egypt in spring, bringing sand and dust, and sometimes raises the temperature in the desert to more than 100 °F (38 °C). Every year, a predictable flooding of the Nile replenishes Egypt's soil. This gives the country consistent harvest throughout the year. Many know this event as The Gift of the Nile. The rise in sea levels due to global warming threatens Egypt's densely populated coastal strip and could have grave consequences for the country's economy, agriculture and industry. Combined with growing demographic pressures, a rise in sea levels could turn millions of Egyptians into environmental refugees by the end of the century, according to climate experts. [50] Demographics Main articles: Demographics of Egypt and Egyptians Egypt population density (people per km2) Egypt is the most populated country in the Middle East and the third most populous on the African continent , with an estimated 78,866,635 (July 2009 est.) [51] . The last 40 years have seen a rapid increase in population due to medical advances and massive increase in agricultural productivity, [52] made by the Green Revolution . [53] Egypt's population was estimated at only 3 million when Napoleon invaded the country in 1798. [54] Almost all the population is concentrated along the banks of the Nile (notably Cairo and Alexandria), in the Delta and near the Suez Canal. Approximately 90% of the population adheres to Islam and most of the remainder to Christianity, primarily the Coptic Orthodox denomination. [55] Apart from religious affiliation, Egyptians can be divided demographically into those who live in the major urban centers and the fellahin or farmers of rural villages. Egyptians are by far the largest ethnic group in Egypt at 91% of the total population. [55] Ethnic minorities include the Abazas , Turks , Greeks , Bedouin Arab tribes living in the eastern deserts and the Sinai Peninsula , the Berber -speaking Siwis ( Amazigh ) of the Siwa Oasis , and the Nubian communities clustered along the Nile. There are also tribal communities of Beja concentrated in the south-eastern-most corner of the country, and a number of Dom clans mostly in the Nile Delta and Faiyum who are progressively becoming assimilated as urbanization increases. Egypt also hosts an unknown number of refugees and asylum seekers, but they are estimated to be between 500,000 and 3 million. [56] There are some 70,000 Palestinian refugees , [56] and about 150,000 recently arrived Iraqi refugees , [57] but the number of the largest group, the Sudanese , is contested. [58] The once-vibrant Greek and Jewish communities in Egypt have virtually disappeared , with only a small number remaining in the country, but many Egyptian Jews visit on religious occasions and for tourism. Several important Jewish archaeological and historical sites are found in Cairo, Alexandria and other cities. Human rights See also: Sudanese refugees in Egypt Members of the Kefaya democracy movement protesting a fifth term for President Hosni Mubarak . See also video . Several local and international human rights organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch , have for many years criticized Egypt's human rights record as poor. In 2005, President Hosni Mubarak faced unprecedented public criticism when he clamped down on democracy activists challenging his rule. Some of the most serious human rights violations, according to HRW's 2006 report on Egypt, are routine torture, arbitrary detentions and trials before military and state security courts. [59] Discriminatory personal status laws governing marriage, custody and inheritance which put women at a disadvantage have also been cited. Laws concerning Coptic Christians which place restrictions on church building and open worship have been recently eased, but major construction still requires Government approval, while sporadic attacks on Christians and churches continue. [60] Intolerance of Bahá'ís and unorthodox Muslim sects, such as Sufis and Shi'a , also remains a problem. [59] The Egyptian legal system only recognizes three religions: Islam , Christianity and Judaism . When the Government moved to computerize identification cards, members of religious minorities, such as Bahá'ís, could not obtain identification documents . [61] An Egyptian court ruled in early 2008 that members of other faiths can obtain identity cards without listing their faiths, and without becoming officially recognized. [62] (For more on the status of religious minorities, see the Religion section.) In 2005, the Freedom House rated political rights in Egypt as "6" (1 representing the most free and 7 the least free rating), civil liberties as "5" and gave it the freedom rating of "Not Free." [63] It however noted that "Egypt witnessed its most transparent and competitive presidential and legislative elections in more than half a century and an increasingly unbridled public debate on the country's political future in 2005." [64] For freedom of the press , Egypt was deemed "Partly Free" in 2008, ranking 124 out of the 196 countries surveyed. [65] In 2007, human rights group Amnesty International released a report criticizing Egypt for torture and illegal detention. The report alleges that Egypt has become an international center for torture, where other nations send suspects for interrogation, often as part of the War on Terror . The report calls on Egypt to bring its anti-terrorism laws into accordance with international human rights statutes and on other nations to stop sending their detainees to Egypt. [66] Egypt's foreign ministry quickly issued a rebuttal to this report, claiming that it was inaccurate and unfair, as well as causing deep offense to the Egyptian Government. [67] The Egyptian Organization for Human Rights (EOHR) is one of the longest-standing bodies for the defence of human rights in Egypt . [68] In 2003, the Government established the National Council for Human Rights, headquartered in Cairo and headed by former UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali who directly reports to the President. [69] The council has come under heavy criticism by local NGO activists, who contend it undermines human rights work in Egypt by serving as a propaganda tool for the Government to excuse its violations [70] and to provide legitimacy to repressive laws such as the recently renewed Emergency Law. [71] Egypt had announced in 2006 that it was in the process of abolishing the Emergency Law, [39] but in March 2007 President Mubarak approved several constitutional amendments to include "an anti-terrorism clause that appears to enshrine sweeping police powers of arrest and surveillance", suggesting that the Emergency Law is here to stay for the long haul. [72] Economy Main article: Economy of Egypt Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum exports, and tourism; there are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Saudi Arabia , the Persian Gulf and Europe. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population, limited arable land , and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress the economy. [73] The government has struggled to prepare the economy for the new millennium through economic reform and massive investments in communications and physical infrastructure. Egypt has been receiving U.S. foreign aid (since 1979, an average of $2.2 billion per year) and is the third-largest recipient of such funds from the United States following the Iraq war. Its main revenues however come from tourism as well as traffic that goes through the Suez Canal. Egypt has a developed energy market based on coal, oil, natural gas , and hydro power . Substantial coal deposits are in the north-east Sinai, and are mined at the rate of about 600,000 metric tons (590,000 LT ; 660,000 ST ) per year. Oil and gas are produced in the western desert regions, the Gulf of Suez , and the Nile Delta. Egypt has huge reserves of gas, estimated at 1,940 cubic kilometres, and LNG is exported to many countries. Economic conditions have started to improve considerably after a period of stagnation from the adoption of more liberal economic policies by the Government, as well as increased revenues from tourism and a booming stock market . In its annual report, the IMF has rated Egypt as one of the top countries in the world undertaking economic reforms.[citation needed] Some major economic reforms taken by the new Government since 2003 include a dramatic slashing of customs and tariffs. A new taxation law implemented in 2005 decreased corporate taxes from 40% to the current 20%, resulting in a stated 100% increase in tax revenue by the year 2006. Tourists ride in a traditional Nile boat. FDI ( Foreign Direct Investment ) into Egypt has increased considerably in the past few years due to the recent economic liberalization measures taken by minister of investment Mahmoud Mohieddin, exceeding $6 billion in 2006. Although one of the main obstacles still facing the Egyptian economy is the trickle down of the wealth to the average population, many Egyptians criticize their Government for higher prices of basic goods while their standards of living or purchasing power remains relatively stagnant. Often corruption is blamed by Egyptians as the main impediment to feeling the benefits of the newly attained wealth. [74] [75] [76] The Government promises major reconstruction of the country's infrastructure, with a large portion of the sum paid for the newly acquired third mobile license ($3 billion) by Etisalat. [77] The best known examples of Egyptian companies that have expanded regionally and globally are the Orascom Group and Raya. The IT sector has been expanding rapidly in the past few years, with many new start-ups conducting outsourcing business to North America and Europe, operating with companies such as Microsoft, Oracle and other major corporations, as well as numerous SME's. Some of these companies are the Xceed Contact Center, Raya Contact Center, E Group Connections and C3 along with other start ups in that country. The sector has been stimulated by new Egyptian entrepreneurs trying to capitalize on their country's huge potential in the sector, as well as constant Government encouragement. Media Main article: Media of Egypt Egyptian media are highly influential both in Egypt and the Arab World , attributed to large audiences and increasing freedom from government control. [78] [79] Freedom of the media is guaranteed in the constitution; however, many laws still restrict this right. [78] [80] After the Egyptian presidential election of 2005 , Ahmed Selim, office director for Information Minister Anas al-Fiqi, declared an era of a "free, transparent and independent Egyptian media." [79] Today, the Egyptian media is experiencing more freedom that wasn't available in the near past. Several Egyptian Talk shows , like (90 Minutes) and (Al- Ashera Masa'an), which operate on private channels, and even the state television programs such as (El-beit beitak) are criticizing the Government; this was banned before because the Government was controlling all television programs, but now the public is feeling the freedom that the Government allowed for media. Religion Main article: Religion in Egypt Cairo's unique cityscape with its ancient mosques . Cairo is known as the "city of a thousand minarets" Egypt is a predominantly Muslim country with Islam as its state religion. Between 80% and 94% are identified as Muslim. [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] Almost the entire population of Muslims are Sunni . [82] A significant number of Muslim Egyptians also follow native Sufi orders , [91] and there is a minority of Shi'a . There is a large minority of Christians in Egypt, who make up the remainder of the population (between 6% and 20%). [92] [93] [94] [82] [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] [101] [95] [102] [103] [104] [105] [106] [107] Over 90% of Egyptian Christians belong to the native Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria . [84] [85] [108] Other native Egyptian Christians are adherents of the Coptic Catholic Church , the Evangelical Church of Egypt and various other Protestant denominations. Non-native Christian communities are largely found in the urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria . There is also a small, but nonetheless historically significant, non-immigrant Bahá'í population of around 2000, [109] and an even smaller community of Jews of about 200, [109] [110] then a tiny number of Egyptians who identify as atheist and agnostic . The non-Sunni, non-Coptic communities range in size from several hundreds to a few thousand. Millions of Egyptians follow the Christian faith as members of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria . According to the constitution of Egypt , any new legislation must at least implicitly agree with Islamic law ; however, the constitution bans political parties with a religious agenda. [111] Egypt hosts two major religious institutions. Al-Azhar University , founded in 970 A.D by the Fatimids as the first Islamic University in Egypt and the main Egyptian Church the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria established in the middle of the 1st century by Saint Mark . Religion plays a central role in most Egyptians' lives, The Adhan (Islamic call to prayer) that is heard five times a day has the informal effect of regulating the pace of everything from business to media and entertainment. Cairo is famous for its numerous mosque minarets and is justifiably dubbed "the city of 1,000 minarets", [112] with a significant number of church towers . This religious landscape has been marred by a history of religious extremism, [61] recently witnessing a 2006 judgement of Egypt's Supreme Administrative Court , which made a clear legal distinction between "recognized religions" (i.e., Islam, Christianity, and Judaism) and all other religious beliefs. This ruling effectively delegitimizes and forbids practice of all but the three Abrahamic religions . [113] This judgment had made it necessary for non-Abrahamic religious communities to either commit perjury or be denied Egyptian identification cards (see Egyptian identification card controversy ), until a 2008 Cairo court case ruled that unrecognized religious minorities may obtain birth certificates and identification documents, so long as they omit their religion on court documents. [62] In 2002, under the Mubarak Government, Coptic Christmas (January the 7th) was recognized as an official holiday, [114] though Copts report being minimally represented in law enforcement, state security and public office, and of being discriminated against in the workforce on the basis of their religion. [59] The Coptic community, as well as several human rights activists and intellectuals, maintain that the number of Christians occupying Government posts is not proportional to the number of Copts in Egypt. Culture Main article: Culture of Egypt Bibliotheca Alexandrina is a commemoration of the ancient Library of Alexandria in Egypt's second largest city. Egyptian culture has six thousand years of recorded history . Ancient Egypt was among the earliest civilizations and for millennia, Egypt maintained a strikingly complex and stable culture that influenced later cultures of Europe, the Middle East and other African countries. After the Pharaonic era, Egypt itself came under the influence of Hellenism , Christianity, and Islamic culture. Today, many aspects of Egypt's ancient culture exist in interaction with newer elements, including the influence of modern Western culture , itself with roots in ancient Egypt. Egypt's capital city, Cairo, is Africa's largest city and has been renowned for centuries as a center of learning, culture and commerce. Egypt has the highest number of Nobel Laureates in Africa and the Arab World. Some Egyptian born politicians were or are currently at the helm of major international organizations like Boutros Boutros-Ghali of the United Nations and Mohamed ElBaradei of the IAEA . Egypt is a recognized cultural trend-setter of the Arabic-speaking world, and contemporary Arab culture is heavily influenced by Egyptian literature, music, film and television. Egypt gained a regional leadership role during the 1950s and 1960s, which gave a further enduring boost to the standing of Egyptian culture in the Arab world. [115] Art and architecture Eighteenth dynasty painting from the tomb of Theban governor Ramose in Deir el-Madinah . The Egyptians were one of the first major civilizations to codify design elements in art and architecture. The wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings. Egyptian civilization is renowned for its colossal pyramids, colonnades and monumental tombs. Well-known examples are the Pyramid of Djoser designed by ancient architect and engineer Imhotep , the Sphinx , and the temple of Abu Simbel . Modern and contemporary Egyptian art can be as diverse as any works in the world art scene, from the vernacular architecture of Hassan Fathy and Ramses Wissa Wassef , to Mahmoud Mokhtar 's famous sculptures, to the distinctive Coptic iconography of Isaac Fanous . The Cairo Opera House serves as the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital. Egypt's media and arts industry has flourished since the late nineteenth century, today with more than thirty satellite channels and over one hundred motion pictures produced each year. Cairo has long been known as the "Hollywood of the Middle East;" its annual film festival, the Cairo International Film Festival , has been rated as one of 11 festivals with a top class rating worldwide by the International Federation of Film Producers' Associations. [116] To bolster its media industry further, especially with the keen competition from the Persian Gulf Arab States and Lebanon , a large media city was built. Some Egyptian-born actors, like Omar Sharif , have achieved worldwide fame. Literature Literature constitutes an important cultural element in the life of Egypt. Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of Arabic literature , and the forms they developed have been widely imitated throughout the Middle East. [117] The first modern Egyptian novel Zaynab by Muhammad Husayn Haykal was published in 1913 in the Egyptian vernacular . [118] Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz was the first Arabic-language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature . Egyptian women writers include Nawal El Saadawi , well known for her feminist activism , and Alifa Rifaat who also writes about women and tradition. Vernacular poetry is perhaps the most popular literary genre amongst Egyptians, represented by the works of Ahmed Fouad Negm (Fagumi), Salah Jaheen and Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi In their belief, boats were used by the dead to accompany the sun around the world, as Heaven was referred to as “Upper Waters”. In Egyptian mythology, every night the serpentine god Apophis would attack the Sun Boat as it brought the sun (and as such order )back to the Kingdom in the morning. It is referred to as the “Boat of Millions” as all of the gods and all of the souls of the blessed dead may at one point or another be needed to defend or operate it. Music Main article: Music of Egypt Upper Egyptian folk musicians from Kom Ombo . Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western elements. In antiquity , Egyptians were playing harps and flutes, including two indigenous instruments: the ney and the oud . Percussion and vocal music also became an important part of the local music tradition ever since. Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as Abdu-l Hamuli, Almaz and Mahmud Osman, who influenced the later work of Egyptian music giants such as Sayed Darwish , Umm Kulthum , Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez . From the 1970s onwards, Egyptian pop music has become increasingly important in Egyptian culture, while Egyptian folk music continues to be played during weddings and other festivities. Some of the most prominent contemporary Egyptian pop singers include Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir . Festivals Egypt is famous for its many festivals and religious carnivals, also known as mulid. They are usually associated with a particular Coptic or Sufi saint, but are often celebrated by all Egyptians irrespective of creed or religion. Ramadan has a special flavor in Egypt, celebrated with sounds, lights (local lanterns known as fawanees) and much flare that many Muslim tourists from the region flock to Egypt during Ramadan to witness the spectacle. The ancient spring festival of Sham en Nisim ( Coptic : Ϭⲱⲙ‘ⲛⲛⲓⲥⲓⲙ shom en nisim) has been celebrated by Egyptians for thousands of years, typically between the Egyptian months of Paremoude (April) and Pashons (May), following Easter Sunday. Egypt is one of the boldest countries in the middle east in the music industry. The next generation of the Egyptian music is considered to be the rise, as the music was disrupted by some foreign influences, bad admixing, and abused oriental styles. The new arising talents starting from the late 90's are taking over the rein now as they play many diffenet genres of many different cultures. Rock And Metal music are prevailing widely in Egypt now,as much as the oriental jazz and folk music are becoming well-known now to the Egyptian and non-Egyptian fans Sports Cairo International Stadium Football is the Popular National Sport of Egypt. Egyptian Soccer clubs El Ahly , El Zamalek , Ismaily , El-Ittihad El-Iskandary and El Masry are the most popular teams and enjoy the reputation of long-time regional champions. The great rivalries keep the streets of Egypt energized as people fill the streets when their favorite team wins. The Cairo Derby is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa and the world, the BBC even picked it as one of the toughest 7 derbies in the world [6] . Egypt is rich in soccer history as soccer has been around for over 100 years. The country is home to many African championships such as the Africa Cup of Nations . While, Egypt's national team has not qualified for the FIFA World Cup since 1990, the Egyptian team won the Africa Cup Of Nations an unprecedented seven times, including two times in a row in 1957 and 1959 and an unprecedented three times in a row in 2006, 2008, and 2010 setting a world record. Squash and tennis are other popular sports in Egypt. The Egyptian squash team has been known for its fierce competition in international championships since the 1930s. Amr Shabana is Egypt's best player and the winner of the world open three times and the best player of 2006. The Egyptian Handball team also holds another record; throughout the 34 times the African Handball Nations Championship was held, Egypt won first place five times (including 2008), five times second place, four times third place, and came in fourth place twice. The team won 6th and 7th places in 1995, 1997 at the World Men's Handball Championship, and twice won 6th place at the 1996 and 2000 Olympics. In 2007, Omar Samra joined Ben Stephens (England), Victoria James (Wales) and Greg Maud (South Africa) in putting together an expedition to climb Mount Everest from its South side. The Everest expedition began on 25 March 2007 and lasted for just over 9 weeks. On the 17th of May at precisely 9:49 am Nepal time, Omar became the first and youngest Egyptian to climb 8,850m Mount Everest. He also became the first Egyptian to climb Everest from its South face, the same route taken by Sir Edmund Hilary and Sherpa Tenzing in 1953. Main article: Military of Egypt The Egyptian Armed forces have a combined troop strength of around 450,000 active personnel. [119] According to the Israeli chair of the former Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, Yuval Steinitz , the Egyptian Air Force has roughly the same number of modern warplanes as the Israeli Air Force and far more Western tanks, artillery, anti-aircraft batteries and warships than the IDF . [120] The Egyptian military has recently undergone massive military modernization mostly in their Air Force. Egypt is speculated by Israel to be the first country in the region with a spy satellite , EgyptSat 1 , and is planning to launch 3 more satellites (DesertSat1, EgyptSat2, DesertSat2) over the next two years. In Israel, Egypt is considered to be the second strongest military power in the Middle East, behind Israel. [121] International rankings	i don't know
In an electrical circuit diagram what is denoted by a circle containing the capital letter A?	Electricity and circuits Relativity and electromagnetism Chapter 21. Electricity and circuits Where the telescope ends, the microscope begins. Which of the two has the grander view? -- Victor Hugo His father died during his mother's pregnancy. Rejected by her as a boy, he was packed off to boarding school when she remarried. He himself never married, but in middle age he formed an intense relationship with a much younger man, a relationship that he terminated when he underwent a psychotic break. Following his early scientific successes, he spent the rest of his professional life mostly in frustration over his inability to unlock the secrets of alchemy. The man being described is Isaac Newton, but not the triumphant Newton of the standard textbook hagiography. Why dwell on the sad side of his life? To the modern science educator, Newton's lifelong obsession with alchemy may seem an embarrassment, a distraction from his main achievement, the creation the modern science of mechanics. To Newton, however, his alchemical researches were naturally related to his investigations of force and motion. What was radical about Newton's analysis of motion was its universality: it succeeded in describing both the heavens and the earth with the same equations, whereas previously it had been assumed that the sun, moon, stars, and planets were fundamentally different from earthly objects. But Newton realized that if science was to describe all of nature in a unified way, it was not enough to unite the human scale with the scale of the universe: he would not be satisfied until he fit the microscopic universe into the picture as well. It should not surprise us that Newton failed. Although he was a firm believer in the existence of atoms, there was no more experimental evidence for their existence than there had been when the ancient Greeks first posited them on purely philosophical grounds. Alchemy labored under a tradition of secrecy and mysticism. Newton had already almost single-handedly transformed the fuzzyheaded field of “natural philosophy” into something we would recognize as the modern science of physics, and it would be unjust to criticize him for failing to change alchemy into modern chemistry as well. The time was not ripe. The microscope was a new invention, and it was cutting-edge science when Newton's contemporary Hooke discovered that living things were made out of cells. 21.1 The quest for the atomic force a / Four pieces of tape are prepared, 1, as described in the text. Depending on which combination is tested, the interaction can be either repulsive, 2, or attractive, 3. Newton was not the first of the age of reason. He was the last of the magicians. -- John Maynard Keynes Nevertheless it will be instructive to pick up Newton's train of thought and see where it leads us with the benefit of modern hindsight. In uniting the human and cosmic scales of existence, he had reimagined both as stages on which the actors were objects (trees and houses, planets and stars) that interacted through attractions and repulsions. He was already convinced that the objects inhabiting the microworld were atoms, so it remained only to determine what kinds of forces they exerted on each other. His next insight was no less brilliant for his inability to bring it to fruition. He realized that the many human-scale forces --- friction, sticky forces, the normal forces that keep objects from occupying the same space, and so on --- must all simply be expressions of a more fundamental force acting between atoms. Tape sticks to paper because the atoms in the tape attract the atoms in the paper. My house doesn't fall to the center of the earth because its atoms repel the atoms of the dirt under it. Here he got stuck. It was tempting to think that the atomic force was a form of gravity, which he knew to be universal, fundamental, and mathematically simple. Gravity, however, is always attractive, so how could he use it to explain the existence of both attractive and repulsive atomic forces? The gravitational force between objects of ordinary size is also extremely small, which is why we never notice cars and houses attracting us gravitationally. It would be hard to understand how gravity could be responsible for anything as vigorous as the beating of a heart or the explosion of gunpowder. Newton went on to write a million words of alchemical notes filled with speculation about some other force, perhaps a “divine force” or “vegetative force” that would for example be carried by the sperm to the egg. Luckily, we now know enough to investigate a different suspect as a candidate for the atomic force: electricity. Electric forces are often observed between objects that have been prepared by rubbing (or other surface interactions), for instance when clothes rub against each other in the dryer. A useful example is shown in figure a /1: stick two pieces of tape on a tabletop, and then put two more pieces on top of them. Lift each pair from the table, and then separate them. The two top pieces will then repel each other, a /2, as will the two bottom pieces. A bottom piece will attract a top piece, however, a /3. Electrical forces like these are similar in certain ways to gravity, the other force that we already know to be fundamental: Electrical forces are universal. Although some substances, such as fur, rubber, and plastic, respond more strongly to electrical preparation than others, all matter participates in electrical forces to some degree. There is no such thing as a “nonelectric” substance. Matter is both inherently gravitational and inherently electrical. Experiments show that the electrical force, like the gravitational force, is an inverse square force. That is, the electrical force between two spheres is proportional to $1/r^2$, where $r$ is the center-to-center distance between them. Furthermore, electrical forces make more sense than gravity as candidates for the fundamental force between atoms, because we have observed that they can be either attractive or repulsive. 21.2 Electrical forces b / A charged piece of tape attracts uncharged pieces of paper from a distance, and they leap up to it. c / The paper has zero total charge, but it does have charged particles in it that can move. Charge “Charge” is the technical term used to indicate that an object has been prepared so as to participate in electrical forces. This is to be distinguished from the common usage, in which the term is used indiscriminately for anything electrical. For example, although we speak colloquially of “charging” a battery, you may easily verify that a battery has no charge in the technical sense, e.g., it does not exert any electrical force on a piece of tape that has been prepared as described in the previous section. Two types of charge We can easily collect reams of data on electrical forces between different substances that have been charged in different ways. We find for example that cat fur prepared by rubbing against rabbit fur will attract glass that has been rubbed on silk. How can we make any sense of all this information? A vast simplification is achieved by noting that there are really only two types of charge. Suppose we pick cat fur rubbed on rabbit fur as a representative of type A, and glass rubbed on silk for type B. We will now find that there is no “type C.” Any object electrified by any method is either A-like, attracting things A attracts and repelling those it repels, or B-like, displaying the same attractions and repulsions as B. The two types, A and B, always display opposite interactions. If A displays an attraction with some charged object, then B is guaranteed to undergo repulsion with it, and vice-versa. The coulomb Although there are only two types of charge, each type can come in different amounts. The metric unit of charge is the coulomb (rhymes with “drool on”), defined as follows: One Coulomb (C) is the amount of charge such that a force of $9.0\times10^9$ N occurs between two pointlike objects with charges of 1 C separated by a distance of 1 m. The notation for an amount of charge is $q$. The numerical factor in the definition is historical in origin, and is not worth memorizing. The definition is stated for pointlike, i.e., very small, objects, because otherwise different parts of them would be at different distances from each other. A model of two types of charged particles Experiments show that all the methods of rubbing or otherwise charging objects involve two objects, and both of them end up getting charged. If one object acquires a certain amount of one type of charge, then the other ends up with an equal amount of the other type. Various interpretations of this are possible, but the simplest is that the basic building blocks of matter come in two flavors, one with each type of charge. Rubbing objects together results in the transfer of some of these particles from one object to the other. In this model, an object that has not been electrically prepared may actually possesses a great deal of both types of charge, but the amounts are equal and they are distributed in the same way throughout it. Since type A repels anything that type B attracts, and vice versa, the object will make a total force of zero on any other object. The rest of this chapter fleshes out this model and discusses how these mysterious particles can be understood as being internal parts of atoms. Use of positive and negative signs for charge Because the two types of charge tend to cancel out each other's forces, it makes sense to label them using positive and negative signs, and to discuss the total charge of an object. It is entirely arbitrary which type of charge to call negative and which to call positive. Benjamin Franklin decided to describe the one we've been calling “A” as negative, but it really doesn't matter as long as everyone is consistent with everyone else. An object with a total charge of zero (equal amounts of both types) is referred to as electrically $neutral$. self-check: Criticize the following statement: “There are two types of charge, attractive and repulsive.” (answer in the back of the PDF version of the book) Coulomb's law A large body of experimental observations can be summarized as follows: Coulomb's law: The magnitude of the force acting between pointlike charged objects at a center-to-center distance $r$ is given by the equation \[\begin{equation} \|\mathbf{F}\| = k\frac{\|q_1\|\|q_2\|}{r^2} , \end{equation}\] where the constant $k$ equals $9.0\times10^9\ \text{N}\!\cdot\!\text{m}^2/\text{C}^2$. The force is attractive if the charges are of different signs, and repulsive if they have the same sign. Clever modern techniques have allowed the $1/r^2$ form of Coulomb's law to be tested to incredible accuracy, showing that the exponent is in the range from 1.9999999999999998 to 2.0000000000000002. Note that Coulomb's law is closely analogous to Newton's law of gravity, where the magnitude of the force is $Gm_1m_2/r^2$, except that there is only one type of mass, not two, and gravitational forces are never repulsive. Because of this close analogy between the two types of forces, we can recycle a great deal of our knowledge of gravitational forces. For instance, there is an electrical equivalent of the shell theorem: the electrical forces exerted externally by a uniformly charged spherical shell are the same as if all the charge was concentrated at its center, and the forces exerted internally are zero. Conservation of charge An even more fundamental reason for using positive and negative signs for electrical charge is that experiments show that charge is conserved according to this definition: in any closed system, the total amount of charge is a constant. This is why we observe that rubbing initially uncharged substances together always has the result that one gains a certain amount of one type of charge, while the other acquires an equal amount of the other type. Conservation of charge seems natural in our model in which matter is made of positive and negative particles. If the charge on each particle is a fixed property of that type of particle, and if the particles themselves can be neither created nor destroyed, then conservation of charge is inevitable. Electrical forces involving neutral objects As shown in figure b , an electrically charged object can attract objects that are uncharged. How is this possible? The key is that even though each piece of paper has a total charge of zero, it has at least some charged particles in it that have some freedom to move. Suppose that the tape is positively charged, c . Mobile particles in the paper will respond to the tape's forces, causing one end of the paper to become negatively charged and the other to become positive. The attraction between the paper and the tape is now stronger than the repulsion, because the negatively charged end is closer to the tape. self-check: What would have happened if the tape was negatively charged? (answer in the back of the PDF version of the book) Discussion Questions ◊ If the electrical attraction between two pointlike objects at a distance of 1 m is $9\times10^9$ N, why can't we infer that their charges are $+1$ and $-1$ C? What further observations would we need to do in order to prove this? ◊ An electrically charged piece of tape will be attracted to your hand. Does that allow us to tell whether the mobile charged particles in your hand are positive or negative, or both? 21.3 Current d / Michael Faraday (1791-1867) was the son of a poor blacksmith. e / Gymnotus carapo, a knifefish, uses electrical signals to sense its environment and to communicate with others of its species. f / André Marie Ampère (1775-1836). Unity of all types of electricity We are surrounded by things we have been told are “electrical,” but it's far from obvious what they have in common to justify being grouped together. What relationship is there between the way socks cling together and the way a battery lights a lightbulb? We have been told that both an electric eel and our own brains are somehow electrical in nature, but what do they have in common? British physicist Michael Faraday (1791-1867) set out to address this problem. He investigated electricity from a variety of sources --- including electric eels! --- to see whether they could all produce the same effects, such as shocks and sparks, attraction and repulsion. “Heating” refers, for example, to the way a lightbulb filament gets hot enough to glow and emit light. Magnetic induction is an effect discovered by Faraday himself that connects electricity and magnetism. We will not study this effect, which is the basis for the electric generator, in detail until later in the book. shocks × × The table shows a summary of some of Faraday's results. Check marks indicate that Faraday or his close contemporaries were able to verify that a particular source of electricity was capable of producing a certain effect. (They evidently failed to demonstrate attraction and repulsion between objects charged by electric eels, although modern workers have studied these species in detail and been able to understand all their electrical characteristics on the same footing as other forms of electricity.) Faraday's results indicate that there is nothing fundamentally different about the types of electricity supplied by the various sources. They are all able to produce a wide variety of identical effects. Wrote Faraday, “The general conclusion which must be drawn from this collection of facts is that electricity, whatever may be its source, is identical in its nature.” If the types of electricity are the same thing, what thing is that? The answer is provided by the fact that all the sources of electricity can cause objects to repel or attract each other. We use the word “charge” to describe the property of an object that allows it to participate in such electrical forces, and we have learned that charge is present in matter in the form of nuclei and electrons. Evidently all these electrical phenomena boil down to the motion of charged particles in matter. Electric current If the fundamental phenomenon is the motion of charged particles, then how can we define a useful numerical measurement of it? We might describe the flow of a river simply by the velocity of the water, but velocity will not be appropriate for electrical purposes because we need to take into account how much charge the moving particles have, and in any case there are no practical devices sold at Radio Shack that can tell us the velocity of charged particles. Experiments show that the intensity of various electrical effects is related to a different quantity: the number of coulombs of charge that pass by a certain point per second. By analogy with the flow of water, this quantity is called the electric current, $I$. Its units of coulombs/second are more conveniently abbreviated as amperes, [3] 1 A=1 C/s. (In informal speech, one usually says “amps.”) The main subtlety involved in this definition is how to account for the two types of charge. The stream of water coming from a hose is made of atoms containing charged particles, but it produces none of the effects we associate with electric currents. For example, you do not get an electrical shock when you are sprayed by a hose. This type of experiment shows that the effect created by the motion of one type of charged particle can be canceled out by the motion of the opposite type of charge in the same direction. In water, every oxygen atom with a charge of $+8e$ is surrounded by eight electrons with charges of $-e$, and likewise for the hydrogen atoms. We therefore refine our definition of current as follows: definition of electric current When charged particles are exchanged between regions of space A and B, the electric current flowing from A to B is \[\begin{equation} I = \frac{\Delta q}{\Delta t} , \end{equation}\] where $\Delta q$ is the change in region B's total charge occurring over a period of time $\Delta t$. In the garden hose example, your body picks up equal amounts of positive and negative charge, resulting in no change in your total charge, so the electrical current flowing into you is zero. Example 1: Interpretation of $\Delta q/\Delta t$ $\triangleright$ How should the expression $\Delta q/\Delta t$ be interpreted when the current isn't constant? $\triangleright$ You've seen lots of equations of this form before: $v=\Delta x/\Delta t$, $F=\Delta p/\Delta t$, etc. These are all descriptions of rates of change, and they all require that the rate of change be constant. If the rate of change isn't constant, you instead have to use the slope of the tangent line on a graph. The slope of a tangent line is equivalent to a derivative in calculus; applications of calculus are discussed in section 21.7 . Example 2: Ions moving across a cell membrane $\triangleright$ Figure g shows ions, labeled with their charges, moving in or out through the membranes of four cells. If the ions all cross the membranes during the same interval of time, how would the currents into the cells compare with each other? $\triangleright$ Cell A has positive current going into it because its charge is increased, i.e., has a positive value of $\Delta q$. Cell B has the same current as cell A, because by losing one unit of negative charge it also ends up increasing its own total charge by one unit. Cell C's total charge is reduced by three units, so it has a large negative current going into it. Cell D loses one unit of charge, so it has a small negative current into it. g / Example 2 It may seem strange to say that a negatively charged particle going one way creates a current going the other way, but this is quite ordinary. As we will see, currents flow through metal wires via the motion of electrons, which are negatively charged, so the direction of motion of the electrons in a circuit is always opposite to the direction of the current. Of course it would have been convenient of Benjamin Franklin had defined the positive and negative signs of charge the opposite way, since so many electrical devices are based on metal wires. Example 3: Number of electrons flowing through a lightbulb $\triangleright$ If a lightbulb has 1.0 A flowing through it, how many electrons will pass through the filament in 1.0 s? $\triangleright$ We are only calculating the number of electrons that flow, so we can ignore the positive and negative signs. Solving for $\Delta q= I \Delta t$ gives a charge of 1.0 C flowing in this time interval. The number of electrons is \[\begin{align} \text{number of electrons} &= \text{coulombs}\times\frac{\text{electrons}}{\text{coulomb}} \\ &= \text{coulombs}/\frac{\text{coulombs}}{\text{electron}} \\ &= 1.0\ \text{C} / e \\ &= 6.2\times10^{18} \end{align}\] 21.4 Circuits h / 1. Static electricity runs out quickly. 2. A practical circuit. 3. An open circuit. 4. How an ammeter works. 5. Measuring the current with an ammeter. How can we put electric currents to work? The only method of controlling electric charge we have studied so far is to charge different substances, e.g., rubber and fur, by rubbing them against each other. Figure h /1 shows an attempt to use this technique to light a lightbulb. This method is unsatisfactory. True, current will flow through the bulb, since electrons can move through metal wires, and the excess electrons on the rubber rod will therefore come through the wires and bulb due to the attraction of the positively charged fur and the repulsion of the other electrons. The problem is that after a zillionth of a second of current, the rod and fur will both have run out of charge. No more current will flow, and the lightbulb will go out. Figure h /2 shows a setup that works. The battery pushes charge through the circuit, and recycles it over and over again. (We will have more to say later in this chapter about how batteries work.) This is called a complete circuit. Today, the electrical use of the word “circuit” is the only one that springs to mind for most people, but the original meaning was to travel around and make a round trip, as when a circuit court judge would ride around the boondocks, dispensing justice in each town on a certain date. Note that an example like h /3 does not work. The wire will quickly begin acquiring a net charge, because it has no way to get rid of the charge flowing into it. The repulsion of this charge will make it more and more difficult to send any more charge in, and soon the electrical forces exerted by the battery will be canceled out completely. The whole process would be over so quickly that the filament would not even have enough time to get hot and glow. This is known as an open circuit. Exactly the same thing would happen if the complete circuit of figure h /2 was cut somewhere with a pair of scissors, and in fact that is essentially how an ordinary light switch works: by opening up a gap in the circuit. The definition of electric current we have developed has the great virtue that it is easy to measure. In practical electrical work, one almost always measures current, not charge. The instrument used to measure current is called an ammeter. A simplified ammeter, h /4, simply consists of a coiled-wire magnet whose force twists an iron needle against the resistance of a spring. The greater the current, the greater the force. Although the construction of ammeters may differ, their use is always the same. We break into the path of the electric current and interpose the meter like a tollbooth on a road, h /5. There is still a complete circuit, and as far as the battery and bulb are concerned, the ammeter is just another segment of wire. Does it matter where in the circuit we place the ammeter? Could we, for instance, have put it in the left side of the circuit instead of the right? Conservation of charge tells us that this can make no difference. Charge is not destroyed or “used up” by the lightbulb, so we will get the same current reading on either side of it. What is “used up” is energy stored in the battery, which is being converted into heat and light energy. 21.5 Voltage j / Example 4 . The volt unit Electrical circuits can be used for sending signals, storing information, or doing calculations, but their most common purpose by far is to manipulate energy, as in the battery-and-bulb example of the previous section. We know that lightbulbs are rated in units of watts, i.e., how many joules per second of energy they can convert into heat and light, but how would this relate to the flow of charge as measured in amperes? By way of analogy, suppose your friend, who didn't take physics, can't find any job better than pitching bales of hay. The number of calories he burns per hour will certainly depend on how many bales he pitches per minute, but it will also be proportional to how much mechanical work he has to do on each bale. If his job is to toss them up into a hayloft, he will get tired a lot more quickly than someone who merely tips bales off a loading dock into trucks. In metric units, \[\begin{equation} \frac{\text{joules}}{\text{second}} = \frac{\text{haybales}}{\text{second}} \times \frac{\text{joules}}{\text{haybale}} . \end{equation}\] Similarly, the rate of energy transformation by a battery will not just depend on how many coulombs per second it pushes through a circuit but also on how much mechanical work it has to do on each coulomb of charge: \[\begin{equation} \frac{\text{joules}}{\text{second}} = \frac{\text{coulombs}}{\text{second}} \times \frac{\text{joules}}{\text{coulomb}} \end{equation}\] or \[\begin{equation} \text{power} = \text{current} \times \text{work per unit charge} . \end{equation}\] Units of joules per coulomb are abbreviated as volts, 1 V=1 J/C, named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta. Everyone knows that batteries are rated in units of volts, but the voltage concept is more general than that; it turns out that voltage is a property of every point in space. To gain more insight, let's think more carefully about what goes on in the battery and bulb circuit. The voltage concept in general To do work on a charged particle, the battery apparently must be exerting forces on it. How does it do this? Well, the only thing that can exert an electrical force on a charged particle is another charged particle. It's as though the haybales were pushing and pulling each other into the hayloft! This is potentially a horribly complicated situation. Even if we knew how much excess positive or negative charge there was at every point in the circuit (which realistically we don't) we would have to calculate zillions of forces using Coulomb's law, perform all the vector additions, and finally calculate how much work was being done on the charges as they moved along. To make things even more scary, there is more than one type of charged particle that moves: electrons are what move in the wires and the bulb's filament, but ions are the moving charge carriers inside the battery. Luckily, there are two ways in which we can simplify things: The situation is unchanging. Unlike the imaginary setup in which we attempted to light a bulb using a rubber rod and a piece of fur, this circuit maintains itself in a steady state (after perhaps a microsecond-long period of settling down after the circuit is first assembled). The current is steady, and as charge flows out of any area of the circuit it is replaced by the same amount of charge flowing in. The amount of excess positive or negative charge in any part of the circuit therefore stays constant. Similarly, when we watch a river flowing, the water goes by but the river doesn't disappear. Force depends only on position. Since the charge distribution is not changing, the total electrical force on a charged particle depends only on its own charge and on its location. If another charged particle of the same type visits the same location later on, it will feel exactly the same force. The second observation tells us that there is nothing all that different about the experience of one charged particle as compared to another's. If we single out one particle to pay attention to, and figure out the amount of work done on it by electrical forces as it goes from point A to point $B$ along a certain path, then this is the same amount of work that will be done on any other charged particles of the same type as it follows the same path. For the sake of visualization, let's think about the path that starts at one terminal of the battery, goes through the light bulb's filament, and ends at the other terminal. When an object experiences a force that depends only on its position (and when certain other, technical conditions are satisfied), we can define an electrical energy associated with the position of that object. The amount of work done on the particle by electrical forces as it moves from A to B equals the drop in electrical energy between A and B. This electrical energy is what is being converted into other forms of energy such as heat and light. We therefore define voltage in general as electrical energy per unit charge: definition of voltage difference The difference in voltage between two points in space is defined as \[\begin{equation} \Delta V=\Delta PE_{elec}/q , \end{equation}\] where $\Delta PE_{elec}$ is the change in the electrical energy of a particle with charge $q$ as it moves from the initial point to the final point. The amount of power dissipated (i.e., rate at which energy is transformed by the flow of electricity) is then given by the equation \[\begin{equation} P = I \Delta V . \end{equation}\] Example 4: Energy stored in a battery $\triangleright$ The 1.2 V rechargeable battery in figure j is labeled 1800 milliamp-hours. What is the maximum amount of energy the battery can store? $\triangleright$ An ampere-hour is a unit of current multiplied by a unit of time. Current is charge per unit time, so an ampere-hour is in fact a funny unit of charge: \[\begin{align} \text{(1 A)(1 hour)} &= \text{(1 C/s)(3600 s)} \\ &= \text{3600 C} \end{align}\] 1800 milliamp-hours is therefore $1800\times10^{-3}\times 3600\ \text{C}=6.5\times10^3\ \text{C}$. That's a huge number of charged particles, but the total loss of electrical energy will just be their total charge multiplied by the voltage difference across which they move: \[\begin{align} \Delta PE_{elec} &= q \Delta V \\ &= (6.5\times10^3\ \text{C})(1.2\ \text{V}) \\ &= 7.8\ \text{kJ} \end{align}\] Example 5: Units of volt-amps $\triangleright$ Doorbells are often rated in volt-amps. What does this combination of units mean? $\triangleright$ Current times voltage gives units of power, $P= I\Delta V$, so volt-amps are really just a nonstandard way of writing watts. They are telling you how much power the doorbell requires. Example 6: Power dissipated by a battery and bulb $\triangleright$ If a 9.0-volt battery causes 1.0 A to flow through a lightbulb, how much power is dissipated? $\triangleright$ The voltage rating of a battery tells us what voltage difference $\Delta V$ it is designed to maintain between its terminals. \[\begin{align} P &= I \ \Delta \text{V} \\ &= 9.0 \ \text{A}\cdot\text{V} \\ &= 9.0 \ \frac{\text{C}}{\text{s}}\cdot\frac{\text{J}}{\text{C}} \\ &= 9.0 \ \text{J/s} \\ &= 9.0 \ \text{W} \end{align}\] The only nontrivial thing in this problem was dealing with the units. One quickly gets used to translating common combinations like $\text{A}\cdot\text{V}$ into simpler terms. Here are a few questions and answers about the voltage concept. {}Question: OK, so what is voltage, really? {}Answer: A device like a battery has positive and negative charges inside it that push other charges around the outside circuit. A higher-voltage battery has denser charges in it, which will do more work on each charged particle that moves through the outside circuit. To use a gravitational analogy, we can put a paddlewheel at the bottom of either a tall waterfall or a short one, but a kg of water that falls through the greater gravitational energy difference will have more energy to give up to the paddlewheel at the bottom. {}Question: Why do we define voltage as electrical energy divided by charge, instead of just defining it as electrical energy? {}Answer: One answer is that it's the only definition that makes the equation $P=I \Delta V$ work. A more general answer is that we want to be able to define a voltage difference between any two points in space without having to know in advance how much charge the particles moving between them will have. If you put a nine-volt battery on your tongue, then the charged particles that move across your tongue and give you that tingly sensation are not electrons but ions, which may have charges of $+e$, $-2e$, or practically anything. The manufacturer probably expected the battery to be used mostly in circuits with metal wires, where the charged particles that flowed would be electrons with charges of $-e$. If the ones flowing across your tongue happen to have charges of $-2e$, the electrical energy difference for them will be twice as much, but dividing by their charge of $-2e$ in the definition of voltage will still give a result of 9 $V$. {}Question: Are there two separate roles for the charged particles in the circuit, a type that sits still and exerts the forces, and another that moves under the influence of those forces? {}Answer: No. Every charged particle simultaneously plays both roles. Newton's third law says that any particle that has an electrical force acting on it must also be exerting an electrical force back on the other particle. There are no “designated movers” or “designated force-makers.” {}Question: Why does the definition of voltage only refer to voltage differences? {}Answer: It's perfectly OK to define voltage as $V=PE_{elec}/q$. But recall that it is only differences in interaction energy, $U$, that have direct physical meaning in physics. Similarly, voltage differences are really more useful than absolute voltages. A voltmeter measures voltage differences, not absolute voltages. Discussion Questions ◊ A roller coaster is sort of like an electric circuit, but it uses gravitational forces on the cars instead of electric ones. What would a high-voltage roller coaster be like? What would a high-current roller coaster be like? ◊ “He touched the wire, and 10000 volts went through him.” “That battery has a charge of 9 volts.” “You used up the charge of the battery.” ◊ When you touch a 9-volt battery to your tongue, both positive and negative ions move through your saliva. Which ions go which way? ◊ I once touched a piece of physics apparatus that had been wired incorrectly, and got a several-thousand-volt voltage difference across my hand. I was not injured. For what possible reason would the shock have had insufficient power to hurt me? 21.6 Resistance ±5% Color codes used on resistors. u / 1. A simplified diagram of how a voltmeter works. 2. Measuring the voltage difference across a lightbulb. 3. The same setup drawn in schematic form. 4. The setup for measuring current is different. Resistance So far we have simply presented it as an observed fact that a battery-and-bulb circuit quickly settles down to a steady flow, but why should it? Newton's second law, $a=F/m$, would seem to predict that the steady forces on the charged particles should make them whip around the circuit faster and faster. The answer is that as charged particles move through matter, there are always forces, analogous to frictional forces, that resist the motion. These forces need to be included in Newton's second law, which is really $a=F_{total}/m$, not $a=F/m$. If, by analogy, you push a crate across the floor at constant speed, i.e., with zero acceleration, the total force on it must be zero. After you get the crate going, the floor's frictional force is exactly canceling out your force. The chemical energy stored in your body is being transformed into heat in the crate and the floor, and no longer into an increase in the crate's kinetic energy. Similarly, the battery's internal chemical energy is converted into heat, not into perpetually increasing the charged particles' kinetic energy. Changing energy into heat may be a nuisance in some circuits, such as a computer chip, but it is vital in a lightbulb, which must get hot enough to glow. Whether we like it or not, this kind of heating effect is going to occur any time charged particles move through matter. What determines the amount of heating? One flashlight bulb designed to work with a 9-volt battery might be labeled 1.0 watts, another 5.0. How does this work? Even without knowing the details of this type of friction at the atomic level, we can relate the heat dissipation to the amount of current that flows via the equation $P=I\Delta $V. If the two flashlight bulbs can have two different values of $P$ when used with a battery that maintains the same $\Delta V$, it must be that the 5.0-watt bulb allows five times more current to flow through it. For many substances, including the tungsten from which lightbulb filaments are made, experiments show that the amount of current that will flow through it is directly proportional to the voltage difference placed across it. For an object made of such a substance, we define its electrical resistance as follows: definition of resistance If an object inserted in a circuit displays a current flow proportional to the voltage difference across it, then we define its resistance as the constant ratio \[\begin{equation} R = \Delta V / I \end{equation}\] The units of resistance are volts/ampere, usually abbreviated as ohms, symbolized with the capital Greek letter omega, $\Omega$. Example 7: Resistance of a lightbulb $\triangleright$ A flashlight bulb powered by a 9-volt battery has a resistance of 10 $\Omega$. How much current will it draw? $\triangleright$ Solving the definition of resistance for $I$, we find \[\begin{align} I &= \Delta V/ R \\ &= 0.9\ \text{V}/\Omega \\ &= 0.9\ \text{V}/(\text{V}/\text{A}) \\ &= \text{0.9 A} \end{align}\] Ohm's law states that many substances, including many solids and some liquids, display this kind of behavior, at least for voltages that are not too large. The fact that Ohm's law is called a “law” should not be taken to mean that all materials obey it, or that it has the same fundamental importance as Newton's laws, for example. Materials are called ohmic or nonohmic, depending on whether they obey Ohm's law. Although we will concentrate on ohmic materials in this book, it's important to keep in mind that a great many materials are nonohmic, and devices made from them are often very important. For instance, a transistor is a nonohmic device that can be used to amplify a signal (as in a guitar amplifier) or to store and manipulate the ones and zeroes in a computer chip. If objects of the same size and shape made from two different ohmic materials have different resistances, we can say that one material is more resistive than the other, or equivalently that it is less conductive. Materials, such as metals, that are very conductive are said to be good conductors. Those that are extremely poor conductors, for example wood or rubber, are classified as insulators. There is no sharp distinction between the two classes of materials. Some, such as silicon, lie midway between the two extremes, and are called semiconductors. On an intuitive level, we can understand the idea of resistance by making the sounds “hhhhhh” and “ffffff.” To make air flow out of your mouth, you use your diaphragm to compress the air in your chest. The pressure difference between your chest and the air outside your mouth is analogous to a voltage difference. When you make the “h” sound, you form your mouth and throat in a way that allows air to flow easily. The large flow of air is like a large current. Dividing by a large current in the definition of resistance means that we get a small resistance. We say that the small resistance of your mouth and throat allows a large current to flow. When you make the “f” sound, you increase the resistance and cause a smaller current to flow. Note that although the resistance of an object depends on the substance it is made of, we cannot speak simply of the “resistance of gold” or the “resistance of wood.” Figure l shows four examples of objects that have had wires attached at the ends as electrical connections. If they were made of the same substance, they would all nevertheless have different resistances because of their different sizes and shapes. A more detailed discussion will be more natural in the context of the following chapter, but it should not be too surprising that the resistance of l /2 will be greater than that of l /1 --- the image of water flowing through a pipe, however incorrect, gives us the right intuition. Object l /3 will have a smaller resistance than l /1 because the charged particles have less of it to get through. Superconductors All materials display some variation in resistance according to temperature (a fact that is used in thermostats to make a thermometer that can be easily interfaced to an electric circuit). More spectacularly, most metals have been found to exhibit a sudden change to zero resistance when cooled to a certain critical temperature. They are then said to be superconductors. Currently, the most important practical application of superconductivity is in medical MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanners. The mechanism of MRI is explained on p. 471, but the important point for now is that when your body is inserted into one of these devices, you are being immersed in an extremely strong magnetic field produced by electric currents flowing through the coiled wires of an electromagnet. If these wires were not superconducting, they would instantly burn up because of the heat generated by their resistance. There are many other potential applications for superconductors, but most of these, such as power transmission, are not currently economically feasible because of the extremely low temperatures required for superconductivity to occur. However, it was discovered in 1986 that certain ceramics are superconductors at less extreme temperatures. The technological barrier is now in finding practical methods for making wire out of these brittle materials. Wall Street is currently investing billions of dollars in developing superconducting devices for cellular phone relay stations based on these materials. There is currently no satisfactory theory of superconductivity in general, although superconductivity in metals is understood fairly well. Unfortunately I have yet to find a fundamental explanation of superconductivity in metals that works at the introductory level. Constant voltage throughout a conductor The idea of a superconductor leads us to the question of how we should expect an object to behave if it is made of a very good conductor. Superconductors are an extreme case, but often a metal wire can be thought of as a perfect conductor, for example if the parts of the circuit other than the wire are made of much less conductive materials. What happens if $R$ equals zero in the equation $R=\Delta V/I$? The result of dividing two numbers can only be zero if the number on top equals zero. This tells us that if we pick any two points in a perfect conductor, the voltage difference between them must be zero. In other words, the entire conductor must be at the same voltage. n / 1. The finger deposits charges on the solid, spherical, metal doorknob and is then withdrawn. 2. Almost instantaneously, the charges' mutual repulsion makes them redistribute themselves uniformly on the surface of the sphere. The only excess charge is on the surface; charges do exist in the atoms that form the interior of the sphere, but they are balanced. Charges on the interior feel zero total electrical force from the ones at the surface. Charges at the surface experience a net outward repulsion, but this is canceled out by the force that keep them from escaping into the air. 3. A voltmeter shows zero difference in voltage between any two points on the interior or surface of the sphere. If the voltage difference wasn't zero, then energy could be released by the flow of charge from one point to the other; this only happens before equilibrium is reached. Constant voltage means that no work would be done on a charge as it moved from one point in the conductor to another. If zero work was done only along a certain path between two specific points, it might mean that positive work was done along part of the path and negative work along the rest, resulting in a cancellation. But there is no way that the work could come out to be zero for all possible paths unless the electrical force on a charge was in fact zero at every point. Suppose, for example, that you build up a static charge by scuffing your feet on a carpet, and then you deposit some of that charge onto a doorknob, which is a good conductor. How can all that charge be in the doorknob without creating any electrical force at any point inside it? The only possible answer is that the charge moves around until it has spread itself into just the right configuration so that the forces exerted by all the little bits of excess surface charge on any charged particle within the doorknob exactly cancel out. We can explain this behavior if we assume that the charge placed on the doorknob eventually settles down into a stable equilibrium. Since the doorknob is a conductor, the charge is free to move through it. If it was free to move and any part of it did experience a nonzero total force from the rest of the charge, then it would move, and we would not have an equilibrium. Excess charge placed on a conductor, once it reaches its equilibrium configuration, is entirely on the surface, not on the interior. This should be intuitively reasonable in figure n , for example, since the charges are all repelling each other. A proof is given in example 15 on p. 640. Since wires are good conductors, constancy of voltage throughout a conductor provides a convenient freedom in hooking up a voltmeter to a circuit. In figure o , points B and C are on the same piece of conducting wire, so $V_B=V_C$. Measuring $V_B-V_A$ gives the same result as measuring $V_C-V_A$. Example 8: The lightning rod Suppose you have a pear-shaped conductor like the one in figure p /1. Since the pear is a conductor, there are free charges everywhere inside it. Panels 1 and 2 of the figure show a computer simulation with 100 identical electric charges. In 1, the charges are released at random positions inside the pear. Repulsion causes them all to fly outward onto the surface and then settle down into an orderly but nonuniform pattern. We might not have been able to guess the pattern in advance, but we can verify that some of its features make sense. For example, charge A has more neighbors on the right than on the left, which would tend to make it accelerate off to the left. But when we look at the picture as a whole, it appears reasonable that this is prevented by the larger number of more distant charges on its left than on its right. There also seems to be a pattern to the nonuniformity: the charges collect more densely in areas like B, where the surface is strongly curved, and less densely in flatter areas like C. To understand the reason for this pattern, consider p /3. Two conducting spheres are connected by a conducting wire. Since the whole apparatus is conducting, it must all be at one voltage. As shown in problem 43 on p. 608, the density of charge is greater on the smaller sphere. This is an example of a more general fact observed in p /2, which is that the charge on a conductor packs itself more densely in areas that are more sharply curved. Similar reasoning shows why Benjamin Franklin used a sharp tip when he invented the lightning rod. The charged stormclouds induce positive and negative charges to move to opposite ends of the rod. At the pointed upper end of the rod, the charge tends to concentrate at the point, and this charge attracts the lightning. The same effect can sometimes be seen when a scrap of aluminum foil is inadvertently put in a microwave oven. Modern experiments (Moore et al., Journal of Applied Meteorology 39 (1999) 593) show that although a sharp tip is best at starting a spark, a more moderate curve, like the right-hand tip of the pear in this example, is better at successfully sustaining the spark for long enough to connect a discharge to the clouds. Short circuits So far we have been assuming a perfect conductor. What if it is a good conductor, but not a perfect one? Then we can solve for $\Delta V=IR$. An ordinary-sized current will make a very small result when we multiply it by the resistance of a good conductor such as a metal wire. The voltage throughout the wire will then be nearly constant. If, on the other hand, the current is extremely large, we can have a significant voltage difference. This is what happens in a short-circuit: a circuit in which a low-resistance pathway connects the two sides of a voltage source. Note that this is much more specific than the popular use of the term to indicate any electrical malfunction at all. If, for example, you short-circuit a 9-volt battery as shown in figure q , you will produce perhaps a thousand amperes of current, leading to a very large value of $P=I\Delta V$. The wire gets hot! self-check: What would happen to the battery in this kind of short circuit? (answer in the back of the PDF version of the book) Resistors Inside any electronic gadget you will see quite a few little circuit elements like the one shown in the photo. These resistors are simply a cylinder of ohmic material with wires attached to the end. At this stage, most students have a hard time understanding why resistors would be used inside a radio or a computer. We obviously want a lightbulb or an electric stove to have a circuit element that resists the flow of electricity and heats up, but heating is undesirable in radios and computers. Without going too far afield, let's use a mechanical analogy to get a general idea of why a resistor would be used in a radio. The main parts of a radio receiver are an antenna, a tuner for selecting the frequency, and an amplifier to strengthen the signal sufficiently to drive a speaker. The tuner resonates at the selected frequency, just as in the examples of mechanical resonance discussed in chapter 18 . The behavior of a mechanical resonator depends on three things: its inertia, its stiffness, and the amount of friction or damping. The first two parameters locate the peak of the resonance curve, while the damping determines the width of the resonance. In the radio tuner we have an electrically vibrating system that resonates at a particular frequency. Instead of a physical object moving back and forth, these vibrations consist of electrical currents that flow first in one direction and then in the other. In a mechanical system, damping means taking energy out of the vibration in the form of heat, and exactly the same idea applies to an electrical system: the resistor supplies the damping, and therefore controls the width of the resonance. If we set out to eliminate all resistance in the tuner circuit, by not building in a resistor and by somehow getting rid of all the inherent electrical resistance of the wires, we would have a useless radio. The tuner's resonance would be so narrow that we could never get close enough to the right frequency to bring in the station. The roles of inertia and stiffness are played by other circuit elements we have not discusses (a capacitor and a coil). Many electrical devices are based on electrical resistance and Ohm's law, even if they do not have little components in them that look like the usual resistor. The following are some examples. Lightbulb There is nothing special about a lightbulb filament --- you can easily make a lightbulb by cutting a narrow waist into a metallic gum wrapper and connecting the wrapper across the terminals of a 9-volt battery. The trouble is that it will instantly burn out. Edison solved this technical challenge by encasing the filament in an evacuated bulb, which prevented burning, since burning requires oxygen. Polygraph The polygraph, or “lie detector,” is really just a set of meters for recording physical measures of the subject's psychological stress, such as sweating and quickened heartbeat. The real-time sweat measurement works on the principle that dry skin is a good insulator, but sweaty skin is a conductor. Of course a truthful subject may become nervous simply because of the situation, and a practiced liar may not even break a sweat. The method's practitioners claim that they can tell the difference, but you should think twice before allowing yourself to be polygraph tested. Most U.S. courts exclude all polygraph evidence, but some employers attempt to screen out dishonest employees by polygraph testing job applicants, an abuse that ranks with such pseudoscience as handwriting analysis. Fuse A fuse is a device inserted in a circuit tollbooth-style in the same manner as an ammeter. It is simply a piece of wire made of metals having a relatively low melting point. If too much current passes through the fuse, it melts, opening the circuit. The purpose is to make sure that the building's wires do not carry so much current that they themselves will get hot enough to start a fire. Most modern houses use circuit breakers instead of fuses, although fuses are still common in cars and small devices. A circuit breaker is a switch operated by a coiled-wire magnet, which opens the circuit when enough current flows. The advantage is that once you turn off some of the appliances that were sucking up too much current, you can immediately flip the switch closed. In the days of fuses, one might get caught without a replacement fuse, or even be tempted to stuff aluminum foil in as a replacement, defeating the safety feature. Voltmeter A voltmeter is nothing more than an ammeter with an additional high-value resistor through which the current is also forced to flow. Ohm's law relates the current through the resistor is related directly to the voltage difference across it, so the meter can be calibrated in units of volts based on the known value of the resistor. The voltmeter's two probes are touched to the two locations in a circuit between which we wish to measure the voltage difference, u /2. Note how cumbersome this type of drawing is, and how difficult it can be to tell what is connected to what. This is why electrical drawing are usually shown in schematic form. Figure u /3 is a schematic representation of figure u /2. The setups for measuring current and voltage are different. When we are measuring current, we are finding “how much stuff goes through,” so we place the ammeter where all the current is forced to go through it. Voltage, however, is not “stuff that goes through,” it is a measure of electrical energy. If an ammeter is like the meter that measures your water use, a voltmeter is like a measuring stick that tells you how high a waterfall is, so that you can determine how much energy will be released by each kilogram of falling water. We do not want to force the water to go through the measuring stick! The arrangement in figure u /3 is a parallel circuit: one in there are “forks in the road” where some of the current will flow one way and some will flow the other. Figure u /4 is said to be wired in series: all the current will visit all the circuit elements one after the other. We will deal with series and parallel circuits in more detail in the following chapter. If you inserted a voltmeter incorrectly, in series with the bulb and battery, its large internal resistance would cut the current down so low that the bulb would go out. You would have severely disturbed the behavior of the circuit by trying to measure something about it. Incorrectly placing an ammeter in parallel is likely to be even more disconcerting. The ammeter has nothing but wire inside it to provide resistance, so given the choice, most of the current will flow through it rather than through the bulb. So much current will flow through the ammeter, in fact, that there is a danger of burning out the battery or the meter or both! For this reason, most ammeters have fuses or circuit breakers inside. Some models will trip their circuit breakers and make an audible alarm in this situation, while others will simply blow a fuse and stop working until you replace it. Discussion Questions ◊ In figure u /1, would it make any difference in the voltage measurement if we touched the voltmeter's probes to different points along the same segments of wire? ◊ Explain why it would be incorrect to define resistance as the amount of charge the resistor allows to flow. 21.7 Applications of calculus (optional calculus-based section) As discussed in example 1 on page 568, the definition of current as the rate of change of charge with respect to time must be reexpressed as a derivative in the case where the rate of change is not constant, \[\begin{equation} I = \frac{dq}{dt} . \end{equation}\] Example 9: Finding current given charge $\triangleright$ A charged balloon falls to the ground, and its charge begins leaking off to the Earth. Suppose that the charge on the balloon is given by $q=ae^{-bt}$. Find the current as a function of time, and interpret the answer. $\triangleright$ Taking the derivative, we have \[\begin{align} I &= \frac{d q}{d t} \\ &= - abe^{- bt} \end{align}\] An exponential function approaches zero as the exponent gets more and more negative. This means that both the charge and the current are decreasing in magnitude with time. It makes sense that the charge approaches zero, since the balloon is losing its charge. It also makes sense that the current is decreasing in magnitude, since charge cannot flow at the same rate forever without overshooting zero. 21.8 Series and parallel circuits w / The two shaded areas shaped like the letter “E” are both regions of constant voltage. Example 15 . Example 17 . Doubling the length of a resistor is like putting two resistors in series. The resistance is doubled. Schematics I see a chess position; Kasparov sees an interesting Ruy Lopez variation. To the uninitiated a schematic may look as unintelligible as Mayan hieroglyphs, but even a little bit of eye training can go a long way toward making its meaning leap off the page. A schematic is a stylized and simplified drawing of a circuit. The purpose is to eliminate as many irrelevant features as possible, so that the relevant ones are easier to pick out. v / 1. Wrong: The shapes of the wires are irrelevant. 2. Wrong: Right angles should be used. 3. Wrong: A simple pattern is made to look unfamiliar and complicated. 4. Right. An example of an irrelevant feature is the physical shape, length, and diameter of a wire. In nearly all circuits, it is a good approximation to assume that the wires are perfect conductors, so that any piece of wire uninterrupted by other components has constant voltage throughout it. Changing the length of the wire, for instance, does not change this fact. (Of course if we used miles and miles of wire, as in a telephone line, the wire's resistance would start to add up, and its length would start to matter.) The shapes of the wires are likewise irrelevant, so we draw them with standardized, stylized shapes made only of vertical and horizontal lines with right-angle bends in them. This has the effect of making similar circuits look more alike and helping us to recognize familiar patterns, just as words in a newspaper are easier to recognize than handwritten ones. Figure v shows some examples of these concepts. The most important first step in learning to read schematics is to learn to recognize contiguous pieces of wire which must have constant voltage throughout. In figure w , for example, the two shaded E-shaped pieces of wire must each have constant voltage. This focuses our attention on two of the main unknowns we'd like to be able to predict: the voltage of the left-hand E and the voltage of the one on the right. Parallel resistances and the junction rule One of the simplest examples to analyze is the parallel resistance circuit, of which figure w was an example. In general we may have unequal resistances $R_1$ and $R_2$, as in x /1. Since there are only two constant-voltage areas in the circuit, x /2, all three components have the same voltage difference across them. A battery normally succeeds in maintaining the voltage differences across itself for which it was designed, so the voltage drops $\Delta V_1$ and $\Delta V_2$ across the resistors must both equal the voltage of the battery: \[\begin{equation} \Delta V_1=\Delta V_2=\Delta V_{battery} . \end{equation}\] Each resistance thus feels the same voltage difference as if it was the only one in the circuit, and Ohm's law tells us that the amount of current flowing through each one is also the same as it would have been in a one-resistor circuit. This is why household electrical circuits are wired in parallel. We want every appliance to work the same, regardless of whether other appliances are plugged in or unplugged, turned on or switched off. (The electric company doesn't use batteries of course, but our analysis would be the same for any device that maintains a constant voltage.) x / 1. Two resistors in parallel. 2. There are two constant-voltage areas. 3. The current that comes out of the battery splits between the two resistors, and later reunites. 4. The two resistors in parallel can be treated as a single resistor with a smaller resistance value. Of course the electric company can tell when we turn on every light in the house. How do they know? The answer is that we draw more current. Each resistance draws a certain amount of current, and the amount that has to be supplied is the sum of the two individual currents. The current is like a river that splits in half, x /3, and then reunites. The total current is \[\begin{equation} I_{total} = I_1 + I_2 . \end{equation}\] This is an example of a general fact called the junction rule: the junction rule In any circuit that is not storing or releasing charge, conservation of charge implies that the total current flowing out of any junction must be the same as the total flowing in. Coming back to the analysis of our circuit, we apply Ohm's law to each resistance, resulting in \[\begin{align} I_{total} &= \Delta V/R_1+ \Delta V/R_2 \\ &= \Delta V\left(\frac{1}{R_1}+\frac{1}{R_2}\right) . \end{align}\] As far as the electric company is concerned, your whole house is just one resistor with some resistance $R$, called the equivalent resistance. They would write Ohm's law as \[\begin{equation} I_{total} = \Delta V/R , \end{equation}\] from which we can determine the equivalent resistance by comparison with the previous expression: \[\begin{align} 1/R &= \frac{1}{R_1}+\frac{1}{R_2} \\ R &= \left(\frac{1}{R_1}+\frac{1}{R_2}\right)^{-1} \end{align}\] [equivalent resistance of two resistors in parallel] Two resistors in parallel, x /4, are equivalent to a single resistor with a value given by the above equation. Example 10: Two lamps on the same household circuit $\triangleright$ You turn on two lamps that are on the same household circuit. Each one has a resistance of 1 ohm. What is the equivalent resistance, and how does the power dissipation compare with the case of a single lamp? $\triangleright$ The equivalent resistance of the two lamps in parallel is \[\begin{align} R &= \left(\frac{1}{ R_1}+\frac{1}{ R_2}\right)^{-1} \\ &= \left(\frac{1}{1\ \Omega}+\frac{1}{1\ \Omega}\right)^{-1} \\ &= \left(1\ \Omega^{-1} + 1\ \Omega^{-1}\right)^{-1} \\ &= \left(2\ \Omega^{-1}\right)^{-1} \\ &= \text{0.5}\ \Omega \end{align}\] The voltage difference across the whole circuit is always the 110 V set by the electric company (it's alternating current, but that's irrelevant). The resistance of the whole circuit has been cut in half by turning on the second lamp, so a fixed amount of voltage will produce twice as much current. Twice the current flowing across the same voltage difference means twice as much power dissipation, which makes sense. The cutting in half of the resistance surprises many students, since we are “adding more resistance” to the circuit by putting in the second lamp. Why does the equivalent resistance come out to be less than the resistance of a single lamp? This is a case where purely verbal reasoning can be misleading. A resistive circuit element, such as the filament of a lightbulb, is neither a perfect insulator nor a perfect conductor. Instead of analyzing this type of circuit in terms of “resistors,” i.e., partial insulators, we could have spoken of “conductors.” This example would then seem reasonable, since we “added more conductance,” but one would then have the incorrect expectation about the case of resistors in series, discussed in the following section. Perhaps a more productive way of thinking about it is to use mechanical intuition. By analogy, your nostrils resist the flow of air through them, but having two nostrils makes it twice as easy to breathe. Example 11: Three resistors in parallel $\triangleright$ What happens if we have three or more resistors in parallel? $\triangleright$ This is an important example, because the solution involves an important technique for understanding circuits: breaking them down into smaller parts and them simplifying those parts. In the circuit 21.8.2 /1, with three resistors in parallel, we can think of two of the resistors as forming a single resistor, 21.8.2 /2, with equivalent resistance \[\begin{equation} R_{12} = \left(\frac{1}{ R_1}+\frac{1}{ R_2}\right)^{-1} . \end{equation}\] We can then simplify the circuit as shown in 21.8.2 /3, so that it contains only two resistances. The equivalent resistance of the whole circuit is then given by \[\begin{equation} R_{123} = \left(\frac{1}{ R_{12}}+\frac{1}{ R_3}\right)^{-1} . \end{equation}\] Substituting for $R_{12}$ and simplifying, we find the result \[\begin{equation} R_{123} = \left(\frac{1}{ R_1}+\frac{1}{ R_2}+\frac{1}{ R_3}\right)^{-1} , \end{equation}\] which you probably could have guessed. The interesting point here is the divide-and-conquer concept, not the mathematical result. Example 12: An arbitrary number of identical resistors in parallel $\triangleright$ What is the resistance of $N$ identical resistors in parallel? $\triangleright$ Generalizing the results for two and three resistors, we have \[\begin{equation} R_{N} = \left(\frac{1}{ R_1}+\frac{1}{ R_2}+...\right)^{-1} , \end{equation}\] where “...” means that the sum includes all the resistors. If all the resistors are identical, this becomes \[\begin{align} R_{N} &= \left(\frac{ N}{ R}\right)^{-1} \\ &= \frac{ R}{ N} \end{align}\] Example 13: Dependence of resistance on cross-sectional area We have alluded briefly to the fact that an object's electrical resistance depends on its size and shape, but now we are ready to begin making more mathematical statements about it. As suggested by figure 13 , increasing a resistors's cross-sectional area is equivalent to adding more resistors in parallel, which will lead to an overall decrease in resistance. Any real resistor with straight, parallel sides can be sliced up into a large number of pieces, each with cross-sectional area of, say, 1 $\mu \text{m}^2$. The number, $N$, of such slices is proportional to the total cross-sectional area of the resistor, and by application of the result of the previous example we therefore find that the resistance of an object is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. A fat pipe has less resistance than a skinny pipe. An analogous relationship holds for water pipes, which is why high-flow trunk lines have to have large cross-sectional areas. To make lots of water (current) flow through a skinny pipe, we'd need an impractically large pressure (voltage) difference. Example 14: Incorrect readings from a voltmeter A voltmeter is really just an ammeter with an internal resistor, and we use a voltmeter in parallel with the thing that we're trying to measure the voltage difference across. This means that any time we measure the voltage drop across a resistor, we're essentially putting two resistors in parallel. The ammeter inside the voltmeter can be ignored for the purpose of analyzing how current flows in the circuit, since it is essentially just some coiled-up wire with a very low resistance. Now if we are carrying out this measurement on a resistor that is part of a larger circuit, we have changed the behavior of the circuit through our act of measuring. It is as though we had modified the circuit by replacing the resistance $R$ with the smaller equivalent resistance of $R$ and $R_v$ in parallel. It is for this reason that voltmeters are built with the largest possible internal resistance. As a numerical example, if we use a voltmeter with an internal resistance of 1 $M\Omega $ to measure the voltage drop across a one-ohm resistor, the equivalent resistance is 0.999999 $\Omega $, which is not different enough to make any difference. But if we tried to use the same voltmeter to measure the voltage drop across a 2 $M\Omega$ resistor, we would be reducing the resistance of that part of the circuit by a factor of three, which would produce a drastic change in the behavior of the whole circuit. This is the reason why you can't use a voltmeter to measure the voltage difference between two different points in mid-air, or between the ends of a piece of wood. This is by no means a stupid thing to want to do, since the world around us is not a constant-voltage environment, the most extreme example being when an electrical storm is brewing. But it will not work with an ordinary voltmeter because the resistance of the air or the wood is many gigaohms. The effect of waving a pair of voltmeter probes around in the air is that we provide a reuniting path for the positive and negative charges that have been separated --- through the voltmeter itself, which is a good conductor compared to the air. This reduces to zero the voltage difference we were trying to measure. In general, a voltmeter that has been set up with an open circuit (or a very large resistance) between its probes is said to be “floating.” An old-fashioned analog voltmeter of the type described here will read zero when left floating, the same as when it was sitting on the shelf. A floating digital voltmeter usually shows an error message. Series resistances The two basic circuit layouts are parallel and series, so a pair of resistors in series, aa /1, is another of the most basic circuits we can make. By conservation of charge, all the current that flows through one resistor must also flow through the other (as well as through the battery): \[\begin{equation} I_1 = I_2 . \end{equation}\] The only way the information about the two resistance values is going to be useful is if we can apply Ohm's law, which will relate the resistance of each resistor to the current flowing through it and the voltage difference across it. Figure aa /2 shows the three constant-voltage areas. Voltage differences are more physically significant than voltages, so we define symbols for the voltage differences across the two resistors in figure aa /3. We have three constant-voltage areas, with symbols for the difference in voltage between every possible pair of them. These three voltage differences must be related to each other. It is as though I tell you that Fred is a foot taller than Ginger, Ginger is a foot taller than Sally, and Fred is two feet taller than Sally. The information is redundant, and you really only needed two of the three pieces of data to infer the third. In the case of our voltage differences, we have \[\begin{equation} \|\Delta V_1\| + \|\Delta V_2\| = \|\Delta V_{battery}\| . \end{equation}\] The absolute value signs are because of the ambiguity in how we define our voltage differences. If we reversed the two probes of the voltmeter, we would get a result with the opposite sign. Digital voltmeters will actually provide a minus sign on the screen if the wire connected to the “V” plug is lower in voltage than the one connected to the “COM” plug. Analog voltmeters pin the needle against a peg if you try to use them to measure negative voltages, so you have to fiddle to get the leads connected the right way, and then supply any necessary minus sign yourself. Figure aa /4 shows a standard way of taking care of the ambiguity in signs. For each of the three voltage measurements around the loop, we keep the same probe (the darker one) on the clockwise side. It is as though the voltmeter was sidling around the circuit like a crab, without ever “crossing its legs.” With this convention, the relationship among the voltage drops becomes \[\begin{equation} \Delta V_1 + \Delta V_2 = -\Delta V_{battery} , \end{equation}\] or, in more symmetrical form, \[\begin{equation} \Delta V_1 + \Delta V_2 + \Delta V_{battery} = 0 . \end{equation}\] More generally, this is known as the loop rule for analyzing circuits: the loop rule Assuming the standard convention for plus and minus signs, the sum of the voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit must be zero. Looking for an exception to the loop rule would be like asking for a hike that would be downhill all the way and that would come back to its starting point! For the circuit we set out to analyze, the equation \[\begin{equation} \Delta V_1 + \Delta V_2 + \Delta V_{battery} = 0 \end{equation}\] can now be rewritten by applying Ohm's law to each resistor: \[\begin{equation} I_1R_1 + I_2R_2 + \Delta V_{battery} = 0 . \end{equation}\] The currents are the same, so we can factor them out: \[\begin{equation} I\left(R_1 + R_2\right) + \Delta V_{battery} = 0 , \end{equation}\] and this is the same result we would have gotten if we had been analyzing a one-resistor circuit with resistance $R_1+R_2$. Thus the equivalent resistance of resistors in series equals the sum of their resistances. Example 15: Two lightbulbs in series $\triangleright$ If two identical lightbulbs are placed in series, how do their brightnesses compare with the brightness of a single bulb? $\triangleright$ Taken as a whole, the pair of bulbs act like a doubled resistance, so they will draw half as much current from the wall. Each bulb will be dimmer than a single bulb would have been. The total power dissipated by the circuit is $I\Delta V$. The voltage drop across the whole circuit is the same as before, but the current is halved, so the two-bulb circuit draws half as much total power as the one-bulb circuit. Each bulb draws one-quarter of the normal power. Roughly speaking, we might expect this to result in one quarter the light being produced by each bulb, but in reality lightbulbs waste quite a high percentage of their power in the form of heat and wavelengths of light that are not visible (infrared and ultraviolet). Less light will be produced, but it's hard to predict exactly how much less, since the efficiency of the bulbs will be changed by operating them under different conditions. Example 16: More than two equal resistances in series By straightforward application of the divide-and-conquer technique discussed in the previous section, we find that the equivalent resistance of $N$ identical resistances $R$ in series will be $NR$. Example 17: Dependence of resistance on length In the previous section, we proved that resistance is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area. By equivalent reason about resistances in series, we find that resistance is proportional to length. Analogously, it is harder to blow through a long straw than through a short one. Combining the results of examples 13 and 17 , we find that the resistance of an object with straight, parallel sides is given by \[\begin{equation} R = \text{(constant)} \cdot L/ A \end{equation}\] The proportionality constant is called the resistivity, and it depends only on the substance of which the object is made. A resistivity measurement could be used, for instance, to help identify a sample of an unknown substance. Example 18: Choice of high voltage for power lines Thomas Edison got involved in a famous technological controversy over the voltage difference that should be used for electrical power lines. At this time, the public was unfamiliar with electricity, and easily scared by it. The president of the United States, for instance, refused to have electrical lighting in the White House when it first became commercially available because he considered it unsafe, preferring the known fire hazard of oil lamps to the mysterious dangers of electricity. Mainly as a way to overcome public fear, Edison believed that power should be transmitted using small voltages, and he publicized his opinion by giving demonstrations at which a dog was lured into position to be killed by a large voltage difference between two sheets of metal on the ground. (Edison's opponents also advocated alternating current rather than direct current, and AC is more dangerous than DC as well. As we will discuss later, AC can be easily stepped up and down to the desired voltage level using a device called a transformer.) Now if we want to deliver a certain amount of power $P_L$ to a load such as an electric lightbulb, we are constrained only by the equation $P_{L} = I\Delta V_L$. We can deliver any amount of power we wish, even with a low voltage, if we are willing to use large currents. Modern electrical distribution networks, however, use dangerously high voltage differences of tens of thousands of volts. Why did Edison lose the debate? It boils down to money. The electric company must deliver the amount of power $P_L$ desired by the customer through a transmission line whose resistance $R_T$ is fixed by economics and geography. The same current flows through both the load and the transmission line, dissipating power usefully in the former and wastefully in the latter. The efficiency of the system is \[\begin{align} \text{efficiency} &= \frac{\text{power paid for by the customer}} {\text{power paid for by the utility}} \\ &= \frac{ P_{L}}{ P_L+ P_{T}} \\ &= \frac{1}{1+ P_{T}/ P_L} \end{align}\] Putting ourselves in the shoes of the electric company, we wish to get rid of the variable $P_T$, since it is something we control only indirectly by our choice of $\Delta V_T$ and $I$. Substituting $P_{T}= I\Delta V_T$, we find \[\begin{equation} \text{efficiency} = \frac{1} {1+\frac{ I \Delta V_T}{ P_L}} \end{equation}\] We assume the transmission line (but not necessarily the load) is ohmic, so substituting $\Delta V_T=IR_T$ gives \[\begin{equation} \text{efficiency} = \frac{1}{1+\frac{I^2R_T}{P_L}} \end{equation}\] This quantity can clearly be maximized by making $I$ as small as possible, since we will then be dividing by the smallest possible quantity on the bottom of the fraction. A low-current circuit can only deliver significant amounts of power if it uses high voltages, which is why electrical transmission systems use dangerous high voltages. Example 19 . Example 19: A complicated circuit $\triangleright$ All seven resistors in the left-hand panel of figure ab are identical. Initially, the switch S is open as shown in the figure, and the current through resistor A is $I_\text{o}$. The switch is then closed. Find the current through resistor B, after the switch is closed, in terms of $I_\text{o}$. $\triangleright$ The second panel shows the circuit redrawn for simplicity, in the initial condition with the switch open. When the switch is open, no current can flow through the central resistor, so we may as well ignore it. I've also redrawn the junctions, without changing what's connected to what. This is the kind of mental rearranging that you'll eventually learn to do automatically from experience with analyzing circuits. The redrawn version makes it easier to see what's happening with the current. Charge is conserved, so any charge that flows past point 1 in the circuit must also flow past points 2 and 3. This would have been harder to reason about by applying the junction rule to the original version, which appears to have nine separate junctions. In the new version, it's also clear that the circuit has a great deal of symmetry. We could flip over each parallel pair of identical resistors without changing what's connected to what, so that makes it clear that the voltage drops and currents must be equal for the members of each pair. We can also prove this by using the loop rule. The loop rule says that the two voltage drops in loop 4 must be equal, and similarly for loops 5 and 6. Since the resistors obey Ohm's law, equal voltage drops across them also imply equal currents. That means that when the current at point 1 comes to the top junction, exactly half of it goes through each resistor. Then the current reunites at 2, splits between the next pair, and so on. We conclude that each of the six resistors in the circuit experiences the same voltage drop and the same current. Applying the loop rule to loop 7, we find that the sum of the three voltage drops across the three left-hand resistors equals the battery's voltage, $V$, so each resistor in the circuit experiences a voltage drop $V/3$. Letting $R$ stand for the resistance of one of the resistors, we find that the current through resistor B, which is the same as the currents through all the others, is given by $I_\text{o}=V/3R$. We now pass to the case where the switch is closed, as shown in the third panel. The battery's voltage is the same as before, and each resistor's resistance is the same, so we can still use the same symbols $V$ and $R$ for them. It is no longer true, however, that each resistor feels a voltage drop $V/3$. The equivalent resistance of the whole circuit is $R/2+R/3+R/2=4R/3$, so the total current drawn from the battery is $3V/4R$. In the middle group of resistors, this current is split three ways, so the new current through B is $(1/3)(3V/4R)=V/4R=3I_\text{o}/4$. Interpreting this result, we see that it comes from two effects that partially cancel. Closing the switch reduces the equivalent resistance of the circuit by giving charge another way to flow, and increases the amount of current drawn from the battery. Resistor B, however, only gets a 1/3 share of this greater current, not 1/2. The second effect turns out to be bigger than first, and therefore the current through resistor B is lessened over all. Example 20: Getting killed by your ammeter As with a voltmeter, an ammeter can give erroneous readings if it is used in such a way that it changes the behavior the circuit. An ammeter is used in series, so if it is used to measure the current through a resistor, the resistor's value will effectively be changed to $R+ R_a$, where $R_a$ is the resistance of the ammeter. Ammeters are designed with very low resistances in order to make it unlikely that $R+ R_a$ will be significantly different from $R$. In fact, the real hazard is death, not a wrong reading! Virtually the only circuits whose resistances are significantly less than that of an ammeter are those designed to carry huge currents. An ammeter inserted in such a circuit can easily melt. When I was working at a laboratory funded by the Department of Energy, we got periodic bulletins from the DOE safety office about serious accidents at other sites, and they held a certain ghoulish fascination. One of these was about a DOE worker who was completely incinerated by the explosion created when he inserted an ordinary Radio Shack ammeter into a high-current circuit. Later estimates showed that the heat was probably so intense that the explosion was a ball of plasma --- a gas so hot that its atoms have been ionized. Discussion Question ◊ We have stated the loop rule in a symmetric form where a series of voltage drops adds up to zero. To do this, we had to define a standard way of connecting the voltmeter to the circuit so that the plus and minus signs would come out right. Suppose we wish to restate the junction rule in a similar symmetric way, so that instead of equating the current coming in to the current going out, it simply states that a certain sum of currents at a junction adds up to zero. What standard way of inserting the ammeter would we have to use to make this work? Summary $\Omega$ — units of ohms Other Notation electric potential — rather than the more informal “voltage” used here; despite the misleading name, it is not the same as electric potential energy \notationitem{eV}{a unit of energy, equal to $e$ multiplied by 1 volt; $1.6\times10^{-19}$ joules} Summary {} All the forces we encounter in everyday life boil down to two basic types: gravitational forces and electrical forces. A force such as friction or a “sticky force” arises from electrical forces between individual atoms. Just as we use the word “mass” to describe how strongly an object participates in gravitational forces, we use the word “charge” for the intensity of its electrical forces. There are two types of charge. Two charges of the same type repel each other, but objects whose charges are different attract each other. Charge is measured in units of coulombs (C). Mobile charged particle model: A great many phenomena are easily understood if we imagine matter as containing two types of charged particles, which are at least partially able to move around. Positive and negative charge: Ordinary objects that have not been specially prepared have both types of charge spread evenly throughout them in equal amounts. The object will then tend not to exert electrical forces on any other object, since any attraction due to one type of charge will be balanced by an equal repulsion from the other. (We say “tend not to” because bringing the object near an object with unbalanced amounts of charge could cause its charges to separate from each other, and the force would no longer cancel due to the unequal distances.) It therefore makes sense to describe the two types of charge using positive and negative signs, so that an unprepared object will have zero total charge. The Coulomb force law states that the magnitude of the electrical force between two charged particles is given by $\|\mathbf{F}\| =k \|q_1\| \|q_2\| / r^2$. Conservation of charge: An even more fundamental reason for using positive and negative signs for charge is that with this definition the total charge of a closed system is a conserved quantity. All electrical phenomena are alike in that that arise from the presence or motion of charge. Most practical electrical devices are based on the motion of charge around a complete circuit, so that the charge can be recycled and does not hit any dead ends. The most useful measure of the flow of charge is current, $I=\Delta q/\Delta t$. An electrical device whose job is to transform energy from one form into another, e.g., a lightbulb, uses power at a rate which depends both on how rapidly charge is flowing through it and on how much work is done on each unit of charge. The latter quantity is known as the voltage difference between the point where the current enters the device and the point where the current leaves it. Since there is a type of potential energy associated with electrical forces, the amount of work they do is equal to the difference in potential energy between the two points, and we therefore define voltage differences directly in terms of potential energy, $\Delta V=\Delta PE_{elec}/q$. The rate of power dissipation is $P=I\Delta V$. Many important electrical phenomena can only be explained if we understand the mechanisms of current flow at the atomic level. In metals, currents are carried by electrons, in liquids by ions. Gases are normally poor conductors unless their atoms are subjected to such intense electrical forces that the atoms become ionized. Many substances, including all solids, respond to electrical forces in such a way that the flow of current between two points is proportional to the voltage difference between those points. Such a substance is called ohmic, and an object made out of an ohmic substance can be rated in terms of its resistance, $R=\Delta $V/I. An important corollary is that a perfect conductor, with $R=0$, must have constant voltage everywhere within it. A schematic is a drawing of a circuit that standardizes and stylizes its features to make it easier to understand. Any circuit can be broken down into smaller parts. For instance, one big circuit may be understood as two small circuits in series, another as three circuits in parallel. When circuit elements are combined in parallel and in series, we have two basic rules to guide us in understanding how the parts function as a whole: the junction rule: In any circuit that is not storing or releasing charge, conservation of charge implies that the total current flowing out of any junction must be the same as the total flowing in. the loop rule: Assuming the standard convention for plus and minus signs, the sum of the voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit must be zero. The simplest application of these rules is to pairs of resistors combined in series or parallel. In such cases, the pair of resistors acts just like a single unit with a certain resistance value, called their equivalent resistance. Resistances in series add to produce a larger equivalent resistance, \[\begin{equation} R_{series} = R_1+R_2 , \end{equation}\] because the current has to fight its way through both resistances. Parallel resistors combine to produce an equivalent resistance that is smaller than either individual resistance, \[\begin{equation} R_{parallel} = \left(\frac{1}{R_1}+\frac{1}{R_2}\right)^{-1} , \end{equation}\] because the current has two different paths open to it. An important example of resistances in parallel and series is the use of voltmeters and ammeters in resistive circuits. A voltmeter acts as a large resistance in parallel with the resistor across which the voltage drop is being measured. The fact that its resistance is not infinite means that it alters the circuit it is being used to investigate, producing a lower equivalent resistance. An ammeter acts as a small resistance in series with the circuit through which the current is to be determined. Its resistance is not quite zero, which leads to an increase in the resistance of the circuit being tested. Homework Problems aa / Problem 1 . Top: A realistic picture of a neuron. Bottom: A simplified diagram of one segment of the tail (axon). wire highlighting pens, 3 colors When you first glance at this exercise, it may look scary and intimidating --- all those circuits! However, all those wild-looking circuits can be analyzed using the following four guides to thinking: 1. A circuit has to be complete , i.e., it must be possible for charge to get recycled as it goes around the circuit. If it's not complete, then charge will build up at a dead end. This built-up charge will repel any other charge that tries to get in, and everything will rapidly grind to a stop. 2. There is constant voltage everywhere along a piece of wire. To apply this rule during this lab, I suggest you use the colored highlighting pens to mark the circuit. For instance, if there's one whole piece of the circuit that's all at the same voltage, you could highlight it in yellow. A second piece of the circuit, at some other voltage, could be highlighted in blue. 3. Charge is conserved, so charge can't “get used up.” 4. You can draw a rollercoaster diagram, like the one shown below. On this kind of diagram, height corresponds to voltage --- that's why the wires are drawn as horizontal tracks. A Bulb and a Switch Look at circuit 1, and try to predict what will happen when the switch is open, and what will happen when it's closed. Write both your predictions in the table on the following page before you build the circuit. When you build the circuit, you don't need an actual switch like a light switch; just connect and disconnect the banana plugs. Use one of the 1.5 volt batteries as your voltage source. \newcommand{\circuittablestrut}{\raisebox{0mm}[0mm][25mm]{}} \newcommand{\circuittabletwocols}[2]{ color * \textsf{Circuit 1} \circuittabletwocols{switch open}{switch closed} Did it work the way you expected? If not, try to figure it out with the benefit of hindsight, and write your explanation in the table above. * \textsf{Circuit 2 (Don't leave the switch closed for a long time!)} \circuittabletwocols{switch open}{switch closed} * \textsf{Circuit 3} \circuittabletwocols{switch open}{switch closed} * \textsf{Circuit 4} \circuittabletwocols{switch open}{switch closed} Two Bulbs Instead of a battery, use the DC power supply, set to 2.4 volts, for circuits 5 and 6. Analyze this one both by highlighting and by drawing a rollercoaster diagram. * \textsf{Circuit 5} \circuittabletwocols{bulb a}{bulb b} * \textsf{Circuit 6} \circuittabletwocols{bulb a}{bulb b} Two Batteries Use batteries for circuits 7-9. Circuits 7 and 8 are both good candidates for rollercoaster diagrams. * \textsf{Circuit 7} * \textsf{Circuit 9} \circuittabletwocols{bulb a}{bulb b} \end{handson} \begin{handson}{C}{Reasoning about circuits}{\onecolumn} The questions in this exercise can all be solved using some combination of the following approaches: a) There is constant voltage throughout any conductor. b) Ohm's law can be applied to any part of a circuit. c) Apply the loop rule. d) Apply the junction rule. In each case, discuss the question, decide what you think is the right answer, and then try the experiment. If you've already done exercise 21 B, skip number 1. 1. The series circuit is changed as shown. Which reasoning is correct? Each bulb now has its sides connected to the two terminals of the battery, so each now has 2.4 V across it instead of 1.2 V. They get brighter. Just as in the original circuit, the current goes through one bulb, then the other. It's just that now the current goes in a figure-8 pattern. The bulbs glow the same as before. 2. A wire is added as shown to the original circuit. What is wrong with the following reasoning? The top right bulb will go out, because its two sides are now connected with wire, so there will be no voltage difference across it. The other three bulbs will not be affected. 3. A wire is added as shown to the original circuit. What is wrong with the following reasoning? The current flows out of the right side of the battery. When it hits the first junction, some of it will go left and some will keep going up The part that goes up lights the top right bulb. The part that turns left then follows the path of least resistance, going through the new wire instead of the bottom bulb. The top bulb stays lit, the bottom one goes out, and others stay the same. 4. What happens when one bulb is unscrewed, leaving an air gap? 5. This part is optional. You can do it if you finished early and would like an extra challenge. Predict the voltage drop across each of the three bulbs in part 4, and also predict how the three currents will compare with one another. (You can't predict the currents in units of amperes, since you don't know the resistances of the bulbs.) Test your predictions. If your predictions are wrong, try to figure out what's going on. \end{handson} (c) 1998-2013 Benjamin Crowell, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license . Photo credits are given at the end of the Adobe Acrobat version.	Ammeter
What internationally popular competitive activity features a 'Racing Homer'?	Electricity and circuits Relativity and electromagnetism Chapter 21. Electricity and circuits Where the telescope ends, the microscope begins. Which of the two has the grander view? -- Victor Hugo His father died during his mother's pregnancy. Rejected by her as a boy, he was packed off to boarding school when she remarried. He himself never married, but in middle age he formed an intense relationship with a much younger man, a relationship that he terminated when he underwent a psychotic break. Following his early scientific successes, he spent the rest of his professional life mostly in frustration over his inability to unlock the secrets of alchemy. The man being described is Isaac Newton, but not the triumphant Newton of the standard textbook hagiography. Why dwell on the sad side of his life? To the modern science educator, Newton's lifelong obsession with alchemy may seem an embarrassment, a distraction from his main achievement, the creation the modern science of mechanics. To Newton, however, his alchemical researches were naturally related to his investigations of force and motion. What was radical about Newton's analysis of motion was its universality: it succeeded in describing both the heavens and the earth with the same equations, whereas previously it had been assumed that the sun, moon, stars, and planets were fundamentally different from earthly objects. But Newton realized that if science was to describe all of nature in a unified way, it was not enough to unite the human scale with the scale of the universe: he would not be satisfied until he fit the microscopic universe into the picture as well. It should not surprise us that Newton failed. Although he was a firm believer in the existence of atoms, there was no more experimental evidence for their existence than there had been when the ancient Greeks first posited them on purely philosophical grounds. Alchemy labored under a tradition of secrecy and mysticism. Newton had already almost single-handedly transformed the fuzzyheaded field of “natural philosophy” into something we would recognize as the modern science of physics, and it would be unjust to criticize him for failing to change alchemy into modern chemistry as well. The time was not ripe. The microscope was a new invention, and it was cutting-edge science when Newton's contemporary Hooke discovered that living things were made out of cells. 21.1 The quest for the atomic force a / Four pieces of tape are prepared, 1, as described in the text. Depending on which combination is tested, the interaction can be either repulsive, 2, or attractive, 3. Newton was not the first of the age of reason. He was the last of the magicians. -- John Maynard Keynes Nevertheless it will be instructive to pick up Newton's train of thought and see where it leads us with the benefit of modern hindsight. In uniting the human and cosmic scales of existence, he had reimagined both as stages on which the actors were objects (trees and houses, planets and stars) that interacted through attractions and repulsions. He was already convinced that the objects inhabiting the microworld were atoms, so it remained only to determine what kinds of forces they exerted on each other. His next insight was no less brilliant for his inability to bring it to fruition. He realized that the many human-scale forces --- friction, sticky forces, the normal forces that keep objects from occupying the same space, and so on --- must all simply be expressions of a more fundamental force acting between atoms. Tape sticks to paper because the atoms in the tape attract the atoms in the paper. My house doesn't fall to the center of the earth because its atoms repel the atoms of the dirt under it. Here he got stuck. It was tempting to think that the atomic force was a form of gravity, which he knew to be universal, fundamental, and mathematically simple. Gravity, however, is always attractive, so how could he use it to explain the existence of both attractive and repulsive atomic forces? The gravitational force between objects of ordinary size is also extremely small, which is why we never notice cars and houses attracting us gravitationally. It would be hard to understand how gravity could be responsible for anything as vigorous as the beating of a heart or the explosion of gunpowder. Newton went on to write a million words of alchemical notes filled with speculation about some other force, perhaps a “divine force” or “vegetative force” that would for example be carried by the sperm to the egg. Luckily, we now know enough to investigate a different suspect as a candidate for the atomic force: electricity. Electric forces are often observed between objects that have been prepared by rubbing (or other surface interactions), for instance when clothes rub against each other in the dryer. A useful example is shown in figure a /1: stick two pieces of tape on a tabletop, and then put two more pieces on top of them. Lift each pair from the table, and then separate them. The two top pieces will then repel each other, a /2, as will the two bottom pieces. A bottom piece will attract a top piece, however, a /3. Electrical forces like these are similar in certain ways to gravity, the other force that we already know to be fundamental: Electrical forces are universal. Although some substances, such as fur, rubber, and plastic, respond more strongly to electrical preparation than others, all matter participates in electrical forces to some degree. There is no such thing as a “nonelectric” substance. Matter is both inherently gravitational and inherently electrical. Experiments show that the electrical force, like the gravitational force, is an inverse square force. That is, the electrical force between two spheres is proportional to $1/r^2$, where $r$ is the center-to-center distance between them. Furthermore, electrical forces make more sense than gravity as candidates for the fundamental force between atoms, because we have observed that they can be either attractive or repulsive. 21.2 Electrical forces b / A charged piece of tape attracts uncharged pieces of paper from a distance, and they leap up to it. c / The paper has zero total charge, but it does have charged particles in it that can move. Charge “Charge” is the technical term used to indicate that an object has been prepared so as to participate in electrical forces. This is to be distinguished from the common usage, in which the term is used indiscriminately for anything electrical. For example, although we speak colloquially of “charging” a battery, you may easily verify that a battery has no charge in the technical sense, e.g., it does not exert any electrical force on a piece of tape that has been prepared as described in the previous section. Two types of charge We can easily collect reams of data on electrical forces between different substances that have been charged in different ways. We find for example that cat fur prepared by rubbing against rabbit fur will attract glass that has been rubbed on silk. How can we make any sense of all this information? A vast simplification is achieved by noting that there are really only two types of charge. Suppose we pick cat fur rubbed on rabbit fur as a representative of type A, and glass rubbed on silk for type B. We will now find that there is no “type C.” Any object electrified by any method is either A-like, attracting things A attracts and repelling those it repels, or B-like, displaying the same attractions and repulsions as B. The two types, A and B, always display opposite interactions. If A displays an attraction with some charged object, then B is guaranteed to undergo repulsion with it, and vice-versa. The coulomb Although there are only two types of charge, each type can come in different amounts. The metric unit of charge is the coulomb (rhymes with “drool on”), defined as follows: One Coulomb (C) is the amount of charge such that a force of $9.0\times10^9$ N occurs between two pointlike objects with charges of 1 C separated by a distance of 1 m. The notation for an amount of charge is $q$. The numerical factor in the definition is historical in origin, and is not worth memorizing. The definition is stated for pointlike, i.e., very small, objects, because otherwise different parts of them would be at different distances from each other. A model of two types of charged particles Experiments show that all the methods of rubbing or otherwise charging objects involve two objects, and both of them end up getting charged. If one object acquires a certain amount of one type of charge, then the other ends up with an equal amount of the other type. Various interpretations of this are possible, but the simplest is that the basic building blocks of matter come in two flavors, one with each type of charge. Rubbing objects together results in the transfer of some of these particles from one object to the other. In this model, an object that has not been electrically prepared may actually possesses a great deal of both types of charge, but the amounts are equal and they are distributed in the same way throughout it. Since type A repels anything that type B attracts, and vice versa, the object will make a total force of zero on any other object. The rest of this chapter fleshes out this model and discusses how these mysterious particles can be understood as being internal parts of atoms. Use of positive and negative signs for charge Because the two types of charge tend to cancel out each other's forces, it makes sense to label them using positive and negative signs, and to discuss the total charge of an object. It is entirely arbitrary which type of charge to call negative and which to call positive. Benjamin Franklin decided to describe the one we've been calling “A” as negative, but it really doesn't matter as long as everyone is consistent with everyone else. An object with a total charge of zero (equal amounts of both types) is referred to as electrically $neutral$. self-check: Criticize the following statement: “There are two types of charge, attractive and repulsive.” (answer in the back of the PDF version of the book) Coulomb's law A large body of experimental observations can be summarized as follows: Coulomb's law: The magnitude of the force acting between pointlike charged objects at a center-to-center distance $r$ is given by the equation \[\begin{equation} \|\mathbf{F}\| = k\frac{\|q_1\|\|q_2\|}{r^2} , \end{equation}\] where the constant $k$ equals $9.0\times10^9\ \text{N}\!\cdot\!\text{m}^2/\text{C}^2$. The force is attractive if the charges are of different signs, and repulsive if they have the same sign. Clever modern techniques have allowed the $1/r^2$ form of Coulomb's law to be tested to incredible accuracy, showing that the exponent is in the range from 1.9999999999999998 to 2.0000000000000002. Note that Coulomb's law is closely analogous to Newton's law of gravity, where the magnitude of the force is $Gm_1m_2/r^2$, except that there is only one type of mass, not two, and gravitational forces are never repulsive. Because of this close analogy between the two types of forces, we can recycle a great deal of our knowledge of gravitational forces. For instance, there is an electrical equivalent of the shell theorem: the electrical forces exerted externally by a uniformly charged spherical shell are the same as if all the charge was concentrated at its center, and the forces exerted internally are zero. Conservation of charge An even more fundamental reason for using positive and negative signs for electrical charge is that experiments show that charge is conserved according to this definition: in any closed system, the total amount of charge is a constant. This is why we observe that rubbing initially uncharged substances together always has the result that one gains a certain amount of one type of charge, while the other acquires an equal amount of the other type. Conservation of charge seems natural in our model in which matter is made of positive and negative particles. If the charge on each particle is a fixed property of that type of particle, and if the particles themselves can be neither created nor destroyed, then conservation of charge is inevitable. Electrical forces involving neutral objects As shown in figure b , an electrically charged object can attract objects that are uncharged. How is this possible? The key is that even though each piece of paper has a total charge of zero, it has at least some charged particles in it that have some freedom to move. Suppose that the tape is positively charged, c . Mobile particles in the paper will respond to the tape's forces, causing one end of the paper to become negatively charged and the other to become positive. The attraction between the paper and the tape is now stronger than the repulsion, because the negatively charged end is closer to the tape. self-check: What would have happened if the tape was negatively charged? (answer in the back of the PDF version of the book) Discussion Questions ◊ If the electrical attraction between two pointlike objects at a distance of 1 m is $9\times10^9$ N, why can't we infer that their charges are $+1$ and $-1$ C? What further observations would we need to do in order to prove this? ◊ An electrically charged piece of tape will be attracted to your hand. Does that allow us to tell whether the mobile charged particles in your hand are positive or negative, or both? 21.3 Current d / Michael Faraday (1791-1867) was the son of a poor blacksmith. e / Gymnotus carapo, a knifefish, uses electrical signals to sense its environment and to communicate with others of its species. f / André Marie Ampère (1775-1836). Unity of all types of electricity We are surrounded by things we have been told are “electrical,” but it's far from obvious what they have in common to justify being grouped together. What relationship is there between the way socks cling together and the way a battery lights a lightbulb? We have been told that both an electric eel and our own brains are somehow electrical in nature, but what do they have in common? British physicist Michael Faraday (1791-1867) set out to address this problem. He investigated electricity from a variety of sources --- including electric eels! --- to see whether they could all produce the same effects, such as shocks and sparks, attraction and repulsion. “Heating” refers, for example, to the way a lightbulb filament gets hot enough to glow and emit light. Magnetic induction is an effect discovered by Faraday himself that connects electricity and magnetism. We will not study this effect, which is the basis for the electric generator, in detail until later in the book. shocks × × The table shows a summary of some of Faraday's results. Check marks indicate that Faraday or his close contemporaries were able to verify that a particular source of electricity was capable of producing a certain effect. (They evidently failed to demonstrate attraction and repulsion between objects charged by electric eels, although modern workers have studied these species in detail and been able to understand all their electrical characteristics on the same footing as other forms of electricity.) Faraday's results indicate that there is nothing fundamentally different about the types of electricity supplied by the various sources. They are all able to produce a wide variety of identical effects. Wrote Faraday, “The general conclusion which must be drawn from this collection of facts is that electricity, whatever may be its source, is identical in its nature.” If the types of electricity are the same thing, what thing is that? The answer is provided by the fact that all the sources of electricity can cause objects to repel or attract each other. We use the word “charge” to describe the property of an object that allows it to participate in such electrical forces, and we have learned that charge is present in matter in the form of nuclei and electrons. Evidently all these electrical phenomena boil down to the motion of charged particles in matter. Electric current If the fundamental phenomenon is the motion of charged particles, then how can we define a useful numerical measurement of it? We might describe the flow of a river simply by the velocity of the water, but velocity will not be appropriate for electrical purposes because we need to take into account how much charge the moving particles have, and in any case there are no practical devices sold at Radio Shack that can tell us the velocity of charged particles. Experiments show that the intensity of various electrical effects is related to a different quantity: the number of coulombs of charge that pass by a certain point per second. By analogy with the flow of water, this quantity is called the electric current, $I$. Its units of coulombs/second are more conveniently abbreviated as amperes, [3] 1 A=1 C/s. (In informal speech, one usually says “amps.”) The main subtlety involved in this definition is how to account for the two types of charge. The stream of water coming from a hose is made of atoms containing charged particles, but it produces none of the effects we associate with electric currents. For example, you do not get an electrical shock when you are sprayed by a hose. This type of experiment shows that the effect created by the motion of one type of charged particle can be canceled out by the motion of the opposite type of charge in the same direction. In water, every oxygen atom with a charge of $+8e$ is surrounded by eight electrons with charges of $-e$, and likewise for the hydrogen atoms. We therefore refine our definition of current as follows: definition of electric current When charged particles are exchanged between regions of space A and B, the electric current flowing from A to B is \[\begin{equation} I = \frac{\Delta q}{\Delta t} , \end{equation}\] where $\Delta q$ is the change in region B's total charge occurring over a period of time $\Delta t$. In the garden hose example, your body picks up equal amounts of positive and negative charge, resulting in no change in your total charge, so the electrical current flowing into you is zero. Example 1: Interpretation of $\Delta q/\Delta t$ $\triangleright$ How should the expression $\Delta q/\Delta t$ be interpreted when the current isn't constant? $\triangleright$ You've seen lots of equations of this form before: $v=\Delta x/\Delta t$, $F=\Delta p/\Delta t$, etc. These are all descriptions of rates of change, and they all require that the rate of change be constant. If the rate of change isn't constant, you instead have to use the slope of the tangent line on a graph. The slope of a tangent line is equivalent to a derivative in calculus; applications of calculus are discussed in section 21.7 . Example 2: Ions moving across a cell membrane $\triangleright$ Figure g shows ions, labeled with their charges, moving in or out through the membranes of four cells. If the ions all cross the membranes during the same interval of time, how would the currents into the cells compare with each other? $\triangleright$ Cell A has positive current going into it because its charge is increased, i.e., has a positive value of $\Delta q$. Cell B has the same current as cell A, because by losing one unit of negative charge it also ends up increasing its own total charge by one unit. Cell C's total charge is reduced by three units, so it has a large negative current going into it. Cell D loses one unit of charge, so it has a small negative current into it. g / Example 2 It may seem strange to say that a negatively charged particle going one way creates a current going the other way, but this is quite ordinary. As we will see, currents flow through metal wires via the motion of electrons, which are negatively charged, so the direction of motion of the electrons in a circuit is always opposite to the direction of the current. Of course it would have been convenient of Benjamin Franklin had defined the positive and negative signs of charge the opposite way, since so many electrical devices are based on metal wires. Example 3: Number of electrons flowing through a lightbulb $\triangleright$ If a lightbulb has 1.0 A flowing through it, how many electrons will pass through the filament in 1.0 s? $\triangleright$ We are only calculating the number of electrons that flow, so we can ignore the positive and negative signs. Solving for $\Delta q= I \Delta t$ gives a charge of 1.0 C flowing in this time interval. The number of electrons is \[\begin{align} \text{number of electrons} &= \text{coulombs}\times\frac{\text{electrons}}{\text{coulomb}} \\ &= \text{coulombs}/\frac{\text{coulombs}}{\text{electron}} \\ &= 1.0\ \text{C} / e \\ &= 6.2\times10^{18} \end{align}\] 21.4 Circuits h / 1. Static electricity runs out quickly. 2. A practical circuit. 3. An open circuit. 4. How an ammeter works. 5. Measuring the current with an ammeter. How can we put electric currents to work? The only method of controlling electric charge we have studied so far is to charge different substances, e.g., rubber and fur, by rubbing them against each other. Figure h /1 shows an attempt to use this technique to light a lightbulb. This method is unsatisfactory. True, current will flow through the bulb, since electrons can move through metal wires, and the excess electrons on the rubber rod will therefore come through the wires and bulb due to the attraction of the positively charged fur and the repulsion of the other electrons. The problem is that after a zillionth of a second of current, the rod and fur will both have run out of charge. No more current will flow, and the lightbulb will go out. Figure h /2 shows a setup that works. The battery pushes charge through the circuit, and recycles it over and over again. (We will have more to say later in this chapter about how batteries work.) This is called a complete circuit. Today, the electrical use of the word “circuit” is the only one that springs to mind for most people, but the original meaning was to travel around and make a round trip, as when a circuit court judge would ride around the boondocks, dispensing justice in each town on a certain date. Note that an example like h /3 does not work. The wire will quickly begin acquiring a net charge, because it has no way to get rid of the charge flowing into it. The repulsion of this charge will make it more and more difficult to send any more charge in, and soon the electrical forces exerted by the battery will be canceled out completely. The whole process would be over so quickly that the filament would not even have enough time to get hot and glow. This is known as an open circuit. Exactly the same thing would happen if the complete circuit of figure h /2 was cut somewhere with a pair of scissors, and in fact that is essentially how an ordinary light switch works: by opening up a gap in the circuit. The definition of electric current we have developed has the great virtue that it is easy to measure. In practical electrical work, one almost always measures current, not charge. The instrument used to measure current is called an ammeter. A simplified ammeter, h /4, simply consists of a coiled-wire magnet whose force twists an iron needle against the resistance of a spring. The greater the current, the greater the force. Although the construction of ammeters may differ, their use is always the same. We break into the path of the electric current and interpose the meter like a tollbooth on a road, h /5. There is still a complete circuit, and as far as the battery and bulb are concerned, the ammeter is just another segment of wire. Does it matter where in the circuit we place the ammeter? Could we, for instance, have put it in the left side of the circuit instead of the right? Conservation of charge tells us that this can make no difference. Charge is not destroyed or “used up” by the lightbulb, so we will get the same current reading on either side of it. What is “used up” is energy stored in the battery, which is being converted into heat and light energy. 21.5 Voltage j / Example 4 . The volt unit Electrical circuits can be used for sending signals, storing information, or doing calculations, but their most common purpose by far is to manipulate energy, as in the battery-and-bulb example of the previous section. We know that lightbulbs are rated in units of watts, i.e., how many joules per second of energy they can convert into heat and light, but how would this relate to the flow of charge as measured in amperes? By way of analogy, suppose your friend, who didn't take physics, can't find any job better than pitching bales of hay. The number of calories he burns per hour will certainly depend on how many bales he pitches per minute, but it will also be proportional to how much mechanical work he has to do on each bale. If his job is to toss them up into a hayloft, he will get tired a lot more quickly than someone who merely tips bales off a loading dock into trucks. In metric units, \[\begin{equation} \frac{\text{joules}}{\text{second}} = \frac{\text{haybales}}{\text{second}} \times \frac{\text{joules}}{\text{haybale}} . \end{equation}\] Similarly, the rate of energy transformation by a battery will not just depend on how many coulombs per second it pushes through a circuit but also on how much mechanical work it has to do on each coulomb of charge: \[\begin{equation} \frac{\text{joules}}{\text{second}} = \frac{\text{coulombs}}{\text{second}} \times \frac{\text{joules}}{\text{coulomb}} \end{equation}\] or \[\begin{equation} \text{power} = \text{current} \times \text{work per unit charge} . \end{equation}\] Units of joules per coulomb are abbreviated as volts, 1 V=1 J/C, named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta. Everyone knows that batteries are rated in units of volts, but the voltage concept is more general than that; it turns out that voltage is a property of every point in space. To gain more insight, let's think more carefully about what goes on in the battery and bulb circuit. The voltage concept in general To do work on a charged particle, the battery apparently must be exerting forces on it. How does it do this? Well, the only thing that can exert an electrical force on a charged particle is another charged particle. It's as though the haybales were pushing and pulling each other into the hayloft! This is potentially a horribly complicated situation. Even if we knew how much excess positive or negative charge there was at every point in the circuit (which realistically we don't) we would have to calculate zillions of forces using Coulomb's law, perform all the vector additions, and finally calculate how much work was being done on the charges as they moved along. To make things even more scary, there is more than one type of charged particle that moves: electrons are what move in the wires and the bulb's filament, but ions are the moving charge carriers inside the battery. Luckily, there are two ways in which we can simplify things: The situation is unchanging. Unlike the imaginary setup in which we attempted to light a bulb using a rubber rod and a piece of fur, this circuit maintains itself in a steady state (after perhaps a microsecond-long period of settling down after the circuit is first assembled). The current is steady, and as charge flows out of any area of the circuit it is replaced by the same amount of charge flowing in. The amount of excess positive or negative charge in any part of the circuit therefore stays constant. Similarly, when we watch a river flowing, the water goes by but the river doesn't disappear. Force depends only on position. Since the charge distribution is not changing, the total electrical force on a charged particle depends only on its own charge and on its location. If another charged particle of the same type visits the same location later on, it will feel exactly the same force. The second observation tells us that there is nothing all that different about the experience of one charged particle as compared to another's. If we single out one particle to pay attention to, and figure out the amount of work done on it by electrical forces as it goes from point A to point $B$ along a certain path, then this is the same amount of work that will be done on any other charged particles of the same type as it follows the same path. For the sake of visualization, let's think about the path that starts at one terminal of the battery, goes through the light bulb's filament, and ends at the other terminal. When an object experiences a force that depends only on its position (and when certain other, technical conditions are satisfied), we can define an electrical energy associated with the position of that object. The amount of work done on the particle by electrical forces as it moves from A to B equals the drop in electrical energy between A and B. This electrical energy is what is being converted into other forms of energy such as heat and light. We therefore define voltage in general as electrical energy per unit charge: definition of voltage difference The difference in voltage between two points in space is defined as \[\begin{equation} \Delta V=\Delta PE_{elec}/q , \end{equation}\] where $\Delta PE_{elec}$ is the change in the electrical energy of a particle with charge $q$ as it moves from the initial point to the final point. The amount of power dissipated (i.e., rate at which energy is transformed by the flow of electricity) is then given by the equation \[\begin{equation} P = I \Delta V . \end{equation}\] Example 4: Energy stored in a battery $\triangleright$ The 1.2 V rechargeable battery in figure j is labeled 1800 milliamp-hours. What is the maximum amount of energy the battery can store? $\triangleright$ An ampere-hour is a unit of current multiplied by a unit of time. Current is charge per unit time, so an ampere-hour is in fact a funny unit of charge: \[\begin{align} \text{(1 A)(1 hour)} &= \text{(1 C/s)(3600 s)} \\ &= \text{3600 C} \end{align}\] 1800 milliamp-hours is therefore $1800\times10^{-3}\times 3600\ \text{C}=6.5\times10^3\ \text{C}$. That's a huge number of charged particles, but the total loss of electrical energy will just be their total charge multiplied by the voltage difference across which they move: \[\begin{align} \Delta PE_{elec} &= q \Delta V \\ &= (6.5\times10^3\ \text{C})(1.2\ \text{V}) \\ &= 7.8\ \text{kJ} \end{align}\] Example 5: Units of volt-amps $\triangleright$ Doorbells are often rated in volt-amps. What does this combination of units mean? $\triangleright$ Current times voltage gives units of power, $P= I\Delta V$, so volt-amps are really just a nonstandard way of writing watts. They are telling you how much power the doorbell requires. Example 6: Power dissipated by a battery and bulb $\triangleright$ If a 9.0-volt battery causes 1.0 A to flow through a lightbulb, how much power is dissipated? $\triangleright$ The voltage rating of a battery tells us what voltage difference $\Delta V$ it is designed to maintain between its terminals. \[\begin{align} P &= I \ \Delta \text{V} \\ &= 9.0 \ \text{A}\cdot\text{V} \\ &= 9.0 \ \frac{\text{C}}{\text{s}}\cdot\frac{\text{J}}{\text{C}} \\ &= 9.0 \ \text{J/s} \\ &= 9.0 \ \text{W} \end{align}\] The only nontrivial thing in this problem was dealing with the units. One quickly gets used to translating common combinations like $\text{A}\cdot\text{V}$ into simpler terms. Here are a few questions and answers about the voltage concept. {}Question: OK, so what is voltage, really? {}Answer: A device like a battery has positive and negative charges inside it that push other charges around the outside circuit. A higher-voltage battery has denser charges in it, which will do more work on each charged particle that moves through the outside circuit. To use a gravitational analogy, we can put a paddlewheel at the bottom of either a tall waterfall or a short one, but a kg of water that falls through the greater gravitational energy difference will have more energy to give up to the paddlewheel at the bottom. {}Question: Why do we define voltage as electrical energy divided by charge, instead of just defining it as electrical energy? {}Answer: One answer is that it's the only definition that makes the equation $P=I \Delta V$ work. A more general answer is that we want to be able to define a voltage difference between any two points in space without having to know in advance how much charge the particles moving between them will have. If you put a nine-volt battery on your tongue, then the charged particles that move across your tongue and give you that tingly sensation are not electrons but ions, which may have charges of $+e$, $-2e$, or practically anything. The manufacturer probably expected the battery to be used mostly in circuits with metal wires, where the charged particles that flowed would be electrons with charges of $-e$. If the ones flowing across your tongue happen to have charges of $-2e$, the electrical energy difference for them will be twice as much, but dividing by their charge of $-2e$ in the definition of voltage will still give a result of 9 $V$. {}Question: Are there two separate roles for the charged particles in the circuit, a type that sits still and exerts the forces, and another that moves under the influence of those forces? {}Answer: No. Every charged particle simultaneously plays both roles. Newton's third law says that any particle that has an electrical force acting on it must also be exerting an electrical force back on the other particle. There are no “designated movers” or “designated force-makers.” {}Question: Why does the definition of voltage only refer to voltage differences? {}Answer: It's perfectly OK to define voltage as $V=PE_{elec}/q$. But recall that it is only differences in interaction energy, $U$, that have direct physical meaning in physics. Similarly, voltage differences are really more useful than absolute voltages. A voltmeter measures voltage differences, not absolute voltages. Discussion Questions ◊ A roller coaster is sort of like an electric circuit, but it uses gravitational forces on the cars instead of electric ones. What would a high-voltage roller coaster be like? What would a high-current roller coaster be like? ◊ “He touched the wire, and 10000 volts went through him.” “That battery has a charge of 9 volts.” “You used up the charge of the battery.” ◊ When you touch a 9-volt battery to your tongue, both positive and negative ions move through your saliva. Which ions go which way? ◊ I once touched a piece of physics apparatus that had been wired incorrectly, and got a several-thousand-volt voltage difference across my hand. I was not injured. For what possible reason would the shock have had insufficient power to hurt me? 21.6 Resistance ±5% Color codes used on resistors. u / 1. A simplified diagram of how a voltmeter works. 2. Measuring the voltage difference across a lightbulb. 3. The same setup drawn in schematic form. 4. The setup for measuring current is different. Resistance So far we have simply presented it as an observed fact that a battery-and-bulb circuit quickly settles down to a steady flow, but why should it? Newton's second law, $a=F/m$, would seem to predict that the steady forces on the charged particles should make them whip around the circuit faster and faster. The answer is that as charged particles move through matter, there are always forces, analogous to frictional forces, that resist the motion. These forces need to be included in Newton's second law, which is really $a=F_{total}/m$, not $a=F/m$. If, by analogy, you push a crate across the floor at constant speed, i.e., with zero acceleration, the total force on it must be zero. After you get the crate going, the floor's frictional force is exactly canceling out your force. The chemical energy stored in your body is being transformed into heat in the crate and the floor, and no longer into an increase in the crate's kinetic energy. Similarly, the battery's internal chemical energy is converted into heat, not into perpetually increasing the charged particles' kinetic energy. Changing energy into heat may be a nuisance in some circuits, such as a computer chip, but it is vital in a lightbulb, which must get hot enough to glow. Whether we like it or not, this kind of heating effect is going to occur any time charged particles move through matter. What determines the amount of heating? One flashlight bulb designed to work with a 9-volt battery might be labeled 1.0 watts, another 5.0. How does this work? Even without knowing the details of this type of friction at the atomic level, we can relate the heat dissipation to the amount of current that flows via the equation $P=I\Delta $V. If the two flashlight bulbs can have two different values of $P$ when used with a battery that maintains the same $\Delta V$, it must be that the 5.0-watt bulb allows five times more current to flow through it. For many substances, including the tungsten from which lightbulb filaments are made, experiments show that the amount of current that will flow through it is directly proportional to the voltage difference placed across it. For an object made of such a substance, we define its electrical resistance as follows: definition of resistance If an object inserted in a circuit displays a current flow proportional to the voltage difference across it, then we define its resistance as the constant ratio \[\begin{equation} R = \Delta V / I \end{equation}\] The units of resistance are volts/ampere, usually abbreviated as ohms, symbolized with the capital Greek letter omega, $\Omega$. Example 7: Resistance of a lightbulb $\triangleright$ A flashlight bulb powered by a 9-volt battery has a resistance of 10 $\Omega$. How much current will it draw? $\triangleright$ Solving the definition of resistance for $I$, we find \[\begin{align} I &= \Delta V/ R \\ &= 0.9\ \text{V}/\Omega \\ &= 0.9\ \text{V}/(\text{V}/\text{A}) \\ &= \text{0.9 A} \end{align}\] Ohm's law states that many substances, including many solids and some liquids, display this kind of behavior, at least for voltages that are not too large. The fact that Ohm's law is called a “law” should not be taken to mean that all materials obey it, or that it has the same fundamental importance as Newton's laws, for example. Materials are called ohmic or nonohmic, depending on whether they obey Ohm's law. Although we will concentrate on ohmic materials in this book, it's important to keep in mind that a great many materials are nonohmic, and devices made from them are often very important. For instance, a transistor is a nonohmic device that can be used to amplify a signal (as in a guitar amplifier) or to store and manipulate the ones and zeroes in a computer chip. If objects of the same size and shape made from two different ohmic materials have different resistances, we can say that one material is more resistive than the other, or equivalently that it is less conductive. Materials, such as metals, that are very conductive are said to be good conductors. Those that are extremely poor conductors, for example wood or rubber, are classified as insulators. There is no sharp distinction between the two classes of materials. Some, such as silicon, lie midway between the two extremes, and are called semiconductors. On an intuitive level, we can understand the idea of resistance by making the sounds “hhhhhh” and “ffffff.” To make air flow out of your mouth, you use your diaphragm to compress the air in your chest. The pressure difference between your chest and the air outside your mouth is analogous to a voltage difference. When you make the “h” sound, you form your mouth and throat in a way that allows air to flow easily. The large flow of air is like a large current. Dividing by a large current in the definition of resistance means that we get a small resistance. We say that the small resistance of your mouth and throat allows a large current to flow. When you make the “f” sound, you increase the resistance and cause a smaller current to flow. Note that although the resistance of an object depends on the substance it is made of, we cannot speak simply of the “resistance of gold” or the “resistance of wood.” Figure l shows four examples of objects that have had wires attached at the ends as electrical connections. If they were made of the same substance, they would all nevertheless have different resistances because of their different sizes and shapes. A more detailed discussion will be more natural in the context of the following chapter, but it should not be too surprising that the resistance of l /2 will be greater than that of l /1 --- the image of water flowing through a pipe, however incorrect, gives us the right intuition. Object l /3 will have a smaller resistance than l /1 because the charged particles have less of it to get through. Superconductors All materials display some variation in resistance according to temperature (a fact that is used in thermostats to make a thermometer that can be easily interfaced to an electric circuit). More spectacularly, most metals have been found to exhibit a sudden change to zero resistance when cooled to a certain critical temperature. They are then said to be superconductors. Currently, the most important practical application of superconductivity is in medical MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanners. The mechanism of MRI is explained on p. 471, but the important point for now is that when your body is inserted into one of these devices, you are being immersed in an extremely strong magnetic field produced by electric currents flowing through the coiled wires of an electromagnet. If these wires were not superconducting, they would instantly burn up because of the heat generated by their resistance. There are many other potential applications for superconductors, but most of these, such as power transmission, are not currently economically feasible because of the extremely low temperatures required for superconductivity to occur. However, it was discovered in 1986 that certain ceramics are superconductors at less extreme temperatures. The technological barrier is now in finding practical methods for making wire out of these brittle materials. Wall Street is currently investing billions of dollars in developing superconducting devices for cellular phone relay stations based on these materials. There is currently no satisfactory theory of superconductivity in general, although superconductivity in metals is understood fairly well. Unfortunately I have yet to find a fundamental explanation of superconductivity in metals that works at the introductory level. Constant voltage throughout a conductor The idea of a superconductor leads us to the question of how we should expect an object to behave if it is made of a very good conductor. Superconductors are an extreme case, but often a metal wire can be thought of as a perfect conductor, for example if the parts of the circuit other than the wire are made of much less conductive materials. What happens if $R$ equals zero in the equation $R=\Delta V/I$? The result of dividing two numbers can only be zero if the number on top equals zero. This tells us that if we pick any two points in a perfect conductor, the voltage difference between them must be zero. In other words, the entire conductor must be at the same voltage. n / 1. The finger deposits charges on the solid, spherical, metal doorknob and is then withdrawn. 2. Almost instantaneously, the charges' mutual repulsion makes them redistribute themselves uniformly on the surface of the sphere. The only excess charge is on the surface; charges do exist in the atoms that form the interior of the sphere, but they are balanced. Charges on the interior feel zero total electrical force from the ones at the surface. Charges at the surface experience a net outward repulsion, but this is canceled out by the force that keep them from escaping into the air. 3. A voltmeter shows zero difference in voltage between any two points on the interior or surface of the sphere. If the voltage difference wasn't zero, then energy could be released by the flow of charge from one point to the other; this only happens before equilibrium is reached. Constant voltage means that no work would be done on a charge as it moved from one point in the conductor to another. If zero work was done only along a certain path between two specific points, it might mean that positive work was done along part of the path and negative work along the rest, resulting in a cancellation. But there is no way that the work could come out to be zero for all possible paths unless the electrical force on a charge was in fact zero at every point. Suppose, for example, that you build up a static charge by scuffing your feet on a carpet, and then you deposit some of that charge onto a doorknob, which is a good conductor. How can all that charge be in the doorknob without creating any electrical force at any point inside it? The only possible answer is that the charge moves around until it has spread itself into just the right configuration so that the forces exerted by all the little bits of excess surface charge on any charged particle within the doorknob exactly cancel out. We can explain this behavior if we assume that the charge placed on the doorknob eventually settles down into a stable equilibrium. Since the doorknob is a conductor, the charge is free to move through it. If it was free to move and any part of it did experience a nonzero total force from the rest of the charge, then it would move, and we would not have an equilibrium. Excess charge placed on a conductor, once it reaches its equilibrium configuration, is entirely on the surface, not on the interior. This should be intuitively reasonable in figure n , for example, since the charges are all repelling each other. A proof is given in example 15 on p. 640. Since wires are good conductors, constancy of voltage throughout a conductor provides a convenient freedom in hooking up a voltmeter to a circuit. In figure o , points B and C are on the same piece of conducting wire, so $V_B=V_C$. Measuring $V_B-V_A$ gives the same result as measuring $V_C-V_A$. Example 8: The lightning rod Suppose you have a pear-shaped conductor like the one in figure p /1. Since the pear is a conductor, there are free charges everywhere inside it. Panels 1 and 2 of the figure show a computer simulation with 100 identical electric charges. In 1, the charges are released at random positions inside the pear. Repulsion causes them all to fly outward onto the surface and then settle down into an orderly but nonuniform pattern. We might not have been able to guess the pattern in advance, but we can verify that some of its features make sense. For example, charge A has more neighbors on the right than on the left, which would tend to make it accelerate off to the left. But when we look at the picture as a whole, it appears reasonable that this is prevented by the larger number of more distant charges on its left than on its right. There also seems to be a pattern to the nonuniformity: the charges collect more densely in areas like B, where the surface is strongly curved, and less densely in flatter areas like C. To understand the reason for this pattern, consider p /3. Two conducting spheres are connected by a conducting wire. Since the whole apparatus is conducting, it must all be at one voltage. As shown in problem 43 on p. 608, the density of charge is greater on the smaller sphere. This is an example of a more general fact observed in p /2, which is that the charge on a conductor packs itself more densely in areas that are more sharply curved. Similar reasoning shows why Benjamin Franklin used a sharp tip when he invented the lightning rod. The charged stormclouds induce positive and negative charges to move to opposite ends of the rod. At the pointed upper end of the rod, the charge tends to concentrate at the point, and this charge attracts the lightning. The same effect can sometimes be seen when a scrap of aluminum foil is inadvertently put in a microwave oven. Modern experiments (Moore et al., Journal of Applied Meteorology 39 (1999) 593) show that although a sharp tip is best at starting a spark, a more moderate curve, like the right-hand tip of the pear in this example, is better at successfully sustaining the spark for long enough to connect a discharge to the clouds. Short circuits So far we have been assuming a perfect conductor. What if it is a good conductor, but not a perfect one? Then we can solve for $\Delta V=IR$. An ordinary-sized current will make a very small result when we multiply it by the resistance of a good conductor such as a metal wire. The voltage throughout the wire will then be nearly constant. If, on the other hand, the current is extremely large, we can have a significant voltage difference. This is what happens in a short-circuit: a circuit in which a low-resistance pathway connects the two sides of a voltage source. Note that this is much more specific than the popular use of the term to indicate any electrical malfunction at all. If, for example, you short-circuit a 9-volt battery as shown in figure q , you will produce perhaps a thousand amperes of current, leading to a very large value of $P=I\Delta V$. The wire gets hot! self-check: What would happen to the battery in this kind of short circuit? (answer in the back of the PDF version of the book) Resistors Inside any electronic gadget you will see quite a few little circuit elements like the one shown in the photo. These resistors are simply a cylinder of ohmic material with wires attached to the end. At this stage, most students have a hard time understanding why resistors would be used inside a radio or a computer. We obviously want a lightbulb or an electric stove to have a circuit element that resists the flow of electricity and heats up, but heating is undesirable in radios and computers. Without going too far afield, let's use a mechanical analogy to get a general idea of why a resistor would be used in a radio. The main parts of a radio receiver are an antenna, a tuner for selecting the frequency, and an amplifier to strengthen the signal sufficiently to drive a speaker. The tuner resonates at the selected frequency, just as in the examples of mechanical resonance discussed in chapter 18 . The behavior of a mechanical resonator depends on three things: its inertia, its stiffness, and the amount of friction or damping. The first two parameters locate the peak of the resonance curve, while the damping determines the width of the resonance. In the radio tuner we have an electrically vibrating system that resonates at a particular frequency. Instead of a physical object moving back and forth, these vibrations consist of electrical currents that flow first in one direction and then in the other. In a mechanical system, damping means taking energy out of the vibration in the form of heat, and exactly the same idea applies to an electrical system: the resistor supplies the damping, and therefore controls the width of the resonance. If we set out to eliminate all resistance in the tuner circuit, by not building in a resistor and by somehow getting rid of all the inherent electrical resistance of the wires, we would have a useless radio. The tuner's resonance would be so narrow that we could never get close enough to the right frequency to bring in the station. The roles of inertia and stiffness are played by other circuit elements we have not discusses (a capacitor and a coil). Many electrical devices are based on electrical resistance and Ohm's law, even if they do not have little components in them that look like the usual resistor. The following are some examples. Lightbulb There is nothing special about a lightbulb filament --- you can easily make a lightbulb by cutting a narrow waist into a metallic gum wrapper and connecting the wrapper across the terminals of a 9-volt battery. The trouble is that it will instantly burn out. Edison solved this technical challenge by encasing the filament in an evacuated bulb, which prevented burning, since burning requires oxygen. Polygraph The polygraph, or “lie detector,” is really just a set of meters for recording physical measures of the subject's psychological stress, such as sweating and quickened heartbeat. The real-time sweat measurement works on the principle that dry skin is a good insulator, but sweaty skin is a conductor. Of course a truthful subject may become nervous simply because of the situation, and a practiced liar may not even break a sweat. The method's practitioners claim that they can tell the difference, but you should think twice before allowing yourself to be polygraph tested. Most U.S. courts exclude all polygraph evidence, but some employers attempt to screen out dishonest employees by polygraph testing job applicants, an abuse that ranks with such pseudoscience as handwriting analysis. Fuse A fuse is a device inserted in a circuit tollbooth-style in the same manner as an ammeter. It is simply a piece of wire made of metals having a relatively low melting point. If too much current passes through the fuse, it melts, opening the circuit. The purpose is to make sure that the building's wires do not carry so much current that they themselves will get hot enough to start a fire. Most modern houses use circuit breakers instead of fuses, although fuses are still common in cars and small devices. A circuit breaker is a switch operated by a coiled-wire magnet, which opens the circuit when enough current flows. The advantage is that once you turn off some of the appliances that were sucking up too much current, you can immediately flip the switch closed. In the days of fuses, one might get caught without a replacement fuse, or even be tempted to stuff aluminum foil in as a replacement, defeating the safety feature. Voltmeter A voltmeter is nothing more than an ammeter with an additional high-value resistor through which the current is also forced to flow. Ohm's law relates the current through the resistor is related directly to the voltage difference across it, so the meter can be calibrated in units of volts based on the known value of the resistor. The voltmeter's two probes are touched to the two locations in a circuit between which we wish to measure the voltage difference, u /2. Note how cumbersome this type of drawing is, and how difficult it can be to tell what is connected to what. This is why electrical drawing are usually shown in schematic form. Figure u /3 is a schematic representation of figure u /2. The setups for measuring current and voltage are different. When we are measuring current, we are finding “how much stuff goes through,” so we place the ammeter where all the current is forced to go through it. Voltage, however, is not “stuff that goes through,” it is a measure of electrical energy. If an ammeter is like the meter that measures your water use, a voltmeter is like a measuring stick that tells you how high a waterfall is, so that you can determine how much energy will be released by each kilogram of falling water. We do not want to force the water to go through the measuring stick! The arrangement in figure u /3 is a parallel circuit: one in there are “forks in the road” where some of the current will flow one way and some will flow the other. Figure u /4 is said to be wired in series: all the current will visit all the circuit elements one after the other. We will deal with series and parallel circuits in more detail in the following chapter. If you inserted a voltmeter incorrectly, in series with the bulb and battery, its large internal resistance would cut the current down so low that the bulb would go out. You would have severely disturbed the behavior of the circuit by trying to measure something about it. Incorrectly placing an ammeter in parallel is likely to be even more disconcerting. The ammeter has nothing but wire inside it to provide resistance, so given the choice, most of the current will flow through it rather than through the bulb. So much current will flow through the ammeter, in fact, that there is a danger of burning out the battery or the meter or both! For this reason, most ammeters have fuses or circuit breakers inside. Some models will trip their circuit breakers and make an audible alarm in this situation, while others will simply blow a fuse and stop working until you replace it. Discussion Questions ◊ In figure u /1, would it make any difference in the voltage measurement if we touched the voltmeter's probes to different points along the same segments of wire? ◊ Explain why it would be incorrect to define resistance as the amount of charge the resistor allows to flow. 21.7 Applications of calculus (optional calculus-based section) As discussed in example 1 on page 568, the definition of current as the rate of change of charge with respect to time must be reexpressed as a derivative in the case where the rate of change is not constant, \[\begin{equation} I = \frac{dq}{dt} . \end{equation}\] Example 9: Finding current given charge $\triangleright$ A charged balloon falls to the ground, and its charge begins leaking off to the Earth. Suppose that the charge on the balloon is given by $q=ae^{-bt}$. Find the current as a function of time, and interpret the answer. $\triangleright$ Taking the derivative, we have \[\begin{align} I &= \frac{d q}{d t} \\ &= - abe^{- bt} \end{align}\] An exponential function approaches zero as the exponent gets more and more negative. This means that both the charge and the current are decreasing in magnitude with time. It makes sense that the charge approaches zero, since the balloon is losing its charge. It also makes sense that the current is decreasing in magnitude, since charge cannot flow at the same rate forever without overshooting zero. 21.8 Series and parallel circuits w / The two shaded areas shaped like the letter “E” are both regions of constant voltage. Example 15 . Example 17 . Doubling the length of a resistor is like putting two resistors in series. The resistance is doubled. Schematics I see a chess position; Kasparov sees an interesting Ruy Lopez variation. To the uninitiated a schematic may look as unintelligible as Mayan hieroglyphs, but even a little bit of eye training can go a long way toward making its meaning leap off the page. A schematic is a stylized and simplified drawing of a circuit. The purpose is to eliminate as many irrelevant features as possible, so that the relevant ones are easier to pick out. v / 1. Wrong: The shapes of the wires are irrelevant. 2. Wrong: Right angles should be used. 3. Wrong: A simple pattern is made to look unfamiliar and complicated. 4. Right. An example of an irrelevant feature is the physical shape, length, and diameter of a wire. In nearly all circuits, it is a good approximation to assume that the wires are perfect conductors, so that any piece of wire uninterrupted by other components has constant voltage throughout it. Changing the length of the wire, for instance, does not change this fact. (Of course if we used miles and miles of wire, as in a telephone line, the wire's resistance would start to add up, and its length would start to matter.) The shapes of the wires are likewise irrelevant, so we draw them with standardized, stylized shapes made only of vertical and horizontal lines with right-angle bends in them. This has the effect of making similar circuits look more alike and helping us to recognize familiar patterns, just as words in a newspaper are easier to recognize than handwritten ones. Figure v shows some examples of these concepts. The most important first step in learning to read schematics is to learn to recognize contiguous pieces of wire which must have constant voltage throughout. In figure w , for example, the two shaded E-shaped pieces of wire must each have constant voltage. This focuses our attention on two of the main unknowns we'd like to be able to predict: the voltage of the left-hand E and the voltage of the one on the right. Parallel resistances and the junction rule One of the simplest examples to analyze is the parallel resistance circuit, of which figure w was an example. In general we may have unequal resistances $R_1$ and $R_2$, as in x /1. Since there are only two constant-voltage areas in the circuit, x /2, all three components have the same voltage difference across them. A battery normally succeeds in maintaining the voltage differences across itself for which it was designed, so the voltage drops $\Delta V_1$ and $\Delta V_2$ across the resistors must both equal the voltage of the battery: \[\begin{equation} \Delta V_1=\Delta V_2=\Delta V_{battery} . \end{equation}\] Each resistance thus feels the same voltage difference as if it was the only one in the circuit, and Ohm's law tells us that the amount of current flowing through each one is also the same as it would have been in a one-resistor circuit. This is why household electrical circuits are wired in parallel. We want every appliance to work the same, regardless of whether other appliances are plugged in or unplugged, turned on or switched off. (The electric company doesn't use batteries of course, but our analysis would be the same for any device that maintains a constant voltage.) x / 1. Two resistors in parallel. 2. There are two constant-voltage areas. 3. The current that comes out of the battery splits between the two resistors, and later reunites. 4. The two resistors in parallel can be treated as a single resistor with a smaller resistance value. Of course the electric company can tell when we turn on every light in the house. How do they know? The answer is that we draw more current. Each resistance draws a certain amount of current, and the amount that has to be supplied is the sum of the two individual currents. The current is like a river that splits in half, x /3, and then reunites. The total current is \[\begin{equation} I_{total} = I_1 + I_2 . \end{equation}\] This is an example of a general fact called the junction rule: the junction rule In any circuit that is not storing or releasing charge, conservation of charge implies that the total current flowing out of any junction must be the same as the total flowing in. Coming back to the analysis of our circuit, we apply Ohm's law to each resistance, resulting in \[\begin{align} I_{total} &= \Delta V/R_1+ \Delta V/R_2 \\ &= \Delta V\left(\frac{1}{R_1}+\frac{1}{R_2}\right) . \end{align}\] As far as the electric company is concerned, your whole house is just one resistor with some resistance $R$, called the equivalent resistance. They would write Ohm's law as \[\begin{equation} I_{total} = \Delta V/R , \end{equation}\] from which we can determine the equivalent resistance by comparison with the previous expression: \[\begin{align} 1/R &= \frac{1}{R_1}+\frac{1}{R_2} \\ R &= \left(\frac{1}{R_1}+\frac{1}{R_2}\right)^{-1} \end{align}\] [equivalent resistance of two resistors in parallel] Two resistors in parallel, x /4, are equivalent to a single resistor with a value given by the above equation. Example 10: Two lamps on the same household circuit $\triangleright$ You turn on two lamps that are on the same household circuit. Each one has a resistance of 1 ohm. What is the equivalent resistance, and how does the power dissipation compare with the case of a single lamp? $\triangleright$ The equivalent resistance of the two lamps in parallel is \[\begin{align} R &= \left(\frac{1}{ R_1}+\frac{1}{ R_2}\right)^{-1} \\ &= \left(\frac{1}{1\ \Omega}+\frac{1}{1\ \Omega}\right)^{-1} \\ &= \left(1\ \Omega^{-1} + 1\ \Omega^{-1}\right)^{-1} \\ &= \left(2\ \Omega^{-1}\right)^{-1} \\ &= \text{0.5}\ \Omega \end{align}\] The voltage difference across the whole circuit is always the 110 V set by the electric company (it's alternating current, but that's irrelevant). The resistance of the whole circuit has been cut in half by turning on the second lamp, so a fixed amount of voltage will produce twice as much current. Twice the current flowing across the same voltage difference means twice as much power dissipation, which makes sense. The cutting in half of the resistance surprises many students, since we are “adding more resistance” to the circuit by putting in the second lamp. Why does the equivalent resistance come out to be less than the resistance of a single lamp? This is a case where purely verbal reasoning can be misleading. A resistive circuit element, such as the filament of a lightbulb, is neither a perfect insulator nor a perfect conductor. Instead of analyzing this type of circuit in terms of “resistors,” i.e., partial insulators, we could have spoken of “conductors.” This example would then seem reasonable, since we “added more conductance,” but one would then have the incorrect expectation about the case of resistors in series, discussed in the following section. Perhaps a more productive way of thinking about it is to use mechanical intuition. By analogy, your nostrils resist the flow of air through them, but having two nostrils makes it twice as easy to breathe. Example 11: Three resistors in parallel $\triangleright$ What happens if we have three or more resistors in parallel? $\triangleright$ This is an important example, because the solution involves an important technique for understanding circuits: breaking them down into smaller parts and them simplifying those parts. In the circuit 21.8.2 /1, with three resistors in parallel, we can think of two of the resistors as forming a single resistor, 21.8.2 /2, with equivalent resistance \[\begin{equation} R_{12} = \left(\frac{1}{ R_1}+\frac{1}{ R_2}\right)^{-1} . \end{equation}\] We can then simplify the circuit as shown in 21.8.2 /3, so that it contains only two resistances. The equivalent resistance of the whole circuit is then given by \[\begin{equation} R_{123} = \left(\frac{1}{ R_{12}}+\frac{1}{ R_3}\right)^{-1} . \end{equation}\] Substituting for $R_{12}$ and simplifying, we find the result \[\begin{equation} R_{123} = \left(\frac{1}{ R_1}+\frac{1}{ R_2}+\frac{1}{ R_3}\right)^{-1} , \end{equation}\] which you probably could have guessed. The interesting point here is the divide-and-conquer concept, not the mathematical result. Example 12: An arbitrary number of identical resistors in parallel $\triangleright$ What is the resistance of $N$ identical resistors in parallel? $\triangleright$ Generalizing the results for two and three resistors, we have \[\begin{equation} R_{N} = \left(\frac{1}{ R_1}+\frac{1}{ R_2}+...\right)^{-1} , \end{equation}\] where “...” means that the sum includes all the resistors. If all the resistors are identical, this becomes \[\begin{align} R_{N} &= \left(\frac{ N}{ R}\right)^{-1} \\ &= \frac{ R}{ N} \end{align}\] Example 13: Dependence of resistance on cross-sectional area We have alluded briefly to the fact that an object's electrical resistance depends on its size and shape, but now we are ready to begin making more mathematical statements about it. As suggested by figure 13 , increasing a resistors's cross-sectional area is equivalent to adding more resistors in parallel, which will lead to an overall decrease in resistance. Any real resistor with straight, parallel sides can be sliced up into a large number of pieces, each with cross-sectional area of, say, 1 $\mu \text{m}^2$. The number, $N$, of such slices is proportional to the total cross-sectional area of the resistor, and by application of the result of the previous example we therefore find that the resistance of an object is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. A fat pipe has less resistance than a skinny pipe. An analogous relationship holds for water pipes, which is why high-flow trunk lines have to have large cross-sectional areas. To make lots of water (current) flow through a skinny pipe, we'd need an impractically large pressure (voltage) difference. Example 14: Incorrect readings from a voltmeter A voltmeter is really just an ammeter with an internal resistor, and we use a voltmeter in parallel with the thing that we're trying to measure the voltage difference across. This means that any time we measure the voltage drop across a resistor, we're essentially putting two resistors in parallel. The ammeter inside the voltmeter can be ignored for the purpose of analyzing how current flows in the circuit, since it is essentially just some coiled-up wire with a very low resistance. Now if we are carrying out this measurement on a resistor that is part of a larger circuit, we have changed the behavior of the circuit through our act of measuring. It is as though we had modified the circuit by replacing the resistance $R$ with the smaller equivalent resistance of $R$ and $R_v$ in parallel. It is for this reason that voltmeters are built with the largest possible internal resistance. As a numerical example, if we use a voltmeter with an internal resistance of 1 $M\Omega $ to measure the voltage drop across a one-ohm resistor, the equivalent resistance is 0.999999 $\Omega $, which is not different enough to make any difference. But if we tried to use the same voltmeter to measure the voltage drop across a 2 $M\Omega$ resistor, we would be reducing the resistance of that part of the circuit by a factor of three, which would produce a drastic change in the behavior of the whole circuit. This is the reason why you can't use a voltmeter to measure the voltage difference between two different points in mid-air, or between the ends of a piece of wood. This is by no means a stupid thing to want to do, since the world around us is not a constant-voltage environment, the most extreme example being when an electrical storm is brewing. But it will not work with an ordinary voltmeter because the resistance of the air or the wood is many gigaohms. The effect of waving a pair of voltmeter probes around in the air is that we provide a reuniting path for the positive and negative charges that have been separated --- through the voltmeter itself, which is a good conductor compared to the air. This reduces to zero the voltage difference we were trying to measure. In general, a voltmeter that has been set up with an open circuit (or a very large resistance) between its probes is said to be “floating.” An old-fashioned analog voltmeter of the type described here will read zero when left floating, the same as when it was sitting on the shelf. A floating digital voltmeter usually shows an error message. Series resistances The two basic circuit layouts are parallel and series, so a pair of resistors in series, aa /1, is another of the most basic circuits we can make. By conservation of charge, all the current that flows through one resistor must also flow through the other (as well as through the battery): \[\begin{equation} I_1 = I_2 . \end{equation}\] The only way the information about the two resistance values is going to be useful is if we can apply Ohm's law, which will relate the resistance of each resistor to the current flowing through it and the voltage difference across it. Figure aa /2 shows the three constant-voltage areas. Voltage differences are more physically significant than voltages, so we define symbols for the voltage differences across the two resistors in figure aa /3. We have three constant-voltage areas, with symbols for the difference in voltage between every possible pair of them. These three voltage differences must be related to each other. It is as though I tell you that Fred is a foot taller than Ginger, Ginger is a foot taller than Sally, and Fred is two feet taller than Sally. The information is redundant, and you really only needed two of the three pieces of data to infer the third. In the case of our voltage differences, we have \[\begin{equation} \|\Delta V_1\| + \|\Delta V_2\| = \|\Delta V_{battery}\| . \end{equation}\] The absolute value signs are because of the ambiguity in how we define our voltage differences. If we reversed the two probes of the voltmeter, we would get a result with the opposite sign. Digital voltmeters will actually provide a minus sign on the screen if the wire connected to the “V” plug is lower in voltage than the one connected to the “COM” plug. Analog voltmeters pin the needle against a peg if you try to use them to measure negative voltages, so you have to fiddle to get the leads connected the right way, and then supply any necessary minus sign yourself. Figure aa /4 shows a standard way of taking care of the ambiguity in signs. For each of the three voltage measurements around the loop, we keep the same probe (the darker one) on the clockwise side. It is as though the voltmeter was sidling around the circuit like a crab, without ever “crossing its legs.” With this convention, the relationship among the voltage drops becomes \[\begin{equation} \Delta V_1 + \Delta V_2 = -\Delta V_{battery} , \end{equation}\] or, in more symmetrical form, \[\begin{equation} \Delta V_1 + \Delta V_2 + \Delta V_{battery} = 0 . \end{equation}\] More generally, this is known as the loop rule for analyzing circuits: the loop rule Assuming the standard convention for plus and minus signs, the sum of the voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit must be zero. Looking for an exception to the loop rule would be like asking for a hike that would be downhill all the way and that would come back to its starting point! For the circuit we set out to analyze, the equation \[\begin{equation} \Delta V_1 + \Delta V_2 + \Delta V_{battery} = 0 \end{equation}\] can now be rewritten by applying Ohm's law to each resistor: \[\begin{equation} I_1R_1 + I_2R_2 + \Delta V_{battery} = 0 . \end{equation}\] The currents are the same, so we can factor them out: \[\begin{equation} I\left(R_1 + R_2\right) + \Delta V_{battery} = 0 , \end{equation}\] and this is the same result we would have gotten if we had been analyzing a one-resistor circuit with resistance $R_1+R_2$. Thus the equivalent resistance of resistors in series equals the sum of their resistances. Example 15: Two lightbulbs in series $\triangleright$ If two identical lightbulbs are placed in series, how do their brightnesses compare with the brightness of a single bulb? $\triangleright$ Taken as a whole, the pair of bulbs act like a doubled resistance, so they will draw half as much current from the wall. Each bulb will be dimmer than a single bulb would have been. The total power dissipated by the circuit is $I\Delta V$. The voltage drop across the whole circuit is the same as before, but the current is halved, so the two-bulb circuit draws half as much total power as the one-bulb circuit. Each bulb draws one-quarter of the normal power. Roughly speaking, we might expect this to result in one quarter the light being produced by each bulb, but in reality lightbulbs waste quite a high percentage of their power in the form of heat and wavelengths of light that are not visible (infrared and ultraviolet). Less light will be produced, but it's hard to predict exactly how much less, since the efficiency of the bulbs will be changed by operating them under different conditions. Example 16: More than two equal resistances in series By straightforward application of the divide-and-conquer technique discussed in the previous section, we find that the equivalent resistance of $N$ identical resistances $R$ in series will be $NR$. Example 17: Dependence of resistance on length In the previous section, we proved that resistance is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area. By equivalent reason about resistances in series, we find that resistance is proportional to length. Analogously, it is harder to blow through a long straw than through a short one. Combining the results of examples 13 and 17 , we find that the resistance of an object with straight, parallel sides is given by \[\begin{equation} R = \text{(constant)} \cdot L/ A \end{equation}\] The proportionality constant is called the resistivity, and it depends only on the substance of which the object is made. A resistivity measurement could be used, for instance, to help identify a sample of an unknown substance. Example 18: Choice of high voltage for power lines Thomas Edison got involved in a famous technological controversy over the voltage difference that should be used for electrical power lines. At this time, the public was unfamiliar with electricity, and easily scared by it. The president of the United States, for instance, refused to have electrical lighting in the White House when it first became commercially available because he considered it unsafe, preferring the known fire hazard of oil lamps to the mysterious dangers of electricity. Mainly as a way to overcome public fear, Edison believed that power should be transmitted using small voltages, and he publicized his opinion by giving demonstrations at which a dog was lured into position to be killed by a large voltage difference between two sheets of metal on the ground. (Edison's opponents also advocated alternating current rather than direct current, and AC is more dangerous than DC as well. As we will discuss later, AC can be easily stepped up and down to the desired voltage level using a device called a transformer.) Now if we want to deliver a certain amount of power $P_L$ to a load such as an electric lightbulb, we are constrained only by the equation $P_{L} = I\Delta V_L$. We can deliver any amount of power we wish, even with a low voltage, if we are willing to use large currents. Modern electrical distribution networks, however, use dangerously high voltage differences of tens of thousands of volts. Why did Edison lose the debate? It boils down to money. The electric company must deliver the amount of power $P_L$ desired by the customer through a transmission line whose resistance $R_T$ is fixed by economics and geography. The same current flows through both the load and the transmission line, dissipating power usefully in the former and wastefully in the latter. The efficiency of the system is \[\begin{align} \text{efficiency} &= \frac{\text{power paid for by the customer}} {\text{power paid for by the utility}} \\ &= \frac{ P_{L}}{ P_L+ P_{T}} \\ &= \frac{1}{1+ P_{T}/ P_L} \end{align}\] Putting ourselves in the shoes of the electric company, we wish to get rid of the variable $P_T$, since it is something we control only indirectly by our choice of $\Delta V_T$ and $I$. Substituting $P_{T}= I\Delta V_T$, we find \[\begin{equation} \text{efficiency} = \frac{1} {1+\frac{ I \Delta V_T}{ P_L}} \end{equation}\] We assume the transmission line (but not necessarily the load) is ohmic, so substituting $\Delta V_T=IR_T$ gives \[\begin{equation} \text{efficiency} = \frac{1}{1+\frac{I^2R_T}{P_L}} \end{equation}\] This quantity can clearly be maximized by making $I$ as small as possible, since we will then be dividing by the smallest possible quantity on the bottom of the fraction. A low-current circuit can only deliver significant amounts of power if it uses high voltages, which is why electrical transmission systems use dangerous high voltages. Example 19 . Example 19: A complicated circuit $\triangleright$ All seven resistors in the left-hand panel of figure ab are identical. Initially, the switch S is open as shown in the figure, and the current through resistor A is $I_\text{o}$. The switch is then closed. Find the current through resistor B, after the switch is closed, in terms of $I_\text{o}$. $\triangleright$ The second panel shows the circuit redrawn for simplicity, in the initial condition with the switch open. When the switch is open, no current can flow through the central resistor, so we may as well ignore it. I've also redrawn the junctions, without changing what's connected to what. This is the kind of mental rearranging that you'll eventually learn to do automatically from experience with analyzing circuits. The redrawn version makes it easier to see what's happening with the current. Charge is conserved, so any charge that flows past point 1 in the circuit must also flow past points 2 and 3. This would have been harder to reason about by applying the junction rule to the original version, which appears to have nine separate junctions. In the new version, it's also clear that the circuit has a great deal of symmetry. We could flip over each parallel pair of identical resistors without changing what's connected to what, so that makes it clear that the voltage drops and currents must be equal for the members of each pair. We can also prove this by using the loop rule. The loop rule says that the two voltage drops in loop 4 must be equal, and similarly for loops 5 and 6. Since the resistors obey Ohm's law, equal voltage drops across them also imply equal currents. That means that when the current at point 1 comes to the top junction, exactly half of it goes through each resistor. Then the current reunites at 2, splits between the next pair, and so on. We conclude that each of the six resistors in the circuit experiences the same voltage drop and the same current. Applying the loop rule to loop 7, we find that the sum of the three voltage drops across the three left-hand resistors equals the battery's voltage, $V$, so each resistor in the circuit experiences a voltage drop $V/3$. Letting $R$ stand for the resistance of one of the resistors, we find that the current through resistor B, which is the same as the currents through all the others, is given by $I_\text{o}=V/3R$. We now pass to the case where the switch is closed, as shown in the third panel. The battery's voltage is the same as before, and each resistor's resistance is the same, so we can still use the same symbols $V$ and $R$ for them. It is no longer true, however, that each resistor feels a voltage drop $V/3$. The equivalent resistance of the whole circuit is $R/2+R/3+R/2=4R/3$, so the total current drawn from the battery is $3V/4R$. In the middle group of resistors, this current is split three ways, so the new current through B is $(1/3)(3V/4R)=V/4R=3I_\text{o}/4$. Interpreting this result, we see that it comes from two effects that partially cancel. Closing the switch reduces the equivalent resistance of the circuit by giving charge another way to flow, and increases the amount of current drawn from the battery. Resistor B, however, only gets a 1/3 share of this greater current, not 1/2. The second effect turns out to be bigger than first, and therefore the current through resistor B is lessened over all. Example 20: Getting killed by your ammeter As with a voltmeter, an ammeter can give erroneous readings if it is used in such a way that it changes the behavior the circuit. An ammeter is used in series, so if it is used to measure the current through a resistor, the resistor's value will effectively be changed to $R+ R_a$, where $R_a$ is the resistance of the ammeter. Ammeters are designed with very low resistances in order to make it unlikely that $R+ R_a$ will be significantly different from $R$. In fact, the real hazard is death, not a wrong reading! Virtually the only circuits whose resistances are significantly less than that of an ammeter are those designed to carry huge currents. An ammeter inserted in such a circuit can easily melt. When I was working at a laboratory funded by the Department of Energy, we got periodic bulletins from the DOE safety office about serious accidents at other sites, and they held a certain ghoulish fascination. One of these was about a DOE worker who was completely incinerated by the explosion created when he inserted an ordinary Radio Shack ammeter into a high-current circuit. Later estimates showed that the heat was probably so intense that the explosion was a ball of plasma --- a gas so hot that its atoms have been ionized. Discussion Question ◊ We have stated the loop rule in a symmetric form where a series of voltage drops adds up to zero. To do this, we had to define a standard way of connecting the voltmeter to the circuit so that the plus and minus signs would come out right. Suppose we wish to restate the junction rule in a similar symmetric way, so that instead of equating the current coming in to the current going out, it simply states that a certain sum of currents at a junction adds up to zero. What standard way of inserting the ammeter would we have to use to make this work? Summary $\Omega$ — units of ohms Other Notation electric potential — rather than the more informal “voltage” used here; despite the misleading name, it is not the same as electric potential energy \notationitem{eV}{a unit of energy, equal to $e$ multiplied by 1 volt; $1.6\times10^{-19}$ joules} Summary {} All the forces we encounter in everyday life boil down to two basic types: gravitational forces and electrical forces. A force such as friction or a “sticky force” arises from electrical forces between individual atoms. Just as we use the word “mass” to describe how strongly an object participates in gravitational forces, we use the word “charge” for the intensity of its electrical forces. There are two types of charge. Two charges of the same type repel each other, but objects whose charges are different attract each other. Charge is measured in units of coulombs (C). Mobile charged particle model: A great many phenomena are easily understood if we imagine matter as containing two types of charged particles, which are at least partially able to move around. Positive and negative charge: Ordinary objects that have not been specially prepared have both types of charge spread evenly throughout them in equal amounts. The object will then tend not to exert electrical forces on any other object, since any attraction due to one type of charge will be balanced by an equal repulsion from the other. (We say “tend not to” because bringing the object near an object with unbalanced amounts of charge could cause its charges to separate from each other, and the force would no longer cancel due to the unequal distances.) It therefore makes sense to describe the two types of charge using positive and negative signs, so that an unprepared object will have zero total charge. The Coulomb force law states that the magnitude of the electrical force between two charged particles is given by $\|\mathbf{F}\| =k \|q_1\| \|q_2\| / r^2$. Conservation of charge: An even more fundamental reason for using positive and negative signs for charge is that with this definition the total charge of a closed system is a conserved quantity. All electrical phenomena are alike in that that arise from the presence or motion of charge. Most practical electrical devices are based on the motion of charge around a complete circuit, so that the charge can be recycled and does not hit any dead ends. The most useful measure of the flow of charge is current, $I=\Delta q/\Delta t$. An electrical device whose job is to transform energy from one form into another, e.g., a lightbulb, uses power at a rate which depends both on how rapidly charge is flowing through it and on how much work is done on each unit of charge. The latter quantity is known as the voltage difference between the point where the current enters the device and the point where the current leaves it. Since there is a type of potential energy associated with electrical forces, the amount of work they do is equal to the difference in potential energy between the two points, and we therefore define voltage differences directly in terms of potential energy, $\Delta V=\Delta PE_{elec}/q$. The rate of power dissipation is $P=I\Delta V$. Many important electrical phenomena can only be explained if we understand the mechanisms of current flow at the atomic level. In metals, currents are carried by electrons, in liquids by ions. Gases are normally poor conductors unless their atoms are subjected to such intense electrical forces that the atoms become ionized. Many substances, including all solids, respond to electrical forces in such a way that the flow of current between two points is proportional to the voltage difference between those points. Such a substance is called ohmic, and an object made out of an ohmic substance can be rated in terms of its resistance, $R=\Delta $V/I. An important corollary is that a perfect conductor, with $R=0$, must have constant voltage everywhere within it. A schematic is a drawing of a circuit that standardizes and stylizes its features to make it easier to understand. Any circuit can be broken down into smaller parts. For instance, one big circuit may be understood as two small circuits in series, another as three circuits in parallel. When circuit elements are combined in parallel and in series, we have two basic rules to guide us in understanding how the parts function as a whole: the junction rule: In any circuit that is not storing or releasing charge, conservation of charge implies that the total current flowing out of any junction must be the same as the total flowing in. the loop rule: Assuming the standard convention for plus and minus signs, the sum of the voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit must be zero. The simplest application of these rules is to pairs of resistors combined in series or parallel. In such cases, the pair of resistors acts just like a single unit with a certain resistance value, called their equivalent resistance. Resistances in series add to produce a larger equivalent resistance, \[\begin{equation} R_{series} = R_1+R_2 , \end{equation}\] because the current has to fight its way through both resistances. Parallel resistors combine to produce an equivalent resistance that is smaller than either individual resistance, \[\begin{equation} R_{parallel} = \left(\frac{1}{R_1}+\frac{1}{R_2}\right)^{-1} , \end{equation}\] because the current has two different paths open to it. An important example of resistances in parallel and series is the use of voltmeters and ammeters in resistive circuits. A voltmeter acts as a large resistance in parallel with the resistor across which the voltage drop is being measured. The fact that its resistance is not infinite means that it alters the circuit it is being used to investigate, producing a lower equivalent resistance. An ammeter acts as a small resistance in series with the circuit through which the current is to be determined. Its resistance is not quite zero, which leads to an increase in the resistance of the circuit being tested. Homework Problems aa / Problem 1 . Top: A realistic picture of a neuron. Bottom: A simplified diagram of one segment of the tail (axon). wire highlighting pens, 3 colors When you first glance at this exercise, it may look scary and intimidating --- all those circuits! However, all those wild-looking circuits can be analyzed using the following four guides to thinking: 1. A circuit has to be complete , i.e., it must be possible for charge to get recycled as it goes around the circuit. If it's not complete, then charge will build up at a dead end. This built-up charge will repel any other charge that tries to get in, and everything will rapidly grind to a stop. 2. There is constant voltage everywhere along a piece of wire. To apply this rule during this lab, I suggest you use the colored highlighting pens to mark the circuit. For instance, if there's one whole piece of the circuit that's all at the same voltage, you could highlight it in yellow. A second piece of the circuit, at some other voltage, could be highlighted in blue. 3. Charge is conserved, so charge can't “get used up.” 4. You can draw a rollercoaster diagram, like the one shown below. On this kind of diagram, height corresponds to voltage --- that's why the wires are drawn as horizontal tracks. A Bulb and a Switch Look at circuit 1, and try to predict what will happen when the switch is open, and what will happen when it's closed. Write both your predictions in the table on the following page before you build the circuit. When you build the circuit, you don't need an actual switch like a light switch; just connect and disconnect the banana plugs. Use one of the 1.5 volt batteries as your voltage source. \newcommand{\circuittablestrut}{\raisebox{0mm}[0mm][25mm]{}} \newcommand{\circuittabletwocols}[2]{ color * \textsf{Circuit 1} \circuittabletwocols{switch open}{switch closed} Did it work the way you expected? If not, try to figure it out with the benefit of hindsight, and write your explanation in the table above. * \textsf{Circuit 2 (Don't leave the switch closed for a long time!)} \circuittabletwocols{switch open}{switch closed} * \textsf{Circuit 3} \circuittabletwocols{switch open}{switch closed} * \textsf{Circuit 4} \circuittabletwocols{switch open}{switch closed} Two Bulbs Instead of a battery, use the DC power supply, set to 2.4 volts, for circuits 5 and 6. Analyze this one both by highlighting and by drawing a rollercoaster diagram. * \textsf{Circuit 5} \circuittabletwocols{bulb a}{bulb b} * \textsf{Circuit 6} \circuittabletwocols{bulb a}{bulb b} Two Batteries Use batteries for circuits 7-9. Circuits 7 and 8 are both good candidates for rollercoaster diagrams. * \textsf{Circuit 7} * \textsf{Circuit 9} \circuittabletwocols{bulb a}{bulb b} \end{handson} \begin{handson}{C}{Reasoning about circuits}{\onecolumn} The questions in this exercise can all be solved using some combination of the following approaches: a) There is constant voltage throughout any conductor. b) Ohm's law can be applied to any part of a circuit. c) Apply the loop rule. d) Apply the junction rule. In each case, discuss the question, decide what you think is the right answer, and then try the experiment. If you've already done exercise 21 B, skip number 1. 1. The series circuit is changed as shown. Which reasoning is correct? Each bulb now has its sides connected to the two terminals of the battery, so each now has 2.4 V across it instead of 1.2 V. They get brighter. Just as in the original circuit, the current goes through one bulb, then the other. It's just that now the current goes in a figure-8 pattern. The bulbs glow the same as before. 2. A wire is added as shown to the original circuit. What is wrong with the following reasoning? The top right bulb will go out, because its two sides are now connected with wire, so there will be no voltage difference across it. The other three bulbs will not be affected. 3. A wire is added as shown to the original circuit. What is wrong with the following reasoning? The current flows out of the right side of the battery. When it hits the first junction, some of it will go left and some will keep going up The part that goes up lights the top right bulb. The part that turns left then follows the path of least resistance, going through the new wire instead of the bottom bulb. The top bulb stays lit, the bottom one goes out, and others stay the same. 4. What happens when one bulb is unscrewed, leaving an air gap? 5. This part is optional. You can do it if you finished early and would like an extra challenge. Predict the voltage drop across each of the three bulbs in part 4, and also predict how the three currents will compare with one another. (You can't predict the currents in units of amperes, since you don't know the resistances of the bulbs.) Test your predictions. If your predictions are wrong, try to figure out what's going on. \end{handson} (c) 1998-2013 Benjamin Crowell, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license . Photo credits are given at the end of the Adobe Acrobat version.	i don't know
What is the largest rough gem-quality diamond ever found (as at 2010)?	Could this be the world's largest diamond? Huge uncut gem discovered in African mine \| Daily Mail Online Could this be the world's largest diamond? Huge uncut gem discovered in African mine comments A huge gem stone which could become the largest polished round diamond in history has been discovered. The massive stone is the 20th largest rough diamond ever found, weighs 478 carats and is said to be of outstanding clarity. It was recovered earlier this week at the Letseng Mine, in Lesotho, a small kingdom in South Africa. Perfect clarity: A model inspects the world's 20th largest rough diamond, which was discovered at Gem Diamond's Letseng Mine in Lesotho this week Another similar sized rough stone from the same mine was recently valued at $12million. But the clarity and round shape of the new gem mean it could be worth considerably more and in its polished state could fetch tens of millions of pounds. It is estimated to be capable of producing a 150 carat polished gem stone, dwarfing the Koh-i-Noor diamond which is part of the Crown Jewels. A spokesman for Gem Diamonds, who own the mine, added that initial examination suggested that the white diamond, which has yet to be named and valued, has a completely flawless centre. Enlarge The new diamond, left, could be larger than the Koh-i-noor diamond, seen in the Queen mother's crown The mine, which was owned by famous diamond company De Beers for many years, has already produced three of the world's biggest diamonds including the 603 carat Lesotho Promise, the 493 carat Leteng Legacy and the 601 carat Lesotho Brown. Clifford Elphick, chief executive officer of Gem Diamonds, said 'Preliminary examination of this remarkable diamond indicates that it will yield a record breaking polished stone of the very best colour and clarity.' The find is still dwarfed by the Cullinan Diamond which was discovered in 1905. At 3,106 carats it was the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found but the biggest polished stone produced from it, the Great Star of Africa - 530 carats - is a teardrop shape. The Koh-i-noor is a round cut but at 105 carats it is smaller than the potential size of the new find. It originated in India but was seized by Britain as a spoil of war in 1849. It supposedly brings good luck to female owners and misfortune or death to any male who wears or owns it.	Cullinan Diamond
William Makepeace Thackeray's 1847 novel Vanity Fair, a satire of early 1800s British society, has the extended title, 'A Novel without a ...' what?	World's biggest Diamond - News Post Daily News Post Daily / Staff Picks / 1 , 111 carat diamond , a type IIadiamond , Cullinan , Diamond , Karowe Mine , King Edward VII , Lucara / 0 Comments The largest diamond ever discovered was a 3,106-carat Cullinan stone found in South Africa in 1905. The stone was cut into several large polished gems, including the Great Star of Africa and the Lesser Star of Africa, both of which are housed in Britain’s crown jewels. Botswana, along with African neighbors South Africa and Namibia, is one of the biggest producers of mined diamonds. Australia and Russia also are important suppliers. Numis Securities analyst Phil Swinfen said it is hard to put a value on a diamond without more details about color or the ways it could be cut. Mr. Swinfen, a former diamond-mining geologist, said the Lucara diamond could fetch between $40 million to $60 million or more based on recent sales of large stones the company has found. Lucara sold a 342-carat type IIa diamond discovered in April for $20.55 million, equivalent to $60,087 a carat. “Given this stone is likely to be historically significant, the value could take on a life of its own and achieve significantly more—all flowing straight to Lucara’s bottom line,” Mr. Swinfen said. “This is immensely good news for Lucara, perhaps the best week in the company’s history.” The stone is a type IIa diamond, meaning it is a good-quality diamond nearly devoid of impurities. It is the largest type IIa diamond found in more than a century and the biggest dug up by machines, Lucara said. It was recovered from the south lobe of the Karowe Mine by using Large Diamond Recovery XRT machines. Lucara is the sole owner and operator of the mine, which produced its first diamond in 2012. The Karowe Mine joins Gem Diamonds Ltd.’s Letseng Mine in Lesotho, the landlocked southern Africa mountaintop kingdom, as the rockbed for the world’s biggest individual diamond discoveries in the 21st century. Before Lucara, Gem Diamonds held the previous record for this century’s largest recovered diamond: the 603-carat Lesotho Promise in 2006. That gem sold for $12.4 million. When miners unearth the world’s biggest and rarest of diamonds — like the golf-ball-sized, 357-carat rock found this year in the southern African kingdom of Lesotho — figuring out what they are worth can prove almost as difficult.A 1,111 carat diamond has been recovered in Botswana by the mining company Lucara. The Type IIa diamond is the largest discovered in more than a century and second in size only to the diamond that was used to make the British crown jewels, according to Bloomberg. The diamond is almost as big as a tennis ball.Most diamonds found weigh just a few carats (1 carat is equivalent to 0.007055 oz). Two other huge rough diamonds were found in 2013, at the Karowe mine, both coming in at over 200 carats each (1.4 oz) — still dwarfed by the recent discovery. The biggest gem-quality diamond ever found was the Cullinan diamond, a 3,106-carat stone found in the Premier mine in South Africa in 1905. The miner who found it was given 3,500 pounds, while the gem became world-famous. It was given to Britain’s King Edward VII as a birthday gift, who was so worried about its security that he arranged for a decoy to be sent on a ship accompanied by detectives while the real thing was sent in a plain box. It was later cut up, with the largest parts being mounted onto a royal scepter and crown, part of Britain’s Crown Jewels. Exceptional diamonds, however, are still fetching extremely high prices. South Africa’s Petra Diamonds Ltd. sold a rare 29.62-carat rough blue diamond for $25.6 million in February 2014 to a diamond cutter that fashioned it into a 12.03-carat polished diamond called the Blue Moon. The diamond was sold under the name Blue Moon of Josephine to a Hong Kong buyer for $48.5 million at a Sotheby’s auction last week. Global diamond production is expected to peak in 2017, when 164 million carats of diamonds are forecast to be produced, according to McKinsey & Co. After that, production is expected to go into a long-term decline, unless significant new discoveries are made, McKinsey’s forecasts show. Mining companies traditionally sell their discoveries directly to firms who cut the stones into smaller pieces that are polished and sold to wholesalers and jewelers. While the abundance of common varieties in the $80 billion global market provides enough benchmarks to price small gems, giant ones presents a challenge because mining companies don’t usually employ their own cutters and don’t know what it will cost to convert them into polished diamonds. Gem Diamonds, which in the past decade has uncovered four of the 20 largest white gem-quality diamonds ever found, is seeking to change that dynamic. The company has been experimenting with cutting and polishing a small amount of its own output to better analyze the process of converting the gray, jagged rocks into flawless, jeweler-ready products. The experience helped determine the value of the 357-carat stone found at its Letseng mine in southernmost Africa earlier this year. “Prior to Gem going into production, the world didn’t hear about these large stones,” said William Lamb, the chief executive officer of Vancouver-based Lucara, which unearthed the biggest diamond in more than a century. “Gem has paved the way for us in creating the market for these large stones.” About 125 million carats were mined globally last year, according to data from the Kimberley Process, which records and certifies rough diamond shipments. The stones aren’t sold on any exchange and the market is much less liquid than most commodities. A better idea of valuations would help set a benchmark others can adopt as the discovery of the largest stones accelerates. More than half of the biggest diamonds in the past decade have been found in the two years since Lucara opened its Karowe Mine in Botswana in 2012, which yielded the 1,111-carat diamond found last month. It was the largest since the 3,106-carat Cullinan gem was found in South Africa in 1905. That one was cut into pieces, which are set in the Crown Jewels of Britain. Commenti commenti	i don't know
Name the Danish maritime explorer who served with the Russian fleet and gave his name to a Strait, a Sea, an Island, a Glacier and Land Bridge?	PBS - Harriman: History of Exploration Exploration and Settlement on the Alaskan Coast The Earliest Explorers The large peninsula we now call Alaska was first visited by human explorers more than twelve thousand years ago. These ancestors of modern-day Alaska Natives traveled eastward from Siberia on the Beringian land bridge, a broad expanse of temporarily-exposed tundra that is today under three hundred feet of water. This bridge made it possible for whole communities to move onto the North American continent and establish maritime villages. Over the centuries, encampments evolved into productive hunting and fishing settlements. These early explorers and settlers adapted well to Alaska's coast line. They designed skin boats and harpoons for hunting marine mammals, created arctic dress from skin and fur, and used whale blubber and oil to light and heat their homes. This kind of adaptation also took place on the Siberian coast, but archeological evidence tells us that the maritime peoples living along Alaska's coast 6,000 to 8,000 years ago were particularly skillful in adaptive practices. Thus, when European explorers came to Alaska in the eighteenth century, they were visiting a land that had been explored, inhabited and developed for millennia. Early Russian Exploration In a way, Alaska existed in the Russian imagination long before it had a place on the Russian map. Russian fur hunters and traders in Siberia had heard for centuries from the Yupik, the coastal peoples of Siberia, about a "Great Land" that lay to the east across the water. In 1728, Vitus Bering, a Danish-born officer in the Russian Navy of Tsar Peter the Great, made the first of his two voyages in the North Pacific Ocean, attempting to confirm the existence of the land to the east. He sailed through the narrow waterway that separates the Seward Peninsula of Alaska from the Chukotsk Peninsula in Siberia. He came very close to the Alaskan coast, but bad weather prevented him from making an official sighting. In 1741, on his second voyage, Bering headed up an expedition of two ships, both of which sighted land at points between 55 degrees and 59 degrees north latitude. The first sighting took place on July 15, when the St. Paul, under the command of Bering's second-in-command, Aleksei Chirikov, reached Prince of Wales Island. Bering's own ship, the St. Peter, sighted Mt. St. Elias, and Kayak Island the next day. But the ships by this time had become separated, and the St. Peter was beached near the Aleutian island now known as Bering Island. Bering died there, of scurvy, in December of 1741. But the St. Paul returned to Siberia, as did some survivors from Bering's own ship. They confirmed that the "Great Land," did indeed exist; the fox, fur seal and sea otter pelts they brought showed this land to be a fur trader's paradise. Russian documents from the time indicate that Bering's explorations of Alaska were not made for the purely scientific purposes of survey and mapping. Russia wanted a permanent presence in North America, and hoped to exploit the fur and mineral resources there. They quickly succeeded in this goal. By 1745, hunting and trading vessels from Siberia followed Bering's lead along the Aleutian chain, obtaining fur pelts from the Aleuts. This was an important relationship, since the Russians were entirely unskilled in hunting sea mammals, particularly the elusive sea otter. The Russian traders used bribery and outright coercion with the Aleuts, oftentimes taking hostages and demanding their ransom be paid in fur. The Aleuts repeatedly resisted. In 1763 Aleuts on Unmak and Unalaska destroyed four Russian vessels, but the fur traders effectively quashed that opposition. European Exploration of the Coast The English, Spanish and French governments were all eager to share in the taking of this rich territory. The British dispatched Captain James Cook to Alaska in 1778, where he completed the first systematic survey of the coastline, from 58 degrees to 70 degrees north latitude. He established that there was no land connection between the Asian and North American continents, and his expedition produced maps that set the navigation standard for the next century. The Russian Empress Catherine, unnerved at this intensive British survey of territory she considered her own, ordered Cook's journal translated into Russian as soon as it was published. The Spanish, anxious to protect their interests in the New World, sent several expeditions up the coast during this period, including the 1779 voyage of the Princesa and Favorita, under the command of Ignacio Arteaga. At Nuchek Bay, they claimed possession of the territory in the name of the King of Spain, then sailed back to California. The French, unwilling to be left out, sent the explorer Comte de La Perouse north to Lituya Bay. Perouse claimed possession of the land for France, but politics and geography distracted Russia's rivals from fully engaging in Alaska exploration and settlement. The British lost the American colonies during this time, the French faced a revolution at home, and the Spanish found themselves unable to hold onto their New World holdings in South America. The Russians, who'd been there first, essentially won the race to claim Alaska. The Russian Era in Alaska The connection between Russian exploration and Alaska Native exploitation that began in 1745 continued as Russia took firm hold of the coast. In 1783, the Russian merchant Grigorii Shelikhov equipped three vessels for a voyage to the Aleutian Islands, hoping to gain a monopoly on the fur trade of the region. In 1784, when the ships arrived at Kodiak Island, they were met by a force of 4,000 Koniag Natives who demanded that the Russians leave immediately. After negotiations failed, the Russians fired cannons on Koniag homes, destroying them. By subduing the Alaska Natives with fire power, Russian control grew stronger. Shelikhov extended his authority by setting up political districts in the Kodiak region, and by a building a fur-harvesting labor force of Alaska Natives. His methods were sometimes so brutal that the Russian government actually conducted an inquiry, although Shelikhov was never charged with any crime.	Vitus Bering
What car company faced major problems over a sticking accelerator fault in 2010?	PBS - Harriman: History of Exploration Exploration and Settlement on the Alaskan Coast The Earliest Explorers The large peninsula we now call Alaska was first visited by human explorers more than twelve thousand years ago. These ancestors of modern-day Alaska Natives traveled eastward from Siberia on the Beringian land bridge, a broad expanse of temporarily-exposed tundra that is today under three hundred feet of water. This bridge made it possible for whole communities to move onto the North American continent and establish maritime villages. Over the centuries, encampments evolved into productive hunting and fishing settlements. These early explorers and settlers adapted well to Alaska's coast line. They designed skin boats and harpoons for hunting marine mammals, created arctic dress from skin and fur, and used whale blubber and oil to light and heat their homes. This kind of adaptation also took place on the Siberian coast, but archeological evidence tells us that the maritime peoples living along Alaska's coast 6,000 to 8,000 years ago were particularly skillful in adaptive practices. Thus, when European explorers came to Alaska in the eighteenth century, they were visiting a land that had been explored, inhabited and developed for millennia. Early Russian Exploration In a way, Alaska existed in the Russian imagination long before it had a place on the Russian map. Russian fur hunters and traders in Siberia had heard for centuries from the Yupik, the coastal peoples of Siberia, about a "Great Land" that lay to the east across the water. In 1728, Vitus Bering, a Danish-born officer in the Russian Navy of Tsar Peter the Great, made the first of his two voyages in the North Pacific Ocean, attempting to confirm the existence of the land to the east. He sailed through the narrow waterway that separates the Seward Peninsula of Alaska from the Chukotsk Peninsula in Siberia. He came very close to the Alaskan coast, but bad weather prevented him from making an official sighting. In 1741, on his second voyage, Bering headed up an expedition of two ships, both of which sighted land at points between 55 degrees and 59 degrees north latitude. The first sighting took place on July 15, when the St. Paul, under the command of Bering's second-in-command, Aleksei Chirikov, reached Prince of Wales Island. Bering's own ship, the St. Peter, sighted Mt. St. Elias, and Kayak Island the next day. But the ships by this time had become separated, and the St. Peter was beached near the Aleutian island now known as Bering Island. Bering died there, of scurvy, in December of 1741. But the St. Paul returned to Siberia, as did some survivors from Bering's own ship. They confirmed that the "Great Land," did indeed exist; the fox, fur seal and sea otter pelts they brought showed this land to be a fur trader's paradise. Russian documents from the time indicate that Bering's explorations of Alaska were not made for the purely scientific purposes of survey and mapping. Russia wanted a permanent presence in North America, and hoped to exploit the fur and mineral resources there. They quickly succeeded in this goal. By 1745, hunting and trading vessels from Siberia followed Bering's lead along the Aleutian chain, obtaining fur pelts from the Aleuts. This was an important relationship, since the Russians were entirely unskilled in hunting sea mammals, particularly the elusive sea otter. The Russian traders used bribery and outright coercion with the Aleuts, oftentimes taking hostages and demanding their ransom be paid in fur. The Aleuts repeatedly resisted. In 1763 Aleuts on Unmak and Unalaska destroyed four Russian vessels, but the fur traders effectively quashed that opposition. European Exploration of the Coast The English, Spanish and French governments were all eager to share in the taking of this rich territory. The British dispatched Captain James Cook to Alaska in 1778, where he completed the first systematic survey of the coastline, from 58 degrees to 70 degrees north latitude. He established that there was no land connection between the Asian and North American continents, and his expedition produced maps that set the navigation standard for the next century. The Russian Empress Catherine, unnerved at this intensive British survey of territory she considered her own, ordered Cook's journal translated into Russian as soon as it was published. The Spanish, anxious to protect their interests in the New World, sent several expeditions up the coast during this period, including the 1779 voyage of the Princesa and Favorita, under the command of Ignacio Arteaga. At Nuchek Bay, they claimed possession of the territory in the name of the King of Spain, then sailed back to California. The French, unwilling to be left out, sent the explorer Comte de La Perouse north to Lituya Bay. Perouse claimed possession of the land for France, but politics and geography distracted Russia's rivals from fully engaging in Alaska exploration and settlement. The British lost the American colonies during this time, the French faced a revolution at home, and the Spanish found themselves unable to hold onto their New World holdings in South America. The Russians, who'd been there first, essentially won the race to claim Alaska. The Russian Era in Alaska The connection between Russian exploration and Alaska Native exploitation that began in 1745 continued as Russia took firm hold of the coast. In 1783, the Russian merchant Grigorii Shelikhov equipped three vessels for a voyage to the Aleutian Islands, hoping to gain a monopoly on the fur trade of the region. In 1784, when the ships arrived at Kodiak Island, they were met by a force of 4,000 Koniag Natives who demanded that the Russians leave immediately. After negotiations failed, the Russians fired cannons on Koniag homes, destroying them. By subduing the Alaska Natives with fire power, Russian control grew stronger. Shelikhov extended his authority by setting up political districts in the Kodiak region, and by a building a fur-harvesting labor force of Alaska Natives. His methods were sometimes so brutal that the Russian government actually conducted an inquiry, although Shelikhov was never charged with any crime.	i don't know
In chemistry and physics, volatility is the tendency of a substance to what?	Volatility (chemistry) - encyclopedia article - Citizendium Volatility (chemistry) This editable Main Article is under development and not meant to be cited; by editing it you can help to improve it towards a future approved , citable version. These unapproved articles are subject to a disclaimer . [ edit intro ] This article is about Volatilty (chemstry). For other uses of the term Volatility, please see Volatility (disambiguation) . In chemistry and physics , volatility is a term used to characterize the tendency of a substance to vaporize. [1] It is directly related to a substance' s vapor pressure . At a given temperature , a substance with a higher vapor pressure will vaporize more readily than a substance with a lower vapor pressure. [2] [3] [4] In other words, at a given temperature, the more volatile the substance the higher will be the pressure of the vapor in equilibrium with its vaporizing substance — i.e., when the rates at which molecules escape from and return into the vaporizing substance are equal. In common usage, the term applies primarily to liquids . However, it may also be used to characterize the process of sublimation by which certain solid substances such as ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and dry ice , which is solid carbon dioxide (CO2), change directly from their solid form to a vapor without becoming a liquid. Any substance with a significant vapor pressure at temperatures of about 20 to 25 ° C (68 to 77 ° F ) is very often referred to as being volatile. Contents Vapor pressure, temperature and boiling point (PD) Image: Milton Beychok For more information, see: Vapor pressure , boiling point , and Antoine equation . The vapor pressure of a substance is the pressure at which its gaseous (vapor) phase is in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase. It is a measure of the tendency of molecules and atoms to escape from a liquid or solid. At atmospheric pressures , when a liquid's vapor pressure increases with increasing temperatures to the point at which it equals the atmospheric pressure, the liquid has reached its boiling point , namely, the temperature at which the liquid changes its state from a liquid to a gas throughout its bulk. That temperature is very commonly referred to as the liquid's normal boiling point. Not surprisingly, a liquid's normal boiling point will be at a lower temperature the greater is the tendency of its molecules to escape from the liquid, namely, the higher is its vapor pressure. In other words, the higher is the vapor pressure of a liquid, the higher is the volatility and the lower is the normal boiling point of the liquid. The adjacent vapor pressure chart graphs the dependency of vapor pressure upon temperature for a variety of liquids [5] and also confirms that liquids with higher vapor pressures have lower normal boiling points. For example, at any given temperature, methyl chloride (CH3Cl) has the highest vapor pressure of any of the liquids graphed in the chart. It also has the lowest normal boiling point (−26 °C), which is where its vapor pressure curve (the blue line) intersects the horizontal pressure line of one atmosphere (atm) of absolute vapor pressure. In terms of intermolecular forces , the boiling point represents the temperature at which the liquid molecules possess enough kinetic energy to overcome the various intermolecular attractions binding the molecules to each other within the liquid. Therefore the boiling point is also an indicator of the strength of those attractive forces. The higher the intermolecular attractive forces are, the more difficult it is for molecules to escape from the liquid and hence the lower is the vapor pressure of the liquid. The lower the vapor pressure of the liquid, the higher the temperature must be to initiate boiling. Thus, the higher the intermolecular attractive forces are, the higher is the normal boiling point. [6] [7] Relative volatility For more information, see: Relative volatility . Relative volatility refers to a measure of the difference between the vapor pressure of the more volatile components of a liquid mixture and the vapor pressure of the less volatile components of the mixture. This measure is widely used in designing large industrial distillation processes. [4] [5] [8] In effect, it indicates the ease or difficulty of using distillation to separate the more volatile components from the less volatile components in a mixture. The use of relative volatility applies to multi-component liquid mixtures as well as to binary mixtures. By convention, relative volatility is typically denoted as α. Volatile Organic Compound For more information, see: Volatile organic compound . The term Volatile organic compound (VOC) refers to organic chemical compounds having significant vapor pressures and which can have adverse effects on the environment and human health. VOCs are numerous, varied and include man-made (anthropogenic) as well as naturally occurring chemical compounds. The anthropogenic VOCs are regulated by various governmental environmental entities worldwide. There is no universally accepted definition of VOCs. Some regulatory entities define them in terms of their vapor pressure at ordinary temperatures, or their normal boiling points, or how many carbon atoms they contain per molecule, and others define them in terms of their photochemical reactivity . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency currently defines them as any compound of carbon , excluding carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide , carbonic acid , metallic carbides or carbonates , and ammonium carbonate , which participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions (i.e., the reactions that produce photochemical smog ). However, any such carbon compounds that have been determined to have a low photochemical reactivity, and specifically listed in the regulation, are exempted from regulation. [9] Special definitions There are a number of special definitions of the terms volatility and volatile commonly used in certain fields of study but which are still within the overall context of chemistry: Wine making The wine industry uses the term volatile acids to refer to organic acids that are water-soluble, have short carbon chains (six carbon atoms or less) and which occur in wine. For example: carbonic acid , acetic acid , formic acid , butyric acid and proprionic acid . Cosmetics and flavorings Certain volatile oils obtained from plants have distinctive, pleasant aromas which are used in cosmetics and food flavorings . These oils are commonly referred to as essential oils . Coal Coals contain a certain amount of volatile matter, defined as the portion of a coal sample which, when heated in the absence of air, is released as inorganic and organic gases. Anesthetics Inhalational anesthetics , commonly referred to as volatile anesthetics are organic liquids at room temperature which are easily vaporized. Some examples are: halothane , isoflurane and sevoflurane . References	Vaporization
In March 2010, which country passed a law banning all strip clubs and made it illegal for any business to profit from the nudity of employees such as topless waitresses?	Volatility (chemistry) - Free definitions by Babylon Volatility (chemistry) Download this dictionary Volatility (chemistry) In chemistry and physics , volatility is the tendency of a substance to vaporize . Volatility is directly related to a substance's vapor pressure . At a given temperature, a substance with higher vapor pressure vaporizes more readily than a substance with a lower vapor pressure. Video results for the word "Volatility (chemistry)" The following video provides you with the correct English pronunciation of the word "Volatility (chemistry)", to help you become a better English speaker.	i don't know
The religious slot Thought for the Day features in which BBC Radio show?	BBC - Radio 4 - Today - Thought for the Day - Listeners' Emails BBC News Thought for the Day - Emails I was given my say in the ‘alternative’ Thought for the Day, and I shouldn’t add more. But I really MUST repudiate the unjust accusation that I insulted all religious believers. I was at great pains to do no such thing. Instead, I attacked as childish two specific KINDS of religious believer. First, those who selfishly thank God for intervening to save them PERSONALLY while letting hundreds of other people die. Second, fundamentalist creationists who reject evolution. If the cap fits, wear it, but you’ll get no support from educated theologians or Bishops. They will say it is people like you that give religion a bad name. A response from Professor Richard Dawkins to listeners' emails Imagine George Bush saying " I'm not going to conduct prayers for the victims of September the 11th because there's not a shred of evidence that it can possibly do anything". 100 years after Darwin, 100 years after Einstein why should Religion continue to be pushed down the throats of humanity when its quite plainly a relic of the past ? It is important to realise how pervasive this mumbo-jumbo is, Tony Blair an Atheist ? err.. probably not in my lifetime mate. Give us Dawkins thought for the day. Ian Cadman, Perth At last, someone at the BBC has dared to allow a public challenge to the assumption that a religious ethical slot on the program is the only sort of ethical one that could be allowed - my previous email conversations with you a have taught me how deeply entrenched the assumption is. It is insulting to humanists to have it repeated, as it often is, that only faith can give basis to an ethical view. Christine Morgan insists that allowing humanists on would change the nature of the slot, but it need not cease to be an ethical one. Surely the BBC is now mature enough to allow secular speakers. Dawkins' point was easily as worth making as any of the religious interpretations of events that normally make TFTD merely religious propaganda, and unusable as a guide to living life as an intelligent and enquiring adult. Roger Fletcher I always switch off when thought for the day is broadcast. It's an anachronism in today's society. Sadly, we who do not have any religious beliefs are given no credence by the blinkered people who make decisions on such programmes - such as that ridiculous woman who is responsible for "thought for the day" - that you interviewed this morning. Simply get rid of this slot!!!! Richard Knisely-Marpole I would just like to register my support for Thought For Today in it's present form. As a non-practising Catholic, I welcome the few minutes of reflection from a spiritual perspective & very much enjoy hearing the views from the Jewish, Methodist & Hindu contributors. Please, Please, keep it up. Cecilia Owen I'm a Christian; I find a lot of the broadcasting on Thought for the Day terribly tedious, but the ones I enjoy most are those people like Indarjit Singh and Lionel Blue from different faiths to my own and coming from a different perspective. I think contributions from other faiths (including the various groups of pagans on significant dates for them), and from people of no faith but interesting ethical ideas, would be much more 'thoughtful' for what's presumably meant to be an intelligent audience than the kind of trite school-assembly stuff we so often get at the moment. Liz Marley, Waterbeach, near Cambridge I am appalled at the BBC's attitude to the call to include a secular view in "Thought for the Day". Is it too much to ask that, when we suffer a religiously motivated outrage such as occurred on 9 September last year, we should be free from those who seem to think that the only way to interpret our feelings is in a religious context? Religion is the problem, not the solution. Ian Smith, Bedford The BBC still seems to believe that those who call themselves 'religious' can somehow think more clearly, deeply and meaningfully than those who call themselves 'non-religious'. How can the BBC defend that bigoted view? It is clear that _everyone_ - theist, agnostic, atheist, a-religious - has an equal chance to reflect upon our world from their personal and unique perspective. It is also clear that it long past time for all such reflective thinkers to have an equal chance to share their Thoughts with Today. I'm delighted to see this issue being properly addressed at last. Amanda Baker Of course "non-religious" voices should be able to share the Thought for the Day slot. To deny them is to deny that God is in all human experience - which would, of course, be nonsense. Andrew Allcock (Reverend), Telford I listened with interest your report this morning regarding thought for the day and I must say that I disagree entirely with the negative comment. This morning, as I poured warm milk over my Ready Break, I listened intently to what the speaker was saying and found that it gave me a small but noticeable lift. At 27, like most people of my own age group, religion does not play much if not any part of my life but for the two minutes that thought for the day affords me, I would prefer it to stay. It gives you that detachment from the hustle and bustle of the "great news" story and just takes you away for a few moments to reflect on different parts of life depending upon what the speaker was saying at the time. ... is Brian Perkins off sick? Jules Fraser What are your views on Thought for the Day? Click here to send an email or join the discussion on the message board . "As a non-practising Catholic, I welcome the few minutes of reflection from a spiritual perspective" "Religion is the problem, not the solution." "as I poured warm milk over my Ready Break, I listened intently to what the speaker was saying and found that it gave me a small but noticeable lift. "	Today
What is the process by which an insect undergoes distinct physical change from immaturity (typically larva or nymph) to adulthood?	BBC NEWS \| Entertainment \| Protest over Thought for the Day 'ban' Wednesday, 14 August, 2002, 10:05 GMT 11:05 UK Protest over Thought for the Day 'ban' Pinter objects to the religious slot on BBC radio By Torin Douglas BBC media correspondent Playwright Harold Pinter is one of dozens of prominent figures who have banded together to protest at Radio 4's policy of not including non-religious contributors to the long-running Thought for the Day spot. The BBC describes the item on its Today programme as "a slot for reflections on topical matters from the perspective of a religious faith". It includes contributions from a wide range of faiths and although the BBC says it is currently being "refreshed" it has no plans to introduce secular contributors. As a result, Pinter is one of more than 100 public figures, including broadcaster Ludovic Kennedy and the Labour politicians Michael Foot and Tony Banks, to write to the BBC board of governors in protest. They say the ban is discriminatory and unjustified. The BBC, however, says Thought for the Day is "unique" precisely because it offers a religious view of current affairs. 'Faith' The letter of complaint says there have been calls for non-religious voices to be heard in the slot for well over 30 years, and that by banning such contributions the BBC is discriminating against the non-religious, who now amount to 30 to 40% of the population. The letter has been signed by 20 MPs, 13 peers and a raft of scientists, academics, writers and entertainers, including supporters of the National Secular Society and the British Humanist Association. They have called on the BBC governors to lift the ban. A spokesman for the BBC said Thought for the Day, which is aired from Monday to Saturday at 0745 BST, is an "opportunity to reflect on the news, stories and issues of the day from a faith perspective". He added: "It is distinctive because it offers a religious view on current affairs in a largely secular news programme." An additional, unofficial Thought, presented by Professor Richard Dawkins of Oxford University, an aethiest, was broadcast on Wednesday morning by the Today programme, following the debate caused by the letter.	i don't know
Which castle is sometimes referred to as 'The Key to England'?	Photographs of Castles and Manor Houses around the World SPAIN The Alcázar of Segovia (literally, Segovia Castle) is a stone fortification, rising out on a rocky crag above the confluence of the rivers Eresma and Clamores near the Guadarrama mountains. It is one of the most distinctive castle-palaces in Spain, shaped like the bow of a ship. The Alcázar of Segovia, like many fortifications in Spain , started off as an Arab fort, which itself was built on a Roman fort but little of that structure remains. It has served as a royal palace, a state prison, a Royal Artillery College and a military academy since Moorish times. Pena Palace Dover, Kent, ENGLAND . Dover Castle was founded in the 12th century and has been described as the "Key to ENGLAND " due to its defensive significance. It is the largest castle in ENGLAND . During the reign of Henry II t the castle began to take recognisable shape. The inner and outer baileys and the great keep belong to this time. Maurice the Engineer was responsible for building the keep, one of the last rectangular keeps ever built. Dover Castle is a Scheduled Monument and a Grade I listed building. The castle, its secret tunnels, and surrounding land are owned by English Heritage and the site is a major tourist attraction. From the Cinque Ports foundation in 1050, Dover has always been a chief member. The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is officially head of the castle, in his conjoint position of Constable of Dover Castle, and the Deputy Constable has his residence in Constable's Gate. Schloss Drachenburg (Drachenburg Castle) ENGLAND Leeds Castle is in Kent, ENGLAND , 5 miles (8 km) Southeast of Maidstone. A castle has been on the site since 1119. In the 13th century it came into the hands of King Edward I, for whom it became a favourite residence; in the 16th century, Henry VIII used it as a residence for his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. The castle was a location for the 1949 film Kind Hearts and Coronets where it stood in for "Chalfont", the ancestral home of the d'Ascoyne family. The castle also appeared in Moonraker (1958) and Waltz of the Toreadors (1962). It was the set for the Doctor Who episode The Androids of Tara. The castle today dates mostly from the 19th century and is built on islands in a lake formed by the River Len to the east of the village of Leeds. It has been open to the public since 1976 . ENGLAND Leeds Castle is in Kent, ENGLAND , 5 miles (8 km) Southeast of Maidstone. A castle has been on the site since 1119. In the 13th century it came into the hands of King Edward I, for whom it became a favourite residence; in the 16th century, Henry VIII used it as a residence for his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. The castle was a location for the 1949 film Kind Hearts and Coronets where it stood in for "Chalfont", the ancestral home of the d'Ascoyne family. The castle also appeared in Moonraker (1958) and Waltz of the Toreadors (1962). It was the set for the Doctor Who episode The Androids of Tara. The castle today dates mostly from the 19th century and is built on islands in a lake formed by the River Len to the east of the village of Leeds. It has been open to the public since 1976 Castel Sant Angelo (The Mausoleum of Hadrian) Parco Adriano Castel del Monte (Castle of the Mount), Andria, Apulia region ITALY Castel del Monte is a 13th-century citadel and castle. It stands on a promontory, where it was constructed during the 1240s by the Emperor Frederick II, who had inherited the lands from his mother, Constance of Sicily. It has neither a moat nor a drawbridge leading some to conclude that it was never intended as a defensive fortress; On the other hand, archaeological work has suggested that it originally had a curtain wall, so what we see today was just the keep of the original structure. It is a World Heritage Site, and appears on the Italian version of the one-cent euro coin. Schloss Moritzburg (Castle Moritzburg) GERMANY Moritzburg Castle is a Baroque palace in Moritzburg, in the German state of Saxony, about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) Northwest of Dresden. The castle is named after Duke Moritz of Saxony, who had a hunting lodge built here between 1542 and 1546. Schlösser Gammel Estrup (Gammel Estrup Manor) east of Randers City DENMARK Gammel Estrup Manor was built in 1490, but excavations have revealed evidence of earlier constructions also mentioned in texts under the name Essendrup dating back to 1340. From 1930 the manor has served as a museum, showing the development of Danish nobility. Schloss Glücksburg (Lyksborg Slot or Glücksburg Castle) Glücksburg Glücksburg Castle is one of the most important Renaissance castles in northern Europe. It is the seat of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and was also used by the Danish kings. Situated on the Flensburg Fjord the castle is now a museum owned by a foundation. Kasteel van Laarne (Laarne Castle) Laarne, East Flanders BELGIUM . Laarne Castle is a moated castle, established in the 11th or 12th century to guard the approaches to Ghent from the sea, it was comprehensively renovated in the 17th century. Since 1953 the castle has belonged to the Koninklijke Vereniging der Historische Woonsteden en Tuinen van België ("The Royal Association of Historical Houses and Gardens in Belgium"), to whom it was given by the last private owner, the Comte de Ribaucourt. It is a protected national monument and is now used as a museum. Akashi Castle FRANCE The Château de Blandy-les-Tours was mentioned in a text in 1216. It belonged to Adam II de Chailly, Viscount of Melun. It consisted of a simple manor and chapel, the only construction made of stone. The site was previously a Merovingian necropolis. In the 14th century, the castle was strongly modified with new fortifications and structures of defence. A moat was dug and a new gate-tower with a drawbridge was included in the enclosing wall. Bodiam Castle, East Sussex, ENGLAND Bodiam Castle is a 14th-century moated castle. It was built in 1385 by Sir Edward Dalyngrigge, a former knight of Edward III, with the permission of Richard II, to defend the area against French invasion during the Hundred Years' War. Bodiam Castle has a quadrangular plan. It has no keep, having its various chambers built around the outer defensive walls and inner courts. The corners and entrance are marked by towers, topped by crenellations. It was the home of the Dalyngrigge family and the centre of the manor of Bodiam. The castle is protected as a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Monument. It has been owned by The National Trust since 1925, when it was donated by Lord Curzon on his death. It is open to the public. Bodiam Castle, East Sussex, SWITZERLAND The Château de Chillon (Chillon Castle) is an island castle located on the shore of Lake Geneva in the commune of Veytaux, at the eastern end of the lake, 3 km from Montreux The first written record of the castle date to 1160. From the mid 12th century, the castle was home to the Counts of Savoy. The Château de Chillon was made popular by Lord Byron, who wrote the poem The Prisoner Of Chillon; Byron also carved his name on a pillar of the dungeon. The castle is also one of the settings in Henry James's novella Daisy Miller (1878). Château de Vufflens (Vufflens Castle) Vufflens-le-Château, Vaud, SWITZERLAND A castle was built here in 1425 by Henri de Colombier on the site of a previous medieval castle. Of Henri Colombier's structure, the donjon, several towers, outbuildings, curtain wall and the gate-house survive. In 1641 it was acquired by the de Senarclens family. . Today the castle is a Swiss heritage site of national significance. It is currently privately owned and cannot be visited by the general public. LUXEMBOURG Vianden Castle (French: Château de Vianden, German: Burg Vianden Luxembourgish: Buerg Veianen), is located in Vianden, in the north of Luxembourg. Vianden is one of the largest fortified castles west of the Rhine. Its origins date to the 10th century. The castle was built in the Romanesque style between the 11th and 14th centuries. Gothic aspects were added at the end of this period. A Renaissance mansion was added in the 17th century. After the seventeenth century the castle was allowed to fall into ruin, and has recently been restored. It is now open to visitors. Schloß Naudersberg (Naudersberg Castle) Built in the late Middle Ages as the residence of the Dukes of Brittany. The Château de Suscinio dates from the beginning of the 13th century. It was enlarged at the end of 14th century, when the heirs of the duchy were fighting to keep their possessions (Brittany was not annexed by France until 1514). From 1471 to 1483, the castle was home to Jasper Tudor, Henry Tudor (later King Henry VII of ENGLAND ), and the core of their group of exiled Lancastrians, numbering about 500 by 1483. Duke Francis II supported this group of exiles against Plantagenet demands for their surrender. Trakocan Castle FRANCE Construction began about 1100, under Hugues, baron of Castelnau, who built a wall around his manor. He was the ancestor of the powerful dynasty of Castelnau, who owned a rich and prosperous region and were vassals of the Counts of Toulouse. Spiral staircase Chambord, Loir-et-Cher, FRANCE The building, which was never completed, was constructed by King Francis I of France. The royal Château de Chambord is one of the most recognizable châteaux in the world because of its distinctive French Renaissance architecture which blends traditional French medieval forms with classical Renaissance structures. Chambord was built to serve as a hunting lodge for Francis I, who maintained royal residences at the châteaux of Blois and Amboise. Château de Chenonceau FRANCE The estate of Chenonceau is first mentioned in writing in the 11th century. The current château was built in 15141522 on the foundations of an old mill and was later extended to span the river. The bridge over the river was built (1556-1559) to designs by the French Renaissance architect Philibert de l'Orme, and the gallery on the bridge (15701576) to designs by Jean Bullant The château has been classified as a Monument historique since 1840 by the French Ministry of Culture. It is one of the most famous Loire Valley châteaux. Château de Chenonceau FRANCE The estate of Chenonceau is first mentioned in writing in the 11th century. The current château was built in 15141522 on the foundations of an old mill and was later extended to span the river. The bridge over the river was built (1556-1559) to designs by the French Renaissance architect Philibert de l'Orme, and the gallery on the bridge (15701576) to designs by Jean Bullant The château has been classified as a Monument historique since 1840 by the French Ministry of Culture. It is one of the most famous Loire Valley châteaux. Castel dell'Ovo ["Egg castle"], Via Eldorado, 3 80132 Naples, ITALY Castel dell'Ovo is located on the former island of Megaride, now a peninsula, in the gulf of Naples. Château du Fayel SWEDEN Borgholm Castle is the ruin of a fortress first built in the second half of the 12th century and rebuilt many times in later centuries. Château de Chenonceau FRANCE The estate of Chenonceau is first mentioned in writing in the 11th century. The current château was built in 15141522 on the foundations of an old mill and was later extended to span the river. The bridge over the river was built (1556-1559) to designs by the French Renaissance architect Philibert de l'Orme, and the gallery on the bridge (15701576) to designs by Jean Bullant The château has been classified as a Monument historique since 1840 by the French Ministry of Culture. It is one of the most famous Loire Valley châteaux. Kasteel Ammersoyen (Ammerzoden Castle) SPAIN Aughnanure Castle, County Galway, Ireland The castle was built in the 16th century by the O'Flahertys, one of Connacht's most notable lord families. Aughnanure is one of over 200 tower houses in County Galway, constructed mainly by Gaelic and Anglo-Norman land owning families. The tower lies close to the shores of Lough Corrib The castle was controlled by the O'Flaherty chieftains until 1572, when it was captured by Sir Edward Fitton, President of Connaught, and granted to a junior member of the clan who had been enticed over to the Crown. It was used to blockade Galway during the Cromwellian invasion. Soon after, it was granted to the Earl of Clanrickard, then reclaimed by the O'Flahertys. It fell into the hands of Lord St George on the foreclosure of a mortgage. It is now managed by Dúchas, the Irish State body responsible for national monuments and historic properties. Dunguaire Castle, County Galway, Ireland Dunguaire Castle is a 16th-century tower house on the southeastern shore of Galway Bay, near Kinvarra. The name derives from the Dun of King Guaire, the legendary king of Connacht. The castle's 75-foot tower and its defensive wall have been restored, and the grounds are open to tourists during the summer. Dunster Castle, Dunster, Somerset, ENGLAND Dunster Castle is a former motte and bailey castle, now a country house. The castle lies on the top of a steep hill called the Tor, and has been fortified since the late Anglo-Saxon period. After the Norman conquest William de Mohun constructed a timber castle on the site as part of the pacification of Somerset. A stone shell keep was built on the motte by the start of the 12th century. At the end of the 14th century the de Mohuns sold the castle to the Luttrell family, who continued to occupy the property until the late 20th century. In the 1860s and 1870s, the architect Anthony Salvin was employed to remodel the castle to fit Victorian tastes; this work extensively changed the appearance of Dunster to make it appear more Gothic and Picturesque. Following the death of Alexander Luttrell in 1944, the castle and surrounding lands were sold off to a property firm. The Luttrells bought back the castle in 1954, but in 1976 Colonel Walter Luttrell gave Dunster Castle and most of its contents to the National Trust, which operates it as a tourist attraction. It is a Grade I listed building and scheduled monument. Chor Minor The Saladin Citadel is a medieval Islamic fortification, on Mokattam hill near the center of Cairo. The Palacio Real (Royal Palace) Calle Bailén, s/n, 28071 Madrid, SPAIN The Palacio Real de Madrid is the official residence of the Spanish Royal Family in Madrid, but is only used for state ceremonies. A foreign ambassador arrives at the Royal Palace to deliver his diplomatic credentials to the King Fortress of Guaita SAN MARINO Guaita is one of three peaks which overlooks the city of San Marino, the capital of San Marino. The Guaita fortress is the oldest of the three towers constructed on Monte Titano. It was built in the 11th century. Fortress of Guaita SAN MARINO Guaita is one of three peaks which overlooks the city of San Marino, the capital of San Marino. The Guaita fortress is the oldest of the three towers constructed on Monte Titano. It was built in the 11th century Derawar Fort Rohtas Fort is a historical garrison fort located near the city of Jhelum in Punjab. It was built by the Afghan king Sher Shah Suri in 16th century to subdue the rebellious tribes of the northern Punjab region, . This fort is about 4 km in circumference and is UNESCO World Heritage Site Fortress of Guaita SAN MARINO Guaita is one of three peaks which overlooks the city of San Marino, the capital of San Marino. The Guaita fortress is the oldest of the three towers constructed on Monte Titano. It was built in the 11th century Oravský Hrad, located above the Orava river in the village of Oravský Podzámok, SLOVAKIA . In Eglish it is called Orava Castle, in German Arwaburg and in Hungarian: Árva vára) Orava Castle stands on the site of an old wooden fortification, built after the Mongol invasion of Hungary of 1241.The later design was in Romanesque and Gothic style. Later still it was reconstructed as a Renaissance and Neo-Gothic structure,. Many scenes of the 1922 film Nosferatu were filmed here. After a period of dilapidation the castle became a national monument after World War II,. Predjama Castle, Predjama, Inner Carniola, Slovenia It is a Renaissance castle built within a cave mouth Trakoscan Hohenzollern Castle is the ancestral seat of the Hohenzollern family, who became German Emperors A castle was first constructed here in the early 11th century. The present castle was constructed for King Frederick William IV of Prussia between 1846 and 1867. The design was based on English Gothic Revival architecture and the Châteaux of the Loire Valley. In 1945 it became home to the former Crown Prince Wilhelm of GERMANY , son of the last Hohenzollern monarch, Kaiser Wilhelm II, who is buried there with his wife, Crown Princess Cecilie Castle Rising, Castle Rising, Norfolk, ENGLAND . Castle Rising is a ruined medieval fortification built soon after 1138 by William d'Aubigny II, who had risen through the ranks of the Anglo-Norman nobility to become the Earl of Arundel. It was inherited by William's descendants before passing into the hands of the de Montalt family in 1243. The Montalts later sold the castle to Queen Isabella, who lived there after her fall from power in 1330. Isabella extended the castle buildings and enjoyed a regal lifestyle, entertaining her son, Edward III on several occasions. After her death, it was granted to Edward, the Black Prince, to form part of the Duchy of Cornwall. It was later aqcired by the Howard family. English Heritage took over control of the castle in 1983 and continued to operate it as a tourist attraction. The castle is protected by UK law as an ancient monument and a grade I listed building. It remains in the custody of English Heritage, but since 1998 has been managed by its owner, Baron Howard of Rising. Château de Peyrelade Schloss Augustusburg, Parkplatz, Max-Ernst-Allee, 50321 Brühl, GERMANY The Augustusburg and Falkenlust palaces constitute an historical building complex in Brühl, North Rhine-Westphalia, GERMANY , which have been listed as a UNESCO cultural World Heritage Site since 1984. The palaces were built at the beginning of the 18th century by the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, Clemens August of Bavaria of the Wittelsbach family. Citadel of Salah Ed-Din. Saône or Saladin Castle, Al-Haffah, Latakia Governorate SYRIA the site has been fortified since at least the mid 10th century. In 975 the Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes captured the site and it remained under Byzantine control until around 1108. Early in the 12th century crusaders assumed control of the site and it became part of the newly formed Principality of Antioch. The Crusaders undertook an extensive building programme, giving the castle much of its current appearance. In 1188 it fell to the forces of Saladin after a three-day siege. In 2006, the castles of Qal'at Salah El-Din and Krak Des Chevaliers were together recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Schloss Bottmingen Schlossgasse, 4103 Bottmingen, Basel-Land, SWITZERLAND It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance LUXEMBOURG Vianden Castle (French: Château de Vianden, German: Burg Vianden Luxembourgish: Buerg Veianen), is located in Vianden, in the north of Luxembourg. Vianden is one of the largest fortified castles west of the Rhine. Its origins date to the 10th century. The castle was built in the Romanesque style between the 11th and 14th centuries. Gothic aspects were added at the end of this period. A Renaissance mansion was added in the 17th century. After the seventeenth century the castle was allowed to fall into ruin, and has recently been restored. It is now open to visitors. Château de Gaillo The Château de Sercy is a XII century castle modified in the XVI century. It is classed as a French monument historique. Schloss Moritzburg (Castle Moritzburg), Schloßallee, 01468 Moritzburg, Saxony, GERMANY Moritzburg Castle is a Baroque palace in Moritzburg, in the German state of Saxony, about 13 kilometres (8.1 MI) Northwest of Dresden. The castle is named after Duke Moritz of Saxony, who had a hunting lodge built here between 1542 and 1546. Schloss Altdöbern, Altdöbern, Brandebourg, GERMANY Schloss Bottmingen Schlossgasse, 4103 Bottmingen, Basel-Land, SWITZERLAND It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance Schloss Burgsteinfurt, Steinfurt, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, GERMANY Château de Val, Les Fontilles 15270 Lanobre, Cantal The Château is located on the shore of the Lake Bort-les-Orgues It is classé as a Monument historique Helfstyn Castle Lipník nad Becvou, Prerov, Olomouc, CZECH REPUBLIC The ruins of the castle are perched on a knoll above the narrowest part of the Moravian Gate and above the left bank of the river Becva. The complex is 187 meters long and up to 152 meters wide. It is one of the largest castles in terms of area in the Czech Republic. Moszna Castle Moszna, POLAND The castle is one of the best known monuments in the western part of Upper Silesia. Superior garden shed, Hever Castle, Hever, Edenbridge, Kent TN8 7NG, ENGLAND . Hever Castle began as a country house, built in the 13th century. From 1462 to 1539 it was the seat of the Bullen (later Boleyn family. Anne Boleyn, the second queen consort of King Henry VIII , spent her early youth there, after her father, Thomas Boleyn had inherited it in 1505. It later came into the possession of King Henry's fourth wife, Anne of Cleves. The castle is now a major tourist attraction. Kasteel van Ooidonk (Ooidonck Castle) Ooidonkdreef 9, 9800 Deinze, BELGIUM The castle is the residence of the Earl t'Kint de Roodenbeke. A fortress was first built on the site of the present castle in 1230, intended to defend the city of Ghent and to fortify the river Leie. Burg zu Burghausen, Burghausen Castle, Upper Bavaria, GERMANY Burghausen Castle is the longest castle complex in Europe. The gothic castle comprises the main castle with the inner courtyard and five outer courtyards. Schwerin Castle, Lennéstraße 1, 19053, Schwerin, GERMANY Schwerin Castle is situated on an island in the city's main lake, the Schweriner See. For centuries the palace was the home of the dukes and grand dukes of Mecklenburg and later Mecklenburg-Schwerin. It currently serves as the seat of the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Landtag (state parliament) . It is regarded as one of the most important works of romantic Historicism in Europe and designated to become a World Heritage Site. The Château is located on the shore of the Lake Bort-les-Orgues It is classé as a Monument historique Arg-é Bam (Bam Citadel), Bam, Kerman Province, southeastern Iran The Arg-e Bam was the largest adobe building in the world. It was a lrge fortress/city in whose heart the citadel was located, but because of the impressive look of the citadel, which forms the highest point, the entire fortress is referred to as the Bam Citadel. It is listed by UNESCO as part of the World Heritage Site The origin of this massive citadel on the Silk Road can be traced beyondthe Achaemenid period (6th to 4th centuries BC). The heyday of the citadel was from the 7th to 11th centuries, when it lay at the crossroads of important trade routes and known for the production of silk and cotton garments. On December 26, 2003, the Citadel was almost completely destroyed by an earthquake, along with much of the rest of Bam. It is currently being rebuilt. Totnes Castle, Castle Street, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5NU, ENGLAND The castle occupies a commanding position atop a large hill above the town, and guards the approach to three valleys, including that of the River Dart. The surviving stone keep and curtain wall date from around the 14th century. Totnes Castle is one of the best preserved examples of a Norman motte and bailey castle in ENGLAND Himeji Castle, a hilltop Japanese castle complex in Himeji, in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. The castle is regarded as the finest surviving example of prototypical Japanese castle architecture, comprising a network of 83 buildings with advanced defensive systems from the feudal period. Himeji Castle is also known as Hakuro-jo ("White Egret Castle") or Shirasagi-jo ("White Heron Castle") because of its white exterior and supposed resemblance to a bird taking flight. The Castle dates to 1333, when Akamatsu Norimura built a fort on top of Himeyama hill. Himeji Castle is the largest and most visited castle in Japan, and it was registered in 1993 as one of the first UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the country. The area within the middle moat of the castle complex is a designated Special Historic Site and five structures of the castle are also designated Japanese National Treasures. Himeji Castle, a hilltop Japanese castle complex located in Himeji, in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. The castle is regarded as the finest surviving example of prototypical Japanese castle architecture, comprising a network of 83 buildings with advanced defensive systems from the feudal period. Himeji Castle is also known as Hakuro-jo ("White Egret Castle") or Shirasagi-jo ("White Heron Castle") because of its white exterior and supposed resemblance to a bird taking flight. The Castle dates to 1333, when Akamatsu Norimura built a fort on top of Himeyama hill. Himeji Castle is the largest and most visited castle in Japan, and it was registered in 1993 as one of the first UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the country. The area within the middle moat of the castle complex is a designated Special Historic Site and five structures of the castle are also designated Japanese National Treasures. Library at the Château de Fontainebleau The Château (or Palace) of Fontainebleau is located 55 kilometres from the centre of Paris, Fontainebleau is one of the largest French royal châteaux. The building is arranged around a series of courtyards. set around the remainder of the Forest of Fontainebleau, a former royal hunting park.. Château du Plessis-Bourré, FRANCE . The Château du Plessis-Bourré is a château in the Loire Valley, built in less than 5 years from 1468 to 1472 by Finance Minister Jean Bourré, principal advisor to King Louis XI. The château has not been modified externally since its construction and still has a fully working drawbridge It was classified as a Monument historique in 1931. The Château du Plessis-Bourré has been the location setting for numerous films. The Chindia Tower (Romanian: Turnul Chindiei) is a tower in the Curtea Domneasca monuments ensemble in Târgoviste, ROMANIA The tower was begun in the fifteenth century during the second reign of Prince Vlad III the Impaler over Wallachia, taking its final form during the 19th century. It has a spectacular batter (or talus). During its history it has been used as a guard point, a fire spotter and for storing and protecting the state treasury. The tower now houses an exhibition of documents, weapons and objects which belonged to Vlad the Impaler. The Veste Coburg, or Coburg fortress, is situated on a hill above the city of Coburg, Bavaria, GERMANY Veste Coburg (also called the "Franconian Crown")is one of GERMANY 's largest castles. It dominates the town of Coburg on Bavaria's border with Thuringia. The Veste Coburg was the historical seat of the independent duchy of Coburg in Franconia, now part of the German state of Bavaria. Martin Luther lived in the Veste for a number of months during the Diet of Augsburg in 1530. In the twentieth century, the castle was the residence of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, a grandson of Queen Victoria, who was also (until 1919) the 2nd Duke of Albany in the United Kingdom. The Alcázar of Segovia (Segovia Castle) is located in the old city of Segovia, SPAIN . Rising out on a rocky crag above the confluence of the rivers Eresma and Clamores near the Guadarrama mountains, it is one of the most distinctive castle-palaces in SPAIN Alcázar (from Arbic for "The Castle") was originally built as a fortress but has served as a royal palace, a state prison, a Royal Artillery College and a military academy. Torrechiara Castle, Langhirano, province of Parma, ITALY Torrechiara was built by Pier Maria II Rossi, Count of San Secondo, between 1448 and 1460. The building was a defensive structure, but also a mansion for the count's lover, Bianca Pellegrini, for which a famous hall, the Camera d'Oro ("Golden Chamber") was built with decorations by Benedetto Bembo. Scenes of the 1985 film Ladyhawke were shot at the castle. The University of Timbuktu, located in the city of Timbuktu, Mali, West Africa The University of Timbuktu was established in the 12th century. Teaching included geography, mathematics, the sciences, and medicine. During the 12th century, the university had an enrollment of around 25,000 students from Africa as well as parts of the Mediterranean within a city of around 100,000 persons. The castle like construction is useful when, periodically, religious fanatics attempt to destroy University facilities, artefacts and manuscrits, most recently in 2013. Tarasp Castle Lower Engadin, Graubünden, SWITZERLAND Chastè da Tarasp (Tarasp Castle or in German, Schloss Tarasp) sits on a hill top near Tarasp. Located in the Romansh speaking area of Switerland, it is a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Smolenický zámok (Smolenice Castle) lies on the eastern slope of the LittleCarpathians, near the town of Smolenice, SLOVAKIA . Schloss Hohenschwangau (Hohenschwangau Castle), Hohenschwangau, near the town of Füssen, part of the county of Ostallgäu in southwestern Bavaria, GERMANY . It is located very close to the border with Austria. GERMANY Hohenschwangau Castle (the name means High Swan County Castle) is a 19th-century palace in southern GERMANY . It was built by his father, King Maximilian II of Bavaria and was the childhood residence of the future King Ludwig II of Bavaria Château-Gaillard, above the commune of Les Andelys overlooking the River Seine, in the Eure département of historical Normandy, now Upper Normandy Château Gaillard is a ruined medieval castle Construction began in 1196 under the auspices of Richard the Lionheart, King of ENGLAND and Duke of Normandy. The castle was built in just two years, at the same time the town of Petit Andely . Château Gaillard has a complex and advanced design - possibly designed by Richard himself. It uses principles of concentric fortification It was also one of the earliest European castles to use machicolations - an idea that Richard might well have brought back from the Holy Land. The castle consists of three enclosures separated by dry moats, with a keep in the inner enclosure. Château Gaillard was captured in 1204 by the French king, Philip II, after a lengthy siege. In the mid-14th century, the castle became the residence of the exiled David II of Scotland. The castle changed hands several times in the Hundred Years' War, but in 1449 the French captured Château Gaillard from the English for the last time, and from then on it remained in French ownership. Henry IV of France ordered the demolition of Château Gaillard in 1599; The castle ruins are listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. Pernstejn Castle Nedvedice, South Moravian Region, CZECH REPUBLIC Perntejn Castle (Czech: hrad Perntejn) is located on a rock above the village of Nedvedice and the rivers Svratka and Nedvedicka, some 40 km northwest of Brno. Perntejn came to be known as the marble castle because of the marble-like stone used to frame the doors and windows. Oravský Hrad In Eglish it is called Orava Castle, in German Arwaburg and in Hungarian: Árva vára) Orava Castle stands on the site of an old wooden fortification, built after the Mongol invasion of Hungary of 1241.The later design was in Romanesque and Gothic style. Later still it was reconstructed as a Renaissance and Neo-Gothic structure,. Many scenes of the 1922 film Nosferatu were filmed here. After a period of dilapidation the castle became a national monument after World War II,. Montacute House ENGLAND Montacute House is a late Elizabethan country house typical of English architecture in transition from the medieval Gothic to the Renaissance Classical. It is one of the finest houses to survive almost unchanged from the Elizabethan era, and has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building, and Scheduled Ancient Monument. The house was built in about 1598 by Sir Edward Phelips, Master of the Rolls and the prosecutor during the trial of the Gunpowder Plotters. Lord Curzon lived at the house with his mistress, the novelist Elinor Glyn. It was acquired by the National Trust in 1927 Le Château de Val Classed as a Historic Monument, Vendeuvre is a prototypical aristocratic Norman country house. It was opened to the public in 1983. Schloss Nymphenburg GERMANY The Nymphenburg Palace ("Nymph's Castle"), is a Baroque palace once the main summer residence of the House of Wittelsbach (rulers of Bavaria) Château Fort de Gisors FRANCE King William II of ENGLAND ordered Robert of Bellême to build the first castle at Gisors. Henry I of ENGLAND was responsible for the octagonal stone keep surmounting the motte. Henry's work at Gisors was part of a programme of royal castle building in Normandy during his reign to secure the region against the aspirations of the French crown. The castle is also known for its links with the Templars. Put into their charge by the French king between 1158 and 1160, it became the final prison of the Grand Master of the Order, Jacques de Molay, in 1314. Château de Champlâtreux Le château de Champlâtreux was built between 1751 et 1757 by the architect Jean-Michel Chevotet. It is classified as a Monument Historique Château de la Motte Husson Martigne Sur Mayenne 53470 La cour dhonneur, lhôtel des Invalides 7th arrondissement, Paris FRANCE Les Invalide , officially L'Hôtel national des Invalides (The National Town-House of the Invalids), is a complex of buildings containing museums and monuments, relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and a retirement home for war veterans (the building's original purpose). The complex houses the Musée de l'Armée, the military museum of the Army of France, the Musée des Plans-Reliefs, and the Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine, as well as the burial site for some of France's war heroes. Kasteel van Wijnendale BELGIUM . The present castle is largely a 19th-century reconstruction, but a part of the north wing is still 15th century. One wing is inhabited by the present owners. Another wing is a museum, open to the public. Qaitbay Citadel EGYPT The Citadel of Qaitbay (or the Fort of Qaitbay) is a 15th-century defensive fortress located on the Mediterranean sea coast at Alexandria, on the eastern side of the northern tip of Pharos Island at the mouth of the Eastern Harbour. It is built on the site of the famous Lighthouse of Alexandria - probably from stones from the ruined lighthouse. It was built in 1477 AD by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay, from whom it takes its name. Château Fort de Guédelon FRANCE Château Fort de Guédelon (Guédelon Castle) is a medieval construction project. The object of which is to build a castle using only the techniques and materials used in the Middle Ages. Building materials, including wood and stone, are obtained locally. Jacques Moulin, the chief architect for the project, designed the castle according to the architectural model developed during the 12th and 13th centuries by Philip II of France. Construction started in 1997 under Michel Guyot, owner of Saint-Fargeau castle. The site was chosen in the light of the availability of a stone quarry, in a large forest, with a pond close by. The project has created 55 jobs and is now a tourist destination, with more than 300 000 visits each year When completed in the 2020s, it should be an authentic recreation of a 13th-century medieval castle. . Castello di Gradara (Gradara Castle), Gradara, Marche, ITALY . Gradara Castle is protected by two walls, the outermost of which extends for almost 800 meters. Château-Gaillard, above the commune of Les Andelys overlooking the River Seine, in the Eure département of historical Normandy, now Upper Normandy Château Gaillard is a ruined medieval castle Construction began in 1196 under the auspices of Richard the Lionheart, King of ENGLAND and Duke of Normandy. The castle was built in just two years, at the same time the town of Petit Andely . Château Gaillard has a complex and advanced design - possibly designed by Richard himself. It uses principles of concentric fortification It was also one of the earliest European castles to use machicolations - an idea that Richard might well have brought back from the Holy Land. The castle consists of three enclosures separated by dry moats, with a keep in the inner enclosure. Fagaras Castle ROMANIA In 1696, following penetration of the Austrian army in Transylvania, Fagaras Castle (or Fagaras Fortress) became Crown property of the Habsburgs. The Château de Chantilly FRANCE . The site comprises two attached buildings : the Petit Château built around 1560 for Anne de Montmorency, and the Grand Château, which was destroyed during the French Revolution and rebuilt in the 1870s. Owned by the Institut de France, the château houses the Musée Condé, a public art galleriy. Entrance Hall in Osterley House, Hounslow, London Osterley House (or Osterley Park) is a mansion set in a large park. When the house was built it was surrounded by rural countryside. It was one of a group of large houses close to London which served as country retreats for wealthy families, but which were not true country houses, as they lacked large agricultural estates. Interior, Donjon de Vez The Donjon (keep) is part of the Château de Vez. Château de Chillon Veytaux, Montreux, SWITZERLAND The Château de Chillon (Chillon Castle) is an island castle located on the shore of Lake Geneva in the commune of Veytaux, at the eastern end of the lake, 3 km from Montreux The first written record of the castle date to 1160. From the mid 12th century, the castle was home to the Counts of Savoy. The Château de Chillon was made popular by Lord Byron, who wrote the poem The Prisoner Of Chillon; Byron also carved his name on a pillar of the dungeon. The castle is also one of the settings in Henry James's novella Daisy Miller (1878). Château fort de la Hunaudaye Plédéliac, Côtes-d'Armor, Brittany FRANCE . The Château is on the southeast edge of the Forest of Compiègne, north east of Paris, between Villers-Cotterêts and Compiègne. The Château de Pierrefonds still features most of the characteristics of defensive military architecture from the Middle Ages, though it underwent major restoration in the 19th century. Château de La Roche FRANCE The castle stands on an island in the lake formed by the Villerest dam . It was built on a rocky platform overlooking the Loire river from a height of 30 metres. During the 1930s, the construction project for the Villerest dam by EDF condemned the château to disappear below the water. It was bought for a symbolic one franc by the commune. It is now situated on an island. Château de La Roch FRANCE The castle stands on an island in the lake formed by the Villerest dam . It was built on a rocky platform overlooking the Loire river from a height of 30 metres. During the 1930s, the construction project for the Villerest dam by EDF condemned the château to disappear below the water. It was bought for a symbolic one franc by the commune. It is now situated on an island. Château de La Roche FRANCE The castle stands on an island in the lake formed by the Villerest dam . It was built on a rocky platform overlooking the Loire river from a height of 30 metres. During the 1930s, the construction project for the Villerest dam by EDF condemned the château to disappear below the water. It was bought for a symbolic one franc by the commune. It is now situated on an island. Château de Chillon Veytaux, Montreux, SWITZERLAND The Château de Chillon (Chillon Castle) is an island castle located on the shore of Lake Geneva in the commune of Veytaux, at the eastern end of the lake, 3 km from Montreux The first written record of the castle date to 1160. From the mid 12th century, the castle was home to the Counts of Savoy. The Château de Chillon was made popular by Lord Byron, who wrote the poem The Prisoner Of Chillon; Byron also carved his name on a pillar of the dungeon. The castle is also one of the settings in Henry James's novella Daisy Miller (1878). Château d'Anjony FRANCE The Château d'Anjony is known in Occitan as the Chastèl d'En Jòni, (the Castle of Lord Jòni). It is built of reddish basal ] It is located in a strategic position on the Tournemire promontory and dominates the rich landscape of the Doire valley with its four tall towers. The castle and its estate are classified as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. FRANCE . Built in the 14th century, this moated castle has been listed as a Monument historique since 1968 by the French Ministry of Culture. Château d'Ainay-le-Vieil FRANCE . Built in the 14th century, this moated castle has been listed as a Monument historique since 1968 by the French Ministry of Culture. Castello Piccolomini (Celano Castle), Celano, provincia dell'Aquila, Marsica, ITALY The square castle, with round towers at the corners, was erected in its present form on the top of the San Vittorino Hill. Its construction was commissioned by Count Pietro Berardi around the year 1392, and was finished around 1451. Today, the castle hosts the Museum of Sacred Art of the Marsica. Castello Piccolomini (Celano Castle), Celano, provincia dell'Aquila, Marsica, ITALY The square castle, with round towers at the corners, was erected in its present form on the top of the San Vittorino Hill. Its construction was commissioned by Count Pietro Berardi around the year 1392, and was finished around 1451. Today, the castle hosts the Museum of Sacred Art of the Marsica. Castle of Bussy Rabutin The Château de Bussy-Rabutin, also known as Château de Bussy-le-Grand, developed from a 12th-century castle, The castle was founded by Renaudin de Bussy. It was rebuilt in the 14th century, and the Renaissance galleries were added in the 1520s. It was altered during the reigns of Henri II (15471559) and Louis XIII (16101643). Warkworth Castle, Warkworth, Northumberland, ENGLAND It is an example of a Norman Motte and bailey castle. Both town and castle occupy a loop of the River Coquet, less than a mile from ENGLAND 's north-east coast. Traditionally the castle's construction has been ascribed to Prince Henry of Scotland in the mid-12th century, but it may have been built by King Henry II of ENGLAND when he took control of ENGLAND 's northern counties. Warkworth Castle, Warkworth, Northumberland, ENGLAND It is an example of a Norman Motte and bailey castle. Both town and castle occupy a loop of the River Coquet, less than a mile from ENGLAND 's north-east coast. Traditionally the castle's construction has been ascribed to Prince Henry of Scotland in the mid-12th century, but it may have been built by King Henry II of ENGLAND when he took control of ENGLAND 's northern counties. Ortenberg Schloss, Ortenau, Baden-Wurttemberg, GERMANY The castle of Bourtzi GREECE The castle of Bourtzi is located in the middle of the harbour of Nafplio. Venetians completed its fortification in 1473 to protect the city from pirates and invaders from the sea. It fell to Ottoman Turks along with the rest of Greece. The Greeks regained it from the Turks on June 18, 1822, from where they assisted in the siege of Nafplio. Until 1865 it served as a fortress. It was then transformed into residence of the executioners of convicts from the castle of Palamidi. From 1930 to 1970, it served as a hotel. Since then, it is mainly a tourist attraction. The castle of Bourtzi GREECE The castle of Bourtzi is located in the middle of the harbour of Nafplio. Venetians completed its fortification in 1473 to protect the city from pirates and invaders from the sea. It fell to Ottoman Turks along with the rest of Greece. The Greeks regained it from the Turks on June 18, 1822, from where they assisted in the siege of Nafplio. Until 1865 it served as a fortress. It was then transformed into residence of the executioners of convicts from the castle of Palamidi. From 1930 to 1970, it served as a hotel. Since then, it is mainly a tourist attraction. Burg Altena (Altena Castle), Altena, Märkischer Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia, GERMANY Altena Castle is a Medieval hill castle in the town of Altena in western GERMANY . It was erected by the early Counts of Berg - in the early 12th century. Eventually, the House of Berg abandoned Altena and moved their residence to Hamm. In 1912, Richard Schirrmann established the world's first youth hostel within the castle, which is still in use today (the Jugendherberge Burg Altena). Wasserschloss Klaffenbach, Wasserschloßweg 6, 09123 Chemnitz, GERMANY Castel Roncolo, territory of Ritten, near the city of Bolzano in South Tyrol, ITALY . The castle is known as Runkelstein Castle in English and Schloss Runkelstein in German. It is a medieval fortification on a rocky spur. In 1237 Alderich, Prince-Bishop of Trent gave the brothers Friedrich and Beral, Lords of Wange,n permission to construct a castle on the rock then called Runchenstayn. Schloss Greyerz / Château de Gruyères) Rue du Château 8, 1663 Gruyères, Fribourg, SWITZERLAND The Castle is one of the most famous in Switzerland. Castel Beseno, Beseno, Trentino-Alto Adige, ITALY Castel Beseno - Schloss Pysein in German language, Beseno Castle in English - is the largest fortified structure of Trentino-Alto Adige. Castello Mafredonico, Mussomeli (Mussumeli in Sicilian), Caltanissetta, Sicily, ITALY . The Chiaramonte Castle Castello Mafredonico, was built in 1370 in Norman-Gothic style. It stands on a high crag at 778 metres, 2 km outside the town. It has halls, dungeons and torture cells, and a chapel with a alabaster depicting the Madonna dell Catena (1516). Schloss Hohenzollern (Hohenzollern Castle) Hohenzollern Castle is the ancestral seat of the Hohenzollern family, who became German Emperors A castle was first constructed here in the early 11th century. The present castle was constructed for King Frederick William IV of Prussia between 1846 and 1867. The design was based on English Gothic Revival architecture and the Châteaux of the Loire Valley. In 1945 it became home to the former Crown Prince Wilhelm of GERMANY , son of the last Hohenzollern monarch, Kaiser Wilhelm II, who is buried there with his wife, Crown Princess Cecilie Burg Hochosterwitz, near Sankt Georgen am Längsee, east of the town of Sankt Veit an der Glan in the state of Carinthia, AUSTRIA Hochosterwitz Castle is considered to be one of Austria's most impressive medieval castles. There are 14 defensive gates, each equipped with different methods of guarding the path. Local legend maintains that the castle has never been conquered and that none of the attacks managed to get beyond the fourth gate. Blickling Hall, Blickling, Norfolk, ENGLAND , In the 15th century, Blickling Hall was in the possession of Sir John Fastolf, who made a fortune in the Hundred Years' War, and whose coat of arms is still on display here. Later, the Hall came into the possession of the Boleyn family. It was home to Sir Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire, the father of Anne Boleyn. Blickling Hall has been in the care of the National Trust since 1940. IRAN The Arg-e Bam was the largest adobe building in the world. It was a lrge fortress/city in whose heart the citadel was located, but because of the impressive look of the citadel, which forms the highest point, the entire fortress is referred to as the Bam Citadel. It is listed by UNESCO as part of the World Heritage Site The origin of this massive citadel on the Silk Road can be traced beyondthe Achaemenid period (6th to 4th centuries BC). The heyday of the citadel was from the 7th to 11th centuries, when it lay at the crossroads of important trade routes and known for the production of silk and cotton garments. On December 26, 2003, the Citadel was almost completely destroyed by an earthquake, along with much of the rest of Bam. It is currently being rebuilt. Interior, Arg-é Bam (Bam Citadel), Bam, Kerman Province, southeastern IRAN The Arg-e Bam was the largest adobe building in the world. It was a lrge fortress/city in whose heart the citadel was located, but because of the impressive look of the citadel, which forms the highest point, the entire fortress is referred to as the Bam Citadel. It is listed by UNESCO as part of the World Heritage Site The origin of this massive citadel on the Silk Road can be traced beyondthe Achaemenid period (6th to 4th centuries BC). The heyday of the citadel was from the 7th to 11th centuries, when it lay at the crossroads of important trade routes and known for the production of silk and cotton garments. On December 26, 2003, the Citadel was almost completely destroyed by an earthquake, along with much of the rest of Bam. It is currently being rebuilt. Alhambra Palace, Granada, Andalusia, SPAIN The Alhambra (Calat Alhambra) is a palace and fortress complex, originally constructed as a small fortress in 889 and rebuilt in the mid 11th century by the Moorish king Mohammed ben Al-Ahmar of the Kingdom of Granada. It was converted into a royal palace in 1333 by Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada. The Alhambra's Islamic palaces were built for the last Muslim emirs in Spain and its court of the Nasrid dynasty. After the Reconquista by the Reyes Católicos ("Catholic Monarchs") in 1492, some portions were used by Christian rulers. The Palace of Charles V, built by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1527, was inserted in the Alhambra within the Nasrid fortifications. It is now one of Spain's major tourist attractions, exhibiting the country's most significant and well known Islamic architecture, together with 16th-century and later Christian buildings and gardens. The Alhambra is a UNESCO World Heritage Site Alhambra Palace, Granada, Andalusia, SPAIN The Alhambra (Calat Alhambra) is a palace and fortress complex, originally constructed as a small fortress in 889 and rebuilt in the mid 11th century by the Moorish king Mohammed ben Al-Ahmar of the Kingdom of Granada. It was converted into a royal palace in 1333 by Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada. The Alhambra's Islamic palaces were built for the last Muslim emirs in Spain and its court of the Nasrid dynasty. After the Reconquista by the Reyes Católicos ("Catholic Monarchs") in 1492, some portions were used by Christian rulers. The Palace of Charles V, built by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1527, was inserted in the Alhambra within the Nasrid fortifications. It is now one of Spain's major tourist attractions, exhibiting the country's most significant and well known Islamic architecture, together with 16th-century and later Christian buildings and gardens. The Alhambra is a UNESCO World Heritage Site Matsumoto Castle, ("Crow Castle") Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture near Tokyo, JAPAN Matsumoto Castle is one of Japan's premier historic castles. The keep (tenshukaku), was completed in the late sixteenth century, It is listed as a National Treasure of Japan. Matsumoto Castle is a flatland castle (hirajiro) built on a plain. Its defences would have included an extensive system of inter-connecting walls, moats, and gatehouses. Château de Beynac FRANCE . The castle is one of the best-preserved and best known in the Dordogne, perched on top of a limestone cliff, dominating the town and the north bank of the Dordogne River The castle was built in the 12th century by the barons of Beynac (one of the four baronies of Périgord) to control the valley of the Dordogne River. The sheer cliff face was sufficient to discourage any assault from that side, so the defences were concentrated on the plateau on the other side. They included double crenellated walls, double moats,and a double barbican. Château de Beynac FRANCE . The castle is one of the best-preserved and best known in the Dordogne, perched on top of a limestone cliff, dominating the town and the north bank of the Dordogne River The castle was built in the 12th century by the barons of Beynac (one of the four baronies of Périgord) to control the valley of the Dordogne River. The sheer cliff face was sufficient to discourage any assault from that side, so the defences were concentrated on the plateau on the other side. They included double crenellated walls, double moats,and a double barbican. Interior, Palácio de Monserrate (Monserrate Palace), Parque de Monserrate, 2710-405 Sintra, PORTUGAL The Monserrate Palace is an exotic palatial villa near Sintra, Portugal, the traditional summer resort of the Portuguese court. It was built in 1858 for Sir Francis Cook, an English baronet who was created Visconde de Monserrate by King Luís. The Arab Cieling Cardiff, WALES Cardiff Castle is a combination of medieval castle and Victorian Gothic revival mansion located in the city centre. The original motte and bailey castle was built in the late 11th century by Norman invaders on top of a 3rd-century Roman fort. Schloss Moritzburg (Castle Moritzburg), Schloßallee, 01468 Moritzburg, Saxony, GERMANY Moritzburg Castle is a Baroque palace in Moritzburg, in the German state of Saxony, about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) northwest of Dresden. The castle is named after Duke Moritz of Saxony, who had a hunting lodge built here between 1542 and 1546. The Great Hall, Hatfield House, Great North Rd, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 5NQ, ENGLAND Hatfield House is a country house set in a large park, to the east of Hatfield, Hertfordshire, ENGLAND . It is a prime example of Jacobean architecture The present Jacobean house was built in 1611 by Robert Cecil, First Earl of Salisbury and Chief Minister to King James I and has been the home of the Cecil family ever since. Hatfield House is currently the home of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury. The house is open to the public Edinburgh Castle, Castle Rock, Edinburgh, SCOTLAND Edinburgh Castle is a historic fortress diminating the skyline of the city of Edinburgh. There has been a royal castle on the rock since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century. As one of the most important strongholds in the Kingdom of Scotland, Edinburgh Castle was involved in many historical conflicts from the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century to the Jacobite Rising of 1745. The castle houses the Scottish regalia, known as the Honours of Scotland and is the site of the Scottish National War Memorial and the National War Museum of Scotland. The British Army is still responsible for some parts of the castle. The castle is in the care of Historic Scotland and is Scotland's most-visited paid tourist attraction. As the backdrop to the Edinburgh Military Tattoo during the annual Edinburgh International Festival the castle has become a recognisable symbol of Edinburgh and of Scotland. Paphos Castle, Paphos, East Coast CYPRUS Paphos Castle is located on the edge of Paphos harbour. It was originally built as a Byzantine fort to protect the harbour. It was then rebuilt by the Lusignans in the thirteenth century after being destroyed in the earthquake of 1222. In 1570 it was dismantled by the Venetians. After capturing the island, the Ottomans restored and strengthened it. It was declared a listed building in 1935 and represents one of the most distinctive landmarks of the city of Paphos.] Trakai Island Castle Arg-é Bam (Bam Citadel), Bam, Kerman Province, southeastern IRAN The Arg-e Bam was the largest adobe building in the world. It was a lrge fortress/city in whose heart the citadel was located, but because of the impressive look of the citadel, which forms the highest point, the entire fortress is referred to as the Bam Citadel. It is listed by UNESCO as part of the World Heritage Site The origin of this massive citadel on the Silk Road can be traced beyondthe Achaemenid period (6th to 4th centuries BC). The heyday of the citadel was from the 7th to 11th centuries, when it lay at the crossroads of important trade routes and known for the production of silk and cotton garments. On December 26, 2003, the Citadel was almost completely destroyed by an earthquake, along with much of the rest of Bam. It is currently being rebuilt. Veliki Tabor Veliki Tabor is a fortress and museum in northwest Croatia, dating from the 12th century. The castle's present appearance dates from the 16th century Chepstow Castle 1 Bridge St, Chepstow, Monmouthshire NP16 5EY, WALES Chepstow Castle, located on top of cliffs overlooking the River Wye, is the oldest surviving post-Roman stone fortification in Britain. It was the southernmost of a chain of castles built along the EnglishWelsh border in the Welsh Marches. Its construction was begun under the Norman Lord William fitzOsbern, soon afterwards made Earl of Hereford, The castle ruins are a Grade I lhistorical monument Château de Lassay FRANCE . The original castrum or castellum here, built in the early years of the twelfth century, was probably a motte and bailey castle. The present Château de Lassay was classified as a monument historique in 1862 and is still a private residence. Castello Valentino, Turin, ITALY Castello del Valentino (Castle of Valentino) is located in Valentino Park. It was one of the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1997. Today it is the seat of the Architecture Faculty of the Polytechnic University of Turin. The Palace of Mysore (orAmba Vilas Palace) Mysore, Karnataka INDIA The palace is the official residence of the Wodeyars, the former royal family of Mysore, which ruled the princely state of Mysore from 1399 to 1947. The palace also houses two durbar halls (ceremonial meeting hall of the royal court). Mysore Palace is now one of the most famous tourist attractions in India, Gyeongbokgung Gyeongbokgung, also known as Gyeongbokgung Palace or Gyeongbok Palace, is a royal palace. Constructed in 1395, the palace was later burned, and abandoned for almost three centuries. It was reconstructed in 1867, as the main and largest palace of the Five Grand Palaces built by the Joseon Dynasty. The name means "Palace" [Gung] "Greatly Blessed by Heaven" [Gyeongbok]. In the early 20th century, much of the palace was destroyedby Imperial Japan. Since then, the walled palace complex has been gradually restored to its original form. The Catherine Palace, Sadovaya ulitsa, 7, Pushkin RUSSIA , 196601 The Catherine Palace is a Rococo palace located in the town of Tsarskoye Selo, 25 km southeast of St. Petersburg, Russia. It was the summer residence of the Russian tsars. Schloss Linderhof (Linderhof Palace), Bavaria, GERMANY . Linderhof Palace is located near Ettal Abbey.in Southwest Bavaria. It is the smallest of the three palaces built by King Ludwig II of Bavaria, and the only one he lived to see completed. Changdeokgung means "Prospering Virtue Palace". The palace is also known as Changdeokgung Palace and Changdeok Palace It is set within a large park and is one of the "Five Grand Palaces" built by the kings of the Joseon Dynasty (13921897). It is located east of Gyeongbok Palace, Changdeokgung, along with Changgyeonggung, is also referred to as the "East Palace" Changdeokgung was the favored palace of many Joseon princes and retained many elements dating from the Three Kingdoms of Korea period not incorporated in the more contemporary Gyeongbokgung. Like the other Five Grand Palaces in Seoul, it was heavily damaged during the Japanese occupation of Korea (1910-1945). The Pena National Palace, São Pedro de Penaferrim, municipality of Sintra PORTUGAL . The Pena National Palace, in Portuguese the Palácio Nacional da Pena, is a Romanticist palace on the top of a hill above the town of Sintra. On a clear day it can be easily seen from Lisbon It is a national monument andnotable expression of 19th-century Romanticism. The palace is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the Seven Wonders of Portugal. It is also used for state occasions by the President of the Portuguese Republic and by other government officials. Tofte Manor from sunken garden This illustration shows the Palais des Tuileries in the 17th century The Tuileries Palace was a royal palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine. It was the usual Parisian residence of most French monarchs, from Henry IV to Napoleon III. Iit was destroyed in the upheaval of the Paris Commune in 1871. Built in 1564, it was gradually extended until it closed off the western end of the Louvre courtyard and displayed a façade of 266 metres. Since the destruction of the Tuileries, the Louvre courtyard has remained open and the site is now the location of the eastern end of the Tuileries Garden, forming an elevated terrace between the Place du Carrousel and the gardens proper. The Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso San Ildefonso, near Segovia SPAIN . The Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso in known in Spanish as the Palacio Real de La Granja de San Ildefonso. It is an 18th-century palace, the summer residence of the Kings of Spain from the reign of Philip V. The palace was built in a restrained baroque style, surrounded by extensive gardens in the French manner, with sculptural fountains. It is now open to the public as a museum. Belvédère supérieur AUSTRIA The Belvedere is a historic building complex consisting of two Baroque palaces (the Upper and Lower Belvedere), the Orangery, and the Palace Stables. It houses the Belvedere museum. The buildings are set in a Baroque park landscape. The grounds are set on a gentle gradient and include decorative tiered fountains and cascades, Baroque sculptures, and majestic wrought iron gates. The Baroque palace complex was built as a summer residence for Prince Eugene of Savoy. The Belvedere was built during a period of extensive construction in Vienna, the imperial capital and home to the ruling Habsburg dynasty. This period of prosperity followed Prince Eugene of Savoy's successful conclusion of a series of wars against the Ottoman Empire. Hever Castle Perntejn Castle, above the village of Nedvedice, northwest of Brno, in the South Moravian Region, CZECH REPUBLIC . Perntejn (Czech: hrad Perntejn) came to be known as the marble castle because of the marble-like stone used to frame the doors and windows. The castle was founded by the Lords of Medlov probably between 12701285. Its history is closely connected to the Lords of Perntejn (Perntejnové) and their descendants. It has kept its intact appearance in the Gothic and Renaissance form as it was finished in the first half of the 16th century by the Perntejns, then the richest and most powerful lordly family of the Czech kingdom. It has the most extraordinary entrance tower. Alcazar, Seville, SPAIN The Alcázar of Seville is known in Spanish as the "Reales Alcázares de Sevilla" litterally the Royal Alcazars of Seville, It is a royal palace, originally a Moorish fort. It is the oldest royal palace still in use in Europe, and it was registered in 1987 by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The Almohades were the first to build a palace, which was called Al-Muwarak, on the site of the modern day Alcázar. The palace is one of the best remaining examples of mudéjar architecture. Subsequent monarchs made their own additions to the Alcázar. The upper levels of the Alcázar are still used by the royal family as the official Seville residence and are administered by the Patrimonio Nacional. Castle of Bourtzi GREECE The Venetians completed its fortification here in 1473 to protect the city from pirates and invaders from the sea. The Greeks regained it from the Turks on June 18, 1822, from where they assisted in the siege of Nafplio. Until 1865 it served as a fortress. It was then transformed into residence of the executioners of convicts from the castle of Palamidi. From 1930 to 1970, it served as a hotel. Since then it has been a tourist attraction.. Château de Pau FRANCE The Château de Pau is a castle in the centre of Pau, the capital of Pyrénées-Atlantiques and Béarn. The château is located in the centre of Pau and dominates that quarter of the city King Henry IV of France and Navarre was born here on December 13, 1553. The castle has a small garden that was tended by Marie Antoinette when she spent much of the summer in the city. The castle was used by Napoleon as a holiday home during his period of power. The castle is classified as a Monument historique since 1840 by the French Ministry of Culture. The castle contains a collection of tapestries. Amarah Palace SAUDI ARABIA Amarah or Emara Palace is a daub castle located in the central ancient city in Najran. It is a good example of the traditional architecture of the region. The castle was built from daub (mud & straw) with its foundations built of stones. It is composed of 65 rooms and housed the local governor and his deputy and personal companions (khawis). The building takes the shape of a classic castle with high rectangular walls and round guard towers at the four corners. Inside (shown in the photo) is a well which dates back to pre-Islamic age. Château de la Balue FRANCE The 17th century château stands between Saint-Malo and Mont-Saint-Michel, in a landscape of rolling hills and forests, and not far from the Atlantic coastline. It is a French historical monument known for its beautiful gardens and for the many literary celebrities who have stayed there. Kumbhalgarh Fort INDIA . Kumbhalgarh is a Mewar fortress and World Heritage Site included in Hill Forts of Rajasthan. Built during the course of the 15th century by Rana Kumbha and enlarged through the 19th century. Occupied until the late 19th century, the fort is now open to the public and is spectacularly lit for a few minutes each evening. (According to an uncle of the present Mararana of Udaipur, it was designed to allow four hoursemen to ride abreast around the walls (The steps are more recent)) The Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, on the island of Rhodes in GREECE . The Palace is one of the few examples of Gothic architecture in Greece. It was previously a citadel of the Knights Hospitaller and functioned as a palace, headquarters and fortress. The present palace was built in the early 14th century by the Knights of Rhodes, who controlled Rhodes and other Greek islands from 1309 to 1522, to house the Grand Master of the Order. After the island was captured by the Ottoman Empire, the palace continued to be used as a command center and fortress. Burghausen Castle in Burghausen, Upper Bavaria, is the longest castle complex in Europe (1,043 m). The gothic castle comprises the main castle with the inner courtyard and five outer courtyards. The outermost point of the main castle is the Palas with the ducal private rooms. Today it houses the castle museum, including late Gothic paintings of the Bavarian State Picture Collection. On the town side of the main castle next to the donjon are the gothic inner Chapel of St. Elizabeth (1255) and the Dürnitz (knights' hall) with its two vaulted halls. Opposite the Dürnitz are the wings of the Duchess' residence. Palais de l'Isle FRANCE The Palais de l'Isle is a castle in the Thiou canal, built in 1132. It was the primary residence of the Lord of Annecy as early as the 12th century, and later became the Count of Geneva's administrative headquarters. Later it became a courthouse, a mint, and finally a jail from the Middle Ages until 1865, and then again during World War II. The Palais de l'Ile was classified as a Historical Monument in 1900, and today houses a local history museum. Château de Champs FRANCE The Château de Champs was built in its present form in 1699 for the treasurer Charles Renouard de la Touaneby by Pierre Bullet, architecte du roi. Around 1750, a beautiful rococo salon chinois (Chinese salon) was added to the château with wall paintings by noted artist Christophe Huet. Louis César entertained many of famous writers here, including Diderot, Voltaire, d'Alembert and François-Augustin de Paradis de Moncrif. Wasserschloss Haus Bodelschwingh GERMANY Wasserschloss Haus Bodelschwingh (Bodelschwingh Castle) is a moated castle, built in the 13th century by the family of Bodelschwingh (it is now owned by the family Knyphausen) Bodelschwinghstraße castle is located near to the water tower house Dellwig and the moated castle Haus Rodenberg the largest and most important water castle in Dortmund. Near the castle there developed a settlement which kept its independence until 1928. Today, the district of Bodelschwingh belongs to the municipality of Mengede. The castle is registered as a historic landmark in the list of monuments of the city of Dortmund. Château du Lude FRANCE The Château du Lude is one of the many great châteaux of the Loire Valley and stands at the crossroads of Anjou, Maine and Touraine. Le Lude is an old stronghold transformed into an elegant house during the Renaissance and the 18th century. It has been inhabited by the same family for the last 260 years. The Château gardens have evolved throughout the centuries, with an English style landscape, a rose garden, topiaries, a labyrinth and a botanical walk. The Château de Biron FRANCE The Château de Biron is a large castle in the valley of the Lède. This photograph shows just one small tower. It was the castle from which the Gontaut-Biron took their name. It was their seat from the twelfth century. Biron was seized by Simon IV de Montfort in 1212 from forces sypathetic to the Cathars. The Plantagenets held it at times during the 14th and 15th centuries. Biron was erected as a duché-pairie in 1598, for Charles de Gontaut, created duc de Biron. The present château bears additions over the centuries: notably a twelfth-century keep and sixteenth-century living quarters and vaulted kitchens. Since 1928, it has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. The local commune purchased the Château de Biron in 1978, with a view to restoring it as a tourist attraction. Castillos de Monzón y Loarre Loarre, Huesca. SPAIN . The Loarre castle complex was built largely during the 11th and 12th centuries, when its position on the frontier between Christian and Muslim lands gave it strategic importance. The first of the two major building programs began ca. 1020, when Sancho el Mayor (r. 106394) reconquered the surrounding lands from the Muslims. At least three towers, two of which survive, the Homage tower (Torre del Homenaje) and the "Tower of the Queen" (Torre de la Reina), are attributed to this campaign. The Homage tower was built in an isolated position in front of the fortifications, to which it was connected by a wooden bridge. The Torre de la Reinahas both Lombard and Mozarabic architectural forms. Arteaga Tower, Biscay, Basque Country SPAIN The Arteaga Tower is a medieval castle rebuilt in the 19th Century for the French empress Eugénie de Montijo Napoleon III and Eugenia de Montijo had it rebuilt when their son was proclaimed an honorary citizen of Biscay. Ardverikie Castle SCOTLAND Ardverikie House, built in the Scottish baronial style in 1870, is a private hous in the Highlands. It sits on a promontory overlooking King Fergus's Island with its ancient ruins. Its three mile private drive winds past the largest inland beach in the country and round the loch. The house played host to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert for a month before they bought Balmoral. It features in BBC's series Monarch of the Glenn. Castel del Monte (Castle of the Mount) Andria, Apulia region ITALY Castel del Monte is a 13th-century citadel and castle standing on a promontory. It was constructed during the 1240s by the Emperor Frederick II, who had inherited the lands from his mother, Constance of Sicily. It has neither a moat nor a drawbridge leading some to conclude that it was never intended as a defensive fortress; On the other hand, archaeological work has suggested that it originally had a curtain wall, so what we see today might be just the keep of the original structure. The Castel del MonteIt is a World Heritage Site, and appears on the Italian version of the one-cent euro coin. Alcazar SPAIN The Alcázar of Segovia (literally, Segovia Castle) is a stone fortification, rising out on a rocky crag above the confluence of the rivers Eresma and Clamores near the Guadarrama mountains. It is one of the most distinctive castle-palaces in Spain, shaped like the bow of a ship. The Alcázar of Segovia, like many fortifications in Spain , started off as an Arab fort, which itself was built on a Roman fort but little of that structure remains. It has served as a royal palace, a state prison, a Royal Artillery College and a military academy since Moorish times. Château de Vincennes FRANCE The Château de Vincennes is a massive 14th and 17th century French royal castle now in a a suburb of the metropolis. This donjon, 52 meters high, was the tallest medieval fortified structure of Europe. Château de Lassay FRANCE . The original castrum or castellum here, built in the early years of the twelfth century, was probably a motte and bailey castle. The present Château de Lassay was classified as a monument historique in 1862 and is still a private residence. Château de Champlâtreux The Château de Champlâtreux was built between 1751 and 1757 by the architect Jean-Michel Chevotet. It is classified as a Monument Historique Alcazar SPAIN The Alcázar of Segovia (literally, Segovia Castle) is a stone fortification, rising out on a rocky crag above the confluence of the rivers Eresma and Clamores near the Guadarrama mountains. It is one of the most distinctive castle-palaces in Spain, shaped like the bow of a ship. The Alcázar of Segovia, like many fortifications in Spain , started off as an Arab fort, which itself was built on a Roman fort but little of that structure remains. It has served as a royal palace, a state prison, a Royal Artillery College and a military academy since Moorish times. Château de Val The Château is located on the shore of the Lake Bort-les-Orgues It is classé as a Monument historique Château de la Servayrie, Mouret, Marcillac-Vallon, Rodez, Aveyron, Midi-Pyrénées, FRANCE . Minaret of Great Mosque IRAQ The Great Mosque of Samarra was a 9th-century mosque commissioned in 848 and completed in 851 by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil. The Great Mosque of Samarra was at one time the largest mosque in the world; its minaret, the Malwiya Tower, is a vast spiralling cone 52 meters high and 33 meters wide with a spiral ramp. The mosque was destroyed in 1278 CE after the Hulagu Khan invasion of Iraq. Today, only the outer wall and its minaret remain. Paro Taktsang located in the cliffside of the upper Paro valley, Bhutan Paro Taktsang is an alternative name for what is properly known as the Taktsang Palphug Monastery, known in English as the Tiger's Nest). It is a prominent Himalayan Buddhist sacred site and temple complex. A temple complex was first built in 1692, around the Taktsang Senge Samdup cave where Padmasambhava, a noted Guru, is said to have meditated in the 8th century. Padmasambhava is credited with introducing Buddhism to Bhutan and is the tutelary deity of the country. Château de Combourg FRANCE Privately owned, the Château de Combourg stands on a small hill next to Lac Tranquille in the town of Comburg. The original castle here was built around 1025 by Archbishop Guinguené, who gave it to his illegitimate brother Riwallon. Alterations were made between the 15th and 19th centuries. The castle now consists of four large, powerful rectangular buildings of dressed granite, with crenellations, machicolations, and roofs, enclosing a rectangular courtyard. In each corner is a round tower, also with crenellations and machicolations, and with conical roofs. Grand Gallery ENGLAND Strawberry Hill House, often referred to simply as Strawberry Hill, is the Gothic Revival villa built by Horace Walpole from 1749. It as so influential that is the exemplar of a style known as "Strawberry Hill Gothic". It prefigured the nineteenth-century Gothic revival. Walpole rebuilt the existing house in stages in 1749, 1760, 1772 and 1776. He progressively added gothic features such as towers and battlements outside and elaborate decoration inside to create "gloomth" to suit his collection of antiquarian objects. After a £9 million, two-year-long restoration, Strawberry Hill House reopened to the public in 2010 Château de Vufflens (Vufflens Castle), Vufflens-le-Château, Vaud SWITZERLAND A castle was built here in 1425 by Henri de Colombier on the site of a previous medieval castle. Of Henri Colombier's structure, the donjon, several towers, outbuildings, curtain wall and the gate-house survive. In 1641 it was acquired by the de Senarclens family. . Today the castle is a Swiss heritage site of national significance. It is currently privately owned and cannot be visited by the general public. FRANCE The Château de Pau is a castle in the centre of Pau, the capital of Pyrénées-Atlantiques and Béarn. The château is located in the centre of Pau and dominates that quarter of the city King Henry IV of France and Navarre was born here on December 13, 1553. The castle has a small garden that was tended by Marie Antoinette when she spent much of the summer in the city. The castle was used by Napoleon as a holiday home during his period of power. The castle is classified as a Monument historique since 1840 by the French Ministry of Culture. The castle now contains a collection of tapestries. Tarasp Castle FRANCE . The the royal fortress of Najac was built in 1253 on the orders of Alphonse de Poitiers, brother of Saint Louis, on the site of a square tower built in 1100 by Bertrand of St Gilles, son of Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse before the area was annexed by France. The castle is built at the summit of a hill formed by a loop of the river. The castle holds a world record for its 6.80 metre high archères (arrow loops), designed to allow use by three archers at the same time. A secret corridor, hidden within the walls, links the Romanesque tower to the chapel of the keep. Najac has been near major events including, the Albigensian Crusade, the Hundred Years' War, the imprisonment of the Knights Templar, the peasants' revolts, and the French Revolution. The castle has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1925. Fyvie Castle SCOTLAND . The earliest parts of Fyvie Castle date from the 13th century - some sources claim it was built in 1211 by William the Lion. Fyvie was the site of an open-air court held by Robert the Bruce. Charles I lived there as a child. Inside, the castle stronghold features a great wheel stair, a display of original arms and armour, and a collection of portraits. The Scottish industrialist Alexander Leith (later Baron Leith of Fyvie) bought the castle in 1885. It was sold to the National Trust for Scotland by his descendants in 1984. Château de Suscinio (or de Susinio) Sarzeau, Morbihan, Brittany Built in the late Middle Ages as the residence of the Dukes of Brittany. The Château de Suscinio dates from the beginning of the 13th century. It was enlarged at the end of 14th century, when the heirs of the duchy were fighting to keep their possessions (Brittany was not annexed by France until 1514). From 1471 to 1483, the castle was home to Jasper Tudor, Henry Tudor (later King Henry VII of ENGLAND ), and the core of their group of exiled Lancastrians, numbering about 500 by 1483. Duke Francis II supported this group of exiles against Plantagenet demands for their surrender. Schloss Greyerz / Château de Gruyères) Rue du Château 8, 1663 Gruyères, Fribourg Built in the late Middle Ages as the residence of the Dukes of Brittany. The Château de Suscinio dates from the beginning of the 13th century. It was enlarged at the end of 14th century, when the heirs of the duchy were fighting to keep their possessions (Brittany was not annexed by France until 1514). From 1471 to 1483, the castle was home to Jasper Tudor, Henry Tudor (later King Henry VII of ENGLAND ), and the core of their group of exiled Lancastrians, numbering about 500, by 1483. Duke Francis II supported this group of exiles against Plantagenet demands for their surrender. Château de Chenonceau FRANCE The estate of Chenonceau is first mentioned in writing in the 11th century. The current château was built in 15141522 on the foundations of an old mill and was later extended to span the river. The bridge over the river was built (1556-1559) to designs by the French Renaissance architect Philibert de l'Orme, and the gallery on the bridge (15701576) to designs by Jean Bullant The château has been classified as a Monument historique since 1840 by the French Ministry of Culture. It is one of the most famous Loire Valley châteaux. Château d'Harcourt FRANCE The Château d'Harcourt is the cradle of the Harcourt family. The first stone castle here was built by Robert II d'Harcourt, a crusader companion of Richard Lionheart. Harcourts appear later among the most important barons of Normandy. Jean II d'Harcourt was a Maréchal de France. The castle is one of the best preserved castles in the country and contains the oldest arboretum in France. Bodiam Castle ENGLAND Bodiam Castle is a 14th-century moated castle. It was built in 1385 by Sir Edward Dalyngrigge, a former knight of Edward III, with the permission of Richard II, to defend the area against French invasion during the Hundred Years' War. Bodiam Castle has a quadrangular plan. It has no keep, having its various chambers built around the outer defensive walls and inner courts. The corners and entrance are marked by crenellated towers. It was the home of the Dalyngrigge family and the centre of the manor of Bodiam. The castle is protected as a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Monument. It has been owned by The National Trust since 1925, having been donated by Lord Curzon on his death. It is open to the public. Samdrubtse Dzong or Shigatse Dzong Shigatse TIBET Samdrubtse Dzong was probably built in the 15th century. It looked like a smaller version of the Potala. It had had turret-like fortifications at the ends and a central Red Palace. It used to be the seat of the kings of Ü-Tsang and the capital of the province of Ü-Tsang or Tsang The castle was totally dismantled at the instigation of the Chinese in 1961. Between 2005 and 2007, the building was reconstructed in concrete, and wainscotted with natural stones. Buckingham Palace, Westminster, London Buckingham Palace is the official London residence and principal workplace of the monarch of the United Kingdom.. The palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It is also a focus at times of national rejoicing. Originally known as Buckingham House, the building which forms the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and was then known as "The Queen's House". Pernstejn Castle CZECH REPUBLIC Perntejn Castle (Czech: hrad Perntejn) is located on a rock above the village of Nedvedice and the rivers Svratka and Nedvedicka, some 40 km northwest of Brno. Perntejn came to be known as the marble castle because of the marble-like stone used to frame the doors and windows. Château de Val The Château is located on the shore of the Lake Bort-les-Orgues. It is classé as a Monument historique. Château de Boulogne sur Mer Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais FRANCE The castle was built in the 13th century by Philippe Hurepel (1180-1234), count of Boulogne and son of Philip II of France. It houses the Boulogne museum. Château de Sceaux FRANCE The Château de Sceaux is a grand country house not far from Paris. Located in a park laid out by André Le Nôtre, it houses the Musée de lÎle-de-France, a museum of local history. The former château was built for Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's minister of finance, who purchased the domaine in 1670. The present château, designed to evoke the style of Louis XIII, dates from the Second Empire. Some of Colbert's outbuildings remain, as does the basis of the garden layout. FRANCE . The construction of the Château de la Madeleine began between 1020 and 1090, under Guy I, Lord of Chevreuse. From this period, only the keep remains. Originally, the keep was surrounded by a wooden palisade, replaced by stone curtain walls during the 12th century. A century later, probably under Anseau de Chevreuse, the castle was modified, notably with the construction of the machicolations. The gatehouse was protected by a moat. The castle changed hands in 1356. Ingerger le Grand, Lord of Chevreuse and Amboise, was taken prisoner by ENGLAND during the Hundred Years' War. He was obliged to sell his domain to pay his ransom; the castle was bought by the future Pierre de Chevreuse. The existing fortifications were improved under the reigns of Charles V and Charles VI; who financed the outworks with royal taxes. Modifications were completed under Louis XI (1461 1483). The village was also fortified: a crenelated rampart, 3.5 m high (11.5 feet) with turrets, was built. The defence was completed by a 15 m large ditch (50 feet). Conisbrough Castle ENGLAND . Conisbrough Castle is a 12th-century castle, whose remains are dominated by the 97-foot (29.5m) high circular keep, supported by six buttresses. It is shown here as it would have looked before falling into ruin. The site, strategically placed in one of few historic crossings of the River Don, has been home to a fortification since at least 600 AD. It belonged to one of the seven English kings, prior to the unification of ENGLAND . In the mid-1990s, the keep was restored, The building is one of South Yorkshire's primary tourist attractions. It is managed by English Heritage. Château de Najac FRANCE . The the royal fortress of Najac was built in 1253 on the orders of Alphonse de Poitiers, brother of Saint Louis, on the site of a square tower built in 1100 by Bertrand of St Gilles, son of Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse before the area was annexed by France. The castle is built at the summit of a hill formed by a loop of the river. The castle holds a world record for its 6.80 metre high archères (arrow loops), designed to allow use by three archers at the same time. A secret corridor, hidden within the walls, links the Romanesque tower to the chapel of the keep. Najac has been near major events including, the Albigensian Crusade, the Hundred Years' War, the imprisonment of the Knights Templar, the peasants' revolts, and the French Revolution. The castle has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1925. Novgorod Kremlin Walls RUSSIA Novgorod Kremlin (also Detinets) stands on the left bank of the Volkhov River in Veliky Novgorod. The compound was originally the site of a pagan burial ground upon which the first bishop of Novgorod built the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom around 989. The current fortress was built between 1484 and 1490 by Muscovite builders following Grand Prince Ivan III's conquest of the city in 1478; a third of it was paid for by the Novgorodian archbishop Gennady. It is eliptical, 545 meters long and 240 meter wide with nine surviving towers (three other towers have not survived). The walls are 1,487 meters in circumference. UNESCO recognised Novgorod as a World Heritage Site in 1992 Trerice Kestle Mill, near Newquay, Cornwall, ENGLAND Trerice is an Elizabethan manor house, The building features a main south-east facing range of 'E'-plan abutting a south-west range containing two earlier phases. Phase I consisted of a tower house with low north-west block. This was extended early in the 16th century, probably by 'Jack of Tilbury', to include a 2-storey range to the south-east of the earlier tower, together now forming the bulky south wing. Sir John IV Arundell, High Sheriff of Cornwall added the main range of the E-plan circa 1570-1573. At the period it was fashionable build house with an E shaped plan (E for Queen Elizabeth) The house, along with its surrounding garden, is a National Trust property. Château Solvay, also called the Château de La Hulpe La Hulpe, Walloon Brabant, BELGIUM . The château was built by the Marquis de Béthune in the French style in 1842. In the late 19th century, the house and estate were acquired by Ernest Solvay, and have since been known as the Domaine Solvay. Today the property is owned by the regional government of Wallonia, and is classified as an "Exceptional Heritage Site in Wallonia." The grounds are open to the public. 72379 Burg Hohenzollern, Hechingen, Baden-Wurtemberg, GERMANY Hohenzollern Castle is the ancestral seat of the Hohenzollern family, who became German Emperors A castle was first constructed here in the early 11th century. The present castle was constructed for King Frederick William IV of Prussia between 1846 and 1867. The design was based on English Gothic Revival architecture and the Châteaux of the Loire Valley. In 1945 it became home to the former Crown Prince Wilhelm of GERMANY , son of the last Hohenzollern monarch, Kaiser Wilhelm II, who is buried there with his wife, Crown Princess Cecilie. Dunster, Somerset, ENGLAND . Dunster Castle is a former motte and bailey castle, now a country house, sited on top of a Tor. The site has been fortified since the late Anglo-Saxon period. A stone shell keep was built on the motte by the start of the 12th century, and the castle survived a siege during the early years of the Anarchy. At the end of the 14th century the de Mohuns sold the castle to the Luttrell family, who continued to occupy the property until the late 20th century. The castle was expanded several times by the Luttrell family during the 17th and 18th centuries; they built a large manor house within the Lower Ward of the castle in 1617. The medieval castle walls were mostly destroyed following the siege of Dunster Castle at the end of the English Civil War, when Parliament ordered the defences to be slighted to prevent their further use. In the 1860s and 1870s the castle was remodelled to Victorian tastes. In 1976 Colonel Walter Luttrell gave Dunster Castle and most of its contents to the National Trust, which now operates it as a tourist attraction. It is a Grade I listed building and scheduled monument. Schloss Irmelshause Irmelshausen, Höchheim, Rhön-Grabfeld, Bavaria, GERMANY . Irmelshausen lies on the old border between East and West GERMANY . It is one of the most appealing castles in Franconia, first mentioned in the year 800 when Emhild, the Abbess of Milz and a relative of Charlemagne, gave the associated village to the Counts of Henneberg. The castle escaped attack and destruction in both the Peasants' War of 1525 and the Thirty Years' War of 1618-48 when almost all the surrounding castles were taken and sacked. Parts of the castle were previously taller but during a remodeling in 1854 the half-timbered sections were lowered to the present height. Gwalior Qila (Gwalior Fort) INDIA Gwalior Fort is an 8th-century hill in central India. The fort consists of a defensive structure and two main palaces, Gurjari Mahal and Man Mandir. Le château de Lavoûte-Polignac It is one of the châteaux of the Loire. It was for centuries one of the favourite rences of the Polignac family. Like most other French château it was siezed by the state in 1793 (the Polignac family having escaped to Vienna) and sold off as a "national good". In the nineteenth century the Polignac family bought it back, and Melchior, Comte de Polignac, had the south aisle repaired (the other two wings having fallen too far into ruin). The Potala Palace TIBET The Potala Palace was the chief residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India during the 1959 Tibetan uprising. It is now a museum and UNESCO World Heritage Site. Dar Al Hajar YEMEN Dar al-Hajar, also known as the Imam's Rock Palace is perched on top of a rock pinnacle, some 15 km away from the capita city of Sana. It is typical of Yemeni architecture, seeming to grow out of the rocks on which it is constructed, and with characteristic Yemeni painting of its windows and building edges. The palace was built in the 1930s by Imam Yahya as his summer residence (Most of the apparently ancient castles in this part of the world are less than a century old) The palace has been restored for visitors, and turned into a museum. lo Palais dei Papas (in Occitan) / The Palais des Papes / Papal Palace Avignon, southern FRANCE . The Papal Palace is one of the largest and most important medieval Gothic buildings in Europe. Fortress and palace, it was the seat of Western Christianity during the 14th century. Six papal conclaves were held in the Palais. The Palais is actually made up of two buildings: the old Palais of Benedict XII on the rock of Doms, and the new Palais of Clement VI, the most extravagant of the Avignon popes.The final combination the largest Gothic building of the Middle Ages, and one of the best examples of the International Gothic architectural style. Since 1995 lo Palais dei Papas has been classified, along with the historic center of Avignon, as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Château de Potelle (or Château de Potelles) Potelle, Nord, Nord-Pas-De-Calais, FRANCE . The Château de Potelles was built around 1290 by Willes (Gilles) de Mortagne, seigneur de Potelles (the chapel retains a fragment of his tomb). The châtelet (entry gate) on the left in the photograph dates from the fourteenth century Le château and its chapel (outside the moat) were incrit as monuments historiques in1944. Château de Meillant Built between 1498 and 1519. Château d'Illasi Via Strada Nuova, 37031 Illasi, Verona, ITALY . The Château d'Illasi is situated between the valleys of Illasi and Tramigna. Of the original structure only the gateway, a small tower, the remains of a chapel, two cisterns, the keep and 30meter high square tower remain. The keep was transformed into a country house by the descendants of Malachino. It was inhabited up until 1737 when Giunio III Pompei built a large villa at Illasi, which now surrounds the castle ruins. The site is now the property of the Sagramoso-Pompei Family and is not open to the public. Château de Caussade Trélissac, Périgueux, Dordogne, Aquitaine, FRANCE . The Château de Caussade is a small polygonal fortress surrounded by a dry moat, located in the vallée de lIsle, in the forêt de Lanmary. It held great strategic importance in the twelfth century. From the Twelfth to the Fourteenth century it was the property of VIigier family, a daughter of the family became the wife of the famous troubadour, Bertran de Born. Langley Castle Langley, Northumberland, ENGLAND . Langley Castle is a restored medieval tower house, situated in the valley of the River South Tyne south of Haydon Bridge, The south west tower boasts 12 garderobes, four to each floor. It is a Grade I listed building. Blair Castle, Blair Atholl, Perthshire, SCOTLAND Blair Castle is the ancestral home of the Clan Murray, and was historically the seat of their chief, the Duke of Atholl, The castle stands in Glen Garry, and commands a strategic position on the main route through the central Scottish Highlands. The oldest part of the castle is the six-storey Cummings or Comyn's Tower, which retains some13th-century fabric, though it was largely built in the 15th century. The castle is a category A listed building, and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland. Château de la Madeleine Chevreuse, département of Yvelines, Île de France, FRANCE . The construction of the Château de la Madeleine began between 1020 and 1090, under Guy I, Lord of Chevreuse. From this period, only the keep remains. Originally, the keep was surrounded by a wooden palisade, replaced by stone curtain walls during the 12th century. A century later, probably under the reign of Anseau de Chevreuse, the castle was modified, notably with the construction of the machicolations. The gatehouse was protected by a moat. The castle changed hands in 1356. Ingerger le Grand, Lord of Chevreuse and Amboise, was taken prisoner by the English during the Hundred Years' War. He was obliged to sell his domain to pay his ransom; the castle was bought by the future Pierre de Chevreuse. The existing fortifications were improved under the reigns of Charles V and Charles VI; who financed the outworks with royal taxes. Modifications were completed under Louis XI (1461 1483). The village was also fortified: a crenelated rampart, 3.5 m high (11.5 feet) with turrets, was built. The defence was completed by a 15 m large ditch (50 feet). Mauvezin, Hautes-Pyrénées, FRANCE . The site, occupied since the Dark Ages, was transformed into a castrum in the Middle Ages. The castle was built by Gaston Phoebus around 1380. Following the merging of Bigorre into the Kingdom of France in 1607, the castle fell into disuse and was dismantled, its stones used for other buildings. Today, the castle is being restored and is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. Château de Menthon Saint-Bernard above the lac d'Annecy, Haute-Savoie, FRANCE . Château de la Motte Acqueville, lOrne, Normandie, FRANCE Schloss Augustusburg, Brühl, North Rhine-Westphalia, GERMANY . Sud de Louviers, Eure, Haute-Normandie, FRANCE Citadelle de Corté Corte en Haute-Corse, Corsica, FRANCE The Citadelle de Corte also known as the Nid d'aigle (Eagle's Nest) is an eighteenth century citadelle, build around a fifteenth century core, and now housing a museum of Corsica. It has been classée as a monument historique in 1977. Coca Castle Coca, Segovia, Castile-Leon, SPAIN The castle was built on the site of ancient Cauca, the birthplace of the Roman emperor Theodosius. This area was populated by the Arevaca in the 2nd century BC. Begun in 1448 by Don Alonso de Fonseca (14181473), Bishop of Avila and Archbishop of Seville, the castle wast still unfinished at the end of the 15th century. Coca is an example of the Mudéjar style, combining elements drawn from Islamic traditions with Flamboyant Gothic. near the town of Dambulla, central Matale District, Central Province SRI LANKA Sigiriya (Lion Rock) is an ancient palace which you can just make out at the top left of the rock. Atalaya Castle (Castillo de la Atalaya or Castillo de Villena) Villena, province of Alicante, southern SPAIN . It commands the former frontier between Castile and Kingdom of Aragon. Parador de Cardona or Castell de Cardona Cardona, Barcelona, Catalonia 24 Trélissac, Dordogne, Périgord, FRANCE Château d'Harcourt, Harcourt, Eure, FRANCE The Château d'Harcourt is the cradle of the Harcourt family. The first stone castle here was built by Robert II d'Harcourt, a crusader companion of Richard Lionheart. Harcourts appear later among the most important barons of Normandy. Jean II d'Harcourt was a Maréchal de France. The castle is one of the best preserved castles in the country and contains the oldest arboretum in France. Château d'Harcourt Harcourt, Eure, FRANCE The Château d'Harcourt is the cradle of the Harcourt family. The first stone castle here was built by Robert II d'Harcourt, a crusader companion of Richard Lionheart. Harcourts appear later among the most important barons of Normandy. Jean II d'Harcourt was a Maréchal de France. The castle is one of the best preserved castles in the country and contains the oldest arboretum in France. Schloss Seehof Domplatz 8, Memmelsdorf, 96049 Bamberg, Bavaria, GERMANY The Seehof Palace was built from 1686 as a summer residence for the Prince-Bishops of Bamberg Lassay-les-Châteaux, Mayenne, FRANCE . The original castrum or castellum here, built in the early years of the twelfth century, was probably a motte and bailey castle. The present Château de Lassay was classified as a monument historique in 1862 and is still a private residence. Château de la Rochepot La Rochepot, Côte d'Or département, Burgundy, FRANCE . The Château de la Rochepot is a 13th-century castle, later converted into a château, on the N6 to the south west of the town of Beaune. The castle was built in the 13th century on an outcrop of limestone to the north of the village of La Rochepot. As with many castles, it fell into ruin after the medieval period and was restored in the 19th century. It is open to visitors. Château de la Roche-Jagu Lapradelle-Puilaurens, Aude département, Laguedoc-Roussillon, FRANCE The Château de Puilaurens (also Puylaurens; in Occitan: lo Castèl de Puèg-Laurenç) is one of the so-called Cathar castles in what is now the South of France. The castle stands on a spur of rock above the Boulzane Valley and the villages of Lapradelle and Puilaurens. Château-Gaillard commune of Les Andelys overlooking the River Seine, in the Eure département of historical Normandy, now Upper Normandy, FRANCE . Château Gaillard is a ruined medieval castle. Construction began in 1196 under the auspices of Richard the Lionheart, King of ENGLAND and Duke of Normandy. The castle was built in just two years, at the same time the town of Petit Andely Château Gaillard has a complex and advanced design - it was possibly designed by Richard himself. It uses principles of concentric fortification It was also one of the earliest European castles to use machicolations - an idea that Richard might well have brought back from the Holy Land. The castle consists of three enclosures separated by dry moats, with a keep in the inner enclosure. Château Gaillard was captured in 1204 by the French king Philip II, after a lengthy siege. In the mid-14th century, the castle became the residence of the exiled David II of Scotland. The castle changed hands several times in the Hundred Years' War, but in 1449 the French captured Château Gaillard from the English for the last time, and from then on it remained in French ownership. Henry IV of France ordered the demolition of Château Gaillard in 1599; The castle ruins are listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. Azay-le-Rideau, Chinon, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, FRANCE Kitchen, The Château de Biron, Biron, Dordogne, FRANCE The Château de Biron is a large castle in the valley of the Lède. It was the castle from which the Gontaut-Biron took their name. It was their seat from the twelfth century. Biron was seized by Simon IV de Montfort in 1212 from forces sypathetic to the Cathars. The Plantagenets held it at times during the 14th and 15th centuries. Biron was erected as a duché-pairie in 1598, for Charles de Gontaut, created duc de Biron. The present château bears additions over the centuries: notably a twelfth-century keep and sixteenth-century living quarters and vaulted kitchens. Since 1928, it has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. The local commune purchased the Château de Biron in 1978, with a view to restoring it as a tourist attraction. Châteaux de Lastours Lastours, département of l'Aude, FRANCE The Châteaux de Lastours (in Occitan Lastors) are three Cathar castles (and a later French one). The four castles are on a rocky spur above the village of Lastours, isolated by the deep valleys of the Orbeil and Grésilhou rivers. They were built at an altitude of 300 m along a rock wall just 1300 feet (~400 m) long by 165 feet (~50 m) wide. Cabaret, Surdespine and la Tour Régine [the French one] stand in line, while Quertinheux is built on a separate pinnacle close by. The site has been classified monument historique (historic monument) by the French Ministry of Culture since 1905. Archaeological digs are still in progress. Caldicot Castle (Welsh: Castell Cil-y-coed) Caldicot, Monmouthshire, southeast WALES . Caldicot Castle is an extensive stone medieval castle in the built near the site of Harold Godwinson's former Saxon castle by the Norman earls of Hereford from about 1100 The castle became a Grade I listed building in 1953. Killyleagh Castle Killyleagh, County Down, Northern Ireland. Killyleagh Castle dominates the small village of Killyleagh It is believed to be the oldest inhabited castle in the country, parts dating back to 1180. Killyleagh Castle follows the architectural style of a Loire Valley château, having been redesigned by architect Sir Charles Lanyon in the mid-19th century. It has been owned by the Hamilton family since the early 17th century. Château de Combourg Combourg, Ille-et-Vilaine, Brittany, FRANCE . The castle stands on a small hill next to Lac Tranquille (Lake Tranquil) in the town. Privately owned, the Château de Combourg is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. Witzenhausen, GERMANY Berlepsch Castle was built in 1298 by Arnold of Berlepsch, on behalf of the landgrave of Hesse to protect this part of Hesse against encrouchments of the Duke of Brunswick. The castle was rebuilt and extended in the 19th. century. It still belongs still to the Berlepsch family. Schönbrunn Palace south-western POLAND . The ruins of Bolków Castle, built in the 13th century, stand above the town of Bolków. Devastated in the Thirty Years' War it became a property of Grüssau Abbey in 1703, though restoration efforts did not begin until 1905. Kasteel de Haar (Castle De Haar) near Haarzuilens, Province of Utrecht, NETHERLANDS Château de Chenonceau Chenonceau, Indre-et-Loire, FRANCE The estate of Chenonceau is first mentioned in writing in the 11th century. The current château was built in 15141522 on the foundations of an old mill and was later extended to span the river. The bridge over the river was built (1556-1559) to designs by the French Renaissance architect Philibert de l'Orme, and the gallery on the bridge (15701576) to designs by Jean Bullant The château has been classified as a Monument historique since 1840 by the French Ministry of Culture. It is one of the most famous Loire Valley châteaux. Château Solvay, also called the Château de La Hulpe La Hulpe, Walloon Brabant, BELGIUM . The château was built by the Marquis de Béthune in the French style in 1842. In the late 19th century, the house and estate were acquired by Ernest Solvay, and have since been known as the Domaine Solvay. Today the property is owned by the regional government of Wallonia, and is classified as an "Exceptional Heritage Site in Wallonia." The grounds are open to the public. Château de Blandy-les-Tours (photo shows just one tour) The Château de Blandy-les-Tours was mentioned in a text in 1216. It belonged to Adam II de Chailly, Viscount of Melun. It consisted of a simple manor and chapel, the only construction made of stone. The site was previously a Merovingian necropolis. In the 14th century, the castle was modified with new fortifications and structures of defence. A moat was dug and a new gate-tower with a drawbridge was included in the enclosing wall. Matsumoto Castle, ("Crow Castle") Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture near Tokyo, JAPAN Matsumoto Castle is one of Japan's premier historic castles. The keep (tenshukaku), was completed in the late sixteenth century, It is listed as a National Treasure of Japan. Matsumoto Castle is a flatland castle (hirajiro) built on a plain. Its defences would have included an extensive system of inter-connecting walls, moats, and gatehouses. Dover Castle Dover, Kent, ENGLAND . Dover Castle was founded in the 12th century and has been described as the "Key to ENGLAND " due to its defensive significance. It is the largest castle in ENGLAND . During the reign of Henry II t the castle began to take recognisable shape. The inner and outer baileys and the great keep belong to this time. Maurice the Engineer was responsible for building the keep, one of the last rectangular keeps ever built. Dover Castle is a Scheduled Monument and a Grade I listed building. The castle, its secret tunnels, and surrounding land are owned by English Heritage and the site is a major tourist attraction. Dover has always been a chief member of the Cinque Ports since their foundation in 1050. The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is officially head of the castle, in his conjoint position of Constable of Dover Castle. The Deputy Constable has his residence in Constable's Gate. Leeds Castle, Kent, ENGLAND Leeds Castle is in Kent, ENGLAND , 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Maidstone. A castle has been on the site since 1119. In the 13th century it came into the hands of King Edward I, for whom it became a favourite residence; in the 16th century, Henry VIII used it as a residence for his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. The castle was a location for the 1949 film Kind Hearts and Coronets where it stood in for "Chalfont", the ancestral home of the d'Ascoyne family. The castle also appeared in Moonraker (1958) and Waltz of the Toreadors (1962). It was the set for the Doctor Who episode The Androids of Tara. The castle today dates mostly from the 19th century and is built on islands in a lake formed by the River Len to the east of the village of Leeds. It has been open to the public since 1976 Schloss Hohenzollern (Hohenzollern Castle), 72379 Burg Hohenzollern, GERMANY Hohenzollern Castle is the ancestral seat of the Hohenzollern family, who became German Emperors A castle was first constructed here in the early 11th century. The present castle was constructed for King Frederick William IV of Prussia between 1846 and 1867. The design was based on English Gothic Revival architecture and the Châteaux of the Loire Valley. In 1945 it became home to the former Crown Prince Wilhelm of GERMANY , son of the last Hohenzollern monarch, Kaiser Wilhelm II, who is buried there with his wife, Crown Princess Cecilie Château de Vitré Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine, FRANCE . The first stone castle was built by the baron Robert I of Vitré at the end of the 11th century. The defensive site chosen, a rocky promontory, dominated the valley of the Vilaine. A Romanesque style doorway still survives from this building. During the first half of the 13th century, baron André III, rebuilt it in its present triangular form, following the contours of the rocks, surrounded with dry moats. The castle was bought by the town in the 1820 for 8500 francs. In 1872, it was one of the first castles in France to be classified as a monument historique (historic monument) and restored from 1875. Château de la Goujeonnerie Dairsie Castle, Dairsie, north-east Fife, SCOTLAND . Dairsie Castle is a a restored tower house overlooking the River Eden. A Scottish parliament was held at the castle in early 1335. The first castle built here was the property of the bishops of St Andrews, and was probably constructed by William de Lamberton, Bishop of St Andrews from 1298 to 1328. Château d'Amboise Amboise, Indre-et-Loire département, FRANCE The royal Château at Amboise is a fortress in the Loire Valley. Confiscated by the monarchy in the 15th century, it became a favoured royal residence and was extensively rebuilt. King Charles VIII died at the château in 1498 after hitting his head on a door lintel. The château fell into decline from the second half of the 16th century and the majority of the interior buildings were later demolished. Some survived and have been restored, along with the outer defensive circuit of towers and walls. It has been recognised as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1840. 2013 Château Fort de Guédelon (Guédelon Castle) is a medieval construction project. The object of which is to build a castle using only the techniques and materials used in the Middle Ages. Building materials, including wood and stone, are obtained locally. Jacques Moulin, the chief architect for the project, designed the castle according to the architectural model developed during the 12th and 13th centuries by Philip II of France. Construction started in 1997 under Michel Guyot, owner of Saint-Fargeau castle. The site was chosen in the light of the availability of a stone quarry, in a large forest, with a pond close by. The project has created 55 jobs and is now a tourist destination, with more than 300 000 visits each year When completed in the 2020s, it should be an authentic recreation of a 13th-century medieval castle. Château de Chenonceau Chenonceau, Indre-et-Loire, FRANCE The estate of Chenonceau is first mentioned in writing in the 11th century. The current château was built in 15141522 on the foundations of an old mill and was later extended to span the river. The bridge over the river was built (1556-1559) to designs by the French Renaissance architect Philibert de l'Orme, and the gallery on the bridge (15701576) to designs by Jean Bullant The château has been classified as a Monument historique since 1840 by the French Ministry of Culture. It is one of the most famous Loire Valley châteaux. Castle of Carmona Shropshire, ENGLAND Stokesay Castle is a fortified manor house built in the late 13th century by Laurence of Ludlow, then the leading wool merchant in England. Laurence's descendants continued to own the castle until the 16th century. By the time of the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1641, Stokesay was owned by William Craven, the first Earl of Craven and a supporter of King Charles I. After the Royalist war effort collapsed in 1645, Parliamentary forces besieged the castle in June and quickly forced its garrison to surrender. Parliament ordered the property to be slighted, but only minor damage was done to the walls, allowing Stokesay to continue to be used as a house by the Baldwyn family until the end of the 17th century. Architecturally, Stokesay Castle is one of the best-preserved medieval fortified manor houses in England. The castle comprises a walled, moated enclosure, with an entrance way through a 17th-century timber and plaster gatehouse. Inside, the courtyard faces a stone hall and solar block, protected by two stone towers. The hall features a 13th-century wooden-beamed ceiling, and 17th-century carved figures ornament the gatehouse and the solar. The castle was never intended to be a serious military fortification, but its style was intended to echo the much larger castles being built by Edward I in North Wales. Originally designed as a prestigious home, the castle has changed very little since the 13th century, and is a rare example of a near complete set of medieval buildings. Beaumaris Castle Beaumaris Isle of Anglesey, WALES . Concentric castle built by Edward I - as it might have looked if completed. Het Loo Palace Doughton, Gloucestershire, ENGLAND Highgrove House is the country home of Prince Charles, situated southwest of Tetbury. Highgrove House was purchased in 1980 by the Duchy of Cornwall which manages the house and the estate surrounding the house.. Schloss Nordkirchen Nordkirchen, Coesfeld administrative district, North Rhine Westphalia, GERMANY . Schloss Nordkirchen is a palace, largely built between 1703 and 1734. It is known as the "Versailles of Westphalia" since it is the largest of the fully or partly moated Wasserschlösser in the region. It was originally one of the residences of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster. Castillo de San Marcos St. Augustine, Florida, USA The Castillo de San Marcos is the oldest masonry fort in the continental United States. Located on the shore of Matanzas Bay, construction began in 1672, 107 years after the city's founding by Spanish Admiral and conquistador Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, when Florida was part of the Spanish Empire. After Britain gained control of Florida in 1763, St. Augustine became the capital of British East Florida, and the fort was renamed Fort St. Mark until the Peace of Paris (1783) when Florida was transferred back to Spain. In 1819 Spain signed the AdamsOnís Treaty which ceded Florida to the United States in 1821 and the fort became a United States Army base which was renamed Fort Marion. In 1942 the original name, Castillo de San Marcos, was restored by an Act of Congress. The fort was declared a National Monument in 1924 and after 251 years of continuous military possession, the fort was deactivated in 1933 and the site was turned over to the United States National Park Service. Citadel of Aleppo SYRIA The Citadel of Aleppo is a large medieval fortified palace in the centre of the old city. It one of the oldest and largest castles in the world. Usage of the Citadel hill dates back at least to the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. Subsequently occupied by many civilizations including the Greeks, Byzantines, Ayyubids and Mamluks, the majority of the construction as it stands today is thought to originate from the Ayyubid period. Extensive conservation work has taken place in the 2000s by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture in collaboration with Aleppo Archeological Society. Dominating the city, the Citadel is part of the Ancient City of Aleppo, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1986. The Citadel received significant damage in the Syrian Civil War from 2013. Cité de Carcassonne, Languedoc, FRANCE . The Castrum of Raymond Roger Trencavel, Viscount of Carcassonne, Béziers, Albi and the Razès. He died in his own prison here in 1209, aged 24, after being taken prisoner while under a safe-conduct from the Cistercian Abbot Arnaud Amaury the papal legate and military leader of the Albigensian Crusade who was besieging Carcassonne (and who then appointed Simon de Montfort as military leader of the crusade). Wasserschloss Haus Bodelschwingh, Mengede, Dortmund, GERMANY Wasserschloss Haus Bodelschwingh (Bodelschwingh Castle) is a moated castle. It was built in the 13th century by the family of Bodelschwinghstraße and is still owned by the family Bodelschwingh castle is located near to the water tower house Dellwig and the moated castle Haus Rodenberg the largest and most important water castle in Dortmund. Near the castle developed a settlement, Bodelschwinghstraße, which kept its independence until 1928. Today, the district of Bodelschwinghstraße belongs to the municipality of Mengede. The castle is registered as a historic landmark in the list of monuments of the city of Dortmund. Vianden Castle LUXEMBOURG Vianden Castle (French: Château de Vianden, German: Burg Vianden Luxembourgish: Buerg Veianen), is located in Vianden, in the north of Luxembourg. Vianden is one of the largest fortified castles west of the Rhine. Its origins date to the 10th century. The castle was built in the Romanesque style between the 11th and 14th centuries. Gothic aspects were added at the end of this period. A Renaissance mansion was added in the 17th century. After the seventeenth century the castle was allowed to fall into ruin, and has recently been restored. It is now open to visitors. La Torre del Oro, Seville, SPAIN Château de Germolles Mellecey, Burgundy, FRANCE . The Château de Germolles is the best preserved of the residences of the Dukes of Burgundy. Built during the second part of the 14th century, it is important for the history of the region and a rare example of a well-preserved surviving 14th Century French castle. It has been listed as a Historic monument since 1989. Parterre 37120 Lémeré, Indre-et-Loire, Touraine, FRANCE . In 1429, towards the end of the Hundred Years' War, before the siege of Orleans, Joan of Arc and her followers came to fetch horses from Le Rivau, renowned for the quality of the war horses that were raised there. In Rabelais' Gargantua, it was given to captain Tolmere as a reward for his victories in the Picrocholean Wars. Castillo de Almodóvar del Río Almodóvar del Río, Province of Córdoba, SPAIN . It is situated 15 miles (24 km) from Córdoba, on the left bank of the Guadalquivir. The Moors built a castle here on the site of a Roman fort. The current structure has Berber origins, and dates from the year 760. During the Middle Ages, the castle underwent several periods of reconstruction. Château of Vizille 38220 Vizille, Isere, Region Rhone-Alpes, FRANCE . The Château de Vizille, near Grenoble, is one of the most prestigious and important castles of the Dauphiné. Kasteel Dussen (Dussen Castle) Leeds Castle, Kent, ENGLAND Leeds Castle is in Kent, ENGLAND , 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Maidstone. A castle has been on the site since 1119. In the 13th century it came into the hands of King Edward I, for whom it became a favourite residence; in the 16th century, Henry VIII used it as a residence for his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. The castle was a location for the 1949 film Kind Hearts and Coronets where it stood in for "Chalfont", the ancestral home of the d'Ascoyne family. The castle also appeared in Moonraker (1958) and Waltz of the Toreadors (1962). It was the set for the Doctor Who episode The Androids of Tara. The castle today dates mostly from the 19th century and is built on islands in a lake formed by the River Len to the east of the village of Leeds. It has been open to the public since 1976 Little Moreton Hall 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of Congleton, Cheshire, ENGLAND Little Moreton Hall, also known as Old Moreton Hall, is a moated half-timbered manor house. The earliest parts of the house were built for the prosperous Cheshire landowner William Moreton in about 150408, and the remainder was constructed in stages by successive generations of the family until about 1610. The building is highly irregular, with three asymmetrical ranges forming a small, rectangular cobbled courtyard. The weight of the third-storey glazed gallery, possibly added at a late stage of construction, has caused the lower floors to bow and warp. The house remained in the possession of the Moreton family for almost 450 years, until ownership was transferred to the National Trust in 1938. Little Moreton Hall and its sandstone bridge across the moat are recorded in the National Heritage List for ENGLAND as a designated Grade I listed building, and the ground on which Little Moreton Hall stands is protected as a Scheduled Monument. The gardens lay abandoned until their 20th-century re-creation. Oravský Hrad located above the Orava river in the village of Oravský Podzámok, SLOVAKIA . In Eglish it is called Orava Castle, in German Arwaburg and in Hungarian: Árva vára) Orava Castle stands on the site of an old wooden fortification, built after the Mongol invasion of Hungary of 1241.The later design was in Romanesque and Gothic style. Later still it was reconstructed as a Renaissance and Neo-Gothic structure,. Many scenes of the 1922 film Nosferatu were filmed here. After a period of dilapidation the castle became a national monument after World War II,. Ávila Town walls Ávila, Castile and León, SPAIN . Ávila is sometimes called the Town of Stones and Saints. It is notable for having complete and prominent medieval town walls, built in the Romanesque style. The town is also known as Ávila de los Caballeros, Ávila del Rey and Ávila de los Leales (Ávila of the Knights, the King and the Loyalists). It is "perhaps the most 16th-century town in Spain". It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985. Château de Chenonceau Chenonceau, Indre-et-Loire, FRANCE The estate of Chenonceau is first mentioned in writing in the 11th century. The current château was built in 15141522 on the foundations of an old mill and was later extended to span the river. The bridge over the river was built (1556-1559) to designs by the French Renaissance architect Philibert de l'Orme, and the gallery on the bridge (15701576) to designs by Jean Bullant The château has been classified as a Monument historique since 1840 by the French Ministry of Culture. It is one of the most famous Loire Valley châteaux. Lower AUSTRIA . Schloss Hof is located near the border of Slovakia. It once belonged to Prince Eugene of Savoy who purchased it in 1726. He had it enlarged in the Baroque style in 1729, and used it as an elaborate hunting lodge. He left it to a niece in his will, and it was later purchased by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and became part of the imperial estates. Château de Bridoire Dordogne, Aquitane, FRANCE . A castle was built here before the 12th century. North, south and west sides are protected by steep rock. To the east, a gap between the castle and the plateau was crossed by a drawbridge. In the 16th century, the drawbridge was replaced by a stone arched bridge. Corvin Castle aka Corvins' Castle, Hunyad Castle or Hunedoara Castle, Hunedoara, Transylvania [Castelul Huniazilor or Castelul Corvinilor (Romanian)] [Vajdahunyad vára (Hungarian)] Castle design for King Henry VIII for a castle to defend the South Coast of ENGLAND . Design for a Device Fort or Henrician Castle. main hall and staircase (1729-1733) The Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi (Stupinigi Palace), Stupinigi, Nichelino, Nr Turin, ITALY Stupinigi Palace is one of the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy in northern Italy, built as a royal hunting lodge in the early 18th century. It is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Castel Sant' Angelo (The Mausoleum of Hadrian) Parco Adriano, Rome, ITALY Castel Sant' Angelo is where popes traditionally carried out the executions of their enemies, with a large mallet, or by hanging drawing and quartering. Eilean Donan (Eilean Donnain) Dornie, Kyle of Lochalsh IV40 8DX, SCOTLAND Eilean Donan is a castle and small tidal island where three lochs meet, Loch Duich, Loch Long and Loch Alsh, in the western Highlands of Scotland. The castle was founded in the thirteenth century, and became a stronghold of the Clan Mackenzie and their allies the Clan Macrae. Between 1919 and 1932 the castle was rebuilt by Lt. Col. John MacRae-Gilstrap. The restoration included the construction of an arched bridge to give easier access to the island. Château de Suscinio (or de Susinio) Sarzeau, Morbihan, Brittany, FRANCE Built in the late Middle Ages as the residence of the Dukes of Brittany. The Château de Suscinio dates from the beginning of the 13th century. It was enlarged at the end of 14th century, when the heirs of the duchy were fighting to keep their possessions (Brittany was not annexed by France until 1514). From 1471 to 1483, the castle was home to Jasper Tudor, Henry Tudor (later King Henry VII of ENGLAND ), and the core of their group of exiled Lancastrians, numbering about 500 by 1483. Duke Francis II supported this group of exiles against Plantagenet demands for their surrender. Old Keiss Castle north of Keiss, Caithness, Highland, SCOTLAND . Keiss Castle is a partially ruined castle on sheer cliffs, overlooking Sinclairs' Bay. The old castle, a Scheduled Monument, was built possibly on the site of an earlier fort in the late 16th or early 17th century by George 5th Earl of Caithness (1582-1643). Wartburg overlooking the town of Eisenach, Thuringia, GERMANY The Wartburg is a castle originally built in the Middle Ages, situated on precipice. It was the home of St. Elisabeth of Hungary, the place where Martin Luther translated the New Testament of the Bible into German It was an inspiration for Ludwig II when he decided to build Neuschwanstein Castle. Although the castle today still contains substantial original structures from the 12th through 15th centuries, much of the interior dates to the 19th-century period of Romanticism. In 1999, UNESCO added Wartburg Castle to the World Heritage List Frederiksborg Castle DENMARK Frederiksborg Palace or Frederiksborg Castle (in Danish, Frederiksborg Slot) was built as a royal residence for King Christian IV and is now a museum of national history. The current edifice replaced a previous castle erected by Frederick II and is the largest Renaissance palace in Scandinavia. The palace is located on three small islands in the middle of Palace Lake (Slotsøen) and is adjoined by a large formal garden in the Baroque style. The castle lies on an island in the river Svartån. For over 700 years occupants of Örebro Castle monitored the bridge over the River Svartån. The oldest part of the castle, a defence tower, was erected in the latter half of the 13th century. This tower was added to in the 14th century to make a larger stronghold, and towards the end of the 16th century most of the castle we see today was built. It was expanded during the reign of the royal House of Vasa and rebuilt about 1900. Burg Gudenau Wachtberg, Rhein-Sieg, North Rhine-Westphalia, GERMANY . Castle Gudenau is a Wasserschloß - or moated castle. Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture near Tokyo, JAPAN Matsumoto Castle is one of Japan's premier historic castles. The keep (tenshukaku), was completed in the late sixteenth century, It is listed as a National Treasure of Japan. Matsumoto Castle is a flatland castle (hirajiro) built on a plain. Its defences would have included an extensive system of inter-connecting walls, moats, and gatehouses. Fagaras Castle ROMANIA In 1696, following penetration of the Austrian army in Transylvania, Fagaras Castle (or Fagaras Fortress) became Crown property of the Habsburgs. The Château de Ternay Cheverny, Loir-et-Cher, FRANCE . Hergé used Cheverny, one of the châteaux of the Loire valley, as a model for his "Château de Moulinsart" (Marlinspike Hall in English) in his Tintin books. Dover Castle Dover, Kent, ENGLAND . Dover Castle was founded in the 12th century and has been described as the "Key to ENGLAND " due to its defensive significance. It is the largest castle in ENGLAND . During the reign of Henry II t the castle began to take recognisable shape. The inner and outer baileys and the great keep belong to this time. Maurice the Engineer was responsible for building the keep, one of the last rectangular keeps ever built. Dover Castle is a Scheduled Monument and a Grade I listed building. The castle, its secret tunnels, and surrounding land are owned by English Heritage and the site is a major tourist attraction. From the Cinque Ports foundation in 1050, Dover has always been a chief member. The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is officially head of the castle, in his conjoint position of Constable of Dover Castle, and the Deputy Constable has his residence in Constable's Gate. Where is this ? The Punakha Dzong or Pungtang Dechen Photrang Dzong [the Palace of Bliss] Najac, Aveyron, FRANCE . The the royal fortress of Najac was built in 1253 on the orders of Alphonse de Poitiers, brother of Saint Louis, on the site of a square tower built in 1100 by Bertrand of St Gilles, son of Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse before the area was annexed by FRANCE . The castle is built at the summit of a hill formed by a loop of the river. The castle holds a world record for its 6.80 metre high archères (arrow loops), designed to allow use by three archers at the same time. A secret corridor, hidden within the walls, links the Romanesque tower to the chapel of the keep. Najac has been near major events including, the Albigensian Crusade, the Hundred Years' War, the imprisonment of the Knights Templar, the peasants' revolts, and the French Revolution. The castle has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1925. Krak des Chevaliers (or Crac Des Chevaliers) SYRIA Krak des Chevaliers is one of the most important preserved medieval castles in the world. The site was settled in the 11th century by Kurds; as a result it was known as Hisn al Akrad, meaning the "Castle of the Kurds". In 1142 it was given by Raymond II, Count of Tripoli, to the Knights Hospitaller. It remained in their possession until it fell in 1271. It was known as Crac de l'Ospital (the name Krak des Chevaliers was coined only in the 19th century.) Castle of Santiago Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Cádiz province, Andalucía, SPAIN . The Castle of Santiago was constructed by the Second Duke of Medina-Sidonia (Enrique Perez de Guzman y Meneses) between 1477 and 1478. The style is late Gothic. The castle is rectangular with towers around a central courtyard. Castillos de Monzón y Loarre Loarre, Huesca. SPAIN . The Loarre castle complex was built largely during the 11th and 12th centuries, when its position on the frontier between Christian and Muslim lands gave it strategic importance. The first of the two major building programs began ca. 1020, when Sancho el Mayor (r. 106394) reconquered the surrounding lands from the Muslims. At least three towers, two of which survive, the Homage tower (Torre del Homenaje) and the "Tower of the Queen" (Torre de la Reina), are attributed to this campaign. The Homage tower was built in an isolated position in front of the fortifications, to which it was connected by a wooden bridge. The Torre de la Reinahas both Lombard and Mozarabic architectural forms. Saint Catalina's Castle (Castillo de Santa Catalina) Cerro de Santa Catalina, overlooking the city of Jaén, Andalusia, SPAIN The castle began as an 8th Century Moorish fortress last improved by the Nasrid King Abdallah ibn al-Ahmar (who also built Alhambra). Earlier there was a tower known as Hannibal's Tower, of which traces remain. After King Ferdinand III of Castile captured the city in 1246 following the Siege of Jaén, he commenced a transformation of the castle, including construction of what became known as the New Castle on the eastern extreme of the hill. The construction in 1965 of a parador resulted in the destruction of many of the elements of the Old Castle. The few remnants of the original fortress occupy the western extreme of the hill. Ribat of Monastir TUNISIA Ribat of Monastir on the Mediterranean coast is the oldest and largest Maghreb Ribat. Built in 796 by the Abbasid general and governor of Ifriqiya, Harthimâ Ibn Ayûn, the complex that can be seen today is the result of a long evolution of successive additions and changes. The original nucleus of the building presents a regular plan with massive façades with cylindrical towers at the corners and a watchtower located to the southeast. The courtyard is lined with galleries which open on several stories. south of Alford, Aberdeenshire, SCOTLAND . Craigievar Castle was the seat of Clan Sempill and the Forbes family who resided here for 350 years until 1963, when the property was given to the National Trust for Scotland. An example of the original Scottish Baronial architecture, the seven-storey castle was completed in 1626 by the Aberdonian merchant William Forbes. Forbes purchased the partially completed structure from the Mortimer family in the year 1610. Designed in the L plan, Craigievar is noted for its exceptionally crafted plasterwork ceilings. The ceilings feature plaster figures of the Nine Worthies and other family emblems. Bled Castle above the city of Bled, Slovenia. Bled Castle (Slovene: Blejski grad, German: Burg Veldes) is a medieval castle built on a precipice overlooking Lake Bled. It was first mentioned in a 1011 deed of donation issued by Emperor Henry II in favour of the Bishops of Brixen. It passed to the Austrian House of Habsburg in 1278. The oldest part of the castle is the Romanesque tower. In the Middle Ages more towers were built and the fortifications were improved. Other buildings were constructed in the Renaissance style. The buildings are arranged around two courtyards connected by a staircase. The castle also has a drawbridge over a moat. Schloss Vetschau Vetschau, Oberspreewald-Lausitzt, Brandenburg, GERMANY . The Vetschau Castle is a castle built in the Renaissance style in the Spreewald Standing on a small rise, the three-storey buildings are grouped around a small rectangular courtyard. The present appearance of the castle, built from 1538, is due to alterations in the years 1860-1870. The tower is provided with a lantern crowned by a dome. Valencia de Don Juan León, Castile and León, SPAIN . Originally called Valencia de Campos, it was renamed after its First Lord, Infante John of Portugal. Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles (Qala'at Sanjil) Tripoli LEBANON The citadel takes its name from Raymond IV, Raymond de Saint-Gilles, the Count of Toulouse and Crusader commander. He started its construction on a hilltop outside Tripoli in 1103 in order to lay siege to the city during the First Crusade. Later, Raymond enlarged the fortress, which he named Mont Peregrinus ("Mount Pilgrim"). Iit is not be confused with the Citadel of Tripoli, built by the Arabs in 636 and subsequently enlarged and modified by the Fatamids of Egypt and, later, by the Crusaders and Ottomans). Laarne Castle Laarne, East Flanders, BELGIUM . Laarne Castle (Kasteel van Laarne) is a moated castle, established in the 11th or 12th century to guard the approaches to Ghent from the sea, it was comprehensively renovated in the 17th century. Since 1953 the castle has belonged to the Koninklijke Vereniging der Historische Woonsteden en Tuinen van België ("The Royal Association of Historical Houses and Gardens in Belgium"), to whom it was given by the last private owner, the Comte de Ribaucourt. It is a protected national monument and is now used as a museum. Eggenberg (Schloss Eggenberg) AUSTRIA Eggenberg Palace is the most significant Baroque palace complex in Styria. In 2010, Schloss Eggenberg was recognized for its significance to cultural history in an expansion to the listing of the Graz Historic Old Town among UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Sites. Anholt Castle District of Borken, North Rhine Westphalia, GERMANY The Lordship of Anholt was a state of the Holy Roman Empire. It was an imperial estate and a member of the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle. The Lordship bordered three larger states: the Duchy of Guelders, the Bishopric of Münster, and the Duchy of Cleves. Alarcon Castle Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, SPAIN . In 1177 Ferren Martínez de Ceballos led the Christian forces which captured Alarcón - then an important fortress - from the Almohads. . Tarasp Castle Lower Engadin, Graubünden, SWITZERLAND Chastè da Tarasp (Tarasp Castle or in German, Schloss Tarasp) sits on a hill top near Tarasp. Located in the Romansh speaking area of Switerland, it is a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Château de Rambures FRANCE . The château was constructed in the the 15th century in the style of a late medieval military fortress. It was one of the first castles in Europe to be constructed almost exclusively in bricks. The castle is set in a park, the Parc et Roseraie du Château de Rambures containing a rose garden and ancient trees. It has been classified as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1927. The Entrance Hall Blair Castle, Blair Atholl, Perthshire, SCOTLAND Blair Castle is the ancestral home of the Clan Murray, and was historically the seat of their chief, the Duke of Atholl, The castle stands in Glen Garry, and commands a strategic position on the main route through the central Scottish Highlands. The oldest part of the castle is the six-storey Cummings or Comyn's Tower, which retains some13th-century fabric, though it was largely built in the 15th century. The castle is a category A listed building, and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland. Orford Castle, Orford, Suffolk, ENGLAND Orford Castle was built between 1165 and 1173 by King Henry II of ENGLAND to consolidate royal power in the region. The well-preserved keep, "one of the most remarkable keeps in ENGLAND ", is of a unique design and probably based on Byzantine architecture (brought back by crusaders). Laolongtou or The Old Dragons Head part of the Shanhai Pass (also known as Shanhaiguan) of the Great Wall of CHINA Umaid Bhawan Palace INDIA Umaid Bhawan Palace is one of the world's largest private residences. Named after Maharaja Umaid Singh, grandfather of the present owners of the palace, this monument has 347 rooms and serves as the principal residence of the Jodhpur royal family. The present owner of the Palace is Maharaja of Jodhpur Gaj Singh. The Palace is divided into three functional parts - the residence of the royal family, the Taj Palace Hotel and a Museum focusing on the 20th century history of the Royal Family. Above average Sand Castles San Lorenzo de El Escorial northwest of Madrid, SPAIN . El Escorial is a historical residence of the King of Spain, It functions as a monastery, royal palace, museum, and school. Originally a property of the Hieronymite monks, the monastery monastery now belongs to the Order of Saint Augustine. Philip II of Spain, engaged the Spanish architect, Juan Bautista de Toledo, to be his collaborator in the design of El Escorial. Philip appointed him architect-royal in 1559, and together they designed El Escorial as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world. On 2 November 1984, UNESCO declared The Royal Seat of San Lorenzo of El Escorial a World Heritage Site. Castelo de Évoramonte Evoramonte (officially Évora Monte), Estremoz, Alentejo Central, PORTUGAL . The Roman walls of Barcelona. Barcelona is now the capital city of the autonomous community of Catalonia in SPAIN The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends. The first attributes the founding of the city to Hercules. The second to the Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca, (father of Hannibal) who named the city Barcino after his family in the 3rd century BC. About 15 BC, the Romans created a castrum here centred on the "Mons Taber". The colony bore the name of Faventia, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino, or Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino.. The Roman city minted its own coins. The typically Roman grid plan is still visible today in the layout of the historical centre. Some fragments of the Roman walls have been incorporated into the cathedral. The city was subsequently conquered by the Visigoths in the early 5th century. After being conquered by the Arabs in the early 8th century, it was conquered in 801 by Charlemagne's son Louis, who made Barcelona the seat of the Carolingian "Hispanic March" (Marca Hispanica), a buffer zone ruled by the Count of Barcelona. Ávila Town walls Ávila, Castile and León, SPAIN . Ávila is sometimes called the Town of Stones and Saints. It is notable for having complete and prominent medieval town walls, built in the Romanesque style. The town is also known as Ávila de los Caballeros, Ávila del Rey and Ávila de los Leales (Ávila of the Knights, the King and the Loyalists). It is "perhaps the most 16th-century town in Spain". It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985. Corvin Castle aka Corvins' Castle, Hunyad Castle or Hunedoara Castle [Castelul Huniazilor or Castelul Corvinilor (Romanian)] [Vajdahunyad vára (Hungarian)] Hunedoara, Transylvania Dornie, Kyle of Lochalsh IV40 8DX, SCOTLAND Eilean Donan is a castle and small tidal island where three lochs meet, Loch Duich, Loch Long and Loch Alsh, in the western Highlands of Scotland. The castle was founded in the thirteenth century, and became a stronghold of the Clan Mackenzie and their allies the Clan Macrae. Between 1919 and 1932 the castle was rebuilt by Lt. Col. John MacRae-Gilstrap. The restoration included the construction of an arched bridge to give easier access to the island. Burg Hochosterwitz near Sankt Georgen am Längsee, east of the town of Sankt Veit an der Glan in the state of Carinthia Hochosterwitz Castle is considered to be one of Austria's most impressive medieval castles. There are 14 defensive gates, each equipped with different methods of guarding the path. Local legend maintains that the castle has never been conquered and that none of the attacks managed to get beyond the fourth gate. Harlaxton Manor Harlaxton, Lincolnshire, ENGLAND Harlaxton Manor, built in 1837, is a manor house which combines elements of Jacobean and Elizabethan styles with symmetrical Baroque massing. The manor is a popular location for filming. Exterior and interior shots have been featured in the films The Ruling Class, The Last Days of Patton, The Lady and the Highwayman, The Haunting, and The Young Visiters. It is now part of the University of Evansville's British campus. La porte Notre Dame FRANCE The Château de Fougères is a castle was built on a naturally protected site, a rock emerging from a swamp surrounded by a loop of the Nançon river acting as a natural moat. It had three rings of defense. In all it has 13 towers. The first wooden fort was built by the House of Amboise in the eleventh century. It was destroyed in 1166 after it was besieged and taken by King Henry II of ENGLAND . It was immediately rebuilt by Raoul II Baron de Fougères. Today the castle belongs to the municipality of Fougères and is one of Europe's largest medieval fortresses. Po Shanu Cham Towers VIETNAM West of Mui Ne, the Po Shanu Cham towers, remnants of the once flourishing Cham empire, occupy a hill near Phan Thiet, with sweeping views of the town. Dating from the 9th century, this complex consists of the ruins of three towers, none of which is in very good shape, largely due to destructive restoration efforts. Palmanova Friuli-Venezia Giulia, ITALY . The town of Palmanova is an example of star fort of the Late Renaissance. It was built by the Venetians in 1593. Palmanova Friuli-Venezia Giulia, ITALY . The town of Palmanova is an example of star fort of the Late Renaissance. It was built by the Venetians in 1593. You can just make out the star shaped defences outside the town at the top of the photograph. Palmanova Friuli-Venezia Giulia, ITALY . The town of Palmanova is an example of star fort of the Late Renaissance. It was built by the Venetians in 1593. . FRANCE . Château d'Apremont overlooks the River Allier. It lies on the limits of Berry. Not much remains of the great Anglo-Burgundian fortress with its 14 towers dating from the fifteenth century. The Château was classified as as a monument historique in 1989. Schloss Celle Celle, Lower Saxony, GERMANY Also known as das Celler Schloss and as Celle Palace, this quadrangular building was one of the residences of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg. The castle has rooms and halls datig back to different periods. The court chapel was converted after the Reformation and has been preserved almost unchanged with its Renaissance architecture. The baroque-style state rooms have also been preserved. In the Gothic Hall there are constantly changing exhibitions and in the East Wing is a section of Celle's Bomann Museum, dedicated to the history of the Kingdom of Hanover. The historic castle rooms and the castle chapel, restored between 1978 and 1981, may be visited as part of a guided tour. Garsington Manor Garsington, near Oxford, ENGLAND Garsington Manor is a Tudor building, built on land once owned by the son of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer. At one time it was called Chaucers. Lady Ottoline and her husband, Philip Morrell, bought the manor house in 1914.They restored the house and Garsington became a haven for the Morrells friends, including D. H. Lawrence, Siegfried Sassoon, Lytton Strachey, Aldous Huxley, Mark Gertler, and Bertrand Russell. Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire, ENGLAND Blenheim Palace is a monumental country house and the principal residence of the dukes of Marlborough. The palace, one of ENGLAND 's largest houses, was built between 1705 and circa 1722. as a reward to John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, from a grateful nation for the duke's military triumphs against the French and Bavarians during the War of the Spanish Succession, culminating in the 1704 Battle of Blenheim. Following the palace's completion, it became the home of the Churchill, later Spencer-Churchill, family for the next 300 years. The palace is s the birthplace and ancestral home of Sir Winston Churchill. It is the only non-royal non-episcopal building in ENGLAND to hold the title of palace. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. King John's Castle (Irish: Caisleán Luimnigh), King's Island, Limerick, Ireland. King John's Castle is a 13th-century castle located next to the River Shannon. Although the site dates back to 922 when the Vikings lived on the Island, the castle itself was built on the orders of King John in 1200. One of the best preserved Norman castles in Europe, the walls, towers and fortifications remain today and are visitor attractions. FRANCE . Built in the 14th century, the castle has been listed as a Monument historique since 1968 by the French Ministry of Culture. The Château de Fougères FRANCE . Château de Fougères is Fougères' most famous monument and attraction. It is a medieval stronghold built on a granite ledge. It played an imporant part in the Duchy of Brittany's ultimately unsuccessful defence against French annexation in 1532. Château de Chenonceau FRANCE The estate of Chenonceau is first mentioned in writing in the 11th century. The current château was built in 15141522 on the foundations of an old mill and was later extended to span the river. The bridge over the river was built (1556-1559) to designs by the French Renaissance architect Philibert de l'Orme, and the gallery on the bridge (15701576) to designs by Jean Bullant The château has been classified as a Monument historique since 1840 by the French Ministry of Culture. It is one of the most famous Loire Valley châteaux. The Château de Fougères-sur-Bièvre, FRANCE . Originally an 11th-century structure, the castle was rebuilt at the end of the 15th century, only the large square keep being preserved. The first changes retained military features(ditches, cannon-holes, wall walk) but more Renaissance refinements were added later, such as a gallery, mullioned windows and steep-sloped roofs. The castle was purchased and restored by the state in the 1930s. It has been listed since 1912 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. Bruce Castle (Lordship House) Lordship Lane, Tottenham, London Bruce Castle (formerly the Lordship House) is a Grade I listed 16th-century manor house.. It is named after the House of Bruce who formerly owned the land on which it is built. The current house is one of the oldest surviving English brick houses. It was remodelled in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The building also houses the archives of the London Borough of Haringey. Since 1892 the grounds have been a public park. FRANCE . This stronghold at the edge of the Chinon forest overlooking the Indre Valley was first fortified in the eleventh century by the Norman seigneur of Ussé, Gueldin de Saumur, who surrounded the fort with a palisade on a high terrace. The site passed to the Comte de Blois, who rebuilt in stone. It was completed in 1612. The flamboyant Gothic style is mixed with new Renaissance motifs, and began the process of rebuilding the fifteenth-century château that resulted in the sixteenth-seventeenth century aspect of the structure to be seen today. It is classified as a monument historique since 1931 by the French Ministry of Culture. The Château de Fougères-sur-Bièvre FRANCE . Originally an 11th-century structure, the castle was rebuilt at the end of the 15th century, only the large square keep being preserved. The first changes retained military features(ditches, cannon-holes, wall walk) but more Renaissance refinements were added later, such as a gallery, mullioned windows and steep-sloped roofs. The castle was purchased and restored by the state in the 1930s. It has been listed since 1912 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. Bojnice Castle Bojnice, SLOVAKIA Bojnice Castle, dating from the 12th century, is today a Romantic castle with Gothic and Renaissance elements Bojnice Castle is one of the most visited castles in Slovakia. Château de Biron FRANCE The Château de Biron is a large castle in the valley of the Lède. It was the castle from which the Gontaut-Biron took their name. It was their seat from the twelfth century. Biron was seized by Simon IV de Montfort in 1212 from forces sypathetic to the Cathars. The Plantagenets held it at times during the 14th and 15th centuries. Biron was erected as a duché-pairie in 1598, for Charles de Gontaut, created duc de Biron. The present château bears additions over the centuries: notably a twelfth-century keep and sixteenth-century living quarters and vaulted kitchens. Since 1928, it has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. The local commune purchased the Château de Biron in 1978, with a view to restoring it as a tourist attraction. Edinburgh Castle, Castle Rock, Edinburgh, SCOTLAND Edinburgh Castle is a historic fortress diminating the skyline of the city of Edinburgh. There has been a royal castle on the rock since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century. As one of the most important strongholds in the Kingdom of Scotland, Edinburgh Castle was involved in many historical conflicts from the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century to the Jacobite Rising of 1745. The castle houses the Scottish regalia, known as the Honours of Scotland and is the site of the Scottish National War Memorial and the National War Museum of Scotland. The British Army is still responsible for some parts of the castle. The castle is in the care of Historic Scotland and is Scotland's most-visited paid tourist attraction. As the backdrop to the Edinburgh Military Tattoo during the annual Edinburgh International Festival the castle has become a recognisable symbol of Edinburgh and of Scotland. Highclere Castle Hampshire, ENGLAND , Highclere Castle is a country house in the Jacobethan style, with a park designed by Capability Brown. It is the country seat of the Earl of Carnarvon, head of a branch of the Anglo-Welsh Herbert family. Highclere Castle is the main filming location for the British television period drama Downton Abbey. The Castle and gardens are open to the public during July and August and at times during the rest of the year. Walmer Castle, Walmer, Kent, ENGLAND . Walmer Castle was built by Henry VIII in 15391540 as an artillery fortress to counter the threat of invasion from Catholic France and Spain. It was part of his programme to create a chain of coastal defences along ENGLAND 's coast known as the Device Forts or as Henrician Castles. It was one of three forts constructed to defend the Downs, an area of safe anchorage protected by the Goodwin Sands. The other forts were at Deal and Sandown. The castle is now owned and managed by English Heritage. The Château de Lichtenberg Lichtenberg, northern Vosges, Bas-Rhin department, Alsace, FRANCE . The Château de Lichtenberg is a castle built on a singular prominence, built in the 13th century by the Hanau-Lichtenberg family. It was in the center of a constantly shifting territory, which traded hands many times until the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, when it was partly destroyed by artillery fire and the resulting fires. It was left to deteriorate for 120 years. In the 1990s, a massive consolidation project was undertaken on the ruins, with an investment of 52 million francs. Caernarfon Castle (Welsh: Castell Caernarfon) Caernarfon, Gwynedd, north-west WALES There was a motte-and-bailey castle in the town of Caernarfon from the late 11th century until 1283 when King Edward I of ENGLAND began replacing it with the current stone structure. The Edwardian town and castle acted as the administrative centre of north Wales and as a result the defences were built on a grand scale. There was a deliberate link with Caernarfon's Roman past nearby is the Roman fort of Segontium and the castle's walls are reminiscent of the Walls of Constantinople. While the castle was under construction, town walls were built around Caernarfon. The work cost between £20,000 and £25,000 from the start until the end of work in 1330. Despite Caernarfon Castle's external appearance of being mostly complete, the interior buildings no longer survive and many of the building plans were never finished. The town and castle were sacked in 1294 when Madog ap Llywelyn led a rebellion against the English. Caernarfon was recaptured the following year. During the Glyndwr Rising of 14001415, the castle was besieged. When the Tudor dynasty ascended to the English throne in 1485, tensions between the Welsh and English began to diminish and castles were considered less important. As a result, Caernarfon Castle was allowed to fall into a state of disrepair. During the English Civil War Caernarfon Castle was held by Royalists, and was besieged three times by Parliamentarian forces. Caernarfon Castle was neglected until the 19th century when the state funded repairs. In 1911, Caernarfon Castle was used for the investiture of the Prince of Wales, and again in 1969. It is part of the World Heritage Site "Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd" Tamworth Castle Tamworth, Staffordshire, ENGLAND . Overlooking the River Tame, the site has been fortified since Anglo-Saxon times, when Ethelfleda, the Mercian Queen, built a burh to defend against Danes in 913. It served as a residence of the Mercian kings. Rebuilt and enlarged by the Normans, it is today one of the best preserved Norman motte-and-bailey castles in ENGLAND . Today it is a monument of local council philistinism, surrounded by ugly modern housing. The present castle was constructed by the Norman invaders in the 1080s, occupying the south western part of the earlier burh. It dates primarily from the 11th and 12th century and was constructed in the typical Norman motte and bailey fashion. Following the Norman Invasion of 1066, Tamworth was granted to Robert Despenser, steward to William the Conqueror. Robert died childless and so the castle passed to a daughter of his brother Urse d'Abetot's, Matilida, who married Robert de Marmion. The Marmion family, from Fontenay-le-Marmion, Normandy, held the castle for 6 generations from c.1100 - 1294. The Marmion family were hereditary champions to the Dukes of Normandy and then of the new Kings of ENGLAND . This role required them to offer a ceremonial challenge to those who would oppose the King. Tamworth Castle is a Grade I listed building. Château du Gué-Péan Windsor Castle, Windsor, Berkshire, ENGLAND Windsor Castle is a royal residence notable for its long association with the English and later British royal family and also for its architecture. The original castle was built in the 11th century after the Norman invasion by William the Conqueror. Since the time of Henry I, it has been used by succeeding monarchs and is the longest-occupied palace in Europe. More than five hundred people live and work in Windsor Castle. Originally designed to protect Norman dominance around the outskirts of London, and to oversee a strategically important part of the River Thames, Windsor Castle was built as a motte and bailey, with three wards surrounding a central mound. Gradually replaced with stone fortifications, the castle withstood a prolonged siege during the First Barons' War at the start of the 13th century. Henry III built a luxurious royal palace within the castle during the middle of the century, and Edward III went further, rebuilding the palace to produce an even grander set of buildings. Edward's core design lasted through the Tudor period, during which Henry VIII and Elizabeth I made increasing use of the castle as a royal court and centre for diplomatic entertainment. Arundel Castle Arundel, West Sussex, ENGLAND . Arundel Castle is a restored medieval castle. It was established by Roger de Montgomery on Christmas Day 1067. Roger became the first to hold the earldom of Arundel under William the Conqueror. The castle was damaged in the English Civil War and then restored in the 18th and 19th centuries. From the 11th century onward, the castle has served as a hereditary stately home and has been in the family of the Duke of Norfolk for over 400 years. The castle was damaged in the English Civil War and then restored in the 18th and 19th centuries. It is still the principal seat of the Norfolk family. It is a Grade I listed building Château de Menthon Saint-Bernard Ljubljana Castle (Slovene: Ljubljanski Grad) Ljubljana, Slovenia. Ljubljana Castle is located on Castle Hill (Grajski gric) overlooking the old town of Ljubljana. The area has been settled continuously since 1200 BC. The hill probably became a Roman army stronghold after fortifications were built in Illyrian and Celtic times. In 1335 it became property of the House of Habsburg. In the 15th century it was almost completely demolished and rebuilt with a complete wall and towers at the entrance. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the castle became an arsenal and a military hospital. It was damaged during the Napoleonic period and, once back in the Austrian Empire, became a prison, which it remained until 1905, resuming that function during World War II. Château Comtal FRANCE . The Castle of Raymond Roger Trencavel, Viscount of Carcassonne, Béziers, Albi and the Razès. He died in his own prison here in 1209, aged 24, after being taken prisoner while under a safe-conduct from the Cistercian Abbot Arnaud Amaury the papal legate and military leader of the Albigensian Crusade who was besieging Carcassonne (and who then appointed Simon de Montfort as military leader of the crusade). The White Tower, Tower of London Borough of Tower Hamlets, London, ENGLAND Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, known as the Tower of London, is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. It is separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of ENGLAND . The castle was used as a prison from 1100 (Ranulf Flambard) until 1952 (Kray twins), although that was not its primary purpose. It served as a royal residence. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. There were several phases of expansion, mainly under Kings Richard the Lionheart, Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site. The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history. It was besieged several times and controlling it has been important to controlling the country. The Tower has served variously as an armoury, a treasury, a menagerie, the home of the Royal Mint, a public records office, and the home of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. it is cared for by the charity Historic Royal Palaces and is protected as a World Heritage Site. Ceramic poppies at the Tower of London, 2014. Installation Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red, marking the centenary of the outbreak of the First World War. Created by ceramic artist Paul Cummins, with setting by stage designer Tom Piper, 888,246 ceramic poppies progressively fill the Towers moat, each poppy representing a British fatality during the First World War. Garsington Manor Garsington, near Oxford, ENGLAND . Garsington Manor is a Tudor building, built on land once owned by the son of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer. At one time it was called "Chaucers". Lady Ottoline and her husband, Philip Morrell, bought the manor house in 1914.They restored the house and Garsington became a haven for the Morrells friends, including D. H. Lawrence, Siegfried Sassoon, Lytton Strachey, Aldous Huxley, Mark Gertler, and Bertrand Russell. Classiebawn Castle Mullaghmore peninsula near Cliffoney, County Sligo, Republic of Ireland. Classiebawn Castle is a country house built for Viscount Palmerston on what was formerly a 10,000 acre estate. The current castle was largely built in the nineteenth century and is seen here against the Benbulbin. It was designed in the Baronial style by J. Rawson Carrol, and is constructed from a yellow-brown sandstone from County Donegal. It comprises a gabled range with a central tower topped by a conical roofed turret. Château St-Ferriol FRANCE . The Château St-Ferriol, is a late-medieval / early Renaissance castle in the heart of Cathar Country, built by a family (de Planh in Occitan or de Plaigne in French) at least three members of which were besieged at Montsegur in 1244. The photo shows the Château in the early morning mist. Castle of Santiago Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Cádiz province, Andalucía, SPAIN . The Castle of Santiago was constructed by the Second Duke of Medina-Sidonia (Enrique Perez de Guzman y Meneses) between 1477 and 1478. The style is late Gothic. The castle is rectangular with towers around a central courtyard. Le château de la Ferté La Ferté-Saint-Aubin, Loiret, Centre One of the famous châteaux de la Loire. Burg Gudenau Wachtberg, Rhein-Sieg district, North Rhine-Westphalia, GERMANY . Castle Gudenau is a Wasserschloß - or moated castle. Design for a 'Device Fort' or 'Henrician Castle'. Castle design for King Henry VIII for a castle to defend the South Coast of ENGLAND . Deal Castle, Deal, Kent, ENGLAND . One of the most impressive of the Device Forts or Henrician Castles built by Henry VIII between 1539 and 1540 as an artillery fortress to counter the threat of invasion, brought about by the alliance between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King Francis I of France in 1538. Schloss Hof (Hof Palace) Lower AUSTRIA . Schloss Hof near the border of Slovakia. It once belonged to Prince Eugene of Savoy who purchased it in 1726, He had it enlarged in the Baroque style in 1729, and used it as an elaborate hunting lodge. He left it to a niece in his will, and it was later purchased by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and became part of the imperial estates. Château de Puilaurens Bolsover, Derbyshire, ENGLAND .Bolsover Castle was founded in the 12th century by the Peverel family, who also owned Peveril Castle in Derbyshire. The site is now in the care of English Heritage and is a Grade I listed building and a Scheduled Ancient Monument. Ceramic poppies at the Tower of London, 2014. Installation Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red, marking the centenary of the outbreak of the First World War. Created by ceramic artist Paul Cummins, with setting by stage designer Tom Piper, 888,246 ceramic poppies progressively fill the Towers moat, each poppy representing a British fatality during the First World War. Kimbolton Castle Kimbolton, Huntingdonshire district of Cambridgeshire, Engtland Kimbolton Castle is best known as the final home of King Henry VIII's first queen, Catherine of Aragon. Catherine was sent here in April 1534 for refusing to give up her status or deny the validity of her marriage. The fenland climate damaged her health, and she died here in January 1536. Her body was taken and buried in Peterborough Abbey (now Peterborough Cathedral). Originally a medieval castle it was converted into a stately palace, it was the family seat of the Dukes of Manchester from 1615 until 1950. It now houses Kimbolton School. Eltz Castle (Burg Eltz) a medieval castle in the hills above the Moselle River between Koblenz and Trier, GERMANY . The Eltz family lived there in the 12th century, 33 generations ago, and still does. About 100 members of the owners families lived in the over 100 rooms of the castle. It is a Ganerbenburg, or castle belonging to a community of joint heirs. It is divided into several parts, which belong to different branches of a family. In the case of Eltz, the family comprised three branches and the existing castle comprises three separate complexes of buildings The Rübenach and Rodendorf families homes in the castle are now open to the public, while the Kempenich branch of the family uses the other third of the castle. The main part of the castle consists of the family portions with up to eight stories and with eight towers reaching heights of between 30 and 40 meters. This is as close as reality gets to Mervyn Peakes Gormenghast Castle Bürresheim (Schloss Bürresheim), near Mayen, Rhineland-Palatinate, GERMANY . The castle consists of buildings constructed between the twelfth and the seventeenth century. Almost all of it is original, including the twelfth century keep, which is the oldest part. The castle was never taken or raised or slighted (unlike almost all other Rhine castles). It featured in the film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, in which it was called Brunwald Castle Niederfalkenstein (Falkenstein Castle) Niederfalkenstein is a castle complex near on the southern slope of the Hohe Tauern mountain range. The fortification was first mentioned as Valchenstain Castle in a deed of 1164. The former fortification of Oberfalkenstein is a ruin, while the lower barbican of Niederfalkenstein is preserved. Niederfalkenstein is situated at an altitude of 843 meters.. Alcazar Segovia, SPAIN . The Alcázar of Segovia (literally, The Castle of Segovia) is a stone fortification, rising out on a rocky crag above the confluence of the rivers Eresma and Clamores near the Guadarrama mountains. It is one of the most distinctive castle-palaces in Spain, shaped like the bow of a ship. (The photo shows only part of it) The Alcázar of Segovia, like many fortifications in Spain, started off as an Arab fort, which itself was built on a Roman fort but little of that structure remains. It has served as a royal palace, a state prison, a Royal Artillery College and a military academy since Moorish times. The Château de Mauvezin FRANCE The site, occupied since prehistory, was transformed into a castrum in the Middle Ages and later into a castle with a square plan. The present castle was built around 1380, by the great Gaston Phoebus, Count of Foix and Viscount of Béarn,. Foix along with Bigorre were absorbed into the Kingdom of France in 1607, after which the Count's castle fell into disuse. It was dismantled its stones being used for other buildings. Today, the castle is being restored. It is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. The Hall Oxford, ENGLAND . The Hall is a vestige of the main room in castles and other great medieval buildings (such as Westminster Hall). All traditional Oxford and Cambridge Colleges have them - the colleges have retained the tradition of everyone eating together, as have the Inns of Court and many public (ie private) schools. Such halls are often now called Great Halls or Dining Halls since the idea of a hall has changed to no more than an entrance or vestibule. ("Refectories" are for monasteries and aspirational modern institutions) The tables here have individual seats rather than the traditional benches. Until recently, before Health and Safety moved in, it was normal practice for undergraduates to walk over the tables to get to their benches on the other side of the table. You can just see the High Table at the far end. Christ Church College is usually called just Christ Church, or for those in the know "The House". It was originally called Cardinal's College after its founder Cardinal Wolsey. It still bears his arms. It has a certain prestige - it was re-founded by Henry VIII, it has produced 13 British Prime Ministers and its chapel is a cathedral. The hall here was used as a model for the hall at Hogwarts in the Harry Potter films. The college is the setting for parts of Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead Revisited, as well as part of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and also the film adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel Northern Lights. The Veste Coburg, or Coburg Fortress, on a hill above the city of Coburg, Bavaria, GERMANY . Veste Coburg (also called the "Franconian Crown" )is one of GERMANY 's largest castles. It dominates the town of Coburg on Bavaria's border with Thuringia. The Veste Coburg was the historical seat of the independent duchy of Coburg in Franconia, now part of the German state of Bavaria. Martin Luther lived in the Veste for a number of months during the Diet of Augsburg in 1530. In the twentieth century, the castle was the residence of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, a grandson of Queen Victoria, who was also (until 1919) the 2nd Duke of Albany in the United Kingdom. Inchdrewer Castle Banff, Aberdeenshire, SCOTLAND . Inchdrewer Castle is a 16th-century tower house in the northeast of Scotland. Originally owned by the Currour family, it was purchased by the Ogilvies of Dunlugas in 1557 and became their main family seat. It became uninhabited after 1836 and the structure deteriorated. It is a category A listed building. The former model Olga Roh bought it in 2014 intending to restore it. The Evenburg Loga (or Leer), Lower Saxony, GERMANY . The Evenburg is a water castle not far from the River Leda. In 1861/62, the building was rebuilt in the Neo-Gothic style. After recent extensive renovation work the Evenburg is now home to various institutions including the Education Academy of East Frisia and a college for grammar school teachers. Château des Allymes FRANCE The Château des Allymes is a thirteenth-century castle, rebuilt in the sixteenth century and restored in the nineteenth. It was built around 1310, overlooking the plain of Ain from a height of some 800 m, It is a typical medieval stone castle a large stronghold, built with a commanding the plain below. The quadrangular enclosure of the castle is flanked by a large cylindrical donjon of the Roman type and by a round tower, the two connected by four curtain walls. The exterior features a large wall 90 metres long terminating in a lookout tower that once protected an adjoining town. The Château des Allymes became French by the Treaty of Lyon in 1601 when King Henri IV attached Bugey to the Kingdom of France. At the time it was in a strategic military position as it was near the border with Savoy, then an independent state. In 1960 the Château des Allymes was classed a monument historique. The roof and frame of the round tower were restored in 1977, the four curtain walls in 1984 and the barbican at the main entrance in 1991. Châteaux de La Roche-Guyon FRANCE The original château fort was built on the hill here in the 12th century, controlling a crossing of the Seine, and a route to Normandy. The donjon (keep) can still be seen at the top of the photo. In the mid-13th century, a fortified manor house (the château-bas) was added below. The lord here, Guy de La Roche fell at the Battle of Agincourt, and his widow was ousted from the Roche, after six months of siege. The Château-bas was largely extended in the 18th century. During the Second World War, it was used as German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel's headquarters. The Castle of Cardona, Cardona, Catalonia, SPAIN . The Castle of Cardona (Catalan: Castell de Cardona) is a medieval fortress situated on a hill overlooking the valley of the Cardener river. A fortress was constructed here by Wilfred the Hairy in 886. The 11th century torre de la minyona is a tower measuring 15 metres in height and 10 in diameter. A Romanesque Church dedicated to Sant Vicenç de Cardona stands adjacent to the castle. Today the castle is used as a parador, a state-run hotel. Because of its history, it has become significant to the Catalonian independence movement Château de Sully-sur-Loire FRANCE The Château de Sully-sur-Loire is a a château-fort, a true castle, built to control one of the few sites where the Loire can be forded. It has been converted to a palatial seigneurial residence. The Château was the seat of the ducs de Sully. In 1716 and again in 1719 the château offered refuge to Voltaire after he had been exiled from Paris for affronting the Régent, Philippe, duc d'Orléans. The Château remained in the possession of the Sully family until 1962 when it became the property of the Département du Loiret. The Château de Sully-sur-Loire is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. Bouzov Castle between Hvozdek and Bouzov, Moravia, CZECH REPUBLIC . Bouzov Castle (Czech: Hrad Bouzov) built on a hill is an early 14th-century fortress first mentioned in 1317. In 1558 the castle burned down. In 1696 the barony was bought by the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. The Grand Master from 1799 to 1839, Archduke Eugen Habsburg, decided to rebuild it in a Romantic, Neo-Gothic style. Today an eight-storey watchtower dominates the complex. The buildings are grouped around it in the form of a horseshoe. Two bridges, ending with a short drawbridge, span the deep dry moat around the castle. Since 1999 the castle has been a national monument. Le Château d'Ô FRANCE An eleventh century fortress stood here. A later castle was constructed by Robert VII d'Ô (who was killed at Agincourt in 1415), and refurbished over the subsequent centuries. The château is built on an island in the centre of a lake. The site, rectangular in shape with two towers, contains a courtyard with an upper gallery. It was classified as a monument historique in stages between 1964 and 1973 The dining room set for a Regency-era dinner. Attingham Park near Atcham, Shropshire, ENGLAND . Attingham Park is a Neoclassical country house and estate, finished in 1785. The Attingham Estate, comprising the mansion and some 650 acres, was gifted to the National Trust in 1947. The house is a Grade I listed building. Attingham Park is now the regional headquarters of the National Trust. Château de Chissay FRANCE Situated between Montrichard and Chenonceaux, this former fortified castle was built under Charles the 7th for Pierre Bérard, chancellor of France. In 1543 Bérard sold the estate to the king's treasurer and superintendent of finance, for £16 690. The castle remained in the family, then passed into the hands of Duke of Choiseul until the eve of the revolution. Today it is an hotel. Longleat Warminster, Wiltshire BA12 7NW, ENGLAND . Longleat is an English stately home and the seat of the Marquesses of Bath. It is noted for its Elizabethan country house, maze, landscaped parkland and safari park. The house is set in parkland landscaped by Capability Brown. Longleat is occupied by Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath. Longleat, Warminster, Wiltshire BA12 7NW, ENGLAND . Longleat is an English stately home and the seat of the Marquesses of Bath. It is noted for its Elizabethan country house, maze, landscaped parkland and safari park. The house is set in parkland landscaped by Capability Brown. Longleat is occupied by Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath. Windsor Castle, Windsor, Berkshire, ENGLAND Windsor Castle is a royal residence notable for its long association with the English and later British royal family and also for its architecture. The original castle was built in the 11th century after the Norman invasion by William the Conqueror. Since the time of Henry I, it has been used by succeeding monarchs and is the longest-occupied palace in Europe. More than five hundred people live and work in Windsor Castle. Originally designed to protect Norman dominance around the outskirts of London, and to oversee a strategically important part of the River Thames, Windsor Castle was built as a motte and bailey, with three wards surrounding a central mound. Gradually replaced with stone fortifications, the castle withstood a prolonged siege during the First Barons' War at the start of the 13th century. Henry III built a luxurious royal palace within the castle during the middle of the century, and Edward III went further, rebuilding the palace to produce an even grander set of buildings. Edward's core design lasted through the Tudor period, during which Henry VIII and Elizabeth I made increasing use of the castle as a royal court and centre for diplomatic entertainment. Lutsk High Castle, also known as Lubart's Castle Lutsk, Lutsk Raion, Volyn Oblastnorth western UKRAINE . Lubart's Castle began its life in the mid-14th century as the fortified seat of Gediminas' son Liubartas (Lubart), the last ruler of united Galicia-Volhynia. It is the most prominent landmark of Lutsk, Ukraine and appears on the 200 hryvnia bill. The current castle, towering over the Styr River, was built mostly in the 1340s, although some parts of the earlier walls were used. It repelled sieges by numerous potentates, Three main towers, named after Lubart, vitrigaila and the Bishop, were built in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries. The walls of the castle formerly enclosed St. John's Cathedral, the residence of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, and an episcopal palace. Of these buildings, only the Neoclassical palace of the bishops still stands. 1,160 Jews were murdered within the walls of the castle on July 2, 1941. Medieval Kitchen Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, ENGLAND . The hall was built by Sir Thomas Burgh in 1460. In 1484 Sir Thomas entertained King Richard III in his hall. King Henry VIII visited Gainsborough twice; once in 1509 and again in 1541 with the doomed Queen Catherine Howard. The Queen was accused of indiscretions both at Gainsborough and nearby Lincoln, for which she was executed. The Old Hall has changed very little over the years. It is principally a timber framed building, giving it its characteristic 'striped' or 'black and white' appearance. On the north east corner is a brick tower. The Hall with its elaborate timber roof survives as well as the kitchenpossibly the most complete medieval kitchen in England. The kitchen still contains many original features, including two open fireplaces, each large enough to roast an ox, and two bread ovens served by a third chimney. Unfortunately some philistine has built an ugly council estate right next to the Hall. The Hall is now owned by English Heritage and is open to the public as a museum. It is listed as Grade I for Heritage Protection. Kilchurn Castle Loch Awe, Argyll and Bute, SCOTLAND . Kilchurn Castle is a ruined 15th and 17th century structure on a rocky peninsula at the northeastern end of Loch Awe Access to the Castle is sometimes restricted by higher-than-usual levels of water in the Loch, at which times the site becomes a temporary island. It was the ancestral home of the Campbells of Glen Orchy, later Earls of Breadalbane - the Breadalbane family branch, of the Clan Campbell. Inveraray Castle near Inveraray, Argyll, western SCOTLAND . Inveraray Castle is a country house on the shore of Loch Fyne, Scotlands longest sea loch. It has been the seat of the Duke of Argyll, chief of Clan Campbell since the 17th century. The house is a mostly mid-18th-century neo-Gothic design. The 13th Duke and his family live in private apartments occupying two floors and set between two of the castle's crenellated circular towers. Inveraray Castle is a Category A listed building. It is surrounded by a 16-acre garden and estate of 60,000 acres. In 2012, part of the Christmas episode of Downton Abbey was filmed here; the castle stood in for the fictional "Duneagle Castle." Glamis Castle, situated beside the village of Glamis, in Angus, SCOTLAND . It is the home of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne, and is open to the public. It has been the home of the Lyon family since the 14th century, though the present building dates largely from the 17th century. Glamis was the childhood home of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, wife of King George VI. Their second daughter, Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, was born there. The castle is protected as a category A listed building, and the grounds are included on the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens. Eilean Donan (Eilean Donnain) Dornie, Kyle of Lochalsh IV40 8DX, SCOTLAND Eilean Donan is a castle and small tidal island where three lochs meet, Loch Duich, Loch Long and Loch Alsh, in the western Highlands of Scotland. The castle was founded in the thirteenth century, and became a stronghold of the Clan Mackenzie and their allies the Clan Macrae. Between 1919 and 1932 the castle was rebuilt by Lt. Col. John MacRae-Gilstrap. The restoration included the construction of an arched bridge to give easier access to the island. Dornie, Kyle of Lochalsh IV40 8DX, SCOTLAND Eilean Donan is a castle and small tidal island where three lochs meet, Loch Duich, Loch Long and Loch Alsh, in the western Highlands of Scotland. The castle was founded in the thirteenth century, and became a stronghold of the Clan Mackenzie and their allies the Clan Macrae. Between 1919 and 1932 the castle was rebuilt by Lt. Col. John MacRae-Gilstrap. The restoration included the construction of an arched bridge to give easier access to the island. Dornie, Kyle of Lochalsh IV40 8DX, SCOTLAND Eilean Donan is a castle and small tidal island where three lochs meet, Loch Duich, Loch Long and Loch Alsh, in the western Highlands of Scotland. The castle was founded in the thirteenth century, and became a stronghold of the Clan Mackenzie and their allies the Clan Macrae. Between 1919 and 1932 the castle was rebuilt by Lt. Col. John MacRae-Gilstrap. The restoration included the construction of an arched bridge to give easier access to the island. Dornie, Kyle of Lochalsh IV40 8DX, SCOTLAND Eilean Donan is a castle and small tidal island where three lochs meet, Loch Duich, Loch Long and Loch Alsh, in the western Highlands of Scotland. The castle was founded in the thirteenth century, and became a stronghold of the Clan Mackenzie and their allies the Clan Macrae. Between 1919 and 1932 the castle was rebuilt by Lt. Col. John MacRae-Gilstrap. The restoration included the construction of an arched bridge to give easier access to the island. Eilean Donan (Eilean Donnain) Dornie, Kyle of Lochalsh IV40 8DX, SCOTLAND Eilean Donan is a castle and small tidal island where three lochs meet, Loch Duich, Loch Long and Loch Alsh, in the western Highlands of Scotland. The castle was founded in the thirteenth century, and became a stronghold of the Clan Mackenzie and their allies the Clan Macrae. Between 1919 and 1932 the castle was rebuilt by Lt. Col. John MacRae-Gilstrap. The restoration included the construction of an arched bridge to give easier access to the island. north of Golspie, Highland area, SCOTLAND Dunrobin Castle is a stately homeand the family seat of the Earl of Sutherland and the Clan Sutherlan, overlooking the Dornoch Firth . During the Rising of 1745, Jacobites under Charles Edward Stuart stormed Dunrobin Castle without warning, because the Clan Sutherland supported the British government. The 17th Earl of Sutherland, who had changed his surname from Gordon to Sutherland, narrowly escaped them, leaving through a back door. He sailed for Aberdeen where he joined the Duke of Cumberland's army. Dunrobin's origins lie in the Middle Ages, but most of the present building and the gardens was added by Sir Charles Barry between 1835 and 1850. Some of the original building is visible in the interior courtyard, despite a number of expansions and alterations. There are 189 rooms within the castle, making it the largest in the northern Highlands It is now open to the public. Falconry displays are held in the castle's gardens by a resident Falconer. Burleigh Castle Perth and Kinross, SCOTLAND The remains of Burleigh Castle are located just outside the village of Milnathort, 1.5 miles north of Kinross, and now sits beside the A911 road. The castle dates from the 15th and 16th centuries. The remains of the castle comprise the western part of what was once a square courtyard or barmkin. In the north-west corner, the original tower house survives largely intact (though one of the first floor windows has been greatly enlarged) to three storeys and a garret in height. The 5-foot-thick (1.5 m) walls rise to corbels which once supported a parapet walk. The roof and internal floors are now gone, although the vaulted basement remains. The turnpike stair in the north-east corner originally led up to a caphouse giving access to the parapet walk. To the south-west is a 16th-century corner tower, two storeys high above a basement, which retains its roof. The tower is round at the base, and corbelled out to a square upper storey, and is a particularly fine and picturesque example of Scottish baronial architecture of the period. The two surviving towers are connected by a section of curtain wall pierced by an arched gate. Though now only a 'skin' of masonry, this wall once fronted a two-storey gatehouse. With its string-course, hood-mould over the gateway and moulded surround formerly containing a heraldic panel, this wall is an excellent example of small-scale but refined architectural sophistication of its period in Scotland. Wijnendale, Torhout, West Flanders, BELGIUM . The present castle is largely a 19th-century reconstruction, but a part of the north wing is still 15th century. One wing is inhabited by the present owners. Another wing is a museum, open to the public. Bamburgh Castle Bamburgh, Northumberland, ENGLAND . Built on a dolerite outcrop, on the coast, the location was previously the site of a fort of the native Britons known as Din Guarie and may have been the capital of the local British kingdom from the realm's foundation in c.420 until 547. In that year the citadel was captured by the Anglo-Saxon ruler Ida of Bernicia (Beornice) and became Ida's seat. It was briefly retaken by the Britons from his son Hussa during the war of 590 before being relieved later the same year. The Normans built a new castle on the site, which forms the core of the present one. William II unsuccessfully besieged it in 1095 during a revolt supported by its owner, Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria. After Robert was captured, his wife continued the defence until forced to surrender by the king's threat to blind her husband. Bamburgh then became the property of the reigning English monarch. The castle now belongs to the Armstrong family, and is opened to the public. It has been used as a film location since the 1920s, featuring in films such as Ivanhoe (1952), El Cid (1961), Mary, Queen of Scots (1971), and Elizabeth (1998).It is a Grade I listed building. Stokesay Castle Shropshire, ENGLAND Stokesay Castle is a fortified manor house built in the late 13th century by Laurence of Ludlow, then the leading wool merchant in England. Laurence's descendants continued to own the castle until the 16th century. By the time of the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1641, Stokesay was owned by William Craven, the first Earl of Craven and a supporter of King Charles I. After the Royalist war effort collapsed in 1645, Parliamentary forces besieged the castle in June and quickly forced its garrison to surrender. Parliament ordered the property to be slighted, but only minor damage was done to the walls, allowing Stokesay to continue to be used as a house by the Baldwyn family until the end of the 17th century. Architecturally, Stokesay Castle is one of the best-preserved medieval fortified manor houses in England. The castle comprises a walled, moated enclosure, with an entrance way through a 17th-century timber and plaster gatehouse. Inside, the courtyard faces a stone hall and solar block, protected by two stone towers. The hall features a 13th-century wooden-beamed ceiling, and 17th-century carved figures ornament the gatehouse and the solar. The castle was never intended to be a serious military fortification, but its style was intended to echo the much larger castles being built by Edward I in North Wales. Originally designed as a prestigious home, the castle has changed very little since the 13th century, and is a rare example of a near complete set of medieval buildings. Château de Castanet FRANCE The territory of Castanet has its origin in the name (chestnut) in Occitan. It is the most common tree in the territory. The castle is next to the lake of Villefort, an artificial lake created behind a dam. Castell Conwy (Conway Castle), FRANCE The Château de Biron is a large castle in the valley of the Lède. This photograph shows just one small tower. It was the castle from which the Gontaut-Biron took their name. It was their seat from the twelfth century. Biron was seized by Simon IV de Montfort in 1212 from forces sypathetic to the Cathars. The Plantagenets held it at times during the 14th and 15th centuries. Biron was erected as a duché-pairie in 1598, for Charles de Gontaut, created duc de Biron. The present château bears additions over the centuries: notably a twelfth-century keep and sixteenth-century living quarters and vaulted kitchens. Since 1928, it has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. The local commune purchased the Château de Biron in 1978, with a view to restoring it as a tourist attraction. The Angel Roof at Westminster Hall (looking East) Khiva City Walls Dairsie, north-east Fife, SCOTLAND . Dairsie Castle is a a restored tower house overlooking the River Eden. A Scottish parliament was held at the castle in early 1335. The first castle built here was the property of the bishops of St Andrews, and was probably constructed by William de Lamberton, Bishop of St Andrews from 1298 to 1328. Preparations, state banquet in honor of Elizabeth II, 1957 Ajuda Palace, Ajuda, Lisbon. Palácio Nacional da Ajuda (The Ajuda National Palace) is a neoclassical palace, built on the site of a temporory.wooden building constructed after the famous 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Neuschwanstein Castle Above the village of Hohenschwangau, Bavaria, Germany. Neuschwanstein Castle (Schloss Neuschwanstein), is a nineteenth-century Romanesque Revival palace. It was commissioned by King Ludwig II of Bavaria as a retreat and as an homage to Richard Wagner. The palace was intended as a personal refuge but it was opened to the paying public immediately after his suspicious death in 1886. Since then more than 61 million people have visited Neuschwanstein Castle. The palace has appeared prominently in several movies and was the main inspiration for Disneys Sleeping Beauty Castle. Fasanenschlösschen Schloßallee, 01468 Moritzburg, Saxony, GERMANY The small château of Faisanderie (Fasanenschlößchen) is a pavillon in the parc of Schloss Moritzburg (Castle Moritzburg). Moritzburg Castle is a Baroque palace in Moritzburg, in the German state of Saxony, about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) Northwest of Dresden. Burg Hohenwerfen (Hohenwerfen Castle) The castle was built during the 13th century. It is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. Stokesay Castle Shropshire, ENGLAND Stokesay Castle is a fortified manor house built in the late 13th century by Laurence of Ludlow, then the leading wool merchant in England. Laurence's descendants continued to own the castle until the 16th century. By the time of the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1641, Stokesay was owned by William Craven, the first Earl of Craven and a supporter of King Charles I. After the Royalist war effort collapsed in 1645, Parliamentary forces besieged the castle in June and quickly forced its garrison to surrender. Parliament ordered the property to be slighted, but only minor damage was done to the walls, allowing Stokesay to continue to be used as a house by the Baldwyn family until the end of the 17th century. Architecturally, Stokesay Castle is one of the best-preserved medieval fortified manor houses in England. The castle comprises a walled, moated enclosure, with an entrance way through a 17th-century timber and plaster gatehouse. Inside, the courtyard faces a stone hall and solar block, protected by two stone towers. The hall features a 13th-century wooden-beamed ceiling, and 17th-century carved figures ornament the gatehouse and the solar. The castle was never intended to be a serious military fortification, but its style was intended to echo the much larger castles being built by Edward I in North Wales. Originally designed as a prestigious home, the castle has changed very little since the 13th century, and is a rare example of a near complete set of medieval buildings. Gatehouse Shropshire, ENGLAND Stokesay Castle is a fortified manor house built in the late 13th century by Laurence of Ludlow, then the leading wool merchant in England. Laurence's descendants continued to own the castle until the 16th century. By the time of the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1641, Stokesay was owned by William Craven, the first Earl of Craven and a supporter of King Charles I. After the Royalist war effort collapsed in 1645, Parliamentary forces besieged the castle in June and quickly forced its garrison to surrender. Parliament ordered the property to be slighted, but only minor damage was done to the walls, allowing Stokesay to continue to be used as a house by the Baldwyn family until the end of the 17th century. Architecturally, Stokesay Castle is one of the best-preserved medieval fortified manor houses in England. The castle comprises a walled, moated enclosure, with an entrance way through a 17th-century timber and plaster gatehouse. Inside, the courtyard faces a stone hall and solar block, protected by two stone towers. The hall features a 13th-century wooden-beamed ceiling, and 17th-century carved figures ornament the gatehouse and the solar. The castle was never intended to be a serious military fortification, but its style was intended to echo the much larger castles being built by Edward I in North Wales. Originally designed as a prestigious home, the castle has changed very little since the 13th century, and is a rare example of a near complete set of medieval buildings. Tudor Bedroom Hever, Edenbridge, Kent TN8 7NG, ENGLAND . Hever Castle began as a country house, built in the 13th century. From 1462 to 1539 it was the seat of the Bullen (later Boleyn family. Anne Boleyn, the second queen consort of King Henry VIII , spent her early youth there, after her father, Thomas Boleyn had inherited it in 1505. It later came into the possession of King Henry's fourth wife, Anne of Cleves. The castle is now a major tourist attraction. Grand Palace THAILAND The Grand Palace is a complex of buildings at the heart of Bangkok. The palace has been the official residence of the Kings of Siam (and later Thailand) since 1782. The king, his court and his royal government were based on the grounds of the palace until 1925. The present monarch, King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), resides at Chitralada Palace, but the Grand Palace is still used for official events. Château de Vitré Lismore, County Waterford, Ireland Lismore Castle is a stately home belonging to the Dukes of Devonshire. It was largely re-built in the Gothic style during the mid-nineteenth century by William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire. The castle site was originally occupied by Lismore Abbey, established in the early 7th century. Henry II, King of England stayed here in 1171. After 1185 his son King John built a 'castellum' here, which served as the residence of the local bishop. In 1589, Lismore was leased to and later acquired by Sir Walter Raleigh. Raleigh sold the property during his imprisonment for High Treason in 1602 to another colonial adventurer, Richard Boyle, later 1st Earl of Cork. After purchasing Lismore Boyle made it his principal seat. It was here in 1627 that Robert Boyle The Father of Modern Chemistry, the fourteenth of the Earl's fifteen children, was born. Lismore featured in the Cromwellian wars when, in 1645, a force of Catholic confederacy commanded by Lord Castlehaven sacked the town and Castle. Some restoration was carried out by Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Cork (1612-1698) to make it habitable again but neither he nor his successors lived at Lismore. The castle (along with other Boyle properties was acquired by the Cavendish family in 1753. Lismore Castle was used as Northanger Abbey in the 2007 ITV dramatisation of that name during its Jane Austen season. Burg Hohenwerfen (Hohenwerfen Castle) 15th Century. Privately owned. Inscrit on the inventaire supplémentaire des Monuments Historiques since 1994. The Hospices de Beaune or Hôtel-Dieu de Beaune Beaune, Burgundy FRANCE The Hôtel-Dieu de Beaune is a former charitable almshouse founded in 1443 by Nicolas Rolin, chancellor of Burgundy, as a hospital for the poor. The original hospital building, one of the finest surviving examples of Burgundian fifteenth-century architecture, is now a museum. Windsor Castle, Windsor, Berkshire, ENGLAND Windsor Castle is a royal residence notable for its long association with the English and later British royal family and also for its architecture. The original castle was built in the 11th century after the Norman invasion by William the Conqueror. Since the time of Henry I, it has been used by succeeding monarchs and is the longest-occupied palace in Europe. More than five hundred people live and work in Windsor Castle. Originally designed to protect Norman dominance around the outskirts of London, and to oversee a strategically important part of the River Thames, Windsor Castle was built as a motte and bailey, with three wards surrounding a central mound. Gradually replaced with stone fortifications, the castle withstood a prolonged siege during the First Barons' War at the start of the 13th century. Henry III built a luxurious royal palace within the castle during the middle of the century, and Edward III went further, rebuilding the palace to produce an even grander set of buildings. Edward's core design lasted through the Tudor period, during which Henry VIII and Elizabeth I made increasing use of the castle as a royal court and centre for diplomatic entertainment. Falkenberg (district of Tirschenreuth), Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany. The castle walls have foundations dating back to the eleventh century. It was mentioned for the first time in 1154. In 1803 it was acquired by the Crown of Bavaria. FRANCE . Built in the 14th century, this moated castle has been listed as a Monument historique since 1968 by the French Ministry of Culture. The Red Castle (Castell Coch) situated on a hillside above the village of Tongwynlais, to the north of Cardiff, WALES Castell Coch is a 19th-century Gothic Revival castle built on the remains of a 13th-century fortification. It is a Grade I listed building Designed by William Burges, it has a superficially medieval appearance, working portcullis and drawbridge. Its sumptuous interiors rival those of nearby Cardiff Castle Peyrepertuse is a ruined fortress and one of the Cathar castles of the Languedoc located in the French Pyrénées in the commune of Duilhac-sous-Peyrepertuse, in the Aude département. The castle ruins are impressive, set high on a defensive crag. From the approach road it is difficult to see where the rock stops and the castle starts. The castle was built in the 11th century on a site dominating the Corbières and the sea. The main part, resembles the prow of a ship, running along the top of an 800m (2,600 ft) high crag. It houses the church of Sainte-Marie and the governors residence. The castle was associated with the Counts of Barcelona, later kings of Aragon. The name Peyrepetuse is derived from Pèirapertusa, Occitan, meaning Pierced Rock. The lower part of the castle was built on a strategic location by the kings of Aragon in the 11th Century and the higher part by the French King Louis IX later on, after the area was annexed to France. The two castles are linked together by a staircase. The castle lost importance as a strategic castle when the border between France and Spain was moved in 1659, causing the castle to be abandoned. It was never subjected to attack during the Crusade against the Cathars. Nevertheless, it was surrendered to the French Crusaders 22nd of May 1217, reclaimed again as the balance of power changed. Guilhem de Peyrepertuse, was excommunicated in 1224 because of his refusal to submit to the Catholic Crusaders. He surrendered after the siege of Carcassonne (the Viscount of Carcassonne, Guilhems suzerain, having failed to retake Carcassonne from the French invaders in 1240). Peyrepertuse became a French possession the same year. In 1258, the Treaty of Corbeil defined the border between France and Aragon for four centuries : Peyrepertuse became a royal French fortress at the southern border of the French kingdom. At the end of the 13th century, it was a powerful stronghold with strong defences. Montségur is a castle in the foothills of the Pyrenees, not far from Lavelanet, due South from Mirepoix in the Ariege, FRANCE Some 225 Cathars were burned alive at the Château de Montsegur in 1244 for the crime of not being Catholic. A Garrison of around 200 had defended them for 10 months against a French Crusader army of 5,000 - 10,000 before they surrendered. A monument on the site reads EN CE LIEU LE 16 MARS 1244 PLUS DE 200 PERSONNES ONT ÉTÉ BRULÉES. ELLES NAVAIENT PAS VOULU RENIER LEUR FOI. IN THIS PLACE ON 16th MARCH 1244 MORE THAN 200 PEOPLE WERE BURNED. THEY WOULD NOT ABJURE THEIR FAITH There were so many victims that a special wooden pen had to be constructed, filled with heaps of brushwood, to burn them. A clerical chronicler preened that they passed directly from the flames of this world to the flames on the next. Fontfroide Abbey FRANCE Fontfroide Abbey or lAbbaye Sainte-Marie de Fontfroide is a former Cistercian monastery founded in 1093 by the Viscount of Narbonne. It remained poor and obscure until 1144 when it affiliated itself to the Cistercian reform movement. Shortly afterwards the Count of Barcelona gave it the land in Spain that was to form the great Catalan monastery of Poblet, of which Fontfroide was the mother house. In 1157 the Viscountess Ermengard of Narbonne granted it a great stretches of land locally, securing its wealth and status. This abbey was the Cistercian centre of operations during the Albigensian Crusade - the 13th Century war against the Cathars of the Languedoc. It was dissolved in 1791 in the course of the French Revolution. Cité FRANCE The largest surviving medieval walled city in Europe. Inside is the Château Comtal, the Castle of Raymond Roger Trencavel, Viscount of Carcassonne, Béziers, Albi and the Razès. He died in his own prison here in 1209, aged 24, after being taken prisoner while under a safe-conduct from the Cistercian Abbot Arnaud Amaury the papal legate and military leader of the Albigensian Crusade who was besieging Carcassonne (and who then appointed Simon de Montfort as military leader of the crusade). Quéribus FRANCE The castle of Quéribus is high and isolated. It stands on top of the highest peak for miles around. From a distance it can be seen on the horizon, sticking up into the sky. Quéribus is sometimes regarded as the last Cathar stronghold. In a sense it was. After the fall of the Château of Montségur in 1244 surviving Cathars gathered together in the Corbières at this mountain-top stronghold on the border of Aragon (The present border between the Aude département and the Pyrénées-Orientales département). The Cathar deacon of the Razès, Benoît de Termes, took refuge here under Chabert de Barbaira, who was finally forced to surrender to Saint-Louis in 1255. The last stronghold to fall, eleven years after the fall of Montségur, Quéribus then became part of the French frontier defence system against Aragon. This is one of the Five Sons of Carcassonne, along with Termes, Aguilar, Peyrepertuse and Puilaurens: five castles strategically placed to defend the new French border against the Spanish. It lost all strategic importance after the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 when the border was moved even further south to its present position along the crest of the Pyrenees. The Aude Gate, Cité, Carcassonne, Languedoc FRANCE Just inside this gate was the thirteenth century house of the Dominican Inquisitors - theres a plaque on the house. Outside the gate was the Wall the Inquisitors prison where people were imprisoned in dark, cold, damp conditions, chained up and without sanitation, living on stale bread and filthy water, often until they died. Carcassonne is the largest surviving medieval walled city in Europe. Inside is the Château Comtal, the Castle of Raymond Roger Trencavel, Viscount of Carcassonne, Béziers, Albi and the Razès. He died in his own prison here in 1209, aged 24, after being taken prisoner while under a safe-conduct from the Cistercian Abbot Arnaud Amaury the papal legate and military leader of the Albigensian Crusade who was besieging Carcassonne (and who then appointed Simon de Montfort as military leader of the crusade). FRANCE Built on an older 7th-century fortification, the castle is known from 987. In 1002, it was mentioned in the will of Roger I, Count of Carcassonne, who bequeathed it to his youngest child. The branch family ruling over the region, the Counts of Foix, lived here. During the two following centuries, the castle was home to the Counts of Foix who were central to the Occitan resistance during the crusade against the Albigensians. The county became a refuge for persecuted Cathars. The castle was often besieged (notably by Simon de Montfort in 1211 and 1212). It has been listed since 1840 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. Châteaux de Lastours FRANCE Lastours (Occitan: Las Tors = Les Tours = The towers) is an unusual arrangement of three castle towers (now four). The original castles belonged to the Lords of Cabaret, who held them in fief from the Trencavels. They received troubadours here, including Raymond de Miraval and Peire Vidal, who dedicated verses to the Cathar Ladies of the place. During the Cathar Crusade this was one of the most ardent centres of resistance to the French Crusaders, Quéribus FRANCE The castle of Quéribus is high and isolated. It stands on top of the highest peak for miles around. From a distance it can be seen on the horizon, sticking up into the sky. Quéribus is sometimes regarded as the last Cathar stronghold. In a sense it was. After the fall of the Château of Montségur in 1244 surviving Cathars gathered together in the Corbières at this mountain-top stronghold on the border of Aragon (The present border between the Aude département and the Pyrénées-Orientales département). The Cathar deacon of the Razès, Benoît de Termes, took refuge here under Chabert de Barbaira, who was finally forced to surrender to Saint-Louis in 1255. The last stronghold to fall, eleven years after the fall of Montségur, Quéribus then became part of the French frontier defence system against Aragon. This is one of the Five Sons of Carcassonne, along with Termes, Aguilar, Peyrepertuse and Puilaurens: five castles strategically placed to defend the new French border against the Spanish. It lost all strategic importance after the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 when the border was moved even further south to its present position along the crest of the Pyrenees. Château de Saissac FRANCE The Château de Saissac is a ruined Cathar Castle on a promontory at the southernmost tip of the commune of Saissac, north-west of Carcassonne. Saissac is mentioned in a legal document from the Abbey of Montolieu in 958, and again in a text of 960. The village is typical of the Black Mountains and is built between the ravines of the rivers Aiguebelle and Vernassonne, just above their confluence, overlooking the plain of Carcassonne at an important strategic position at the entry of the Black Mountains (Montagnes Noires). Vestiges of the fourteenth century city walls (enceinte) are still visible around the ancient village. Trencavel seal reproduced on the exterior wall of the Church of Saint Mary Magdalene, Béziers, Aude, Languedoc FRANCE The Château de Vendeuvre is a typical aristocratic Norman country house. It was built between 1750 and 1752. The château is famous for its eighteenth-century interiors. Formal gardens have been created by the present Count of Vendeuvre with a strictly symmetrical classical lay-out. The gardens contain two mazes, known as the regular maze and the field maze. An Ice House here was built as a pyramid, to store winter ice for use in the summer. It has a north-facing door to better help preserve the low temperature within. The Château de Vendeuvre is classed as an Historic Monument both for its exterior and interior. It was opened to the public in 1983. Schloss Hohenzollern (Hohenzollern Castle)	Dover Castle
The city of Lisbon in Portugal lies on which river?	Castle Learning Center Castle Keeps Keeps © 1999-2015 by Lise Hull A keep was a self-sufficient structure that castle defenders could retreat to as a last resort during a battle. The keep was originally called a donjon or great tower. In medieval documents the great tower is referred to as "magna turris", and the word "keep" didn't come along in the English literature until the later half of the 16th century. Sometimes the basement of the keep served as a prison, so the word dungeon soon developed as slang for the keep. There were two basic shapes of a keep, square and round. Almost all early keeps were square or rectangular, and were the easiest and fastest to erect. Square keeps had one major drawback. They could easily be damaged at the corners by undermining or bombardment. Then came the development of the round keep. They were very difficult to successfully undermine. Arrows and rocks glanced off the rounded walls. Even in later times, after the invention of cannon, the cannon balls also glanced off the keep walls. The earliest round keep in Great Britain was at New Buckingham Castle, built in 1150. Even after the military importance of castles changed, keeps were still being built. The role of the keep changed from a last resort stronghold to only a lord's private residence or chamber. Another type of keep was the hall-keep. These were longer than they were high, and had very thick walls. They combined the castle keep, hall, solar and other chambers. One of the first stone keeps to be built in Great Britain, during the medieval period, was at Chepstow Castle. This was a hall-keep erected in about 1070. A shell keep was a masonry building completely surrounding the summit of a motte. They were round or polygonal and originated as a replacement of a wooden palisade crowning the motte. These types of keeps were hollow because mottes were not strong enough to bear the weight of a solid tower. The walls varied in height from 20-25ft, and were from 8-10ft thick, strengthened by a buttress and, sometimes, wall-towers. The interior was usually an open court with surrounding buildings backing onto the walls, and the domestic buildings of the lord were usually placed within the circular enclosure of the shell keep. By the 13th century, these types of keeps had generally replaced the wooden tower on the motte, and often an additional stone gatehouse and towers were inserted into the shell keep. Examples of shell keeps are at: Arundel, Berkhamsted, Brecon, Wiston, Cardiff, Restormel, and other castles. Yet another type of keep developed, this being the keep-gatehouse. Complete control for the entrance of the castle was gained by combining the gatehouse and keep into one structure. The inner gates were open and closed from within the gate passage, and not from the castle courtyards, providing isolation from the rest of the castle. The living quarters were in the upper floors. Some of the castles having a keep-gatehouse are Richmond, Ludlow, and Newark. The House Keep, or strong house, became common in the 14th and 15th centuries. It was a high rectangular structure, and often had towers on each corner. The pele tower and Scottish tower houses are simular in looks. The stables, or barn, would be located on the bottom floor, or basement. The living quarters would be on the upper floors, and could only be accessed by a removable wooden ladder. The upper floors would also have very small and narrow windows so that no one could enter via a window. Castle keeps varied in size. The round keep at Pembroke Castle is four stories, over 53 feet in diameter, 80 feet in height, and has walls 16 feet thick. It is one of the greatest keeps ever built. Here are some other heights and thickness of keeps: Castle Rising Castle: 50 feet high with walls 7 feet thick. Dover Castle: 83 feet high with walls 12 feet thick. Newcastle Castle: 75 feet high with walls 18 feet thick. Norham Castle: 90 feet high with walls 15 feet thick. Kenilworth Castle: 80 feet high with walls 14 feet thick. The earliest known stone keep built in Great Britain is at Chepstow Castle, built in 1068.	i don't know
Spaniard Juan Antonio Samaranch, who died in April 2010, was head of which organization from 1980-2001?	Remembrance: Samaranch, 89, Shaped Face Of Modern Olympics : NPR Former International Olympic Committee president Juan Antonio Samaranch died Wednesday at age 89. The Spaniard is being remembered as the man who shaped the face of the modern Olympic movement. STEVE INSKEEP, host: The man who led the Olympics for two decades has died. Juan Antonio Samaranch was 89. He presided over the International Olympic Committee during times of triumph and times of scandal. NPR's Howard Berkes has covered both over the years. He's on the line. Hi, Howard. HOWARD BERKES: Good morning, Steve. INSKEEP: I suppose it's worth remembering the amazing era in which this man presided over the Olympics, beginning in 1980. BERKES: Well, it was a time which gave Juan Antonio Samaranch the opportunity to both be the savior of the Olympics and to show that he was a bit tone deaf when it came to some very serious problems for the games, like performance-enhancing drugs and ethics. He went into the IOC at a time of great crises. The organization was near bankruptcy. There were political boycotts. Jimmy Carter had arranged the boycott of the 1980 games in Moscow. But at the end of this two decade-long tenure, the IOC went through two of its most serious scandals ever. In between, he was able to elevate the international stature of the organization. He considered himself a kind of Olympic diplomat, which was a remnant of his time as a Spanish ambassador to Moscow in the fascist regime of Francisco Franco. He liked to be referred to as his Excellency, even when he was at the IOC. Reporters ridiculed him for that and for being imperious. But he did pull the Olympics out of very serious crises early in his tenure. So he can't be dismissed, certainly. INSKEEP: And there were big and successful Olympics, like the ones in 1984 in Los Angeles. But you used the phrase tone deaf in the way that he handled scandals over doping and also bribery, I suppose we should mention. BERKES: Right. The problem of performance-enhancing drugs existed early in his tenure, and he just didn't believe that it was a problem. He didn't pay much attention to it. Famously, in 1998, during the scandal involving the Tour de France, Samaranch said that unless the athletes were hurting themselves, this wasn't a problem. And there was huge negative reaction to that, because, you know, there's the issue of fairness with doping, of whether the playing field is level. And that negative reaction prompted a change in his position and the position of the IOC, and they quickly then started to tackle doping in a serious way, organizing the World Anti-Doping Agency. Something similar happened with a culture of corruption at the IOC, which existed, again, early in his tenure. But Samaranch always said show me the proof. I hear rumors about it. Show me the proof. He never bothered, by the way, to investigate and dig up the proof. And then in 1998, when a television station in Salt Lake City provided proof, it was proof that was devastating to the IOC, millions of dollars in what were essentially brides, and a huge problem for Samaranch and for the organization. INSKEEP: And then he left in 2001. We've just got a few seconds. I want to ask one other question, Howard Berkes. In the end, the Olympics are a big show. What kind of a showman was he? BERKES: I don't know that showman would be a term associated with Juan Antonio Samaranch. He was a diminutive, quiet, as I said, diplomatic kind of man, not demonstrative at all, feared by people at the IOC. He wasn't a showman himself, but he surrounded himself with people who could make the organization both a financial success and a diplomatic success in terms of international acceptance. And he will be remembered for that, certainly. INSKEEP: NPR's Howard Berkes. Thanks very much. BERKES: You're welcome, Steve. INSKEEP: And Juan Antonio Samaranch has died at the age of 89. This is NPR News. Copyright © 2010 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc. , an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.	International Olympic Committee
What chemical element's symbol derives from the Latin word aurum, meaning 'shining dawn'?	Hundreds Pay Tribute to Samaranch in Barcelona Hundreds Pay Tribute to Samaranch in Barcelona 2010-04-22 22:39:39 Xinhua Web Editor: Qin Mei The body of former International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Juan Antonio Samaranch lies in state during a tribute at the Catalonia regional government headquarters in Barcelona, April 22, 2010. Juan Antonio Samaranch died at the age of 89 on April 21, 2010 in Barcelona after suffering from severe heart attack. [Photo: Xinhua/Arnau Bach] The coffin holding former International Olympic Committee president Juan Antonio Samaranch was moved into the Catalonia state headquarters on Thursday and hundreds of people attended a ceremony to pay their tribute. The coffin was draped with the Olympic flag with many dignitaries present. "Samaranch changed everything, he made the Olympic Games what they are today, the world's main sports competition," said IOC president Jacques Rogge at a ceremony. The building opened then to allow the general public to pay their respects. The mourners, of all ages and backgrounds, filed past Samaranch's coffin in silence. Samaranch, one of the longest-serving presidents of the IOC, died from a cardiorespiratory arrest at a Barcelona hospital on Wednesday at the age of 89. Spain's King Juan Carlos and his wife Sofia will preside over a funeral mass for Samaranch at Barcelona's cathedral at 6 pm (1600 GMT). "A colossus of the world of sports and of the modern Olympics, and a universal Spaniard, has left us," said Crown Prince Felipe at the ceremony at the headquarters of the Catalan regional government. Spanish cyclist Miguel Indurain and tennis players Albert Costa and Emilio Sanchez Vicario were among the other dignataries present at the ceremony. IAAF president Lamine Diack, IOC vice president Tomas Bach, two-time Olympic champion Sebastian Coe, Olympic champion Rosa Mota and Barcelona football president Joan Laporta were among those that signed the book of condolences.	i don't know
Derived from the Greek word meaning perimeter, what is the text form of the sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet?	Greek Alphabet « GraecoMuse June 12, 2013 When you first enter an ancient history or archaeology degree you are introduced to several sets of material evidence. Notably, the archaeology, material evidence, and philological evidence. But the philological side is more often than not rarely mentioned again. This is quite a shame considering some of the most interesting and revealing information comes from the ancient written sources. People generally fall into the trap of ignoring the writing in favour of the archaeology and artefacts and frankly you can’t really blame them because humans are naturally attracted to pretty visual things. I see this every day with the likes and shares on my Facebook page. But philology is all important too and if students can learn even a little about ancient writing and textual criticism, a whole new side to history and analysis opens up to them as it should. DSCN0428BB – Clay Tablets with Liner B Script (Photo credit: archer10 (Dennis)) Philology is derived from the Greek terms φίλος (love) and λόγος (word, reason) and literally means a ‘love of words’. It is the study of language in literary sources and is a combination of literary studies , history and linguistics. Philology is generally associated with Greek and Classical Latin, in which it is termed philologia. The study of philology originated in European Renaissance Humanism in regards to Classical Philology but this has since been combined to include in its definition the study of both European and non- European languages . The idea of philology has been carried through the Greek and Latin literature into the English language around the sixteenth century through the French term philologie meaning also a ‘love of literature’ from the same word roots. Generally philology has a focus on historical development. It helps establish the authenticity of literary texts and their original form and with this the determination of their meaning. It is a branch of knowledge that deals with the structure, historical development and relationships of a language or languages. This makes it all the more significant to study as language is one of the main building blocks of civilisation. There are several branches of philological studies that can also be undertaken: Comparative philology is a branch of philology which analyses the relationship or correspondences between languages. For instance, the commonalities between Latin and Etruscan or further flung languages of Asian or African provinces. It uses pre-determined techniques to discover whether languages hold common ancestors or influences. It uses comparison of grammar and spelling which was first deemed useful in the 19th century and has developed ever since. The study of comparative philology was originally defined by Sir William Jones ‘ discovery in 1786 that Sanskrit was related to Greek and German as well as Latin. Cognitive philology studies written and oral texts in consideration of the human mental processes. It uses science to compare the results of research using psychological and artificial systems. Reconstruction of the missing Greek text on the Rosetta Stone Decipherment is another branch of philology which looks at resurrecting dead languages and previously unread texts such as done and achieved by Jean-Francois Champollion in the decipherment of Hieroglyphs with the use of the Rosetta Stone . And more recently by Michael Ventris in the decipherment of Linear B. Decipherment would be key to the understanding of still little understood languages such as Linear A. Decipherment uses known languages, grammatical tools and vocabulary to find and apply comparisons within an unread text. By doing so more of the text can be read gradually as similarities and grammatical forms become better understood. The remaining text can then be filled in through further comparison, analysis, and elimination of incorrect solutions. Textual philology editing is yet another branch of philology with includes the study of texts and their history in a sense including textual criticism. This branch was created in relation to the long traditions of Biblical studies ; in particular with the variations of manuscripts. It looks at the authorship, date and provenance of the text to place it in its historical context and to produce ‘critical editions’ of the texts. Significant Examples: The importance of philology is exhibited in its use and achievements. Without philology the bible translation would be even more wrong, trust me read it in the original Greek. We would not be able to translate hieroglyphs, Linear B, Linear A, Sanskrit, any ancient language. Our entire written past would be blank, we would not have the information we have now on mathematics, social structure, philosophy, science, medicine, civilisation, transport, engineering, marketing, accounting, well anything really, knowledge would not have been rediscovered or passed on without the ability to study texts and language. Understand the love of words. Related articles May 20, 2012 Elder Futhark The oldest form of runic scripts, Elder Futhark is named for the first six runes in its alphabet, F, U, Th, A,R, and K. It was used in the North West of Europe from around the second to the eighth centuries AD and has been found on numerous artefacts ranging from jewellry and amulets to tools, weapons and the ever-popular runestone. From the sixth century, Younger Futhark began to develop out of the Elder form before it became prominent in scandinavia from the late eighth century. Later still the Anglo-Saxons and the Frisians developed it further into Anglo-Saxon Futhark. Unlike other forms of runes, the skill of reading Elder Futhark was lost overtime until it was rediscovered with its decipherment in 1865 by the Norwegian Sophus Bugge . Format: The Elder Futhark alphabet consists of twenty-four runes which are traditionally set out in three groups known as aett. The alphabetic order which gives the script its name is first attested from around 400 AD. The direction of the text tends to vary in the earliest inscriptions but it later appears to settle into running from left to right. There are no word divisions in the majority of inscriptions except in a few cases where a series of dots were used to separate words. The angular shapes that the runes are formed by are probably the result of the original incisions make by writing materials like those made by the reed implements to form cuneiform. Derivation: The alphabet itself is believed to be a derivation from Italic alphabets, possibly a form of Etruscan or Raetic or even Latin. There was a popular theory previously that the alphabet was derived from the Greek alphabet via the Gothic. However, the date of early inscriptions predates the Gothic communications with the Greeks and so this theory has been ruled out. It is believed that development of Elder Futhark was composed by a single person or group around the first century AD. The definite purpose for its invention is unknown but epigraphic purposes have been suggested alongside the magical, practical and the playful. Baeksted (1952) suggests use in graffiti. The runes for F, A, G, T, M, and L appear to be identical to old Italic or Latin alphabetic forms. There is also some correspondence in the runes for U, R, K, H, S, B, and O. The rest of the runes are likely adaptations from other sources or original innovations with the creation of the scripts. The rune names are based on the sounds of the runes themselves but also have a basis in mythology, nature and the environment, daily life and the human condition. Vimose Comb Inscriptions: As mentioned, inscriptions are found on a range of artefacts between the Carpathians and Lappland with the majority of examples hailing from Denmark. The oldest inscription found dates to 160 AD and is found on the Vimose Comb reading simply HARJA. The longest inscription found consists of 200 characters and dates to the eighth century Eggjum stone containing a stanza of Norse poetry. Younger Futhark Younger Futhark developed out of Elder Futhark in a transitional phase dating from around 650-800 AD. It is also known as Scandinavian runes and is referred to in the Book of Ballymore as the ‘Ogham of the Scandinavians’. It is a reduced form of Elder Futhark and is found in inscriptions from Scandinavia and Viking Age settlements. Younger Futhark is also known as the alphabet of the Norsemen and is believed to have been developed for use in trade and diplomatic contracts. Format: The alphabet consists of only sixteen characters which were in use from the ninth to the twelfth centuries. Its format consisted of distinct sounds and minimal pairs. One key rule in the younger Futhark texts is the avoidance of having the same rune twice in consecutive order. Younger Futhark Top Row = Long-Branch Runes Bottom Row = Short-Twig Runes Younger Futhark actual includes two scripts. The first is made up of long-branch runes which are believed to have been used for documentation on stone. The second script is made up of short-twig runes which were likely used for everyday uses, for private and official messages on wood. The short-twig forms include nine runes which appear as simplified variants of the long branch runes. Derivations: The Younger Futhark developed later into a range of additional scripts including Halsinge Runes, Middle Age Runes, and Latinised Dalecarlian Futhark. Some Examples of Futhark Inscriptions: Kalleby Runestone – The Kalleby Runestone dates to the Iron Age and includes a short text. It was found in Sweden in the region of Bohuslan and is believed to have been produced in the fifth century AD. It is an example of Period I Elder Futhark (150-550 AD). It reads: þrawijan * haitinaz was Yearning was imposed (on him). / Þrawija’s (monument). (I/he) was commanded/called. / (I/He) was promised to þrawija Kalleby Runestone Vadstena Bracteate – The Vadstena Bracteate is a gold C-bracteate found in Sweden dating to around 500AD. It consists of an image of a four-legged animals with a man’s head above it with a bird separated by a line. This image is commonly associated with the Norse God Odin. The inscription reads: tuwatuwa; fuþarkgw; hnijïpzs; tbemlŋo[d] The translation is highly debated Skåäng Runestone– The Skåäng Runestone is an elaborate stone dating to around the sixth century. It hails from Sweden and contains two inscriptions. The first inscription consists of Younger Futhark while the second is of Elder Futhark. The inscriptions reads: §A Harja, Leugaz §B Skammhals ok Olof þau letu gæra mærki þausi æfti R Svæin, faður sinn. Guð hialpi salu hans §A Harja, Leugaz §B Skammhals and Ólôf, they had these landmarks made in memory of Sveinn, their father. May God help his soul Skaang Runestone Istaby Runestone – The Istaby Runestone is found amoung the Rundata catalog (DR 359) and is a proto-Norse runestone found in Sweden dating to the Vendel era. It is currently located in the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm. It is an example of Period II Elder Futhark (550-700 AD). It reads: AP Aftr Hariwulfa. Haþuwulfz HeruwulfizAQ Haþuwulfz Heruwulfiz aftr HariwulfaB wrait runaz þaiaz AP In memory of Hariwulfar. Haþuwulfar, Heruwulfar’s son,AQ Haþuwulf(a)r, Heruwulfar’s son, in memory of HariwulfarB wrote these runes. Istaby Runestone Spearhead of Kovel – The Spearhead of Kovel is the head of a lance found in 1858 in Ukraine. It dates to around the third century AD and measures 15.5cm. The inscription on its blade reads from right to left TILARIDS meaning ‘thither rider’, which is interpreted as either the name of a warrior or of the spear itself. It is believed to be Gothic in origin. Spearhead Amalgamation in the aorist tense When aoristic aspect morpheme σα added Same kind of modifications are made in the final consonants of the stem as are made when the future time morpheme σ is added to form the future stem Κ, γ, χ + σ = ξ Π, β, φ + σ = ψ Τ, δ, θ +σ = σ The Augment Several important allomorphs If the verb stem begins with a consonant = ADDITIVE MORPHEME = SYLLABIC AUGMENT If the verb stem begins with a short vowel = PROCESS MORPHEME, TEMPORAL AUGMENT = lengthens the short vowel to the corresponding long vowel If the verb begins with a long vowel/long diphthong = ZERO MORPHEME AUGMENT = no visible phonetic change Some Greek verbs take a double augment = both an additive and a process morpheme = αγω = αγαγ- = ηγαγον Some are irregular = εχω = ειχον The imperfect indicative of ειμι Its person-number suffixes are those of the secondary active tenses with the exception of the first person singular = middle/passive suffix, and 3rd Singular = takes a nu First and second Aorists First Aorists have σα aoristic aspect morpheme Most Greek verbs have first aorist forms Second aorist forms are identical to the forms of the imperfect tense except for their stems The second aorist differs from the imperfect by differences within the stem itself The only difference between the imperfect and the second aorist indicative is that the imperfect is formed on the present stem, while the second aorist is formed on the aorist stem = VOWEL GRADATION = like the English ‘sing’/’sang’ Some verbs form their second Aorists by substituting entirely different forms = SUPPLETIVES = λεγω = ειπον eg. Went and go Second aorist stems Add the augment and imperfect ending to the second aorist stem The second aorist is translated exactly the same as the first aorist The original stem of a Greek verb is often preserved in the second aorist Uses of the imperfect and aorist PROGRESSIVE IMPERFECT = continuous action in the past = I kept loosing CUSTOMARY IMPERFECT = habitual action in the past = I used to loose CONATIVE IMPERFECT = attempted action in the past = I tried to loose INCEPTIVE IMPERFECT = initiation of an action in the past = I began to loose CONSTATIVE AORIST = views an action in its totality = was built INGRESSIVE AORIST = emphasises beginning of an action = lived EFFECTIVE AORIST = views action from the vantage point of the conclusion = I have learned Resources that may help you further: June 11, 2012 There are many reasons why one may study ancient Greek and Koine Greek; as a student of the classics, archaeology, new testament studies, pure interest, but when we learn a new language we are often bowled over by the amount of rules and terms to remember with just the basics. So in response to some of my students I am here providing some of the most important rules when learning basic Greek so one can remember them, refer to them and read the Greek better. The Alphabet: 24 Letters, many similar to English ones 7 vowels Short vowels = α ε ι ο υ Long vowels = α η ι ω υ = note Eta and Omega are long forms of Epsilon and Omicron Γγ is pronounced as ng. Thus ἅγγελος is angelos (angel) There is still debate over how eta is pronounced Iota can sometimes behave as a consonant when it begins a work (ie. Like a Y in English). Thus IAKWB is Yakob Ensure that there is a difference in sound between k and x, by over-emphasising the h sound in x. Watch Nu – it looks like an English V Watch Rho – it looks like an English P The letter sigma is written in two different ways, depending on where it is in the word. Lunate sigma at end of word. Eg. χριστός It can often be helpful to know that in English words derived from Greek the U has become a Y, eg. Mystery DIPHTHONG = Two different vowels combined into one syllable Four sibilants or s sounds = ζ ξ σ ψ Accents and Breathings: Oldest Known Image of Jesus from Duras Europos 235AD Circumflex ~ Accents occasionally distinguish between words that are otherwise identical. Eg. εἰ means ‘if’; εἶ means ‘you are’ Accents serve to indicate which syllable in a Greek word is to be stressed in pronunciation Apostrophe indicates the omission of the final short vowel before a word that begins with a vowel or a diphthong δι’ αὐτου= (through him) This is called ELISION DIAERESIS (¨) occurs where two vowels that normally combine to form a diphthong are to be pronounced separately CORONIS (‘) indicates the combination of two words with the loss of an intermediate letter or letters. Combination of two words = CRASIS eg. I’m, eg. κἀγώ = καί ἐγω “and I” Present and Future Verbs: ACTIVE VOICE = subject is performing an action PASSIVE VOICE = subject is being acted upon MIDDLE VOICE = subject is pictured as acting in its own interest AFFIRMATION is said to be INDICATIVE mood Express a command = IMPERATIVE mood Express a contingency = SUBJUNCTIVE mood Express a verbal idea without limiting it by person and number = INFINITIVE MOOD Expresses a polite request = OPTATIVE mood PRIMARY (or PRINCIPLE) TENSES = present, future, perfect and future perfect SECONDARY (or HISTORICAL) TENSES = imperfect, aorist and pluperfect Greek has separate sets of person-number suffixes for the primary tenses and for the secondary tenses Greek adds a vowel before the suffixes –men and –te = CONNECTING VOWEL By removing the –w we obtain the present stem The conjugation of present active indicative of –w verb = substitute present stem of that verb, add primary suffices with appropriate connecting vowels Greek indicates future time by adding a sigma to the present stem = FUTURE TIME MORPHEME = ‘will’ equivalent When the stem of a verb ends in a consonant, a phonological change will occur when the future time morpheme sigma is attached. Π, β, φ, + σ = ψ Κ, γ, χ + σ = ξ Τ, δ, θ drop out before the σ ‘Not’ is expressed by the adverb οὐ Used with the indicative mood μή is used with all other moods Both precede the word to which they refer Finite verbs convey = tense, voice, mood, person, and number + its source (lexical or vocabulary form) of the verb Nouns of the Second Declension: NOMINATIVE = subject 112 masculine nouns of the first declension All five paradigms have the same plural endings Prepositions with One Case Used with a noun (or pronoun) in order to clarify the relationship of the noun to some other word in a sentence Located before the noun = PRE-POSITION In Greek, numerous prepositions take a single case, but others take two or even three cases Four Greek Prepositions that are used with a single case Απο = takes genitive case = from, away from, of = αφ’ before rough breathing Εις = takes accusative case = into, to, for, in Εκ = takes genitive case = out of, from, by Εν = takes the dative case = in, within, by, with, among A preposition is always to be read in conjunction with what it governs in a sentence This combination is called a prepositional phrase The Paradigm of the Definite Article The feminine article followed the paradigm of φωνη The masculine and neuter inflections follow ανθρωπος/δωρον with the exception of the nominative singular The root of the definite article is the rough breathing in the nominative masculine and feminine (singular and plural) and τ elsewhere Adjectives: A Greek adjective agrees with the noun that it modifies in gender, number, and case. Most adjectives will therefore have 24 forms like the article Called THREE-TERMINATION ADJECTIVES as have for masculine, feminine and neuter Smaller number of TWO-TERMINATION ADJECTIVES with no separate forms for the feminine Frequently these include COMPOUND ADJECTIVES = composed of two of more constituent parts eg. Αδυνατος ‚impossible‛ Feminine forms follow the first declension Masculine and neuter forms follow the second declension When stem ends in ε, ι, or ρ, the feminine singular will use α; otherwise it will use η Summary of the Uses of the Adjective Resources that may help you further:	Pi
What Portuguese island suffered severe storm floods in February 2010?	NETBible: Alphabet ALPHABET - al'-fa-bet. 1. Definition: An alphabet is a list of the elementary sounds used in any language. More strictly speaking it is that particular series, commonly known as the Phoenician or Canaanite alphabet, which was in use in the region of Palestine about 1000 BC, and which is the ancestor of nearly all modern written alphabets whether Semitic or European. It is the alphabet therefore of Old Testament Hebrew and Aramaic and New Testament Greek, of the superscription of Caesar and the Latin inscription on the cross, as well as of English through the Greek and Latin. It is an interesting fact, with many practical bearings on text and exegesis, that three sets of letters so very unlike in appearance as Hebrew, Greek and modern English should be the same in origin and alike in nature. Although the earliest surviving inscriptions must be a good deal later than the separation between the Greek and Hebrew, the records in each are more like one another than either is like its own modern printed form. The characteristics of an alphabet are (1) the analysis of sounds into single letters rather than syllables or images, (2) the fixed order of succession in the letters, (3) the signs for the sounds, whether names or written symbols. Of these the analysis into single letters, instead of whole words or syllables, is the characteristic element. The order of the letters may vary, as that of the Sanskrit does from the European, and yet the list remain not only alphabetic but the "same" alphabet, i.e. each sound represented by a similar name or written character. On the face of it, therefore, it might be imagined that the Egyptian and Babylonian, the Cypriote, the Minoan and other forms earlier than the Canaanite which are known or suspected to have had phonetic systems, may have had lists of these forms arranged in a fixed order, but these lists were not alphabetic until the final analysis into individual letters. 2. Name: The name alphabet comes from the fist two letters of the Greek, alpha beta, just as the old English name for the alphabet, abc or abece, is simply the first three letters of the English alphabet, and thus is merely an abbreviation for the whole alphabet. It appears that the Greeks also used the first and last letters of the alphabet (alpha and omega) as the Jews did the first and last, or the first, middle and last letters of their alphabet, as abbreviation for the whole and in the same sense that in English one says "a to izzard." Alpha and beta are themselves derived from the Semitic names for the same letters ('aleph, beth) and have no meaning in the Greek. 3. Invention: The question of the invention of this alphabet differs from the question of the origin of the written forms of the letters with which it is often confused, and relates to the recognition of the individual letters. Alphabetical language whether written or spoken, inward or outward, is distinguished from the pictographic, hieroglyphic, and syllabic stages by this analysis into individual sounds or letters. It begins with the picture, passes to the ideogram and syllable, and from the syllable to the letter. This is best seen in writing, but it is equally true in speech. At the letter stage the alphabet begins. It is alleged by some that another stage, a consonantal writing, between syllabic and alphabetic writing, should be recognized. This would deny to the Phoenician the character of a true alphabet since, as in all Semitic languages, the vowels were in ancient times not written at all. Some go so far as to speak of it as syllabic in character, but on the other hand it may be said with equal pertinence that various syllabaries are nearly alphabetic. When a syllabic writing is reduced, as was the case with the Egyptian, the Cypriote and others, to a point where a character represents uniformly a certain consonant and a certain vowel, the vocal analysis has been made and the essential alphabet begun, although it was only later that men discovered that the consonant common to several syllables might be expressed to advantage in writing by one unvarying sign, and later still that the vowels too might be distinguished to advantage. 4. Origin of the Letters: Few modern questions are changing shape so rapidly as that of the historical predecessor of the Canaanite or Phoenician alphabet. For a long time it was thought that De Rouge had solved the problem by tracing the letters to the Egyptian hieratic. This is the view of most of the popular literature of the present time, but is wholly surrendered by most workers in the field now, in spite of the fact that the latest studies in hieratic show a still greater resemblance in forms (Moller, Hierat. Palaographie, 1909). Winckler and others have claimed derivation from the Cuneiform, Praetorius from the Cypriote, Sayce gets at least three letters from the Hittite, while Evans and others incline to believe that the Minoan was the direct source of the alphabet, introduced from Crete into Palestine by the Philistines who were Cretans, or at least that the two are from a common ancestor, which is also the ancestor of many other of the Mediterranean alphabets. Some, like Evans and Mosso, even suggest that, perhaps through the Minoan, the letter forms may be traced to the pictographs of the neolithic era in the caves of Europe. There is, in fact, an extraordinary resemblance between some of the letters of the Phoenician alphabet and some of the conventionalized signs of the neolithic age, and it may not be too fantastic to imagine that these early signs are the historic ancestors of the written alphabetical characters, but that they were in any sense alphabetical themselves is impossible if the invention of the alphabet was historical as here supposed, and is unlike from any point of view. If in fact the Paestos disk dates from before 1600 BC, and if Dr. Hempl's resolution of it into Ionic Greek is sound, we have another possible source or stock of characters from which the inventor of the alphabet may have chosen (Harper's Magazine, January, 1911). 5. Number of Letters: The ideal written alphabet contains a separate character for each sound used in any or every language. Practically in most languages the alphabet falls a good deal short of the number of recognized sounds to be expressed in that language and in pronouncing dictionaries they have to be analyzed into say a broad, a short, a open, etc., by adding diacritical marks. "In educated English without regarding finer distinctions" (Edmonds, Comparative Philology, 45) about 50 sounds are commonly used, but Murray distinguishes at least 96, and the number sometimes used or which maybe used is much greater, the possible number of vowel sounds alone being as many as 72. Moreover the individual letters differ in sound in different individuals, and even in the same individual in successive utterances of what would be called the same letter or the same sound. It is alleged that the average sound of the a for example, is never the same in any two languages; the a in "father," even, is never the same in any two individuals, and that the same individual, even, never pronounces it twice so exactly in the same fashion that the difference may not be detected by sound photography. The written alphabet is always thus less than the number of sounds used. The Phoenician and the Semitic alphabets generally had 22 letters, but they omitted the vowels. English has 26, of which many have two or more sounds. 6. Names of the Letters: The names of the Greek alphabet are derived from the Semitic names and are meaningless in the Greek, while in the Semitic it has been pretty clearly shown that they signify for the most part some object or idea of which the earliest form of the written letter was a picture, as e.g. 'aleph, the ox. The forms of the letters are apparently derived from pictures of the ox, house, etc., made linear and finally reduced to a purely conventional sign which was itself reduced to the simplest writing motion. All this has been boldly denied by Mr. Pilcher (PSBA, XXVI (1904), 168-73; XXVII (1905), 65-68), and the original forms declared to be geometric; but he does not seem to have made many converts, although he has started up rival claimants to his invention. The names of the letters at least seem to indicate the Semitic origin of the alphabet, since the majority of them are the Semitic names for the objects which gave name to the letter, and the picture of which gives form to the written letter. Following is Sayce's list (PSBA, XXXII (1910), 215-22) with some variants: (1) 'aleph = ox; (2) beth = house (tent); (3) gimel = camel; (4) daleth = door; (5) he = house; (6) waw = nail (Evans, tent peg); (7) zayin = weapon; (8) cheth = fence; (9) Teth = cake of bread (Lidzbarski, a package); (10) yodh = hand; (11) kaph = palm of hand; (12) lamedh = ox-goad; (13) mem = water flowing; (14) nun = fish; (15) camekh = ?; (16) `ayin = eye; (17) pe = mouth; (18) tsadhe = trap (others, hook or nose or steps), (19) qoph = cage (Evans says picture is an outline head and Lidzbarski, a helmet); (20) resh = head; (21) shin = tooth (not teeth); (22) taw = mark. Not all of these meanings are, however, generally accepted (compare also Noldeke, Beitrage Strassb. (1904), 124-36; Lidzbarski, Ephemeris, II, 125-39). 7. Order of Letters: The order of the letters differs more or less in different languages, but it is in the main the same in all the Semitic and Western alphabets derived from the Phoenician alphabet and this is roughly the order of the English alphabet. This order is, however, full of minor variations even among the Western alphabets and in the Indian languages the letters are entirely regrouped on a different principle. The conventional order of the Semitic alphabet may be traced with some certainty in the Biblical books to as early as the 6th century BC, even accepting the dates of a radical higher criticism, for there are more than a dozen passages in the Old Testament composed on the principle of the alphabetical acrostic ( Pss 111 ; 112 ; 119 ; Prov 31:10-31 ; Lam 1; 2; 3; 4, etc.) and the oldest of these are of this period (see ACROSTIC). The Formello abecedarium, if it is in fact from the 7th century BC, carries the known order back a century farther still and shows it prevailing in Italy as well as Palestine. Moreover, there are those who still consider some of the alphabetical psalms older even than this. It must be noted, however, that while the order is in general fixed, there are local and temporary differences. In several cases e.g. the order of the sixteenth and seventeenth letters of the alphabet is inverted in the alphabetical acrostics, and this would seem to point to a time or place where pe, `ayin, was the accepted order. It happens that the inversion occurs in both the passages which are counted earliest by the modern critics (G. B. Gray in HDB2, 8). Mr. Sayce too has recently altered or restored the order by relegating the original camekh to a place after shin, while Mr. Pilcher has quite reconstructed the original order on a geometrical basis, to his own taste at least, as brd; hvg; mnl; szt. A certain grouping together of signs according to the relationship of the objects which they represent has often been noticed, and Sayce (PSBA, XXXII (1910), 215-22) thinks that he has (after having put camekh in its right place) reduced the whole matter to a sequence of pairs of things which belong together: ox-house, camel-tent door, house-nail, weapon-fence (city wall), bread-hand, open hand-arm with goad, water-fish, eye-mouth, trap-cage, head-tooth, camekh, taw. This arranging he thinks was done by someone who knew that 'aluph was the West Semitic for "leader" and taw was the Cretan sign for ending--an Amorite therefore in touch with the Philistines. The final word on order seems not yet to have been spoken. 8. The Earliest Texts: The chief North Semitic texts are (1) Moabite stone (circa 850 BC); (2) inscriptions of Zkr, Zenjirli, etc. (circa 800 BC); (3) Baal-Lebanon inscription (circa 750 BC); (4) Siloam inscription (circa 700 BC); (5) Harvard Samaritan ostraca (time of Ahab?); (6) Gezer tablet; (7) various weights and seals before 600 BC. The striking fact about the earliest inscriptions is that however remote geographically, there is on the whole so little difference in the forms of the letters. This is particularly true of the North Semitic inscriptions and tends to the inference that the invention was after all not so long before the surviving inscriptions. While the total amount of the earliest Palestine inscriptions is not even yet very large, the recent discovery of the Samaritan ostraca, the Gezer tablet, and various minor inscriptions, is at least pointing to a general use of Semitic writing in Palestine at least as early as the 9th century BC. 9. Changes in Letter Forms: The tendency of letters to change form in consequence of changed environment is not peculiar to alphabetical writing but is characteristic of the transmission of all sorts of writing. The morphology of alphabetical writing has however its own history. The best source for studying this on the Semitic side is Lidzbarski's Handbuch (see below), and on the Greek side the best first source is E. S. Roberts, Introduction to Greek Epigraphy (Cambr.). The best synoptical statement of the Semitic is found in the admirable tables in the Jewish Encyclopedia, V, i, 449-53. For the later evolution of both Greek and Latin alphabets, E. M. Thompson's Introduction to Greek and Latin Paleography, Oxford, 1912, is far the best Introduction. In this he takes account of the great finds of papyri which have so revolutionized the study of the forms of Greek letters around the beginning of the Christian era, since his first Handbook was published. (See articles on the text of Old Testament and New Testament .) In the Hebrew, the old Phoenician alphabet of the early inscriptions had in the New Testament times given way to the square Aramaic characters of the modern Hebrew which possibly came into use as early as the time of Ezra. The most comprehensive modern brief conspectus covering both Hebrew and Greek is that reproduced in this article from the little manual of Specht.	i don't know
Diastema is the medical term for the gap between what in the human body?	Diastema \| definition of diastema by Medical dictionary Diastema \| definition of diastema by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diastema [di″ah-ste´mah] (pl. diaste´mata) (Gr.) a space or cleft. di·a·ste·ma·ta (dī'ă-stē'mă, -stē'mă-tă), 1. Space between two adjacent teeth in the same dental arch. 2. Fissure or abnormal opening in any part, especially if congenital. 3. Cleft or space between the maxillary lateral incisor and canine teeth, into which the lower canine is received when the jaws are closed; abnormal in humans but normal in dogs and many other animals. [G. diastēma, an interval] /di·a·ste·ma/ (di″ah-ste´mah) pl. diaste´mata [Gr.] 1. a space or cleft. 2. a space between two adjacent teeth in the same dental arch. 3. a narrow zone in the equatorial plane through which the cytosome divides in mitosis. diastema n. pl. diaste·mata (-mə-tə) A gap or space between two teeth. di′a·ste·mat′ic (-stə-măt′ĭk) adj. diastema [dī′əstē′mə] Etymology: Gk, interval a space between two teeth in the same dental arch not caused by the loss of a tooth between them. It occurs most commonly between the maxillary central incisors in adults. di·a·ste·ma 1. Fissure or abnormal opening in any part, especially if congenital. 2. Space between two adjacent teeth in the same dental arch. 3. A space between teeth not due to missing teeth. 4. A space between the upper central incisors in humans, or a space between two adjacent teeth in the same dental arch, especially that between the upper lateral incisor and the adjacent canine, into which the lower canine closes in the Carnivora, such as dogs.	two teeth
Jibbons and scallions are alternative words for which vegetables?	A dictionary of dental terms The two upper and two lower teeth in the very center of your mouth. More Lateral The teeth just adjacent to the centrals. Cuspid The pointy teeth just behind the laterals. These teeth have one cuspal (or point). Cuspids are also called canines. First Bicuspid The teeth just behind the cuspids. These teeth have two cuspals (or points) Second Bicuspid The teeth just behind the first bicuspids. These teeth also have two cuspals (or points). First Molar The teeth just behind the second bicuspids. These teeth have a level surface with four cuspals. Second Molar The teeth just behind the first. These teeth also have a level surface with four cuspals. Third Molar The teeth just behind the second molars. These teeth also have a level surface with four cuspals. Incisor Another name for the centrals and laterals Canine Another name for the cuspids 6 year molar Another name for your first molar 12 year molar Another name for your second molar Wisdom Tooth Another name for the third molar Anterior Teeth Your centrals, laterals, and cuspids. These are the teeth in the front of your mouth Posterior Teeth Your bicuspids and molars. These are the teeth in the back of your mouth. Deciduous Teeth Your primary, or "baby teeth" Primary teeth The first set of teeth which come in. Primary teeth are also called "baby teeth" or deciduous teeth. Secondary Teeth A opening in your jaw-bone in which a tooth is attached. Apex The very bottom of the root of your tooth Buccal The tooth surface which is next to your cheeks. Usually only posterior teeth touch your cheeks, so people usually use the term "buccal" only when talking about your back teeth. Cementum A bony substance covering the root of a tooth. Crown The part of your tooth above your gum. Cuspal The chewing or tearing points of the cuspids, bicuspids, and molars. Dentin The calcium part of a tooth below the enamel containing the pulp chamber and root canals. Enamel A hard ceramic which covers the exposed part of your teeth. Frenum Small pieces of pink colored skin that attach your lips, cheeks and tongue to your mouth. Examples include the piece of skin under your tounge which sticks out when you pick up your tongue, and the piece of skin which sticks out when you pull out your lips. Gingivae Another name for your gums Gums The pink areas around your teeth Pulp The soft inner structure of a tooth, consisting of nerve and blood vessels Pulp Chamber The very inner part of your tooth containing nerve cells and blood vessels. Pulp canal Another name for the pulp chamber Root The teeth on either side of a missing tooth. Amalgam A silver/mercury mixture which is used for fillings. Anatomy 1)The arangement of the bones in your skeleton 2) The study of the arrangement of the bones in your skeleton. Antiseptic A chemical agent which can be applied to living tissues to destroy germs. Anesthetic A drug which a doctor or dentist uses to put you, your mouth, or some other part of your body asleep so you do not feel any pain during dental or medical procedures. Anterior An adjective used to describe things pertaining to your your Centrals, laterals and cuspids (your front teeth). Arch Collectively, either the teeth or the basal bone of either jaw. Articulator A special holder for models of your teeth. The articulator holds the models in the same alignment as your jaw so the orthodontist can look carefully at your bite. Asepsis The avoidance of potentially pathogenic microorganism. In practice,it refers to those techniques which aims to exclude all microorganisms. Aspirator A tube like a straw which the dentist puts in your mouth to suck up all the saliva. Aspiration Removal of fluids from your mouth with an aspirator. Bruxism Clenching or grinding of your teeth especially at night. Calculus A hard deposit that forms when you do not brush your teeth so the plaque hardens. Calculus is also known as tartar. Caries Another name for a cavities (tooth decay) Cavity A small hole in one of your teeth caused by tooth decay. Cross contamination Passing bacteria, viruses or AIDS indirectly from one patient to another through the use of improper sterilization procedures, unclean instruments, or "recycling" of orthodontic products. Crown 1) An artifacial tooth, 2) an artificial replacement for the covering on a tooth. Curettage A periodontal procedure where your gums are scraped to remove bacteria. Decalcification The loss of calcium from your teeth. This weakens your teeth and makes them more succeptable to decay. Denture A synthetic replacment for all of your teeth in either your upper or your lower jaw. Diagnosis the process of identifying the nature of a disorder. Direct contamination Direct contact with impurities or germs. (for example by a Patient sneezing on the assistant.) Disinfection A cleaning process which destroys of most microorganism, but not highly resistant forms such as bacterial and mycotic spores or the AIDS virus. Disinfectant A chemical agent which is applied onto inanimate surfaces, for example chairs, to destroy germs. Disposable materials materials intended for one use and discarded. (e.g.: Gloves, paper gowns, cotton rolls, sponges, etc.) Distal Behind towards the back of the mouth. For example you might say that the first bicuspid is distal to the cuspid. Edentulous Someone is said to be edentulous whene all of their teeth are missing from either their upper or lower jaw. Endodontist (Endo) A dentist who specializes in root canals and the treatment of diseases or injuries that affect the root tips or nerves in your teeth. Erupt, Eruption When a new tooth comes in, the tooth is said to erupt when the tooth breaks through the surface of your gums, so you can see the tooth in your mouth. Exfoliate to fall out. (Your Deciduous teeth exfoliate and permanent teeth erupt into the space.) Extraoral Outside of your mouth. For example, neck pads are sait to be extra oral products since they go outside of your mouth. Filtrum the dimple or indentation under the nose directly above the upper lip. Fluoride A chemical solution or gel which you put on your teeth. The flouride hardens your teeth and prevents tooth decay. Gingival hypertrophy The abnormal enlargement of the gingiva surrounding the teeth caused by poor oral hygiene. Gingivitis The inflammation of your gums caused by improper brushing. The first sign of periodontal (gum) disease. Impacted tooth An unerupted tooth that somehow has gotten stuck and cannot come in. Implant A replacement for one of your missing teeth. The implant is different than a bridge in that the implant is permenantly attached into your jaw. Incisal The biting edge of your centrals and laterals. Interproximal the space between adjacent teeth Intraoral Inside your mouth. For example, orthodontic rubber bands are called intraoral products since the rubber bands are designed to go in your mouth. Irrigation the technique of using a solution to wash out your mouth and to flush debris. Labial The tooth surface next to your lips or things mounted on the tooth surfaces next to your lips. Lingual The tooth surface next to your tongue or things mounted on the tooth surfaces next to your tongue. Mandible Pertaining to your upper jaw Mesial Forward or front. For example your cuspid is mesial to you bicuspid. The mesial surface of your bicuspid is the part of the bicuspid closest to your cuspid. Midline A plane through the very center of your mouth perpendicular to your nose. Mixed dentition The situation when both deciduous and permanent teeth are present. Occlusal the chewing or grinding surface of the bicuspid and molar teeth. Occlusal plane the imaginary surface on which upper and lower teeth meet. Occlusal radiograph the only x-ray that is taken without a precision(tm) x-ray holder. The x-ray film for this procedure is shaped like a large oatmeal cookie. You are asked to bite on the x-ray film and the top of the x-ray machine is positioned over your nose for a maxillary occlusal x-ray or under your chin for a mandibular occlusal film. The x- ray shows the whole arch. Oral Cells which aid the growth and development of teeth and bones. Osteoclasts Cells which help create the sockets in bones. For example osteoclasps create the openings in your jaw bone to hold your teeth. Pathogens disease producing organisms that can exist in many different places. (e.g.: Air, dust, counter top surfaces, the body, etc.) Pathology the study of abnormal (diseased) tissue conditions. Pedodontist (Pedo) A dentist who specializes in the treatment of children's teeth. Periapical x-ray of individual teeth or groups of teeth. Periodontist (Perio) A dentist who specializes in the treatment of diseases of your gums. Plaque is a colorless, odorless, sticky substance containing acids and bacteria that causes tooth decay. Periodontal Pertaining to your gums. For example periodontal desiese is gum disease. Periodontist A dentist who specializes in the treatment of gum disease. Posterior An adjective used to describe things pertaining to the back of your mouth or your back teeth. Prophylaxis A dentist who specializes in the replacement of missing teeth. Proximal Refers to the surfaces of teeth that touch the next tooth; the space between adjacent teeth is the interproximal space. Radiograph Another name for an x-ray Root canal A procedure where the nerve of a heavily decayed tooth is removed from the tooth replaced with a filling material Sagittal plane The longitudinal vertical plane that divides the mouth into two halves (left and right.) Sanitization A cleaning process which reduces germs to a "safe" level. Space maintainer A gadget used to maintain a space in your mouth. You would use a space maintainer when you lose one of your baby teeth. The space maintainer will keep a space in your mouth until a permenant tooth comes in to fill the space. Sterilization A process where a medical material is treated to remove all possible germs and other forms of life Supernumerary teeth Some people have extra teeth. These are called "supernumerary teeth". Tartar Another name for calculus TMJ An abreviation for the "temporomandibular joint" The "temporomandibular joint" is the joint where your lower jaw connects to your skull. Treatment card A metal wire which is attached to your brackets to move your teeth. Band a metal ring that is usually placed on you teeth to hold on parts of your braces Bracket A metal or ceramic part that is glued onto a tooth and serves as a means of fastening the arch wire. Breakaway A breakaway is a small plastic piece with an internal spring which is used to provide force on a facebow. Buccal tube A small metal part that is welded on the ourside of a molar bank. The buccal tube contains a slots to hold archwires, lip bumpers, facebows and other things your orthodontist uses to move your teeth. Chain, Orthodontic Chain A stretchable plastic chain used to hold archwires into brackets and to moke teeth. Facebow, Headgear Facebows are wire apparatus used to move your upper molars back in your mouth which creates room for crowded or protrusive anterior teeth. Generally, the facebow consists of two metal parts which have been attached together. The inner part is shaped like a horseshoe. This part goes in your mouth and is connected to your buccal tubes. The outer part has two curves. The curves go around your face, and connect to the breakaways or high pull headgear. To properly use the product, the inner bow needs to be inserted into your buccal tubes. An elastic neck band is placed around the back of the neck while the triangular cast offs on both sides of neck band are attached to the outer bow of the headgear. Completing the apparatus is a plastic safety strap that is placed over the neck band and onto the outer bow of the headgear. Ligating module A small plastic piece, shaped like a donut, which is used to hold the arch wires in the brackets on your teeth. Lip bumper A lip bumper is used to push the molars on your lower jaw back to create more space for other teeth. The lip bumper conists of an arch wire which is attached to a molded piece of plastic. You mount the arch wire in the buccal tubes on your lower jaw, and plastic piece rests against your lips. When you eat or talk, you push the plastic piece back which pushes on your molars. That pushes your molars back. Mouthguard A device that is used to protect your mouth from injury when you are participating in sports. The use of a mouthguard is especially important for orthodontic patients, to prevent injuries. Neck pad A neckpad is a cloth covered cushion which you wear around your neck when you put on your facebow. Generally, the breakaways are attached to the neckpad to provide force for the facebow. Palatal Expander A device used to make your jaw wider Retainer A gadget that the orthodontist gives you to wear after the orthodntist removes your braces. The retainer attaches to your upper teeth and holds them in the correct position. You wear the retainer at night to make sure that none of your teeth move while your jaw hardens and your teeth get strongly attached to your jaw. Safety Strap A special plier which the orthodontist uses to remove bands from your teeth Bite Stick A device the orthodontist uses to help put on your bands. The orthodontist puts the band in place, then asks you to bite down on the bite stick to help push the band in place. Cephalometric Viewer An x-ray viewer Cheek retractors Small plastic pieces used to draw back your lips and cheeks so the orthodontist can more easily see you teeth and work in your mouth. Curing Light A special UV light used to help attach brackets to your teeth Distal End Cutter A special plier used to cut off the ends of your arch wires. Explorer a hook-like fine pointed instrument used in examining the teeth. Interproximal Stripper A device used to remove some of the enamel from the spaces between your teeth. The stripper is used to create extra space for crowded teeth. Mathieu Plier A special plier which locks when it closes so it holds on to small parts. Pin and Ligature Cutter A special plier use to cur off arch wires, ligatures etc. Scaler A tool with a curved hook on one end. The orthodontist uses the scaler to remove excess cement, and check for gaps. Twirl On the process of cementing orthodontic bands to your teeth Bonding the process of attaching brackets to your teeth using a special safe glue Cephalometric X-Rays An x-ray of the head that shows whether your teeth are aligned properly, and whether they are growing properly. The Consultation A meeting with your orthodontist where he discusses your treatment plan Debanding the removal of cemented orthodontic bands. Debonding The removal of the brackets from your teeth Extraoral photograph facial photos. Impressions The first step in making a model of your teeth. You bite into a container filled with algenate, and the algenate hardens to produce a mold of your teeth. Interceptive Orthodontic Treatment Orthodontic treatment usually done when you are 6-8. The objective of interceptive orthodontic treatment is to expand your palate and make other corrections, so that your later orthodontic treatment goes quicker and is less painful. Ligation the arrangement of the teeth. Diastema a space between two teeth. Drift Unwanted movement of teeth. Extrusion Tooth movement in the direction of eruption. Natural extrusion: teeth grow until there is contact with another tooth. Mechanical extrusion: to pull the teeth so that it extends farther out of your gums. Fixed appliance any orthodontic component that is cemented or bonded to the teeth. Flared teeth A term used to indicate the position of the teeth. The upper teeth are flared lingually (toward the lip). Full orthodontic treatment Getting braces Inclination the angle of the long axis of a tooth from a particular line of reference; the tilt or tip of a tooth. Interocclusal registration a wax bite which is used to see how your teeth come together Interproximal stripping reduction of the enamel of the teeth on both sides of the tooth. This procedure is preformed to create space for crowded teeth. Intrusion movement of a tooth back into the bone. Lingual appliances orthodontic appliance fixed to the inside of your teeth. i.e. Lingual appliances are attached to the part of your teeth next to your tongue. Lingual arch An orthodontic wire attached from molar to molar in the inside of your teeth. Lingual retainers a variation of the lingual arch going from cuspids to cuspid. Malocclusion Poor positioning of your teeth. Class I Malocclusion A Malocclusion where your bite is OK (your top teeth line up with your bottom teeth) but your teeth are crooked, crowded or turned. Class II Malocclusion A Malocclusion where your upper teeth stick out past your lower teeth. This is also called an "overbite" or "buck teeth" Class III Malocclusion A Malocclusion where your lower teeth stick out past your upper teeth. This is also called an "underbite". Occlusion The alignment and spacing of your upper and lower teeth when you bite down. Proper Occlusion A beautiful smile where all of your teeth are straight and your top teeth line up with your bottom teeth Open bite A malocclusion in which the teeth do not close or come together in the front of your mouth Orthodontics The treatment preformed to correct your bite and make your smile look wonderful. Orthodontist A dentist who has been specially trained to do orthodontics. Orthodontia vertical overlapping of the upper teeth over the lower. Overjet horizontal projection of upper teeth beyond the lower. Retruded a term used when your front teeth are slated lingually (i.e. toward the back of your mouth). Rotation a movement in which the tooth turned along the long axis of the tooth. Spee the curve of spee is the curvature of the occlusal plane of the teeth. Stop a bend or auxiliary attachment placed on a wire to limit the archwire from sliding or moving in the bracket slot of the bracket. Tipping a tooth movement in which the root of the tooth is tipped labially (lip) or lingually (tongue) to correct the angle of the crown of the tooth. Torque the rotation of a tooth on the long axis moving the root of the tooth in a buccal or labial direction. Tracing (cephalometric) an overlay drawing traced over a cephalometric x-ray that shows specific structures and landmarks that provided a basis for orthodontic therapy. Traction the act of drawing or pulling the teeth. Translation	i don't know
Who became Baron of Kington-upon-Hull when joining the House of Lords in July 2010?	Lord Prescott takes his place in the House of Lords - BBC News BBC News Lord Prescott takes his place in the House of Lords 8 July 2010 Close share panel John Prescott has taken up his seat in the House of Lords, becoming Baron Prescott of Kingston-Upon-Hull. Labour's former deputy PM was among a number of ex-ministers to be given peerages after the election in May. Lord Prescott, deputy to Tony Blair for 10 years, was watched by his wife Pauline, who sat in one of the public viewing galleries. Although reportedly against taking a peerage in the past, he now says it will enable him to campaign on issues. The 72-year old has officially became Baron Prescott during a short ceremony in the House of Lords, although he will be known as Lord Prescott. I tell you what. The Lords is a place of class, no doubt about that, and I'd like to be in the battle there, like I am elsewhere Lord Prescott Wearing traditional ermine robes, he pledged allegiance to the Queen, signed the official documents before departing the Lords chamber, pausing briefly to chat to Conservative peer Lord Strathclyde, the leader of the house. After he stood down as deputy leader in 2007, Mr Prescott reportedly indicated that he would not be following in their footsteps. "I don't want to be a member of the House of Lords," the Daily Mail reported him as saying in August 2008, although he denies ever saying it. Mr Prescott has remained active in political life despite standing down as the MP for Hull East at the last election. Politically active He campaigned vigorously for Labour - travelling the country in a battle bus - and has since said he wants to be the party's Treasurer to help improve its finances. Speaking after it was announced he would be nominated for a peerage in May, he said he was not ready for "his pipe and slippers" yet. "I tell you what. The Lords is a place of class, no doubt about that, and I'd like to be in the battle there, like I am elsewhere," he said. He said he wanted a platform to continue to make the case for jobs, social justice and environmental protection and denied he had been talked into it by his wife. "I make my own decisions. Of course I'd be influenced by my wife, but I'm not doing it for that." Former Labour MPs Quentin Davies, who defected from the Tories in 2007 and became a defence minister, and ex-Cabinet Office minister Angela Smith also took their places in the Lords. They were sworn in as Lord Davies of Stamford and Baroness Smith of Basildon.	John Prescott
Which instrument was American bandleader Glenn Miller famous for playing?	A knighthood for Lynton Crosby - Google Groups A knighthood for Lynton Crosby Showing 1-25 of 25 messages "For services to the Tory Party." No further comment needed. On 30/12/2015 23:28, Judith wrote: > > "For services to the Tory Party." > Nevertheless, stand by for some comment. Offhand, can you recall what great service to the British nation was ever performed by Marcia Williams (née Field)? It's just that she "was elevated to the Peerage as Baroness Falkender, of West Haddon in the County of Northamptonshire on 11 July 1974", by Labour Prime Minister the late Mr Harold Wilson (as he then was styled). And there was also the little matter of Mr Wilson (Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, as he later became) offering a peerage to Mr Joe Haines when he (Wilson) resigned as Prime Minister in 1976. Mr Haines declined to take it, perhaps because he, if not Wilson, understood that being Mr Wilson's press secretary (and later the political editor of the Daily Mirror) was probably not exactly what you might describe as sterling service to the nation. But if he'd taken it, he'd have been Baron Haines. Abolish the whole lot! Monarchy, House of Lords, Hereditary titles, honours lists etc - not one of them are worth the public money spent on 'em! And while we are at it - sort out the Houses of Parliament, MPs expenses, the electoral system, party political donations, have a fixed sum of public money to give to the parties fighting general and local government elections AND make ALL political party manifestos enforceable in law. That will never happen, bit to paraphrase the chorus of John Lennon's Imagine: You may say that I'm a dreamer But I'm not the only one I hope someday you'll join us And the this country will be as one A very, very big <grin> >Nevertheless, stand by for some comment. > >Offhand, can you recall what great service to the British nation was ever >performed by Marcia Williams (née Field)? > >It's just that she "was elevated to the Peerage as Baroness Falkender, of >West Haddon in the County of Northamptonshire on 11 July 1974", by >Labour Prime Minister the late Mr Harold Wilson (as he then was styled). > >And there was also the little matter of Mr Wilson (Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, >as he later became) offering a peerage to Mr Joe Haines when he (Wilson) >resigned as Prime Minister in 1976. > >Mr Haines declined to take it, perhaps because he, if not Wilson, understood >that being Mr Wilson's press secretary (and later the political editor of the >Daily Mirror) was probably not exactly what you might describe as sterling >service to the nation. >But if he'd taken it, he'd have been Baron Haines. As regards Wilson what about Joseph Kagan who was made Baron Kagen in Wilson's resignation honours list. When Wilson resigned as Prime Minister in March 1976, Kagan was made a life peer as Baron Kagan, of Elland in the County of West Yorkshire in the 1976 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours (known satirically as the 'Lavender List'), taking the Labour Party whip. He was later charged with tax evasion, though the formal charges were styled as "theft" and "false accounting", to comply with extradition treaties which did not cover tax offenses. After a stay in Israel, he was arrested in Paris. On December 12, 1980, he was convicted of four counts of theft. He was fined £375,000 and served a ten-month sentence, first in Armley, then in Rudgate open prison, Yorkshire. He lost his knighthood,[3] but his peerage could not be forfeited. Upon release from custody, he returned to the House of Lords and spoke on prison reform. In 1994 his health deteriorated, and he died peacefully in his London apartment the following year. Dodgy honours transcend political allegiances, they're all at it. Mike Michael Swift We do not regard Englishmen as foreigners. Kirkheaton We look on them only as rather mad Norwegians. Yorkshire Halvard Lange On Thursday, 31 December 2015 00:46:22 UTC, Mike Swift wrote: > Dodgy honours transcend political allegiances, they're all at it. Another great socialist who played croquet at Dorneywood while 8000 homes in Hull were flooded in 2007. QUOTE: "It was announced on 28 May 2010 that Prescott was to be awarded a life peerage. The peerage was gazetted on 15 June in the 2010 Dissolution Honours. He was introduced in the House of Lords on 8 July as Baron Prescott, of Kingston upon Hull in the County of East Yorkshire and the Letters Patent were gazetted on 12 July, dated 7 July. Note that the comma appears after "Prescott", not "Hull", because his title is "Baron Prescott", not "Baron Prescott of Kingston upon Hull".	i don't know
Name Charles Dickens' first novel, featuring the characters Nathaniel Winkle, Augustus Snodgrass and 'the fat boy' Joe?	The Pickwick Papers Summary Charles Dickens \| Plot Summaries \| Illustrations \| Photographs \| Site Map \| The Pickwick Papers The Pickwick Papers (The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, shortened to The Pickwick Papers, 1836) was the first novel by English writer Charles Dickens. It is considered a masterpiece of British literature. Summary and Publication History The novel was published as a serial, issued in instalments, as was common with many other works at the time. Dickens was commissioned to write the book by his publisher, who originally wanted Dickens to merely provide the text to complement illustrations by Robert Seymour , who had proposed to draw a series of illustrations surrounding the comic adventures of the members of a sporting club. However, Dickens indicated that he knew nothing about hunting and other sports activities, and so he redefined the work. The original concept of a group of characters experiencing comical adventures was retained, but in Dickens' version the characters belonged to the Pickwick Club, named after its founder and perpetual president Samuel Pickwick. The objective of the club is to explore life and to this end, Pickwick and the other members of the Club make journeys out of London to various parts of England, meeting quaint and bizarre character along the way. Some critics have seen similarities between the Pickwick Papers and other picaresque novels such as Don Quixote, Robert Seymour was relegated to a secondary role, and now instead of Dickens providing the text to illustrations created by Seymour, Seymour was required to illustrate Dickens's writing. Only part way through the publication of the book, Seymour committed suicide, apparently despondent over a number of reverses including his lack of creative control over the Pickwick Papers. A controversy developed as to whether Seymour ought to have been credited with the idea for the Pickwick Papers, but Dickens and his publisher denied that Seymour had any meaningful input. Mr Pickwick Chases his Hat - Illustration by Robert Seymour The Pickwick Papers became a publishing phenomenon. Readers eagerly awaited each new instalment; those who could afford to buy a copy would read it to their friends and relatives who could not. The success of the book was due to Dickens' creation of a cast of eccentric, humorous characters as well as his nostalgic portrait of England which contrasted with the cynical reality of the time. The Pickwick Papers was published in 19 episodes spread over 20 months; the last instalment was of double length and cost two shillings since Dickens had skipped the May 1837 issue due to the death of his sister, Mary Hogarth. Each instalment was usually published at the end of the month. As the author's first novel, The Pickwick Papers had a somewhat troubled history: the first two issues included four illustrations by Robert Seymour and 24 pages of text. After the suicide of the artist, the latter was replaced by RW Buss for the third instalment and the composition of the editions was changed to two illustrations and two pages of text each. However, Buss did not like the work and so he was replaced in turn by Hablot Knight Browne (Phiz) for the fourth instalments. This was the beginning of a very fruitful collaboration between Phiz and Dickens; Phiz continued to work for the author for over 23 years. The Pickwick Papers describes the travels of Mr. Samuel Pickwick, founder of the Pickwick Club, with his friends Nathaniel Winkle, Augustus Snodgrass and Tracy Tupman through early nineteenth century England. The book features a cast of bizarre characters and situations. There is no overriding plot to the novel, but rather a series of somewhat connected vignettes involving the characters. One story involves a lawsuit between Mr. Pickwick and his landlady, who, due to a misunderstanding, sues Mr. Pickwick for breach of promise to marry. The landlady wins the lawsuit and is awarded damages, but Mr. Pickwick stubbornly refuses to pay her and so is imprisoned in the Marshalsea , the prison for debtors ( a recurring theme in Dickens's works - for example Little Dorrit - as well as in Dickens own family history). Other characters are more lucky in love: Augustus Snodgrass falls in love with the daughter of Mr. Wardle, a jovial and wealthy gentleman of peasant origins whom the travelers encounter during a trip. And then there are other romantic pairings, some successful, some mercenary, and always comical. Pickwick Papers Characters	The Pickwick Papers
Sir Edmund Barton became the first prime minister of which country in 1901?	Issue 154 by East Cork Journal - issuu issuu NO STONE Issue No. 154 UNTURNED Youghal’s SPECIAL OFFERS BACK TO SCHOOL Flying Fresian VALUE PACK: Fresh chicken, 4 pork chops, 4 chicken fillets, 1lb mince beef, 6 steak burgers, pack of meatballs €20 www.crowleyscraftbutchers.com Bridgestone food Guide award winner 2010 THOSE in Youghal last Saturday afternoon may have turned their eyes skywards and seen what appeared to be a large Fresian cow soaring across the skies. Rest assured, a visit to Specsavers in these particular circumstances was not necessary. Instead, Limerick pilot, Gerry Humphreys had decided to fly over Youghal in his two seater plane which just happens to be painted in a bovine design. Performing loop the loops, tailspins, rolls and inversions, Gerry was flying high as part of the Youghal Maritime events over the weekend. CLASH TITANS OF THE 6 page preview of this weekend’s East Cork Junior A Hurling Final Castlemartyr take on Dungourney this Saturday Night SO far, renovations have been progressing at a steady rate at the old cemetery in Killeagh, by St. Abban's Church. But those involved have now hit a snag: they don't have enough stone to finish the job of completing the face of one section of the wall. The stone in question is limestone, which has been used to build churches, their floors and walls, both interior and exterior, since mediaeval times and a 4 (+ -.5 .% .30 1/$"( + .%%$0 -# ' 4$ - 11$11,$-2 ".-13+2 2(.- %.0 )312 < < $/ (01 7 ..0 $/ (01 7 .-1$04 2.06 $/ (01 -#+$1 (-&$1 ."1 $ +1 /&0 #$1 $/+ "$,$-21 significant portion of St. Peter's Basilica, Rome is also crafted from the sedimentary rock. MIDLETON FOOD & DRINK But, while Rome wasn't built in a day, Killeagh Community Council are hoping to get their church renovations completed in the near future, and are appealing to anyone who may have limestone to spare, or may know someone who does, to please contact them by phone or by email to [email protected] '(1 11$11,$-2 (-"+3#$1 So, for any parent who berated their child when informed, 'Mammy, there's a cow flying!', a word of warning: pigs might not fly, but cows certainly can. FESTIVAL Sept. 11th 5 3 9 1 5 1 2 5 8 4 6 7 2 $2 2'$ 0$13+21 6.3 #$1$04$ 8 3++ .#6 .,/.1(2(.- - +61(1 8 3++ .#6 $ 130$,$-21 8 +..# /0$1130$ 8 - +61(1 8 $-2 + $(&'2 11$11,$-2 #$1(&-$# 2. (#$-2(%6 5'66.3 $ 2 2'$ 5 6 6.3 #. 8 .-13+2 2(.- 5(2' .-$ .% .30 ".-13+2 -21 5'. 5(++ 2'$- - +61$ ++ 2'$ 0$13+21 -# 0$".,,$-# ".301$ .% "2(.- .(%$ +.12 12.-$ MIDLETON GLANMIRE * DUNGARVAN 9 .5 2' 2 ;, 2 ,6 2 0&$2 0$ ++6 $-).6 1'.//(-& "+3!!(-& -# #.(-& 2'$ 2'(-&1 ,(11$# .32 .- 2'0.3&'.32 ,6 2$$ - &$ 6$ 01 .2(4 2(.- '$+/$# ,$ 2. "' -&$ ,6 +(%$: DAVID STANTON TD Wednesday, September 1st. 2010 - The East Cork Journal CONSTITUENCY OFFICE: 29 St Mary’s Road, Midleton Open: 10am - 1pm, 2pm - 4.30pm (Monday-Friday) for advice or assistance Tel: 021 4632867, Fax: 021 4621133 Email: [email protected] Please visit my website www.stanton.ie Saints, singers, sirens & sinners at the East Cork Early Music Festival JOIN us on a journey through the music of Saints, Singers, Sirens and Sinners, at Ireland’s prestigious East Cork Early Music Festival, running from September 16th-19th next. Beautiful venues throughout Cork city and county will host nationally and internationally acclaimed musicians, writers, singers, and scholars. The festival opens in the intimate setting of St. John’s Church in Midleton with the award-winning recorder quartet, The Flautadors, bringing audiences back to the life and times of Mary Queen of Scots, with dazzling sixteenth century music and poetry, designed to captivate the senses and imagination. This year the ECEM Festival is proud to present the Irish Premiere o Sacred Hearts, Secret Music- a fascinating and uplifting blend of theatre, music and word based on Sarah Dunant’s best- selling novel Sacred Hearts. This, our closing performance on Sunday at 4pm, is staged within the grandeur of St Colman’s Cathedral, Cobh, and takes us into the hidden world and music of convent life in sixteenth century Italy. Directed by Deborah Roberts, narrated by the author herself and featuring the ethereal voices of Musica Secreta, the Celestial Sirens and the ECEM Festival Singers ,this is an event not to be missed. CASH FOR GOLD BROKEN OR UNWANTED ANY CARAT Bernard Wilkie Jewellers 12 Main Street, Midleton Tel: 021 4631540 Sarah Dunant will begin her visit to Cork with an open discussion at 1pm on Friday, September 17th in the Glucksman Gallery, with Dr. Laurie Stras of Musica Secreta, introduced by Professor James Knowles of UCC. Come and meet this brilliant author who makes history dance and sing within the pages of her prize winning novel. Friday evening finds us in the Curtis Auditorium at the CIT Cork School of Music, where the wonderful acoustics will resound with the critically acclaimed Irish Baroque The Celestial Sirens Irish premiere will take place as part of the ECEMF. Directed by Deborah Roberts, Sarah Dunant - author of the bestselling book, ‘Sacred Hearts’ will be the narrator Song and the Pool of Solomon with their fragrant spices, brilliant flowers and exotic fruits to whet your appetite for the unique Sacred Hearts, Secret Music, at 4pm, which will close the Festival at the Cathedral, on a truly magnificent note. Orchestra. Conducted by Christian Curnyn, performing Ireland 1750, the Orchestra will take us on a journey through 18th century life in Ireland with music by Boyce, Purcell, and Handel. The elegance of Fota House and Gardens is the perfect setting for the subtle and breathtaking playing of Susanne Heinrich, who will perform a virtuoso programme of solo works for viola da gamba at 1pm on Saturday, September 18th. Following this magnificent concert, the graceful surroundings of Fota House will be filled with music and mayhem in an afternoon of fun for all the familywith a Farmer’s Market, jugglers, face painters, games and music. The perfect end to a fun-filled day at Fota House is to hear the exciting newly formed Stylus Phantasticus (Iwona Muszynska, violin, Susanne Heinrich, viol, William Carter, lute, and Andrzej Zawisza, harpsichord) make the CIT Cork School of Music stage their own with a scintillating performance, aptly named Angels and Devils, which will feature the daring and dazzling music of Biber, Marin Marais, Corelli and the infamous Devil’s Trill by Tartini . On Sunday, September 19th, the historical island and harbour of Cobh is the place to be, beginning again at 1pm in the beautiful Christ Church in Rushbrooke with a programme of Elegance and Endurance by the extremely talented, Cork-based group, Smaointe Taitneamhach which features Aoife O’Donovan on baroque flute. Between concerts why not discover the secret jewel of the Bible Gardens set within secluded walls at St. Benedict’s Priory (near St. Colman’s Cathedral). Enjoy the serene surroundings of the Garden of the Cobh’s Face of Business finalists announced THE “Face of Business” competition, organised by the Cobh & Harbour Chamber and sponsored by the Cobh Town Council is now reaching its final stages. The competition, which awards businesses who have put in considerable efforts to improve the façade of their premises, is run each year and is a well established and popular event. An independent panel of Judges will adjudicate the competition, which is open to all businesses in Cobh, during the months of July and August. A first prize and a runner up prize will be awarded to Cobh’s most pleasing owner occupied Face of Business”. A prize will also be given for the best-rented business premise,s and in addition the winner of the owner occupied Face of Business will receive sponsorship comprising of enough paint to re-paint for the following season! In keeping with ECEM’s tradition of promoting music for young people there are also family concerts, educational events and master classes, which this year will feature Baroque guitar, Theorbo, Recorders and Harpsichord. Please contact the Festival Office at 021 4823950, [email protected], for further information about programmes, tickets, master classes. Full details at www.eastcorkearlymusic.ie Tickets on sale from the Everyman Palace, 021 4501673 www.everymanpalace.com The East Cork Early Music Festival gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Arts Council, Failte Ireland, Cork County Council and SECAD in making this Festival possible. We would also like to acknowledge the Midleton Park Hotel and the Glucksman Gallery for their support. Under the Owner/Occupied section the finalists are Anchor Bar, Cobh Credit Union, Eleven West, Gilbert’s Restaurant, Hardware House, O’Grady Mahony, Ryan’s Bar, Ryngs, In the Best Rented Premises category, De Luca’s, Hong Kong Kitchen, Jewel Haven, Something Fishy, Taste are the finalists. The winner will be announced at a reception to be held in the Commodore Hotel in early September. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal 3 2SHQ $LU )RRG 0DUNHW &UDIW ([KLELWLRQ :LQH 7DVWLQJV 6WUHHW (QWHUWDLQPHQW %XVNLQJ &RPSHWLWLRQ 0RELOH )DUP :DLWHUVÂ? 5DFH &KLOGUHQÂ?V 6WRU\ 7LPH 3XSSHW 6KRZ 0DUNHW UHHQ )DPLO\ 3OD\ DQG 3LFQLF $UHD 7KH -DPHVRQ ([SHULHQFH &RFNWDLO&RPSHWLWLRQ &RFNWDLO &RPSHWLWLRQ (DVW&RUN&DPHUD (DVW &RUN &DPHUD &OXE ([KLELWLRQ PXFKPRUH PXFK PRUH Email us at [email protected] call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Cutting the cost of high-speed broadband in East Cork Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal 4 FIRST to 4G - Imagine launches WiMax in East Cork, offering affordable high-speed phone and Internet and making us all sing THAT song too IMAGINE Communications Group has announced the launch of its high-speed WiMax broadband and phone network in East Cork. “This launch by Imagine represents another important foundation in the development of the Smart Economy which will bring about Ireland’s economic renewal,” the Minsinter said. The new fourth generation wireless technology provides superfast Internet and phone access at home and on the move, for half the cost charged by current providers. “Backed worldwide by Intel and Motorola, Imagine WiMax represents an important vote of confidence in Ireland as a place to do business, and in the restructuring of our economy to support the products and services of tomorrow”. The roll-out of the Imagine service will save Youghal, Carrigaline, Bandon and Middleton homeowners at least €400 a year on their phone and broadband bills, compared to Eircom. Mr Brian O’Donohoe, Imagine’s Commercial Director, said the network is a world-leading access technology that can be rolled out more cost-effectively than fixed broadband and with far more performance than current 3G offerings. The new network will deliver the fastest and most reliable broadband Internet ever seen in Tipperary at fifty per cent cheaper than other providers, and with no rip-off line rental charges. Imagine has already reported interest in the new high-speed service in East Cork to be above average, and has pledged to expand WiMax coverage in the county even further in 2010 when people pre-register on Imagine.ie. The Irish company is offering quality WiMax broadband to local families from €25 per month, which is 50 per cent cheaper than Eircom’s prices. “We can provide high-speed broadband and phone services faster to more people in East Cork and more cost effectively,” Mr. O’Donohoe said. Shane, Claire and Fiona, Red FM with Lynsey Smith and Andy Salter, Imagine at the launch of WiMax in East Cork. The launch took place at Market Green Shopping Centre last Friday evening, with Red FM providing music in the background. The WiMax song has become a nationwide phenomenon, with a cover version by Jedward on Youtube garnering almost 27,000 views Billie-Jean’s back! For just €20 per month, Imagine is offering a phone-only package to the East Cork homes with no line rental fee, again available for 50 per cent cheaper than competitors. BILLIE-JEAN’S East Cork Stage School is now open for the new season and Billie-Jean is delighted to welcome a huge number of new faces as they walk through her studio doors for the first time. Imagine WiMax is available in East Cork from today and Imagine hopes to expand the service in the county and urges interested households in suburban and rural areas around the county to register with Imagine WiMax. Last year was a great success for the stage school, with two huge, sellout shows at the Firkin Crane Theatre in Cork City. Throughout the year, the stage school exceeded all expectations as students were tutored in musical theatre and dance. Once sufficient numbers of homes register their interest, Imagine can roll out the service to that area as soon as possible. Registering is easy; simply log on to www.imagine.ie and fill in the form detailing your name, phone number and address. Or, if you’re in a broadband blackspot, call 1890 929 916 to register your interest with our WiMax team. The Minister for Science, Technology and Innovation, Mr Conor Lenihan TD, said the new WiMax network in East Cork is significant for the economy in the area. “This area has been neglected by broadband companies for far too long and Eircom’s excessive charges and poor service has made life difficult for everyone in the area”. Ben Kealy and Malachy Harkin from Imagine with Minister Conor Lenihan The East Cork Stage School is a meeting place where students ranging from age 4 to 18 learn a variety of performing arts in a professional and disciplined environment and are always placed in classes where they will reach their full potential. Billie-Jean strikes a pose with her daughters Claudia and Nell at their stunning dance studios at Market Green Shopping Centre, Midleton with fantastic workshops and guest choreographers from the West End and the American Academy of Dance. Students partake in classes in musical the- atre, hip hop dance, modern dance and jazz and learn routines from all the top musicals, including Glee. Children are assessed throughout the year Parents are invited to attend our end of year performance which showcases the children’s progress and gives them the experience of performing live on stage. The Stage School also performs for charity events throughout the year, and are currently in training for the Declan Kiely Moonwalker Show in Cork. So, it’s all systems go for Billie-Jean and her students. Bring it on! For further information, please contact 086 7966124 or email [email protected] Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Reap what you sow with Midleton’s Letter to the Editor from Brookdale Residents’ Committee: premiere live music venue Starts this ‘Taking in charge of Brookdale Sunday night, Estate continues and, hopefully, will Wallis’ Bar launches September 5th be brought to fruition in near future’ 5 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Harvest Music Festival 2010 THIS Sunday, September 5th, the inaugural Harvest Music Festival will kick into gear at Wallis’ Bar with ‘The Papa Zitas’, a funky, motown mix featuring Midleton and Cork musicians. Throughout the week, local and Cork based artists will make music at Wallis’ Bar with a must-see trad-head session on Tuesday night, September 7th, featuring the likes of Jimmy Morrisson, Johnny Cronin, John Neville and friends. Meanwhile, Wednesday night will see James McGrath wow the crowds with special guest Freddie White. Live music will take place every night throughout the Harvest Music Festival (see page 53 for full details), with accomplished performers guaranteed. The Harvest Music Festival will come to a close on Sunday night, September 12th with the one and only ASLAN set to sizzle. Seamus Cunningham, proprietor, Wallis’ Bar, couldn’t be happier. ‘We’ve assembled some great musicians (who are always happy to play at East Cork’s premiere live music venue) for the first Harvest Music Festival at Wallis’ Bar, with more still to be confirmed,’ he enthuses. ‘It’s going to be a great week for music-lovers in Midleton.’ And we can’t argue with that. Market Green gives away cash on Facebook Isn’t it time you ‘Liked’ Market Green New giveaways on the way! Happy first birthday, Olivia HAPPY first birthday to darling Olivia, our beautiful grand-daughter. Olivia will be one year old on Friday, September 3rd and we would like to wish her a very, very, happy First Birthday. She is a happy beautiful little baby and we love her very much. Lots and lots of love from Granny and Granddad Casey, Sunville, Ballycotton. LAST week, the East Cork Journal, reported on the issues of water safety and quality along Midleton’s Mill Road, with reference to a drain at the Brookdale estate. The Chairman of the Brookdale Residents’ Committee, Cllr. Tom Cashman, kindly furnished us with the following information: Dear Editor, As Chairman of the Brookdale Residents’ Committee, Broomfield West, Midleton, I wish to reply briefly to the report in last week‘s edition of the East Cork Journal, concerning the quality of the public water supply and other related problems in a certain area of Brookdale Estate. This 84 house estate has yet to be taken in charge by Cork County Council, a matter the Residents’ Committee has in progress with the county council. The technical examination of houses and all services within the estate, will be CCTV-investigated by the county council, a requirement necessary to ensure all services are in order, prior to the taking in charge of the estate. The developer has been notified accordingly. Meanwhile, I called - with another member of our Residents’ Committee - to the 84 householders in Brookdale Estate. In all of the 84 houses there were some environmental issues raised by the residents, but none relating to water quality etc. The taking charge of Brookdale Estate continues and, hopefully, it will be brought to fruition in the near future. Since the estate is not taken in charge by the County Council, the problems referred to in your report should be directed to the developer for attention and, if needs be, to the county council. Yours sincerely, Cllr. Tom Cashman Chairman, Brookdale Residents’ Committee Celebration 10 – 19 September, 2010 Waterford City www.waterfordharvestfestival.ie Andrew McVea, Shopping Centre Manager, Market Green and Kieran Moore, Imokilly Webs log on to the centre’s Facebook page FOR the past few weeks, Market Green Shopping Centre has been handing out €20 cash to Facebookers who give the best answer to a wide range of questions. To get your hands on some cash, visit Market Green’s Facebook site and stay tuned for the weekly question, raised by Kieran Moore, Imokilly Webs, who operates the shopping centre’s Facebook site. ‘We’ve had a great response so far,’ Kieran tells the East Cork Journal, ‘and there’s plenty more giveaways coming up, so people should keep an eye on our Facebook site for new offers and the chance to win some great prizes.’ Previous winners include Kerrie Harty, Fionnuala O’Riordan and Siobhain Broughton. Don’t miss Amazing Grazing on Sunday 12th of September from 11am to 6pm, when Waterford’s South Quay will close to traffic and be transformed into a giant food market! Winners are announced weekly so log on to Facebook now, and get a little closer to that cash. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 6 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Pigs, prams and plenty of prizes at the Aghada Parish First Responders Family Fun Day ON Sunday last, Anthony Spillane and the Aghada Parish First Responders held a Family Fun Day to raise funds for defibrillators. A pig on a spit, homemade cakes, guess the weight of the blocks, a face painting stall, a bouncy castle and music from 'Caution' ensured that everyone went home happy! Daniel & Sarah O'Brien Kayleigh, Amanda, Rosa and Alison Broderick 021 4638022 All photos available to buy Pauline & Adam O'Brien with Linda Corigliano and Anne-Marie McAllister Julie & The Pig On The Spit Gang Holly Broderick & Carrie Reidy Aghada Parish First Responders: Sylvia Hickey, Kevin Lydon, Nicola Brady, Anthony Spillane, Helen & Roisin Lansley and Orla Baldwin Philip and Michelle with Honey the dog Meghan, Mairead and Eoin Spillane at the Me Daza Desserts stall Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Holy cow! Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal 7 Flying high in Youghal SHANE SUPPLE REPORTS Most people drive to work, Gerry can fly. ON Saturday afternoon last, shortly after 3pm pilot, Gerry Humphreys, left his home in Limerick and flew his Vans RV7 two seater plane to Youghal. You might have noticed it, as it’s painted like a Fresian Cow! At exactly 3.30pm he appeared, coming down over the river Blackwater toward the open sea, leaving a trail of smoke behind as he performed aerobatics in his small plane. For approximately 10 minutes he flew over the harbour, bringing gasps from onlookers as he put his plane through its paces, flying loop the loops, tailspins, rolls, making heart shapes in the sky and flying upside down. Gerry was flying over Youghal as part of the festivities for the Youghal Bay Boat club final event of the summer. Speaking to Gerry I asked him where did his love of flying come from, ‘I can’t remember, but my mother tells me the day I was born my father held me up and flew me around the room. ‘When I was small I always dreamt of flying. I’ve been obsessed with airplanes ever since I could walk, and as a teenager flew model aircraft. My father had been an RAF pilot during WW2. Then in the 1970’s I studied Aeronautical engineering at Queens University in Belfast and first flew solo at 17. I learned to fly with the RAF as a member of the Queens University Air Squadron and flew fast jet fighters, including Harriers, for most of my career in the RAF. I have flown in the Falklands, Belize in Central America, Northern Iraq, and Norway. I also flew from Navy Carriers. My wife was also in the RAF and we often worked together. We both have a love of flying.’ Gerry concluded a distinguished 20-year career as a Harrier Pilot with the Royal Air Force when he returned to Cappamore in County Limerick in 1998 to take over the running of the family farm. One of his first investments was his aircraft, the Vans RV-7, which he built himself from a kit imported from the USA. The project took 5 years of Gerry’s spare time to complete. He said, ‘I sold a few sites from my farm and one of the sites paid for my airplane. Gerry then built his own airstrip just outside his door. Most people drive to work, Gerry can fly. He has over 6,000 hours of flying experience, in a variety of aircraft and operational environments. He says he flys most days, either teaching in Coonagh or flying a Commander Twin prop from Shannon as a commercial pilot. The expert pilot takes his three children up for roller coaster aerobatic rides full of loop-theloops and rolls in the plane, ‘As a farmer I turn grass into organic beef, but at heart you could say I’m a flying farmer. I live in a beautiful place where I was born and where my father and his mother lived. It’s a great place to bring up kids. All the children have an aviation connection. My son is flying at the moment as well. I’ve seriously scared my wife sometimes, but that’s probably a very healthy thing. My father said he never met a pilot who didn’t believe in God,’ Gerry states. ‘Ireland is the most beautiful country to fly over. There are golf courses, castles, people chasing cows in fields. There are stone circles, ancient ring forts. ‘We have a tremendous freedom to fly in Ireland, which is unique but there is plenty of room for anyone else who wants to go and do it.’ So, the next time you see a plane painted like a cow keep an eye out, it’s more than likely Gerry. Pigs might not fly, but cows certainly can. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal The Economic Review 8 Diageo defends below cost booze sales GUINNESS brand owner, Diageo is considering backing a ban on selling alcohol below the cost of duty and VAT. However, it denied any link between price and problem drinking. email: news@ eastcorkjournal.ie Scheme will make jobless work for dole SOME dole claimants are to be made work in the community in return for receiving benefits. The scheme has been announced by the Minister for Social Protection, Eamon O Cuiv. The participants will be asked to work in areas such as after-school services, childcare and services for older people. They may also be asked to work on environmental projects and the improvement of sports and tourist facilities. It will involve as many as 10,000 participants this year, rising to 40,000 over the next two years. Participants will work 19.5 hours a week and be paid a proposed €210. Unlike the job seeker's benefit, this will not be means tested and recipients can also work part-time outside of the scheme. However, if they do not turn up for the hours they are told to work under the scheme, their dole will be stopped. Speaking on RTE yesterday, the minister said the scheme could be introduced as early as next month. He said he expected the scheme would operate on a "cost neutral" basis. This meant, he said, that any extra costs would be offset by savings from people who are not genuinely unemployed, ceasing to claim. An organisation called The Wheel, which represents community and voluntary organisations, said the proposals would only work if they are given funding too. It warned that its member organisations were already struggling with state funding cuts and would find it difficult to integrate, train and supervise people under the scheme unless they get more resources. The Irish National Organisation for the Unemployed said it was against making the scheme mandatory. AIB threw Aer Arann €1m lifeline AIB is being credited with throwing troubled regional airline, Aer Arann, a €1m lifeline which enabled it to apply for examinership and save nearly 300 jobs. In its submission to the UK's Home Office consultation on a proposed overhaul of licensing laws, which closes next week, it said it would oppose any other kind of minimum pricing restriction. Mark Baird, corporate social responsibility manager for Diageo UK, told a UK newspaper yesterday: "Our position has always been that we don't believe there's a relationship between price and alcohol harm, so we're fully against minimum pricing. "There's a view that some alcohol sold at very low prices is damaging, so we believe the coalition's proposal to look at sales below cost is worthy of further consideration." He added any support for such a limit would be "to address the public perception of alcohol rather than because we believe price is connected with alcohol-related harm." Betting tax will cost jobsPaddy Power This fresh funding allowed the appointment of an examiner and helped prevent the almost immediate closure of the airline. Latest reports say that the airline's chairman, Galway business man Padraig O'Ceidigh, may be facing significant personal financial losses having given personal guarantees amounting to €1.2 million to AIB. According to the reports, this was as part of the terms of Aer Arann's overall financial funding facility from the bank. Those travelling with Aer Arann have been assured that it is business as normal while the examinership at the airline continues. Meanwhile, it has also emerged that Aer Arann owes the Dublin Airport Authority just under €2 million in aeronautical fees relating to its activities at Dublin, Cork and Shannon. This makes the DAA the second biggest creditor behind AIB, which is owed €3.9 m. It is understood the Revenue Commissioners are owed about one month's worth of employee taxes and PRSI. In recent weeks, the airline has e-mailed customers offering "Happy Hour" discounts on domestic and UK flights. On August 19th, Aer Arann offered up to 50pc off flights to the UK and 25pc off domestic routes for bookings made that day. Aer Arann's difficulties come in spite of a strong start to its regional service with Aer Lingus. It carried more than 100,000 passengers from its launch on March 28th to the end of June, according to figures released by Aer Lingus last week. The airline, which has sustained losses of €18m since the start of 2008, would not comment on reports that there are at least three investors interested in taking a stake in the company. Michael McAteer of Grant Thornton has been given the task, as interim examiner, of reviewing the financial position of the company, overseeing its restructuring and evaluating the potential investors. That process is likely to take up to three months, providing the High Court approves the appointment of a full examiner when it sits on September 8. PROPOSALS to bring in a new tax on Internet betting in Ireland could cost jobs, the country's biggest bookies, Paddy Power, has warned. It said that plans it has to increase staff numbers here could be scuppered by the government's plan to impose a tax on income from gaming companies' online betting divisions. Earlier this year, the Taoiseach indicated that an online tax could be introduced - a move which would replace the previously mooted levy on over-the-counter retail income. The online tax - which would hit Paddy Power's annual operating profits by about €5 million - has been tentatively accepted by the company. However management has expressed concern that it may not be executed on a level playing field. The fear is that it would only cover companies domiciled here and would not cover those who are tax resident in other countries but who still do significant business in Ireland. Paddy Power chief executive, Patrick Kennedy said that the firm is planning to increase its international workforce by 750 over the next three years. Around 350 of these positions are earmarked for Ireland. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 9 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal The Ecclesiastical Review Ecclesiastical Events Mother Teresa saved his priesthood CARDINAL Comastri delivers his homily on Mother Teresa at San Lorenzo in Damaso THE Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica remembered at Mass on Thursday how a promise he made to Mother Teresa 40 years ago preserved his vocation. She taught him that without prayer, charity cannot exist. In a homily which emphasized that love is the foundation of our existence, Cardinal Comastri remembered a personal encounter he had with the Missionaries of Charity's founder when he was just a young priest. His first contact with Mother Teresa came when he mailed her a letter just after he was ordained a priest. Her "unexpected" response was especially striking, he recalled, because it was written on "very poor paper, in a very poor envelope." At a later date, Cardinal Comastri sought her out when she was visiting Rome to thank her for the answer. When he found her, she asked him a question that left him "a little embarrassed." "How many hours do you pray a day?" she asked. Parish of Youghal Pakistan Collection THANKS are extended to all who contributed to the €8219 which was collected in last week’s special collection towards the relief of people suffering in Pakistan due to the flooding. Please collect a letter in Sacristy for you in any of the Churches. Lectors: Ministers of Eucharist: Cardinal Comastri presided over the Eucharistic celebration at Rome's San Lorenzo in Damaso Church, which had a very welcoming feel with the presence of more than 100 Missionaries of Charity sisters, over 20 concelebrating priests, local government leaders and a very diverse collection of faithful. Church-goers were pleasantly surprised by the presence of newly-arrived prefect of the Congregation for Bishops, Cardinal Marc Ouellet, who also concelebrated and read a message from the Pope at the beginning of Mass. East Cork Preparation for First Penance, First Holy Communion and Confirmation in 2010 The Parish Programme of Preparation will begin in October. Letters will go out to all children in 2nd Class, and 6th Classes in Bunscoil, Clonpriest and Gaelscoil. For children in other schools who may wish to receive these Sacraments next year, please contact Fr. Winkle or one of the other priests, regarding enrolment. In 1969-70, he recalled, the Church was in a time of "dispute," so thinking that it was "near heroism, then-Father Comastri explained to her that he said daily Mass in addition to praying the Liturgy of the Hours and the Rosary.” To this, she responded flatly, "That's not enough.” "Love cannot be lived minimally," she said, and then asked him to promise to do half an hour of adoration every day. "I promised," said Cardinal Comastri, "and today I can say that this saved my priesthood." Trying to defend his case at the time, he told Mother Teresa that he thought she was going to ask him how much charity he did. She answered him, "And do you think if I didn't pray I would be able to love the poor? It's Jesus that puts love in my heart when I pray." Then, Mother told him something that he would never forget: she told him to read Scripture. A new school year begins. Children and young people are moving into new classes and experiencing all the feelings which go with that: strangeness, anxiety, anticipation, etc. May this new school year bring many blessings and opportunities to the pupils, teachers and staff She helped the poor, but it was "always Jesus' love," the saintly sister told him. Through Jesus' teachings, she said, we are reminded that "without God we're too poor to help the poor.” This, she explained, "is why so much assistance falls into the void. It doesn't change anything, it doesn't contribute anything because it doesn't bring love and it isn't born of prayer." Concluding, Cardinal Comastri said, "Through this little woman ... we are reminded that charity is the apostolate of the Church and that charity is only born if we pray." Bishop John McAreavey to lead fourth National Grandparents’ Pilgrimage to Knock Shrine Bishop John McAreavey, Bishop of Dromore will lead the fourth National Grandparents’ Pilgrimage to Our Lady of Knock Shrine, Co Mayo, on Sunday, September 12th. St. Vincent DePaul Annual Special Appeal next weekend 4th/ 5th September. Any donation made will be gratefully received at this time. More than 10,000 grandparents from across Ireland are expected to be present at this year’s pilgrimage. A special feature on the pilgrimage is now available on the Catholic Bishops’ website – www.catholicbishops.ie. Beginning Our Lady’s monthly message to Maria, August 25th, 2010 Dear Children, With great joy also today, I desire to call you anew. Pray, pray, pray. May this time be a time of personal prayer for you. During the day, find a place where you will pray joyfully in a recollected way. I love you and bless you all. Thank you for having responded to my call. Youghal Baptist Church (people trusting in Jesus Christ alone for eternal life) We meet for worship every Sunday morning in Brú na Sí (kindly loaned) at 11am. This Sunday September 5th, Speaker expected is Ernie Tromsness. People from all backgrounds and nationalities are warmly welcome. For more details, contact Mervyn Scott, 024-25964/086-1732034. See www.youghalbaptist.ie for information and directions to Brú na Sí. "Now this is eternal life: that they may know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom you have sent. Parish of Midleton Collection for Pakistan Last weekend’s collection for Pakistan amounted to €18,542 for these devastated people. Many thanks for your generosity. St Pio Devotions On tonight, Wednesday September 1st, the Rosary will be recited at 7.45pm in Midleton Hospital Chapel, followed by Mass at 8pm. All are welcome. National St Pio Day at Knock Shrine Bus will leave the Courthouse at 7am on Sunday, September 19th. Names taken at number 1 or 2 Main Street, or phone 087 6328113. Afternoon of Prayer in Clondrohid Church On Sunday, September 5th next at 2.30pm this Afternoon of Prayer will take place. The programme is as follows: Hymns and Praise, Rosary, Chaplet of Divine Mercy, Talks by Mary Lehane, John Delaney and other speakers. Benediction and Eucharistic Blessing, Healing Session by John Delaney. A very prayerful and enjoyable evening assured. All are welcome. (Clondrohid Village, Macroom) Cemetery Gate The top gate of the Cemetery will be closed from Monday to Friday each week. Open every Saturday and Sunday. Midleton Evangelical Church 'The Church in the park' Sunday serviceat 11am. All welcome. Stamps to commemorate Pope Benedict’s UK visit IT'S been 28 years since the last visit of a Pope to the United Kingdom. Benedict's trip has generated much excitement in the British Isles, so much so that the Postal Service of the Isle of Man has issued three stamps to commemorate the Pope's visit to the UK. The image is a photograph of Pope Benedict XVI during a general audience in June 2009. The two stamps in honour of Cardinal Newman feature two portraits of the future blessed. The stamps are likely to be a collector's item for a historic occasion. If you wish to contribute to this page, Please contact Denise on 087 8128262 or email [email protected] Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 10 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Ooh, la, la: Midleton welcomes its French visitors WEDNESDAY night, August 18th, saw a concert given in honour of French visitors who arrived in Midleton from Mignaloux Beauvoir for the annual twinning meet. A special concert was given at John the Baptist Church in Midleton by East Cork legend, Betty Moloney, with a special speech delivered by church warden, Katherine Cairns, who was standing in for the Church Dean on the night. A fabulous evening was had by all and with such a large attendance the night was a surefire success, with a warm and delightful welcome given to our neighbours from France. 021 4638022 All photos available to buy Eileen O’Shea and Mary Brennan (Photos: Allan Meek) Aine Wimpenny and Annie McCarthy look forward to a great night Legendary Midleton pianist Betty Maloney Jessica Butler with her grandmother, Frances Kathleen and Michael O’Connell arrived for the night as part of the contingent host French visitors for the Twinning Standing in for the Dean, who is on holiday, is the Dean’s warden, Katherine Cairns pictured here with Betty Bill Shields and Ann Prendergast are delighted to attend Marie Devlin, Margaret Cashman and Ann Mullaney are nice and early to get good seats French visitors Patricia, Anlette and Jean-Claude Renaud The performers on the evening were Deborah Desmond, Dave Maguire, Betty Maloney, Caoimh Kett and Betty’s brother, Tom Helping out on the night are Linda Syme, Barry with aspiring writer, Marie Guillot Finian and Bridie O’Connor with Frances Ahern John and Jennie Buckley Marie and Dermot Sheedy get ready for a night of great entertainment Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Cork County Council confirms sale of its waste collection business Crab fishers wanted in Cobh! 11 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal ‘Unsustainable position, due to new EU directive and 13.5% VAT charge’ AS a part of the Cork Harbour Open Day on Saturday, September 4th, the See You in Cobh Committee is organising a Crab Fishing Competition. The event will be held at The Promenade in Cobh town centre from 3pm to 4.30pm. This area is teeming with crab,s so a good days fishing should be assured. A line, bait and a bucket will be supplied and there will be prizes for 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The entry fee is €1 per person. Further details are available at www.seeyouincobh.com CORK County Council have announced that it has reached agreement with Country Clean Recycling Ltd for the purchase of it’s waste collection business. The agreement was reached following a competitive process involving a number of waste management companies operating in the private sector. Cork County Council faces a number of challenges in its service areas, including waste management. Falling customer numbers, coupled with rising costs associated with a new EU Landfill Directive on the pre-treatment of waste, and the introduction of a VAT charge of 13.5%, has resulted in Cork County Council being faced with an unsustainable financial position in relation to its waste collection business. In order to combat these challenges, a Waste Management review was undertaken in 2009, which highlighted a €1.6 million budget shortfall for 2010. Following the review, Cork County Council decided to begin investigating all available options in relation to its waste collection business. This included carrying out market research, with a view to selling the waste collection business. Today’s decision will allow Cork County Council to deploy staff and resources in other key service areas throughout the County. As part of the agreement, the Council has secured a continuation of the waiver scheme for a further twelve months. Declan Daly, Deputy County Manager, said, “Given the significant reduction in our customer base over the past number of years and rising costs associated with our waste collection business, we had no option but to undertake a root and branch review of this part of our operation. Unfortunately, the outcome of the review clearly pointed to an increasingly unsustainable financial situation in our waste collection business, particularly in light of a highly competitive private sector marketplace and additional costs in relation to the EU Directive on VAT and pre-treatment of waste. I would like to take this opportunity to pay tribute to our staff in the waste collection services area and to confirm that we intend to deploy these staff members to improve service delivery in other operational areas within Cork County Council”. Denis Murphy, Financial Controller of Country Clean Recycling Limited said “Country Clean Recycling is delighted to have been awarded the sale of Cork County Council’s kerbside collection service. It will give a huge boost to the local economy with the creation of a further 30 jobs in the local area. In addition to that, Country Clean Recycling will extend the waiver scheme to twenty four months on the basis of customer loyalty. We will also be implementing an immediate reduction of 10% in waste charges to all nonwaiver customers. Furthermore, we will be rolling out additional new services to Council customers.” Referring to the benefits and improvements in this new opportunity for customers, Declan Daly, Deputy County Manager, said.” “We will work with Country Clean Recycling to help facilitate an orderly transfer of the waste collection business so that the changeover process is as smooth as possible for our customers”. Cork County Council would like to reassure its customers that the transfer of the business to Country Clean Recycling Ltd will not give rise to any disruption. The Council will write to all existing waste collection customers in the coming days to explain how the transfer process to Country Clean Recycling Ltd will take place. Information is also available at www.corkcoco.ie and www.countryclean.ie. Centre for Adult Continuing Education, UCC, invites applications for the following programmes for 2010/2011 NUI Masters Programmes ● MA Learning & Development (Consultancy) (Mid Cycle) NUI Postgraduate Diploma Programmes ● Advanced Fieldwork Practice and Supervision (Social Work) NUI Higher Diploma Programmes ● Coaching / Coaching Psychology ● Geographical Information Systems ● Learning, Development and Work-based Training ● Personnel Management ● Relationship Studies ● Safety, Health and Welfare at Work NUI Diploma Programmes ● Applied Business Computing ● Business Management ● Corporate Direction (Food Business) ● Environmental Science and Social Policy ● Geology ● Local and Regional Studies ● Music ● Parent Mentoring ● Psychology of Criminal Behaviour ● Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) ● Social Studies ● Speciality Food Production Short Courses - Morning and Evening 6 -10 week courses The following is a sample of the short courses offered by the Centre: ● Advanced digital photography ● A psychological understanding of childhood and adolescence NUI Certificate / Diploma Programmes ● Applied Film Media ● Community Development ● Development Studies ● Disability Studies ● European Art History ● Field Ecology ● Food Science and Technology (Mid Cycle) ● Non-Formal Guidance ● Philosophies of the World ● Process and Chemical Engineering ● Social and Psychological Health Studies (Mid Cycle) ● Supply Chain Management ● Youth and Community Work NUI Certificates ● Chinese Language ● Government and Political Leadership ● Interpersonal Communication ● Japanese Language ● Legal Studies ● Personnel Practice ● Safety, Health and Welfare at Work ● Seafood Technology Certificate ● Contemporary Living ● Employment Law ● Genealogy: how to trace your family tree ● Marvellous maps ● Mentoring with Young People ● Ways and Means with Words: A Course in Creative Writing VISIT US AT OUR STAND AT THE ADULT EDUCATION & LEARNING EXHIBITION 2010 City Hall September 7th - 9th For information regarding closing dates, fees and further details visit http://ace.ucc.ie or email [email protected] Programme Guides for 2010/2011 courses and application forms available on request on 021 4902301 or 021 4904739 Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 In the wake of the waves in Youghal 12 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal DENISE FITZGERALD REPORTS THE recently formed Youghal Bay Boat Club left no doubts in the minds of the people of Youghal and East Cork as to their passion for powerboat racing when,for the first time in many years, they organised the ISA National Powerboat championship held in Youghal last weekend. Youghal is the ideal location for such an exciting and competitive event, giving excellent spectator space on the many quays lining the town. Fourteen race engines thundered through the waves, each trying their hardest to finish first. Keen spectators lined the quays, many of them with their children who were highly entertained by the various activities and fun events taking place on dry land. On Saturday the local Marine Training Centre, Aquatrek, hosted the Munster final of the Yachtsman Euromarine Rib Challenge. On the same day, Youghal Bay Boat Club hosted their Commodore’s Cup which included an amazing aerobatic display by Gerry Humphries in the clear blue skies over Youghal. There were two new Ribs being competed for in the Rib Challenge and the skills required were spread across land and sea. They included questions and tasks, and the water crews were also required to perform a variant of tests. The successful teams going through to the National Final were as follows; Seniors: 1st Aquatrek Training Centre, 2nd Youghal Bay Boat Club,3rd Tralee Bay Sailing Club. Juniors: 1st Aquatrek Training Centre, 2nd Wexford Harbour Boat & Tennis Club, 3rd Wexford Harbour Boat & Tennis Club. On Sunday morning the car park at the quays were filled with excited competitors, interested spectators and confused children. There were crews and boats from all over Ireland vying for space, and when the first boats entered the water the applause and excitement was hectic. The weather was ideal for the event, and during the afternoon there were twelve races in total. The crews knew that this was the penultimate round of the National Championships and racing was intense during the entire afternoon. Spectators was treated to the sight of the big F2’s travelling just in front of them at a pace of 100 miles per hour. The noise of the engines, the water shooting upwards in huge sprays of seawater were a sight to see. The smaller P750 Thundercats were so adaptable and lithe as they were thrown into turns and twists by their crew. The T850 Monohulls were like gnats as they buzzed, skimmed and flew across the sea. After an amazing competition, the following were the winners: T850 Class 1st: Oliver Haire (North East Powerboat & Racing Club) 2nd: Megan Anderson (North East Powerboat & Racing Club) 3rd: Philip Haire (North East Powerboat & Racing Club) Formula 2 Class 1st: Will Chambers (Lisnaskea Boat Club) 2nd: Liam Ralph (East Coast Powerboat Racing Club) 3rd: Oliver Haire (North East Powerboat & Racing Club) CRY’ing out are presenters Ricky Roche, Mark Lehane, James Howes, Kevin Mythen and Laura Hennessy Formula 4 Class 1st: Will Chambers (Lisnaskea Boat Club) 2nd: Phil Boyle (Irish Powerboat Club) P750 (Thundercats) 1st: Sean Dillon & Gary Hogg (Irish Offshore Powerboat Racing Club) 2nd: Colin Snow & Conor Mullally (East Coast Powerboat Racing Club) 3rd: Ronan O’Connor & Fionn Little (Youghal Bay Boat Club) Congratulations are most certainly in order for the newly inaugurated Youghal Bay Boat Club for the work and effort which they put in to the organisation of this great weekend. They are most definitely a club who won’t just wait for their ship to come in, and are successfully turning the tide Aaron O’Callaghan with Rian McSweeney and Ross Bulman with Granddad, Mike Bulman in the town of Youghal. Niamh Roche with Tyson 021 4638022 All photos available to buy Taking the easy way out - Hannah and Ellen Waide whose Dad was out on the water Father and Son, Tom and Trevor, make a balloon out of thesituation. Trevor entertained the children all day on the quay with his wonderful balloon making and fun filled programme and tells the East Cork Journal he loves to do parties etc., for lucky children. Try him on 086 3344539 Micah, Kelly, Josua and David feel safer on a boat docked on the quay Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Ballinacurra musician brings home All-Ireland medals 13 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal WHILE the footballers of the county are still in line for an appearance at Croke Park in their bid to bring Sam back to Leeside, Cork’s musicians, singers and dancers achieved admirable success at Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann in Cavan last weekend. Representing branches around the county, these cians beat not only other cians from Ireland but around the world. from musimusifrom Ballinacurra’s Shane Keating was to the fore. As well as his second place in the U18 uilleann pipes competition, he won the U18 duet along with Aisling Vaughan from Aherla. The two combined with Aisling’s sister, Marguerite, to win the senior trio, a fantastic achievement made more special by the fact that two of the group are still under eighteen. More celebrations for the Keating family came when Shane’s cousin, Daithí Keating from Rockchapel, was second in the senior melodeon competition. Other medallists in solo competitions in Cavan include Saoirse Ní Lonargáin from the Fermoy branch, second in the U12 piano competition, while Skibereen’s Hannah Ní Choileáin was second in the U15 competition. youGhal BACK TO SCHOOL Give your child the best start possible this september. boost their concentration with mor epa or eye Q products containing omega 3 and Fish oils. All of these musicians, singers and dancers demonstrate the cultural vibrancy that exists in Cork. A great deal of gratitude goes to the teachers in the many branches around the county, many of whom will be starting up classes again in the coming week. 20% oFF while stocks last For more information on classes and events in your area, check out www.comhaltas.com. Special Offers 129 north main street PROMOTION! Fiachra Ó Corragáin from Kinsale was third in the Senior Harp competition and Mairéad Ní Chiaraigh from Bantry was third in the U18 flute slow airs competition. Lara Ní Dhálaigh was second in the Comhrá Gaeilge competition U18. MIDLETON STOVES murphy’s pharmacy Ballinacurra’s Shane Keating who took second place in the U18 uilleann pipes competition and also won the U18 duet section with Aisling Vaughan spend €20 or more on selected back to school products and receive a ladybird lunch baG absolutely to heat 12 radiators only (limited stock) STOCKIST OF HUNTER, AGA, SOVAX AND BORU STOVES We supply and fit to your specification Unit 4A, Europa Park, Cork Road, Midleton, Cork Tel: 021 463 2031 Now serving a sit-down full Irish Breakfast every day 021 4638411 for just €5.95 Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Former St. Mary s High School, Midleton students disband for collective show 14 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal JOHN WHELAN-CURTIN REPORTS THURSDAY, September 19th saw the opening night of the ‘Disband Art Exhibition’ at the Mocha Café in Midleton. Artists Sarah Ryan , Kate Clancy, Aoibhinn Ní Chaoimh, Donna Cooney, Amy Ring and Gillian Powell displayed an array of works in media ranging from painting through fashion and ceramics. All the artists were once students of St. Mary’s High School in Midleton and are all current students of Limerick School of Art and Design and Galway School of Art and Design. The night was a resounding success. The room was quickly swimming in enthusiasts showing interest and support in the work by the artists. With work available for purchase the exhibition represents a great opportunity to become part of a rising star in the world of Irish art. Artist, Gillian Powell shows her dad some of her work Exhibiting artists and former St. Mary’s High School students, Amy Ring and Donna Cooney Caroline O’Keeffe and Sarah Cooney Niamh Duggan and Anne-Marie Hennessy Mary, Avril and Nan Cotter with Yvonne, Caroline, Anthony and Sinead Farmer and Sarah Ryan Irene O’Keeffe 021 4638022 All photos available to buy Dee Cooney and Yvonne O’Keeffe Here come the girls: The artists take a breather Sean ‘Happy’ Greene and Yvonne O’Keeffe Tempus Fugit for Time is a Thief, Midleton THURSDAY night last saw the second EP release of aspiring Midleton band, Time is a Thief, at the Pavilion in Cork. The launch was a resounding success, with an almost full house and a space vibrating with atmosphere. The EP is titled “Identity” with three tracks, “Holding the Gun”, “Waterskin” and “Crazy Moon”. Before Time is a Thief made their usual explosive performance Tomás McCarthy stood up to provide a recital of his own beautiful acoustic music, and Suede Halo belted out a string of rousing rock pieces. Time is a Thief are Adam Carrol (vocals), Michael Murphy (bass), Jimmy Keane (guitar) and Jeffrey Hayes (drums) with Steve Manning managing them to success. JOHN WHELAN-CURTIN REPORTS The EP can be purchased on a USB for €10 in a very nice package or on CD for €5 as well as from iTunes. To take advantage of this opportunity to support this upcoming band and treat yourself to a great sound by a local band, you can contact the band via myspace.com or facebook.com to buy the EP, or to keep track of upcoming performances and events, myspace.com/timeisathiefband or facebook.com/timeisathief. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Waterford’s Jason Moran: Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal ‘yourtrainer.ie offers the all-in-one fitness solution online’ N S ATURALLY PEAKING with John Whelan-Curtin Wasps: Unappreciated or the biggest pests? Waterford fitness trainer, Jason Moran reports that results so far - with yourtrainer.ie - have been ‘excellent’ FITNESS website, yourtrainer.ie has brought to the Irish market an innovative fitness solution that allows users to avail of the skill and expertise of highly qualified trainer without the associated cost. The service, run exclusively in Ireland by Waterford fitness trainer, Jason Moran offers an innovative interface that allows clients to access their personalised training programmes through the web or from their mobile phone. Once signed up, the client’s exercise goals are assessed and they are prescribed an individually unique training programme that comes complete with weekly schedules, exercise videos and a fully interactive nutritional diary, all of which make it extremely easy for both the client and the trainer to communicate and ensure that goals are attained. Operational since July 2010, Jason says, ‘So far the results of our clients have been excellent, the beauty of the service being that we can formulate fitness programmes and nutritional strategies for people that can be done, not only at the gym, but also at home with no equipment whatsoever, so gym costs are no longer a barrier to good health. Our clients range from postpregnancy women trying to lose weight, to inter-county hurlers looking for a little extra in terms of physical performance, and all programmes can be tailored to the diversity of a person’s schedule and circumstances. The fact that we can deliver this service for less than €10 per week makes it a pretty good solution for people who may not have the time, or extra money, to hire a trainer or who simply feel that they want to train on their own whilst still availing of the experience of a qualified professional.’ For more information go to www.yourtrainer.ie or email [email protected]. Noel Collins Group, Midleton attends Béal na mBláth commemoration ON Sunday, August 22nd, the annual Béal na mBláth commemoration took place, with thousands flocking to pay their respects to Michael Collins, who was assassinated there in August 1922. Amongst those who attended, were thirteen Midletonians- the Noel Collins group - who have been attending the ceremony for many years. Cllr. Collins began travelling in the 1960s and, each year, attends the service which, this year, saw an address from Finance Minister Brian Lenihan. TO many of us the ominous and hard to locate buzzing of a wasp has a deeper association with terror than the classic der-dum der-dum der-dum of the shark attack. At this time of year the encounters have grown in number and the little beasts are more aggressive. For most of us a wasp sting is a painful experience, for the one in thirty who has an allergic reaction to the stings it can be life threatening. In fact, bee and wasp stings claim an average of twelve lives a year in the UK, making them amongst the most dangerous of wild animals on the outer edge of Europe. It is a shame that the wasp is so under appreciated. Bees, we all know, are little saints, stinging only when attacked, pollinating plants and buzzing around peacefully. Wasps we seem to see as a great threat, probably because of their greater tendency towards aggression. What we seem to miss is the fact that wasps provide a massive service: pest control. A huge portion of wasp species are parasitoids, they fly around and paralyze grubs or caterpillars etc. and lay an egg on them. This hatches over time and eats the host alive. The wasp which most of us are familiar with is probably the common wasp or the German wasp. They are very similar in appearance to each other, the familiar shiny body with yellow and black stripes. They are social wasps, meaning they live in nests in large numbers. They feed on sugars like fruit and nectar as an adult, but need a protein rich diet like caterpillars and insects as larvae. It is the job of the adults to go hunting for prey to bring back to the nest, and they have a massive beneficial effect for gardens and agriculture by controlling pests. But why have they jumped in frequency lately? Why is it in late summer that the wasp becomes such a common sight? There are a few reasons for this that combine to provide the annual late-summer invasion of our homes and gardens: * The wasp spends the early part of the summer building up numbers. At the very start of their season the poor queen has to build the start of the nest, lay eggs and gather food for herself and her offspring. It is not until the first few dozen have hatched that she can become a full time homekeeper, and it is not until later in the summer that nests have enough numbers for wasps to become a real nuisance. * Up until this time of year wasps are busy capturing food to feed to the larvae. They derive a good deal of their nutrients from sweet secretions that the larvae exude. When larvae production stops at the end of the summer, the wasps have no more sweet secretions to lap up and need to go on the prowl for their own supply. * At the end of the summer the queens and drones (the breeding males) emerge from the nests to breed. The queen will breed at this time, and only at this time, carrying enough fertile eggs with her to last the rest of her life. At this time the queens will go wandering off to form nests, the drones will go wandering off with not much to do really, except maybe wander in through an open window. All these factors combine to make the late summer wasp season. This year has been a very good year (if you are a wasp) or a very bad year (if you are a wasp hater). The good summer, combined with the right amount of rainfall, has made it a very good year for insect populations, which means it has been a year of plentiful prey for the wasps, explaining the boom in numbers that many may have noticed. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Shane Supple’s musical connections... Youghal’s singing waiter 19 YEAR OLD Michael Del Punta born in Verona, Italy now living in Youghal, Co. Cork is known as the singing waiter. We will go back to when Michael was 18, and like any 18 year old, he used to take his girlfriend out for a meal to the Capri Bay restaurant in Youghal. However, being a student and not working he stopped calling into his favorite restaurant on a daily basis. When asked by the owner of the restaurant why he wasn’t calling he explained he didn’t have any work or money and was only a student. The owner then offered him a job waiting tables in the restaurant. other groups but I had a Christmas CD with Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra and I loved the sound and style. Ever since, I have been listening to that type of sound. My favourite singer is Frank Sinatra and I love the way he can sing and entertain’. It was only a matter of time before he was talked into recording a four track EP with ‘Fly Me to the Moon’, ‘Mack the Knife’, ‘That’s Life’ and ‘Sorrento’. It’s not hard to understand why this album sold out its first run in a few weeks. He has a unique sound for someone so young. He has spent time developing a style and voice. His confidence has grown from the times when he would stand behind the counter or radio and sing, to now, where he walks among the tables singing requests to patrons while they eat. As Michael says himself he wasn’t the best waiter but stuck with it. After about two weeks he was out in the back taking his break and singing to himself when his boss said to him, ‘Don’t be singing out here. You should sing in the restaurant, go in there and sing.’ Michael did, and the rest, as they say, is history. Michael, while waiting tables, would start singing for the customers and they loved it. He felt that he could do with some help so, under the guidance of Mary Peader Daly in Killeagh he took some voice lessons. However, it’s not just the fact that he sings while waiting tables, it’s the choice of songs he sings, such as Autumn Cookery Course With Gary Masterson BARnABRoW HouSe Frank Sinatra, Tony Bennett, Michael Buble, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jnr. ‘Growing up, my brothers and sisters used to listen to Depeche Mode and He is looking forward to Christmas this year when he will record his own Christmas album. Currently you can view a video of Michael at work on Youtube. Just type in ‘the singing waiter’, if you want to see him sing live then just head to the restaurant any weekend evening after seven, and you will be fed and entertained at the same time. Family favourites with a twist at Barnabrow House FAMILY favourites with a twist is the theme of the first of a series of cookery classes by head chef, Gary Masterson, at Barnabrow House this autumn. Nothing is more satisfying or recession-depression busting than serving the wholesome comfort food that came as second nature to your Mother or Grandmother – a skill lost to many during the affluent Tiger years. Wednesday, September 15th or Thursday, September 16th 7.30 p.m. – 9.30 p.m For 5 weeks Cost: €200 for 5 Demos For Reservations Phone 021 4652534 or email:[email protected] Gary Masterson, who is part Italian, has cooked around the world and has now adapted and applied the knowledge gleaned to the excellent and available local produce. He focuses on organic, healthy but always tasty food. He has been sought out to cook for prestigious food organisations such as the Slow Food Movement. However, locals will know him from his successful restaurant, formerly Fire and Ice, Midleton. This Cookery Course at Barnabrow House offers local people the opportunity to benefit from the excellence available within their own community at affordable prices. (12 people maximum per course) Courses begin on Wednesday, September 15th and Thursday, September 16th at 7.30pm. For brochure and for reservations phone 0214652534 or email: [email protected] Midleton Toastmasters: Still talking after 85 years 16 NOW that the autumn is setting in, the kids are heading back to school and the summer clothes are being stored away, many people are getting ready to take up a new challenge to occupy them during the months ahead. Perhaps you might be interested in developing your communication skills, or presentation skills? Maybe you would like to meet new people, improve your self-confidence or learn the craft of public speaking? Joining Toastmasters is very beneficial because it gives you a chance to develop valuable communication skills in a relaxed, supportive, setting. You get a chance to practice these skills regularly, and over time this can lead to greater confidence in your own speaking and listening abilities. Toastmasters has been around for 85 years, in 113 countries, helping people develop their abilties and achieve their goals in life. Last Wednesday the new season of Midleton Toastmasters began. Ivan O’Sullivan was our host for the night, while David Herbert supplied the topics. Chris Dunne from Garryvoe Toastmasters evaluated the meeting overall. We had two speeches: one from Bill Sweeney and another from Victor O’Flynn. Guests are welcome to come along and see for themselves what Toastmasters is all about. We meet each second and fourth Wednesday at 8pm in McDaid’s Pub in Midleton. Our next meeting will take place on September 8th and we would love to see you there. For further information, search for Midleton Toastmasters on the Web, visit us on Facebook or call Colm on 087 2353889. Say yea, not neigh to Inch Horse Ride Inch Festival starting soon SHANE SUPPLE REPORTS THE annual Inch Charity Horse Ride takes place on Sunday, October 10th at the Halfway Bar starting at at 1pm. This year it’s in aid of Park National School and The Guide Dogs Association. Meanwhile, the Inch Festival is almost here and, with so much on offer, it’s going to be a bumper weekend starting off with the eleven Festival Queens on Saturday evening, representing the various local businesses. The hall in Inch is the venue for this fine evening’s entertainment starting at 8.30pm. Music on the night will be provided by Karl Keniry. The current Queen, Amy Burke, will be there on the night to hand over the crown. Tommy Collins of Community Radio Youghal will compere the evening and interview the ladies on stage. Then on Tuesday, September 7th, there will be an adult table quiz in Power’s Bar, Mount Uniacke starting at 9pm. Bingo night will be held in the local hall at 8.30pm on the Wednesday night and Anthony Flavin will be calling the numbers. On Thursday, September 9th in the local hall there will be a junior table quiz for all the younger members of the community. Schools are invited to send in a team to this event. There will be a fantastic Fashion Show on Friday night in the hall with many local models, and clothing from Fashon 4 kids, Genesis, Poppies, Helens Boutique, Charmine, Merricks, James Men Boutique and Flavins Sportsworld. Sunday, September 12th at 2.30pm sees the climax of the festival with a great field day and lots happening for everyone, from the Duck Derby on the river Tourig, exotic animals for kids, pizza tasting, wet sponge, spin the wheel among the many stalls. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 17 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal DISCOvER Your Perfect Holiday at unbelievable prices! PORTUGAL EAST CORK TRAVEL, CHURCH LANE, MIDLETON 021 4633233 EX. 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TAXES & GOVERNMENT LEVY ARE EXTRA SECRETS ST JAMES 5* LUXURY €11220 ASIA • DUBAI • MAURITIUS • CARIBBEAN • CRUISES EGYPT • ORLANDO • EUROPEAN SUN KIDS FROM €229 SEAT ONLYS FROM €229 JAMAICA “LATE SUMMER OFFERS” SECRETS WILD ORCHID AMAZING REDUCTIONS ON LUXURY HOLIDAYS basis * flights with Virgin Atlantic * valid for travel and stays between 07Sep - 16Oct’10 * Subject to availability at time of booking * Taxes extra at €292 per person * ALL INCLUSIVE RESORTS Price per person sharing * 7 nights on Luxury All Inclusive 2010 VISIT US ON TWITTER & FACEBOOK CALL 021 463 3233 FOR A BROCHURE www.eastcorktravel.ie SPECIAL OFFERS FOR SEPTEMBER! 18th September Turkey 7 nights Safir Hotel Bed and Breakfast €394.00 per person 26th September Lanzarote 7 nights Hyde Park Lane apt self catering €399.00 per person 18th September Gran Canaria 7 nights Colina Mar Self Catering €399.00 Per person 18th or the 25th September 7 nights Morocco Intouriste apartments 7 nights €299.00 per person 17th September Salou 7 nights Self Catering Cye Marina Hotel in La Pineda €389.00 per person 11th September Turkey 14 nights Melissa Apartments self catering €499.00 per person 12th September Portugal 7 nights Flor Da Rocha Apartments Self Catering €399.00 per person LAST MINUTE CRUISE OFFER ORLANDO FAMILY DEALS SEPTEMBER 4TH X 7 NTS 3+RADISSON ORLANDO 4th September Moorish Delights Cruise Full Board flights 7 nights ex I-DRIVE STD ROOM Cork Cruise Full Board, port trans- FROM €589 P.P Discover… Thailand • Vietnam • Cambodia • Laos • China Hong Kong • Macau • Singapore • Malaysia • Bali • Maldives Sri Lanka • Egypt • Dubai • Abu Dhabi CALL 1850 200 544 FOR A BROCHURE www.discovertravel.ie fers and all taxes for just €699.00 per person. 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Prices include all taxes & discounts Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Glanmire Macra goes up the hill with Jack & Jill East Corkonians head to Béal na mBlath 18 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal IN the heart of the summer, not only did the Cork hurlers make it to the semi-final against Kilkenny, but Glanmire Macra had their own big day out on Sunday, August 8th. With months of preparation, the day finally arrived when Glanmire Macra put on their very first Family Fun Day in years in the Community Field in Upper Glanmire on Sunday, August 8th. Our prayers were certainly answered when the sun was splitting the stones all day long. AMONGST the 1,000s who attended the 2010 Beal na mBlath commemoration were Nuala Murphy, Rostellan, Cllr. Mary Woods, Midleton, and Del Murphy, Midleton, who are pictured with Minister for Finance Brian Lenihan who gave the oration on the day. This fabulous day had by Marella Fitzgerald with her escort, all at our very successful Oliver Moloney at the International family fun day, was in Miss Macra Festival aid of The Jack and Jill Foundation and was held in conThanks to all who supported this junction with Macra Know Your very worthy cause. Well done to Neighbour Campaign. Lots of enall the prize winners and everyone tertainment and friendly competiwho took part in events throughtion made it a very enjoyable day out the day. A huge thanks to all for both children and adults. Acwho sponsored us on the day, tivities ranged from Bouncing which include Red Balloon castles and slides, pony rides, Ballincollig, Boothouse Bar, children and parent races to vinK2NY, Evolution Hair Studio, Mr tage tractors, a crushed car, tug-oDee Chinese, Top Drawer Furniwar, tossing sheaf and plenty of ture Carrigtwohill, South Infirmore. mary Staff, Lucianos Pizza, Hennessy’s Shop, Kopper Hair Studio and Noel O’Shea Plant. Also a huge thanks to our local politician, John Gilroy, for attending and partaking in the sponge throwing event. Though the sun was shining he certainly got soaked on the day! We would also like to thank Upper Glanmire Community Association for providing the venue and to the Upper Glanmire ICA for their fantastic spread on the day, which kept us and all who attended well feed and watered. Thanks to Funtime Castles, Fermoy for supplying the very entertaining and large variety of bouncing castles. We were all sad to see them being deflated at the end of the day. Thanks to everyone who brought their vin- Cronin, Kiely, Allen DENTAL PRACTICE 91 Main Street Midleton Tel: 021 4631836 SEPTEMBER OFFER HU RRY HUR RY HUR RY ! CHECK UP AND CLEAN COLGATE TO REFUND COST! ORAL HEALTH MONTH: A REASON TO SMILE THIS SEPTEMBER! TERMS AND CONDITIONS APPLY tage tractors to put on show for the day, they were a great attraction for all. Congratulations to Paul O’Regan for winning a raffle for the signed Cork jersey by our very talented Cork hurlers. This was Glanmire Macra first family fun day organising in years, and we would like to thank all who attended and helped out. Hopefully this was the first of many. Glanmire Macra members took to the roads and travelled in force to support our very own Marella Fitzgerald at the International Miss Macra Festival in Dundrum, Co Tipperary on the August Bank Holiday weekend. This four day festival had lots of activities and entertainment, which made it a funfilled and enjoyable weekend for everyone who attended this fantastic event. We would like to congratulate Marella who sure did Seandún and her fellow members very proud throughout the whole weekend. Also, well done to Oliver Moloney a fellow Glanmire Macra Member who did a great job as Marella’s escort for the weekend. Rooted in East Cork Hello budding gardeners, Number one rule of garden design is to introduce a sense of journey, with hidden areas and highlights using architectural plants or ornaments. A great way to achieve this is to use internal boundaries. If privacy & security aren‘t needed the choice is endless. In country settings, wild willow fences work wonderfully, easy to maintain and very inexpensive, especially coming into the bareroot season at the end of October. Bought as whips about 3ft high, once planted in the ground you can train them into a woven fence, an arch or a kids den. There are loads of internet sites that will show you a step by step guide on how to reach the desired effect. Willow is lovely in summer with its fresh green leaves and attractive in winter with the different coloured stems. Perfect. Another choice would be plants or, in a contemporary garden, to use a section of freestanding wall. This makes a dramatic statement and can be painted wildly. Have tiny lights embedded into it, or create a very modern water feature. Consider painting it white and use as a projector wall for movies. Let your creativity go wild. The “What’s Hot” plant guide SOR BUS I NTE RME DIA Seandún Macra held a Summer Beach Celebration on Sunday, August 15th, in the Red Barn beach, Youghal. The weather was fabulous, plenty of sandcastles made and lots of fun had on the day. Not forgetting a great tan also! Interested in joining this extremely active and fun club? Well, the Macra year is just about to start and our first monthly meeting will be held on Wednesday, September 8th in Sarsfield Pavilion at 9pm or also just come along to our weekly fun sports nights in Watergrasshill Community Centre from 9-10pm every Tuesday. If you would like to get in contact with us, send us an email to [email protected] or contact Deirdre on 087 9959547. Also check out what Glanmire Macra is up to by looking up our Bebo and Facebook page by entering ‘Glanmire Macra’ and leave us a comment. Amendment: ON PAGE 17 of last week’s East Cork Journal (August 25th), a photo of Leaving Cert. students 2010 ran, with the caption: 2 lords (and 1 lady) a-leaping: Seamus McCarthy, with 350 points; Aiden Barrett, 365 points and Noelle Warde. (Photo courtesy of Provision) We wish to clarify that this photograph was not of Aidan Barrett - and apologise for any inconvenience caused. The ash family is very good looking with early summer flowers and autumn berries. A great one for beside the sea is sorbus intermedia. It makes a small broad crowned tree with pendulous lower branches.The autumn fruits are freely borne, oval, bright red and very popular with the birds. Height 10m x Width 6m Grow Your Own Potato time, handy storing tips: place in paper bag with holes, leave in dry cool dark place away from onions. Remove any softening potatoes. Top tip Please don’t forget to water. Even if you planted at the start of the year, they really are struggling with the dry weather. ’Til next week Happy Gardening Amy Dempsey Dip.Hort Garden Design [email protected] Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 19 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Bitesize News Compiled by Kathleen Woulfe Midleton & District Active Retirement Association calendar of events Wednesday, September 8th: Swimming available at Midleton Park Hotel Leisure Centre & Spa from 11.30am to 12.30pm. Thursday, September 9th: Pitch & Putt available at Corkbeg from 2.30pm. Tuesday, September 14th: No 45 Drive Monday, September 13th: Trip to Avoca. Please note that the bus is leaving the Midleton Park Hotel at 9am. Carrigtwohill Senior Citizens Association There will be a social held on the second Sunday of every month for senior citizens and friends at the Midleton Park Hotel, starting on Sunday, September 12th. Refreshments will be served at 7.30pm and music will be by Pat Burke and his band. Remember the BBQ and Pat’s great music, so now you have an opportunity to dance again to good music on the second Sunday of every month. Age Action Ireland MIDLETON & DISTRICT POSITIVE AGEING WEEK – SEPTEMBER 24TH TO OCTOBER 3RD A very interesting and enjoyable schedule of events has been arranged for the above week, commencing with an official opening and social evening at the Midleton Park Hotel. There will be full details during the comimg weeks. The highlight of the week will be a train trip to Killarney on Wednesday, September 29th, with the following schedule – train leaving from Midleton to Cork and on to Killarney and by coach to Kate Kearney’s Cottage, where a meal will be served (cost of same €20). Pat Burke and his band will entertain those present until our return journey by train to Cork and Midleton. Next week it is hoped that the cost of train tickets for those who need them will be available. To book your place, please contact Rita O’Keeffe on 021 4632278 or Anne White on 021 4883473. Irish Heart Foundation MESSAGE TO KATHLEEN WOULFE FROM ANNE RIORDAN, REGIONAL MANAGER: On behalf of the Irish Heart Foundation, I would like to thank you very much for your support and efforts. We gratefully received your return of €470 for the Church Gate Collection in Midleeton in August. This was a great return, which is very impressive, considering the current economic situation. Your hard work and efforts are genuinely appreciated and greatly contribute to our ongoing work in research, training and education. Please extend our thanks to all those who helped you in any way. Currently the Irish Heart Foundation are leading the charge to ensure better services and information for stroke patients, as well as improved public understanding of stroke in Ireland. One in five people will have a stroke in Ireland at some stage in their lives, so the quality of our stroke services will directly, or indirectly, affect just about everyone living here. Medical advances have made stroke one of the most preventable and treatable of all diseases, but services in Ireland have not kept pace with these developments. Over a quarter of the 2,000 people who will die from stroke this year, could be saved by service improvements. Our recently published Stroke Manifesto outlines the foundation’s plans, which include a FAST campaign to raise awareness of the warning signs of stroke; the development of a nationwide network of stroke groups; comprehensive information provision for stroke patients and their families and the scoping of a national stroke register. Thank you once again for all your assistance in helping the Irish Heart Foundation to continue its good work. Irish Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children As organiser of a Church Gate Collection on behalf of the above, I wish to heartily thank those who gave of their time to collect on the day, namely Cllr. Pat Buckley, Cllr. Margaret Trundle and her husband Paul, Carmel McDonough and Robert Bailey. Sincere thanks to the kind people, for their generous support of this very worthy cause. One lady said to me, that you always have a bucket, and I have, but the charities are suffering badly this year with the recession, and little help is coming from the central Government and volunteers, slow to answer the call (except for the same people), so while I can D.V., I will be available to help. Renewed thanks to all. Midleton Mental Health Association Runners/walkers are required for the Cork Ladies Marathon, on Sunday, September 26th. Those wishing to take part should contact Helen on 087 9270472. St. Laurence Cheshire Home, Cork There will be a ladies lunch at Maryborough House Hotel on behalf of the above, on September 17th. Guest speaker on the day will be Anne Doyle. For further details contact administrator Eleanor Goggin on 087 2803762. Enable Ireland, Cork The No Limits Kite Appeal, September, 13th to 18th The above are holding a Fundraising Day at Hur- ley’s SuperValu, Midleton on Friday, September 17th and anyone wishing to give just one hour of their precious time, please contact Kathleen Woulfe as soon as possible on 021 4631011. Musical Extravaganza for French Cultural Exchange On Wednesday, August 18th a summer serenade took place at St. John the Baptist Church, Midleton, organised by B e t t y Moloney on behalf of the Tw i n n i n g Association and our French visitors from Mignaloux, Beauvoir, who twinned with Midleton in July 1998. Ag. Science \| Accounting \| Economics \| Business For further details, contact 021 4638794 or 085 2880693 The Mayor of Midleton, Niall O’Neill, speaking on behalf of the Town Council said how pleased he was to be present and spoke of the historical connections between Ireland and France. Mrs. Kay Cairns welcomed all present and Mrs. Patricia Lyons translated for our French visitors. Roselyne Havet (President of the French Twinning Group) thanked Betty Moloney and all the Artistes who took part in the concert, which was a wonderful uplifting night’s entertainment and enjoyed by all. She thanked the Midleton Twinning Association, for the hospitality extended to her group. Caoimh Kett said farewell to all in French. Au Revoir. Wedding Bells Heartiest congratulations on their recent marriage to Emmet McCarthy and Maria Walsh and best wishes to the happy couple for many years of wedded bliss. Also congratulations on their recent marriage to Alison O’Keeffe and Robert Gleasure, and best wishes for the future together. Get Well Glad to see John McAuliffe in good form again and best wishes to him for continued good health. Irish Heart Foundation There will be a Blood Pressure and Cholesterol testing Clinic held in the family Resource Centre, Midleton, today, Wednesday September 1st from 2.30 pm to 4 pm. Midleton Farm Family Group The next meeting of the above will be held today, Wednesday September 1st, at the Midleton Park Hotel, at 10 am. There will be a raffle for An Grianan on the day. For further information, please contact Violet Vickery on 021 2638994. Ballintotas Community Alert Tuesday Club The above will recommence for the new season on Tuesday, September 14th, from 2.30 pm to 4.30 pm at the Two Mile Inn. All current members are urged to come along on the day as a full programme of events for the months ahead will be announced. Remember, the Tuesday Club is open to all over 50’s in the Ballintotas region. New members are most welcome. Your festival needs you Midleton Food and Drink Festival takes place on September 11th. Volunteers are urgently required to assist in the running of the festival. Anyone willing to give of their time is asked to please contact Niall McCarthy on 085 7273190. Cloyne CDYS Midleton If you have an interest in community activities or perhaps you have a teenager whom you would like to get involved with CDYS, or perhaps you have time on your hands and you would like to share a skill, some knowledge or advice with others. Or you might be interested to know a little bit more about the services in your area. Whatever your reason, staff are happy to welcome you to our new youth facility in Midleton. Contact Susan on 086 8031227. Jan on 086 8031200, James on 086 2239936 or email us on [email protected], [email protected] or [email protected], or check us out on www.cdys.ie. HAPPY BIRTHDAY! Birthday greetings to Rory McSweeney, Killian O’Sullivan, Fergal Mullaney and Dick Barry, Fermoy, who is celebrating his 91st birthday and is in great form. Dick was one of the most popular Fine Gael T.D.’s, as was his daughter Myra, and good luck wishes also to popular Councillor for many years in Midleton D.C. Con Carey. K.W. Special birthday greetings to Mrs. Peg Morrison, Church View, who celebrated the occasion with her loving family, and good luck to Peg for many years of health and happiness. K.W. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 20 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Face up to it: Kerstin Florian now at Fota THE world-class destination spa at Fota Island Resort is expanding its already extensive treatment list with the introduction of luxurious product, Kerstin Florian, offering an exciting new range of sensational facials, and held a launch night for this wonderful range of products and treatments on Thursday night, August 19th. The enthusiasm and excitement was palpable as both Kerstin Florian Brand Manager, Daniella Scappaticci and Spa Manager, Sinead Marron enthused about their new association. The brand itself is considered an exclusive Spa range which is distributed in only 4 and 5 star Hotels and resorts throughout the world, with a maximum of 30 places in Ireland being selected to house the product. Speaking about the product, Daniella told the East Cork Journal that Swede Kerstin launched her vision 12 years ago and that, since then, the products are much sought after and considered to be somewhat exclusive, with both the ideals and vision of the founder present in every treatment. Each therapy is tailored to the individual, and since its launch in Ireland almost 6 years ago the feedback and response has been overwhelming. Using all organic ingredients, with around 100 different variations of product available including 25 exclusive treatments, Kerstin Florian is considered world wide to provide high performance skin care. Kerstin herself is now 70 years old and has taken a back seat in the business side of things, and now travels the world developing new products and learning the secrets of different cultures including a nomadic tribe in Northern Sweden who live off the land and use traditional remedies on their bodies. Indeed, Basalt Stoves have been brought from Sweden to be used in the treatments you will experience and enjoy in Fota. Kerstin Florian Brand Manager, Daniella Scappaticci with Spa Manager, Sinead Marron (Photos: Allan Meek) Each treatment with the product at the Fota Island Resort Spa offers a full body experience. So, whether you book for a massage or a facial using Kerstin Florian you are guaranteed an experience that offers so much more than you would previously be used to. Instead of just a facial, for example, the therapist will also work on hands and arms and give a full recommendation of treatment that will suit. To book the brand new Kerstin Florian experience at Fota you should call 0214 673131 or check out www.fotaisland.ie for more details. Beauty therapists Gillian Leahy, Kirby Rubens and Rebecca Marchant 021 4638022 All photos available to buy Brid MacDonagh and Lisa Sexton came Ber Walsh and Belinda English along to see what the Spa has to offer from Carrigtwohill OPPORTUNITY FOR GRADUATES OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Kathleen Noonan and Karen Hill enjoy the presentation With 9 of the top 10 global pharmaceutical companies located in Ireland, Ireland’s pharmaceutical industry continues to develop and grow. Margaret O’Leary, Norma O’Keeffe and Margaret Kenneally Kate and Pauline McCarthy with Diane O’Sullivan Richard Turtle and Patrycja Juzwiak had a great time Eileen McGrath, Mari Manning and Colette Crotty Are you seeking employment in Ireland’s most vibrant industrial sector? Are you interested in upgrading your skill set? Would you like to obtain an internationally recognised qualification in Chemical & Biopharmaceutical Engineering in just 20 months? Have you considered the Department of Chemical & Process Engineering’s qualification program? 9ekhi[Yecc[dY[ied')j^I[fj[cX[h" \eh\khj^[hZ[jW_biYedjWYj0 ;0Y^[c[d]6Y_j$_[ÈJ0&(')(,,&Ehl_i_jY^[c[d]$Y_j$_[%gkWb Email us at [email protected] call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 21 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal In The Driving Seat Our regular motoring guide Mazda top of the class BEWARE BOTH the Mazda2 and the Mazda3 have made it into the Top 10 of most reliable new cars, according to UK magazine Which? Car. The Japanese cars came out top in the magazine's 'Best Buy', thanks to its "first class" safety and performance. Mazda's compact family car earned second place in this year's Reliability Survey, scoring 97.6%. Japanese cars dominate the field, with seven cars in the Top 10. Mazda's supermini, the Mazda2, secured 10th place with a 93.2% score. The survey questions encompassed all aspects of motoring. Reliability is scrutinised by splitting problems into three categories: breakdowns, faults and niggles, with the highest priority given to breakdowns as these are the most inconvenient. Each car's reliability score is based on this information. Between December 2009 and March 2010, Which? Car received information about 66,699 cars up to eight-years-old, creating a comprehensive whole-life picture. Peter Vicary-Smith, Chief Executive, Which?, said: "You don't expect a new car to go wrong - but our rigorous research shows there's a big difference between the best and worst. "Some small cars, particularly Korean and Japanese super minis, run like clockwork. Whereas some bigger cars, which you might expect to be more robust, aren't all they're cracked up to be." "The Which? Reliability Survey is yet more affirmation that Mazda consistently make some of the most reliable cars on the market," explained David McGonigle, Managing Director Mazda Motor Ireland. "Customers are looking for peace of mind from class-leading reliability, build quality and low running costs; which the entire Mazda range delivers." of counterfeit brake pads VEHICLE repairers, retailers and consumers have been warned to be extremely vigilant when purchasing car parts following a recent seizure of a quantity of unsafe counterfeit brake pads by An Garda Síochána and the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment's Trading Standards Service. The brake pads, branded as Volkswagen, SEAT, Skoda and Audi, were seized at properties in Dublin, Galway, Mayo, Donegal, Belfast and Armagh. An examination of the brake pads revealed that the potentially dangerous counterfeit parts failed to meet the required braking friction levels. The test concluded that the fakes would not obtain R90 approval - the European legal standard for brake pads. In elements of the testing, the brake pads were found to have 30% lower braking efficiency than the genuine Volkswagen part. Under extreme or emergency braking conditions, the body of the pad was found to detach or break away from the backing plate. This could result in the loss of the vehicle's braking system. AUTOBITZ Honda committed to safety * New and used parts for cars, vans, 4x4’s * Fitting and delivery service * Roadside recovery / service and repairs Mechanical problems? we may buy your problem car for cash, so give us a call today Ballinacurra, MIdleton, Co Cork 086 875 9367 086 o86 1994 www.autobitz.eu VEHICLE Stability AssistT is now standard on all Honda cars. An ongoing commitment to safety has been part of Honda DNA since the company first started producing cars. Now, for the first time, Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA®) is fitted as standard on all new Honda 2010 production models across the range. VSA is designed to assist the driver in maintaining control during cornering, acceleration and sudden manoeuvres by applying brake force to any of the four wheels as necessary, and managing the throttle and ignition systems. By monitoring input from a series of vehicle sensors, VSA calculates a predicted range of vehicle response while constantly monitoring the vehicle's actual response and the driver's control inputs. If the actual response is outside the predicted response range, as when cornering forces exceed the tyres' performance, VSA automatically intervenes with corrective action, and works with the antilock braking system to apply individual brakes to help keep the vehicle on its intended path. The system is calibrated to provide stability and predictability, without stifling the driving enjoyment of the carefully engineered chassis. Volkswagen Group Ireland said: "In the past, counterfeit car parts were mainly non-safety related items such as window wipers and car interior accessories. Now, counterfeit items such as brake pads, brake shoes and steering linkages are available on the market. "Vehicles do require maintenance and repairs. The most frequent reason why car repairers and consumers are enticed into buying counterfeit car parts is cost. Genuine parts may cost slightly more, but they guarantee quality and peace of mind. Consumers should use reputable dealers and repairers, and if they are concerned should ask that only Genuine Parts are used." Volkswagen Group Ireland added: "An Garda Síochána will not hesitate to take enforcement action against those businesses or individuals found to be involved in selling counterfeit car parts. "Anyone selling such items will have their goods seized and face prosecution with the maximum penalty of five years imprisonment and a €100,000 fine." If a retailer, car-repairer or consumer has purchased Volkswagen Group-branded brake pads that they are concerned about, they can look out for the following tell-tale signs: 1. The fake box label indicates that the product is a 'Wasserpumpe' and not brake pads. 'Wasserpumpe' is German for water pump. 2. Printing error on fake box reads 'Fonnel Q' but should read 'Formel Q'. 3. The backing plate of the fake pads are engraved with 'TAXTE' or 'TEXTA', whereas the genuine products are engraved with 'TEXTAR'. 4. No fitting instructions included in the box. 5. Tamper-proof box seal missing. 6. The fake parts do not have a batch code and production date. 7. The performance of the fake product is significantly lower than the genuine brake pads. Anyone who suspects that they have purchased counterfeit brake pads, should report the matter to their local authorised dealer and have their vehicle's braking system inspected. For a full list of authorised dealers, please log on to: www.volkswagen.ie, www.audi.ie, www.skoda-auto.ie, www.seat.ie. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Cloyne set for second Harvest Festival but more queens wanted! €2,397.50 raised East Cork Snippets Ballycotton Bridge Club results for Let’s Get Together Clashmore engagement by vintage run 22 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal 18/8/10 1st Eileen Donovan / Elizabeth Moore 2nd Helen Cullen / Rita Fitzpatrick MANY thanks to everyone who took part in the Vintage Run, which departed Castlemartyr during the Bank Holiday weekend, in aid of the Let’s Get Together Foundation. This event was inspired by the Long family who, unfortunately, lost a family member to suicide, and wanted to raise much needed funds for Midleton’s Let’s Get Together Foundation, a suicide prevention group set up by family members that have lost loved ones to suicide. The Let’s Get Together Foundation would like to take this opportunity to thank all the volunteers on the day, and also thank the people of Castlemartyr and East Cork for their kindness. A special mention has to go to Eamonn Long and the Long family, Castlemartyr Resort, Shortt’s Bar, The Midleton Brass and Reed Band, and not forgetting Brian Bowland, Kevin Hickey and Christine Foley who did marvellous work Finally, thank you to Ger Duggan, Karen Dowley and the Long family. Last year’s Cloyne Harvest Queen, Linda O’Brien representing Cloyne GAA Club, is congratulated on her win IT’S hard to believe that almost 12 months have passed since Linda O’Brien, representing Cloyne GAA Club, was crowned as the first ever Cloyne Harvest Queen. Last year’s festival was a tremendous success but, not content to rest on their laurels, the organising committee are hoping to make the 2010 Harvest Festival even bigger and better. This year, Cloyne District Community Council are hoping to have more businesses involved and are inviting businesses in East Cork to enter contestants. The entry fee is €50 per contestant and the closing date for entries is September 12th. After this date, interviews will be conducted by independent judges with each Queen. For further information, please contact Niamh Power on 087 9749362 or Mary Keane on 087 6895689. Midleton Youth Club to ‘chill out’ thanks to Deccie DECCIE Lucey, Deccie’s Done Deal, Midleton has kindly donated a fridge to Midleton Youth Club, but there are still a few more things the club would like to get. The youth club, located on the Mill Road, held an Open Day on Friday, August 27th and Cllr. Pat Buckley spoke with some of the teenagers there and asked what they needed to make their youth club even better. The replies included a sofa, a chocolate fountain, an electric wasp killer and a toasted sandwich maker! If anyone can supply these items - or any one of them - to Midleton Youth Club or would like to help out in any way, please call Cllr. Pat Buckley on 087 6917609. Anyone who wishes to donate can do so at B.O.I. Midleton (Branch code: 90-20-01; Account number 14421543). On September 12th, the Two Mile Inn will play host to a free Open Vintage Day from 2pm to 5pm with a country & western DJ. So, get your stetsons at the ready, and support this worthy cause. East Cork College congratulates leaving cert. students on excellent results CONGRATULATIONS to all the students who attended East Cork College this year on the excellent results received in their Leaving Cert, and wishing them all the best in their chosen career. Special congratulations to the students who took Ag. Science as an extra subject with us. We would like to thank all the students for their co-operation in making East Cork College a productive environment for study. STUDY – GETTING IT RIGHT FROM THE START. September is a vital month for all pupils. The better organised you are at the beginning of the year, the less stress you will place on yourself during the year. There are three areas that are crucial to your success: MOTIVATION Begin your study session by setting yourself a reasonable goal. Promise, and give yourself a reward, when you reach your goal. ORGANISATION Make out a study plan. Being organised includes having a place for pens, rulers etc. Too much time is wasted looking for these. Get a homework diary and fill it in at the end of each class. Get into the habit of ticking off work done in the diary, which keeps you organised as well as giving the good feeling of work being done. LOCATION Immediately decide on a suitable area. If possible have the same location for all study periods. Select a well lit and warm, but well ventilated, room. Leave your mobile phone away from your study desk. Congratulations to Jason Welsh and Clodagh Maloney who announced their engagement this week as well. Conna & District Flower & Garden Club The club has been very busy during the summer period and our annual outing to Wexford was a great success. The Club Garden party took place at the home of Conor and Catherine O’Keeffe, Ballinoe, while the weather unfortunately was not too kind and we still had a most enjoyable evening. In August we visited the garden of Union Cross, Glanmire, which again proved to be well worth the trip and was enjoyed by all. The main event this month is the annual Horticultural Show, which takes place in the hall on Sunday, September 12th. For any enquiries about the floral arranging section, you can contact Beatrice on 025 36758 or Sandra on 058 59201. An all important date for your calendar is October 30th, when the club will host the Inter Club and Flower Arranger of the Year heats. Watch out for full details nearer the event. Clashmore wedding bells Congratulations from all your family and friends to Brian Maher from Clashmore and Caoimhe Wickham who got married in Cyprus this week. Fermoy whist drive aids Pakistan Results, Sunday, August 29th A very successful whist drive was held in Fermoy in aid of the stricken in Pakistan. We are proud to say we can donate €1,000 to this cause from the proceeds of this drive . Best overall score: Peggy McCarthy Winning ladies: Margaret Forde, Pat O’Leary, Margaret Mulkeen, Joan McHugh, Esther Lomasney, Anne Savage, Mary Butterworth & Abina Murphy. Winning gents: Gerard Donovan, Frank Roche, B. Brennan, M. Scannell, Anne Hurley, Colm Hurley, Jim Ryall & M. Hurley. Raffle: There was ‘almost’ a prize for everyone in the audience! We would like to thank players for their very generous donations and gifts, which were a huge contribution to making this night such a success. Whist drive every Sunday night at 8.30pm sharpat Fermoy Bridge Centre. All welcome. Knockanore Lotto No winner of last week’s Jackpot. The numbers drawn were 1, 13, 23 and 24. The €20 concession winners were Liam Casey, Darragh Buckley, Eileen Cody and Margaret Tobin. Sweet dreams... East Cork College is re-opening on Monday, September 6th with study from 4.15pm -6.15pm and 7pm - 9pm Monday to Friday. Saturday study starts on Saturday, September 18th at 10am to 4pm. East Cork College will begin tuition classes on Monday, September 20th and extra subjects of Ag. Science, Accounting, Business and Economics will commence also that week. Further information can be had from the college at 021-4638794 or 085-2880693. MANY thanks to Margaret Trundle, East Cork Parents & Friends of the Mentally Handicapped, who furnished the East Cork Journal with this picture of helper Conor Lehane and 4 year old David Wall on the train to Dublin. We’d mentioned the picture last week, as Margaret had it put on t-shirts for both ‘Sleeping Beauties’ (obviously in different sizes!) at the closing ceremony of their annual summer camp. Sweet dreams are made of this indeed. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 23 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Music Works perform in Dungarvan The Way Ten mouth-watering days in Waterford WATERFORD City is the place to be when the Waterford Harvest Festival gets underway from September 10th to 19th. Jointly hosted by Waterford City Council and Slow Food Ireland, this ten day festival promises a feast of giant food markets, cookery demonstrations by celebrity chefs including Neven Maguire, Kevin Dundon, Michael Quinn and Darina Allen, just to name a few. Most of the festival events are free to attend and take place during the day, so are very suitable for families and food lovers of all ages! Make a date to be at one of the biggest outdoor markets this country has ever seen on Sunday September 12th, when Waterford’s South Quay will close to traffic and be filled with every kind of food stall you can think of. Experience wonderful sights and smells as Waterford South Quay is transformed into a giant market place. Make sure to bring the children, as KIDSZONE at Amazing Grazing is filled with fantastic activities and entertainment for the kids, including the Imaginosity Marquee where children can take part in creative workshops all about FOOD. Families can also enjoy the funfair and street entertainers! FOODIES TAKE NOTE: Top chefs, including Darina Allen, will be giving free cookery demonstrations throughout the day – check website for further details of those. September 18th, is when the joys of rural life will be brought right into John Roberts Square. Join in the fun as Waterford’s Macra na Feirme display farming fun in the city, with bale pushing, an obstacle course and water balloon catching – you can even try milking the special Macra cow! Make sure you stay and enjoy the Céilí Mor with Comhaltas. The Grand Finale of the great festival From Soil to Sea promises to be a fantastic day of demonstrations and displays of food production and culinary heritage in Waterford. Be there on Sunday, September 19th to witness this very unusual day, as the South Quay once again closes to traffic and country life comes alive in the city. Bring the whole family along to experience threshing, pitching the sheaf, steam engines, farm machinery including over twenty vintage tractors, the agri-aware mobile farm as well as plenty of surprises from Macra na Feirme! The festival is supported by SuperValu, the Irish Examiner, Waterford City Council, Failte Ireland, WLRfm Bord Bia, with many events hosted by Slow Food Ireland. To find out more, visit the website at www.waterfordharvestfestival.ie or find the festival on Facebook. Kiely’s Cross Development turned down by Planning Board AN Board Pleanala has finally pulled the plug on the hoped for development of a new petrol station and restaurant at the Kiely’s Cross pub site on the N25 at the turn off for Ardmore. In the end the objection of the NRA (National Roads Authority) on the grounds of road safety seem to have swung the decision to refuse the application, as submissions by developers, Rybo partnership, was turned down. The Board Pleanala Inspector recommended refusal stating that “It is considered that the proposed development would endanger public safety by reason of traffic hazard because the site is located alongside the heavily trafficked National Primary Road N25 at a point where a speed limit of 100 km/h applies, and the traffic turning movements generated would interfere with the safety and free flow of traffic on the public road”. Other items such as visual obtrusion and an unacceptable level of intensification at a rural location also contributed to the refusal. Ballyduff claim All-Ireland glory in Cavan WELL done to the Ballyduff U15 Mixed Ceile team that won All Ireland Gold at the Fleadh Cheoil Na hEireann in Cavan. The team of Michael Fogarty, Brian O’Donovan, Jeremy Saich, Aodhan Ryan, Fiona Ahearn, Sorcha Ryan, Michaela Donovan and Rebecca Saich were trained by Michael Ryan. The club came second in the U15 Ladies Set Dance with the Ber Nugent and Thomas Hyland coached side of Laura Casey, Sarah Nugent-Shanahan, Rioghnach Hyland, Fiona Ahearn, Kelia Walsh, Rebecca Saich, Liodan Dunlea and Laura Houlihan making it a great weekend for the Ballyduff Ceoltas club that also saw the U18 and senior half set teams finish in 3rd place. Lismore Dramatic Society AGM Other great festival events include a Historical Feast at Waterford Castle, along with food tastings, workshops, seminars and cookery demonstrations – check website for details! Deise Day on Saturday, Back to school Liam Lawton for St Carthage Church, Lismore YES, it’s that time of year again as the summer holidays seem to have flown by. This week it will be all systems go as the National and Secondary Schools reopen for the new school year. That will, of course, mean an early start for youngsters who, up to now, were late risers so there may be a few sleepwalkers on the go next week. If so, motorists especially are asked to be on the lookout in the morning, at lunch time and in the evening time as, with the schools reopening, there will be an increased volume of traffic to contend with, not to mention, bicycles, buses and of course children. So the message for everyone is to be vigilant this week especially, and in the next few weeks as things begin to get back to normal. No one wants an accident to people out early in the morning, so please be seen so you can be safe, and wear reflective clothing. THERE will be plenty of excitement when the Dungarvan School of Music and Performing Arts puts on its first variety show on Saturday, September 4th, featuring its 1st year students and some special guests who will perform in Dungarvan Town Hall. With shows such as “Fame” and “Glee” attracting huge interest, this performance by gifted local people should be a sellout, with tickets priced at just €6. To book contact Sharon on 086-373-3345. THE annual General Meeting of the Lismore Dramatic Society will take place in the Courthouse Theatre on Thursday September 2nd at 8.30pm with entrance by the side door. If you have any interest in drama or, indeed, would just like to join a group, then you will be most welcome to attend. Cappoquin Parent and Toddler Group THIS group for young mothers and children meet on each Wednesday and will resume on today, September 1st where new members will be most welcome at Cappoquin Community Centre commencing at 10.30am. A registration cost of just €5 per child applies for the year. Don’t Stop Believing quiz raises €23,000 WELL known priest, Fr Liam Lawton brings his show, “An Evening with Liam Lawton” to St Carthage Church, Lismore on Sunday 12th of September commencing at 8pm. Special guest appearance by Becky McCloskey from Lismore, which should ensure a full house. WATERFORD may well have exited the inter county hurling scene but supporters of the Deise sides really took this pub quiz fundraiser to their hearts. Heats were held in pubs and clubs all around the county, with 50 teams qualifying for the gala final that took place in Lawlors Hotel last week. Fardy’s from Passage were the overall winner with the Cove Bar Stradbally in second spot, with Haughton Pub in Kilmeaden third. Many locals teams were involved but they did not finish in the top three. Great Craic was had, however, and this novel event now looks like becoming an annual one as the Deise fans certainly don’t stop believing. Waterford may not be involved in this year’s All Ireland, but Waterford referee, Michael Wadding has been appointed as the referee for the Kilkenny v Tipperary final so Waterford fans do wish Michael well. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Going Pink in Youghal DENISE FITZGERALD REPORTS EVERY year in Ireland nearly 2,500 women are diagnosed with breast cancer. In Youghal, a group of women recently got together to form a very pro active Youghal Support Group and on Sunday last, August 29th, a Pink Ribbon Run/Walk was organised to help raise funds for Cancer Support. On a beautiful August day, a large group of ladies met at the Market Square in Youghal, all wearing their pink ribbons, dressed to impress, and ready to go Pink to raise funds for Breast Cancer. There was an air of commitment and resolve, but also a lot of fun and camaraderie on the quays as the ladies waited for the off. Babies in prams, and doggie pets firmly on leashes were all ready for the walk/run. Young and old, fit and not so fit, people from all walks of life came along to support the event for a cause which, for many families, is the most worthy of all. Many families, in one way or another, are affected by this disease and their friends and relatives were delighted to be able to go along and help raise funds. Youghal Pipe Band played their hearts out prior to the commencement of the run and hundreds of balloons were let off into the clear blue skies over Youghal, their soaring and flying a symbol of hope to all who watched. Tara O’Connell, Siobhán O’Mahony and Ciara O’Connell Organisers of the Pink Ribbon Run for Cancer Joan O’Riordan, Sheila Tobin and Ann Smyth are ready for the run Let’s hear it for the girls - Mary, Jennifer, (and Richard) Sinead, Jane, CathyAnn and Geraldine Mayor of Youghal, Cllr. Mary Linehan Foley with Cllrs Michael Beecher, Michelle Hennessy (and her baby daughter). Cllr. Sandra McLellan and Cllr. Eoin Coyne, delighted to support the Pink Ribbon Run, seen with Organisers Therese O’Connell and Noreen Holland Baby Lauren Walsh with mum Elaine and Cathy Neville The Kearns family turn out in their numbers to support the Pink Ribbon Run 021 4638022 All photos available to buy Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 25 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Bitesize News Compiled by Denise FitzGerald 087 812 8262 / [email protected] Team Youghal TEAM Youghal are delighted to participate in the Race around Ireland in aid of The Emer Casey Foundation . On September the 14th Eight Youghal Cyclists will take part in one of Europe’s toughest endurance races which will start in Navan and then travel north to the Giant’s Causeway. They will continue around to the North East Coast of Ireland, through Connaught. The race will then pass through all the major mountains in Kerry before heading to Mizen Head, Kinsale and Cork City where the dreaded St. Patrick’s Hill will be climbed. The Team will then pass through their home town of Youghal, onto Waterford, and will progress into Leinster, back to the finish line in Navan. They will then have completed a staggering 1,350 mile course. Team leader, Ger Flanagan said “This is a team event with the cyclists and the backup crew who are essential to the successful defence of our Race Around Ireland 8 person title. We are cycling for the Emer Casey Foundation which is a fantastic charity who need support to continue their great work, and we are delighted to be involved in such a worthy cause”. Team Youghal are sponsored by Jack O’Patsy Pottery, KIA Motors Youghal and supported by all their Associate Sponsors. The race itself starts on Tuesday the 14th of September and when the gun fires at the start line, it will be a race against the clock for Youghal Cyclists, Ger Flanagan, Tommy Roche, Christy McCarty, Eoin Whyte, John Twomey, Kieran Groeger, Michael McCarthy and Brian Fitzgerald. Team Youghal look forward to the challenge ahead in Mid-September, and are proud to undertake the challenge for the Emer Casey Foundation. Triathlon in Youghal The annual Youghal Triathlon will take place this Saturday, September 4th. The event will commence at 11.30am at Claycastle Beach Car Park. Distances – 750m Swim, 19k Cycle and 6.5k run. €3,500 in prize money. Entries will not be accepted on the day. Stewards are required and if you can help, please contact Tommy Roche. Please note**** Traffic restrictions will be in place in the following areas on Saturday, September 4th: Claycastle, Summerfield Cross, Ballyclamasy, New Line area from 11am to 1.30pm. Acess to Youghal from the West will be via Youghal bypass. Eenie, Meenie, Tweenies Fun, games, face painting and a hot cuppa are on offer to celebrate Tweenies 10th birthday. The party will be held in Youghal Methodist Church Hall on Saturday, September 11th from 2pm to 5pm and all are welcome. Open House Sessions The very successful and popular Open house Sessions resume for September and October 2010. They will take place on the second Monday of every month. Live music, singalong, storytelling dancing – for everyone, particularly young at heart. Music by Bobby Lee-Peter Lee and Friends. Admission? A mere €2. On Friday morning last Margo Walsh, the lucky winner of the Credit Union Car Draw, sat into her brand new Ford Kia, sponsored by Pat Ryan of Kia Motors Youghal, with a big smile of delight at her great win. The Car Draw is a bi annual event, and creates huge interest coming up to draw time. We wish Margo safe and happy motoring as her lucky wheels go round and round... It’s Dolphin – Not Devonshire! In last week’s edition, we included coverage of the new Farmer’s Market in Youghal. However, the market is held in Dolphin Square and NOT, as specified, in Devonshire Square. It’s well worth a visit on Fridays, where the very best of fresh, locally sourced foods are available at reasonable prices. So, this Friday, and every Friday, head for Dolphin Square where your weekly Farmer’s Market is located. Put on your dancing Don’t Miss Youghal’s Adult shoes...and learn to dance Learn to Irish Dance with the Blackwater School Education Exhibition – of Irish Dancing – classes will resume on Tuesday, 7 at the Youghal Community Centre at Wednesday September 8th September the usual times. All new beiginnes are welcome. Are you interested in finding out more about adult education and training in Youghal? More and more people are considering taking up a new course and Youghal offers a wide range of full and part time, day and evening classes. If you’d like to find out more about what’s available then drop in to the Adult Education Exhibition in Cumann na Daoine on Wednesday 8 September. This event offers a unique chance to meet with representatives of a wide range of education and training providers – all under one roof! From FÁS, and the East Cork Further Education and Youthreach Centre, to Cumann na Daoine, Pobalscoil na Tríonóide, South and East Cork Area Development (SECAD) and others, you can find out about what’s available locally. If you’re not sure what course you’d like to do, then have a chat with staff from the Cork County VEC Adult Guidance Service. There will also be a chance to learn about supports available for those wishing to return to education, from the Dept of Social Protection. Whether you’re seeking to enhance your skills for employment, or learn a new skill or hobby, there is something for everyone. Entrance is free and the exhibition takes place from 7.30pm – 9.30pm on Wednesday September 8, in Cumann na Daoine, Catherine St, Youghal. To find out more telephone 024 91900” Two Little Ducks... in Ardmore Bingo will be held every Wednesday night at 8pm in St Declan’s Hall, Ardmore. Great prizes and a chance to meet with friends and have a chat. Come and give it a go. High Spirits in Youghal The Junior Musical and Drama Group, High Spirits, is back on Friday next, September 3rd for young people aged between 4 and 16 years. Drama, dancing, musical theatre, fun and games. Classes are held every Friday in Youghal Community Centre. Age 4-6 from 3.30pm to 4.30pm. Age 7-8 from 4.30pm to 5.30pm Age 9-11 from 5.30pm to 6.30pm Age 12+ from 6.30pm to 7.30pm. New members are always welcome. For further information call to Youghal Community Centre during the times mentioned above, or check out the website www.high-spirits.ie th Enrolment of new students will take place at 4pm on Tuesay, September 7th. For early bookings of placement please contact Tracy on 024 90341 or 087 6838583. Gaelic4Girls Gaelic4Girls (age 8-13) is coming to CLG Eochaill on September 11th for 8 weeks. It will take place every Saturday from 10.30 a.m. to 11.30 am. Forms for participants can be picked up from the Club office. If anyone is interested in getting involved in coaching or helping out during these 8 weeks please contact Cormac Galvin on 0870508474. Cardmaking and Scrapbooking Class A Cardmaking and Scrapbooking Class will be held at the Cumann na Daoine Hall, Catherine Street, on today, Wednesday September 1st from 10.30am to 12.30pm. €15 per person, with all materials supplied. Diabetes Federation of Ireland The Southern Regional Office of the Diabetes Federation of Ireland will hold a public information meeting at the Walter Raleigh Hotel on Thursday the 16th of September at 8pm. A number of speakers will take part in this interactive forum, giving people the opportunity to focus on topics related to the day to day management of diabetes. The meeting is part of a series of events held in the Youghal area in memory of the late Frank Smith. The Smith Family fundraised in the local Youghal area to highlight the importance of education and awareness of people living with Diabetes. Admission is free and all are welcome. Social Dancing with Dermot Lyons On Friday, September 10th Dermot Lyons will be at his usual best at the Walter Raleigh Hotel, for the CRY Social Dancing night. Doors open at 9pm. Youghal I.C.A. Guild The Youghal Guild of the ICA will resume meetings after the Summer recess, at Cumann na nDaoine, Catherine Street, on Wednesday, September 8th at 7.30 pm. New members always welcome. Coffee makers wanted for Youghal Charities Ireland’s Biggest Coffee Morning takes place on Thursday, September 16th with proceeds for Youghal Community Hospital and Hospice. Your help is needed, and it is hoped that people at work, at home, or local organisations will hold a Coffee Morning at which €2 will be collected for each cup of Bewley’s fresh ground coffee consumed. Bewley’s will be providing the coffee free of charge, and all proceeds will stay local and go directly back to fund local Hospice care services. For registration advice and details on how to get your special complimentary Bewley’s coffee pack please ring Youghal Community Hospital and Hospice on 024 92106. English Language Classes English Language Classes for beginners and Intermediate level (Fetac Level 3 or 4) will be held in East Cork FEYC, Colaiste Eoin, Youghal. Registration will take place on Wednesday, September 8th at 7.30pm. Further information from 024 93674/92804 or 087 7925035/086 8238746. Events/Cumann na Daoine September 1 - 7 Wednesday, September 1st: 10.00 - 12.30pm FÁS Clinic 10.30 - 12.30pm Cardmaking & Scrapbooking Class 1.30 - 2.30pm Walking Group 3.00 - 5.00pm Women’s Group 7.30 - 9.00pm Yoga 7.30 - 9.00pm Grow (Community Mental Health Group) Thursday, September 2nd: 7.30 - 9.30pm Music Group 8.00 - 9.45pm Bingo Monday, September 6th: 4.00 - 5.00pm St Vincent de Paul Tuesday, September 7th: 5.45 -7.30pm Weight Watchers Youghal Bay Bridge Club Results AUGUST 19TH: 1st Mary & John Fitzpatrick; 2nd A McNulty/K Groeger; 3rd D Fitzgerald/A O`Reilly; 4th U Furey/R Fitzpatrick August 23rd: 1st Anne O`Reilly/Maurice Power; 2nd A McNulty/E Pyne. August 24th: 1st G Plante/M Kelleher; 2nd S O`Donnell/A O`Reilly Bridge every Monday, Tuesday and Thursday nights at 7.45pm. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal 26 What do the managers make of this weekend’s East Cork Final? Castlemartyr’s The Three Wise Men of Dungourney Famous Five Castlemartyr's Famous Five: Martin McSweeney, Donal Burke, Seamus Lawton, Tony Barrett . and Charlie O'Neill hoing to plot Dungourney's downfall and retain the title JUST DOWN the road from Dungourney, preparations are in full swing at the Castlemartyr venue as the holders were put through their paces, ready for this weekend, under the watchful eyes of the club’s very own ‘Famous Five’: Martin McSweeney, Donal Burke, Charlie O’Neill, Tony Barrett and Manager Seamus Lawton. With Brian Lawton due to play with Cork last Saturday night, fingers were crossed that he would come through OK. Seamus Lawton is pleased that the team has reached this year’s final as they would like to get another cut at the county should they come out on top on Saturday night. Castlemartyr are under no illusions as to the task facing them and they will have to perform at their very best to come out on top, but, sheer determination and a group of players ready to rise to the challenge will, no doubt, make this a final to remember for many years to come. At this stage it is all about being ready in mind and body and staying injury free, and Castlemartyr’s ‘Famous Five’ are hoping that their team will come home in front when the final whistle sounds. Dungourney's three wise men, Liam Flynn, Donie Morrissey and John Cody hoping to guide their side to victory IT IS easy to be wise after the there had been a huge improve- plication are anything to go by event but the Dungourney selec- ment in the Dungourney team then Dungourney will not be tion committee hope that they since their first round defeat to found wanting. will make the right decisions on Sarsfields. Fellow selector Liam Flynn the day and no stone has been left unturned in the preparation The win over Lisgoold got the say’s there is a great buzz in the of the team, so much so that team back on track and, since two adjoining parishes, so much manager John Cody even took then there has been a steady im- so that the underage section of time on his holidays to visit provement in every game so far, both clubs, under the banner of Nolan Park to view Kilkenny’s which - he hopes - they can im- Kiltha Óg has qualified for the training methods in the hope of prove on even more come the U16 A East Cork Hurling Final picking up a few tips! final. against Killeagh /Ita’s showing Coach Donie Morrissey is de- that there is plenty of talent comManager John Cody, at a team lighted with the effort from all of ing through from the younger training session, admitted that the lads and if dedication and ap- players too. . The Curtain Raiser: The East Cork Journal Sponsored Minor ‘B’ Hurling Final Cavrs.rCaiogbNhaabth4F.1e5aprmr THE curtain-raiser on Saturday afternoon should provide early comers with some attractive fare as Cobh take on Carraig na bhFearr in the East Cork Journal Sponsored, Minor B Hurling Final, with the Ted O’Sullivan Cup going to the winner. Both sides were in impressive form in their semi-final wins as Cobh, who won the County C Grade last year, chalked up a 417 to 0-5 win over Lisgoold, in a very one-sided affair. Cian Spriggs and Alan O’Flynn will be two big players for them as they seek to continue their winning run. Carraig na bhFearr too were in impressive form as they easily accounted for Bride Rovers in their semi-final win. The team had a 1-16 to 1-1 win which suggests that there will be very little to choose between these sides on Saturday afternoon. Cobh will perhaps go in as favourite to win but Carraig na bhFearr are well capable of claiming victory. Referee for this match will be Ger Murray from the Russell Rovers club in Shanagarry (pictured). IT’S a great honour for the Killeagh GAA club to host this final. Preparations have been completed with Sean Murphy, Tim Crotty, Chairman, Tracey Kennedy, Secretary and David Scully all delighted to be hosting both finals on Saturday night. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 27 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Clash of the titans Castlemartyr vs. Dungourney At Pairc Ui Chinneide this Saturday, September 4th at 6pm R efer ee: Cathal McAllister * D eclan Barron previews the East Cork Final The big day is now almost upon us as the eagerly awaited East Cork Junior A Hurling Final is set to go ahead at Pairc Ui Chinneide in Killeagh this Saturday evening. The showcase fixture of the East Cork Board will see a huge crowd for the clash of these neighbours, who will be meeting at this level for the very first time. Barring a draw, the new Jamesy Kelleher Cup will be at one side or the other of the adjoining parishes come 6pm this Saturday evening. WHAT A game we have in prospect with both junior clubs displaying real character to reach this decider. Holders, Castlemartyr have, perhaps, the easier route, playing only for games. Dungourney, on the other hand, have had to go the back door route to reach their final destination, with an extra game played. Castlemartyr, with wins in 1935, 1946, 1950, 1951, 1954, 1963, 1964 and 2009 will be bidding to join Cloyne, Carrigtwohill and Midleton on 9 titles and, as the holders, will go in as favorites to deny a Dungourney side seeking a third success, following wins in 1972 and 2006. A look at the form of both sides throws up some staggering statistics. Dungourney amassed a total of 15 goals and 55 points in their five games, to just 4 goals and 55 points for Castlemartyr in their four outings. This suggests that Dungourney may well have the firepower to trouble a Castlemartyr defence that has conceded 5goals and 43 points, while Dungourney has let in 8 goals and 67 points, with much of this tally coming in their opening round loss to Sarsfields where they shipped 3-17. Since then, however, the Dungourney rearguard has PROUD SPONSORS OF DUNGOURNEY GAA Castlemartyr’s Eddie Clifford breaks a tackle in the win over Russell Rovers - will he be able to push through this Saturday? Dungourney’s Kevin Rohan gets off a shot on goal against Lisgoold - but will he be as successful in the final? tightened up considerably and if they can keep from leaking goals, they must be in with a real shout of winning this famous cup. The Jamesy Kelleher Memorial Cup, which is presented to the winners of the Junior A Hurling Championship, perpetuates the memory of an outstanding all time great hurler and horseman who led his home club, Dungourney, to three Cork County Senior Hurling championship titles, and captained Cork to Munster and All Ireland Championship glory in the early years of the 20th century. His home club would like nothing better than to be the first winners of the new championship trophy while holders, Castlemartyr, would dearly love to put back to back titles together for a third time and become the last club to win the old cup and the first club to win the new cup. History, of course, is there to be written and on Saturday evening a new chapter will be filled with the exploits of both sides in their quest for victory. Both teams are littered with match winners and, with both clubs joined at the hip at underage level in the form of the Kiltha Óg Juvenile club, there is sure to be plenty of rivalry between the sides, who will be meeting for the first time in an East Cork championship final, which adds further spice to an already mouth watering fixture. Who will win? Who will win is the big question on everyone’s lips, and it is a hard question to answer as both clubs look to be in good form at present. Castlemartyr could not have been more impressive in defeating Bride Rovers, while Dungourney continued to boost their goal haul with another 4 in their win over Midleton. Best of luck to the Castlemartyr Hurlers in the East Cork Junior A Hurling Final this Saturday From your proud sponsors CLIFFORD’S Butchers, Foodstore & Bar Main Street, Castlemartyr Tel. 021 4667336 Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 28 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Can Castlemartyr crush Dungourney? Path to the Final Castlemartyr were involved in a preliminary round game with St Ita’s and after an exciting match they emerged winners by 1-15 to 3-6 after getting a real scare. Having safely made it to round three they had to again pull out all the stops to fashion a two point win over Carrigtwohill, winning by 1-12 to 1-10 on a very bad night for hurling. It was, perhaps, their quarter final victory over Russell Rovers that was most impressive as they shot 0-18 to 1-11 to book a semi final meeting with Bride Rovers. Here again a good second half showing saw Castlemartyr book their final spot with a 1-17 to 1-9 victory. Dungourney, on the other hand, got off to a poor start with Sarsfields giving them a bad first round beating , losing by 3-17 to 1-10. Since then, however, Dungourney have put together an impressive run beginning with a hard earned 4-8 to 0-16 win over Lisgoold which got them back on track. They followed this up with a 3-14 to 1-12 victory over Carrig Na bhFear which set them up for a quarter final rematch with Sarsfields. This time round Dungourney rose to the challenge, and while Sars were slightly weaker, it was Dungourney that emerged victorious by 3-14 to 2-12 to set up a semi final meeting with Midleton. Here again Dungourney bagged four goals to emerge winners by 4-9 to 2-10 and set up an intriguing final meeting. Match Referee, Cathal McAllister hoping for a final to rem ember CASTLEMARTYR GAA CLUB We would like to thank our main sponsors, Clifford's Bar and all the other sponsors of all our club teams for their support, both past & present. This is greatly appreciated by all at the club. We wo uld also like to thank all o ur loyal supporters and ho pe that o nce again you can turn o ut in g reat numbe rs and support the lads on Saturday. Best of luck to Peter & all the la ds fro m all at Castlemartyr G.A.A. Club. UP THE REDS! A GAME of this stature needs a good referee, and there are few better than Aghada’s Cathal McAllister who has proved himself at the highest level in recent years. His handling of the All Ireland Minor and U21 finals has marked him down as one for the future at senior level, and his in-depth knowledge of these clubs should ensure that we have a great contest in store. Cathal can be firm if the need arises, but he tends to let the game flow where possible, and this should help both sides to settle into their rhythm. The referee will have had a good game if no one is talking about Referee Cathal McAllister received an All-Ireland U21 Hurling Championship Final Referee Award from Uachtarán CLG Criostóir Ó Cuana at the National Referee Awards Banquet 2009, assuring that this weekend’s final should be in safe hands him, so best of luck to Cathal and his team of officials who will be in charge of East Cork’s own little All Ireland. Finally, a word to the Killeagh club hosts of the final - who have left no stone unturned in their preparation for this final. Killeagh were winners themselves back in 1995 when they went all the way to winning the county, and the winning team this week will be in county action on the following weekend. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 29 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Or Will Dungourney defeat Castlemartyr? How they match up Which side is the strongest, and who will rise to the occasion, is what we will find out on Saturday. Castlemartyr were there last season and so will also be very familiar with the Killeagh venue. Castlemartyr will have almost the same personnel as last year, with Dave Fleming very reliable in goal. He is likely to be fronted by Barra O’Tuama, Robert O’Donovan and last year’s captain, Ollie Smiddy. A strong half-back line of Eddie Clifford, Brian Smiddy and Adrian Bowens will be hard to pass while, at midfield, Brian Lawton will team up with this year’s captain, Peter Horgan. In attack, Castlemartyr will again field a strong sextet with Derek Bowens, Sean Hennessy, Barry Lawton, Mark Bowens, Evan O’Keeffe and Jimmy Smiddy all capable of making and taking scores. Jimmy Smiddy will punish any careless defending as he is deadly accurate from frees, so Dungourney will be well aware of this. Castlemartyr have other fine players in Colin Bowens, Brian O’Tuama, Damien McAuliffe and Brian Barrett. On the opposite side, Dungourney will field a seasoned side with Kevin Hegarty between the posts. In front of him will be Alan Kelleher, Mark Hegarty and Eoin Ahearn and all three have been superb in recent games. John Roynane, James Leahy and Daragh Ahearn have emerged as a strong half-back line with former Na Piarsaigh player, Brian Rodgers, teamed up well with Martin Wall at midfield. In attack, Kenneth Kelleher, Kevin Kelleher and Shane Casey have been a strong half-forward line, while the inside trio of Kevin Rohan, Frank Hegarty and John Hickey have come up with plenty of goals. Michael Hickey is also very much in contention for a starting spot in attack. How do I think it will go then is, perhaps, the hardest question to answer as Dungourney have scored plenty of goals on the way to the final. Both sides have an equal number of points, with Castlemartyr from a game less played, which suggests that in a tight match that point-scoring will be important. Dungourney, with Shane Casey and Castlemartyr, with Jimmy Smiddy have both got excellent free takers, so it could come down to how well the rest of the forwards fare against the back lines. While Martin Wall and Brian Rodgers have done well for Dungourney at midfield, I feel that in Brian Lawton and Peter Horgan, Castlemartyr may just be that bit stronger in this vital sector and, as such, if they hold sway here it could stop the supply to the dangerous inside line of Dungourney. If this happens (and it might well as Midleton held sway here for long periods), Castlemartyr might just pull away. Dungourney have impressed me and they have come on a tonne under the tutelage of Donie Morrissey, but they still have to put it all together in one game. If they were to do so, then I would have no hesitation in tipping them to win but I feel that, although Castlemartyr may have had the easier route to the final, they are a better balanced allround side and I can see them just getting home in front in a very tight match. Dungourney would love to prove me wrong (and may well do so). If so, it would be a marvellous achievement, especially as the new Jamesy Kelleher cup is the prize for the winner. Sideline Mentors Match-winning calls can often be made from the sideline as switches or changes can affect the out- come. For Castlemartyr, Seamus Lawton is the coach with Martin McSweeney, Tony Barrett, Donal McCarthy and Donal Burke as his selectors, with John Walsh, Michael Cremin and Marty Keeffe as part of the back-up team. For Dungourney, John Cody is the Manager with Liam Flynn as selector and Donie Morrissey as coach. This trio have made big calls all season and Dungourney have improved with every outing. Captains Dungourney GAA Club Peter Horgan will captain the Castlemartyr side from his midfield berth while half-forward, Shane Casey, will lead Dungourney. Everyone at Dungourney GAA Club wishes Shane Casey and the Junior Hurlers the best of luck in the East Cork Junior ‘A’ Hurling Final THANKS TO ALL OUR SPONSORS, ESPECIALLY RIGNEY BROS. & EAST CORK CRANE HIRE Go o d luck lads we know you can do it! Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 30 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal East Cork Crane Hire Ltd. Good luck to Dungourney GAA from Carrigtwohill Tel. 021 4883304 Good luck, boys we know you’ll do us all proud! CASTLEMARTYR GAA good luck for this weekend’s final FINGERS CROSSED LADS! 021 4668461 Good luck to the Castlemartyr & Dungourney teams from all at CASTLE PHARMACY Ahern’s Centra, Castlemartyr 4 Main Street, Castlemartyr Tel. 021 4667800 Good luck to the Castlemartyr hurlers in the final! 021 4623010 Best of luck to both teams from all at KILLEAGH GAA Looking forward to seeing everyone at Páirc Uí Chinnéide this weekend! Best of luck to Castlemartyr & Dungourney GAA from all at Market Green, Midleton e Village Florist, Castlemartyr wishes both teams all the best in the ﬁnal 021 4623015 Good luck to Castlemartyr GAA in the final from all at Castlemartyr Good luck to both teams in the final! THECLOTHES HORSE LAUNDERETTE & DRY CLEANERS GoodlucktoCastlemartyr &DungourneyintheEastCork JuniorAHurlingChampionshipFinal Unit 53, Elm Court, Gort an Oir, Castlemartyr Tel. 021 4623565 / 087 6176709 [email protected] Best of luck to the Dungourney team from Ger & Evelyn Leahy at DUNGOURNEY POST OFFICE OFFICE TO BE FULLY AUTOMATED IN SEPTEMBER Services available include Passport Express, AIB cash lodgements & withdrawals, gift vouchers, savings, gun licences, Garda fines, phone top-ups, extensive bill pay, Prize Bonds & Western Union Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Junior Hurling Winners of the East Cork Championship 1926 - 2009 1926 Cobh (Co. Champions) 1927 Ballinacurra 1928 Ballinacurra 1929 Midleton 1930 Bride Rovers 1931 Aghada 1932 Bride Rovers 1933 Aghada 1934 Midleton 1935 Castlemartyr 1936 Midleton 1937 Sarsfields (Co. Champions) 1938 Cloyne 1939 Cloyne (Co. Champions) 1940 Aghada 1941 Carrigtwohill (Co. Champions) 1942 Ballinacurra 1943 Midleton 1944 Cloyne 1945 Midleton (Co. Champions) 1946 Castlemartyr 1947 Carrigtwohill 1948 Carrigtwohill (Co. Champions), 1949 Leeside 1950 Castlemartyr 1951 Castlemartyr (Co. Champions) 1952 Youghal 1953 Sarsfields 1954 Castlemartyr 1955 Castlelyons 1956 Carrigtwohill 1957 St. Catherine’s 1958 Cloyne 1959 Cobh (Co. Champions) 1960 Cloyne 1961 Cloyne (Co. Champions) 1962 Carrigtwohill 1963 Castlemartyr 1964 Castlemartyr (Co. Champions) 1965 Carrigtwohill 1966 Carrigtwohill (Co. Champions) 1967 Killeagh 1968 Bride Rovers 1969 Bride Rovers 1970 Killeagh 1971 Killeagh 1972 Dungourney 1973 Erin’s Own 1974 Watergrasshill (Co. Champions) 1975 Erin’s Own 1976 Cloyne 1977 Erin’s Own 1978 Carrigtwohill 1979 Erin’s Own 1980 Aghada 1981 St. Catherine’s 1982 Midleton 1983 St. Catherine’s (Co. Champions) 1984 Midleton (Co. Champions) 1985 Cobh 1986 Cloyne 1987 Cloyne (Co. Champions) 1988 Killeagh 1989 Midleton 1990 Midleton (Co. Champions) 1991 Aghada 1992 Aghada 1993 Castlelyons 1994 Carrigtwohill (Co. Champions) 1995 Killeagh (Co. Champions) 1996 Fr. O’Neill’s 1997 Castlelyons (Co. Champions) 1998 Bride Rovers (Co. Champions) 1999 Fr. O’Neill’s 2000 Watergrasshill 2001 Fr. O’Neill’s 2002 Fr. O’Neill’s 2003 Watergrasshill 2004 Sarsfields 2005 Fr. O’Neill’s (Co. Champions) 2006 Dungourney 2007 Erins Own 2008 Carrignavar 2009 Castlemartyr Past captains to be honoured 31 THE East Cork Board will be honouring captains from the past 25 years, from 1985 to 2009 with a memento that will be presented to the captains on the day. This will bring back fond memories for the 16 clubs that have been successful in that period, seven of which went on to become county champions. Five of those clubs are now established senior clubs, while the other two are in the intermediate grade which shows just how strong hurling in East Cork has become in that period of time. Will this year’s captains, Peter Horgan and Shane Casey, also be honoured in years to come? Either way, both will be hoping to raise the new Jamesy Kelleher Cup this Saturday evening! Man of the Match THIS award will be sponsored by Star Homes with Sean Walsh once again providing the game’s top player with recognition for a top class display on the day. Out with the old - and in with the new. But who will get their hands on the NEW Jamesy Kelleher Cup this weekend? ‘Let go!’ ‘No, YOU let go!’ Rival Managers, Seamus Lawton and John Cody will be hoping to bring the Jamsey Kelleher Cup to their side of the parish on Saturday night East Cork Board Officers, Michael O’Brien, Oliver Loughlin and Tracey Kennedy, pictured with rival captains, Peter Horgan and Shane Casey along with Con Ryan, sponsor, East Cork Oil and Tim Crotty, Killeagh club Chairman, where this year’s East Cork final will be staged Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 A sporting chance Cloyne Road Youghal Bowling Club baize-d for Lee in Wales Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal AT last week’s meeting, it was decided to run with Jamie Costine’s idea of running a ‘First Goal Lotto’ to raise funds for the club. The idea being that the club every week sells 90 envelopes, each containing a number, from 1-90. Entry is €2 per envelope. A Premiership game is picked, and the holder of the ticket that contains the first goal scored wins €90, with the remainder going towards the club’s funds. No extra time goals won on. If game is goaless, then it runs on to the next game. Jamie and his brother Brian will be selling the tickets soon. Youth Tournament With this week seeing the return to school for the children, we plan to start the next Youth Tournament within the next few weeks - date to be confirmed. Competition open to all, Boys and Girls, aged 10-16 (boys), 12-16 (girls). Names now being taken for entry. Results and fixtures In the club’s Tournament last week, on Wednesday Philip Considine defeated Mick Mullane Snr., and on Friday Brian Costine defeated Daniel Murray. Both scores were very tight with a good standard of bowling, with the winners of both scores pulling away at the end. Philip and Brian have improved greatly of late. 1/9/10: 7pm: Richard Murphy vs. Keith Dennehy 7.45pm: Mick Lewis vs. Seanie Costine 3/9/10: 7pm: Graham Fleming vs. Jamie Costine 7.45pm: Mick Mullane Jnr vs. Dave Hill For further imformation, please call either John Gleeson, Chairman on 087 1473236 or John Rossiter, Secretary on 087 6252936. THIS week’s Cloyne Road Bowling Club picture is of an oil painting by celebrated Cork artist, Daniel MacDonald, entitled ‘The Bowling Match at Castlemary‘. It was painted in 1847 and the man bowling is Abraham Morris, a wealthy Cork merchant of the time, bowling against a member of the Longfield family, who resided at Castlemary. It’s not known whether the Cloyne man won or not! But it goes to show that Bowling was well known in Cloyne many years ago, and that the town has a long tradition of bowling which is seeing a modern day resurgence. In fact, if you look hard at the faces in the painting, it seems that there are similar faces to be seen in the spectators of today... CORKBEG pitch & putt There were two fourball competitions played last weekend. Last Friday night Derek Daly and Michael Kenefick produced an excellent round to win the first nett with 13 up. Noel Kirby is back to his best form, this time winning first gross with Colm O’Shaughnessy finishing with a score of nine under par. Paudie O’Neill and Con O’Sullivan finished in second nett spot with 11 up. Last Sunday the scoring was very close with no less than five pairings finishing on the same score. After close inspection Noel Kirby and Scott Garde won the first nett with 11 up. Mick O’Brien and Mick 32 O’Halloran won the gross. Joe Wall and Terry Dunne finished in second nett spot. Paudie O’Neill scored a hole in one at the 15th hole. Well done to Scott Garde on his excellent performance at the under 16 scratch cup in Rocklodge. Derek Daly has qualified for the final of the Tom Broderick Memorial Scrath Matchplay tournament where he will play the winner of Mick Fenton and Tom Barry. Fixtures: Nine of our senior gentlemen take part in the all Ireland senior qualifiers this Saturday at Corkbeg. Best of luck to all and let’s hope we can get a few to qualify for the All-Ireland Seniors Final. There will be a competition on Friday night at 7pm, Sunday morning at 10.30am and Wednesday afternoon at 2.30pm. Lee Walsh, aged 15, from Youghal CYMS will play at the Home International Championships in Prestatyn Wales from September 10th -17th CONGRATULATIONS to Lee Walsh who qualified to represent his country in the forthcoming U-16 Home International Snooker Championships. This is Lee’s first time playing at this level and he will compete with some of the best snooker talents from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. This is the biggest international team tournament outside of the European and World Championships. It is a great honour for Youghal CYMS to have this young talented snooker player amongst it’s ranks. His parents, Eamonn and Marie, and members of the Walsh family from Woodview Court, Youghal, are extremely proud of his achievements as are the people from the town. Lee is the grandson of Jimmy Healy. Best wishes to Lee on his travels to Wales, from the committe and members of Youghal CYMS. East Cork Darts Association elects new officers EAST Cork Darts Association held their AGM at the Two Mile Inn recently. The new committee elected is as follows: Ned Donovan - Chairman Adrian Lenane - Vice Chairman Stef Domeney - Honorary Secretary Annmaria Kennedy - Assistant Secretary Brian McCarthy - Treasurer Committee members: Cathal Cronin, Eamonn Harty, Terry Hughes and Paul Leahy. Our next meeting takes place on Monday night, September 6th at the Two Mile Inn at 9pm. All club delegates must attend this meeting to be included in the draw for our first tournaments. All clubs are asked to bring their registration and entry fees along also. The season gets under way proper on September 10th. East Cork Darts Assocation would like to wish every one the best of luck for what promises to be a very busy year. More on this later. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Youghal Golf Club Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Ladies 25/8/10 - MEMBERS DAY 1st Martina Hooley (18) Ann Rochford (26) Celia Cotter (29) Faye O’ Brien (36) 90pts 2nd Dympna Quill (18) Jan Goodwin (21) Catherine Kearney (28) Helen Keane (36) 89pts 3rd Edel Coyne (5) Sheelagh O’ Brien (15) Betty Cotter (20) Angela Collins (36) 88pts 4th Frances Barry (22) Paula Brennan (23) Mary O’ Callaghan (35) Maria Hayes (36) 85pts 5th Martina Hooley (18) Trish Landers (23) Brid Doyle (30) Brid Groeger (36) 85pts 6th Kay Curtin (20) Veronica White (21) Amanda O’ Neill Coyne (27) Alma Deasy (36) 84pts Fixtures: 8/9/10: President’s Prize to the Ladies (Mr. James Morey) 15/9/10: Open 3 person team event As we come to the end of another summer season of Junior Golf, we wish to thank Liam Kelly, Paul O’ Brien, Eileen Farrell and other volunteers who gave of their time to help out with the Junior Competitions. Team news All Ireland Semi Finals at Donabate Golf Club on 24/9/10: Ladies Branch Fundraiser in aid of Minor Cup Team 16/9/10 & 17/9/10: OPEN 3 BALL SCRAMBLE Ladies/Gents/Mixed. Entry €10pp Time Sheet (024) 92590 Juniors 24/8/10: Cat A - 18 Holes Singles Stableford: 1st Adam Coughlan (27) 45pts, 2nd Sean Farrell (22) 39pts, 3rd Rory Walsh (25) 36pts Cat B: - 18 Holes: 1st Conor Walsh (35) 39pts Cat C: - 8 Holes: 1st Calum Hogan (36) 18pts 26/8/10: Cat A: 18 Holes: 1st Adam Coughlan (24) 46pts, 2nd Edel Coyne (5) 41pts, 3rd Julie Coyne (5) 40pts Cat B: 8 Holes: 1st Jason Murphy (36) 15pts, 2nd Muiris de Paor (36) 14pts Mixed Foursomes 27/8/10 - Open 10 Holes 1st Noreen Cronin & Albert Ruxton 2nd Loretto & Jerry Morrison BG Kitty O’Sullivan & Michael Coyne 3rd Sheila & Paul Morrison 29/8/10 - Open 10 Holes 1st Tony & Amanda O’ Neill Coyne 2nd Tim Mason & Sheila Morrison BG Paul O’ Brien & Eileen Farrell 3rd Jerry & Loretto Morrison Gents 24/8/10 - Open 18 Holes Singles Qualifier 1st Mathew Nodwell (23) 37pts, 2nd John O’ Brien (8) 37pts 3rd Patrick Keniry (13) 37pts CSS 69 - 38pts 27/8 - 29/8: Michael O’ Driscoll Memorial Cup - 18 Holes Singles v Par 1st John O’Regan (12) 5 up 2nd Conor Coyne (2) 5 up BG Eoghan Keniry (6) 1 down 3rd Jim Coleman (13) 5 up 4th Donal Broderick (21) 5 up Best Fri: Tony Desmond (10) 4 up Best Sat: Tony Coyne (11) 4 up Best Sun: John M O’ Regan (19) 3 up Best Lady: Maeve Troupe Kelly (15) 3 up CSS Fri/Sat/Sun: Even Youghal Cycling Club An POST – SEAN KELLY Tour Of Waterford – Sunday, August 29th Two large groups from Youghal C.C. headed to Dungarvan last weekend for Ireland’s biggest Sportive of the year, and this clubs main objective for the year. Long and hard training spins were put in over the last few weeks by all in the club, with the exception of those who were fixing engines (I’d saw he was fixing an engine to his bike). 20 club men & women lined up for the 160km Comeragh Challenge within a peleton of 2,000 people, with a further 12 club men and women lining up for the 90km Kelly Coast within a peleton of 1,500 people. A further 1,500 people participated in the remaining 50km and 10km routes. Wow, that’s a total of 5,000 cyclists. The biggest ever in Ireland. The Kelly Comeragh Challenge is the tough, tough part of the tour and not for the fainthearted. Almost 160 km (100 miles) in length, it includes two Category One climbs ( Seskin Hill and Mahon Falls) and is suitable only for very experienced and very fit full-time cyclists. Taking the N25 out of Dungarvan, the route veers to the left in Lemybrien along the R676 as far as Carrick-on-Suir. Here, there is a loop which takes in Seskin Hill, made famous by the Nissan Classic. So famous, in fact, that a certain John Healy cycled it twice. Nice one Johnny. This is Kelly country. But it is also gruelling country. The route continues along the R680 as far as Clonmel where it swings to the left and heads along the R671 as far as Ballymacarbry. Here it veers to the left along the gorgeous Nire Valley before again swinging left over the Nire River and heading into the heart of the Comeraghs. The route climbs to over 400 meters altitude at the wonderfully-named Powers the Pot, whence it descends through enchanting uplands to the lovely village of Rathgormack. Soon it rejoins the R676, heading southwards as far as Mahon Bridge where it once again heads into the mountains via the Mahon Falls, once more at over 400m altitude. Fixtures: President’s Prize Mr. James Morey- 36 Holes Singles Stableford 2/9/10 - Tee Time: 11am - 3.30pm 3/9/10 - Tee Time: 9am - 3.30pm 4/9/10 - Tee Time: 7.30am - 3.30pm Final Round 5/9/10 James has lots of entertainment lined up for the weekend. Friday night “Stars in their Eyes” featuring members and friends. Saturday night “Ballad Night” featuring Harmony and Members Sunday night presentation of prizes followed by music from Martin Prendergast Looking forward to seeing you all at the club for what promises to be a great weekend of song and dance. We wish James & his family the best of luck for the weekend and hope it will be a memorable one. 10/9/10 - 12/9/10: September Open Singles. Ballymacoda Ladysbridge Sportsfield Lotto Last week’s jackpot of €14,600 was not won. The numbers drawn were 14, 16, 19 & 28. If the Draw is not won it will be capped at €15,000 and there will be a new draw added starting at €2,000. The €40 concession winners were Aidan Healy, Helen Barry, Finoula and John White and Laura Jeffery. The descent from Mahon Falls deserves, and demands, real care. Then, through Kilrossanty Village and along the Mauma Road as far as Kilbrien before joining the R672 at Beary’s Cross. Here, riders can breathe a sigh of relief. Though it is still over 13km back to Dungarvan, it is almost completely downhill. 13km which should be devoted to enjoying the sense of achievement that can only come from surviving the Kelly Comeragh. A great day was had by all who participated, and we are already looking forward to next year. Except John Bulman, who has retired, as he does every year. The Kelly Coast exits the start area close to Dungarvan Sports Centre and heads for Abbeyside, Barnawee Bridge and the open road. Even though this route is slightly shorter than the Kelly Legacy (the route which it replaces) it is designed for the touring cyclist who has possibly decided to step up the training regime from having participated in the Kelly Cruise in previous years. It is an extremely scenic route, but covers quite hilly terrain, and your training programme should reflect this. Waterford’s railway heritage is on display over the first 20 kilometres of the route, before riders reach the first water stop of the day in Bunmahon (the first of two visits to this seaside village!). After Bunmahon, riders head inland and northwards for a time towards the villages of Kill and Dunhill where the ‘Waterford Welcome’ will be evident! After approximately 50 kilometres participants reach Tramore and the main food stop of the day in the fabulous sur- An Bol Chumann East Cork region 33 Wayne Kingston, winner of the Munster Junior C Bowling Championship at Killumney with the trophy Fixtures: Sunday, September 5th in Cobh: Christy Coleman Cup at 11.30am Christopher Butler vs. John Connelly 12.30pm - Steve Quinlan vs. John Butler. rounds of the town’s Racecourse. After taking a trip through the streets of this wonderful seaside resort, riders will hug the coast for the remainder of the return journey. Breathtaking scenery is guaranteed for this leg of the route through the villages of Fenor and Annestown, with Kilmurrin Cove and Dunabrattin Head worth a rest stop to simply admire Waterford’s wonderful coastline. Riders are now at the heart of the Copper Coast UNESCO Geo Park, and nowhere is Waterford’s mining heritage brought to life more vividly than at the old Tankardstown copper mining complex which cyclists will pass shortly before the return visit to Bunmahon. The final village of the day is Stradbally at the 70 kilometre mark, and this will be the ideal place to take a well earned rest and a drop of Tipperary Natural mineral Water before getting back into the saddle and tackling the final stretch to the finish at Dungarvan Sports Centre. Again, a great day was had by all who participated. Youghal Triathlon 2010 The annual Youghal Triathlon will take place this Saturday the 4th September. Anyone from the club who is available to give a hand is asked to contact Tommy Roche by Friday. Please help to support and cheer on the lads from Youghal C.C. who are participating. Club Website Information about the club, cycling in the area and cycling in general, can be viewed at our club website. It has to be seen by all at www.youghalcyclingclub.com. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 A birdie in the The Week hand for Youghal’s ladies In Sport Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Youghal ladies successful in ILGU Southern District Inter Club Matchplay Finals with Declan Barron Kildare ‘Down’ and out as controversial decisions go against them THE second of the All Ireland football semi finals took place on Sunday, and it will be DOWN that face Cork in this year’s All Ireland Final. The game was not without controversy, however, as referee Pat McEnaney made some very dubious calls that went against a gallant Kildare side. The first was allowing a goal for Down when it was clearly a case of the forward being in the square before the ball. THE finals of the ILGU Southern District Inter Club Matchplay were held in Youghal on Friday and Saturday, August 19th and 20th. Friday afternoon saw Killarney beat East Cork in the Senior Foursomes. Limerick beat Lismore in the Junior Foursomes. On Saturday we were graced with wonderful sunny weather and the course was in excellent condition, East Cork Junior team beat Killarney. Fota Intermediate team beat Kanturk, Youghal Minor team beat East Clare, and Bandon Challenge team beat East Cork. In the Minor Cup the match of Youghal V East Clare proved to be a mighty tussle with two matches apiece won early on to leave the remaining match, number five, to battle on with the lead changing hands on numerous occasions. Youghal player, Amanda O’Neill Coyne went up the 18th one up on her opponent, Trish Browne, only to lose the hole, bringing the match up the 19th. With nerves of steel the Youghal player, in front of a tremendous crowd of home club supporters, pulled off a brilliant chip and the East Clare player made a great effort at par only to have it just slide by, bringing victory toYoughal. This was the first time since 1998 that this prestigious event was held at Youghal Golf Club. The Club was looking fantastic and this was due, in no small way, to the efforts of the club’s staff, and all the voluntary work completed by the clubs members over the previous few weeks. The Ladies wish to extend a special thank you to the Club Captain and his team for their efforts and traffic management provided to our visitors. All the facilities of the club were made available to our guests and visiting golfers. The feedback received from our visitors and guests was excellent, and it was commented several times that the club offered a wonderful welcome and ambience throughout the whole weekend. Lismore golf club Open Qualifier 26/8/10 1st Pat O’Flaherty (12) 38pts 2nd George Peet (14) 37pts 18 Hole v. Par (28/8/10 & 29/8/10) 1st: Dermot O’Leary (27) +6 2nd: Larry Kiely (17) +4 3rd: Pat O’Brien (13) +3 Fixtures 2/9/10: Open Qualifier, sponsored by Kellehers SuperValu 4/9/10 & 5/9/10: 18 Hole Stableford 18 Hole v. Par (28/8/10 & 29/8/10) Dermot O’Leary won this week’s 18 hole v par competition with an excel- We’d like to thank Margaret Power, Chairman of the ILGU Southern District and a member of Youghal Golf Club for all her support and all the support offered by the members of the ILGU. We would also like to thank Mr Tommy Donnelly, Mrs Marion Patteton and Mrs Phil Byrnes who were the Rules Officials over the weekend. A special thank you to all the ladies who offered their support and decorated the clubhouse with spectacular flower arrangements, without whom the weekend would not have been such a great success. After all the visitors had departed, the ladies helped the winning Minor Team celebrate their fantastic win well into the night with a chorus of song and laughter. The Minor Team now goes forward to the All Ireland Semi-Finals in Donabate on September 24th and we hope they will be well supported by all members. We wish them every success. and hope they will bring back the All Ireland Pennant to Youghal Golf Club. lent score of +6 . Dermot played steady on the front nine turning +1. Dermot’s round really took off on the back nine, shooting an unbelievable +5. In second place was Larry Kiely. Larry did all his scoring early on, turning +4, a score he was to finish with. In third place, one back, was Pat O’Brien finishing on +3. Pat reached the turn +1 and proceeded to add an extra +2 on the back nine to finish +3. Well done to all. The second decision was not to award a 13 meter free, or a penalty, late on while he also allowed a Kildare forward a massive amount of steps before getting the Kildare goal. The upshot of all this is a first time meeting of Cork and Down in this year’s All Ireland final. Neither county has met before in championship football so there should be a great buzz at such a novel pairing. Down has never been defeated in an All Ireland Final, so there is plenty for Cork to prove on the day. Padraig Harrington makes the cut for Ryder Cup Well, Colin Montgomery made the hard calls on Sunday night as Paul Casey and Justin Rose were the big names omitted in the wild card picks and Padraig Harrington, Luke Donald and Edoardo Molinari were the three wild cards chosen by Colin Montgomery and his vice captains Paul McGinley, Sergio Garcia, Tomas Bjorn and Darren Clarke. The team will now have one month to prepare for the Celtic Manor Battle with the USA, who will announce their side next week. Europe will have six Ryder Cup rookies on their team after the selection process so there will certainly be some interesting pairings to be decided over the coming weeks. Yes, next Sunday’s All Ireland hurling final could well see history being made as Kilkenny bid to become the first side to win a five in a row. The form book suggests that the Cats will indeed claim the Liam McCarthy Cup once more as, to date, they have looked in unbeatable form. History in the making? Can Tipperary lower the Black and Amber colours on Sunday, having lost to Kilkenny by just two points in last year’s final. To date the form book would sug- 34 gest not, as Tipperary lost to Cork, who drew with Waterford, before losing the replay. Cork then lost to Kilkenny who have defeated Dublin and Galway, while Tipperary also defeated Galway and Waterford, suggesting that the two best sides are, perhaps, in the final. It promises to be a fascinating contest with Tipperary anxious to avenge last year’s defeat. Kilkenny, on the other hand, have history in their grasp and while injury doubt surrounds both Brian Hogan and Henry Shefflin, both were done without against Cork after going off injured early in that match. Such is the strength in depth of this Kilkenny squad that few would bet against them achieving their place in history. Whatever happens, Kilkenny have been the dominant side for this past decade and hurlers such as Tommy Walsh, Henry Shefflin and Michael Kavanagh will surely never be regarded among the top players of all time, regardless of Sunday’s result. Kerry failed in their bid in football, as the famous Seamus Darby goal denied that great side their place in history. Could we see another such finish on Sunday? I feel it will be a tough game that might well end in a draw, but given that Kilkenny seem to be able to produce winners almost at will, I feel that Brian Cody’s side will create history on Sunday and claim a fifth title in a row. Munster start Magniers League Campaign For the third week in a row Munster will be in action in Cork on Saturday night as this time they get their Magners League campaign under way with a match against Italian sides, Aironi, which will be televised on RTE 2. Munster has been working hard in preparation for the upcoming campaign that should commence with a win on Saturday night in Musgrave Park. Six points up for grabs in Euro 2012 Soccer qualifiers? Ireland will get their 2012 qualifying campaign underway on Friday afternoon, away to Armenia, while Andorra will follow next Tuesday night as Giovanni Trapattoni looks to get the new campaign off to a winning start. Ireland must really pick up six points from these two games but few, if any, believe that Ireland will play with the cavalier attitude that saw them almost defeat France in the World Cup play off. Results are more important than performance at this stage and while it would be nice to see some good attacking football, I suspect it will be another cautious approach. If the six points are garnered, then supporters will be happy. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal 35 Hurleys and hotdogs with Midleton Juvenile GAA BBQ JOHN WHELAN-CURTIN REPORTS MIDLETON Juvenile GAA hosted a very successful family day on Friday, August 20th. Over 400 people were treated to bouncy castles, face painting, DJ, games and a BBQ feast fit for a Friday evening appetite. We couldn’t have asked for better weather which may have helped encourage the large attendance. By the end of the evening both parents and kids were tired out and all went home exhausted but happy. A special thanks to all who gave up their time to help with the organisation of what is turning out to be a great annual event. Roll on 2011! 021 4638022 All photos available to buy Cian Crowley, Alan Power and Ethan Daly Pat Walsh and Liam the future Magpie! Catherine Horgan and Carol O’Leary Jack Horgan and Aaron Mulcahy The Farmer twins: Kayley and Rachel Aoife Collins and Sadbh Beausang Molly Beausang and Ali Smith Mr and Mrs Robb with Clara and Sarah McConville Daniel and Josh Cormac O’Brien, Paul Connaughtan, Cian Crowley and Samuel Quirke Shannon Deady and Sarah Collins Ella, Una and Diarmuid Murphy and Chloe Higgins Caoimhe and Rory Hartnett and Mark Griffin Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 36 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal W.W.E.C. BOLGER CUP CONTINUES THE Bolger Cup, kindly sponsored by the Dungarvan Leader, continues with mid week games and concluded the group stages last Sunday. It is hoped to play the semi-finals of the Bolger Cup the middle of next week. Brideview 1 Accrington 1 The home side were playing their first game of the tournament and took the lead early in the opening half when Michael Keating scored. However, Accrington, already having drawn with Valley Rgs, came storming back for Aidan Condon to equalise before the break. While both sides had chances in the second half, neither forward division could break through resolute defences and the game ended in a draw. Railway Ath 0 Inch 2 Railway were favourites here to win, following their victory in Mogeely the previous weekend, but Inch had other ideas. Leonard Byrne gave the visitors the lead from the penalty spot in the opening half, and when the same player repeated the process after half time, Inch were on their way to their first Bolger Cup win of the season. Clashmore A 2 Clashmore B 0 This was a wonderful local derby at Pablo Park last Wednesday evening. Played before a large crowd, and refereed excellently by David Coleman, this was a very sporting and exciting derby. The A team led at half time from a Mossie Wash goal. The points were secured for the 1st team when Emmett Kelly scored in the final 10mns to leave the A team top of the table playing their last game on Sunday. Lismore 0 Pinewood 3 Both sides were playing their first competitive game of the season on Wednesday night, and Pine wood lived up to their favourites tag. The Ballymac side were the better, and pre season games were obvious against a side playing their very first game of the season. Two goals, one from a penalty by Darren Guiry and the third from David Meehan gave the visitors a very comfortable victory against a premier side with a lot of work to do to stay in the top flight this season. DELEGATE MEETING A reminder to all clubs, there is a Delegate Meeting of the WWEC Junior League this coming Monday night, September 6th, in Lismore House Hotel, commencing at 8.30pm. It is imperative that all clubs are present as club contact details and Amendments to the Laws of the Game from FIFA will be handed out to delegates. Results Tony Bolger Cup (sponsored by Dungar van Leader) Valley Rangers 2 Accrington 2 Mogeely 1 Railway 3 Clashmore A 1 Blackwater 1 Lismore 0 Pinewood 3 Accrington 1 Brideview 1 It’s official! Youghal United are now Guinness World Record holders Guinness recognises club’s new world record for “longest five-a-side soccer marathon” Railway 0 Inch 2 Clashmore B 0 Clashmore A 2 Blackwater 2 Cappoquin 2 Brideview A 2 Valley Rangers 0 Inch 4 Mogeely 4 Brideview B 3 Railway 3 Clashmore A3 Cappoquin 2 Blackwater 6 Clashmore B 1 Fixtures 2/9/10: Mari Mina Pharmacy Premier Division: Brideview vs. Mogeely, 7.30pm, D. Coleman 4/9/10: Lismore House Hotel 1st Division: Pinewood vs. Ballybridge, 4pm, M. Curran Cappoquin B v Brideview B, 7.30pm, P. Griffin 5/9/10: Mari Mina Pharmacy Premier Division: Accrington vs. Valley, 11.30am, S. Forde Kilworth vs. Lismore, 11.30am, M. Hartnett Blackwater vs. Inch, 11.30am, J. O’Riordan Cappoquin vs. Castlebridge, 7.30pm, E. McCarthy Lismore House Hotel 1st Division Clashmore A vs. Clashmore B, 11.30am, K. Griffin Valley B vs. Kilworth B, 11.30am, T. Griffin Glenview vs. Railway, 11.30am, S. Drislane. AFTER thirty-three and a half hours of non-stop, five-a-side soccer, the hardest part of Youghal United’s quest to break the world record for the longest five-a-side soccer match may Corkbeg AFC The ‘Beg continue their unbeaten start to the season AUL 2B CORKBEG 2 CHURCHVILLA 2 26/8/10 - SCORERS: GAVIN ROCHE, R. FORDE. The ‘Beg maintained their unbeaten start to the season with a late equaliser against local rivals, Churchvilla. A very tight game in which chances were few and far between saw the ‘Beg give away two goals which were more about defensive error rather than any creativity by the opposition. On the plus side, there seems to be a good spirit in the camp and the ‘Beg kept plugging away when they went behind. Four points out of six isn’t bad and hopefully the lads can push on from here. Next fixture away to Glanworth on 2/9/10, kick off at 6.30pm. The U11 squad, under the tutelage of Brian McCann and Gavin Roche, began their league campaign with an exciting 2-2 draw in Cloyne. Minus a few regulars, this was a brilliant team performance which could have gone either way up to the final whistle. The ‘Beg went ahead through an own goal but were pulled back to 1-1 before the break . They fell behind against the run of play, but fought back brilliantly to snatch a deserved equaliser from the boot of Ryan Forde. In an interesting coincidence, Ryan’s goal meant that father, Ronan and son, Ryan both scored against the same opposition over a three day period! In a great team performance, standouts for the ‘Beg were Jonathan Tinne, Dara Murphy, Niall Hill and Conor Moloney. U11 Churchvilla 2 Corkbeg 2 U12 away to Greenwood (Togher) 5/9/10, kick off 12 noon U14 away to Ballincollig Sunday 5/9/10, kick off 12 noon Last Man Standing returning on September 11th - get your entries in. Next fixtures: have been the eleven weeks they’ve had to wait to find out if their record-breaking attempt would be officially recognized by Guinness World Records. Last week event organizer, Jock Gallogley, got the following good word from Guinness: “The longest five-a-side football marathon is 33 hr 30 min by members of Youghal United AFC (Ireland) at Ardrath Park, Youghal, Ireland from 5-7 June 2010.” A certificate and other official documentation are now on their way to the club. Many will remember the excitement and drama at Ardrath Park this past June bank holiday weekend, when sixteen stout and hardy souls, a few well past their physical prime (we won’t name names, but they know who they are), bravely battled hunger, fatigue and the elements to beat the world record formerly held by Club Next, a youth organisation in Ballyhaunis, Co. Mayo. When the dust finally settled at Ardrath Park that balmy Sunday evening, Youghal United’s record breaking attempt was just beginning. Over the next few weeks, the club started work on completing the strict record verification procedures required by Guinness, which were nearly as big a challenge as breaking the record itself. A package of video highlights, photos, witness reports, and a logbook of player substitutions and rest breaks were turned over to Guinness for scrutiny. Just one mistake in the club’s presentation could cost them the record. Thankfully, the record is now official, and the following sixteen players can now truly call themselves Guinness World Record holders: Martin Coen, Christophe Colin, Kevin Gallogley, Leon Geary, Peter Geary, Barry Goggin, Pierce Hennessy, Stuart Hickey, Anthony Kelly, David Kenneally, Mike Lyons, Patrick Morrissey, David O’Keefe, Gavin O’Leary, Aidan Ryan, and Diarmuid Schuel While the players deserve much praise for their incredible achievement, the event organizers and many supporters are also worthy of recognition. Emmett Perry, Jock Gallogley, Ken Dempsey, Jamie Lawton, Sally O’Sullivan, Finbarr Walsh, Sammy Revins, Brian Wade, T Kennedy, and Dick Sheehan of Youghal United all had a part to play, as did many other volunteers from the club and the town. The support of physiotherapist Jimmy Healy and his staff, the tireless work of videographer Willie O’Mahony, and backing from main sponsors T&M Fitzgerald Homes, Youghal Credit Union, Bertie’s Bar and Farrell’s Summerfield Bar were also greatly appreciated. Mark your calendars for next year’s June Bank Holiday weekend, as Youghal United now try to figure out how to top their Guinness World Record breaking success. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal 37 Watergrasshill Utd U13s: Runners up in Div. 5 league Midleton FC MEMBERS of the Water.grasshill United Under 13 soccer team had a great season, finishing second in the Division 5 league and receiving their runners up medals at the club’s recent registration night. THE wait is finally over for the many schoolboys eager to help their teams gain a good start to the new season, which kicks off this week. Midleton will have two U11 teams and there are eight leagues to be contested for at U11 leagues. So, plenty of games for the Midleton boys. The team hope to have another successful season this year. The team are pictured right with Declan Brady and Noel Prendergast, Managers and Ger Carmody Most Improved Player of the Year. The Player of the Year award went to Denis O’Farrell. Team members missing on the night included Aaron Ricken, Denis Hegarty and Josh Cooke New season to begin for Midleton Indoor Bowls Club WITH summer days and sunshine evenings departing into wet days and long dreary nights, it is time to look for some indoor enjoyment to shorten the bleak autumn and winter months. What better place to start than in the Midleton GAA Pavilion with a nice and relaxing game of Indoor Bowls. Our club night commences on next Tuesday, September 7th at 8pm and continues every Tuesday and Thursday night right through until the end of May 2011. Indoor Bowls is one of the fastest growing games in Cork with 54 clubs in Cork city and County. There are up to 10 clubs in East Cork, from Glanmire to Youghal and Lower Aghada to Conna. With over 1,100 people playing Indoor Bowls it is both competitive and very sociable also. For the very competitive players there are County Championships, Leagues and Club Tournaments on a weekly basis. For those who play for fun or exercise we have club nights and also outstanding value in Hotel Breaks to Killarney, Ennis, Kilkenny and Westport during the season. As we face in to our 12th year we have up to 35 members from around the Midleton area, and we would like to extend an invitation to anyone who would like to get some exercise, and also get another opportunity to make some new friends. Our Club Captain is Danny O Keeffe and he would be delighted to introduce you to Indoor Bowls and to give coaching to our new comers. Schoolboys ready for kick off The Indoor Bowls League winners 2010, all from the Midleton Club The 2010 Hotshots: Callie, Tony, Marie and Vera Noreen O’Callaghan showing her skill at the recent club night Last year was our most successful year to date, as one of our teams won the League in a very close and exciting final against our near neighbours and friends, Watergrasshill. Callie and Con O’Sullivan were winners in Ballincollig in the pairs competition. Vera, Marie, Callie and Tony had a unique double by recording 2 HOT SHOTS in the later stages of the League (hot shot is equal to 147 in snooker). We had 3 teams in the last 12 in our tournament, which was won by Watergrasshill. Kathleen, Len, Pat and Con were unlucky losers in the semi – final of Douglas Tournament. Rose and John brought home prizes from Killarney in a competition where up to 500 players took part. The Dolly Horgan Cup and Plate were the highlight of our own club nights, and 32 members competed. After some outstanding games Con retained the cup after a very close game with Marie. Tony won the plate with a great win over Malcolm in a very exciting match. Our club reached another milestone last year when Malcolm Taylor and Con O’Sullivan undertook the Umpires (ref) course and both passed with flying colours. The competitive season begins in Carrigaline G.A.A. on Monday, September 6th and we have 5 teams entered in this 3 bowls triples competition. This augurs well for the rest of the season, with members keen to get going straight away. We are asking all schoolboy managers to hand in their match reports, results and scores into the club rooms letterbox at Knockgriffin Park, during the week. Magpies make a good start Keane Cup (Senior): Midleton 4 Temple United 0 Midleton made the trip to Temple Park and came back with three vital Keane Cup points. Midleton were a goal up for most of the game, but went on to score three late goals for a fine win. Midleton play College Corinthians in their last Keane Cup game, with the Corinthians only needing a draw from this game. Midleton must win if they are to make it through to the quarterfinals. Midleton scorers, in their win over Temple United were Ian Stapleton, who scored a hat-trick and Andrew Knowles. Midleton’s first match ended 1 – 1 against Avondale, with Andrew Knowles scoring for the Magpies. Juniors make a good start Junior League Cup: Midleton 2 Rockmount 2 Rockmount and Midleton shared the points in the Junior League Cup with four goals in their opening group three game. Midleton scorers were Eugene Fitzgerald and Damian Daly. Midleton 5 Passage 1 Midleton made sure that they finished top of their group with a big home win over Passage. Michael Ryan scored a hat-trick for Midleon, with Steve O’Brien and Ian O’Brien also on target for the Magpies. Youths League Cup: It’s two wins for the youths Midleton 7 Ballincollig 0 This was a great start for Midleton, who had a big win against Ballincollig. Midleton scorers were Brian Hartnett 3, Tariq Tynan with 2, while Grace Matiki and Keelan Kennedy completed the scoring. Midleton 3 Innishvilla 1 Midleton’s second win of the week, this time against Innishvilla. Emmet Cotter got two goals with Tariq Tynan getting the other goal as the Magpie’s ran out 3 – 1 winners. Midleton’s next big match is against Kilreen Celtic. Lotto Results for Thursday, August 26th, for a jackpot of €9,250. The numbers drawn were 6, 8, 15 and 24. There was no winner. Bonus jackpot of €1,000. The numbers dawn were 9, 11, 19 and 21. There was no winner. Lucky dip winners who each receive €20 were Edmond (U13), Maura and Maura (Cantys), Joe Lehane (Ger), Frank Houlihan (Pa), Callie O’Sullivan (Pa, John Ryan (J.R.), Danny Lehane (Ger), Jim McCarthy (Pa) and Tina O’Shea (O. Lynch). The next lotto draw will take place on Thursday, September 2nd, at the Club House, Knockgriffin Park, at 9.30pm, for a jackpot of €9,500. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Killeagh / Ita’s Sarsfields cruise into semi final juvenile Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal WE had a busy, exciting week of GAA games at Juvenile Club level this past week, with our little men of Fé 8 in action against the City boys of the Glen, our Fé 11 lads away to Brickeys, our Fé 16 lads contesting with the Sars lads for a place in the East Cork Final and our Minors hosting the Fermoy men in Premier League action. 38 DECLAN BARRON REPORTS FROM PÁIRC UÍ CHAIOMH SARSFIELDS 2-20 BRIDE ROVERS 2-6 Saturday last saw our playing grounds packed with the excited hurling gaels of our Fé 8 panel, plus their mentors, parents, grandparents, and siblings, all ready to welcome and play the Glen boys in our National game. As the sun shone brightly on us, we took to the playing field, under the watchful eye of Alan. This action packed game displayed all the elements, hooking, blocking, lifting and striking. The Glen held the half time advantage, but we fought back bravely in a thrilling second half contest but alas, when the final whistle sounded, we remained adrift. The joys of sport boys, heads up and keep practicing. Our Fé 11 panel travelled to Bushy Park to challenge the Brickey lads. Despite missing a few players we dug deep and fought to the end and were rewarded with a narrow victory of 4-1 to 2-6. This years’ East Cork Fé 16 ‘A’ Hurling Semi-Final was contested in Páirc Uí Cheinneide on Wednesday evening last, with Michael Shanahan at the helm. A fantastic game for all neutrals present, but a nerve wrecking, close encounter for the supporters of Killeagh/Ita’s and Sars. With no team wanting to lose, and both fighting for a chance to face Kilta Óg in the Final, this was a rip roaring contest that ebbed and flowed from one end of the field to the other. Scores were secured in a tit for tat fashion from both sides, not allowing any breathing space for player, mentor or supporter. This pattern continued right up to the closing moments of the game. As all present checked their time pieces and awaited the final whistle, we had the slight advantage of a two point lead and Sars were awarded a free in; breaths were held as their lad stepped up to take the pressure shot. He had to score direct! All the fans knew- goal we were out, point or wide we were saved; the Gods were with us on the night as the ball sailed wide. The final whistle sounded; heartbreak for the Sars boys and relief and joy for the Killeagh/Ita’s lads. Report on the grand final versus Kilta Óg in next week’s issue. Wishing both teams the best of luck. Our minor squad battled with Fermoy in a bid to secure another two league points to add to their tally last Friday evening on home soil. This was an action packed, fiery game, from both sides. With both teams still in championship action, they availed of this game as a preparation stepping stone for the upcoming games. Despite missing a few on the night, we accounted well for ourselves, but failed to secure victory and the league points, as the little black book read; Fermoy 2-14, Killeagh/Ita’s 2-10 as the ref brought proceedings to a close. We would like to wish you and your mentors every success in your forthcoming Championship game, this Friday evening, Sept.3rd in Church Road, Blackrock at 6.45pm as you take on the challenge of the Bandon boys. Please support. IT was back again to Páirc Uí Chaoimh on Sunday evening for the meeting of Sarsfields and Bride Rovers in the second quarter final of the Evening Echo sponsored Cork senior hurling championship. These two East Cork sides last met in the 2008 county final, so a full blooded encounter was expected. Following victories over Blarney and Carrigtwohill in recent weeks, Bride Rovers went into this game full of confidence, in contrast to a Sarsfields side who struggled to overcome Killeagh last time out. There was little to choose between the sides in the opening ten minutes, as the sides swapped early points with Cian McCarthy for Sars and Barry Johnson for Bride Rovers on target. Michael Cussen then kicked wide when he might have goaled for Sars, while at the other end Bride Rovers goalkeeper, Denis Fitzgerald, saw his penalty effort come back off the crossbar as Daniel Kearney and Padraig Murphy traded points and the sides were level for the second time. Well wishes We would like to take this opportunity to wish Chairman, Tim Crotty and our Adult Club every success in hosting this year’s Junior ‘A’ East Cork Hurling Final in Páirc Uí Cheinneide on Saturday next. Also every good wish to both contestants, Castlemartyr and Dungourney. If available to help out on the day, please contact any committee member. We would also like to wish all the boys and girls of the Parish every success as you all head back to school, be it Primary, Secondary or Third Level, and especially all the new Junior Infants. Ardmore GAA lotto THE jackpot of €10,000 was not won and the numbers drawn were 4, 8, 9 and 26. There was no winner of the jackpot of €7,000 and the numbers were 7, 17, 19 and 23. The €20 concession winners were Evelyn McGrath, Liz Griffin, Aoife Coyne, Jimmy O’Mahony and Frank North. The Festival Committee have launched a 2011 calender with fantastic photos taken from the festivals and events in Ardmore over the year. This calendar, which will make a great Christmas present, is available in all local shops and bars in and around the village. Cian McCarthy pointed Sars into the semi final with a great display Sarsfields become the first semi finalist in this year’s championship Gradually, however, Sars were beginning to exert control in all the key positions with Ray Ryan, Craig Leahy and Gary O’KellyLynch dominating at half back. With a plentiful supply of ball the Sars forwards, led by Robert O’Driscoll, Daniel Kearney, Eoin O’Sullivan and Cian McCarthy, all began to run riot. It was McCarthy, in particular, who was to almost single-handedly point Sars into an unassailable lead. By half time Sars had moved into a seven point advantage as they led by 0-11 to 0-4 with Barry Johnson getting two pointed frees for Bride Rovers, who were playing second fiddle in almost all positions. The Rathcormack outfit were like a sinking ship as they were leaking scores from all angles, as they gave away too many frees with team captain, Aidan Collins being called ashore. Without a leader the onslaught continued in the second half, with Robert O’Driscoll and Kieran Murphy Brian Murphy and Tadgh Óg Murphy battle for possession getting early points while Eoin O’Sullivan finished the ball to the net after it came back off the upright to push Sars into a winning position. Bride Rovers tried to plug the holes in their defence, but there were too many players being outplayed as Sars continued to dominate. To their credit, Bride Rovers did raise their game and goals from Donal and Sean Ryan brought them to within six points of the winners. It was as close as they were to get, as Sarsfields showed much improved form and added a further three points, before Michael Cussen got their second goal. Any hope of a Rovers fight-back was truly buried with this score, and Sarsfields ran out very comfortable winners as they cruised into the semi final. Few would have predicted such a one sided affair, but Sarsfields served notice that they are getting back to their best. The prospect of a repeat of last year’s final between Sars and New- town, or an all East Cork semi final meeting with Erin’s Own, is now in prospect and what a match should be in store when this happens. For now, however, Sarsfields will be happy to be the first side into this year’s semi final. SARSFIELDS: C McCarthy 0-12, E O’Sullivan 1-1, M Cussen 1-0, R O’Driscoll and D Kearney 0-3 each, K Murphy 0-1. BRIDE ROVERS: B Johnson 0-5, S Ryan and D Ryan 1-0 each and P Murphy 0-1. SARSFIELDS: A Kennedy, D Kenneally, J Barry, C O’Sullivan, D Roche, R Ryan, C Leahy, T OG Murphy, G O’Kelly-Lynch, C McCarthy, D Kearney, M Cussen, R O’Driscoll, K Murphy and E O’Sullivan. Subs used P Ryan, C Duggan, G Grey, B McCarthy and P O’Flynn. BRIDE ROVERS: D Fitzgerald, S Kearney, B Walsh, T Moloney, B Murphy, A Collins, B O’Driscoll, P Murphy, B Murphy, K Collins, B Johnson, M Collins, J O’Driscoll, D Ryan and S Ryan. Subs used M Kearney, D Burke, D Dooley, S Boyce and P Cotter. REFEREE: John Sexton, Ballyea. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 39 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Late goals prove crucial as Carrigaline master Glenville DECLAN BARRON REPORTS Glenville vs. Carrigaline replay: Glenville 1-10 Carrigaline 3-8 THE replay of the Premier Intermediate football match took place in Páirc Uí Rinn on Sunday afternoon where Glenville and Carrigaline went head to head once again. In the drawn match a late David Drake point earned Carrigaline a replay and on this occasion the city side made full use of their second chance to end the hopes of Glenville. Carrigaline, with Nicholas Murphy back to his best at midfield, got off to the better start with Wesley O’Brien pointing and Barry O’Keefe getting a goal as Glenville shot four early wides. Gradually, Glenville did begin to find their range, with Paudi Cahill showing how it should be done and with Sean O’Leary lending support, the East Cork side began to eat into the lead. By half time Glenville, thanks to a goal from Kieran Coakley and points from John O’Keeffe and Cahill, had gone back into the lead and held a three point advantage at the break as they led by 1-7 to 1-4. In the second half Carrigaline upped their game considerably but strong Glenville defending with Willie O’Leary and Sean O’Callaghan doing well saw the East Cork side were keeping their noses in front with Paudi Cahill adding another score, although points from David Drake and Eoin O’Sullivan closed the gap to the minimum at the end of the third quarter. The game was now there to be won and Glenville, with another brace of Cahill points, looked to WE collected our first brace of points in the JHL, Division 1 when we had an emphatic win over a depleted Lisgoold side in Shanagarry last Monday night week, though it must be said that Rovers also began the game without five of our championship team. Having elected to play with the strong breeze blowing into the road-end goal, we had opened up a 0-15 to 0-6 lead by half-time, with Brian Hartnett back to his best, shooting 0-9 from play and frees with deadly accuracy and Eoin Ivers and Ian Smiddy firing over three excellent points apiece. Turning to play with wind advantage in the second half, Lis- FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 3RD: Ml. O’Connor Motor Factors Junior A Football Championship: Cloyne vs. Carraig na bhFearr at Lisgoold, 6.30pm. SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 4TH: East Cork Oil Junior A Hurling Championship: Castlemartyr vs. Dungourney at Killeagh, 6.15pm East Cork Journal Minor B Hurling Championship: Carraig na bhFearr vs. Cobh at Killeagh, 4.15pm. Glenville, who were caught by two late goals in their PIFC replay with Carrigaline have done enough as they edged towards the finish line leading by 1-10 to 1-6 going into the final ten minutes. Carrigaline, just as they had done in the drawn match, came with a late run and points from Wesley O’Brien and David Drake left Glenville holding a two point advantage as the game went into injury time. It is the worst possible lead to have, and so it proved as Carrigaline conjured up a move that ended with full forward, Barry O’Keeffe bagging his second goal to put Carrigaline back in front right at the death. It was to get even better for them as, from the kick-out, Peter Murphy put the result beyond doubt as he scored a third goal to kill off any hopes of a Glenville recovery. It was a dramatic end to this saga and for Glenville it was another disaster, as in both matches they were caught on the line, only this time there was to be no way back. Nicholas Murphy is surrounded as he comes down with the ball GLENVILLE: P Cahill 0-8, K Coakley 1-0, J O’Keeffe and S O’Leary 0-1 each CARRIGALINE: B O’Keeffe 2-0, P Murphy 1-0, D Drake 0-4, W O’Brien 0-2, E O’Sullivan and E Murphy 0-1 each. Russell Rovers Russell Rovers 3-19 Lisgoold 1-12 East Cork GAA Fixtures goold got off to a perfect start with a goal from a tight angle in the 3rd minute but this was quickly cancelled out when a long delivery from a free by Dan Moynihan was scrambled to the net with the help of Eoin Ivers and Brian Crowley. Brian Hartnett pointed another three frees in this half to take his personal tally to 0-12 over the hour but probably the best move of the game came in the 17th minute when Dan Moynihan took off on a solo run before parting to Derek Crowley who continued the run deep into Lisgoold territory and his pin-point delivery found the unmarked Colin Crowley who billowed the net from the edge of the square. Substitute Eoin McGrath made his mark on the game with a point a minute later and the same player followed up with a goal GLENVILLE: P O’Leary, W O’Leary, B Healy, M Barry, S O’Callaghan, P O’Regan, A Cronin, E O’Reilly, N O’Riordan, K Coakley, S O’Leary, P Cahill, J O’Keeffe, J Halbert and P O’Brien. Subs used J Dorgan and G Cahill. CARRIGALINE: S Mealoid, B Irwin, when his speculative shot deceived the keeper and ended up in the net. By this stage Lisgoold had run out of steam and the league points were safely in the bag long before the final whistle. Custodian Joe Walsh continues to settle in well between the posts since his transition from a forward role while the full-back trio consisting of Kevin Tattan, Paudie Higgins and Barry Fitzgerald provided excellent cover, with Paudie just off the plane from some exotic location abroad but showing no signs of jet-lag! David Whelehan, despite being just out of juvenile ranks, uses his physical strength to great effect and is not afraid to get stuck in while Anthony Walsh put in his usual hour of hard graft before retiring injured towards the end. TEAM: Joe Walsh; Kevin Tattan, Padraig Higgins, Barry Fitzgerald; John Paul Ivers, Daniel Moynihan, David Whelehan; Anthony Walsh, Brian Hart- J Keohane, C Lynch, E O’Sullivan, G Harrington, W O’Brien, N Murphy, P Murphy, E Murphy, R Keohane, E O’Keeffe, T O’Sullivan, B O’Keeffe and D Drake. Subs used J Moran, K Forbes, N Coakley and T Murphy. REFEREE: Michael Collins, Clonakilty. nett; Ian Smiddy, Seamus Kearney, Tadgh Crowley; Chris Scanlon, Eoin Ivers, Brian Crowley. SUBS: Derek Crowley, Colin Crowley, Eoin McGrath, Andrew Hartnett. Bereavement It was with regret that we learned of the death last week of a former great clubman, Paddy Egan of Monagurra, Shanagarry. A brother of the late Micky, Philly and Jackie who all hurled with distinction with the club in the 1940’s and 1950’s, Paddy was an outstanding administrator and served in a variety of positions, including that of chairman, selector, etc. A well-deserved guard of honour was provided by the club at both the removal and funeral and the flag-draped coffin was shouldered through the village by former colleagues and club personnel. To his wife Kitty, daughter Catherine, sister Margaret and other relatives and close friends, we wish to extend our deepest sympathy. Ar dheis Dé go raibh a anam. SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 5TH: Garryvoe Hotel JFL Division 3: Carrigtwohill vs. Cloyne at Carrigtwohill, 11.30am MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 6TH: Garryvoe Hotel JFL Division 3: Cloyne vs. Youghal at Cloyne, 7pm WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 8TH: Garryvoe Hotel JFL Division 3: Cloyne vs. Lisgoold at Lisgoold, 7pm. Dungourney Main sponsors: Rigney Bros and East Cork Crane Hire East Cork Final preview ON Saturday evening next, September 4th, all roads lead to Killeagh, where our Junior A hurlers will play our great rivals and fellow parishioners, Castlemartyr, in what will be a historic East Cork Final and a match to which both sides of the parish are eagerly looking forward. On our path to the Divisional Final we went the longer route than Castlemartyr did, due to our disappointing first round defeat to Sarsfields 3 – 17 to 1 – 10. So in the second round we played Lisgoold for a place in the third round of the Championship at stake. Our first half performance proved to be the winning of the match, because we scored 4 goals in the first half, including a hat-trick of goals from John Hickey. Lisgoold performed well in the second half but couldn’t get on terms. Full time score: Dungourney 4 8 Lisgoold 0 - 16. In the third round of the Championship we played Carrignavar, and this match proved to be a very entertaining game throughout the sixty minutes, with three goals winning the match for us from Frank Hegarty and Shane Casey. fields, and it was a game that we got revenge for after our first round defeat by winning 3 – 14 to 2 – 12. We marched into the semi-final to play Midleton and, like our previous two matches against Carrignavar and Sarsfields, we also got a bad start by conceding a goal early on. But we recovered well and scored 4 goals that got us into the East Cork Final to face our near neighbours, Castlemartyr. We are looking forward to next Saturday evening, where there should be a good crowd in attendance. Our preparations for Saturday’s final have gone really well and players, management and supporters are getting excited about the East Cork Final, especially our parishioners. Here’s hoping that the Jamesy Kelleher Cup will be in Dungourney on Saturday night. Our supporters will be out in big numbers to cheer on the boys in green and gold, and to give them the great support they deserve. The best of luck to all the lads, wearing the green and gold. Dungourney ABÚ ! Fixture East Cork JAHC Final, Saturday, September 4th, Dungourney vs Castlemartyr in Killeagh. Throw in at 6.15. Referee Cathal McAllister. Final score: Dungourney 3 - 14 Carrignavar 1 - 12. So we advanced to the quarterfinal of the Championship to play our first contenders, Sars- Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Hannah says thank you as Aghada GAA €1,000 the richer! Aghada Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal WHILE Hannah Looney did not win the overall title of ‘Ireland’s Most Dedicated GAA Fan,’ she’s delighted with the result - and Aghada GAA are too! ‘I came second and, to me, that proves that Cork fans are still the best fans!’ Hannah tells the East Cork Journal. But, when we have a quick word with Hannah, one thing’s made her week even better - Cork beat Dublin and are in the All-Ireland Final. ‘Woo-hoo!’ is the teenager’s response, ‘Up the Rebels! Bring Sam back home!’ Youghal Hear, hear, Hannah! CONGRATULATIONS to Ann Flanagan, Garryduff, Youghal who won Youghal GAA’s Jackpot of €19,710 on August 16th. Our new jackpot is an impressive €16,570 which has been rolling over for the past few months. Tickets can be purchased in Club Arás or many shops & pubs throughout the town. If you’re not in it, you can’t win it! Congratulations to Youghal Camogie who defeated Ballinscarty in a gripping County Final in Mahon on Saturday. This was a super display by Youghal Camogie and follows in the footsteps of the Under 12’s who also won the County in the past few months. Congratulations again and well done to all involved. It was great to see such support from Youghal at the game. Well done. U14 Footballers qualify for County Final Congratulations to our U14 Footballers who qualified for the County Final after defeating Sliabh Rua. They now play Kilmacabea on Saturday in HEARTBREAK for Aghada at the end of this tough and exciting championship match as we met with defeat. Aghada started off slowly in the first 10 minutes with Duhallow getting 2 early points from Donacha O’Connor frees. Once we settled down we proceeded to dominate and play great football for the rest of the first half. Our backs were extremely tight, midfield competed hard and, up front, Pearce, Brendan and Cian were giving Duhallow’s defence a tough time. Cian scored 1-5 in the first half and at half time we led 1-7 to 0-3 and looked in a very strong position. In conjunction with Hurley’s SuperValu, Midleton, Hannah was on the campaign trail, picking up the title of ‘Munster’s Most Dedicated GAA Fan’ along the way. ‘Thanks to everyone who supported me, I won All-Ireland tickets and €1,000 for Aghada GAA Club, which will definitely make a big difference.’ Ann Flanagan, Garryduff wins €19,170 Senior Football Championship: Aghada 1-9 Duhallow 2-8 Ballincollig at 4pm. Your support would be greatly appreciated. Best of luck to all the boys in the final from all at Youghal G.A.A. Under 17 Hurling Team Congratulations to Andrew Curtin who represented the Club in the Under 17 Hurling Championship at Mallow on Saturday, who won, and who also scored 6 pts in the final. Well done to Bill Cooper and John Grace who represented the Club on Saturday in the All-Ireland Inter Hurling Final Cork vs. Kilkenny in Thurles. Well done lads. Results 24/8/10: FC Eire Óg 3-4 Youghal 0-8 26/8/10: JFL Eochaill 4-12 Carrignavar 1-7 27/8/10: U11HL Eochaill 6-4 Lismore 4-4 28/8/10: J Cam County Final Eochaill 0-11 Ballinscarty 2-4 Fixtures 1/9/10: U16 FL Eochaill vs. Carrigtwohill, away, 6.45pm 2/9/10: U21 HC Eochaill vs. Bride Rovers or Castlelyons in Ballynoe at 6.30pm 3/9/10: U11 HL Eochaill vs. Dungarvan, Top Field, 6.30pm 4/9/10: Under 10HL Eochaill vs. Aghada, Top Field, 2.30 pm 4/9/10: 4pm - Ballincollig Under 14 Football County Final Eochaill vs. Kilmacabea (Please support the boys in Ballincollig for the County Final. Gaelic4Girls – CLG Eochaill – September 11th for 8 Weeks Gaelic4 Girls (age 8-13) is coming to CLG Eochaill on September 11th for 8 weeks. This will take place every Saturday from 10.30am to 11.30am. Forms for participants can be picked up from the office. If anyone is interested in getting involved or coaching or helping out please contact Cormac Galvin on 0870508474. Thanks for your support. Youghal IFC vs. St. Vincent’s Youghal Intermediate footballers played St. Vincent’s in a challenge game recently at St. Vincent’s grounds. We were short a number of the starting team because of players involvement with junior hurling and U21 teams, playing championship over the next few days. St. Vincent’s have been in a number of county finals over the last few years so this was a great challenge game to get. Even with a weakened team we gave them a good game. Some great displays by our goal keeper/backs and midfield, and our forwards tried hard. Final score: St. Vincent’s 1-14 Eochaill 0-11. The second half got underway and Cian got the first score to put us 8 points up. During the next 15 minutes this game turned, and after we gave up possession of the ball, Duhallow moved the ball quickly leading to a goal scored by Niall Fleming. We gave away 2 soft scores after the goal, and now we were only leading by one goal. We got our second, and final point of the half, courtesy of Mike Russell. With 4 minutes remaining we led by one when Donnacha sent in a ‘Hail Mary’ shot. As it dropped, a Duhallow sub punched the ball easily to the back of our net. As hard as Aghada tried in the final few minutes we could not retrieve the situation and, at the final whistle, the Aghada players were left shattered, beaten on a scoreline of 2-8 to 1-9. A lot of soul-searching will be done as to how we lost this match. Best for Aghada on the night were Kieran (who played a captain’s role), Johno and Brian be- Midleton This week’s fixtures: 2/9/10 - U12 A Hurling final vs. Sarsfields in Cobh at 6.30pm 3/9/10 - U16 A Football league vs. Russell Rovers in Midleton at 6pm 4/9/10 - U14 D Football Final vs. Killeagh / Ita’s in Castlemartyr, time TBC 5/9/10 - Fé 9 Hurling Blitz in Moyle Rovers, Tipperary Congratulations and well done to some of our Club players who represented us last weekend with the Cork Development hurling teams. Gavin Bagnell was in fore both had to be taken off up front. Pearce and Cian scored 16 and played well throughout. AGHADA TEAM AND SUBS: A. O’Donoghue, K. O’Connor, JP O’Connor, B. Wall, J. Connolly, R. Power, B. Hennessy, E. Healy (0-1), T. O‘Neill, M. Russell (0-1), P. O’Neill, J. O’Connell, B. Flaherty (0-1), S. O’Keeffe, C. Fleming (1-6). Subs: P. Kilbane for B. Hennessy, 25th minute; J. O’Shea for B. Wall and S. Wall for JP O’Connor, both injured 40th minute; D. Creedon for J. O’Connell and T. O’Keeffe for B. Faherty, both 51st minute. Minor A Football Championship: Aghada 3-10 Killeagh/Ita’s 1-5 Aghada advanced to meet Erin’s Own after a great victory. We were well on top all through this game. Ger O Brien, Brian Condon and James O’Leary were best for Aghada. The Aghada defence kept the Erin’s Own forwards very quiet, and the half-back line stopped Killeagh attacking with great marking and telling tackles. Up front our new full forward, Georgio, was causing havoc scoring a goal and, with the extremely lively Ronan Kennedy scoring fine points, Killeagh couldn’t cope. A fine victory for all involved. AGHADA TEAM: J. Hayes, J. O’Leary, B. Condon, G. O’Brien, K. Looney, T. Hartnett, M. Daly, S. O’Gorman 0-1, D. Rice 0-1, O. Lynch, W. Leahy, T. Dobbin 0-1, R. Kennedy 2-5, G. Corigliano 1-0, R. O Keeffe 0-2. Subs: M. McCarthy and F. Culligan. Well done to Conor, Pearce, Kieran, John and Eoin and all the Cork team who beat Dublin. Junior B Hurling Championship: Aghada 0-18 Erin’s Own 3-11 Aghada were beaten in this match after a titanic battle,a game we so easily could have won. This game was a cracking match from start to finish, with Swannie and Babog keeping things tight at the back and Vincent, Finbarr and Tony keeping the Waterford with the Tony Forristal U14 team and Darren Quirke, (captain) and Conan Finnegan were in Riverstick with the U15 team who defeated Tipperary in the final of the Ted Hanley Memorial tournament. Many thanks to all who helped out and supported our recent Juvenile Family Fun Evening. Thankfully, the weather was fabulous and the event proved to be a great success once again. Juvenile Players Street League Registration On Saturday September 25th we will hold our annual Player Registration morning in the GAA 40 scoreboard ticking over up front. We trailed only by a goal at half time 1-8 to 0-8. The second half was tit for tat, but we were unlucky that we didn’t avail of some decent goalscoring chances. We conceded two soft goals and then, with 5 minutes remaining, Vincent received a straight red. This took away from the fine efforts this side made throughout the hour, and we could not get scores in the remaining minutes to force a replay. Once again, Aghada were left to rue what might have been. Best for Aghada were Swannie, Conor, Anthony, Finbarr and Tony. TEAM: J. O’Brien, D. Hanlon, E. Cotter, L. Morrissey, K. O’Keeffe, R. Dwane, C. Rice 0-1, A. Walsh, A. Connolly, D. Bowler (0-2), E. Savage, D. Condon (0-2), V. Morrissey (0-3), F. Day (0-8) and T. Wall (0-2). East Cork Minor A Football Championship: Aghada 2 - 8 Erin’s Own 1-12 Aghada lost out for the third night in a row in championship action, after another gut wrenching defeat in this minor championship game played at Shanagarry. We started off well in this match, with an early Josh O’Shea goal. Every time we looked like pulling away, Erin’s Own got back on level terms. The scoreline at halftime was Aghada 1-5 Erin’s Own 1-5. During the course of the second half it was tit for tat and, with a few minutes remaining, we were leading by 2 points courtesy of a second goal scored by Tommy Dobbin. In the final few minutes the referee awarded Erin’s Own some soft frees, which they converted, and when the final whistle was blown Erin’s Own were victorious. Aghada put up a fine performance and were missing a few players, who would have helped their cause. The referee was not helpful to either side, blowing the whistle far too much, as the match was a fine, fair, championship match. AGHADA TEAM: J. Hayes, J. O’Leary, B. Condon, G. O’Brien, K. Looney, T. Hartnett, M. Daly, D. Rice, S. O’Gorman, J. O Shea 1-2, O. Lynch 0-1, T. Dobbin 1-0, W. Leahy, G. Corigliano and R. Kennedy 0-5. club from 10 – 12.30pm. Junior infant boys and all current Juvenile players are asked to attend and register for 2011. And, of course, we welcome any new boys to the area to join our Club. Also on this morning we will conduct a sale of old and new playing gear. Anyone who has old clean playing gear which is no longer any use can pass them on to the team manager. Midleton GAA Night at the Dogs in Curaheen Park Cork on Saturday, September 25th. Family tickets available from €20 each from any club officer. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Cork’s Brian Hurley is Man of the Match DECLAN BARRON REPORTS All Ireland Minor Football semi-final: Cork 3-15 Galway 5-8 CORK minor footballers were back on the big stage again on Sunday as the curtain-raiser to the Down/ Kildare senior match, when the young rebels faced Galway in the ESB All Ireland minor semi final. So far this season Cork has managed to survive on their wits, and late goals have got them out of sticky situations against Kerry and Armagh. Cork have shown flashes of brilliance but, more-so, tremendous character to get them this far. On Sunday they again had to dig deep to win against a physically strong Galway side who, at one stage in the second half, enjoyed a nine point advantage. Just as on the previous Sunday when Tyrone defeated Mayo, we were treated to another fantastic minor match that literally had everything. Few could have envisaged such a tremendous game, as Galway held the upper hand for three quarters of this contest. Influential corner forwards, Peadar O’Griofa in the first half and Shane Maughan, pulled the strings while Niall Walsh and full forward, Conor Rabbitte were also thorns in the Cork rearguard. Cork, too, had their heroes, none more so than Kevin Hallissey and Brian Hurley who stepped up to the mark when the need was greatest. In the opening half Mark Sugrue, John O’Rourke and Damien Calahane kept Cork in touch as Galway started brightly and led by 1-4 to 0-3 after the first quarter. Cork went in search of a goal, but a great run from Jamie Wall was spoiled by a poor pass to Kevin Hallissey and the chance was lost. Seconds later Cork was denied again with James Keane making a great save from Brian Hurley. Cork did close the gap with points from Brian Hurley and Daniel Fitzgerald, as Cathal O’Neill left a goal between the sides with a point for Galway that was their first score in the second quarter. THERE was no winner of last week’s lotto jackpot. The numbers drawn were 7, 21 and 34. The jackpot now stands at €1,200. Congratulations to Helen Cusack who collected her winning cheque for €3,000. U12 Hurling Championship – Cobh 5-5 Watergrasshill 3-8 OUR U12 team is becoming experienced in the differences between winning and losing games, and all of this experience was brought into their play on Monday night in Watergrasshill. The home team had been unbeaten in their league outings this year, and they showed fine form when they opened up a significant lead in the first 15 minutes of this closely fought encounter. With the assistance of a strong wind they built several attacks, and put our back line under great pressure. Within 10 minutes they had scored 2-3 and looked like they could pull away. However, our backs dug in and began to win possession. The strong wind was a challenge, and we struggled to get the ball out of our half. Cobh moved our full forward to midfield, and our three man midfield began to hold their own, and crowded out the space which was proving such an advantage to Watergrasshill. A hard fought Cobh point from Niall Spriggs seemed to settle the team, followed shortly by an Adam O’Donovan goal which gave us ambition and hope. With limited possession up front our forwards took some great scores, and by half time we had levelled the score (Cobh 3-3, Watergrasshill 2-6). The large crowd were treated to a close and very exciting second half. The wind had reduced and was not the advantage we could have hoped for. The excitement for the Cobh crowd was added to by several decisions by the referee. During the second half Cobh twice hit the net, but had the scores ruled out, and several other decisions denied what seemed certain Cobh scores. Brian Hurley is presented with the Man of the Match by Paul Clancy, Safety Manager, ESB, after the game. (Photo: David Maher, Sportsfile) one end, and a minute later the sides were level as Jamie Wall and John O’Rourke combined to set up Kevin Hallissey for an equalising goal for Cork. The rebel joy was short lived as Galway went downfield and Peadar O’Griofa again found the net to leave Galway ahead by 2-5 to 15 at the break. If the first half had goal chances, then the second was even better as the forwards, on display, showed class at both ends with Niall Walsh and Conor Rabbitte shooting green flags for the tribesmen. While Cork did get a second goal from Brian Hurley, they were again left reeling with Galway again finding the net for a fifth time as Rabbitte once more provided the finish to leave Galway leading by 5-6 to 2-6 at the end of the third quarter. While Cork had trailed before, they were now really staring defeat in the face, and the sideline mentors made great switches with Conor O’Sullivan, Steven O’Mahony, Kevin Fulganati and Tomás Hegarty all contributing well. As did Dan Mac Eoin who Killeagh Galway might have got a second goal but good anticipation from Cork goalkeeper, David Hanrahan, denied Conor Rabbitte at Cobh 41 Our club was proudly represented over the weekend. Cian Fogarty had a stormer for Cork intermediates in the All- Ireland final last Saturday night in Thurles. had come on just before half time. With Damien Calahane, Jamie Wall and an improving Brian Hurley coming into the game, Cork set about reducing the deficit and a goal from Kevin Hallissey set them on the road. Six points without reply followed with Wall, Hallissey, Calahane and Brian Hurley stepping up to the mark, and with just three minutes remaining the sides were level. The momentum was now with Cork who had wiped out a nine point lead, but there was still to be a twist or two before the finish as Shane Maughan once more edged Galway back into the lead. Cork were not going to be denied and tremendous work saw Cork earn a free, with Brian Hurley landing an equaliser as the game headed into injury time. Cometh the hour cometh the man, they say, and with time almost up a surging run from Hurley took him deep into Galway territory as he forced the superb John Shaughnessey into a jersey pull. From the resultant pressure Unfortunately, they were just pipped at the post by Kilkenny. Congratulations to Cian and the Cork team on a gallant performance. The young guns of the parish Dan Smiddy, Gary Leahy and Eoin O’Connor lined out for the Cork U14 team in the Tony Forristal All Ireland Competition in Waterford. Dan competed in the Division 1 competition and unfortunately kick, the ice cool Hurley pointed to put Cork into the All Ireland final. It was a remarkable finish to a remarkable match and once again the team that looked like winning were again caught on the line as this week it was Cork’s turn to come from behind and snatch victory. Cork will now meet Tyrone in the All Ireland Final, and with the Cork senior side also in the final, the minor team should have plenty of support next time out. CORK: K Hallissey 2-2, B Hurley 1-6, J O’Rourke and D Calahane 0-2 each, D Fitzgerald, J Wall and M Sugrue 0-1 each. GALWAY: P O’Griofa 2-1, C Rabbitte 2-0, N Walsh 1-1, S Maughan 0-2, C O’Neill and N Quinn 0-1 each. CORK: D Hanrahan, J Goggin, M O’Shea, D Murphy, D Lester, T Clancy, J Wall, J Burns, D Calahane, J O’Rourke, D Fitzgerald, A Cronin, K Hallissey, M Sugrue and B Hurley. Subs used D Mac Eoin, K Fulganati, C O’Sullivan, T Hegarty and S O’Mahony. GALWAY: J Keane, C MacDonnachada, J Shaughnessey, P Varley, M Loughnane, M Kelly, J Vaughan, E Commins, T Flynn, N Quinn, F O’Curraoin, N Walsh, P O’Griofa, C Rabbitte and S Maughan. Subs used D Burke, C O’Neill, A Varley and D Black. REFEREE: Eddie Kinsella. were just edged out by a strong Waterford team who went on to beat Kilkenny in the final on Sunday. Gary and Eoin lined out for the Division 2 side on Saturday. We drew with Limerick in our opening game and went on to beat Wexford. In a cracking semi final against Clare we booked our place in the final. On Sunday morning Tipperary stood in the way of glory. In a Watergrasshill had one man yellow carded, during what was a very close, and hard fought contest. Whilst the crowd may have been troubled by some of the decisions, to their great credit, our lads remained focused on the game. Watergrasshill took the lead twice, only for Cobh to twice take the advantage back. When Dylan Higgins netted with a few minutes to go we went two points ahead. Pádi Kearney added a long distance free to widen the gap. At the final whistle we were a goal to the good, one of only a few moments during the game when we were actually ahead. Overall a great team performance, but in particular goalkeeper (Christian Field) and full back line (Gearóid Lynch, Odhran Kidney-Power and Conor Hogan) displayed great determination, concentration and skill. 7 players scored for Cobh (Dylan Higgins 2-0, Neil Harte 1-1, Niall Spriggs 0-2, Max Kahn 0-1, Adam O’Donovan 1-0, Pádi Kearney 0-1, and David Coffey 0-1). Our East Cork Semi final vs. Sars was played on Monday last, with a potential final vs. Castlelyons this Friday, September 3rd. Kiltha Óg Hurling Blitz Cobh sent two U9 teams and an U10 team to a hurling blitz hosted by Castlemartyr on Saturday last. Each team got to play three matches on the day and it proved to be a very worthwhile trip as the lads got plenty of match time experience under the Go-Game format against teams from Kiltha Óg, Erin’s Own and Aghada. Results: U12 BHC Watergrasshill 3-08 Cobh 5-05 U16BHC St. Catherine’s 3-07 Cobh 2-06 MFC Cobh 2-17 Cloyne 1-03 IHL Barryroe 0-14 Cobh 0-14 Fixtures: (In Cobh unless stated otherwise) 4/9/10: MHC final vs. Carrignavar in Killeagh at 4.15pm. 5/9/10: Intermediate Hurling (Ó Murchú Cup) vs. Blackrock at 11.30am. cracking and nerve racking game we hung on and won by a point to win the competition for the first time ever. Sean Burke lifted the Sonny Walsh trophy, and Dillon Lenihan took the honour of man of the match. To us, all involved were man of the match winners. Club man Matthew Murphy represented us in the Cork U15 team that defeated Tipperary in the Tony Hanley Memorial Tournament. Páirc Uí Chinneide is the host for the Junior A East Cork Hurling Final between Castlemartyr and Dungourney on Saturday, September 4th at 6.15pm. Our minors are also in action this week as they take on Bandon in Church Road on Friday evening at 6.45pm in their next championship game. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 42 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal ‘Hero’ rescues Erin’s Own in quarter final clash with Newtown Erin’s Own 2-14 Newtownshandrum 3-11 NOW that we are down to the business end of the Evening Echo Sponsored, Cork senior hurling championship, the action continues to hot up and on last Saturday night patrons were treated to another full blooded encounter between Erin’s Own and Newtownshandrum. When the sides met in the opening round Erin’s Own had a goal to spare at the finish, and on this occasion they finished level as Kieran ‘Hero’ Murphy came up with an injury time equaliser to rescue Erin’s Own. This will, of course, mean that these two sides will have to meet for a third time to see who progresses to the semi final. Erin’s Own came from five points down with just five minutes remaining to dramatically earn a draw when Kieran “Hero” Murphy got on the end of a Stephen Cronin delivery to flick the ball home for an equalising score. On the balance of play they probably just deserved it although Newtown will, perhaps, feel that they let this one slip from their grasp. Before the game began it was namesake, Kieran Murphy, who was the talking point when the Erin’s Own junior custodian found himself between the posts as regular net minder, Shay Bowen, was on a family holiday in Australia. It certainly was a baptism of fire for the new keeper as, inside the opening five minutes, he had been beaten twice from point blank range and Newtownshandrum got off to a blistering start. The opening goal came inside 20 seconds as a powerful surging run from wing back, Jack Herlihy took him deep into Erin’s Own territory before parting to full forward, James Bowles who blasted home from close range. Michael Bowles then added a point before Eoghan Murphy got Erin’s Own off the mark with a point from a free. The onslaught continued with Newtown again finding the net, as this time it was Cathal Naughton who was on the end of another flowing move. He, too, shot home from close range as Erin’s Own were hit with a double goal salvo in the opening minutes which the stand in keeper could do nothing about. To their credit Erin’s Own recovered with Killian Murphy, Pat Fitzgerald and Eoghan Murphy all leading by example, as the Caherlag outfit gradually began to assume midfield control. Brian Clifford and Kieran Murphy began to get on top with Mark O’Connor also doing well at wing forward. Points from Eoghan Murphy (3) and Clifford had Erin’s Own right back in the match. When Maurice O’Carroll, who took a neat pass from Alan Bowen and dummied his way past Gerdi O’Mahony before billowing the net, the game was right back in the melting pot. At half time Newtown, who played with the breeze in the opening half, led by 2-6 to 1-7 as Ben and Jerry O’Connor, along with Ryan Clifford and PJ Copse, got on the scoresheet for Newtown while Eoghan Murphy kept the Erin’s Own points tally ticking over. On the resumption, both sides swapped points with Ryan Clifford and Cathal Naughton on target for the champions, while Sean Kelly and Maurice Carroll found the range for Erin’s Own. When Eoghan Murphy and Brian Clifford had two points in succession the sides were level with just six second half minutes played. The game was now there to be won, and it was Newtown that again upped their game as a long delivery from Philip Noonan fell kindly for Michael Bowles as he raced through to shoot a third goal past Kieran Murphy who could again do nothing to prevent this green flag. In fact, Kieran Murphy had a fine game in goal and his handling and distribution, as well as his puck-outs, were first class. Even so, it was Newtown that continued to press forward with Pat Mulcahy, Philip Noon and Jack Herlihy doing well in the half back line. Points from Ben O’Connor frees suddenly saw a five point gap open up at the end of the third quarter. Things were certainly not looking good for an Erin’s Own side that appeared to fade out in the middle section of the game, but credit to them as they battled hard in the final ten minutes. Points from Colm Coakley, Eoghan Murphy and Brian Clifford in reply to a single point for John O’Connor, left just a goal between the sides as the game headed into injury time. Erin’s Own needed a goal but a superb Newtown defence looked like holding out, but they made a mistake in trying to walk the ball out from the back, with Stephen Cronin winning possession before planting the ball into the square. Both Kieran and Eoghan Murphy were under the dropping ball and it was Kieran who was to become the hero for Erin’s Own as the sides were now level for just the second time in the match. Both sides at- DECLAN BARRON REPORTS FROM PÁIRC UÍ CHAIOMH Alan Bowen is sent flying as he tries to get past Jerry O’Mahony and Jack Herlihy tacked in search of a winning score but both defences held firm, and so the sides will have to meet for a third time this year after another epic encounter finished all square. ERIN’S OWN: E Murphy 0-8, M Carroll 1-1, K Murphy 1-0, B Clifford 0-3, C Coakley and S Kelly 0-1 each. NEWTOWNSHANDRUM:M Bowles and C Naughton 1-1 each, J Bowles 1-0, B O’Connor 0-4, R Clifford 0-2, J O’Connor, John O’Connor and PJ Copse 0-1 each. ERIN’S OWN: K Murphy, P Fenton, P Fitzgerald, S Murphy, S Cronin, P Kelly, K Murphy, B Clifford, K Murphy, S Kelly, M Carroll, M O’Connor, C Coakley, E Murphy and A Bowen. Sub used M Collins. NEWTOWNSHANDRUM: W Biggane, J O’Mahony, G O’Mahony, D Gleeson, J Herlihy, P Mulcahy, P Noonan, PJ Copse, C Naughton, R Clifford, J O’Connor, M Bowles, J Coughlan, J Bowles and B O’Connor. Subs used J O’Connor and R Farrissey. REFEREE: Diarmuid Kirwan, Eire Óg. Erin’s Own who will have to replay with Newtownshandrum in the Cork SHC QF Cork Camogie going to the dogs THE Cork Camogie Board have organised a big fund raising venture as they press on with the next stage of their development at their county playing grounds in Castle Road. Camogie followers are being asked to support a benefit night which will take place on Friday, September 24th at the Cork Greyhound Track in Bishopstown. Several years ago when the board launched their plans to buy a pitch of their own, they held a very successful night at the Track and now they are returning to hold another event at the popular venue. In the coming weeks they hope to get the go ahead for phase three of the development, where they hope to put changing facilities and a solid structure in place. Once again money is needed to ensure the development can reach its conclusion. Chairperson of the board, Marion McCarthy, is putting out a call to current camogie players who are availing of the superb facility to now row in and support the board as they strive to raise the money to put dressing room facilities in place at the pitch “We are hoping to get huge support from all camogie players and their families for the event. The pitch belongs to every camogie player in the county and to date almost every club has played a game there at some level, be it adult or under age. We are hoping to get huge support for our “Night at the Dogs” and we are calling on all former and current players and, indeed, the GAA family as a unit to dig deep and support us. Castle Road has been a huge step forward and it has enabled us to play our game and keep our huge fixture schedule on track. Proper changing facilities are badly needed and we are working towards this now.” The board are seeking sponsorship for races at €500 a race, they are also seeking sponsorship for dogs at €50 each. They are selling tickets for entry to the track on the night at €10 each. Anybody who will sponsor a race or a dog, or just take sell tickets, can contact the county board through their local camogie club or they can be contacted on the Cork camogie web site at www.corkcamogie.com. The Camogie board are to be complimented on the superb facility that they have in place, and everybody is urged to get behind them and help with the final push to get the project completed. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 43 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Cork sunk by early and late goals All Ireland Intermediate Hurling Final: Cork 1-13 Kilkenny 2-17 WITH just two minutes remaining in this Intermediate All Ireland Final, Cork trailed by just two points and were in search of a match winning goal, when they were hit by a sucker punch. A long ball over the top was pounced on by full forward, Peter Cleere and he finished to the net past Declan McCarthy to push Kilkenny over the finish line. Indeed, it was Cleere who also got the first goal with the opening score of the game as he raised the green flag to put Kilkenny into a lead they would hold to the finish. stacked against Cork. This side has, however, shown tremendous character throughout the campaign and again on Saturday night it came through as Colm Casey burst through to score a goal and lift Cork spirits. Cork, for their part, put up a gallant performance against last year’s runners up and, fielding a completely new side, they more than matched Kilkenny who were without Paddy Hogan. He was withdrawn by Brian Cody for the senior panel after an injury to namesake, Brian Hogan, who picked up an injury in training. Following their early goal Kilkenny also saw Nicky Cleere and Richie Dollard land points while for Cork. Bill Cooper opened the scoring with a point, and Colm Casey and free-taker Eoin Conway were also on target. It was nip and tuck for the remainder of the opening half with Richie Dollard, Alan Healy and Bill Beckett adding points for Kilkenny while Cooper, Conway and Danny O’Callaghan had points for Cork who trailed by 1-6 to 0-8 at the interval. Liam Tierney in the Kilkenny goal brought off a good save to deny Cork captain, Mark Harrington a goal just on the stroke of half time. Cork’s Mark Ellis blocks down a Kilkenny attack The second half saw Cork up their game, but apart from Eoin Conway frees Cork was making little headway in attack. But they did manage to draw level at Junior 'A' Football semi final down for decision on Friday night Cloyne vs. Carraig na bhFearr in Lisgoold at 6.45pm Declan Barron previews this week's action THE East Cork Board will have its hurling showpiece on Saturday night when Castlemartyr and Dungourney meet in the Junior A hurling final, but this weekend will also see the first of the football semi finals take place when Cloyne (the holders) take on Carrig Na bhFear Fr. O’Neill’s supporters at the Cork vs. Kilkenny game. (Photos: Denis O’Flynn) 1-8 to 0-11 as Eoin Conway proved unerring from frees. Gradually, however, Kilkenny managed to forge ahead again with Michael Grace, Alan Healy and Neil Doherty all on target as Kilkenny moved into a 115 to 0-13 lead with Conway and Bill Cooper keeping Cork in touch. in what promises to be a very close encounter. It was back in early May when both of these sides won their quarter final games, but both have been very active in league and challenge matches. Cloyne started their defence badly but improved throughout the season and with players such as Eoin, Colm, Donal, Diarmuid and Paudi O’Sullivan along with James Nyhan, Killian Cronin and Kevin O’Lomasney in their side, they will battle hard to reach another final. Carrig Na bhFear, too, are littered with fine footballers and players such as Con Burns, Martin Hickey, Shane Horgan, Ronan Spillane, Colm O’Reilly and Timmy Geaney will spearhead their challenge. Both sides may be a little rusty but Cloyne are given a hesitant vote to advance to the final. Erin’s Own will play Castlemartyr in the other semi final, but because of their hurling draw this game may change from its September 10th date. The loss of centre back, Kevin Hartnett, for the final six minutes, when he was red carded after a second yellow offence, meant that the odds were very much There are a host of midweek games down for decision in the U21 A and B hurling championships and the picture will become a little clearer after the weekend. The meeting of Sars and Carrigtwohill, and Erin’s Own and Midleton in the A grade will have produced two fine games, while in the B grade there are also some competitive games down for decision. Senior Replay The date for the Erin’s Own vs. Newtownshandrum Senior replay has been confirmed for 4pm this Saturday, September 4th in Páirc Uí Chaoimh. It will be followed by the Glen Rovers vs. St. Finbarr’s replay at 6pm. Another goal would win it and Cork went all out to get it, so much so that they were caught on the break as Peter Cleere took full advantage to score the second Kilkenny goal. Cork was shattered, and late points from UCC student Bill Beckett pushed Kilkenny to a flattering seven point victory, in a match that there was never more than a puck of the ball between the sides. For Kilkenny it is a third All Ireland title in this grade, and a small bit of revenge for their defeat to Cork last season. For Cork, DECLAN BARRON REPORTS it was just a bridge too far and their remarkable journey ended in defeat. It was, however, a great display from a third string Cork side that lost nothing in defeat. CORK: E Conway 0-7, C Casey 1-1, B Cooper 0-3, D O’Callaghan 0-2. KILKENNY: P Cleere 2-0, A Healy 0-6, R Dollard 0-4, B Cleere 0-3, B Beckett 0-2, M Grace and N Doherty 0-1 each. CORK: D McCarthy, M Walsh, C Fogarty, B Coleman, T Healy, K Hartnett, M Ellis, D O’Callaghan, B Fitzgerald, B Corry, B Cooper, C Casey, M Harrington, E Conway and M O’Sullivan. Subs used S Corry, B Lawton and J Halbert. KILKENNY: L Tierney, M Phelan, P Murphy, K Mooney, J Cottrell, R Cody, N Doherty, P Hartley, N Walsh, B Beckett, R Dollard, N Cleere, M Grace, P Cleere and A Healy. Lisgoold take on Midleton in first minor match for many years ON Thursday evening, August 12th, the Lisgoold minor team came up against a very strong Midleton team in their first minor match for many years. Midleton got off to a good start with an early point, but Lisgoold stormed back into the match with some well taken scores including a pair of goals from Orlaith and Taylor and several excellent points from Leah. Midleton came back strongly to lead by a point at half time. The first ten minutes of the second half were Lisgoold’s undoing. Midleton struck a purple patch and made great use of their dominance with some excellent scoring. Our girls battled back and finished the match strongly, with Taylor again finding the net, but Midleton ran out winners with a score of 8-12 to 4-9. Lisgoold’s task on the day was made a lot harder by the unavailability of some players and by the loss, early in the first half through injury of Caoilinn, who was having a great game in defence up to that point. This was a very enjoyable game, played by two sporting teams, and hopefully this battling display will lay a strong foundation for many successful outings at minor level in the future. The management would like to thank all those who helped out on the day, and we hope to see all our minors at training next Saturday. SCORES: Taylor Bradley, 3-0; Leah Hogan 0-6; Orlaith Fahey 12; Leanne Woods 0-1 TEAM: Kelsey Devine, Kelly McCann, Frances Connery, Sarah Hickey, Caoimhe Whelan, Caoilinn Hickey, Cara O’Brien, Leah Hogan, Leanne Woods, Taylor Bradley, Laura O’Shea, Orlaith Fahey, Sarah O’Dwyer, Susan Rea We were also defeated by Carrigtwohill at minor level . At under 16 we were defeated in the first round of the County against Baltimore. Training is continuing for all age groups in the pitch check locally for more information on this. Welcome to Fr. O’Hanlon, our new parish priest and best of luck to Fr. Anthony in his new parish. We held our annual summer camp last week with both ladies and juveniles participating - a great week was had by all. The weather held for the first time ever and we would like to thank all our coaches - Ella Ryan, Peter Leahy, Aideen McCarthy, John Cronin, Jamie Woods and John McCarthy for making this a very successful week. Our coaches and kids once again enjoyed the final event of the week - the water fight! Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Fr. O’Neill’s Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Paul Colbert saves from Alan Keniry Main Sponsor: Audit Diagnostics East Cork U21 BHC Fr. O’Neill’s 3-9 Killeagh 2-11 FR. O’NEILL’S had a late one point win over near neighbours, Killeagh in the quarter-final of the Jones Engineering East Cork Under-21 ‘B’ hurling championship at a magnificently prepared Copper Alley in Youghal on Monday night last. Alan Hayes opened the scoring on the 2nd minute when he raised a white flag as he hit off a solo. Killeagh responded with points from Brian Collins and Sean Long, while William Joyce added his first point from a free on the 8th minute. Mark Hayes got on the end of a long ball and kicked the ball beyond the Killeagh keeper, Domnic Byrne, for the opening goal a minute later. KILTHA ÓG U16 ‘A’ East Cork Championship Hurling Semi Final Kiltha Óg 0-14 Cloyne 2-6 GOING into to this game without four players, we knew we would be up against it but, typical of this team, we came out on top after a great contest. We were slightly favoured by the wind in the opening half and found the going tough. A goal from Cloyne gave them the edge, but we clawed our way back with some hard earned points to get level just approaching half time. However, Cloyne scored another goal just before the short whistle to give them a lead of 2-3 to 0-6. We were up against it now, but with Niall Motherway coming into midfield and winning the battle there we drove forward and scored five unanswered points which gave us the lead. From here to the finish we kept going and held out in a terrific performance, thus qualifying for our first ever U/16 ‘A’ grade Joe Budds and Sean Long responded with two Killeagh points, while John Driscoll added a third O’Neill’s point on 12 minutes. The score of the game came on the 17th min when Alan Hayes side stepped three Killeagh defenders and gave the Killeagh keeper no chance, to score a peach of a goal. Long, Alan Keniry and corner back, Eddie Cashman added points for Killeagh, while Joyce added a point from a 65 to let the half time score 2-4 to 0-7 in O’Neill’s favour. Sean Long reduced the O’Neill’s lead momentarily when he pointed on the 32nd minute. Joyce replied with a gem of a point and Brian Collins and sub, Sean Crotty reduced the lead once again with points, keeping the pressure on their opponents. It was nip and tuck now with every ball being contested and Lady Luck fell to Killeagh’s Sean Long when he scored two goals in as many minutes to put hurling contest. Overall, it was a great team effort but massive performances from Kieran Ahearne, Niall Motherway and Shane Hegarty gave us the edge. We now meet Killeagh/Ita’s in the final in Shanagarry on August 30th ( hopefully the news is good as you’re reading this article). Killeagh/Ita’s have defeated Midleton and Sarsfield on their way to the final, and it will take us a massive effort to take the laurels, especially as James and Stephen Mc Carthy are set to miss it. Full report next week. All roads lead to Killeagh this Saturday when our adult clubs clash in the East Cork Final. The occasion is very special with plenty of colour around the parish. A massive crowd is expected for this unique day and we hope it will be a great match and that the victors will carry on to the County arena and do the parish proud. Under 9 Hurling Blitz On Saturday mornig last we welcomed Cobh and Erin’s Own to a them four points up in a matter of seconds. This was a big wake up call for O’Neill’s, and they replied with points from Joyce (free), O’Driscoll and a second goal from Alan Hayes with a point between them as the game entered the last minute. Budds drew the game on the 58th minute, and Joyce pointed the all important free on the stroke of full time to send O’Neill’s into a semi-final meeting against Aghada. Youghal pipped with controversial late point Youghal 1-4 Eire Óg 1-5 YOUGHAL were left to bemoan another one point defeat at the hands of championship favourites, Eire Óg in Caherlag last Tuesday evening in the Evening Echo Sponsored Intermediate football championship. The winning point with the last kick of the game came from a controversial 45 awarded by match referee, Dave Farrell after the umpire had signalled for a wide, as a long range effort was adjudged to have touched a Youghal player in flight to deflect it wide. Cork senior, Daniel Goulding stepped up to convert the kick and deprive Youghal the chance of a replay after an absorbing contest. The low scoring indicates just how tight the game was, with the opening point tak- TEAM: Paul Colbert, John Barry, Michael Paul Bailey, Mike Pomphrett, John Bailey, Rob O’Donoghue, Barry Hayes, Noel O’Driscoll, Niall Griffin, Shane Harrington, John O’Driscoll, Wm. Joyce, Mark Hayes, Robert Cullinane, Alan Hayes. Subs used: Liam O’Driscoll for Noel O’Driscoll, David Hyde for Rob Cullinane, Fergal Duffy For Mark Hayes, Robert Hyde for Shane Harrington. REF. Tim Dineen (Midleton) Congratulations to Ger Lee who won €1,500 in the recent Cork County Board Clubs Draw. sun kissed Castlemartyr to take part in an U-9 Hurling blitz alongside our U-10 blitz. Ourselves and Cobh had two teams of 10 and Erin’s Own had one team. With the weather being kind and the pitches in excellent condition the games began at 10.30. As the second set of games got going the weather stopped being kind, the sun stopped kissing, and the rain and cold tried to do what it did the last time we were to hold this day. So now the prayers began and as everyone pleaded with the gods for some luck, the rain stopped and Mary Griffin appeared to put some life and heat into everyone with teas and coffee. Oh, the power of prayer. So, with the parents all re-energised the mood changed and with the games in full flow, the sun came back. After some excellent hurling where everyone was super we ended with four wins, a draw and a loss, a good morning’s hurling which everyone, players and parents, enjoyed and really Brendan O’Sullivan threads a pass through to Ken Dempsey got involved. It was great to see so many kids showing off all their skills and having fun. Many people need to be thanked for making it a day to remember, the players, the mentors, the parents and - especially our two young referees - Padi Harney and Liam Martin who, while a little nervous at first, both did an excellent job. Maybe they will have a future in it. To the ladies (Rose, Sue, Mary, Linda) who served, thank you and a big thank to our dearest secretary, Mary Griffin who gave up a lot of her time to help us. On behalf of our mentors, we would like to thank all those who supplied the food and also to everyone else who offered so much more but only a few could be used -but your chance will come again. Also to Martin, Mark and Tim who put great work into getting everything ready to make the day the success that it was, thank you. The players involved were: Conor Sweeney, Micheal Leahy, Gearoid Har- ing 14 minutes to arrive as James O’Mahony set up Paul Moylan for the opening point for Youghal. Eire Óg had plenty of possession but it took them until the second quarter to register their first point with Goulding landing a free. Further points from John Dinneen and Ciáran Sheehan moved the Ovens based side into a two point lead. By half time, however, Youghal had fought back with the hard working Nigel Roche and James O’Mahony combining to win a free, which Paul Moylan converted to leave just a point between the sides at the short whistle. On the resumption defences continued to dominate as the play improved considerably. John Dinneen for Eire Óg and John Grace traded points. Eire Óg, playing with the slight breeze, were slowly edging ahead as Daniel Goulding converted two more placed balls to give his team a three point advantage as they led by 0-6 to 0-3. Youghal, who started without the influential Brendan Coleman, saw his replacement Shay Lyons bang home an equalising goal to tie the game up with twelve minutes remaining. Youghal were now doing well with Brendan Ring, Brendan Sullivan, Ken Dempsey and John Grace all driving forward, but poor finishing let them down as Goulding edged Eire Óg back in front. The sides were level once more as Ken Dempsey fired over an ney, Leo Hennessy, Liam Padden, Cathal O’Callaghan, Jack McGann, Niall Flynn, Niall Morgan, Ronan Hayes, Eoghan Martin, Eoin Flynn, Shane Flynn, Peter Fleming, Peter Nestor, Sean Duggan, Robert Cahill, Luke McGovern, Darragh Cashman, Thomas Cullen, Conor Ronayne, Odhran Cantwell, Brendan Leahy. U10 Hurling Blitz Our U10’s played across the field from the U-9s last Saturday morning. The format of the blitz was 10a- side, with the playing pitch sectioned into 3 zones. First we played Aghada and won this game easily. In fairness to Aghada, they seemed to have a few on the younger side. The second game was much tighter against Erin’s Own, but we won with a bit more effort. In the third game we played Cobh and that had a very interesting finish. A last minute goal looked to have given victory to Cobh but as the teams swarmed around the DECLAN BARRON REPORTS equaliser, and when it looked as if Youghal had earned a deserved replay, they were denied at the death as an effort from Daniel Goulding was adjudged by the referee to have been deflected in flight by a Youghal player, with the umpire signalling wide. The 45 stood and Goulding held his nerve to convert the kick and send Youghal crashing out. Eire Óg will now meet Kilnamartra, while for Youghal it was another heart breaking one point defeat. Youghal had 32 players named on the programme without the injured Brendan Coleman, but there was no sign of Leigh Desmond, who I was critical of last time out. It does look like the talented player has decided to concentrate on the hurling which, in my opinion, was a pity as this talented player would certainly have been an addition to Youghal on Tuesday night. Hopefully, Youghal can now go on and do well in the hurling where Leigh Desmond will be a key player for them. YOUGHAL: S Lyons 1-0, P Moylan 02, J Grace and K Dempsey 0-1 each. EIRE ÓG: D Goulding 0-5, J Dinneen 0-2 and C Sheehan 0-1. YOUGHAL: P Mackey, B Ring, P O’Driscoll, S Twomey, B Ring, J Grace, P Kelly, K Dempsey, D Ring, B O’Sullivan, S Lyons, J Ormonde, J O’Mahony, N Roche and P Moylan. Subs used A Fox, E Coleman, C O’Sullivan, and R Cronin. EIRE OG: R Scally, C Lowney, T Coveney, C O’Mahony, P Lucy, B Corkery, D Herlihy, A Herlihy, A O’Mahony, C Sheehan, V Fahy, L Murphy, A O’Connor, D Goulding and J Dinneen. Sub used K Hallissey. REFEREE: Dave Farrell, Mitchelstown. referee to tot up the final score, the scoreline declared was: Kiltha Og 3-9(18) Cobh 5-2 (17). Victory for Kiltha was met with shouts of joy from the team. After we calmed everybody down we pulled the team together to get ready to play Sarsfields. Sars are, without doubt, one of the most well-drilled and wellorganised squad in the county and they rarely lose to any team. It was therefore a great achievement to win all four of our blitz games, beating Sars along the way on a scoreline of 2-5 to 2-4. The hurling training sessions over the summer have seen some of our players come on immensely and this has made all the hard work worthwhile. Well done to all. TEAM: Nicholas Kelleher, Cathal Bane, Jack Bowles, Jack Knowles, Daragh Moran, Padraig Fives, Cian Murphy, Joseph Stack, Philip Kelleher, Cormac Griffin, Dylan Healy, Luke Hayes-Nally. ‘Mol an óige agus tiocfaidh si’ Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Aghada sunk by late Duhallow goal Aghada 1-9 Duhallow 2-8 AGHADA were left shattered on last Tuesday evening as the men of Duhallow stole a victory that looked very unlikely at half time. Aghada led the divisional side by 1-7 to 0-3 and were full value for their lead as the East Cork side produced some flowing football, as they totally dominated the opening half of this Evening Echo Sponsored senior football championship 4th round game. What a transformation in the second half as Duhallow, powered by Aidan Walsh and Donnacha O’Connor, began to get back into the game. A typical run by the powerful Walsh set up the opening Duhallow goal, and that score gave them renewed hope in contrast to an opening half where they were to play second fiddle throughout. Aghada, with Cian Fleming in devastating form, had the returning Brendan O’ Flaherty at full forward, while a surprise omission from their starting line up was Trevor O’Keeffe. The East Cork side started well, and while Duhallow had two early points from Donnacha O’Connor, it was the Aghada boys who were to really turn on the style with some fine points from Eoin Healy, Brendan Flaherty and the elusive Cian Fleming, who also shot home a goal following good work by Flaherty to set him up. In defence, too, Aghada were well on top with JP O’Connor, Ronan Power, John Connolly and Kieran O’Connor all in top form, so much so that Duhallow could only muster one further point to go with their two early scores, and at half time they were seven points adrift. Duhallow can thank goalkeeper, Kevin Murphy for not being further adrift as he pulled off a fine save to deny O’Flaherty another Aghada goal, as the East Cork side led by 1-7 to 0-3 at half time. On the resumption Aghada increased their advantage, with Cian Fleming again doing the damage with another good point. But it was Duhallow that were to take up the running as the strength of Aidan Walsh took him past several tackles before parting to Niall Fleming, who slid the ball home for a badly needed goal. Two quick points from wing back, John McLoughlin and his brother, Lorcain and a DECLAN BARRON REPORTS FROM MOURNE ABBEY free from Donnacha O’Connor cut the deficit to just two points after the third quarter. Duhallow were now in full flight and Aghada was coming under increasing pressure as they lost the midfield battle. An injury that saw JP O’Connor depart the scene was to prove a big blow to Aghada who had by now brought on Shane Wall, and Josh O’Shea. Still, the tide was turning in Duhallow’s favour with the gap now down to a single point with ten minutes remaining as O’Connor converted a free. Aghada brought Trevor O’Keeffe and Dave Creedon into the attack and Trevor O’Keeffe, with his first contribution, set up Michael Russell for a badly needed Aghada point that restored their two point advantage. Aghada seemed to have regained control but Duhallow are a seasoned side. With just three minutes remaining a long high ball from Donnacha O’Connor dropped invitingly into the square, and with JP O’Connor departed it was the tall TJ Bodie who got a vital fist to finish the ball to the net and put Duhallow back into the lead. It was now the turn of Aghada to step up a gear and while Tom O’Neill, John O’Connell, Pierce O’Neill and Cian Fleming tried all they knew, they could not find a way through for a goal. With time running out Aghada forced two 45’s that were cleared, and with one final effort Kieran O’Connor saw his brilliant effort for the top corner go the wrong side of the post with the final whistle sounding after the kick out. This was a game that Aghada will be bitterly disappointed at losing, as they were in a strong 45 position at half time. Just two points in the second half tells its own story, while the omission of Trevor O’Keeffe was also a big talking point as, when Aghada were clearly on top in the first half, his services would surely have led to more scores. Indeed, Aghada almost had a second goal but Brendan Flaherty’s effort was saved. Had it gone in they might well have won but Duhallow, showing plenty of determination, fought their way back into contention and that late goal gives them a victory and a quarter final place, against county champions, Clonakilty, next time out. For Aghada it was a case of so near and yet so far again this year, as Aghada should certainly have won this game. AGHADA: C Fleming 1-5, M Russell 0-2, B Flaherty and E Healy 0-1 each. DUHALLOW: D O’Connor 0-4, N Fleming 1-1, TJ Bodie 1-0, J McLoughlin, S Hickey and L McLoughlin 0-1 each. AGHADA: A O’Donoghue, B Wall, JP O’Connor, K O’Connor, R Power, J Connolly, B Hennessy, T O’Neill, P O’Neill, M Russell, J O’Connell, S O’Keeffe, G Melvin, B O’Flaherty and C Fleming. Subs used P Kilbane, J O’Shea, S Wall, T O’Keeffe and D Creedon. DUHALLOW: K Murphy, J Healy, D O’Riordan, S Linehan, J McLoughlin, D O’Brien, AJ O’Connor, A Walsh, P O’Leary, J Lane, B Daly, L McLoughlin, N Fleming, S Hickey and D O’Connor. Subs used P Gayer, K Buckley, TJ Bodie, and M Dilworth. REFEREE: Kieran Murphy, Nemo Rangers. Youghal win thrilling Camogie Final Youghal 0-11 Ballinascarthy 2-4 ON Saturday evening at the Castle Road grounds in Mahon, Youghal Camogie ladies captured the county final with a thrilling one point victory over Ballinascarthy. Youghal would have been the fancied side going into this game, but a game Ballinascarthy side put it up to them with Catherine Sugrue getting a first half goal to put it up to a Youghal side playing with the breeze. At half time the sides were level at 0-5 to 1-2. DECLAN BARRON REPORTS A second Sugrue goal made life extremely difficult for a battling Youghal side in the second half as, playing into the breeze, they were certainly up against it. In the finish all came right for them and some good point taking saw the Youghal girls claim victory by just a single point - but a point is a point and this saw the Youghal Camogie girls win their first county in 31 years! All thanks go to mentors, Ger Motherway, Ken Bulman, Eoin O Siochrú and Jannette Power and thanks to Liam O’Laochdha for his commentary on the game and to CRY for airing the match live. The girls also now have the chance to ‘do the double’ as they are in the semi-final of the league, and will take on St. Vincent’s - time and date to be confirmed. SCORERS FOR YOUGHAL; S Cunningham 04 (0-2f), S Downing 0-4, S Bulman- Joyce 0-2 and K Mc Carthy 0-1. BALLINASCARTHY: C Sugrue 2-1 O Brien 0-2 and M Condon 0-1. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 46 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Vintage Vapours in Youghal DENISE FITZGERALD REPORTS SUNDAY, August 15th was recorded as the hottest day since records commenced, and the steam certainly rose in great quantities at Farrell’s of Summerfield, where Youghal Vintage Club were holding their Open Day 2010. What could only be described as an exciting, fun filled afternoon of entertainment , with something for everyone, from the ‘Vintage’ to the very young, was in full flow from 2pm. Old time threshing drew great attention and brought back great memories to many of those in attendance. The spic and span classic vehicles vied with each other for space, and sat elbow to elbow with Tag Lazer games, balloons of all shapes, sizes and colours, bouncy castles, face painting, bonny baby competition, best dressed lady and, of course, lots of refreshments, teas and coffees. It was an amazing collection of entertainment for all, and Youghal Vintage Club is to be applauded for their great efforts and work put into the organising of the event. Michael Farrell, Farrell’s Bar Summerfield, was delighted to offer his Mary and Keelyn O’Flynn, Aine and Dylan Parker with Patrick fantastic facility to the Club, as all proceeds from the day will be do- and Abbie nated to the Youghal Hospice. Thanks are extended to him by the Vintage Club. Nothing Vintage about Charlie White, Lydia Blanc, Laura White and Leanne Campbell Perched at the side of the N25, Farrell’s of Summerfield attracts not only the passing vehicles, but also those who – on seeing the excitement, fun, entertainment and large crowds milling around, decided to drive in and see what it was all about - before then going on to the beach or into the town of Youghal where the Festival continued. Phil Hogan and Maurice Smiddy of Youghal Vintage Club said they were delighted to be able to bring this great event to the people of Youghal again this year, and they were amazed at the number of people who came along on the day to enjoy themselves. They confirmed they had ‘ordered the sunshine’ especially for the day, and were delighted when it arrived hot and shining. This was a great effort by the young, spritely and fun loving members of Youghal Vintage Club who take such great pleasure out of their ‘Vintage’ hobby, whilst at the same time putting it to good use by Alex Dwyer with friends Miriam, Paul and Bryan O’Sullivan from fundraising for localworthy charities Glanmire in a Model A Ford 1930 Jason, Liz, Alex and Kelly Byrne Zoe, mum Serena and Nikki Murphy The Foley family from Youghal Andrew and Tanya Fitzgerald with their five daughters and two sons and Suzanna, who was hair-braiding at the Vintage Day Mark, Barbara and Milosz Kucharski, who have been living in Youghal for the last 4 years Paul Hallahan with his 1929 John Deere GP, which was imported from the US and is in perfect working order. Paul from Villierstown is a member of Conna Vintage Club and attends all the Vintage Days with his many vehicles Dungarvan man, Michael Kirwin on his 1950 MG6 Ransomes Crawler John Baldwin and Larry Hallahan study the threshing Picnic time for four generations of the Mahony family 3 year old Jamie Lenane shows those old vehicles a thing or two Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 PLANNING NOTICES * PLANNING NOTICES Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal ANNIVERSARIES Twomey 2nd Anniversary Cherished memories today and always of Margaret (Peg), late of Caheralton, Castlemartyr, whose 2nd anniversary occurs on August 27th 2010. Your resting place we visit, And put flowers there with care, But no one knows the heartache, As we turn and leave you there. Lovingly remembered and never forgotten by Martin, Mary, Seán and Laura, x x x x. Murphy - 50th Anniversary In loving memory of Mathew (Mattie), late of Oatencake, whose anniversary occurs at this time. Also remembering his son Billy. Just as you were, You will always be, Someone special, in my memory. Remembered by Sylvia and Maureen. Whelan - 2nd Anniversary Loving memories of Ellen, late of Glenanore, Ballymacarbry, Co. Waterford, whose anniversary occurs on Saturday, September 4th. You may be out of sight, We may be worlds apart, But you are always on our minds, And forever in our hearts. Always remembered by her husband Sonny, sons Kevin and Paddy and daughters Carmel and Helena, family and friends. NOVENAS The Miracle Prayer Dear Heart of Jesus in the past I have asked you for many favours. This time I ask for this special one (mention favour). Take it, dear Heart of Jesus and place it within your own broken heart, where your father sees it. Then in his merciful eyes it will become your favour, not mine. Amen. Say this prayer for 3 days, promise publication and favour will be granted. Never known to fail. (B. O’N). Thanksgiving Miracle Prayer Dear Heart of Jesus in the past I have asked you for many favours. This time I ask for this special one (mention favour). Take it, dear Heart of Jesus and place it within your own broken heart, where your father sees it. Then in his merciful eyes it will become your favour, not mine. Amen. Say this prayer for 3 days, promise publication and favour will be granted. Never known to fail. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL I Peadar Wade am applying to Cork County Council for permission to erect a dormer style dwelling and ancillary site works at the rear of No. 9 O'Neill Crowley Terrace, Lisnalaghlin, Castlemartyr, Co. Cork. The planning application may be inspected or purchased, at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy, at the offices of the Planning Authority, County Hall, Carrigrohane Road, Cork, during its public opening hours, i.e. 9.00am to 4.00pm Monday to Friday (excluding public holidays). A submission or observation in relation to the application may be made in writing to the planning authority within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application, on payment of a fee of €20. YOUGHAL TOWN COUNCIL Respond Voluntary Housing Association! (Youghal Area Committee) intends to apply for Permission to construct a sun room extension to their existing community building at St. Francis Court, Lower Cork Hill, Youghal. The planning application may be inspected or purchased, at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy, at the offices of the Planning Authority, The Mall House, Youghal, Co. Cork, during its public opening hours, i.e. 9.00a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Monday to Friday (excluding public holidays). A submission or observation in relation to the application may be made in writing to the Planning Authority within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the Authority of the application, on payment of a fee of €20. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL We, Kevin and Sharon O’Gorman intend to apply for Planning Permission for construction of first floor extension to existing dwelling, single storey side extension to include granny flat, decommission of existing septic tank and installation of new effluent treatment unit and all associated site works and retention of substructure development for side extension and granny flat and retention of existing garden shed to rear of site at Knockway House, Water Rock, Midleton, Co. Cork. The planning application may be inspected or purchased, at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy, at the offices of the Planning Authority, County Hall, Carrigrohane Road, Cork, during its public opening hours, i.e. 9.00 a.m. to 4.00 p.m. Monday to Friday (excluding public holidays). A submission or observation in relation to the application may be made in writing to the planning authority within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application, on payment of a fee of €20. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL Harrington O’Flynn Ltd. Consulting Engineers, Tel: 021-4636760 intend to apply on behalf of Tim West for permission to construct a new dwelling, entrance, wastewater treatment unit and domestic garage at Mount Uniacke, Killeagh, Co. Cork. The planning application may be inspected or purchased at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy at the offices of the Planning Authority, County Hall, Carrigrohane Road, Cork during its public opening hours, i.e. 9.00a.m. to 4.00p.m. Monday to Friday (excluding public holidays). A submission or observation in relation to the application may be made in writing to the planning authority on payment of the prescribed fee within a period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the Authority of the application. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL The Trustees of St. Colman’s Cathedral intend to apply for planning permission for development at St. Colman’s Cathedral, Cobh. The development will consist of replacing the concrete flagstones at the western end of the cathedral between the cathedral steps and the entrance gate with 600x300 Wicklow granite flagstones. We propose to replace the concrete drainage channels and gullies with granite 100x100 cobble setts bordering the renewed areas of surfacing. We propose to repair the tarmac to the north of the flagstones and renew it to the south. We propose to renew the tarmac finish along the northern elevation of the cathedral. We propose to define the border between the renewed tarmac and existing tarmac with Cork limestone 100x100 cobble setts. A sample of this is displayed at the cathedral. The drainage of the site will also be improved with a 150mm reinforced concrete bed on hardcore for the paved area, designed to improve the performance of the site and provide a stable foundation for the granite slabs. St. Colman’s Cathedral is a protected structure. The Planning Application may be inspected or purchased at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy at the offices of the Planning Authority during its public opening hours and a submission or observation in relation to the application may be made to the Authority in writing on payment of the prescribed fee within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the Authority of the application. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL Harrington O’Flynn Ltd. Consulting Engineers, Tel: 021-4636760 intend to apply on behalf of Lindsey Garde and Ian Paul for permission to construct a new dwelling, entrance, waste-water treatment unit and domestic garage at Ballylongane, Garryvoe, Co. Cork. The planning application may be inspected or purchased at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy at the offices of the Planning Authority, County Hall, Carrigrohane Road, Cork during its public opening hours, i.e. 9.00a.m. to 4.00p.m. Monday to Friday (excluding public holidays). A submission or observation in relation to the application may be made in writing to the planning authority on payment of the prescribed fee within a period MIDLETON TOWN COUNCIL of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt Alman Surveying, 087 245 1065, acting on by the Authority of the application. behalf of James Walsh is applying for permission for Retention and Completion for CORK COUNTY COUNCIL the following: Conversion of the existing Permission is being sought by Claire Shine domestic garage into 2 No. bedrooms at for single storey granny flat extension to first floor level and lounge and utility room side / rear and alterations to existing at ground floor level. Alterations to the exdwelling at Spring Cottage, Ballinglanna, isting bungalow to modify 1 No. bedroom Glanmire. The planning application may be to extend hallway and link with converted inspected or purchased, at a fee not exceed- garage, at The Bungalow, Youghal Road, ing the reasonable cost of making a copy, at Midleton, County Cork. The planning apthe offices of the Planning Authority, plication may be inspected or purchased at County Hall, Carrigrohane Road, Cork, dur- the offices of the Midleton Town Council, ing its public opening hours, i.e. 9.00am to Pearse Memorial Chambers, Youghal 4.00pm Monday to Friday (excluding pub- Road, Midleton, during its public opening lic holidays). A submission or observation hours, i.e. 9.00 a.m. to 1.00 p.m. 2 p.m. to in relation to the application may be made 5p.m. Monday to Friday (excluding public in writing to the planning authority on pay- holidays). A submission or observation in ment of the prescribed fee, within the period relation to the application may be made in of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt writing to the planning authority within the by the authority of the application. period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application, on payment of a fee of €20. WASTE FACILITY PERMIT APPLICATION APPLICATION TO CORK COUNTY COUNCIL FOR A WASTE FACILITY PERMIT Notice is hereby given in accordance with Articles 7 and 8 of the Waste Management (Facility Permit and Registration) Regulations 2007 (as amended) that CEMEX (ROI) Limited of Killeen Road, Dublin 12 intends to apply for a Waste Management Facility Permit at CEMEX (ROI) Ltd, Rossmore Quarry, Carrigtwohill, Co. Cork to restore lands to agricultural use. The application for a waste facility permit will be made to Cork County Council within 10 working days of the date of this notice. The Classes of Activity at the site, as specified in the Fourth Schedule of the Waste Management Act, 1996 (as amended), are as follows; Classes 10 (principal activity), 4, 11 & 13. The Classes of Activity at the site, as specified in Part 1 of the Third Schedule of the Waste Management (Facility Permit and Registration) Regulations 2007 (as amended) are as follows: Class No. 5 (principal activity) and Class No. 6. A copy of the application for the waste permit will as soon as is practicable, after receipt by Cork County Council, be available for inspection or purchase at the principal office of Cork County Council’s Environmental Directorate, Inniscarra, County Cork. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL The Board of Management of St. Mary’s National School, Orillia Terrace, Cobh, is applying for Permission to Construct: A single storey extension to incorporate an enclosed access ramp to provide access from the ‘Old’ school building to the ‘New’ school building. And an external lift shaft, (two storey high), and lift to the ‘Old’ school building, to provide access from the ground to first floor. (Protected Structure ref: 10011021). The planning application may be inspected or purchased, at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy, at the offices of the Planning Authority, County Hall, Carrigrohane Road, Cork, during its public opening hours, i.e. 9.00am to 4.00pm Monday to Friday (excluding public holidays). A submission or observation in relation to the application may be made to the authority in writing on payment of the prescribed fee, within a period of 5 weeks, beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL Desmond Fitzgerald intends to apply for outline permission for a two-storeyed dwelling house, to a maximum ridge height of 8.00 metres, along with ancillary facilities at Barryscourt, Carrigtwohill. This planning application may be inspected or purchased, at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy, at the offices of the Planning Authority, County Hall, Carrigrohane Road, Cork, during its public opening hours, i.e. 9.00 a.m. to 4.00 p.m. Monday to Friday (excluding public holidays). A submission or observation in relation to the application may be made in writing to the planning authority within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application, on payment of a fee of €20. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL We Ronan and Orla O’Gadhra wish to apply for Planning Permission to construct a dwelling house and wastewater treatment unit (Change of house type, layout and revised site boundaries to that permitted under Planning Reg No 08-9026) and construction of domestic garage and associated Site works at Ballynafarsid, Aghada. This planning application may be inspected or purchased, at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy at the offices of this planning authority during its public opening hours, and that a submission or observation in relation to the application may be made to the authority in writing on payment of the prescribed fee within the period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the authority of the application. CORK COUNTY COUNCIL Harrington O’Flynn Ltd. Consulting Engineers, Tel: 021-4636760 intend to apply on behalf of Liam and Mary Hayes for permission to demolish existing derelict semidetached dwelling house and garage and construct a new detached storey and a half dwelling house with garage, new vehicular entrance and associated siteworks at Ballincurrig, Leamlara, Co. Cork. The planning application may be inspected or purchased at a fee not exceeding the reasonable cost of making a copy at the offices of the Planning Authority, County Hall, Carrigrohane Road, Cork, during its public opening hours, i.e. 9.00 a.m. to 4.00 p.m. Monday to Friday (excluding public holidays). A submission or observation in relation to the application may be made in writing to the planning authority on opayment of the prescribed fee, within a period of 5 weeks beginning on the date of receipt by the Authority of the application. CARER / COMPANION AVAILABLE EXPERIENCED CARER / COMPANION available in the Midleton area. References available. Contact 086 1922246. LEAFLET DISTRIBUTOR REQUIRED LEAFLET DISTRIBUTION MIDLETON AREA 16 hours per week. Mon-Thurs 10am – 2pm. Own transport advantage €9 p/h + petrol Call Seb 086 3927 407 Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 48 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal TAILOR NOW OPEN Your One Stop Shop For East Cork Services C.Spa Thai Massage MON. TO SAT. 11AM TO 8PM At No.12 New Cork Road, Midleton Relieves muscle fatigue and pain Improves flexibility Aids injury recovery Increases the flow of oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues Contact 086 3337223 021 4639480 ROOFING Slate roofs restored as NEW for a fraction of reroofing cost with the Rapid Seal Weather Proofing System 10 YEAR GUARANTEE Very effective for private dwellings Farm buildings and low pitched roofs For further information and free estimates Contact your local Rapid Seal Agent Ger O’Connor anytime on 087 1438830 PIANO LESSONS Piano Lessons All ages catered for including adults Students entered for all the principle examining bodies Students prepared for Junior and Leaving Certificate practicals Limited number of vacancies. ALL CLASSES WILL RESUME WEEK COMMENCING MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 6TH, 2010 Ena McDonnell Studio, Midleton O’Brien’s Skip Hire MINI SKIPS BUILDING SKIPS LARGE SKIPS* SKIP BAGS Public Recycling Centre You name it we take it 021 4652454 For all your Recycling & Disposal Open Mon – Sat 8am to 6pm Signposted from Main Whitegate Road LAPTOP WANTED * LAPTOP WANTED PEADAR’S ABOVE GEMINI, 95 MAIN STREET, MIDLETON TAILORING AND ALTERATIONS SUITS, DRESSES, SKIRTS, TROUSERS, JEANS, CURTAINS, LEATHERS, SUEDES NO JOB TOO BIG OR TOO SMALL MONDAY TO FRIDAY 10AM - 5PM SATURDAY 10AM - 4PM TEL 021 4634592 Nurses We currently have vacancies for qualiﬁed Psychiatric (RPN) and Intellectual Disabilit y (RNID) trained nurses in East Cork / West Waterford, Cork City and Kerry on an agency basis. Fantastic opportunity. Immediate start. Contact Niall Ring of TTM Healthcare Recruitment on 025 86000 or alternatively email your CV to [email protected] www.ttm.ie GUITAR LESSONS Contact Padraig Parker Shanagarry 087 6718166 PROPERTY TO LET To let, 3 bedroomed semi detached house, all mod cons, 5 minute walk to MIDLETON TOWN CENTRE. Convenient for Train Station. €750 per month. Contact 086 7733745. 2 bedroomed fully furnished apartment to let, Hill Top, YOUGHAL, also 3 / 4 bedroomed fully furnished bungalow adjacent to Whiting Bay Beach, Ardmore. Contact 086 2531050 or 086 3846143. To let – Single bedroomed en-suite apartment with private parking in DRURY’S LANE, MIDLETON. €450 pm. Contact 086 8514031. To let – 3 bedroomed cottage, with all mod cons and central heating, in LADYSBRIDGE / C A S T L E M A RT Y R area. Contact 087 2248736. 2 BED APARTMENT Connolly Street, Midleton Fully Furnished €600 per month Tel: 021-4631494 1 BED APARTMENT Main Street, Midleton Fully Furnished €550 per month Tel: 021-4631494 TO LET: PRIVATE OFFICE SPACE, CORK ROAD, MIDLETON. One or two rooms available. Long or short term with ample parking. Contact 086 0880741. ATTENTION! LEAKING NURSES REQUIRED ROOFS WANTED: SECONDHAND LAPTOP - PC or Mac. No Vista. Must have original documentation and programme discs, CD / DVD drive and Microsoft Office or Mac equivalent. Midleton area. Please text details to 087 2913743. GUITAR LESSONS Can be sealed instantly for €10 a square metre Torch-on felt a speciality Slating, tiling, re-roofing Lead valleys and chimneys renewed ESTIMATES FREE Unbeatable prices assured All work is fully guaranteed by registered contractors Contact Ger O’Connor anytime on 087 1438830 HANDYMAN ..% 0$/ (01 + 2$1 2(+$1 $+36 (-#.51 %(22$# + 2 0..%1 2.0"' .- %$+2 . ).! , ++ +3,!(-& ).!1 2.. !(& (+(-& .% 5 ++1 .0 1, ++ -# %+..01 ++ 27/$1 .% #..01 +."1 0$/+ "$# + 12$0(-& (-2$0(.0 $62$0(.0 2(.1 2'1 0(4$5 71 22(" ++ -13+ 2(.22(" 2 (01 .5$0 1'(-& .% 1"( .%%(2 322$0 +$ -(-& $/ (0 $-$0 + 0./$027 (-2$- -"$ '$1$ 0$ )312 1.,$ .% 2'$ 1$04("$1 5$ .%%$0 % 7.3 #.-82 1$$ 1.,$2'(-& .- .30 +(12 &(4$ 31 " ++ .- 3 +(%($# 20 #$1,$3++7 (-130$# SEWING CREATIVE SEWING Jeans take-ups still only €5 Curtains taken up from €15 CURTAINS RE-LINED AND SUPPLY LINING AT ONLY €3 PER YARD NOW SELLING Zips, threads, needles, curtain lining and foam cut to size 46 Main Street, Midleton Most types of lining supplied Sewing supplies - threads, zips etc. Ladies & Gents Alterations Tel: 021 4632029 or 086 6386293 Aidan Barry KENNEALLY ROCHFORD & ASSOCIATES LTD. ENGINEERING SERVICES & PLANNING CONSULTANTS, MAIN ST., KILLEAGH, CO. CORK PLANNING APPLICATIONS PROJECT & SITE SUPERVISION HOUSE SURVEYS & SNAG LISTS. BUILDING ENERGY RATING CERTIFICATION. Contact Anthony on: 024 95857 Fax 024 95856 Your One Stop Shop For East Cork Services Email us at [email protected] call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 49 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal LEGAL NOTICE Your One Stop Shop For East Cork Services THE DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT COURT AREA OF MIDLETON DISTRICT NO 20 LICENSING ACTS, 1833 TO 2008 LICENSING (IRELAND) ACT 1833 SECTION 6 INTOXICATING LIQUOR ACT 1960 SECTION 29 APPLICATION FOR CERTIFICATE OF TRANSFER OF A LICENCE APPLICANTS: DAVID O’BRIEN AND GERALDINE COLBERT TAKE NOTICE that David O’Brien and Geraldine Colbert whose place of abode is Main Street, Ballinacurra, Midleton, Co. Cork intends to apply to the Annual Licensing Court at Midleton on the 23rd day of September at 10.30 am or so soon thereafter as this application may be taken in its order in the list for a Certificate of Transfer to the Applicants of the Seven Day Publican’s Licence attached to the premises situate at Main Street, Ballinacurra, Co. Cork in Court area and district aforesaid and heretofore licensed in the name of Geraldine Colbert. Dated this 25th day of August 2010 Signed: ___________________ Eoin Murphy, Solicitors, First Floor,Watersedge, Midleton, Co. Cork. To the Superintendant of the Garda Siochana, at Midleton, Co. Cork To the Clerk of the District Court at Youghal, Co. Cork To the Fire Officer Cork County Fire & Building Control Department, Core House, West Point Business Campus, Link Road, Ballincollig, Co. Cork. PUBLIC NOTICE CORK COUNTY COUNCIL C O M H A I R L E C O N TA E C H O R C A Í ROADS TEMPORARY ROAD CLOSURE - MIDLETON MAIN STREET NOTICE is hereby given that, pursuant to Section 75 of the Roads Act 1993, the following road will be closed to public traffic from 7.00am to 7.00pm on Saturday 11th September 2010; The R907 Main St., Midleton from the gyrator y to its junction with Broderick Street. Alternative Route: Via Riverside Way and Drury’s Avenue. The purpose of the temporary closure is to facilitate the holding of Midleton Food and Drink Festival. Director of Services, South Cork Area Operations, County Hall, Cork. CLEANER SERVICES CLEANER SERVICE DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL CLEANING * Windows * Floors * Power Washing * Fascia, Soffit and Guttering * Carpet & Upholstery Cleaning Carpet per room €30 Suite €70 Curtains €40 - €60 087 7888830 YOURTRAINER.IE CORK INSTITUTE OF FRENCH Institute of • Let us become your full time fitness consultant, providing the best training and nutrition knowledge out there, no matter what your goal. • We can provide an individually tailored programme that can be adjusted to wherever you want to workout, whether that be at home, in the gym or at work. • Sign up for less than €10 per week and let us do all the thinking for you www.yourtrainer.ie [email protected] French French courses for adults for all levels and interests! Also available, Summer Revision Courses for JC, 5th YR and LC Students And we are now enrolling for French tuition for September 2010 with an early booking discount ending August 31st. 0214552746 DOUGLAS BOOKSHOP Douglas Village Shopping Centre, Douglas Village, Cork Call John on 086 6633005 PRIMARY & SECONDARY SCHOOL BOOKS NOW AVAILABLE Exam Papers from Mid August NURSES OF ALL DISCIPLINES wanted in East Cork and Cork County area. Contact 021 4279916 for more information or email CVs to [email protected] Bartley Water Softeners CAUSES EXPENSIVE PROBLEMS Cork and Waterford Counties Contact 087 2549996 Side gates 6’ x 3’ €200 Carports 12’ x 10’ €1,200 T-Bar Clotheslines €140 fitted FREE QUOTES and fitting in Phone 021-4364122 Fax: 021-4894933 NURSES (ALL DISCIPLINES) WANTED LIMESCALE Water Softeners (limescale removal) ph Correction (acid water) * Carbon filters (taste & odour removal) * UV Sterilisers (bacteria removal) all work guaranteed free survey without obligation call TONY on Power washing Painting * Patios laid No job too big or small All waste disposed of WATER SOFTENERS Phone, fax or email in your order FREE HOME DELIVERY 20% OFF ALL Stationery 087 2847612 / 025 37900 EAST CORK AERIAL & SATELLITE SERVICES Free digital RTE 1, RTE 2, TV 3 and TG4. Free digital BBC 1, 2 & 3, HTV 1, 2 & 3 CH 4, SKY News, CNN News, Kids Channels, Movies, Music and many more Satellite and Aerial installation and service Call 086 3719538 1994 HONDA 90 for sale. Perfect condition. Reasonably priced. Contact 086 2491170. BAR TO LEASE BAR TO LEASE in East Cork area, with two bedroomed accommodation. Please contact 086 8042396. ITEMS FOR SALE CLOTHELINES: T. shaped with pulleys and ropes €12, or with winders €140. Fitted free any area in Midleton, Youghal & the East Cork area weekly. Tel. Grange Ironcraft – 025 32636 / 087 2549996. GATES: Timber side gates €200, Entrance gates, €550, Free fitting, Free quotes. Tel. Grange Ironcraft – 025 32636 / 087 2549996. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 50 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal Fo o d fo r t h o u g h t Sponsored by Well & Good, Broderick Street, Midleton Tel. (021) 4633499 LUXURY LUNCH HELP WITH Sage Restaurant Midleton 4639682 Goats Cheese Pâté HEAD LICE with Macadamia AROMATHERAPIST Ellen Cox writes “When my brother returned from a trip to London with more than his back pack I cried for most of the day, petrified in case my pony got the head lice too (I was about 10)! How could I possibly use that tiny comb on his wiry mane and tail not to mention his thick winter coat! I didn’t then know that horses, dogs and cats do not fall prey to human head lice.” Combing is paramount to effectively eradicating lice. Be a little bit sensitive with younger children, not only with the comb, but from a psychological point of view, and make sure they understand that head lice actually prefer clean hair to dirty hair. LICE BIOLOGY The life cycle of the louse is about 4 weeks. Approximately 8 days are spent in the egg stage, the hardest stage to kill. The eggs then hatch into tiny lice (first instar nymphs) then into second and third instars, and finally into adults. Female lice are larger than males. Lice eggs are opaque. If they are clear, it means the lice have already hatched out. * Lice and eggs are found within 1 cm of the scalp. They cannot jump, fly or swim but are transmitted by head-to-head contact, not by combs, brushes or furniture, and neither do they live in school buildings or home carpets. AROMATHERAPY HEAD LICE TREATMENT (FOR CHILDREN UNDER 6, HALVE THE QUANTITIES) 100ml water 62 drops of Tea Tree 62 drops of Lavender 62 drops of Geranium 62 drops of Eucalyptus Atomiser and empty 100 ml bottle. Drip in the essential oils and top up with water. Shake the mix thoroughly each time you use it to help dilute the essential oils. Spray top of the head generously, avoiding the eyes, massage the scalp lightly, then spray remainder of hair. Follow by combing (normal comb) the oils through the hair. Leave this in for 2-3 hours or overnight if possible. Shampoo the hair and using a ‘fine’ comb, to remove the lice and eggs, comb the hair thoroughly. If you comb over paper, live “captives” can be killed with a fingernail. Preparation time: 15 - 20 minutes Serves 4 -6 THIS is a versatile and foolproof starter that is quick and easy to prepare. It’s great for entertaining or handy to have in the fridge for lunch or a late night snack. You can serve it as a pâté with toast or fresh bread, or slice on top of a mixed leaf salad for a gluten free option. INGREDIENTS 200g goats cheese (Ardsallagh is my personal choice for this recipe) 50g butter 100g macadamia nuts 30g marjoram (Roughly Chopped) Pinch of black pepper Zest of one lemon METHOD 1. Place the macadamia nuts under the grill and toast until brown in colour. 2. Allow the nuts to cool before roughly chopping them. 3. Melt the butter in a saucepan and add the chopped nuts to allow the flavours to infuse 4. In a bowl, mix the goats cheese, roughly chopped herbs, black pepper and lemon zest. I like to use Ardsallagh goats cheese for this recipe as its texture and mild flavour work well. 5. Add the butter and nuts to the bowl and mix with a wooden spoon until the mixture is nice and soft 6. To mould the mixture place onto a sheet of cling film. Spoon the mixture into the middle of the cling film, fold both sides of the film over the goats cheese and roll gently into a cylindrical shape. Twist both end of the cling film to seal. 7. Refrigerate for 24 hours. As the mixture cools the butter will solidify which will cause the mixture to harden and become easier to slice. 8. Serve with warm buttered toast & dressed leaves Enjoy! Repeat the treatment every 48 hours. Four treatments ‘should’ get rid of an infestation provided ‘combing’ is carried out in conjunction. As prevention, continue to use spray on hoods, hats and on hair while any risk of re-infestation remains. Well & Good Broderick Street, Midleton * Tel. / Fax. (021) 4633499 READYMADE TO MURDER HEAD LICE FOR years we have sold Riddance, the gentle and effective treatment for head lice which is produced by Bioforce. Neem seed extract is the principal ingredient, added to essential oils of bergamot, eucalyptus and rosemary. Neem is a well-proven insect repellent and treatment, coming from the Indian neem tree which retains its foliage even after a plague of locusts. Biz Nizlotion and shampoo also provide a popular and safe head lice treatment, with a leave-in conditioner containing essential oils. Neither Biz Niz nor Riddance contain any organophophates. Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 51 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal FASHION FOCUS BOUTIQUE BRANDS, HIGH STREET LABELS, KIDS FASHIONS & INTERIORS Autumn has arrived at Arcade Midleton AUTUMN has arrived at Arcade Midleton and with it, comes styles from the past that have been reinvented for the new season. 50s swing skirts and knee length dresses, cinched in at the waist are back int fashion. Think Mad Men, off the screen and on to the rails! Dress €49.99 in grey, russet & brown This season, it's all about being natural, with warm autumnal colours - russet, green, brown and black. Grey is still on trend though, with bursts of cerise and flaming red. Autumn's dresses on the catwalks (and now at Arcade Midleton) are designed in a mixture of sumptuous, decadent fabrics, including jersey, faux fur and vintage-style, traditional paisley prints. Kids 3 piece sets €39.99 We love the stunning traditional print, knee length dress with swing skirt and faux fur bodice in grey, russet and brown for just €49.99, in sizes S to XL. Meanwhile, getting a little chilly out there in the evenings? Why not pick up a chunky knit dress, with a grey cotton blouse and traditional print scarf in teal, grey or black? The entire outfit will set you back less than €70 (dress €39.99, shirt €19.99), also in sizes S to XL. Looking for accessories? Arcade Midleton is the perfect choice with black & grey croc print slouch bags for just €39.99 and croc print heels, fantastic value at €39.99. There's also a wide variety of scarves and jewellery to choose from in this season's must have colours, from only €9.99. Finally, for the kids, there's plenty to choose from in this season's funky styles. Just in, boys and girls 3 piece sets are available from €39.99 with the last of the summer sale stock clearing at unbelievable prices. So, head to Arcade Midleton now and take a step back in time, with some classy, stylish, affordable clothes for the season ahead. Scarves from €9.99 New stock arriving daily in all departments ** Children’s sale coming to an end Fantastic autumnal dresses for ONLY €39.99 ** New season jewellery & accessories just in Light summer delights at XPresso Cafe Bag€39.99 Shoes €39.99 WHEN you've finished shopping - and are ready to drop - a trip to Xpresso Cafe on Arcade Midleton's first floor, is the perfect place to peruse your purchases and get a bite to eat. Get your perfect lunch at the Arcade Cafe, whether you prefer paninis, wraps or bagels. If you like quiche, you can get one with a side salad, for just €5.99! Or try a FairTrade tea, a delicious scone or cupcake and coffee - the perfect start to your day. Cool off this summer with a delicious latte or a sumptuous smoothie, made with probiotic yoghurt. Yummy, healthy and perfect for chilling out on a hot summer’s day! Dress€39.99 Shirt €19.99 Sunday 2pm - 6pm Monday - Wednesday 9am - 7pm Thuursday & Friday 9am - 8pm Th Saturday 9am - 6pm sponsored by: arcade Pushing prices down 94 Main Street, Midleton Open 7 Days a Week – Customer Car Park on Riverside Way Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 52 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal THE PLACE TO BE BALLYCOTTON SUMMER OPENING HOURS MON - THURS 9.30AM - 9.30PM Last food orders 8.30pm FRI - SUN 9.30AM - 11.30PM Last food orders 9pm Over 1,000 exhibitors prepare for Ploughing 2010 COLM SLINEY Table quiz in aid of Ballycotton Lifeboat The fundraising committee would like to thank all those who helped out over the August bank holiday weekend and those who supported them. In total, a figure in excess of €19,000 was raised for this charitable organisation, from the Golf Classic on Wednesday, 28 July through to the bank holiday Sunday. A fundraising swim took place on Friday last, August 27th, when a group of swimmers took part in an organised swim from Ballycotton pier around the lighthouse and back to the pier again. To those who organised and participated in the event a heartfelt thank you from all at Ballycotton lifeboat. The lifeboat organisation in Ireland is a chartable service, dependent on the support given to various fundraising events. Ballycotton Lifeboat appreciates all the support given to them. Their fundraising committee looks forward to seeing you in McGrath’s on Friday night for what is promised to be a very enjoyable night. Olde Mill Restaurant 8 Mill Road, Midleton 021 4633331 Open 7 days Monday to ursday 8am - 3pm Friday - sun 8am - 8pm Serving all day breakfast from just €5.95 Lunches & evening teas available Sunday lunch a speciality THE above will take place in the school field at 2pm on Sunday, September 12th. Children’s sports, spin the wheel, lucky dip and lots of entertainment. Great afternoon assured. Aghada & District Community Council Show PHOTOGRAPHIC EXHIBITION NOW ON BALLYCOTTON Lifeboat fundraising committee will hold a table quiz at McGrath’s Bar, Balycotton, on Friday next, September 3rd, at 10 pm. This event will round off a very busy summer events calendar for the busy fundraisers. They hope it will be as well supported as the events were throughout the summer. Knockraha Area Community Association Family Fun Day Denis Hennessey from Midleton at the Ploughing Championship County Final, held earlier this year in Rathcormac AS the 2010 Ploughing Championships fast approaches, over 1,000 exhibitors are preparing to showcase their products and services at Ireland’s Largest Trade Exhibition. This week, exhibitors will receive their event packs as they make final preparations before going on site to build their exhibition stands. Exhibitors will travel from as far as Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, America and New Zealand to participate in this 3 day Farming Festival which will take place from September 21st to 23rd in Athy. The core exhibition highlights will be Agricultural and Plant Machinery, Livestock, a Bio Energy Village, Lifestyles & Leisure, Information Technology, Educational Agencies & Colleges, Forestry Village, Hotels & Tourism, Information Services, Food Village & Craft Fair, Equestrian, Home & Garden, Agri-Business & Services, Financial Services, Engineering and an Auto Arena. The Social Programme will include Bandstand Entertainment throughout the day, Junior and Senior Hunt Chase, Vintage Exhibition and Threshing Demonstrations, Fashion Shows, Sheep Dog Trials, Loy Digging and a National Sheep Shearing Competition. ICA Craft, Butter Making, Cookery Workshops and demonstrations and numerous topical forums. There’s retail therapy for every member of the family at the Ploughing – from tractors to farm toys to fashion. Follow the fortunes of Ireland’s finest ploughmen and women as well as thirteen European Ploughing Teams competing in the European Reversible Contest in Ireland for the first time. With all this and more, you cannot afford to miss the National & European Ploughing Championships in Cardenton, Athy, Co Kildare. Car parking is free but you don’t need to bring your car – hop on the train to Portarlington, Kildare or Athy and take the Buseireann shuttle service to the Ploughing. Tickets for this fantastic event are now available by calling 059 8625125 or for more information, visit www.npa.ie THE SHOW, which will be held on Sunday, September 12th, from 2 pm to 5.30 pm displays a variety of produce, with fun events and novelty items galore. Plans for this year’s show are well advanced, and schedules for this year’s show have been made available in the July Newsletter. Last years event was a fantastic success due to the excellent support we got from all areas of the community, and an attractive schedule of classes have been arranged again for you this year. Sylvia Cotter and Mary O’Neill, two dedicated helpers from last years show Over the years both young and old get great enjoyment from the Dog Show. Lal and her team run this event very effectively, and for the past few years Lal has changed a few competitions and added a few more to bring a bit of fun and originality into the Dog Show. Thank you, Lal, for all your hard work. Tips from the judges. 1; If a class specifies 6 apples, then any other quantity eliminates. 2; Exhibits to be entered in the correct class. 3; Please make sure that you read the rules of the show. Grand raffle tickets will be on sale at the show, so please support. Our annual Show proves to be an enjoyable day out for all and it is a great way to compete, meet old friends and make new friends. The event could not survive without you and the sponsors, who kindly contribute annually. PRO. Marie O’Hanlon Cloyne to stretch its legs A 5K Road race/walk in aid of the Cystic Fibrosis Association will take place in Cloyne on Thursday, September 9th at 7.30pm. There will be prizes for Men and Ladies, Over 40’s, Over 50’s and Over 60’s as well as junior prizes and much, much more. There will be spot prizes and refreshments after the race. The cost of entry is only €8 for the run and €5 for the walk. Entries will be taken from 6pm at Cloyne National School. For further information please ring 087 2094493. * Cruise mentors young gun Efron * Jay-Z plans to retire on island and get fat * Girls Aloud's Walsh likes Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 53 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal E N T E R TA I N M E N T G U I D E ! Midleton Food Festival set to sizzle your taste buds EXCITEMENT is in the air in anticipation of the Midleton Food and Drink Festival which takes place on Saturday, September 11th. Plans are well underway for the event which will provide brilliant entertainment for the entire family. Festival Project Manager, Count John McCormack, grandson of the world famous Irish tenor, promises a great day out. “The Festival is a fantastic showcase for the wonderful variety of locally produced foods and crafts in East Cork. It is now one of the premier food events in Munster. There is a great programme on hand for 2010 and visitors can enjoy delicious tastings from the amazing selection of food stalls, or simply soak up the atmosphere!” With entertainment in his blood John, the proprietor of South Coast Coffee, also knows what is important for a Festival such as this. “A key ingredient to the success of the Midleton Food Festival is the diversity of events taking place, fun and entertainment is central. The Festival is for all ages and for people from all walks of life. Children can really enjoy the day, with puppet shows, balloon artists and jugglers – while grandparents will be in hysterics watching the Waiters Race, when our local waiters battle it out to win, while precariously balancing trays full of drinks!” The Midleton Food and Drink Festival brings a great influx of visitors into the town. With over 50 fresh food and drink stalls, it presents a wonderful selection of tastes and aromas. Wallis’ Town Hall Bar will feature a ‘Harvest Music Festival’ and families can also enjoy the ‘Agri Aware’s Mobile Farm Experience.’ There will be ‘Composting & Grow Your Own Demonstrations’ (where you can even get your own allotment!). Other features will include craft displays, a window dressing competition and a children’s story time at the Midleton Library. There will also be a busking competition, cookery demonstrations in Distillery Lane and the ever popular East Cork Camera Club’s exhibition. One of the highlights of the Festival is the ‘Jameson Experience Cocktail Competition’– where bartenders from all the pubs, hotels and restaurants in the area will compete for grand prizes, showing their superb juggling skills. The main sponsor of the Festival is Market Green. “We are most grateful for the support of Andrew McVea and Market Green,” said John. “It would be very difficult to stage an event of this scale without this generous sponsorship. Andrew and his team have shown us their true community spirit in supporting the event. Market Green are having a special celebration for the Festival and will be turning their green area into a hub of entertainment. The ‘Market Green Family Play and Picnic Area’ will see ice cream vendors, bouncing castles, face painters and fun for all the family – something not to be missed.” The Festival is also backed by Midleton and Area Chamber of Commerce, Midleton Town Council, South and East Cork Area Development (SECAD Ltd), the Jameson Experience at the Old Midleton Distillery, media sponsor, 96FM, Zebedee Marketing & PR, IT sponsor, Imokilly Webs, Ballymaloe Country Relish, Dairygold and Bausang Construction. Irish Rail will be running trains every half hour from Cork to Midleton and there will be a shuttle bus on hand to bring visitors from the train station to the town centre. ‘Tomatoes and oregano make it Italian, wine and tarragon make it French, sour cream makes it Russian, lemon and cinnamon make it Greek, Soy sauce makes it Chinese – and Midleton just makes food great!’ (Adapted quote from Alice May Brock) They’ve got that zing THE Papa Zitas are busy making a name for themselves as the most exciting new band to have emerged on the Cork music scene in a long while! With an array of hits that encapsulate the very essence of the Mo-town era, their set ensures the dance floor is heaving from the beginning to the end of the night! This fresh new Mo-town band has been busy playing in various venues around Cork and recently they sold out The Pavilion where they were chosen to play for Cork’s End Of Midsummer Music Festival. Consisting of a thundering brass section, a slick and energetic rhythm section, and smooth and sweet vocal harmonies from three soulful divas, this ten piece band delivers a show-stopping performance every time. Covering hits from The Temptations, The Supremes, The Funk Brothers, and The Ronettes, to name but a few, The Papa Zitas certainly lift their audiences Higher and Higher at every opportunity! To top it off, this superb band includes two of Midleton’s very own talented musicians, Aoife O’Neill and Austin Moore! With venues such as The Gresham Metropole in hot pursuit of this band to headline the Monday night of The Guinness Jazz Festival, it is no wonder The Papa Zitas are really becoming the next big thing! They are playing for one night only in Wallis’ here in Midleton on Sunday, September 5th and if you want a night of funky Mo-town classics that will have you dancing and singing all night long, this is definitely a night you do not want to miss! Aslan: Hear them roar at Wallis' Bar, Midleton Wallis’ BAR MIDLETON Where a smile & a warm welcome await... Thursday, September 2nd: BEN REEL Sunday, September 5th: MIDLETON HARVEST MUSIC FESTIVAL BEGINS! THE PAPA ZITAS CC starts with SEE PAGE 5 FOR MORE DETAILS! Tuesday, September 7th: TRAD SESSION with Jimmy Morrisson, Johnny Neville, Johnny Cronin Wednesday, September 8th: JAMES MCGRATH & HIS BAND WITH OLIVER KEANE AND SPECIAL GUEST FREDDIE WHITE THE internationally, Dublin-based, acclaimed rock-band, Aslan, will be playing at Wallis' Bar, Main Street, Midleton on Sunday, September 12th. Aslan, who took their name from the great lion in C.S. Lewis's series of books chronicling the fictional land of Narnia, emerged from the working class areas of Finglas and Ballymun in Dublin's Northside, in the mid 1980s. They released a demo single, 'This Is', in the spring of 1986, which was a huge hit and became the longest ever play-listed single on Ireland's pop radio station, RTÉ 2fm. For those of you who don't recognise the name 'Aslan', there's not a shadow of a doubt that you know at least five of their songs, including 'How Can I Protect You', 'She's So Beautiful', 'Crazy World', 'Hurt Sometimes' and 'Rainman'. Some of you may remember Aslan’s visit to Wallis’ Bar last year when the bar was packed and the band had the crowd jumping for the night. So, if you missed it last year, or if you had the pleasure of being there, mark Sunday, September 12th in your diary and make a trip to Wallis’ Bar for a night you won’t forget. live on stage Thursday, September 9th: SOMETHING SIMPLE NEIL DIAMOND TRIBUTE BAND Friday, September 10th: Saturday, September 11th Post Food Festival Trad Special ASLAN Sunday, September 12th: CC 'low-maintenance' solo life * Curtain falls on 'Last of the Summer Wine' * Hilton released after drug arrest * Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 54 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal The Puzzler WIN2TICKETS FOR... TEL. (021) 4630066 WITH OUR Tea-Break Crossword 4 Congratulations to last week’s winner: LIZ MURPHY ACROSS 8. Stuck (7) 9. Sister’s daughter (5) 10. Modelled (5) 11. Female big cat (7) 12. Replenish (4) 13. Passage (8) 16. Acquired (8) 18. More (4) 21. Glisten (7) 23. Concerning (5) C R Cobh 25. Artificial fibre (5) 26. Cakes (7) DOWN 1. Light (4) 2. Scraping tool (6) 3. Level of quality (5) 4. Worshipped image (4) 5. Not outside (7) 6. Myth (6) 7. Puddings (8) 12. Icing (8) 14. Metal (3) 15. Acting dangerously (7) 17. Sweet of cream and custard (6) 19. Bathroom scrub (6) 20. Noodles (5) 22. They go with bacon (4) 24. Writing (4) ACANSERWS TO LAST WEEK: ACROSS: 8. Examine 9. Event 10. Piano 11. Ketchup 12. Grit 13. Carefree 16. Narrated 18. Fuss 21. Rat race 23.Havoc 25. Unite 26. Realise. DOWN: 1. Leap 2. Safari 3.Pilot 4. Week 5.Weather 6. Tether 7. Stoppers 12.Generous 14. Ace 15. Caramel 17. Retain 19.Unveil 20. Cheat 22. Earl 24. Crew. Name: ______________________________ Address: ____________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Tel (mobile):______________________________ Home:_______________________________ Entries to East Cork Journal, 1st Floor, Watersedge, Riverside Way, Midleton F I R E Five Minutes - Five Questions 1. Diastema is the medical term for the gap between what in the human body? 2. Jibbons and scallions are alternative words for which vegetables? 3. Name Charles Dickens’ first novel, featuring the characters Nathaniel Winkle, Augustus Snodgrass and ‘the fat boy’ Joe? 4. Photophobia is extreme sensitivity to, or fear of, what: Paparazzi; Light; Memory loss; or Office equipment? 5. Milou is the French name of which cartoon character’s dog? Answer to last week’s Medium 3 ANSWERS TO WORDGAMES: 1. Unclearly 2. BASH BASE BARE FARE ANSWERS: 1. Two teeth (usually the front teeth) 2. Spring onions 3. Pickwick Papers 4. Light 5. Tintin 8 Find the 9 letter word hidden in this word wheel Answer to last week’s Difficult 1 SUDOKU Email us at [email protected] * call us at (021) 4638 022 * TEXT US AT 086 807 3862 Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal The Big Screen We would definitely switch on The Switch Midleton 11.30AM SHOWS ARE €4 FOR ALL TICKETS Market Green 021 4630066 DINNER FOR SCHMUCKS ( 12A) 1.30 4.00 9.00 L/S FRI & SAT @ 11.15PM THE SWITCH ( 15A) 4.15 6.30 8.45PM L/S FRI & SAT @ 11.15PM GROWN UPS ( 12A) Readers Re view Thhee T 55 Doonnoovvaann wwiitthh JJiillll OOD Christie’s 6.30 8.45PM L/S FRI & SAT @ 11.15PM SCOTT PILGRIM V THE WORLD ( 12A) 6.30 8.50PM L/S FRI & SAT @ 11.15PM AVATAR 3D: SPECIAL EDITION ( 12A) 8.15PM PIRANHA 3D (16) 6.15PM PLUS L/S FRI & SAT @ 11.20PM DIARY OF A WIMPY KID ( PG) 2.00 4.15 + SAT & SUN @ 11.30AM THE Switch is based on the short story The Baster by Jeffrey Eugenides and stars veteran rom-com actress, Jennifer Aniston, alongside comedic genius, Jason Bateman. Aniston’s Kassie is a successful career woman fed up of waiting for Mr Right. She takes matters into her own hands and hires a sperm donor, Roland (Patrick Wilson) so she can have the baby she’s been pining for. Bateman’s Wally is the best friend who secretly pines after her and after a drunken stumble in the bathroom, ends up replacing the donor’s sample with his own, and forgets the whole thing. Seven years pass and Kassie returns to the city with her brainy, hypercondriac son Sebastian (Thomas Robinson). Wally’s world is turned upside down when he realises that he is the boy’s father. He wrestles with his conscience over whether or not to tell Kassie the truth, as he develops a bond with Sebastian and is forced to change the way he thinks about life. It’s endearing to watch them grow close and see Wally developing a sense of parental attachment. Jeff Goldblum and Juliette Lewis star as the best friends who, unfortunately, do not shine in their roles but Patrick Wilson is hilarious as Roland, who comes across as a great guy who’s easy to hate. While the movie may have a gimmicky premise, it’s moving in parts and genuinely touches your heart with it’s central message; what it truly takes to be a parent and its ultimate reward. A nice change from the formulaic romantic comedies in Hollywood at the moment, The Switch has it’s charms Rating: *** THE EXPENDABLES (15A) 6.30PM MARMADUKE (GEN) 2.00 4.15PM + SAT & SUN @ 11.30AM CATS AND DOGS 2 (GEN) 2.00 + SAT & SUN 11.30AM SHREK FOREVER AFTER 3D (GEN) 1.45 DAILY STEP UP 3 3D (PG) SAT & SUN 11.30AM TOY STORY 3 3D ( GEN) 4PM DAILY TOY STORY 3 (GEN) SAT & SUN 11.30AM Book online at www.corkcinemas.com THE quiet village of King’s Abbot is rocked by the murder of a wealthy widower. Hercule Poirot is on the case and Agatha Christie confirms why she is, indeed, the queen of crime. In The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, first published in 1926, Hercule Poirot, Belgium detective beyond par, has moved to the sleepy village of King’s Abbot; something the murderer didn’t count on. The Murder of Roger Ackroyd is one of Christie’s masterpieces, right to the very end you are gripped. Page after page, the plot and motives for the heinous murder are revealed, then twisted to keep the reader guessing. The very clever plot twist at the end was the first of its kind, something Agatha Christie later credited her sister with, in her autobiography. Incidently, if you are already familiar with the works of Agatha Christie, I strongly recommend her autobiography. In it she reveals the story of her life and works, with all the magic she uses in her many other masterpieces. If you have never had the pleasure of Monsieur Poirot’s company, then The Murder of Roger Ackroyd is a great place to start. On finishing this book you will understand and agree wholeheartedly that Agatha Christie is worthy of her throne as the queen of crime. She has sold over a billion copies of her novels, and that’s just in English. Hercule Poirot is marvellous, simply marvellous. Join him and exercise those ‘little grey cells’. B o ok wo r m Rating LIQUIDATION Wednesday, September 1st, 2010 - The East Cork Journal 56 IS NOW OPEN IN CORK Unit 3, Vicars Road, Togher, Cork (beside Swan Bedding) IT’S STOVE SEASON NORE STOVE 6KW heat output Non-boiler 45000BTU’s will heat up to 12 rads & domestic hot water “54 WINDSOR BLACK TIMBER Surround cast iron insert & base ONLY 7 REMAINING RRP €999 NOW €499 RRP €1499 NOW €959 We will supply your BATHROOM FLOOR TILES COMPLETELY FREE when you purchase your wall tiles, borders, adhesives & grouts! ARGO SPEND TILE YOUR LAMINATE FLOORING €1,000 IN OUR ENTIRE CREAM STOVE DEPARTMENT CHOICE OF BATHROOM WALLS 50 x 50cm polished porcelain RRP €19.99 NOW €10.99 20SQ YDS OF TILES 20FT OF BORDER 3FT X 10LT BUCKETS OF ADHESIVE 1 X WHITE WALL GROUT 1 X BATHSEAL/TRIM ONLY €239 Call 021 4250800 or 021 4250801 Open Mon to Sat 9am - 5.30pm Sun 1.30pm - 5.30pm AND GET A 5kw STOVE 3 OAK LAMINATES NOW ONLY €4.99 sq yd R E H C U FREE VO u spen (when yo	i don't know
Photophobia is extreme sensitivity to, or fear of, what?	Photophobia – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Photophobia – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Lifestyle and General Health What is Photophobia? This is an eye condition described as a very abnormally high sensitivity to all types of light, ranging from fluorescents to sunlight. While “ photophobia ” really means when translated exactly “fear of light,” advocating that this is a psychosomatic problem, it really should be accurately termed “aversion to light” when used in this situation. A diversity of things may cause photophobia and there are a number of treatments presented, depending on the primary cause. Many individuals have sensitivity to sunlight and normally wear sunglasses to protect their eyes. But when a person is unable to bear bright light and literally experiences intense pain as well as migraines then they are likely to have photophobia. It is not caused by any type of underlying disease but it can be associated to some eye problems, which can be aggravated whether in low or soft light. Photophobia Symptoms Photophobia is in some causes actually a common symptom and in many cases is not caused by any causal illness or eye difficulty. Photophobia which is severe can be linked to problems with the eye and can cause serious eye pain even in very low light. This condition has some symptoms other than just sensitivity to light and they include: Inflammation of eye when tears may or may not be present Atrophy of optic nerve caused by excessive use of alcohol Irritation of brain and nerves caused by excessive use of alcohol Swelling of the eyes Shooting pains in the head as well as the temples Headaches Vidarabine Vitamin D Analog If an individual is being treated with any of these medications and is experiencing photophobia they should contact their physician before stopping any medical therapy. Medical professionals are working on research which is showing that photophobia may be more than a psychological disorder than a physical problem. It has been observed that individuals suffering from the following are more vulnerable to photophobia: Depression Agoraphobia Migraines The disorder intensity varies among individuals and also by season. Obviously, the condition will be much less obvious in the months during winter. Physicians support wearing glasses with rose-tinting rather than glasses which are dark since the latter could actually be exacerbating this problem. Many physicians are assertive that once they can establish the neural pathway which generates sensitivity to light and exactly how the brain is wired they will be better able to treat this condition. Advertisement Photophobia is also associated with other problems which include: Botulism Relaxation techniques – controlled breathing, visualization Medication for anxiety Some individuals resort to remedies such as wearing sunglasses, staying in dark rooms with blinds closed as well as doing whatever is necessary to generally avoid sunlight. If this condition continues indoors with very little light or the pain is extremely severe than that individual should see a physician to seek medical treatment and management. The physician will examine the eye with a biomicroscopy which will check the iris, lens and cornea as well as eyelid. He/she may also suggest a corneal scraping and also in some cases a lumbar puncture also referred to as a spinal tap. The individual may also wear wide-brimmed hats as well as UV sunglasses from the protection of harsh light sources. Some individuals with photophobia which is serious may need prosthetic prescription safety glasses that prevent large amount of lights from entering the eyes. Lifestyle and General Health	Light
Milou is the French name of which cartoon character's dog?	Photophobia \| Define Photophobia at Dictionary.com photophobia [foh-tuh-foh-bee-uh] /ˌfoʊ təˈfoʊ bi ə/ Spell an abnormal sensitivity to or intolerance of light, as in iritis. 2. an abnormal fear of light. Origin of photophobia Examples from the Web for photophobia Expand Historical Examples photophobia is not uncommon, and oscillation of the pupils and spasmodic movements of the eyeball have frequently been observed. British Dictionary definitions for photophobia Expand (pathol) abnormal sensitivity of the eyes to light, esp as the result of inflammation 2. (psychiatry) abnormal fear of or aversion to sunlight or well-lit places Derived Forms Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for photophobia Expand 1799, from photo- + -phobia . Related: Photophobic. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper photophobia pho·to·pho·bi·a (fō'tə-fō'bē-ə) n. An abnormal sensitivity to or intolerance of light, especially by the eyes, as may be caused by eye inflammation, lack of pigmentation in the iris, or various diseases. An abnormal or irrational fear of light. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.	i don't know
Which major UK racecourse is at Prestbury Park?	Cheltenham Horse Racing at Prestbury Park The Local Time is Friday, 20-Jan-2017 12:05:31 GMT Cheltenham Horse Racing at Prestbury Park CORPORATE ADVERTISERS This advertisement is being seen at least 4000 times per day by people wanting accommodation, tours, and Cotswolds information. Don't miss out on this valuable advertising space!! Cheltenham horse racing is a great day out for all. There are three enclosures to choose from and from wherever you are guaranteed stunning views of all the racing. The Festival Week - 15th to 18th March 2016 The Festival™ epitomises and encompasses everything that is great about Jump racing, whilst delivering an unbelievable occasion as the finest horses, jockeys, owners and trainers battle it out for the highest racing honours. Champion Day - Tuesday 15 March Ladies Day - Wednesday 16 March St Patrick's Day - Thursday 17 March Gold Cup Day - Friday 18 March Bookings can be taken for both restaurants and private boxes and tours of the racecourse are available free for people who wish to learn the history and magic of Cheltenham horse racing. For more information on the town of Cheltenham For Special and Exclusive Accommodation for Cheltenham Gold Cup Week Address: Course Details National Hunt: Left-handed oval course with the last 4 furlongs uphill all the way. Fences are generally fair but the open ditches are wider than usual. Location map of: Cheltenham Racecourse Getting There By Car: The course is a mile from Cheltenham town centre. Take the A40 or M5 to Cheltenham and follow the AA signs to the course. By Train: Lovely country home Bed and Breakfast offers guests a wonderfully relaxing stay in the Cotswold of village of Aldsworth Perfect GOLD CUP Accommodation Stunning self contained Coach House ( sleeps 6 + ) ( B&B / transport / dinner options available) This lovely country home offers the perfect stay for Cheltenham Races - set in the unspoilt and friendly Cotswold of village of Aldsworth with the best of the racing pubs close by - Stay where the owners and trainers are based and enjoy the real Gloucestershire excitement that is Gold Cup week Just off the A40 , Aldsworth is an easy run to the racecourse. Your host ( rated 5 star by Air B&B) is happy to sort out transport to and from the race course and also do drop offs/ pick ups from the pubs ! Our friendly village pub is just a short walk away too. The spacious Coach House apartment offers a totally private and relaxing stay - perfect for groups of friends . Beautifully styled and recently renovated, the Coach House sleeps 6 / 7 easily – having 3 large bedrooms and bathrooms which all come with Wifi, TV’s, dressing gowns and all the little extras. The huge Hayloft sitting room has a Smart TV, large corner sofa plus sofa bed and incorporates both a fully kitted kitchen and dining area. With its high vaulted ceiling, panelled walls and oak floor it’s the ideal area for socialising before and after your day at the races....... Your host fills your fridge with local organic breakfast ingredients, but can provide a huge cooked breakfast from locally sources ingredients in the main house dining hall should you wish to be spoilt ....... also we can do post racing dinners by the fire should you be too tired to go out . As a former racing guest put......... “ The accommodation, host and breakfast are a 10 out of 10 - and it’s great fun !”” xx Celebrate the best race meet of the year here at the Stable House xx THE COACH HOUSE CAN BE BOOKED AS A WHOLE OR ON A ROOM BY ROOM BASIS: PRICES £100 PER ROOM PER NIGHT. THE COACH HOUSE – DETAILS Up the traditional old outside steps from the garden is the stable door entrance into the Hayloft sitting room. Over 17ft long with a vast high beamed ceiling , this beautiful room has a large corner sofa and a double sofa ( which is handy sofa bed too). As well as wifi and large Smart TV, there is a lovely dining table and fully equipped kitchen ( oven , hob, dishwasher , 2 x fridges, washing facilities etc ). Off the corridor from the sitting room are 2 x bedrooms – The Green Bedroom can be made up with either a superking or two singles and has its own shower room just next door to it ( perfect for the children and room for spare beds or cots). Next along is the wonderfully tranquil Red bedroom, having a queen size double ( or 2 singles ) with ensuite shower room – our showers are a great size, ones you can actually fit in !. At the end of the corridor and up a few steps you’ll find a gorgeous colonial style study area along with the luxurious Master Bedroom with its impressive superking bed and large ensuite bathroom with cast iron bath. Prices at The Coach House £100 per room per night Address • Kitchen garden & outdoor seating areas Cheltenham Gold Cup Week Your private base in the Cotswolds - the romantic Abbots Grange is offered for a group (maximum 8) during Cheltenham Gold Cup week. The property provides a unique, private and intimate setting for entertaining while our team ensure a high level of personal service. With our roaring log fires, beautiful four- poster en-suite bedrooms, Great Hall and panelled, candlelit dining room you will enjoy an experience you will not find elsewhere. Medieval in origin, the monastic manor house with its ‘Old English’ antique furniture and artworks and ancient oak beams is set in 8 acres of parkland grounds and gardens. Secluded, yet only 2 minutes walk from Broadway’s ‘picture perfect’ village high street with its delightful array of independent boutique shops, restaurants and inns. We are able to provide a flexible package for the week, including as required, full service formal dining in our candlelit, panelled dining room and Champagne receptions in the Great Hall. The property has its own helipad and the race course is a short circa 5 minute flight. Air transportation can be arranged via ‘Rotormotion’ with their fleet of six Agusta 109 helicopters. Luxury chauffeur driven transport to and from Cheltenham Racecourse is also available. Room rates: GBP £350.00 per night on a B&B basis - min 4 night stay. To discuss your full requirements please call our reservations line on 02081 338698 or email us. Address	Cheltenham
Ibiza is in which Mediterranean island group?	Directions and Parking \| Cheltenham Racecourse Directions By Rail Trains from London to Cheltenham Spa generally run hourly and take about two hours. Trains from Birmingham generally run every half an hour and take about 35 minutes. From Bristol, trains leave every hour and take about 35 minutes. It is a 10 minute taxi ride from the station. Classic Hospitality Limited operate a magnificent steam train which travels from Toddington Railway Station directly to the back of the main Grandstand at Cheltenham Racecourse enabling racegoers to arrive at the races in style! For further information / bookings please contact 01825 746082 or visit www.classichospitality.co.uk By Bus From Cheltenham Stagecoach service D and E runs every 6/7 minutes during the day and between 10 minutes and every hour on Monday to Saturday evenings. The service runs hourly on Sundays. Further details can be found here . For The Festival and The Open the D bus will be rerouted around the course, click here to find out more . No stops will be missed. For New Year's Day Stagecoach will be operating a 15 minute service from the Railway Station via the town Centre from 09:30 until the first race and the same from the last race. Service 527 also provides a regular service from Cheltenham Centre to Bishops Cleeve and Gotherington via the Racecourse Roundabout. For local Stagecoach information please call 0870 6082608. At The Festival and The Open a shuttle bus service will be operating, picking up at Cheltenham Spa Railway Station and outside WH Smith in the centre of town before dropping off at the Racecourse. Return buses pick up from the Racecourse with stops at Pittville Street and then the Station. Details here . • Return from Station - £5 • Single from Town - £2.50 • Single from Racecourse - £2.50 National Express offer dedicated services to Cheltenham Festival from 21 locations across the UK. The coach will get you to The Festival™ with plenty of time to place your bets and won’t depart until all the races have finished. Services for the 2017 Festival are due to be confirmed at the start of November 2016. Coaches - The relevant signs will direct you to this area, please follow the RED route. Please note that buses with 15 seats or less will need to purchase a public car parking pass. The cost of this is £8 in advance or £15 on the day. We are unable to provide complimentary tickets to coach or bus drivers. By Road • The parking scheme is colour coded, so that your parking zone will match your label and preferred route • Please study the route maps provided showing the preferred routes to your final parking destination and then follow the yellow, temporary signs put in place for the racing, ignoring both sat nav directions and brown signs once you pick up the yellow directional signs • Colour codes are as below; Disabled Council Badge Holders – Disabled Parking Symbol Annual Members, RCA Trainers car park stickers, RCA Owners car park stickers, RCA Press car park stickers, ROA members, RCA members and those with four day members disabled parking (should follow the RED route, not the YELLOW route as per the colour of the RCA issued car parking label) – Red Horseboxes and Minibuses – Red PJA members, Owners and Trainers hanging labels – Blue N Bays which have been sold by Cheltenham – Blue Reserved Annual Members and bays sold in Hall of Fame Car park – Yellow The Cheltenham Club members – Yellow Hospitality guests should follow the colour of the car parking pass provided. If you do not have a car parking pass then please see below; Public and Pre Paid General Admission (CLUB, TATTERSALLS AND BEST MATE ENCLOSURES) – Green Private hire – Raceday staff – Green Contractors and Exhibitors accreditation – Raceday staff – Green Coaches – Red Drop off and pick up - Pink • Occasionally, the route you are directed will not be the shortest route, in terms of distance. However, it will allow you to approach the racecourse, enter and park in the correct zone in the fastest time possible. Please help us to help you have the smoothest and quickest access into the course by following the correct signs and not routes that you have previously used Details of the location of different car parks can be found here . Drop off and pick up areas – For The Open and The Festival, please follow the signs that will route you to Green , which will allow you to be dropped off in West Car Park. It is then a five minute walk to the entrances. It would be appreciated if you could respect our neighbours and use the areas provided, not local roads and driveways. A drop off and pick up map can be found here ; Taxi rank – the taxi rank is acessed via the main entrance off the roundabout adjacent to the Main Drive entrance. Please see here for more information. Exit – When leaving the car park you will be required to exit via a specified route, normally the direction you came from. To minimise delays within the racecourse certain gates will be restricted to allow only left OR right turns. We apologise for any inconvenience. Evesham Road (A435) - During The Festival and Friday/Saturday of The Open there will be a closure of Evesham Road (aA35) in a southbound direction, for local road users, between approximately 10.30am and 13.30pm. The road will then be closed again between 16.30pm - 19.30pm (or 15,00pm and 18.30pm at The Open). This will allow cars to enter the course but not allow non-raceday traffic travel south to Cheltenham. Other routes will be signposted accordingly. The closure will come into place at the crossroads between Evesham Road, Southam Lane and Hyde Lane. Cars and vans not attending the racing, but using the local roads, will be asked to use Hyde Lane towards Swindon Village and Cheltenham, vehicles over 3.9m (12' - 9") will turn left down Southam Lane and travel via Prestbury. It is advised that anyone coming from the Tewkesbury and Evesham area use the M5 Southbound from Jn 9 to Jn 10. This proposal has been put forward by Cheltenham Racecourse and the local council, police and highways as a variation on the temporary traffic order previously granted to Cheltenham Racecourse on racedays. Limos - those travelling by limo should follow the signs for coach parks. Parking for limos is the same price as cars and is situated in the north coach park. Costs are therefore free excluding Friday/Saturday of The Open (£4 in advance, £5 on the day) and The Festival (£8 in advance and £15 on the day). By Air Birmingham and Bristol airports provide flights to many national and international destinations. Gloucestershire Airport is in Staverton at junction 11 of the M5 and can schedule private flights.There is a helipad at the racecourse. The walking route from the station is well maintained and easy to follow, taking approximately 40 minutes. The route is predominantly traffic free along a shared cycleway/footway. Parking COSTS Parking is free at all of our meetings except Friday and Saturday of The Open and all four days of The Festival. On these days limos are charged the same prices as cars and coaches are free of charge. Parking for The Festival is £8 in advance and £15 on the day. During The Open it is £4 in advance and £5 on the day. ARRIVALS Traffic to the site can build up at peak times, and therefore we would advise you to arrive early to avoid the traffic. In addition, especially at the major meetings the traffic exiting the course can also build up, so please do be aware of this when making travel arrangements. ELECTRIC VEHICLES The racecourse has two “fast charge” electric vehicle charging points located near the Hall of Fame entrance. These are operated under the Polar scheme, more information about the Polar Charging Network can be found here . Access can be restricted at some race meetings so please check availability of the charge points in advance. RESIDENTS PARKING - THE OPEN AND THE FESTIVAL For The Open (November) and The Festival (March) a temporary traffic order is in place on the streets around the course. Visitors will not be able to park in these streets, as only local residents will be able to park using their parking permit. For local residents, parking permits are issued by the council, via MiPermits ( http://www.mipermit.com/ ). Plan Your Race Day	i don't know
In medicine, carditis is the inflammation of which organ of the human body?	Definition of Carditis Definition of Carditis Carditis: Inflammation of the heart. Last Editorial Review: 5/13/2016 Use the pill finder tool on RxList. Heart Health Newsletter Sign up to stay informed with the latest heart-health related updates on MedicineNet delivered to your inbox FREE! BONUS! Get a Free Health & Wellness PDF Guide when you sign up!	Heart
Loosely translated to mean 'hollow bone' what is the Italian food made from veal shank?	Inflammation: Chronic and Acute - Medical News Today Inflammation: Chronic and Acute (Continued from page 1 ...) What happens during acute inflammation? Within a few seconds or minutes after tissue is injured, acute inflammation starts to occur. The damage may be a physical one, or might be caused by an immune response. Three main processes occur before and during acute inflammation: Arterioles, small branches of arteries that lead to capillaries that supply blood to the damaged region dilate, resulting in increased blood flow The capillaries become more permeable, so fluid and blood proteins can move into interstitial spaces (spaces between cells) Neutrophils, and possibly some macrophages migrate out of the capillaries and venules (small veins that go from a capillary to a vein) and move into interstitial spaces. A neutrophil is a type of granulocyte (white blood cell), it is filled with tiny sacs which contain enzymes that digest microorganisms. Macrophages are also a type of white blood cells that ingests foreign material. Klaus Ley, M.D., a scientist at the La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, reported in a study published in Nature that neutrophils are the human body's first line of defense; they are the main cells that protect us from bacterial infections. Their protective function is a positive one, however, they also have inflammatory properties that may eventually lead to heart disease and several autoimmune diseases, such as lupus . Effectively manipulating neutrophils is vital in disrupting inflammatory diseases. When our skin is scratched (and the skin is not broken), one may see a pale red line. Soon the area around that scratch goes red, this is because the arterioles have dilated and the capillaries have filled up with blood and become more permeable, allowing fluid and blood proteins to move into the space between tissues. Edema - the area then swells as further fluid builds up in the interstitial spaces. An ingrown toenail with the five PRISH signs. The five cardinal signs of acute inflammation - "PRISH" Pain - the inflamed area is likely to be painful, especially when touched. Chemicals that stimulate nerve endings are released, making the area much more sensitive. Redness - this is because the capillaries are filled up with more blood than usual Immobility - there may be some loss of function Swelling - caused by an accumulation of fluid Heat - as with the reason for the redness, more blood in the affected area makes it feel hot to the touch. The five classical signs of inflammation Although Latin terms are still used widely in Western medicine, local language terms, such as English, are taking over. PRISH is a more modern acronym which refers to the signs of inflammation. The traditional Latin based terms have been around for two thousand years: Dolor - Latin term for "pain" Calor - Latin term for "heat" Rubor - which in Latin means "redness" Tumor - a Latin term for "swelling" Functio laesa - which in Latin means "injured function", which can also mean loss of function. Dolor, Calor, Rubor, and Tumor were first described and documented by Aulus Cornelius Celsus (ca 25 BC-ca 50), a Roman encyclopaedist. Celcius is famous for creating De Medicina, which is thought to be the only surviving section of a vast encyclopedia. De Medicina was the main source of medical reference in the Roman world for pharmacy, surgery, diet and some other medical fields. Functio laesa - it is not clear who first described and documented the fifth sign. The majority of attributions have gone to Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689) an English physician and Rudolph Carl Virchow (1821-1902), a German doctor, biologist, politician and pathologist. Virchow is seen as one of the founders of social medicine. These five acute inflammation signs are only relevant when the affected area is on or very close to the skin. When inflammation occurs deep inside the body, such as an internal organ, only some of the signs may be detectable. Some internal organs may not have sensory nerve endings nearby, so there be no pain present, as is the case with some types of pneumonia (acute inflammation of the lung). If the inflammation from pneumonia pushes against the parietal pleura (inner lining of the surface of the chest wall), then there is pain. Acute and chronic inflammation compared The lists below show the difference between chronic and acute inflammation regarding the causative agents, which major cells are involved, features regarding onset, duration, and outcomes: Acute Inflammation Causative agents - harmful bacteria or injury to tissue Major cells involved - mainly neutrophils, basophils (in the inflammatory response), and eosinophils (response to parasites and worms), and mononuclear cells (macrophages, monocytes) Primary mediators - eicosanoids, vasoactive amines Onset (when does the inflammation start) - straight away Duration - short-lived, only a few days Outcomes - the inflammation either gets better (resolution), develops into an abscess, or becomes a chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation Causative agent - non-degradable pathogens that cause persistent inflammation, infection with some types of viruses, persistent foreign bodies, overactive immune system reactions Major cells involved - Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells (these three are mononuclear cells), and fibroblasts Primary mediators - reactive oxygen species, hydrolytic enzymes, IFN-γ and other cytokines, growth factors Duration - from several months to years Outcomes - the destruction of tissue, thickening and scarring of connective tissue (fibrosis), death of cells or tissues (necrosis). Sleep quality and duration impacts on inflammation risk Scientists at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, Georgia, found in a study that sleep deprivation or poor sleep quality raises inflammation , which in turn increases the risk of developing heart disease and stroke . The team gathered data on 525 middle-aged volunteers who had completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire, which asked detailed questions about sleep quality and duration. They tested the participants' levels of various inflammatory markers, and then tried to see whether they could link them to quality and duration of sleep. The authors concluded: "Poor sleep quality, and short sleep durations are associated with higher levels of inflammation." Why does inflammation cause pain? When people have inflammation it often hurts, they feel pain, stiffness, discomfort, distress and perhaps agony, depending on the severity of it. Pain can be constant and steady, in which case it is often referred to as an ache. Pain can be of a throbbing type, a pulsating pain, or it can be a stabbing or pinching pain. Pain is a very individual experience and the only person who can describe it properly is the one who is feeling it. Pain can be acute or chronic. It can also be: Nociceptive pain Specific receptors are stimulated for us to feel this type of pain. These receptors sense changes in temperature, vibration, stretch, and chemicals which damaged cells release. "Nociceptive" means causing or reacting to pain - the cause of the pain comes from outside the nervous system, and the nervous system reacts to it. "Non-nociceptive" means the pain comes from within the nervous system itself. Somatic pain This is a kind of nociceptive pain. The sensation is felt in muscles, joints, bones, ligaments, and on the skin. Musculo-skeletal pain is somatic pain. Pain receptors are sensitive to: stretch in the muscles, vibration, temperature, as well as inflammation. When there is a lack of oxygen there may be painful ischemic muscle cramps. Somatic pain tends to be sharp and localized - touching or moving the affected area will result in more severe pain. Visceral pain This is a kind of nociceptive pain. Pain is sensed deep down in the body, in the internal organs and main body cavities, such as the heart, lungs, bowels, spleen, liver, kidneys, bladder, uterus, and ovaries. The nociceptors (pain receptors) sense oxygen starvation (ischemia), stretch, and inflammation. It is harder to localize visceral pain than somatic pain. The pain is usually described as a deep ache. Cramping and colicky sensations are examples of visceral pain. Inflammation primarily causes pain because the swelling pushes against the sensitive nerve endings, which send pain signals to the brain. Nerve endings send pain signals to the brain all day long; however, it learns to ignore most of them, unless pressure against the nerve endings increases. Other biochemical processes also occur during inflammation which affect how nerves behave, and cause pain. Inflammation risk much greater if you are obese Fat men have more inflammatory markers (white blood cells) than men of the same age who are not obese or overweight. example of common painful joints in an overweight male Raised white blood cell levels are markers which are linked to a higher risk of developing various illnesses, including coronary heart disease. In a recent study, a team from Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, focused on specific types of white blood cells; neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils. They measured resting levels of the white blood cells in the adult males, as well as their levels of fitness and BMIs (body mass indexes), and adjusted the results for age. They found that: Unfit men had higher white blood cell levels than fit men Men with higher BMIs had raised levels of white blood cells The combination of fitness levels and body weights impacted considerably on levels of white blood cells, and ultimately inflammation. Although scientists know that inflammation plays a key role in heart disease and several other illnesses, what drives inflammation in the first place is still a mystery. Inflammation drops when women lose weight - scientists at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington found that postmenopausal overweight or obese women who lost 5% or more of their body weight had measurable falls in levels of inflammation markers. Team leader, Anne McTiernan, M.D., Ph.D., said "Both obesity and inflammation have been shown to be related to several types of cancer, and this study shows that if you reduce weight, you can reduce inflammation as well." Autoimmune disorders and inflammation An autoimmune disease, also known as autoimmune disorder, is one where the body initiates an immune response to healthy tissues, mistaking them for harmful pathogens or irritants. The immune response triggers an inflammatory response too. There are literally hundreds of autoimmune diseases, and nearly all of them have inflammation as one of the signs, examples include: Rheumatoid arthritis - there is inflammation in the joints, tissues surrounding the joints, and sometimes some other organs in the body Ankylosing spondylitis - there is inflammation of the vertebrae, muscles, ligaments, and also the sacroiliac joints (where the spine and hips meet) Celiac disease - there is inflammation and destruction of the inner lining of the small intestine Crohn's disease - the gastrointestinal tract becomes inflamed. Inflammation is most common in the ileum (small intestine), but may occur anywhere in the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus Fibromyalgia - often a set of symptoms related to another autoimmune disorder, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. There is pain in various parts of the body. Location and even the existence of inflammation is unclear Graves' disease - one of the signs is goiter; when the thyroid gland is inflamed. Exophthalmos , inflammation of the muscles behind the eyes. Grave's dermopathy, inflammation of the skin, usually the shins and the top of feet (uncommon) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - the role of inflammation is unclear. Experts used to think that the disease was mainly caused by inflammation within the alveoli (tiny sacs within the lungs). However, treatments to reduce inflammation are often disappointing. Therefore, although there is inflammation, its impact on the disease is a mystery Lupus - there can be inflammation in the joints, lungs, heart, kidney and skin Psoriasis - there is inflammation of the skin. In some cases, as in psoriatic arthritis , the joints and tissue surrounding the joints may also become inflamed Type 1 Diabetes - inflammation in various parts of the body are likely if the diabetes is not well controlled Addison's disease - inflammation of the adrenal glands. The stress to the body caused by this disease can also lead to inflammation elsewhere Vaslculitis - refers to a group of disorders in which inflammation eventually destroys blood vessels, both arteries and veins Transplant rejection - there is already substantial inflammation caused by the transplant operation. If the organ recipient's immune system rejects the new organ, there is typically inflammation in and around the donated organ Various allergies - all allergies have inflammation. Asthma has inflammation of the airways, in hay fever the nose, ear and throat mucous membranes become inflamed, people who are allergic to bee stings may have serious life-threatening inflammation which affects the whole body ( anaphylaxis ) Vitamin A deficiency - inflammatory responses are much more likely if the person is deficient in vitamin A. The disorders mentioned above are just a tiny example of the hundreds of autoimmune disorders which have inflammation as one of their signs. On the final page we look at treatments for inflammation, including medicines, herbs with anti-inflammatory properties and other methods of treatment.	i don't know
In early UK beer production what is a kiln for drying hops popularly called?	A Modern Herbal \| Hops ---Cultivation--- It has been estimated that in pre-war times 70 per cent of the Hops used in brewing was home produce and 30 per cent imported, chiefly from the United States and Germany. Hops are also grown in France, South Russia, Australia and New Zealand. The cultivation of Hops in the British Islands is restricted to England, where it is practically confined to half a dozen counties: four in the south-east (Kent, Surrey, Hants and Sussex) and two in the western Midland counties (Worcester and Hereford). As a rule, over 60 per cent of home-grown Hops are grown in Kent. In the years 1898-1907, the average annual acreage of Hops under cultivation in this country was 48,841 acres (being 51,127 acres in 1901 and 33,763 acres in 1907). The average annual yield per acre for these ten years was 8.84 cwt., and the average annual home produce 434,567 cwt. In 1907 Kent had under cultivation 28,169 acres; Hereford, 6,143; Sussex, 4,243; Worcester, 3,622; Hants; 1,842, and Surrey, 744. Hops require deep, rich soil, on dry bottom, with south or south-west aspect - free circulation of air is necessary. The ground is generally well pulverized and manured to considerable depth by plough or spade before planting. Hops in Kent are usually planted in October or November, the plants being placed 6 feet apart each way, thus giving 1,210 plant centres to the acre. The plants are usually set in 'stools' of from three to five, a few inches apart. They are obtained from cuttings or suckers taken from the healthiest old shoots, which are usually planted out closely in nursery lines a year before being planted permanently. Very little growth takes place the first year. Some planters still grow potatoes or mangels between the rows of the first year, as the plants do not bear much till the second year, but this is considered a mistake, as it exhausts the ground. As a rule, the plants are not full bearing till the third year, when four to six poles from 14 to 18 feet long are required for each stool. The most used timber for Hop poles is Spanish Chestnut, which is largely grown for this special purpose in coppices in hopgrowing districts. Ash is also used. The poles are set to the plants in spring, before growth commences, and removed when the latter are cut away in autumn. The plants are then dressed with manure, and the soil between the stools stirred lightly. Much of the Hop-land is ploughed between the rows, but it is better to dig Hop-land if possible, the tool used being the Kent spud. Experiments in Hop manuring have been conducted in connexion with the South-East Agricultural College, Wye. The main results have been to demonstrate the necessity of a liberal supply of phosphates, if the full benefit is to be reaped from application of nitrogenous manures. Manuring is applied in the winter and dug or ploughed in. London manure from stables is used to an enormous extent. Rags, fur waste, sprats, wood waste and shoddy, are also put on in the winter. In the summer, rape dust, guano, nitrate of soda and various patent Hopmanures are chopped in with the Canterbury hoe. Fish guano, or desiccated fish, is largely used; it is very stimulating and more lasting than some of the forcing manures. Hop-land is ploughed or dug between November and March. After this, the plants are trimmed or 'dressed,' i.e. all the old bine ends are cut off with a sharp curved Hop-knife and the plant centres kept level with the ground. Much attention is required to keep the bines in their places on the poles, strings or wire during the summer. The Hop cones - or strobiles - are fit to gather when a brown-amber colour and of a firm consistence. The stalks are then cut at the base and removed with the poles and laid horizontally on frames of wood, to each of which is attached a large sack into which the Hops fall as they are picked. When picked, the Hops are at once taken to the kiln or oast-house, and dried, as they are liable to become spoiled in a few hours, especially when picked moist. During the process of drying which is carried out in a similar manner to the drying of malt, great care is required to prevent overheating, by which the essential oil would become volatilized. The Hops are spread 8 to 12 inches deep, on hair-cloth, also being sometimes exposed to fumes of burning sulphur. When the ends of the stalks shrivel, they are removed from the kiln and laid on a woodenfloor till quite cool, when they are packed in bales, known as 'pockets.' The difficulties attendant upon the cultivation of Hops have been aggravated and the expenses increased in recent years by the regularly recurring attacks of aphis blight, due to the insect Aphis humuli, which make it necessary to spray or syringe every Hop plant, every branch and leaf with insecticidal solutions three or four times and sometimes more often in each season. Quassia and soft soap solutions are usually employed: the soft soap serves as a vehicle to retain the bitterness of the quassia upon the bines and leaves, making them repulsive to the Aphides, which are thus starved out. The solution is made from 4 to 8 lb. of quassia chips to 100 gallons of water. Another pest, the Red Spider (Tetranychus telarius) is most destructive in very hot summers. Congregating on the under surfaces of the leaves, the red spiders exhaust the sap and cause the leaves to fall. The Quassia and Soft Soap Hopwash is of little avail in the case of Red Spider. Some success has attended the use of a solution consisting of 8 to 10 lb. of soft soap to 100 gallons of water, with 3 pints of paraffin added. It must be applied with great force, to break through the webs with which the spiders protect themselves. Hop washing is done by means of large garden engines worked by hand or by horseengines: even steam-engines have sometimes been employed. Among fungoid parasites, Mould or Mildew is frequently the cause of loss to Hop planters. It is due to the action of the fungus Podosphaera castagnei, and the mischief is more especially that done to the cones. The remedy is sulphur, employed usually in the form of flowers of sulphur, from 40 to 60 lb. per acre being applied at each sulphuring, distributed by means of a blast pipe. The first sulphuring takes place when the plants are fairly up the poles and is repeated three or four weeks later, and even again if indications of mildew are present. Sulphur is also successfully employed in the form of an alkaline sulphur, such as a solution of liver of sulphur, a variety of potassium sulphide. [ Top ] ---Parts Used Medicinally--- (a) The strobiles, collected and dried as described. (b) The Lupulin, separated from the strobiles by sifting. ---Chemical Constituents--- The aromatic odour of the Hop strobiles is due to a volatile oil, of which they yield about 0.3 to 1.0 per cent. It appears to consist chiefly of the sesquiterpene Humulene. Petroleum spirit extracts 7 to 14 per cent of a powerfully antiseptic soft resin, and ether extracts a hard resin. The petroleum spirit extract contains the two crystalline bitter principles (a) Lupamaric acid (Humulone), (b) Lupamaric acid (Lupulinic acid). These bodies are chiefly contained in the glands at the base of the bracts. The leafy organs contain about 5 per cent of tannin which is not a constituent of the glands. Hops yield about 7 per cent Ash. The oil and the bitter principle combine to make Hops more useful than Chamomile, Gentian or any other bitter in the manufacture of beer: hence the medicinal value of extra-hopped or bitter beer. The tannic acid contained in the strobiles adds to the value of Hops by causing precipitation of vegetable mucilage and consequently the cleansing of beer. Fresh Hops possess a bitter aromatic taste and a strong characteristic odour. The latter, however, changes and becomes distinctly unpleasant as the Hops are kept. This change is ascribed to oxidation of the soft resin with production of Valerianic acid. On account of the rapid change in the odour of Hops, the recently dried fruits should alone be used: these may be recognized by the characteristic odour and distinctly green colour. Those which have been subjected to the treatment of sulphuring are not to be used in pharmacy. This process is conducted with a view of improving the colour and odour of the Hops, since sulphuric acid is found to retard the production of the Valerianic odour and to both preserve and improve the colour of the Hops. Lupulin, which consists of the glandular powder present on the seeds and surface of the scales, may be separated by shaking the strobiles. The drug occurs in a granular, brownish-yellow powder, with the strong odour and bitter aromatic taste characteristic of Hops. The glands readily burst on the application of slight pressure and discharge their granular oleo-resinous contents. Commercial Lupulin is often of a very inferior quality, and consists of the sifted sweepings from the floors of hop-kilns. It should contain not more than 40 per cent of matter insoluble in ether and not yield more than 12 per cent of ash on incineration. A dark colour and disagreeable odour indicates an old drug. The chief constituent of Lupulin is about 3 per cent of volatile oil, which consists chiefly of Humulene, together with various oxygenated bodies to which the oil owes its peculiar odour. Other constituents are the two Lupamaric acids, cholene and resin. Lupulin is official both in the British Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopoeia. [ Top ] ---Medicinal Action and Uses--- Hops have tonic, nervine, diuretic and anodyne properties. Their volatile oil produces sedative and soporific effects, and the Lupamaric acid or bitter principle is stomachic and tonic. For this reason Hops improve the appetite and promote sleep. The official preparations are an infusion and a tincture. The infusion is employed as a vehicle, especially for bitters and tonics: the tincture is stomachic and is used to improve the appetite and digestion. Both preparations have been considered to be sedative, were formerly much given in nervousness and hysteria and at bedtime to induce sleep; in cases of nervousness, delirium and inflammation being considered to produce a most soothing effect, frequently procuring for the patient sleep after long periods of sleeplessness in overwrought conditions of the brain. The bitter principle in the Hop proves one of the most efficacious vegetable bitters obtainable. An infusion of 1/2 oz. Hops to 1 pint of water will be found the proper quantity for ordinary use. It has proved of great service also in heart disease, fits, neuralgia and nervous disorders, besides being a useful tonic in indigestion, jaundice, and stomach and liver affections generally. It gives prompt ease to an irritable bladder, and is said to be an excellent drink in cases of delirium tremens. Sherry in which some Hops have been steeped makes a capital stomachic cordial. A pillow of warm Hops will often relieve toothache and earache and allay nervous irritation. An infusion of the leaves, strobiles and stalks, as Hop Tea, taken by the wineglassful two or three times daily in the early spring, is good for sluggish livers. Hop Tea in the leaf, as frequently sold by grocers, consists of Kentish Hop leaves, dried, crushed under rollers and then mixed with ordinary Ceylon or Indian Tea. The infusion combines the refreshment of the one herb with the sleepinducing virtues of the other. Hop juice cleanses the blood, and for calculus trouble nothing better can be found than the bitter principle of the Hop. A decoction of the root has been esteemed as of equal benefit with Sarsaparilla. As an external remedy, an infusion of Hops is much in demand in combination with chamomile flowers or poppy heads as a fomentation for swelling of a painful nature, inflammation, neuralgic and rheumatic pains, bruises, boils and gatherings. It removes pain and allays inflammation in a very short time. The Hops may also be applied as a poultice. The drug Lupulin is an aromatic bitter and is reputed to be midly sedative, inducing sleep without causing headache. It is occasionally administered as a hypnotic, either in pills with alcohol, or enclosed in a cachet. Preparations of Lupulin are not much used in this country, although official, but in the United States they are considered preferable for internal use.	Oast house
What is the capital of Haiti?	Hop Production \| Roy Farms Hop Production Whether a hop yard is configured in the conventional high trellis style or on new low trellis systems, production starts with the planting of new, disease-free hop roots in February through March. The grower hopes that the selection of the planted variety will have commercial value for at least 7 years from date of planting—switching varieties is costly and not done on a whim. Some varieties will be able to produce a commercially viable crop in the first year though this is exhibited by only a few super-alpha varieties. Even these will take another year to stabilize agronomic production of optimum alpha acid (bitterness) per acre. The traditional bittering and aroma varieties may deliver a good crop the second Fall after planting but three years is typical to achieve full potential in both yield and brewing quality. Hops are very energetic—from a clump of emergent green shoots in early May and trained later in the month, the hop bine in a conventional yard will race up a twine over 20 feet long to trellis wire above by the 4th of July. Shortly after, side branching begins on many varieties. Once the female flowers or cones emerge, the energy of the plant is directed to adding vegetation to the cone’s structure. As the cone grows to full size, the resins and oils essential for beer taste and aroma are laid down in specialized structures (lupulin glands) within it. Cones reach maturity in late August for the aroma crop and harvest is continuous through late September as the old-style bittering then super-alpha hops are brought in. The preparation and nurturing of the crop over the growing period will only be rewarded if harvest is synchronized to each variety’s maturity. Any delay leads to losses of quantity, quality or both. What kind of hops do we grow? Well, that is a big question. “Kind” encompasses varietal classification, trellis system and conventional cultivation vs. organic. Here is a quick review of the varieties and growing systems at Roy Farms. Full Range of Varieties We produce varieties in every classification: super-alpha, high-alpha, aroma and the latest development—high alpha with unique, desirable aroma properties. Conventional or Low-Trellis Training Systems For the current season we have yards of varieties under both high- and low-trellis systems. Moving more acreage from conventional high trellis to the more sustainable low-trellis is an ongoing effort as we learn the adaptation of each variety. Conventional Pest Management or Organic An increasing section of the brewery market is looking for organically raised hops and we are working to meet the demand. This, too, represents a learning curve for us as we allocate ground to varietal testing and then commercial development of organic yards. Since we have adopted Integrated Pest Management (the late 1980’s) and then increasing plant pest resistance from increasing soil health (turn of the millennium), our challenges have not been as great as anticipated but there are always things to learn to maximize yield and quality while providing economic return for all stakeholders. Are Roy Farms hops traceable back to field origin and chemical treatment? Absolutely! Back about 10 years ago it became apparent that brewers wanted to know more about food safety issues related to their hops—what chemicals had been applied, how close to harvest they had been applied and more. We were faced with a decision: “Do we assemble this information for selected parts of our market or do we maintain this data as part of serving the entire hop market?” The answer was easy. We needed to tabulate the information for the safety of farm staff anyway—to observe limits of safe REI’s (Re-Entry Intervals). We knew that the desire of customers for this information would only grow and we had the ability to incorporate the information into our crop management databases... “Why would we NOT make this information a standard part of our product package?” Traceability and food safety concerns (and data gathering) do not end at harvest, our attention to data gathering and reporting are core elements of assigning harvested crop to inventory and logistical planning for sales. Integrated Inventory and Logistics As crop is harvested, it is allocated to specific inventory lines to anticipate market demand by variety, food safety requirements and/or product form (baled hops, hop pellets, etc.) We have historical information as to when each type of product is likely to be required in the marketplace so it is possible for Roy Farms to dedicate lots at harvest to specific hop processing schedules in order to service the very earliest delivery requirements. Hop Processing Bines are cut from high-trellis systems, laid in trailers and moved to the picking facility. There, hop cones are separated from the bines via a picking system and sent to hop kilns for drying. The remaining bines, along with stems and leaves sifted from picked cones, are removed to the composting area. Kilning very gently takes the green hops from moisture of over 70% down to 10-12%. The cones are then moved (very gently again) to a cooling floor to allow for the cones to equalize remaining moisture across the bulk as they cool. The hops may be turned or ventilated on the floor to maximize cooling efficiency and moisture homogeneity. Once the hops are cool, the most common next step in processing is the compression of the raw hops into bales. Hop cones are so low in bulk density that this "densification" step is required to allow for practical transport to hop dealers/processors. Because of the tendency of many hop varieties to rapidly degrade, the time constraint from harvest, picking, kilning and through to baling is kept as short as physically possible. Depending upon the variety and crop year this may be as little as 24 hours or as long as 36 hours. Our hop processing is grounded in three strategic principles: 1. There should be no single point of failure in the system. Harvest must move very efficiently in order to capture the peak of quality present in the fresh hop. To achieve this goal, we have: four separate picking installations each with its own kilning, cooling and baling equipment two separate pellet mills a field picking unit for use on our low-trellis hops 2. Facilities and equipment have to be not only fast but easy to clean and present maximum employee safety and the lowest possible risk of quality loss. All of our buildings, fixed equipment and rolling stock are state-of-the-art. Even those items that are not “new” are constantly refurbished or re-built to the latest standards. 3. Work force stability Even with all the latest technology, there are a lot of judgment calls that need to be made quickly during harvest and processing. Roy Farms meets the challenge by maximizing staff skill and stability. They are engaged in productive jobs throughout the year. That way, we have trained eyes and ears in the right jobs during the critical harvest period. These three key elements allow us to harvest very efficiently without a “rushed” atmosphere around the harvest process. This allows Roy Farms to focus on providing excellent quality and yield to the marketplace. Still, our constant contact with brewers led us to believe that there was even more that we could do for the aroma hop user. And, so we did. Low Temperature Drying of Aroma Hops Brewers seeking the finest in aroma hops are looking for intact hops, deep green in color and possessed of the maximum depth and breadth of the variety-specific “nose”. Past the effort of careful picking and cleaning, the next step to preserve these traits is to slowly dry the hops at lower temperatures than typical for the bittering hops. Lower temperatures minimize the potential oxidation of key elements of the aroma profile. Also, the hop cones reach more even moisture distribution during the kilning process rather than waiting to accomplish this at the cooling floor. This allows for raw hops transfer from kiln to cooling and subsequent processes with less shatter, better color and more of the essential oils maintained in “harvest-fresh” condition. Harvest Fresh Pellets® Our baling units are set up to perform as gentle a “squeeze” on the hops as possible. We have minimized friction at baler walls, perform multiple fills and presses per bale to allow settling of product, and pay careful attention to maximum weight and compression pressure. Despite this, there will always be some disruption to the lupulin glands in the cone which allow for oxidation of brewing resins and essential oils. While some brewers prefer a bit of oxidation on their hops as a positive contribution to flavor, a growing part of the aroma market desires as close “green hop” profile as possible. We meet this need by moving the carefully dried aroma hops directly to a pellet mill and bypass baling entirely. This provides for increased preservation of alpha acids and superior aroma profiles. The pelletizer is configured with a bore size and compression ratio to allow production of outstanding pellets at temperatures below the limit at which oxidation is a problem. Though the pellets are carefully compressed, they still will fit into standard industry boxes for shipment. Hop Contracting The hop market can be very volatile. Supply and demand are not easily forecasted. Current acreage—total and by variety—is generally declining. Many varieties are not widely dispersed in acreage which represents a supply-side vulnerability to the occasional late-season rain, hail and high wind event. At the same time, many brewers prize stability of the hop blends in their beers as essential components of brand signature. They desire continuity of supply, at quantity consistent with their brand growth and, often enough, staggered over multiple years. We have responded to that need by working direct with Brewers along with wholesale dealer/distributor organizations to make allowance for contractual supply of most varieties.	i don't know
What is the surname of Truman, played by Jim Carrey, in the 1998 film The Truman Show?	The Truman Show (1998) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error An insurance salesman/adjuster discovers his entire life is actually a television show. Director: a list of 35 titles created 30 Sep 2011 a list of 26 titles created 03 Dec 2012 a list of 34 titles created 28 Dec 2012 a list of 36 titles created 19 Apr 2015 a list of 37 titles created 8 months ago Title: The Truman Show (1998) 8.1/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 3 Oscars. Another 38 wins & 66 nominations. See more awards » Videos A boy who communicates with spirits that don't know they're dead seeks the help of a disheartened child psychologist. Director: M. Night Shyamalan When their relationship turns sour, a couple undergoes a procedure to have each other erased from their memories. But it is only through the process of loss that they discover what they had to begin with. Director: Michel Gondry During a preview tour, a theme park suffers a major power breakdown that allows its cloned dinosaur exhibits to run amok. Director: Steven Spielberg In a future British tyranny, a shadowy freedom fighter, known only by the alias of "V", plots to overthrow it with the help of a young woman. Director: James McTeigue The true story of Frank Abagnale Jr. who, before his 19th birthday, successfully conned millions of dollars' worth of checks as a Pan Am pilot, doctor, and legal prosecutor. Director: Steven Spielberg In 1954, a U.S. marshal investigates the disappearance of a murderess who escaped from a hospital for the criminally insane. Director: Martin Scorsese A sexually frustrated suburban father has a mid-life crisis after becoming infatuated with his daughter's best friend. Director: Sam Mendes A troubled teenager is plagued by visions of a man in a large rabbit suit who manipulates him to commit a series of crimes, after he narrowly escapes a bizarre accident. Director: Richard Kelly The Bride wakens from a four-year coma. The child she carried in her womb is gone. Now she must wreak vengeance on the team of assassins who betrayed her - a team she was once part of. Director: Quentin Tarantino Marty McFly, a 17-year-old high school student, is accidentally sent 30 years into the past in a time-traveling DeLorean invented by his close friend, the maverick scientist Doc Brown. Director: Robert Zemeckis After John Nash , a brilliant but asocial mathematician, accepts secret work in cryptography, his life takes a turn for the nightmarish. Director: Ron Howard Forrest Gump, while not intelligent, has accidentally been present at many historic moments, but his true love, Jenny Curran, eludes him. Director: Robert Zemeckis Edit Storyline In this movie, Truman is a man whose life is a fake one... The place he lives is in fact a big studio with hidden cameras everywhere, and all his friends and people around him, are actors who play their roles in the most popular TV-series in the world: The Truman Show. Truman thinks that he is an ordinary man with an ordinary life and has no idea about how he is exploited. Until one day... he finds out everything. Will he react? Written by Chris Makrozahopoulos <[email protected]> We like to watch! See more » Genres: Rated PG for thematic elements and mild language \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 5 June 1998 (USA) See more » Also Known As: $31,542,121 (USA) (5 June 1998) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia In a deleted scene, Truman runs into a jogger played by the same actor who played a homeless man in a wheelchair two days earlier. See more » Goofs In the boat after the storm, Truman has a rope going over his thigh. A second later it is tied around by a big knot. See more » Quotes [first lines] Christof : We've become bored with watching actors give us phony emotions. We are tired of pyrotechnics and special effects. While the world he inhabits is, in some respects, counterfeit, there's nothing fake about Truman himself. No scripts, no cue cards. It isn't always Shakespeare, but it's genuine. It's a life. See more » Crazy Credits Opening credits are for the "real" Truman Show, with lines like "starring Truman Burbank as himself" and "created and directed by Christof". See more » Connections Written and Performed by Philip Glass Courtesy of Nonesuch Records See more » Frequently Asked Questions (London, England) – See all my reviews Truman Burbank (Jim Carrey) is the most famous man in the world, and he doesn't even know it. Raised entirely 'within' a television show which comprises his entire world, Truman is an Everyman for the post-television age. Truman's world, "Seahaven", is an Eisenhower-era model of American bliss, recalling the prison-like Port Meirion and the moral certainty of Bedford Falls (Its a Wonderful Life). Surreptitiously filmed around the clock by 5000 hidden cameras, the show exists inside an enormous geodesic dome with simulated weather and even its own ocean. Through a series of production blunders Truman slowly realises that he is being controlled and that perhaps all in his world is not as it seems. His surrogate father by proxy, 'Christof' the producer/director, goes from being benevolent social scientist to evil genius as his attempts to frustrate Truman's wanderlust become more and more deadly. Will he escape? The film raises some interesting points about our fascination with life as seen through the magnifying lens of tv, and the morality of real lives viewed as so much entertainment. But like most soaps the scenes from "The Truman Show" that appear within the movie are variously dull, mawkish and sentimental. At points the film has a problem deciding on whether it is going to be a straight escape-chase movie or a philosophical piece about morality and technology. The t.v. show's inherent blandess also lends little to the pace or our sense that there are characters worth caring about. Carrey is good. This in itself is gratifying, and a tribute to a script that walks the tightrope of imitating bad t.v. in tandem with the metaphysical angst of Truman's unique situation. If it isn't quite the film it could have been, The Truman Show is still pretty much unique in the recent crop from our cultural overlords in Hollywood. No arthouse here, this is a watchable, big-budget think piece, with well-executed and stylish direction. Its too early to say but this film may have given some execs at NBC, ABC et al. one very bad idea... 82 of 127 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Burbank
The lakes Van, Tuz, Uluabat, and Beysehir are among the largest in which country?	The Truman Show Essay By: Janna • 283 Words • June 3, 2010 • 382 Views Page 1 of 2 The Truman Show An interesting character in the film ‘The Truman Show’ by Peter Weir was Truman Burbank, played by Jim Carrey. The film is about a reality TV show which revolves around the life of unaware Truman. His life has been broadcasted to the world ever since his birth. In Truman’s world everything is fake except for him. What I find so interesting about the character is the way he reacts to his environment and how he manages to discover what he truly is. We first see Truman as cheerful and friendly. He is seen greeting his neighbours and socialising with regular by passers. As the film progresses Truman becomes paranoid as he notices strange things happening around him. Such as when a light falls from the sky and how everything happening around him seems to be lifeless. Truman’s optimistic personality soon changes to something frustrated and naпve. In one scene, where Truman is talking to his best friend, he shares his thoughts with him. “I’m on to Symbols for Truman In the movie The Truman Show, the director, Peter Weir, uses many symbols to help convey ideas throughout the film. By 700 Words \| 3 Pages The film uses an imaginary world вЂњSeahavenвЂќ to show the audience in the real world how we react to the media. Our emotions are often 1,285 Words \| 6 Pages Images are pervading forces that sculpt our attitudes and beliefs about our world, our community & ourselves through media production. Through my study of Peter 1,033 Words \| 5 Pages НNDICE Introducciуn………………………………………………………………2 Ficha Tйcnica……………………………………………………………..3 Sinopsis……………………………………………………………………4 Ficha Artнstica…………………………………………………………….5 Anбlisis de los usos de la informaciуn y la comunicaciуn……………...9 • Bloque I: Informaciуn ... 7,819 Words \| 32 Pages Critical Analysis of "The Truman Show" and Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" When "The Truman Show" was released in 1998, it was just another popular 1,425 Words \| 6 Pages	i don't know
Which phobia is colloquially associated with the disease rabies?	CDC - Rabies Rabies Global Rabies Control - Three Months, Three Continents Rabies is a preventable viral disease of mammals most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal. The vast majority of rabies cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) each year occur in wild animals like raccoons, skunks, bats, and foxes. The rabies virus infects the central nervous system, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death. The early symptoms of rabies in people are similar to that of many other illnesses, including fever, headache, and general weakness or discomfort. As the disease progresses, more specific symptoms appear and may include insomnia, anxiety, confusion, slight or partial paralysis, excitation, hallucinations, agitation, hypersalivation (increase in saliva), difficulty swallowing, and hydrophobia (fear of water). Death usually occurs within days of the onset of these symptoms. Rabies basics	Hydrophobia
Which region and river in the north of South America, now part of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, gave its name to a sweetener produced from local crops?	Rabies - Chapter 3 - 2016 Yellow Book \| Travelers' Health \| CDC Cathleen A. Hanlon, David R. Shlim INFECTIOUS AGENT Rabies is an acute, fatal, progressive encephalomyelitis caused by neurotropic viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus. Numerous and diverse variants of lyssaviruses are found throughout the world, all of which may cause fatal human rabies cases. Tens of millions of human exposures and tens of thousands of deaths may occur each year. TRANSMISSION The most natural and successful mode of transmission is through the bite of a rabid animal. Virus at the wound site may remain undetectable during a variable incubation period; there is no viremia. Clinical illness begins following invasion of the peripheral and then central nervous system and culminates in acute fatal encephalitis. Exposure of highly innervated tissue and close proximity to the brain increases the risk of successful infection and may result in postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) failure if there is a delay in administration. Rarely, virus has been transmitted by exposures other than bites, such as introducing the agent into open wounds (such as through scratches) or mucous membranes and transplantation of tissues from undiagnosed rabid donors. All mammals are believed to be susceptible to infection, but major reservoirs are carnivores and bats. Although dogs are the main reservoir in developing countries, the epidemiology of the disease differs from one region or country to another, so that all patients with mammal bites should be medically evaluated. Bat bites anywhere in the world are a cause of concern and an indication to consider prophylaxis. EPIDEMIOLOGY Rabies is found on all continents, except Antarctica. Regionally, different viral variants are adapted to various mammalian hosts and perpetuate in dogs and wildlife, such as bats and some carnivores, including foxes, jackals, mongooses, raccoons, and skunks. In certain areas of the world, canine rabies remains enzootic, including parts of Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. Table 3-14 lists countries that have reported no cases of rabies during the most recent period for which information is available (formerly referred to as “rabies-free” countries). Timely and specific information about the global occurrence of rabies is often difficult to find. Surveillance levels vary, and reporting status can change suddenly as a result of disease reintroduction or emergence. The rate of rabies exposures in travelers is at best an estimate and may range from 16 to 200 per 100,000 travelers. CLINICAL PRESENTATION After infection, the incubation period is variable, but clinical illness most commonly develops in several weeks to several months after exposure. The disease progresses rapidly from a nonspecific, prodromal phase with fever and vague symptoms to an acute, progressive encephalitis. The neurologic phase may be characterized by anxiety, paresis, paralysis, and other signs of encephalitis; spasms of swallowing muscles can be stimulated by the sight, sound, or perception of water (hydrophobia); and delirium and convulsions can develop, followed rapidly by coma and death. Once clinical signs manifest, patients die quickly, but with intensive supportive care may succumb in 7–14 days. DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis may be relatively simple in a patient with a compatible history and a classic clinical presentation. However, clinical suspicion and prioritization of differential diagnoses may be complicated by variations in clinical presentation and a lack of exposure history. The exposure history is especially evasive if the risk of exposure to rabies was not recognized, the exposure was not discussed with friends and family, and several weeks to months have elapsed since the exposure. Definitive antemortem diagnosis requires high-complexity experimental test methods on multiple samples (such as serum, cerebrospinal fluid [CSF], saliva, and skin biopsy from the nape of the neck), which are best collected sequentially if initial testing is negative. Additional detailed information on diagnostic testing may be obtained from CDC ( http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/specific_groups/doctors/ante_mortem.html ). Rising levels of rabies virus–neutralizing antibodies, particularly in the CSF, is diagnostic in an unvaccinated, encephalitic patient. Table 3-14. Countries and political units that reported no indigenous cases of rabies during 20151 REGION South: Argentina, Chile, Easter Island, Falkland Islands, Galápagos Islands, South Georgia and South Sandwich Island, Uruguay Asia and the Middle East British Indian Ocean Territory, Hong Kong, Japan, Macau, Maldives, Singapore Europe2 Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azores, Balearic Islands, Belgium, Channel Islands, Corsica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Portugal, San Marino, Spain (except Ceuta and Melilla), Switzerland, and United Kingdom Oceania3 American Samoa, Australia, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tahiti, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wake Islands, Wallis and Futuna Antarctic Antarctica 1Global surveillance efforts and reporting standards differ dramatically, conditions may change rapidly because of animal translocation, and bat rabies may exist in some areas that are reportedly “free” of rabies in other mammals. 2Bat lyssaviruses have been reported throughout Europe, including areas that are reportedly free of rabies in other wild mammals. 3Most of Pacific Oceania is reportedly “rabies-free,” with the exception of Australia, where lyssaviruses in bats have been reported, as well as fatal human rabies cases. TREATMENT There is not yet an evidence-based “best practices” medical approach to treating patients with rabies; most patients are managed with symptomatic and palliative supportive care. An experimental approach, known as the Milwaukee protocol, involves inducing coma and treating with antiviral drugs, but it remains controversial ( www.chw.org/display/PPF/DocID/33223/router.asp ). Rabies is still considered 100% fatal for practical purposes, and preventive measures are the only way to optimize survival after a bite from a rabid animal. PREVENTION Rabies in travelers is best prevented by having a comprehensive strategy. This consists of 1) education about risks and the need to avoid bites from mammals, especially high-risk rabies reservoir species; 2) knowing how to prevent rabies after a bite; and 3) being able to obtain PEP, which may involve urgent international travel to where PEP is available. No traveler is known to have died while trying to obtain PEP. Travelers who have died of rabies either did not seek PEP or received inadequate care when they did. Avoiding Animal Bites Travelers to rabies-enzootic countries should be warned about the risk of rabies exposure and educated in avoiding animal bites. Travelers should avoid free-ranging mammals, be aware of their surroundings so that they do not accidentally surprise a dog, and avoid contact with bats and other wildlife. Although nonhuman primates are rarely rabid, they are a common source of bites, mainly on the Indian subcontinent. Awareness of this risk and simple prevention is particularly effective. Travelers should be advised to not approach or otherwise interact with monkeys or carry food while monkeys are near, especially those habituated to tourists. Entering caves where bats may be found is usually not a concern for rabies (although bat caves may be a source of Marburg or other viruses [see Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers later in this chapter]), but travelers should be educated to not handle bats or other wildlife. Many bats have tiny teeth, and not all wounds may be apparent. Any suspected or documented bite or wound from a bat should be grounds for seeking PEP. Children are at higher risk for rabies exposure and subsequent illness because of their smaller stature, which makes severe bites to high-risk areas, such as the face and head, more likely. Also contributing to the higher risk is their natural curiosity and attraction to animals and the possibility that they may not report an exposure. Preexposure Vaccination Preexposure rabies vaccination may be recommended for certain international travelers, based on the occurrence of animal rabies in the destination country; the availability of antirabies biologics; intended activities, especially in remote areas; and duration of stay. A decision to receive preexposure rabies immunization may also be based on the likelihood of repeat travel to at-risk destinations or long-term travel to a high-risk destination. Preexposure vaccination may be recommended for veterinarians, animal handlers, field biologists, cavers, missionaries, and certain laboratory workers. Table 3-15 provides criteria for preexposure vaccination. The level of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies is typically used to dictate the need for booster vaccination. Globally, few laboratories perform the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test, which is the gold standard test method for measuring rabies antibody levels. Those in the United States are listed on the CDC website ( http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/specific_groups/doctors/serology.html ). Regardless of whether preexposure vaccine is administered, travelers going to areas where the risk of rabies is high should be encouraged to purchase medical evacuation insurance (see Chapter 2, Travel Insurance, Travel Health Insurance, & Medical Evacuation Insurance ). In the United States, preexposure vaccination consists of a series of 3 intramuscular injections in the deltoid with human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV) or purified chick embryo cell (PCEC) vaccine. The schedule for this series is given in Table 3-16 . Travelers should receive all 3 preexposure immunizations before travel. If 3 doses of rabies vaccine cannot be completed before travel, the traveler should not start the series, as few data exist to guide PEP after a partial immunization series. Preexposure vaccination does not eliminate the need for additional medical attention after a rabies exposure, but it simplifies PEP. Preexposure vaccination may also provide some protection when an exposure to rabies virus is unrecognized and PEP might be delayed. Travelers who have completed a 3-dose preexposure rabies immunization series or have received full PEP are considered preexposure immunized and do not require routine boosters. Periodic serum testing for rabies virus–neutralizing antibody is not necessary in most international travelers. Wound Management Any animal bite or scratch should be thoroughly cleaned with copious amounts of soap and water. All travelers should be informed that immediately cleaning bites as soon as possible substantially reduces the risk of infection, especially when followed by timely administration of PEP. For previously unvaccinated patients, wounds that might require suturing should have the suturing delayed for a few days. If suturing is necessary to control bleeding or for functional or cosmetic reasons, rabies immune globulin (RIG) should be injected into all wounded tissues before suturing. The use of local anesthetic is not contraindicated in wound management. Postexposure Prophylaxis In Travelers Who Received Preexposure Vaccination PEP for someone previously immunized consists of 2 doses of modern cell culture vaccine given on days 0 and 3 after the exposure. The booster doses do not have to be the same brand as the one in the original preexposure immunization series. In Travelers Who Did Not Receive Preexposure Vaccination PEP for a previously unvaccinated patient consists of injections of RIG (20 IU/kg) and a series of 4 injections of rabies vaccine over 14 days or 5 doses over a 1-month period in immunosuppressed patients ( Table 3-17 ). After wound cleansing, as much of the dose-appropriate volume of RIG ( Table 3-17 ) as is anatomically feasible should be injected at the wound site, striving to put the RIG in the areas where the animal’s teeth have wounded the tissue. If the wound is small and on a distal extremity such as a finger or toe, the health care provider will have to use judgment as to how much to inject at the wound to avoid local tissue compression and complications. Any remaining dose should be administered intramuscularly. If the wounds are extensive, the dose-appropriate volume of RIG must not be exceeded. If the volume is inadequate to inject all the wounds, the RIG may be diluted with normal saline so that some can be injected in each of the wounds. This is a particular issue in children, whose body weight may be small in relation to the size and number of wounds. RIG is difficult to access in many countries. If modern cell culture vaccine is available but access to RIG is delayed, the vaccine series should be started as soon as possible, and RIG may be added to the regimen up to and including day 7. After day 7, RIG is contraindicated because it may compromise the patient’s adaptive immunity to the vaccination series. Because rabies virus can persist in tissue for a long time before gaining access to a peripheral nerve, a traveler who has sustained a bite that is suspicious for rabies should receive full PEP, including RIG, even if a considerable length of time has passed since the initial exposure. If there is a scar, or the patient remembers where the bite occurred, an appropriate amount of RIG should be injected in that area. Human RIG is manufactured by plasmapheresis of blood from hyperimmunized volunteers. The quantity of commercially produced human RIG falls short of worldwide demand, and it is not available in many developing countries. Equine RIG or purified fractions of equine RIG may be available in some developing countries where human RIG might not be available. If necessary, such heterologous products are preferable to no RIG. The incidence of adverse events after the use of modern equine-derived RIG is low (0.8%–6.0%), and most reactions are minor. However, such products are not evaluated by US standards or regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, and their use cannot unequivocally be recommended. In addition, unpurified antirabies serum of equine origin might still be used in some countries where neither human nor equine RIG is available. The use of this antirabies serum is associated with higher rates of serious adverse reactions, including anaphylaxis. Different PEP schedules, alternative routes of administration, and other rabies vaccines besides HDCV and PCEC may be used abroad. For example, commercially available purified Vero cell rabies vaccine and purified duck embryo cell vaccine are acceptable alternatives if available. Assistance in managing complicated PEP scenarios may be obtained from experienced travel medicine professionals, health departments, and CDC. Rabies vaccine was once manufactured from viruses grown in animal brains, and some of these vaccines are still in use in developing countries. Typically, the brain-derived vaccines can be identified if the traveler is offered a large-volume injection (5 mL) daily for approximately 14–21 days. Because of variability of potency in these preparations, which may limit effectiveness, and the risk of adverse reactions, the traveler should not accept these vaccines but travel to where acceptable vaccines and RIG are available. Rabies Vaccine Vaccine Safety and Adverse Reactions Travelers should be advised that they may experience local reactions after vaccination, such as pain, erythema, swelling, or itching at the injection site, or mild systemic reactions, such as headache, nausea, abdominal pain, muscle aches, and dizziness. Approximately 6% of people receiving booster vaccinations with HDCV may experience an immune complex–like reaction characterized by urticaria, pruritus, and malaise. The likelihood of these reactions may be less with PCEC. Once initiated, rabies PEP should not be interrupted or discontinued because of local or mild systemic reactions to rabies vaccine. Precautions and Contraindications Pregnancy is not a contraindication to PEP. In infants and children, the dose of HDCV or PCEC for preexposure or PEP is the same as that recommended for adults. The dose of RIG for PEP is based on body weight ( Table 3-17 ). Table 3-15. Criteria for preexposure immunization for rabies RISK CATEGORY Exposure always episodic, with source recognized US population at large, including individuals in rabies-epizootic areas No preexposure immunization necessary 1Judgment of relative risk and extra monitoring of vaccination status of laboratory workers is the responsibility of the laboratory supervisor (see www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5 for more information). 2Preexposure booster immunization consists of 1 dose of human diploid cell (rabies) vaccine or purified chick embryo cell vaccine, 1.0-mL dose, intramuscular (deltoid area). Per Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations, minimum acceptable antibody level is complete virus neutralization at a 1:5 serum dilution by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test, which is equivalent to approximately 0.1 IU/mL. A booster dose should be administered if titer falls below this level in populations that remain at risk. Table 3-16. Preexposure immunization for rabies1 VACCINE 0, 3 IM Abbreviations: RIG, rabies immune globulin; IM, intramuscular; HDCV, human diploid cell vaccine; PCEC, purified chick embryo cell. 1All postexposure prophylaxis should begin with immediate, thorough cleansing of all wounds with soap and water. 2Five vaccine doses for the immunosuppressed patient. The first 4 vaccine doses are given on the same schedule as for an immunocompetent patient, and the fifth dose is given on day 28; patient follow-up should include monitoring antibody response. See http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5902a1.htm for more information. The World Health Organization recommends this fifth dose for all patients, not just those who are immunocompromised. 3CDC recommends 4 postexposure vaccine doses, on days 0, 3, 7, and 14, unless the patient is immunocompromised in some way, in which case a fifth dose is given at day 28. 4Preexposure immunization with HDCV or PCEC, prior postexposure prophylaxis with HDCV or PCEC, or people previously immunized with any other type of rabies vaccine and a documented history of positive rabies virus neutralizing antibody response to the prior vaccination. 5RIG should not be administered. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gautret P, Parola P. Rabies vaccination for international travelers. Vaccine. 2012 Jan 5;30(2):126–33. Gautret P, Tantawichien T, Vu Hai V, Piyaphanee W. Determinants of pre-exposure rabies vaccination among foreign backpackers in Bangkok, Thailand. Vaccine. 2011 May 23;29(23):3931–4. Malerczyk C, Detora L, Gniel D. Imported human rabies cases in Europe, the United States, and Japan, 1990 to 2010. J Travel Med. 2011 Nov–Dec;18(6):402–7. Mills DJ, Lau CL, Weinstein P. Animal bites and rabies exposure in Australian travellers. Med J Aust. 2011 Dec 19;195(11–12):673–5. Rupprecht CE, Briggs D, Brown CM, Franka R, Katz SL, Kerr HD, et al. Use of a reduced (4-dose) vaccine schedule for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent human rabies: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Mar 19;59(RR-2):1–9. Rupprecht CE, Gibbons RV. Clinical practice. Prophylaxis against rabies. N Engl J Med. 2004 Dec 16;351(25):2626–35. Smith A, Petrovic M, Solomon T, Fooks A. Death from rabies in a UK traveller returning from India. Euro Surveill. 2005 Jul;10(30):pii=2761. van Thiel PP, de Bie RM, Eftimov F, Tepaske R, Zaaijer HL, van Doornum GJ, et al. Fatal human rabies due to Duvenhage virus from a bat in Kenya: failure of treatment with coma-induction, ketamine, and antiviral drugs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3(7):e428. Warrell MJ, Warrell DA. Rabies and other lyssavirus diseases. Lancet. 2004 Mar 20;363(9413):959–69. World Health Organization. WHO expert consultation on rabies. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2005;931:1–88.	i don't know
In the Bible, who was the sister of Mary and Lazarus?	Women of the Bible - Mary, Sister of Lazarus Women of the Bible Include this form on your page Mary of Bethany, the sister of Lazarus and Martha (John 11:1). Jesus commended her for being more interested in hearing him than in providing a bounteous dinner (Luke 10:42). She joined with Martha in saying to Jesus after the death of Lazarus, "Lord, . . . if you had been here, my brother would not have died" (John 11:21). Afterward, a week before the last Passover, when Jesus was a guest in the house of Simon the Leper (Mark 14:3), she showed her devotion to Jesus by anointing his head and feet with costly ointment and wiping his feet with her hair (John 12:3). Her act would always be remembered (Matt 26:6-13; Mark 14:3-9), an act of love and a preparation for his coming death (John 12:7-8). --------------------------------------------------------- Excerpted from Compton's Interactive Bible NIV Copyright (c) 1994, 1995, 1996 SoftKey Multimedia Inc. All Rights Reserved Mary of Bethany; sister of Lazarus and Martha; lived in Bethany (Jn 11:1), commended by Jesus (Lk 10:42), anointed feet of Jesus (Jn 12:3). --------------------------------------------------------- Excerpted from Compton's Interactive Bible NIV Copyright (c) 1994, 1995, 1996 SoftKey Multimedia Inc. All Rights Reserved	Martha
Inferno, Paradiso and Purgatorio are sections of which epic poem by Italian Dante Alighieri?	Profiles of Faith: Mary & Martha - Lessons from Two Sisters \| United Church of God United Church of God Profiles of Faith: Mary & Martha - Lessons from Two Sisters You are here UCG.org / The Good News / Profiles of Faith: Mary & Martha - Lessons from... Profiles of Faith Mary & Martha - Lessons from Two Sisters Posted on Dec 5, 1999 Login or Create an Account With a UCG.org account you will be able to save items to read and study later! Sign In \| Sign Up × In a world filled with distractions, the story of Mary and Martha can help you set your life in order. Illustration by Michael Woodruff “Then Mary took...costly oil of spikenard, anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped His feet with her hair. And the whole house was filled with the fragrance...” Jesus and His disciples arrived at the home of Lazarus, Mary and Martha about mealtime. It was Martha who invited them in. Nothing is said in the Bible account about the cordial greetings they exchanged, but an important lesson was recorded during that visit that should positively affect us. Notice the exchange between Jesus and Martha: “She [Martha] had a sister called Mary, who also sat at Jesus’ feet and heard His word. But Martha was distracted with much serving, and she approached Him and said, ‘Lord, do You not care that my sister has left me to serve alone? Therefore tell her to help me.’ And Jesus answered and said to her, ‘Martha, Martha, you are worried and troubled about many things. But one thing is needed, and Mary has chosen that good part, which will not be taken from her’ ” ( Luke 10:39-42 Luke 10:39-42 39 And she had a sister called Mary, which also sat at Jesus’ feet, and heard his word. 40 But Martha was encumbered about much serving, and came to him, and said, Lord, do you not care that my sister has left me to serve alone? bid her therefore that she help me. 41 And Jesus answered and said to her, Martha, Martha, you are careful and troubled about many things: 42 But one thing is needful: and Mary has chosen that good part, which shall not be taken away from her. American King James Version × ). Scripture doesn’t record whether Jesus’ response made a lasting impression on Martha’s understanding, but we can hope this spiritual lesson—so inseparably linked to our priorities—will favorably impact us. What did Mary have that Martha needed? What was the “good part” Mary chose? Why will the good part that Mary chose remain hers forever? In a world filled with distractions, the story of Mary and Martha can help you set your life in order. Home away from home The Gospels record that Jesus felt comfortable in the home of Mary and Martha and their brother Lazarus. The four weren’t just acquaintances; they were close friends. Earlier, when Jesus had come to resurrect Lazarus from the dead, He showed great respect and love for Mary and Martha ( John 11:3 John 11:3Therefore his sisters sent to him, saying, Lord, behold, he whom you love is sick. American King James Version × ). Luke’s account also shows the closeness between Jesus and this family. “Now it happened as they went that He entered a certain village; and a certain woman named Martha welcomed Him into her house” ( Luke 10:38 Luke 10:38Now it came to pass, as they went, that he entered into a certain village: and a certain woman named Martha received him into her house. × ). Jesus was at ease with Mary, Martha and Lazarus. Their home, at Bethany just outside Jerusalem, might have been considered Jesus’ home away from home. But, though Jesus felt a deep affinity for all three, their personalities and perspectives differed. Martha’s view of life When we visit friends and relatives we have a good idea of how they think and act. Jesus was no different. He appreciated the differences among His three friends and felt comfortable enough to offer constructive advice as to their priorities. Martha’s outlook on life was quite different from Mary’s. It is possible that Martha was older and that her age figured into her personality and perspective. Martha’s words and actions depict her as practical and efficient. Nothing is wrong with being practical and efficient if it doesn’t interfere with the more important things in life. If it does, it can become a problem. God recorded important examples for us in Scripture ( 1 Corinthians 10:11 1 Corinthians 10:11Now all these things happened to them for ensamples: and they are written for our admonition, on whom the ends of the world are come. American King James Version × ), so we can learn from Martha’s and Mary’s recorded actions. Martha appears to be the leader and the more hospitable and social of the two: “Now it happened as they went that He entered a certain village; and a certain woman named Martha welcomed Him into her house” ( Luke 10:38 Luke 10:38Now it came to pass, as they went, that he entered into a certain village: and a certain woman named Martha received him into her house. × ). Mary’s outlook “And she had a sister called Mary, who also sat at Jesus’ feet and heard His word” ( Luke 10:39 Luke 10:39And she had a sister called Mary, which also sat at Jesus’ feet, and heard his word. American King James Version × ). If one were to read no further, one could assume Mary may have been a little lazy, leaving the needs of hospitality and hostess to her gregarious sister. It was Martha who invited Jesus into their home. It was Mary who simply sat at Jesus’ feet, listening to Him talk. Who was the more hospitable, the more sociable? Who was more concerned about serving her Savior, Martha or Mary? This attitude, outlook and perspective is the kind of approach God desires in all His disciples. Jesus highly regarded Mary’s approach. Maybe Mary was shy. But we should consider Jesus’ evaluation of Mary’s actions. “But Martha was distracted with much serving, and she approached Him and said, ‘Lord, do You not care that my sister has left me to serve alone? Therefore tell her to help me.’ And Jesus answered and said to her, ‘Martha, Martha, you are worried and troubled about many things. But one thing is needed, and Mary has chosen that good part, which will not be taken away from her’ ” ( Luke 10:40-42 Luke 10:40-42 40 But Martha was encumbered about much serving, and came to him, and said, Lord, do you not care that my sister has left me to serve alone? bid her therefore that she help me. 41 And Jesus answered and said to her, Martha, Martha, you are careful and troubled about many things: 42 But one thing is needful: and Mary has chosen that good part, which shall not be taken away from her. American King James Version × ). To better understand Mary’s actions, let’s read details in John’s account of that same visit. “Then, six days before the Passover, Jesus [and the disciples] came to Bethany, where Lazarus was who had been dead, whom He had raised from the dead. There they made Him a supper; and Martha served, but Lazarus was one of those who sat at the table with Him. Then Mary took a pound of very costly oil of spikenard, anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped His feet with her hair. And the house was filled with the fragrance of the oil” ( John 12:1-3 John 12:1-3 1 Then Jesus six days before the passover came to Bethany, where Lazarus was, which had been dead, whom he raised from the dead. 2 There they made him a supper; and Martha served: but Lazarus was one of them that sat at the table with him. 3 Then took Mary a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house was filled with the odor of the ointment. American King James Version × ). John emphasizes here that Mary was so humble, convicted and dedicated to Jesus and His teachings that no expense or personal act was too great or demanding for her to honor her Savior. This attitude, outlook and perspective is the kind of approach God desires in all His disciples. Jesus highly regarded Mary’s approach. It is illuminating to contrast Mary’s reverence with Martha’s demeanor. Martha was so comfortable with Jesus that she openly included Him in her frustration. Her words “Do You not care?” and “My sister has left me to serve alone” show her frustration. For Martha to intimate that Jesus didn’t care whether Mary was not helping shows both a close relationship and considerable forthrightness. Martha didn’t suggest to Jesus that He ask Mary to help her; she told Him directly to “tell her to help me.” Martha put the onus of responsibility for serving a meal, to her the most important of all responsibilities, on Jesus. Jesus responded forthrightly but tenderly: “Martha, Martha, you are worried and troubled about many things” ( Luke 10:41 Luke 10:41And Jesus answered and said to her, Martha, Martha, you are careful and troubled about many things: × ). Martha was fretting over something quite important to her: providing a meal for Jesus and His disciples. But how important was this compared with other priorities? Choices in life Jesus continued: “But one thing is needed, and Mary has chosen that good part, which will not be taken away from her” ( Luke 10:42 Luke 10:42But one thing is needful: and Mary has chosen that good part, which shall not be taken away from her. American King James Version × ). Jesus said Mary made a conscious decision between two alternatives: She chose listening to Jesus over preparation of a meal. This may sound strange to those who, like Martha, think meal preparation is more important than visiting. But couldn’t that depend on who the guest is? The most pressing need in Martha’s eyes was that of preparing a meal for Jesus and His disciples. Mary saw this situation differently. She chose to listen to the wisdom of Jesus, her Savior, while she had the opportunity. People make choices. They are a part of life. The prophet Moses declared: “I call heaven and earth as witnesses today against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing; therefore choose life, that both you and your descendants may live” ( Deuteronomy 30:19 Deuteronomy 30:19I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing: therefore choose life, that both you and your seed may live: × ). Our daily choices affect our lives, and the end result of this life is determined by the choices we make every day. Jesus said Mary chose “that good part.” The good part we need We have to make a choice as to whether we seek the good part. Jesus tells us our highest priority in life should be to “seek first the kingdom of God and His righteousness …” ( Matthew 6:33 Matthew 6:33But seek you first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness; and all these things shall be added to you. American King James Version × ). He also gives us guidance in how to do that: “Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of God” ( Luke 4:4 Luke 4:4And Jesus answered him, saying, It is written, That man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of God. American King James Version × ). The book of Hebrews tells us the importance of hearing and heeding the words of life: “Therefore we must give the more earnest heed to the things we have heard, lest we drift away. For if the word spoken through angels proved steadfast, and every transgression and disobedience received a just reward, how shall we escape if we neglect so great a salvation, which at the first began to be spoken by the Lord, and was confirmed to us by those who heard Him” ( Hebrews 2:1-3 Hebrews 2:1-3 1 Therefore we ought to give the more earnest heed to the things which we have heard, lest at any time we should let them slip. 2 For if the word spoken by angels was steadfast, and every transgression and disobedience received a just recompense of reward; 3 How shall we escape, if we neglect so great salvation; which at the first began to be spoken by the Lord, and was confirmed to us by them that heard him; × ). The good part lasts forever What did Jesus mean when He spoke of “that good part, which will not be taken away from her”? ( Luke 10:42 Luke 10:42But one thing is needful: and Mary has chosen that good part, which shall not be taken away from her. American King James Version × ). God’s truth and laws will abide forever. Our bodies won’t last forever, for they must be replaced with spirit bodies. The spiritual knowledge we accumulate in this life will be ours forever, never taken away from us. But we must not allow physical needs and duties to consume us. Like Mary, we need patient faith, that in a world hell-bent on destruction, filled with frivolous trappings and empty, momentary sensual pleasures we can keep the good part forever: “Here is the patience of the saints; here are those who keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus” ( Revelation 14:12 Revelation 14:12Here is the patience of the saints: here are they that keep the commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus. American King James Version × ). Mary and Martha were Jesus’ good friends. Martha stayed busy supplying her guests with things that made their visit more comfortable. She should be commended for seeing to the important needs of others. But Jesus commended her sister Mary. Jesus noted, in effect, that Martha stayed busy with form, but that Mary concentrated on substance. He commended Mary for choosing the good part, the holy words, truth and faith of Jesus Christ, which will never be taken from her. We should follow Mary’s example and desire God’s truth above everything else.	i don't know
What naturally occurring common substance containing lactose may scientifically be described as an emulsion of butterfat globules within a water-based fluid?	Milk \| Milk Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia File:Milk.jpg Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals (including monotremes ). It provides the primary source of nutrition for newborn mammals before they are able to digest other types of food. The early lactation milk is known as colostrum , and carries the mother's antibodies to the baby. It can reduce the risk of many diseases in the baby. The exact components of raw milk varies by species, but it contains significant amounts of saturated fat , protein and calcium as well as vitamin C . Cow's milk has a pH ranging from 6.4 to 6.8, making it slightly acidic. [1] [2] Contents [ show ] Types of consumption There are two distinct types of milk consumption: a natural source of nutrition for all infant mammals, and a food product for humans of all ages derived from other animals. Nutrition for infant mammals File:Kid feeding on mothers milk.jpg In almost all mammals, milk is fed to infants through breastfeeding , either directly or by expressing the milk to be stored and consumed later. Some cultures, historically or currently, continue to use breast milk to feed their children until they are 7 years old. [3] Food product for humans In many cultures of the world, especially the Western world, humans continue to consume milk beyond infancy, using the milk of other animals (in particular, cows) as a food product. For millennia, cow milk has been processed into dairy products such as cream , butter , yogurt , kefir , ice cream , and especially the more durable and easily transportable product, cheese . Industrial science has brought us casein , whey protein , lactose , condensed milk , powdered milk , and many other food-additive and industrial products. Humans are an exception in the natural world for consuming milk past infancy. Some humans are lactose intolerant ). The sugar lactose is found only in milk, forsythia flowers, and a few tropical shrubs. The enzyme needed to digest lactose, lactase , reaches its highest levels in the small intestines after birth and then begins a slow decline unless milk is consumed regularly. [4] On the other hand, those groups that do continue to tolerate milk often have exercised great creativity in using the milk of domesticated ungulates , not only of cows , but also sheep , goats , yaks , water buffalo , horses , and camels . Top Ten Milk Consumers — 2006 Per Capita Consumption Country File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-0708-501, Berlin, Milch von Bolle in der Pause.jpg Milking has its advent in the very evolution of placental mammals . While the exact time of its appearance is not known, the immediate ancestors of modern mammals were much like monotremes , including the platypus . Such animals today produce a milk-like substance from glands on the surface of their skin, but without the nipple, for their offspring to drink after hatching from their eggs. Likewise, marsupials , the closest cousin to placental mammals, produce a milk-like substance from a teat -like organ in their pouches. The earliest immediate ancestor of placental mammals known seems to be eomaia , a small creature superficially resembling rodents, that is thought to have lived 125 million years ago, during the Cretaceous era. It almost certainly produced what would be considered milk, in the same way as modern placental mammals. File:MilkMaid.JPG Animal milk is first known to have been used as human food at the beginning of animal domestication. Cow milk was first used as human food in the Middle East . Goats and sheep are ruminants : mammals adapted to survive on a diet of dry grass , a food source otherwise useless to humans, and one that is easily stockpiled. The animals dairying proved to be a more efficient way of turning uncultivated grasslands into sustenance: the food value of an animal killed for meat can be matched by perhaps one year's worth of milk from the same animal, which will keep producing milk — in convenient daily portions — for years. [4] Around 7000 BC, cattle were being herded in parts of Turkey . There is evidence from DNA extraction of skeletons from the Neolithic period that people in northern Europe were missing the necessary genes to process lactase. Scientists claim it is more likely that the genetic mutation allowing the digestion of milk arose at some point after dairy farming began. [5] The use of cheese and butter spread in Europe , parts of Asia and parts of Africa . Milk was first delivered in bottles on January 11 , 1878 . The day is now remembered as Milk Day and is celebrated annually. The town of Harvard, Illinois also celebrates milk in the summer with a festival known as Milk Days. Theirs is a different tradition meant to celebrate dairy farmers in the "Milk Capital of the World." [6] Other animal sources In Russia and Sweden , small moose dairies also exist. [7] Human milk is not produced or distributed industrially or commercially; however, milk banks exist that allow for the collection of donated human milk and its redistribution to infants who may benefit from human milk for various reasons (premature neonates, babies with allergies or metabolic diseases , etc.). All other female mammals do produce milk, but are rarely or never used to produce dairy products for human consumption. Modern production File:Milk.PNG In the Western world today, cow milk is produced on an industrial scale. It is by far the most commonly consumed form of milk in the western world. Commercial dairy farming using automated milking equipment produces the vast majority of milk in developed countries . Types of cattle such as the Holstein have been specially bred for increased milk production. Ninety percent of the dairy cows in the United States and 85% in Great Britain are Holsteins. [4] Other milk cows in the United States include Ayrshire , Brown Swiss , Guernsey , Jersey , and Milking Shorthorn . The largest producers of dairy products and milk today are India followed by the United States [8] and China. This table below shows the numbers of buffalo milk productions. Cow milk is produced in a much wider range. Top ten buffalo milk producers — 11 June 2008 Country Template:- Template:Lists of countries Price It was reported in 2007 that with increased worldwide prosperity and the competition of biofuel production for feedstocks, both the demand for and the price of milk had substantially increased world wide. Particularly notable was the rapid increase of consumption of milk in China and the rise of the price of milk in the United States above the government subsidized price. [9] Physical and chemical structure File:MicelleSchematic.png Milk is an emulsion or colloid of butterfat globules within a water-based fluid. Each fat globule is surrounded by a membrane consisting of phospholipids and proteins; these emulsifiers keep the individual globules from joining together into noticeable grains of butterfat and also protect the globules from the fat-digesting activity of enzymes found in the fluid portion of the milk. In unhomogenized cow milk, the fat globules average about four micrometers across. The fat-soluble vitamins A , D , E , and K are found within the milkfat portion of the milk. [4] The largest structures in the fluid portion of the milk are casein protein micelles : aggregates of several thousand protein molecules, bonded with the help of nanometer-scale particles of calcium phosphate . Each micelle is roughly spherical and about a tenth of a micrometer across. There are four different types of casein proteins, and collectively they make up around 80 percent of the protein in milk, by weight. Most of the casein proteins are bound into the micelles. There are several competing theories regarding the precise structure of the micelles, but they share one important feature: the outermost layer consists of strands of one type of protein, kappa-casein , reaching out from the body of the micelle into the surrounding fluid. These Kappa-casein molecules all have a negative electrical charge and therefore repel each other, keeping the micelles separated under normal conditions and in a stable colloidal suspension in the water-based surrounding fluid. [4] [10] File:Lactose color.png Both the fat globules and the smaller casein micelles, which are just large enough to deflect light, contribute to the opaque white color of milk. Skimmed milk, however, appears slightly blue because casein micelles scatter the shorter wavelengths (blue compared to red). The fat globules contain some yellow-orange carotene, enough in some breeds — Guernsey and Jersey cows, for instance — to impart a golden or "creamy" hue to a glass of milk. The riboflavin in the whey portion of milk has a greenish color, which can sometimes be discerned in skim milk or whey products. [4] Fat-free skim milk has only the casein micelles to scatter light, and they tend to scatter shorter-wavelength blue light more than they do red, giving skim milk a bluish tint. [11] Milk contains dozens of other types of proteins besides the caseins. They are more water-soluble than the caseins and do not form larger structures. Because these proteins remain suspended in the whey left behind when the caseins coagulate into curds, they are collectively known as whey proteins. Whey proteins make up around twenty percent of the protein in milk, by weight. Lactoglobulin is the most common whey protein by a large margin. [4] The carbohydrate lactose gives milk its sweet taste and contributes about 40% of whole cow milk's calories. Lactose is a composite of two simple sugars , glucose and galactose . In nature, lactose is found only in milk and a small number of plants. [4] Other components found in raw cow milk are living white blood cells . Mammary-gland cells, various bacteria , and a large number of active enzymes are some other components in milk. [4] Processing File:Milkproducts.svg In most Western countries, a centralised dairy facility processes milk and products obtained from milk ( dairy products ), such as cream , butter , and cheese . In the United States, these dairies are usually local companies, while in the southern hemisphere facilities may be run by very large nationwide or trans-national corporations (such as Fonterra ). Pasteurization Pasteurization is used to kill harmful microorganisms by heating the milk for a short time and then cooling it for storage and transportation. Pasteurized milk is still perishable and must be stored cold by both suppliers and consumers. Dairies print expiration dates on each container, after which stores will remove any unsold milk from their shelves. A newer process, Ultra Pasteurization or ultra-high temperature treatment( UHT ), heats the milk to a higher temperature for a shorter time. This extends its shelf life and allows the milk to be stored unrefrigerated because of the longer lasting sterilization effect. Creaming and homogenization File:Cow milking machine in action DSC04132.jpg Upon standing for 12 to 24 hours, fresh milk has a tendency to separate into a high-fat cream layer on top of a larger, low-fat milk layer. The cream is often sold as a separate product with its own uses; today the separation of the cream from the milk is usually accomplished rapidly in centrifugal cream separators . The fat globules rise to the top of a container of milk because fat is less dense than water. The smaller the globules, the more other molecular-level forces prevent this from happening. In fact, the cream rises in cow milk much more quickly than a simple model would predict: rather than isolated globules, the fat in the milk tends to form into clusters containing about a million globules, held together by a number of minor whey proteins. [4] These clusters rise faster than individual globules can. The fat globules in milk from goats, sheep, and water buffalo do not form clusters so readily and are smaller to begin with; cream is very slow to separate from these milks. Milk is often homogenized , a treatment which prevents a cream layer from separating out of the milk. The milk is pumped at high pressures through very narrow tubes, breaking up the fat globules through turbulence and cavitation . [12] A greater number of smaller particles possess more total surface area than a smaller number of larger ones, and the original fat globule membranes cannot completely cover them. Casein micelles are attracted to the newly-exposed fat surfaces; nearly one-third of the micelles in the milk end up participating in this new membrane structure. The casein weighs down the globules and interferes with the clustering that accelerated separation. The exposed fat globules are briefly vulnerable to certain enzymes present in milk, which could break down the fats and produce rancid flavors. To prevent this, the enzymes are inactivated by pasteurizing the milk immediately before or during homogenization. Homogenized milk tastes blander but feels creamier in the mouth than unhomogenized; it is whiter and more resistant to developing off flavors. [4] Creamline, or cream-top, milk is unhomogenized; it may or may not have been pasteurized. Milk which has undergone high-pressure homogenization, sometimes labeled as "ultra-homogenized," has a longer shelf life than milk which has undergone ordinary homogenization at lower pressures. [13] Homogenized milk may be more digestible than unhomogenized milk. [14] Concerns exist about the health effects of consuming homogenized milk. Work by Kurt A. Oster, M.D. in the 1960s through the 1980s suggested a link between homogenized milk and arterosclerosis , due to damage to plasmalogen as a result of the release of bovine xanthine oxidase (BXO) from the milk fat globular membrane (MFGM) during homogenization. While Oster's work has been widely criticized, it is apparent that homogenization introduces changes to the MFGM and exposures of its proteins, and the effects of these changes on food safety have not been thoroughly investigated. [14] Because the fat globules in the milk are reduced in size and encapsulated into liposomes, they pass through the stomach undigested. (The liposomes are protected from the digestive acids.) Because of the tiny size of the fat globules after the milk has been homogenized, the liposomes are then able to pass into the bloodstream through the walls of the intestines, where the damage occurs. The liposomes contain the partially destroyed BXO enzyme. XO is only found in the liver, unless a person drinks homogenized milk. Then it is found in the liposomes that enter the bloodstream, where it begins to attack plasmalogen . ( Plasmalogen makes up 30% of the membrane system in human heart muscle cells.) XO can only either use the plasmalogen or destroy it, and in most autopsies of people who have died from heart and circulatory disease - plasmalogen is missing, arterial inner linings are eaten away, and mineral deposits covered in fat and cholesterol create a deadly plaque in the arteries. The addition of synthetic vitamin D in the milk actually enhances the activity of XO. [15] Nutrition and health The composition of milk differs widely between species. Factors such as the type of protein; the proportion of protein, fat, and sugar; the levels of various vitamins and minerals; and the size of the butterfat globules and the strength of the curd are among those than can vary. [16] For example: Human milk contains, on average, 1.1% protein, 4.2% fat, 7.0% lactose (a sugar), and supplies 72 kcal of energy per 100 grams . Cow milk contains, on average, 3.4% protein, 3.6% fat, and 4.6% lactose, 0.7% minerals [17] and supplies 66 kcal of energy per 100 grams. See also Nutritional value further on. Donkey and horse milk have the lowest fat content, while the milk of seals and whales can contain more than 50% fat. [18] [19] High fat content is not unique to aquatic mammals, as guinea pig milk has an average fat content of 46%. [20] Nutritional value Template:Advert Template:Nutritionalvalue Processed milk began containing differing amounts of fat during the 1950s. A serving (1 cup or 250 ml) of 2%-fat milk contains 285 mg of calcium , which represents 22% to 29% of the daily recommended intake (DRI) of calcium for an adult. Depending on the age, milk contains 8 grams of protein , and a number of other nutrients (either naturally or through fortification ) including: Vitamin K The amount of calcium from milk that is absorbed by the human body is disputed. [21] [22] Calcium from dairy products has a greater bioavailability than calcium from certain vegetables, such as spinach, that contain high levels of calcium- chelating agents, [23] but a similar or lesser bioavailability than calcium from low-oxalate vegetables such as kale, broccoli, or other vegetables in the Brassica genus. [24] Medical research Studies show possible links between low-fat milk consumption and reduced risk of arterial hypertension , coronary heart disease , colorectal cancer and obesity . Overweight individuals who drink milk may benefit from decreased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes . [25] One study has shown that for women desiring to have a child, those who consume full fat dairy products may actually slightly increase their fertility, while those consuming low fat dairy products may slightly reduce their fertility due to interference with ovulation. However, studies in this area are still inconsistent. [26] Milk is a source of Conjugated linoleic acid . CLA has been shown to kill human skin cancer , colorectal cancer and breast cancer cells in vitro studies, and may help lower cholesterol and prevent atherosclerosis. It appears to be effective at promoting muscle growth. [27] Controversy Other studies suggest that milk consumption may increase the risk of suffering from certain health problems. Cow milk allergy (CMA) is as an immunologically mediated adverse reaction to one or more cow milk proteins. Rarely is it severe enough to cause death. [28] Milk contains casein , a substance that breaks down in the human stomach to produce casomorphin , an opioid peptide . In the early 1990s it was hypothesized that casomorphin can cause or aggravate autism , [29] [30] and casein-free diets are widely promoted. Studies supporting these claims have had significant flaws, and the data are inadequate to guide autism treatment recommendations. [30] Studies described in the book The China Study note a correlation between casein intake and the promotion of cancer cell growth when exposed to carcinogens. However other studies have shown whey protein offers a protective effect against colon cancer. [31] A study demonstrated that men who drink a large amount of milk and consume dairy products were at a slightly increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease ; the effect for women was smaller. [32] The reason behind this is not fully understood, and it also remains unclear why there is less of a risk for women. [32] [33] Several sources suggest a correlation between high calcium intake (2000 mg per day, or twice the US recommended daily allowance , equivalent to six or more glasses of milk per day) and prostate cancer . [34] A large study specifically implicates dairy, i.e., low-fat milk and other dairy to which vitamin A palmitate has been added. [35] [36] A review published by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research states that at least eleven human population studies have linked excessive dairy product consumption and prostate cancer, [37] however randomized clinical trial data with appropriate controls only exists for calcium, not dairy produce, where there was no correlation. [38] Medical studies have also shown a possible link between milk consumption and the exacerbation of diseases such as Crohn’s Disease , [39] Hirschsprung's disease–mimicking symptoms in babies with existing cow milk allergies, [40] and the aggravation of Behçet's disease. [41] Bovine growth hormone supplementation Since November 1993, with FDA approval, Monsanto has been selling recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) , also called rBGH, to dairy farmers. Cows produce bovine growth hormone naturally, but many producers administer additional rBGH because it increase milk production. Bovine growth horome also stimulates liver production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) . If rbST-treated cows produced milk with higher levels of IGF1 this would be of medical concern, because IGF1 stimulates cancer growth in humans. Elevated levels of IGF1 in human blood has been linked to increased rates of breast, colon, and prostate cancer [42] [43] . Testing has shown that milk from cows given rBGH does not contain more IGF1 than milk from cows that were not given rBGH. [44] . No study has indicated that consumption of rBST-produced milk increases IGF1 levels in humans, nor has any study demonstrated an increased risk of any disease between those consuming rBST and non-rBST produced milk. However, many groups remain concerned. The EU has recommended against Monsanto milk [45] On June 9, 2006 the largest milk processor in the world and the two largest supermarkets in the United States-- Dean Foods , Wal-Mart , and Kroger --announced that they are "on a nationwide search for rBGH-free milk." [46] Milk from cows given rBST may be sold in the United States , and the FDA stated that no significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rBST-treated and that from non-rBST-treated cows. [47] Milk that advertises that it comes from cows not treated with rBST is required to state this finding on its label. Cows receiving rBGH supplements may more frequently contract an udder infection known as mastitis [48] . Problems with mastitis have led to Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and Japan banning milk from rBST treated cows. Mastitis, among other diseases, may be responsible for the fact that levels of white blood cells in milk vary naturally. [49] [50] Although not considered a human health issue by most authorities, a minority of scientists believe that these cells could contribute to the transmission of bovine paratubeculosis to humans. [51] The existing empirical evidence is largely inconclusive. Lactose intolerance Main article: lactose intolerance Lactose , the disaccharide sugar component of all milk must be cleaved in the small intestine by the enzyme lactase in order for its constituents ( galactose and glucose ) to be absorbed. The production of this enzyme declines significantly after weaning in all mammals. Consequently, many humans become unable to properly digest lactose as they mature. There is a great deal of variance, with some individuals reacting badly to even small amounts of lactose, some able to consume moderate quantities, and some able to consume large quantities of milk and other dairy products without problems. When an individual consumes milk without producing sufficient lactase, they may suffer diarrhea , intestinal gas , cramps and bloating , as the undigested lactose travels through the gastrointestinal tract and serves as nourishment for intestinal microflora who excrete gas, a process known as anaerobic respiration . It is estimated that 30 to 50 million Americans are lactose intolerant, including 75 percent of Native Americans and African-Americans, and 90 percent of Asian Americans. Lactose intolerance is less common among those descended from northern Europeans. [52] Lactose intolerance is a natural process and there is no reliable way to prevent or reverse it. Lactase is readily available in pill form, and many individuals can use it to briefly increase their tolerance for dairy products. Ethical concerns Vegans and some vegetarians do not consume milk for a variety of reasons. They may object to the treatment of cattle or to separating the mother and calf, veal production, and slaughter of "used" cows. Nutrition - comparison by animal source Milk composition analysis, per 100 grams Constituents sterilization (e.g., pasteurization), water content (e.g., dry milk), Demeter certified milk is produced with biodynamic agriculture methods and is similar in standards to organic milk and biological milk, with a few special farm procedures added that are biodynamic-specific. Additives and flavoring In countries where the cattle (and often the people) live indoors, commercially sold milk commonly has vitamin D added to it to make up for lack of exposure to UVB radiation. Reduced fat milks often have added vitamin A to compensate for the loss of the vitamin during fat removal; in the United States this results in reduced fat milks having a higher vitamin A content than whole milk. [55] To aid digestion in those with lactose intolerance , milk is available in some areas with added bacterial cultures such as Lactobacillus acidophilus (" acidophilus milk ") and bifidobacteria (" a/B milk "). [56] Another milk with Lactococcus lactis bacteria cultures (" cultured buttermilk ") is often used in cooking to replace the traditional use of naturally soured milk , which has become rare due to the ubiquity of pasteurization which kills the naturally occurring lactococcus bacteria. [57] Milk often has flavoring added to it for better taste or as a means of improving sales. Chocolate milk has been sold for many years and has been followed more recently by such other flavors as strawberry and banana. South Australia has the highest consumption of flavored milk per person in the world, where Farmers Union Iced Coffee outsells Coca-Cola , a success shared only by Inca Kola in Peru and Irn-Bru in Scotland . Template:Fact Distribution Template:Unreferenced section Because milk spoils so easily, it should, ideally, be distributed as quickly as possible. In many countries milk used to be delivered to households daily, but economic pressure has made milk delivery much less popular, and in many areas daily delivery is no longer available. People buy it chilled at grocery or convenience stores or similar retail outlets. Prior to the widespread use of plastics , milk was sold in wax-coated paper containers; prior to that milk was often distributed to consumers in glass bottles; and before glass bottles, in bulk that was ladled into the customer's container. File:Glass milk bottles.jpg In the UK , milk can be delivered daily by a milkman who travels his local milk round (route) using a milk float (often battery powered) during the early hours. Milk is delivered in 1 pint glass bottles with aluminium foil tops. Silver top denotes full cream unhomogenized; red top full cream homogenized; red/silver top semi-skimmed; blue/silver check top skimmed; and gold top channel island. Empty bottles are rinsed before being left outside for the milkman to collect and take back to the dairy for washing and reuse. Currently many milkmen operate franchises as opposed to being employed by the dairy and payment is made at regular intervals, by leaving a check; by cash collection; or direct debit . Although there was a steep decline in doorstep delivery sales throughout the 1990s, the service is still prominent, as dairies have diversified and the service is becoming more popular again. The doorstep delivery of milk is seen as part of the UK's heritage, and is relied upon by people up and down the country. In Australia and New Zealand , milk is no longer distributed in glass bottles, due to declining sales and the introduction of long life packaging ( UHT ). Milk is generally sold in plastic 2 and 3 liter bottles and cardboard cartons as well as the long life varieties. In rural India and Pakistan , milk is delivered daily by a local milkman carrying bulk quantities in a metal container, usually on a bicycle; and in other parts of metropolitan India and Pakistan , milk is usually bought or delivered in a plastic bags or cartons via shops or supermarkets. File:Milk-bottle.jpg In the United States, glass milk bottles have been mostly replaced with milk cartons (tall paper boxes with a square cross-section and a peaked top that can be folded outward upon opening to form a spout) and plastic jugs. Gallons of milk are almost always sold in jugs, while half-gallons and quarts may be found in both paper cartons and plastic jugs, and smaller sizes are almost always in cartons. Recently, milk has been sold in smaller resealable bottles made to fit in automobile cup holders . These individual serving sizes are also sold in flavored varieties. File:Dry skim milk.jpg The half-pint milk carton is the traditional unit as a component of school lunches. In the U.S., pictures of missing children were printed on the larger milk cartons as a public service until it was determined that this was disturbing to children. Template:Fact Milk preserved by the UHT process is sold in cartons often called a brick that lack the peak of the traditional milk carton. Milk preserved in this fashion does not need to be refrigerated before opening and has a longer shelf life than milk in ordinary packaging. It is more typically sold unrefrigerated on the shelves in Europe and Latin America than in the United States. Glass milk containers are now rare. Most people purchase milk in bags, plastic jugs or plastic-coated paper cartons. Ultraviolet (UV) light from fluorescent lighting can alter the flavor of milk, so many companies that once distributed milk in transparent or highly translucent containers are now using thicker materials that block the UV light. Many people feel that such "UV protected" milk tastes better. Milk comes in a variety of containers with local variants: Australia and New Zealand : Distributed in a variety of sizes, most commonly in aseptic cartons for up to 1 litres, and plastic screw-top bottles beyond that with the following volumes; 1.1L, 2L, and 3L. 1 litre Bags are starting to appear in supermarkets, but have not yet proved popular. Most UHT-milk is packed in 1 or 2 litre paper containers with a sealed plastic spout. Brazil : Used to be sold in cooled 1 litre bags, just like in South Africa . Nowadays the most common form is 1 litre aseptic cartons containing UHT skimmed, semi-skimmed or whole milk, although the plastic bags are still in use for pasteurized milk. Higher grades of pasteurized milk can be found in cartons or plastic bottles. Sizes other than 1 liter are rare. Canada : 1.33 litre plastic bags (sold as 4 litres in 3 bags) are widely available in some areas (especially the Maritimes , Ontario and Quebec ), although the 4 litre plastic jug has supplanted them in western Canada . Other common packaging sizes are 2 litre, 1 litre, 500 millilitre , and 250 millilitre cartons, as well as 4 litre, 1 litre, 250 mL aseptic cartons and 500 millilitre plastic jugs. China : Sweetened milk is a drink popular with students of all ages and is often sold in small plastic bags complete with straw. Adults not wishing to drink at a banquet often drink milk served from cartons or milk tea . Parts of Europe : Sizes of 500 millilitres, 1 litre (the most common), 1.5 litres, 2 litres and 3 litres are commonplace. Hong Kong - milk is sold in glass bottles (220 mL), cartons (236 mL and 1L), plastic jugs (2 litres) and aseptic cartons (250 mL). India and Pakistan : Commonly sold in 500 mL plastic bags. It is still customary to serve the milk boiled, despite pasteurization. Milk is often buffalo milk. Flavored milk is sold in most convenience stores in waxed cardboard containers. Convenience stores also sell many varieties of milk (such as flavored and ultra-pasteurized) in different sizes, usually in aseptic cartons. Indonesia : Usually sold in 1 litre cartons, but smaller, snack-sized cartons are available. Israel : Non-UHT milk is most commonly sold in 1 litre waxed cardboard boxes and 1 litre plastic bags. It may also be found in 0.5L and 2L waxed cardboard boxes, 2L plastic jugs and 1L plastic bottles. UHT milk is available in 1 litre (and less commonly also in 0.25L) carton "bricks". Japan : Commonly sold in 1 litre waxed cardboard boxes. In most city centers there is also home delivery of milk in glass jugs. As seen in China , sweetened and flavored milk drinks are commonly seen in vending machines . South Africa : Commonly sold in 1 litre bags. The bag is then placed in a plastic jug and the corner cut off before the milk is poured. South Korea : sold in cartons (180mL, 200mL, 500mL 900mL, 1L, 1.8L, 2.3L), plastic jugs (100Ml and 1.8L), aseptic cartons (180mL and 200mL) and plastic bags (100mL). Sweden : Commonly sold in 0.3 L, 1 L or 1.5 L cartons and sometimes as plastic or glass bottles.. Poland : UHT milk is mostly sold in aseptic cartons (500mL, 1L, 2L), and non-UHT in 1L plastic bags or plastic bottles. Milk, UHT is commonly boiled, despite being pasteurized. Turkey : Commonly sold in 500 mL or 1L cartons or special plastic bottles. UHT milk is more popular. Milkmen also serve in smaller towns and villages. United Kingdom : Most stores still stock Imperial sizes: 1 pint (568 mL), 2 pints (1.136 L), 4 pints (2.273 L), 6 pints (3.408 L) or a combination including both metric and imperial sizes. Glass milk bottles delivered to the doorstep by the milkman are typically pint-sized and are returned empty by the householder for repeated reuse . Milk is also sold at supermarkets in either aseptic cartons or HDPE bottles. Milk can still be legally sold by the Imperial pint in reusable bottles in the UK under EU regulations (a distinction only shared with beer and cider), whilst a growing number of manufacturers such as Northern Foods now sell milk in 1 and 2 litre bottles. United States : Commonly sold in gallon (3.78 L), half-gallon (1.89 L) and quart (0.94 L) containers of rigid plastic or, occasionally for sizes less than a gallon, waxed cardboard, although bottles made of opaque PET are starting to become more commonplace in all smaller sizes. The US single-serving size is usually the half-pint (about 240 ml). Occasionally dairies will deliver milk straight to customers in coolers filled with glass bottles (usually half-gallon). Some convenience store chains in the United States (such as Kwik Trip in the Midwest ) sell milk in 1/2 gallon bags. Uruguay : Commonly sold in 1 litre bags. The bag is then placed in a plastic jug and the corner cut off before the milk is poured. Practically everywhere, condensed milk and evaporated milk is distributed in metal cans, 250 and 125 ml paper containers and 100 and 200 mL squeeze tubes, and powdered milk (skim and whole) is distributed in boxes or bags. File:Yakult brazil.jpg Spoilage and fermented milk products When raw milk is left standing for a while, it turns " sour ". This is the result of fermentation , where lactic acid bacteria ferment the lactose inside the milk into lactic acid . Prolonged fermentation may render the milk unpleasant to consume. This fermentation process is exploited by the introduction of bacterial cultures (e.g. Lactobacilli sp., Streptococcus sp., Leuconostoc sp., etc) to produce a variety of fermented milk products . The reduced pH from lactic acid accumulation denatures proteins and caused the milk to undergo a variety of different transformations in appearance and texture, ranging from an aggregate to smooth consistency. Some of these products include sour cream , yoghurt , cheese , buttermilk , viili , kefir and kumis . See Dairy product for more information. Pasteurization of cow milk initially destroys any potential pathogens and increases the shelf-life [58] [59] , but eventually results in spoilage that makes it unsuitable for consumption. This causes it to assume an unpleasant odor, and the milk is deemed non-consumable due to unpleasant taste and an increased risk of food poisoning . In raw milk, the presence of lactic acid -producing bacteria, under suitable conditions, ferments the lactose present to lactic acid. The increasing acidity in turn prevents the growth of other organisms, or slows their growth significantly. During pasteurization however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed. In order to prevent spoilage, milk can be kept refrigerated and stored between 1 and 4 degrees Celsius in bulk tanks . Most milk is pasteurized by heating briefly and then refrigerated to allow transport from factory farms to local markets. The spoilage of milk can be forestalled by using ultra-high temperature ( UHT ) treatment; milk so treated can be stored unrefrigerated for several months until opened. Condensed milk , made by removing most of the water, can be stored in cans for many years, unrefrigerated, as can evaporated milk . The most durable form of milk is milk powder , which is produced from milk by removing almost all water . The moisture content is usually less than five percent in both drum and spray dried milk powder . Language and culture Template:Wikisourcepar The importance of milk in human culture is attested to by the numerous expressions embedded in our languages, for example "the milk of human kindness". In ancient Greek mythology , the goddess Hera spilled her breast milk after refusing to feed Heracles , resulting in the Milky Way . In African and Asian developing nations , butter is traditionally made from fermented milk rather than cream. It can take several hours of churning to produce workable butter grains from fermented milk. [60] Holy books have also mentioned milk; the Bible contains references to the Land of Milk and Honey. In the Quran , there is a request to wonder on milk as follows: 'And surely in the livestock there is a lesson for you, We give you to drink of that which is in their bellies from the midst of digested food and blood, pure milk palatable for the drinkers.'(16-The Honeybee, 66). The Ramadhan fast is traditionally broken with a glass of milk and dates. The verb, "to milk" something is often used in the vernacular of many English-speaking countries as a synonym for extortion or, in less loaded terms, taking advantage of a situation where one has another person at a disadvantage The word milk has had many slang meanings over time. In the early 17th century the word was used to mean semen, or vaginal secretions, or to masturbate oneself or someone else. In the 19th century, milk was used to describe a cheap alcoholic drink made from methylated spirits mixed with water. The word was also used to mean defraud, to be idle, to intercept telegrams addressed to someone else, and a weakling. In the mid 1930s, the word was used in Australia meaning to siphon gas from a car. [61] Milk is sometimes referred to as moo juice in American English, [62] while Cockney rhyming slang calls it Acker Bilk, Tom Silk, Lady in silk and Kilroy silk. [63] The name of the Russian Molokan (Russian: "Молока́не") religion in Russian is derived from Russian "Молоко́ " meaning "Milk" as they would drink milk on the Russian Orthodox days of fast. Other uses of milk Besides serving as a beverage or source of food, milk is used by farmers and gardeners as an organic fungicide and foliage fertilizer. The potassium , fats, and salts naturally found in milk are absorbed by the leaves, which boost the plant's immune system, helping it to fight off diseases and fungi. Farmers, especially those who maintain grape vineyards, have tested a diluted milk solution in the past, and have found it to be more effective, yet less costly, than commercial products. Testing has also shown that it is unlikely to harm the plant that the solution is applied to. [64] [65] See also ↑ Feskanich D, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA. Milk, dietary calcium, and bone fractures in women: a 12-year prospective study. Am J Public Health 1997; 87:992-7. ↑ Brody T. Calcium and phosphate. In: Nutritional biochemistry. 2nd ed. Boston: Academic Press, 1999:761–94 ↑ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Heaney and Weaver, 51 (4): 656.	Milk
Neat, kine, and beeves are old collective words for what?	Milk M Milk Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals . It provides the primary source of nutrition for young mammals before they are able to digest other types of food. The early lactation milk is known as colostrum , and carries the mother's antibodies to the baby. It can reduce the risk of many diseases in the baby. The exact components of raw milk varies by species, but it contains significant amounts of saturated fat , protein and calcium as well as vitamin C. Cattle's milk has a pH ranging from 6.4 to 6.8, making it slightly acidic . Types of consumption There are two distinct types of milk consumption: a natural source of nutrition for all infant mammals, and a food product for humans of all ages derived from other animals. Nutrition for infant mammals In almost all mammals, milk is fed to infants through breastfeeding, either directly or by expressing the milk to be stored and consumed later. Some cultures, historically or currently, continue to use breast milk to feed their children until they are 7 years old. Food product for humans In many cultures of the world, especially the Western world, humans continue to consume milk beyond infancy, using the milk of other animals (in particular, cattle) as a food product. For millennia, cattle's milk has been processed into dairy products such as cream , butter , yogurt , kefir, ice cream , and especially the more durable and easily transportable product, cheese . Industrial science has brought us casein , whey protein , lactose , condensed milk , powdered milk , and many other food-additive and industrial products. Humans are an exception in the natural world for consuming milk past infancy, despite the fact that more than 75% of adult humans are lactose intolerant, a characteristic that is more prevalent among individuals of African or Asian descent. The sugar lactose is found only in milk, forsythia flowers, and a few tropical shrubs. The enzyme needed to digest lactose, lactase , reaches its highest levels in the small intestines after birth and then begins a slow decline unless milk is consumed regularly. On the other hand, those groups that do continue to tolerate milk often have exercised great creativity in using the milk of domesticated ungulates, not only of cattle , but also sheep , goats , yaks, water buffalo, horses , and camels . The largest producer and consumer of cattle's milk in the world is India. Terminology The term milk is also used for whitish non-animal substitutes such as soy milk, rice milk, almond milk, and coconut milk . Even the regurgitated substance secreted by glands in the mucosa of their upper digestive tract which pigeons feed their young is called crop milk though it bears little resemblance to mammalian milk. Evolution Milk glands are highly specialized sweat glands. It has been suggested that the original function of lactation (milk production) was to keep eggs moist. Much of the argument is based on monotremes (egg-laying mammals): History Animal milk is first known to have been used as human food at the beginning of animal domestication. Cow 's milk was first used as human food in the Middle East . Goats and sheep are ruminants : mammals adapted to survive on a diet of dry grass , a food source otherwise useless to humans, and one that is easily stockpiled. The animals dairying proved to be a more efficient way of turning uncultivated grasslands into sustenance: the food value of an animal killed for meat can be matched by perhaps one year's worth of milk from the same animal, which will keep producing milk — in convenient daily portions — for years. Milk byproducts found inside stone age pottery from Turkey indicate processed milk was consumed in 6500 BC some thousands of years before the ability for adult humans to digest unprocessed milk had evolved. . DNA evidence extracted from Neolithic skeletons indicates that a thousand years later in 5500 BC people in Northern Europe were like all other peoples of the time and were still lactose intolerant. Earthenware vessels found in England from a thousand years after this in 4500 BC contain milk byproducts indicating milk was used in some form although perhaps not drunk directly. . Today lactose tolerance is the key distinguishing feature of Northern European peoples with around 95% of the population displaying the trait compared to around 15% to 20% for people of Middle Eastern descent, 5% amongst Han Chinese and 0% amongst American Indians. Milk was first delivered in bottles on January 11, 1878. The day is now remembered as Milk Day and is celebrated annually. The town of Harvard, Illinois also celebrates milk in the summer with a festival known as "Milk Days". Their's is a different tradition meant to celebrate dairy farmers in the "Milk Capital of the World." Other animal sources Yaks In Russia and Sweden , small moose dairies also exist. According to the National Bison Association, American bison (also called American buffalo) are not milked commercially. However, various sources report cows resulting from cross-breeding bison and domestic cattle are good milk producers, both during the European settlement of North America and during the development of commercial Beefalo in the 1970s and 1980s. Human milk is not produced or distributed industrially or commercially; however, milk banks exist that allow for the collection of donated human milk and its redistribution to infants who may benefit from human milk for various reasons (premature neonates, babies with allergies or metabolic diseases , etc.). All other female mammals do produce milk, but are rarely or never used to produce dairy products for human consumption. Modern production In the Western world today, cattle's milk is produced on an industrial scale. It is by far the most commonly consumed form of milk in the western world. Commercial dairy farming using automated milking equipment produces the vast majority of milk in developed countries. Types of cattle such as the Holstein have been specially bred for increased milk production. Ninety percent of the dairy cows in the United States and 85% in Great Britain are Holsteins. Other milk cows in the United States include Ayrshire, Brown Swiss , Guernsey, Jersey, and Milking Shorthorn . The largest producers of dairy products and milk today are India followed by the United States, Germany, and Pakistan. This table below shows the numbers of buffalo milk productions. Cattle's milk is produced in a much wider range. Price It was reported in 2007 that with increased worldwide prosperity and the competition of biofuel production for feedstocks, both the demand for and the price of milk had substantially increased world wide. Particularly notable was the rapid increase of consumption of milk in China and the rise of the price of milk in the United States above the government subsidized price. Physical and chemical structure Milk is an emulsion or colloid of butterfat globules within a water-based fluid. Each fat globule is surrounded by a membrane consisting of phospholipids and proteins; these emulsifiers keep the individual globules from joining together into noticeable grains of butterfat and also protect the globules from the fat-digesting activity of enzymes found in the fluid portion of the milk. In unhomogenized cow's milk, the fat globules average about four micrometers across. The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are found within the milkfat portion of the milk. The largest structures in the fluid portion of the milk are casein protein micelles: aggregates of several thousand protein molecules, bonded with the help of nanometer-scale particles of calcium phosphate . Each micelle is roughly spherical and about a tenth of a micrometer across. There are four different types of casein proteins, and collectively they make up around 80 percent of the protein in milk, by weight. Most of the casein proteins are bound into the micelles. There are several competing theories regarding the precise structure of the micelles, but they share one important feature: the outermost layer consists of strands of one type of protein, kappa-casein, reaching out from the body of the micelle into the surrounding fluid. These Kappa-casein molecules all have a negative electrical charge and therefore repel each other, keeping the micelles separated under normal conditions and in a stable colloidal suspension in the water-based surrounding fluid. Both the fat globules and the smaller casein micelles, which are just large enough to deflect light, contribute to the opaque white color of milk. The fat globules contain some yellow-orange carotene, enough in some breeds — Guernsey and Jersey cattle, for instance — to impart a golden or "creamy" hue to a glass of milk. The riboflavin in the whey portion of milk has a greenish color, which can sometimes be discerned in skim milk or whey products. Fat-free skim milk has only the casein micelles to scatter light, and they tend to scatter shorter-wavelength blue light more than they do red, giving skim milk a bluish tint. Milk contains dozens of other types of proteins besides the caseins. They are more water-soluble than the caseins and do not form larger structures. Because these proteins remain suspended in the whey left behind when the caseins coagulate into curds, they are collectively known as whey proteins. Whey proteins make up around twenty percent of the protein in milk, by weight. Lactoglobulin is the most common whey protein by a large margin. The carbohydrate lactose gives milk its sweet taste and contributes about 40% of whole cow's milk's calories. Lactose is a composite of two simple sugars , glucose and galactose . In nature, lactose is found only in milk and a small number of plants. Other components found in raw cow's milk are living white blood cells , Mammary-gland cells, various bacteria , and a large number of active enzymes . Processing In most Western countries, a centralized dairy facility processes milk and products obtained from milk (dairy products), such as cream, butter, and cheese. In the U.S., these dairies are usually local companies, while in the southern hemisphere facilities may be run by very large nationwide or trans-national corporations (such as Fonterra). Pasteurization Pasteurization is used to kill harmful microorganisms by heating the milk for a short time and then cooling it for storage and transportation. Pasteurized milk is still perishable and must be stored cold by both suppliers and consumers. Dairies print expiration dates on each container, after which stores will remove any unsold milk from their shelves. A newer process, Ultra Pasteurization or ultra-high temperature treatment(UHT), heats the milk to a higher temperature for a shorter time. This extends its shelf life and allows the milk to be stored unrefrigerated because of the longer lasting sterilization effect. Microfiltration Microfiltration is a process that partially replaces pasteurization and produces milk with fewer microorganisms and longer shelf life without a change in the taste of the milk. In this process, cream is separated from the whey and is pasteurized in the usual way, but the whey is forced through ceramic microfilters that trap 99.9% of microorganisms in the milk (as compared to 95% killing of microorganisms in conventional pasteurization). The whey is then recombined with the pasteurized cream to reconstitute the original milk composition. Creaming and homogenization Upon standing for 12 to 24 hours, fresh milk has a tendency to separate into a high-fat cream layer on top of a larger, low-fat milk layer. The cream is often sold as a separate product with its own uses; today the separation of the cream from the milk is usually accomplished rapidly in centrifugal cream separators. The fat globules rise to the top of a container of milk because fat is less dense than water. The smaller the globules, the more other molecular-level forces prevent this from happening. In fact, the cream rises in cow's milk much more quickly than a simple model would predict: rather than isolated globules, the fat in the milk tends to form into clusters containing about a million globules, held together by a number of minor whey proteins. These clusters rise faster than individual globules can. The fat globules in milk from goats, sheep, and water buffalo do not form clusters so readily and are smaller to begin with; cream is very slow to separate from these milks. Milk is often homogenized, a treatment which prevents a cream layer from separating out of the milk. The milk is pumped at high pressures through very narrow tubes, breaking up the fat globules through turbulence and cavitation . A greater number of smaller particles possess more total surface area than a smaller number of larger ones, and the original fat globule membranes cannot completely cover them. Casein micelles are attracted to the newly-exposed fat surfaces; nearly one-third of the micelles in the milk end up participating in this new membrane structure. The casein weighs down the globules and interferes with the clustering that accelerated separation. The exposed fat globules are briefly vulnerable to certain enzymes present in milk, which could break down the fats and produce rancid flavors. To prevent this, the enzymes are inactivated by pasteurizing the milk immediately before or during homogenization. Homogenized milk tastes blander but feels creamier in the mouth than unhomogenized; it is whiter and more resistant to developing off flavors. Creamline, or cream-top, milk is unhomogenized; it may or may not have been pasteurized. Milk which has undergone high-pressure homogenization, sometimes labeled as "ultra-homogenized," has a longer shelf life than milk which has undergone ordinary homogenization at lower pressures. Homogenized milk may be more digestible than unhomogenized milk. Kurt A. Oster, M.D., who worked in the 1960s through the 1980s, suggested a link between homogenized milk and arterosclerosis, due to damage to plasmalogen as a result of the release of bovine xanthine oxidase (BXO) from the milk fat globular membrane (MFGM) during homogenization. However, Oster's hypothesis has been widely criticized and has not been generally accepted by the scientific community. No link has been found between arterosclerosis and milk consumption. Nutrition and health The composition of milk differs widely between species. Factors such as the type of protein; the proportion of protein, fat, and sugar; the levels of various vitamins and minerals; and the size of the butterfat globules and the strength of the curd are among those than can vary. For example: Human milk contains, on average, 1.1% protein, 4.2% fat, 7.0% lactose (a sugar), and supplies 72 kcal of energy per 100 grams . Cow's milk contains, on average, 3.4% protein, 3.6% fat, and 4.6% lactose, 0.7% minerals and supplies 66 kcal of energy per 100 grams. See also Nutritional value further on. Donkey and horse milk have the lowest fat content, while the milk of seals and whales can contain more than 50% fat. High fat content is not unique to aquatic mammals, as guinea pig milk has an average fat content of 46%. Nutritional value Processed milk began containing differing amounts of fat during the 1950s. 1 cup (250 ml) of 2%-fat milk contains 285 mg of calcium, which represents 22% to 29% of the daily recommended intake (DRI) of calcium for an adult. Depending on the age, milk contains 8 grams of protein, and a number of other nutrients (either naturally or through fortification ) including: Vitamin K The amount of calcium from milk that is absorbed by the human body is disputed. Calcium from dairy products has a greater bioavailability than calcium from certain vegetables, such as spinach, that contain high levels of calcium-chelating agents, but a similar or lesser bioavailability than calcium from low-oxalate vegetables such as kale, broccoli, or other vegetables in the Brassica genus. Medical research Studies show possible links between low-fat milk consumption and reduced risk of arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, colorectal cancer and obesity . Overweight individuals who drink milk may benefit from decreased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes . One study has shown that for women desiring to have a child, those who consume full fat dairy products may actually slightly increase their fertility, while those consuming low fat dairy products may slightly reduce their fertility. Milk is a source of Conjugated linoleic acid . CLA has been shown to kill human skin cancer, colorectal cancer and breast cancer cells in vitro studies, and may help lower cholesterol and prevent atherosclerosis. It appears to be effective at promoting muscle growth. Lactose intolerance Lactose , the disaccharide sugar component of all milk must be cleaved in the small intestine by the enzyme lactase in order for its constituents (galactose and glucose) to be absorbed. The production of this enzyme declines significantly after weaning in all mammals. Consequently, many humans become unable to properly digest lactose as they mature. There is a great deal of variance, with some individuals reacting badly to even small amounts of lactose, some able to consume moderate quantities, and some able to consume large quantities of milk and other dairy products without problems. When an individual consumes milk without producing sufficient lactase, they may suffer diarrhea , intestinal gas , cramps and bloating , as the undigested lactose travels through the gastrointestinal tract and serves as nourishment for intestinal microflora who excrete gas, a process known as anaerobic respiration. It is estimated that 30 to 50 million Americans are lactose intolerant, including 75 percent of Native Americans and African-Americans, and 90 percent of Asian Americans. Lactose intolerance is less common among those descended from northern Europeans. Lactose intolerance is a natural process and there is no reliable way to prevent or reverse it. Lactase is readily available in pill form, and many individuals can use it to briefly increase their tolerance for dairy products. Controversy Other studies suggest that milk consumption may increase the risk of suffering from certain health problems. Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is as an immunologically mediated adverse reaction to one or more cow's milk proteins. Rarely is it severe enough to cause death. Milk contains casein, a substance that breaks down in the human stomach to produce casomorphin, an opioid peptide. In the early 1990s it was hypothesized that casomorphin can cause or aggravate autism, and casein-free diets are widely promoted. Studies supporting these claims have had significant flaws, and the data are inadequate to guide autism treatment recommendations. Studies described in the book The China Study note a correlation between casein intake and the promotion of cancer cell growth when exposed to carcinogens. However other studies have shown whey protein offers a protective effect against colon cancer. A study demonstrated that men who drink a large amount of milk and consume dairy products were at a slightly increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease ; the effect for women was smaller. The reason behind this is not fully understood, and it also remains unclear why there is less of a risk for women. Several sources suggest a correlation between high calcium intake (2000 mg per day, or twice the US recommended daily allowance, equivalent to six or more glasses of milk per day) and prostate cancer . A large study specifically implicates dairy, i.e., low-fat milk and other dairy to which vitamin A palmitate has been added. A review published by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research states that at least eleven human population studies have linked excessive dairy product consumption and prostate cancer, however randomized clinical trial data with appropriate controls only exists for calcium, not dairy produce, where there was no correlation. Medical studies have also shown a possible link between milk consumption and the exacerbation of diseases such as Crohn’s Disease, Hirschsprung's disease–mimicking symptoms in babies with existing cow's milk allergies, and the aggravation of Behçet's disease. Bovine growth hormone supplementation Since November 1993, with FDA approval, Monsanto Company has been selling recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST), also called rBGH, to dairy farmers. Cows produce bovine growth hormone naturally, but many producers administer additional rBGH because it increases milk production. Bovine growth horome also stimulates liver production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) . If rbST-treated cows produced milk with higher levels of IGF1 this would be of medical concern, because IGF1 stimulates cancer growth in humans. Elevated levels of IGF1 in human blood has been linked to increased rates of breast, colon, and prostate cancer. Testing has shown that milk from cows given rBGH does not contain more IGF1 than milk from cows that were not given rBGH.. No study has indicated that consumption of rBST-produced milk increases IGF1 levels in humans, nor has any study demonstrated an increased risk of any disease between those consuming rBST and non-rBST produced milk. However, many groups remain concerned. The EU has recommended against Monsanto milk On June 9, 2006 the largest milk processor in the world and the two largest supermarkets in the United States--Dean Foods, Wal-Mart, and Kroger--announced that they are "on a nationwide search for rBGH-free milk." Milk from cows given rBST may be sold in the United States, and the FDA stated that no significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rBST-treated and that from non-rBST-treated cows. Milk that advertises that it comes from cows not treated with rBST is required to state this finding on its label. Cows receiving rBGH supplements may more frequently contract an udder infection known as mastitis . Problems with mastitis have led to Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and Japan banning milk from rBST treated cows. Mastitis, among other diseases, may be responsible for the fact that levels of white blood cells in milk vary naturally. Although not considered a human health issue by most authorities, a minority of scientists believe that these cells could contribute to the transmission of bovine paratubeculosis to humans. The existing empirical evidence is largely inconclusive. Ethical concerns Vegans and some other vegetarians do not consume milk for a variety of reasons. They may object to the treatment of cattle or to separating the mother and calf, veal production, and slaughter of "used" cows. Nutrition - comparison by animal source These compositions vary by breed, animal, and point in the lactation period. Jersey cows produce milk of about 5.2% fat, Zebu cows produce milk of about 4.7% fat, Brown Swiss cows produce milk of about 4.0% fat, and Holstein-Friesian cows produce milk of about 3.6% fat. The protein range for these four breeds is 3.3% to 3.9%, while the lactose range is 4.7% to 4.9%. Milk fat percentages can be manipulated by dairy farmers' diet formulation strategies. Mastitis infection can cause fat levels to decline. Varieties and brands Milk products are sold in a number of varieties based on types/degrees of age (e.g., cheddar), additives (e.g., vitamins), farming method (e.g., organic, grass-fed). fat content (e.g., half and half), fermentation (e.g., buttermilk), mammal (e.g., cow, goat, sheep), packaging (e.g., bottle), sterilization (e.g., pasteurization), water content (e.g., dry milk), Demeter certified milk is produced with biodynamic agriculture methods and is similar in standards to organic milk and biological milk, with a few special farm procedures added that are biodynamic-specific. Additives and flavoring In countries where the cattle (and often the people) live indoors, commercially sold milk commonly has vitamin D added to it to make up for lack of exposure to UVB radiation. Reduced fat milks often have added vitamin A palmitate to compensate for the loss of the vitamin during fat removal; in the United States this results in reduced fat milks having a higher vitamin A content than whole milk. To aid digestion in those with lactose intolerance, milk is available in some areas with added bacterial cultures such as Lactobacillus acidophilus (" acidophilus milk ") and bifidobacteria ("a/B milk"). Another milk with Lactococcus lactis bacteria cultures (" cultured buttermilk ") is often used in cooking to replace the traditional use of naturally soured milk, which has become rare due to the ubiquity of pasteurization which kills the naturally occurring lactococcus bacteria. Milk often has flavoring added to it for better taste or as a means of improving sales. Chocolate milk has been sold for many years and has been followed more recently by such other flavors as strawberry and banana. South Australia has the highest consumption of flavored milk per person in the world, where Farmers Union Iced Coffee outsells Coca-Cola, a success shared only by Inca Kola in Peru and Irn-Bru in Scotland . Distribution Because milk spoils so easily, it should, ideally, be distributed as quickly as possible. In many countries milk used to be delivered to households daily, but economic pressure has made milk delivery much less popular, and in many areas daily delivery is no longer available. People buy it chilled at grocery or convenience stores or similar retail outlets. Prior to the widespread use of plastics , milk was sold in wax-coated paper containers; prior to that milk was often distributed to consumers in glass bottles; and before glass bottles, in bulk that was ladled into the customer's container. United Kingdom In the UK, milk can be delivered daily by a milkman who travels his local milk round (route) using a milk float (often battery powered) during the early hours. Milk is delivered in 1 pint glass bottles with aluminium foil tops. Silver top denotes full cream unhomogenized; red top full cream homogenized; red/silver top semi-skimmed; blue/silver check top skimmed; and gold top channel island. Empty bottles are rinsed before being left outside for the milkman to collect and take back to the dairy for washing and reuse. Currently many milkmen operate franchises as opposed to being employed by the dairy and payment is made at regular intervals, by leaving a cheque; by cash collection; or direct debit . Although there was a steep decline in doorstep delivery sales throughout the 1990s, the service is still prominent, as dairies have diversified and the service is becoming more popular again. The doorstep delivery of milk is seen as part of the UK's heritage, and is relied upon by people up and down the country. Australia and New Zealand In Australia and New Zealand, prior to "metrification", milk was generally distributed in 1 pint (568ml) glass bottles. In Australia there was a government funded "free milk for school children" program, and milk was distributed at morning recess in 1/3 pint bottles. With the conversion to metric measures, the milk industry were concerned that the replacement of the pint bottles with 500ml bottles would result in a 13.6% drop in milk consumption. Hence, all pint bottles were recalled and replaced by 600ml bottles. With time, due to the steadily increasing cost of collecting, transporting, storing and cleaning glass bottles, they were replaced by cardboard cartons. A number of designs were used, including a tetrahedron which could be close-packed without waste space, and could not be knocked over accidentally. (slogan: No more crying over spilt milk.) However, the industry eventually settled on a design similar to that used in the United States. Milk is now availability in a variety of sizes in cardboard cartons (250ml, 375ml, 600ml, 1 litre and 1.5 litres) and plastic bottles (1 in NZ [http://www.anchor.co.nz/swf/productfinder.swf], 1.1 in Australia, 2 and 3 litres). A significant addition to the marketplace has been "long life" milk (UHT), generally available in 1 and 2 litre rectangular cardboard cartons. In urban and suburban areas where there is sufficient demand, home delivery is still available, though in suburban areas this is often 3 times per week rather than daily. Another significant and popular addition to the marketplace has been flavoured milks - for example, as mentioned above, Farmers Union Iced Coffee outsells Coca-Cola in South Australia. India and Pakistan In rural India and Pakistan , milk is delivered daily by a local milkman carrying bulk quantities in a metal container, usually on a bicycle; and in other parts of metropolitan India and Pakistan, milk is usually bought or delivered in a plastic bags or cartons via shops or supermarkets. United States In the United States, glass milk bottles have been mostly replaced with milk cartons (tall paper boxes with a square cross-section and a peaked top that can be folded outward upon opening to form a spout) and plastic jugs. Gallons of milk are almost always sold in jugs, while half-gallons and quarts may be found in both paper cartons and plastic jugs, and smaller sizes are almost always in cartons. Recently, milk has been sold in smaller resealable bottles made to fit in automobile cup holders. These individual serving sizes are also sold in flavored varieties. The half-pint milk carton is the traditional unit as a component of school lunches. In the U.S., pictures of missing children were printed on the larger milk cartons as a public service until it was determined that this was disturbing to children. UHT Milk Milk preserved by the UHT process is sold in cartons often called a brick that lack the peak of the traditional milk carton. Milk preserved in this fashion does not need to be refrigerated before opening and has a longer shelf life than milk in ordinary packaging. It is more typically sold unrefrigerated on the shelves in Europe and Latin America than in the United States. In Australia it is generally sold unrefrigerated, though some supermarkets also keep small quantities refrigerated. Use of glass Glass milk containers are now rare. Most people purchase milk in bags, plastic jugs or plastic-coated paper cartons. Ultraviolet (UV) light from fluorescent lighting can alter the flavor of milk, so many companies that once distributed milk in transparent or highly translucent containers are now using thicker materials that block the UV light. Many people feel that such "UV protected" milk tastes better. Packaging Milk comes in a variety of containers with local variants: Australia and New Zealand: Distributed in a variety of sizes, most commonly in aseptic cartons for up to 1.5 litres, and plastic screw-top bottles beyond that with the following volumes; 1.1L, 2L, and 3L. 1 litre bags are starting to appear in supermarkets, but have not yet proved popular. Most UHT-milk is packed in 1 or 2 litre paper containers with a sealed plastic spout. Brazil : Used to be sold in cooled 1 litre bags, just like in South Africa . Nowadays the most common form is 1 litre aseptic cartons containing UHT skimmed, semi-skimmed or whole milk, although the plastic bags are still in use for pasteurized milk. Higher grades of pasteurized milk can be found in cartons or plastic bottles. Sizes other than 1 liter are rare. Canada: 1.33 litre plastic bags (sold as 4 litres in 3 bags) are widely available in some areas (especially the Maritimes , Ontario and Quebec ), although the 4 litre plastic jug has supplanted them in western Canada. Other common packaging sizes are 2 litre, 1 litre, 500 millilitre , and 250 millilitre cartons, as well as 4 litre, 1 litre, 250 ml aseptic cartons and 500 ml plastic jugs. China : Sweetened milk is a drink popular with students of all ages and is often sold in small plastic bags complete with straw. Adults not wishing to drink at a banquet often drink milk served from cartons or milk tea. Parts of Europe: Sizes of 500 millilitres, 1 litre (the most common), 1.5 litres, 2 litres and 3 litres are commonplace. Finland : Commonly sold in 1l or 1.5l cartons, in some places also in 2dl and 5dl cartons. Hong Kong - milk is sold in glass bottles (220 ml), cartons (236 ml and 1L), plastic jugs (2 litres) and aseptic cartons (250 ml). India and Pakistan: Commonly sold in 500 ml plastic bags. It is still customary to serve the milk boiled, despite pasteurization. Milk is often buffalo milk. Flavored milk is sold in most convenience stores in waxed cardboard containers. Convenience stores also sell many varieties of milk (such as flavored and ultra-pasteurized) in different sizes, usually in aseptic cartons. Indonesia : Usually sold in 1 litre cartons, but smaller, snack-sized cartons are available. Israel : Non-UHT milk is most commonly sold in 1 litre waxed cardboard boxes and 1 litre plastic bags. It may also be found in 0.5L and 2L waxed cardboard boxes, 2L plastic jugs and 1L plastic bottles. UHT milk is available in 1 litre (and less commonly also in 0.25L) carton "bricks". Japan: Commonly sold in 1 litre waxed cardboard boxes. In most city centers there is also home delivery of milk in glass jugs. As seen in China, sweetened and flavored milk drinks are commonly seen in vending machines . South Africa: Commonly sold in 1 litre bags. The bag is then placed in a plastic jug and the corner cut off before the milk is poured. South Korea : sold in cartons (180ml, 200ml, 500ml 900ml, 1L, 1.8L, 2.3L), plastic jugs (1L and 1.8L), aseptic cartons (180ml and 200ml) and plastic bags (1L). Sweden: Commonly sold in 0.3L, 1L or 1.5L cartons and sometimes as plastic or glass bottles.. Poland : UHT milk is mostly sold in aseptic cartons (500ml, 1L, 2L), and non-UHT in 1L plastic bags or plastic bottles. Milk, UHT is commonly boiled, despite being pasteurized. Turkey : Commonly sold in 500 ml or 1L cartons or special plastic bottles. UHT milk is more popular. Milkmen also serve in smaller towns and villages. United Kingdom: Most stores still stock Imperial sizes: 1 pint (568 mL), 2 pints (1.136 L), 4 pints (2.273 L), 6 pints (3.408 L) or a combination including both metric and imperial sizes. Glass milk bottles delivered to the doorstep by the milkman are typically pint-sized and are returned empty by the householder for repeated reuse . Milk is also sold at supermarkets in either aseptic cartons or HDPE bottles. Milk can still be legally sold by the Imperial pint in reusable bottles in the UK under EU regulations (a distinction only shared with beer and cider), whilst a growing number of manufacturers such as Northern Foods now sell milk in 1 and 2 litre bottles. United States: Commonly sold in gallon (3.78 L), half-gallon (1.89 L) and quart (0.94 L) containers of rigid plastic or, occasionally for sizes less than a gallon, waxed cardboard, although bottles made of opaque PET are starting to become more commonplace in all smaller sizes. The US single-serving size is usually the half-pint (about 240 ml). Occasionally dairies will deliver milk straight to customers in coolers filled with glass bottles (usually half-gallon). Some convenience store chains in the United States (such as Kwik Trip in the Midwest ) sell milk in 1/2 gallon bags. Uruguay : Commonly sold in 1 litre bags. The bag is then placed in a plastic jug and the corner cut off before the milk is poured. Practically everywhere, condensed milk and evaporated milk is distributed in metal cans, 250 and 125 ml paper containers and 100 and 200 ml squeeze tubes, and powdered milk (skim and whole) is distributed in boxes or bags. Spoilage and fermented milk products When raw milk is left standing for a while, it turns "sour". This is the result of fermentation, where lactic acid bacteria ferment the lactose inside the milk into lactic acid . Prolonged fermentation may render the milk unpleasant to consume. This fermentation process is exploited by the introduction of bacterial cultures (e.g. Lactobacilli sp., Streptococcus sp., Leuconostoc sp., etc) to produce a variety of fermented milk products. The reduced pH from lactic acid accumulation denatures proteins and caused the milk to undergo a variety of different transformations in appearance and texture, ranging from an aggregate to smooth consistency. Some of these products include sour cream , yoghurt , cheese, buttermilk, viili, kefir and kumis . See Dairy product for more information. Pasteurization of cow's milk initially destroys any potential pathogens and increases the shelf-life , but eventually results in spoilage that makes it unsuitable for consumption. This causes it to assume an unpleasant odor, and the milk is deemed non-consumable due to unpleasant taste and an increased risk of food poisoning . In raw milk, the presence of lactic acid-producing bacteria, under suitable conditions, ferments the lactose present to lactic acid. The increasing acidity in turn prevents the growth of other organisms, or slows their growth significantly. During pasteurization however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed. In order to prevent spoilage, milk can be kept refrigerated and stored between 1 and 4 degrees Celsius in bulk tanks. Most milk is pasteurized by heating briefly and then refrigerated to allow transport from factory farms to local markets. The spoilage of milk can be forestalled by using ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment; milk so treated can be stored unrefrigerated for several months until opened. Condensed milk , made by removing most of the water, can be stored in cans for many years, unrefrigerated, as can evaporated milk . The most durable form of milk is milk powder , which is produced from milk by removing almost all water . The moisture content is usually less than five percent in both drum and spray dried milk powder. Language and culture The importance of milk in human culture is attested to by the numerous expressions embedded in our languages, for example "the milk of human kindness". In ancient Greek mythology , the goddess Hera spilled her breast milk after refusing to feed Heracles , resulting in the Milky Way . In African and Asian developing nations , butter is traditionally made from fermented milk rather than cream. It can take several hours of churning to produce workable butter grains from fermented milk. Holy books have also mentioned milk; the Bible contains references to the 'Land of Milk and Honey'. In the Quran , there is a request to wonder on milk as follows: 'And surely in the livestock there is a lesson for you, We give you to drink of that which is in their bellies from the midst of digested food and blood, pure milk palatable for the drinkers.'(16-The Honeybee, 66). The Ramadhan fast is traditionally broken with a glass of milk and dates. The verb, "to milk" something is often used in the vernacular of many English-speaking countries as a synonym for extortion or, in less loaded terms, taking advantage of a situation where one has another person at a disadvantage, as in 'milking the situation'. The word milk has had many slang meanings over time. In the early 17th century the word was used to mean semen, or vaginal secretions, or to masturbate oneself or someone else. In the 19th century, milk was used to describe a cheap alcoholic drink made from methylated spirits mixed with water. The word was also used to mean defraud, to be idle, to intercept telegrams addressed to someone else, and a weakling or 'milksop'. In the mid 1930s, the word was used in Australia meaning to siphon gas from a car. Milk is sometimes referred to as moo juice in American English, while Cockney rhyming slang calls it Acker Bilk, Tom Silk, Lady in silk and Kilroy Silk. The name of the Russian Molokan (Russian: "Молока́не") religion in Russian is derived from Russian "Молоко́ " meaning "Milk" as they would drink milk on the Russian Orthodox days of fast. Other uses of milk Besides serving as a beverage or source of food, milk is used by farmers and gardeners as an organic fungicide and foliage fertilizer. The potassium , fats, and salts naturally found in milk are absorbed by the leaves, which boost the plant's immune system, helping it to fight off diseases and fungi. Farmers, especially those who maintain grape vineyards, have tested a diluted milk solution in the past, and have found it to be more effective, yet less costly, than commercial products. Testing has also shown that it is unlikely to harm the plant that the solution is applied to. (Wikipedia)	i don't know
Ben Drew achieved a 2010 number one album fronting which band?	Plan B \| Half Of A Double Album What is now the control room at The Sanctuary was set up as the live room during the recording of The Defamation Of Strickland Banks. Concerned about moving to a new musical style without alienating his existing fans, Ben Drew hit upon an ambitious solution. "I always said I wanted to do what I call a film for the blind, which is taking what I do in hip‑hop with storytelling, but making a whole album about one story, where all the songs are different scenes. And I figured if I tell a story about a soul singer, and devise this concept, it means I can do it 50 percent soul, which will be his story through his eyes, and 50 percent hip‑hop, which will be Plan B narrating what's happening to him. "So we set out to make a soul record and a hip‑hop record. The hip‑hop was very reminiscent of the first record: very dark, almost sample‑based — except that we would create the samples and then resample them and make them sound like we'd lifted them from somewhere. So the way we made the hip‑hop record was very much one way, and the soul record was very much another way, and the reason I felt comfortable making the soul record was that I knew that this hip‑hop record, in my head, was going to come out at the same time. I was going to release them as a double‑disc CD.” At this point, however, Drew's record label, 679 Recordings, threw a spanner in the works. "Sometimes the label have come to me with ideas and I've told them to fuck off because they weren't right. Sometimes they have been right, and one of the things they wanted to do was split the record and just promote The Defamation Of Strickland Banks, and leave [the hip‑hop album] The Ballad Of Belmarsh for me. They said 'You can take full ownership of it and do what you want with it, we can't market this record. We can't do the best job with the hip‑hop record. You saw how the way you make hip‑hop on your first record is not suited to the way we do things.' And I just thought 'Cool, if you're saying I can take full ownership of that record, then let's do this.' And in hindsight, the amount of work we had to put in to make The Defamation... as good as it is — mixing, getting the look right, the suits, doing the videos, all that shit — it was the best decision to make.” The Long & The Short The bulk of the material on The Defamation Of Strickland Banks was recorded by David McEwan and Eric Appapoulay (who also played bass on the album) at their own studio in South London, The Sanctuary. Partly because they were simultaneously working on its hip‑hop counterpart, the production process took more than two years. However, the 'sound' of the album was defined in a day thanks to producer Paul Epworth, who had worked on the first Plan B record. His knowledge of retro production techniques yielded a demo recording of 'Writing On The Wall' that made it to the album almost unaltered. "Paul gave us the sound really, for this record,” acknowledges Ben Drew. "When I gave him 'Writing On The Wall' it was a lot slower in tempo, and had a kind of reggae beat to it, and it was in a lower key. The first time I played it to him I didn't have the track with me, so I just played it to him in his studio on a guitar. And straight away he said 'That needs to be in a higher key, you need to speed it up.' So I went back, recorded the guitar in here, sped it up, and sung the vocal, sent him the parts, and then he sat in the studio with Jodi [Milliner, Plan B's live bassist] and Tom, our guitarist, and he had a little drum kit in there. I left them all day, and I came back six hours later, and the way 'Writing On The Wall' sounds like now is basically how it sounded when I walked in there.” Epworth takes up the story: Paul Epworth's work on 'Writing On The Wall' gave the team a sonic template to work towards in later sessions. "'Writing On The Wall' came about after Ben told me he had 'this song' and he didn't know what to do with it. The strength of Ben's songwriting was the big surprise for me. When we worked on the last record, it was clear what an amazing voice he had, but the major difference was he'd sung a lot of other people's hooks. The moment he played me the song I knew it was a killer track, but needed a dirty authenticity to it to stop it coming off as a straight pastiche. "Ben came to my little studio in West London and we figured out a tempo and a groove with which to do the track justice. Ben went away and recorded some parts in an effort to provide parts with which we could easily work, but when he returned I decided it was important to record the track mostly from scratch. "Bearing in mind that this was just a demo intended for record company ears only, I played drums on the track. We used a [AKG] 414 on the kick drum, an AKG D19 overhead, a Rode Classic on the snare and a cheap Chinese U47 copy as an ambient mic hanging from my ceiling. The Rode Classic was patched into a Universal Audio 6176 with a bit of compression and the rest used the mic amps on my Apogee Ensemble. Recently I've been using Apulsoft's Aptrigga on all my drums. It's genius and means you can get some interesting grooves from old loops using new sounds. In this case I used it to augment the drum sounds, using a kick and snare from my sample library, giving the kick and snare extra punch and weight. "I'm in love with the [Universal Audio] UAD2 cards, and I've used the RE201 and SPL Transient Designer on most of my drums for ages. I love the Logic Overdrive [plug‑in] on most everything, as it adds a tape‑like distortion to sounds and you can EQ into it for coloration and use the tone as a 'bias' control. I bussed up the drums through Izotope Vinyl for a bit of degradation and then compressed through a UA 1176 plug‑in, leaving the Aptrigga sounds out of the bus so as not to flatten the overall mix out. "Ben called in his band, starting with bass, and we laid down very specific parts in an real old‑school fashion, using 'C' shapes on the rhythm guitar and high stabs to back the snare. I've studied over the years how these older musical arrangements were put together, and it's as key to the authenticity as not double‑tracking. To double‑track would mean it dated the record to the availability of the available equipment, just as a digital reverb or sampler dates something as post-1980 (ish). "It was mixed in Logic on a Macbook Pro — always the way these days. I balanced the original lead vocal through a [UAD] Pultec Pro and Fairchild into yet another UAD EMT 140 plate, using a little 60ms tape delay with no feedback to give it some space off the vocal, and put varying amounts of everything else into the RE201 plug-in, including bass guitar. We added some MIDI strings and brass and used one of my string samples played in on the [Akai] MPC2500 to lift the chorus, put an SSL bus compressor over the master, a Logic Adaptive limiter, and bounced it. "All in all, it took about five hours. Little did we realise the final version would hardly deviate...” Painstaking The studio's TL Audio M4 Tubetracker is the main route by which signals arrive in Logic. Compression and gating is often applied at source using the SSL X‑Rack. Budgets and schedules meant that there was limited scope for Paul Epworth to work on other tracks, so using 'Writing On The Wall' as their touchstone, Drew, McEwan and Appapoulay began work on the rest of the material. Problem was, much of the material was unfinished, as David McEwan explains. "We'd get the band in and Ben would almost narrate it. He'd go 'Right, chorus now. This has to happen here,' and then we'd get a take that was the structure of the tune. And then he'd do a horn line and go 'Ba da da daa' or whatever, and that was how we chopped everything together.” "I was forever saying 'This needs to be sped up, we need to change the key of this,'” adds Ben Drew. "We'd put down a whole backing track and then I'd realise it wasn't in a comfortable key, but I'd love the way the parts were recorded, so I'd try to make them slow the track down or speed it up, or change the key, which was a bit of a nightmare. But there's something to be said about demo‑itis — a lot of what we did was done by feeling. When we first started we were just working with Eric, and I loved the mixes. Obviously, I'm sure they were still 40 percent away from being finished, but nothing was jumping out, everything was at a nice level and coherent, and you could really hear the vibe. It was less about hearing than about feeling, and that's why I used to get very attached to the demos. And that's why a lot of the stuff that we've done was straight from the demos: it was the first version we'd done, and we just added on top. "I get pretty 'German' about things. If one EQ changes on one vocal, it knocks everything out of balance for me. I don't know what to do with the buttons, so it must be a nightmare for him, because sometimes I'm explaining things to him with weird sign language, and he has to try and work out that means. "The songs were written on my acoustic guitar without being influenced by any other artist — it was naturally what was coming out from me when I was writing the songs — but once we'd recorded a vocal and a guitar, then we'd look back at older records. 'Hard Times' we thought sounded a bit like Marvin Gaye, so when it came to putting a string arrangement on, we'd go and listen to old Marvin Gaye records, or Al Green, and just listen to the ingredients and find out what the tracks needed.” Multi‑tasking Laying down the basic tracks posed stiff demands of Eric Appapoulay, who was simultaneously engineering, playing bass, and trying to make sense of Ben's instructions. "It was just Ben and myself and Richard and Tom. We would be in the room together, Ben'd be on his acoustic guitar in that little doorway bit with his mic, setting down the guides. I had guitar in the Fender Twin, drums just clean, and then the bass I put through the LA2A, because I love the way it warms it up. Then we were using the bass amp as well, because we had the whole band in one room — the control room was in the drum room that you see now — so we were jamming like in a rehearsal. It had a band feeling, like Motown, where they just used to sit in one room and record together. That was the idea with this place, I wanted the whole band to feel like it was a gig scenario, playing as a band. "So [it was] kind of pretty much natural. Ben would come in with an idea, we'd put about three songs down a day, and I was engineering, I was in the control room with the bass. We pretty much leave the drums ready to go, so if an idea's ready, we just hit record and the mics are ready to go. The kit doesn't move, the mics don't move. So he'd be 'I've got three ideas.' I was breaking a sweat — what are the notes? 'Don't worry about that, we'll do it later!' — and jam it through once. I'd always record everything, because sometimes when you're searching for the notes you get the best ideas. So it was a really quick turnaround on recording the songs.” Because The Sanctuary's kit is set up to be ready for any eventuality, it's surrounded by no fewer than 16 microphones. The Sanctuary drum kit is permanently set up with 16 mics ready to go. All of these were recorded, on the basis that they didn't have to be used at the mix, where a more retro sound was preferred. David McEwan describes the setup: "There's a toughness in the snare that you can only really get with close‑miking. We'll always try and make the snare as fat as possible, because it's easier to add ambience than take it away. We've got four toms, we've got kick, snare top/bottom, snare two, hi‑hats, stereo room mics, not that it's a very big room. We have an NS10 [woofer] set up [to mic the bass drum]; that was always combined with a dynamic. We've got the Audio‑Technica now but I think we were using the D112.” "I got that from Jack Joseph Puig,” adds Eric Appapoulay. "I worked with him five years ago on a Daniel Bedingfield album and he had more mics than we've got, and I was like 'What's all this?' He showed me the combinations, and when I got home I found this studio space and thought 'I want to try that.' So we went nuts and put mics everywhere. We haven't got as nice mics as he has, but you know...” The bulk of Ben's vocals, meanwhile, were recorded using an Audio‑Technica stage condenser, which seemed to provide an appropriately edgy sound. A humble Audio‑Technica Artist Series stage mic provided the ideal vocal sound. "I'm sure we had spoken about getting a really old‑school mic, but I don't think we needed to,” says Ben Drew. "It was hot, but not too hot when I'd hear it back. It felt like it had that tiniest little bit of distortion in it as soon as you'd record, or you could bring that out in it with EQ. Once you'd added the EQ and put those UAD plug‑ins on it, there was something about it: it sounded kinda warm and old.” "A lot of the time that went straight into the TL [Audio M4 mixer],” adds David. "Sometimes I'd use the Chandler Germanium pre. I'd use the Germanium when he was rapping. I don't know why: it sounded right once and then I just kept on going back to the Germanium for that, it's got attitude.” Box Clever "This album was predominantly done in the box,” explains David McEwan. "We had all these big ideas about going back out to the desk, but just time and the fact that we were moving from track to track quite a lot didn't really allow that process. But we were getting the sound that was wanted out of output one and two, you know.” Impressed with the results that Paul Epworth was getting from his UAD plug‑ins, David and Eric quickly decided that what their particular box needed was its own UAD card. "UAD was a big step,” says David. "I kind of went 'All right, we need to get a UAD and check it out.' And there it was, with the Roland Space Echo and the plates and the 1176s, there was the sound we were after. And then it was just trying to get the best out of them. But the UAD was definitely a giant step.” Other plug‑ins that saw a lot of use included the Wave Arts Multiband ("I use it mainly on the drum busses but I also like to use it on anything that gets too harsh — the odd skank guitar line or crunchy room mics.It keeps things warm and doesn't use loads of processing”) and Trackplug ("A brilliant quick hit on the kick, snares and toms as it has an EQ, gate and two compressors ready to roll and it sounds great to me”), and Izotope's Ozone: "I know it was designed as a mastering tool, but I just love being able to solo the area of EQ you're trying to find by holding Alt and clicking. It's just a fantastic surgical EQ, I bypass all the other stuff and just use the EQ. "We did spend a lot of time making things sound old, and so did Mark [Rankin, who mixed most of the album] and Paul. Like, we used Izotope Vinyl on subgroups of strings, or guitars, or brass. We'd insert it on anything that needed to sound a bit decrepit.” "You have to be careful with it,” warns Ben. "Because when you distort something and then put reverb on it, you get this really high EQ. You had to be careful with that. Even some of the stuff that Paul's mixed, on the record it sounds perfect, but when we were putting the parts through a PA at live gigs, we'd get this really weird top‑end that was not very nice, so we've had to go back to these guys and to Paul and get parts clean.” Mixing Mark Rankin mixed the bulk of the album, mostly within his Pro Tools system. After much overdubbing, reworking and agonising, the songs were eventually handed over to Mark Rankin to mix. Rankin had engineered the three Paul Epworth‑produced tracks on the album, so was the obvious choice. "Motown was the brief, really,” begins Mark, "but not in the conventional, obvious sense. It was more the recognition that those mixes are really powerful, and that that power is achieved by a very particular balance. The bass really drives the tracks, and of course, trying to get a similar vibe to their echo chambers was quite important. A lot of it was actually achieved using the reverb from a Roland Chorus Echo, which has such a great character. "They had been recorded in Logic, so all the files were bounced from there. We had the Logic sessions to refer back to, but it was a case of importing the files into Pro Tools and starting from scratch — which I kind of prefer, as it's like working from a clean slate. "After owning my own MCI desk for some years, I find I'm mixing in the box most of the time now, often in conjunction with a Neve sidecar that I have. My training was analogue‑based, so I always gravitate toward that sort of vintage sound. In practice, this means that when I'm mixing just in Tools, I use quite a lot of distortion to give things guts. "I have EAR 660 limiters which I use for vocals and bass, and a pair of old Pye limiters, which are really vibey when you need that punch. Although, alongside that I'll use Sugar Bytes' Vogue, which is an amazing channel strip — the plate is second to none — and also the Massey Limiters, which are really good. "From a practical point of view, the first thing I do is get all the faders up and see what everything is doing. I'll then basically start submixing groups like drums, bass and so on, and treating those while still having everything else in to keep an eye on the bigger picture. I'll usually have a mult of the drum bus, heavily compressed and EQ'ed, tucked in there for a bit of excitement, and then a couple of delays and a short and a long plate. "The album was recorded over quite a long period and in different studios, so naturally all the tracks differed to some degree. There was a general consistency with regards to the quantity of tracks for instruments when they had been recorded at David and Eric's studio, but we did have some songs with 40 channels of strings and similar numbers of BVs. They were all really layered, so I would spend a while listening through everything and submixing down into key stems. The strings would then have gone through something like Izotope Vinyl (I can see the colour draining from the string arranger's face!) to give them an older sound.” A sonic highlight of the album is the bass sound. "As I mentioned previously, trying to emulate the Motown sound meant that a lot of time was spent trying to get the bass sound just right. I pretty much just used the DIs, re‑amping them through an old Vortexian PA head that I have running into a vintage Wharfedale 12‑inch bass cab. It's such a unique sound, which I've probably used on 90 percent of the recordings I've done. That was miked with an Altec 639 ribbon mic through a Telefunken V76 preamp, then into the EAR 660 limiter and then Pro Tools' Lo‑Fi distortion. Sometimes bringing the sample rate down really gives the bass nice presence, so I also used that to achieve what I wanted.” Unsurprisingly, Rankin chose to prune the selection of drum mics to a more manageable quotient at the mix. "There were quite a few options, but I gravitated toward using as few as possible. When we recorded 'Stay Too Long' [one of the other Epworth/Rankin tracks on the album], we had the overheads in the Glyn Johns position — one over the snare, panned right, and one equidistant by the floor tom, panned left, plus kick, snare, a mic in front of the kit smashed through a compressor and one distant ambient mic. When it came to mixing the other tracks I was looking for a similar vibe, so I'd use the kick and snare, both augmented with a choice sample, but then probably no other close mics, just an overhead or two and maybe an ambient mic. These would have gone through the Pye, and then the whole kit bussed and compressed and then distorted using Lo‑Fi or Izotope Vinyl, and there would maybe be a mult compressed and EQ'ed heavily. "Bus compression was a major factor in the overall sound. I alternated between the SSL, the Chandler Zener and a Manley Vari‑Mu — and then the Massey L2007 [limiter plug‑in].” As Ben had become so attached to many of the demo mixes, the final mixing process involved a fair amount of recalls. "A lot of the sounds we wanted [Mark] to mix were based on the plug‑ins we were using throughout the process, so we made stems, and sometimes we did them without effects, sometimes with,” says David McEwan. "We gave him as many options as we thought we might like, but quite often Ben would say 'Listen, I need the sound of that kit, or that guitar — can you do me that again?' We ended up mixing five of the tracks back at The Sanctuary anyway.” In the end, though, the persistence of everyone involved paid off, with the delivery of an album that both struck a chord with the public and realised Ben Drew's vision. "We wanted to have a nod to the old school,” he concludes, "but it had to have my sound, which sounded like nothing else. Yeah, it's soul. Soul's been done before. In interviews people go 'Don't you think you're jumping on the Amy Winehouse bandwagon?' and I have to stop and go 'What, did she invent soul music?' Bollocks! She reinvented it in her own way. And that's what I'm doing.”	Plan B
Ehud Barak succeeded Binyamin Netanyahu as prime minister of which country in 1999?	BBC - BBC Music Blog: Mercury Prize 2010: Runners and Riders (Part 2) Post categories: Mercury Prize , album reviews Mike Diver \| 14:38 UK time, Thursday, 15 July 2010 Yesterday I profiled six acts in with a good chance of featuring on this year's Mercury Prize shortlist - read about The xx, Dizzee Rascal, Laura Marling, Wild Beasts, Steve Mason and Four Tet here . The 12 artists competing for the award, now in its 19th year, will be revealed on Tuesday, 20 July. Here, I give you another six, plus alternatives. (I realise there's no classical pick amongst my 12, but there's not been one on the Mercury shortlist since 2002. Don't hold your breath for one this year.) - - - Album: Waiting for You Why: 2010 is a big year for dubstep, with the ever-evolving genre taking significant steps into the mainstream - Rusko has already broken cover with his patchy O.M.G.! album, and there are high-profile long-players on the horizon from Skream and his collaborative project with Benga and Artwork, Magnetic Man. But my pick from this broad musical arena is a rather less busy affair. King Midas Sound is Kevin Martin, Kiki Hitomi and Roger Robinson; their music is an intoxicating mix of doom-edged slow-mo mechanics and dubbed-out beats, ethereal vocals and woozy atmospherics. The Hyperdub-released Waiting for You is a wonderful record that infects the listener with a feeling of uneasy calm, chill-out vibes tempered by an inherent paranoia. Martin should have earned a nomination for his last record as The Bug, London Zoo, in 2009; the judging panel can do the right thing in 2010 and give him the wider exposure his latest work deserves. If the Mercury was the Word Cup they'd be: Ivory Coast Watch on YouTube: Goodbye Girl , Earth a Killya , Meltdown And if not them: Sticking to the Hyperdub label, which received a nomination in 2008 for Burial's Untrue, Ikonika 's superb Contact, Love, Want, Have album is a treat of chiptune tangents and sink-into synths. Or, on a more playful tip, Hudson Mohawke 's aquacrunk adventure Butter would be a worthy shortlist inclusion. - - - Album: Here's the Tender Coming Why: Every year the Mercury selects a 'traditional' folk act as one of its shortlisted 12, and with a nomination already under their belts (albeit as Rachel Unthank and the Winterset, for their The Bairns album of 2007) this Northumberland group stand a good chance of being 2010's fairly token inclusion from their field. The Mercury has never shied away from nominating the same artist for consecutive albums - Bat for Lashes and Arctic Monkeys are two examples - so Here's the Tender Coming could well be amongst the far-from-dirty dozen come Tuesday's announcement. Nominations at the BBC's Folk Awards have been plentiful, and there's no reason why The Unthanks won't enjoy similar recognition from the Mercury's judging panel. If the Mercury was the World Cup they'd be: Mexico And if not them: Take your pick from The Imagined Village 's Empire & Love , Damien O'Kane 's Summer Hill , and Kris Drever 's Mark the Hard Earth . All are worthy, but not one actually stands a chance of winning the thing. - - - Album: Peepers Why: Much like the above reasoning for The Unthanks - Polar Bear have been previously nominated, in 2005 for Held on the Tips of Fingers, and play a style of jazz that lends itself to crossover circles. It's hardly easy on the ear, but features as many parallels with rock outfits as it does anyone from the jazz community. Drummer Seb Rochford is a master of his art, and capable of earning awards entirely on his own - factor saxophonist Pete Wareham, ex-Loose Tubes man Mark Lockheart, electronics wizard Leafcutter John and bassist Tom Herbert, also of The Invisible, into the equation and you've the sort of ensemble that dreams are surely made of. Strange, surreal, jazz dreams, anyway. Peepers would be considered among the favourites, if only a jazz album had previously won the Mercury. It's hard to see the panel taking such a plunge this year. If the Mercury was the World Cup they'd be: Argentina And if not them: Strong albums from previous nominees Portico Quartet ( Isla ), bonkers relative newcomers trioVD ( Fill It Up With Ghosts ), and acclaimed pianist Django Bates (Charlie Parker tribute Beloved Bird ) are all good shouts. - - - Album: Wake Up the Nation Why: The BRIT-winning Modfather's tenth studio album is his best since 1993's Wild Wood, shortlisted for the 1994 Mercury (his only appearance to date, surprisingly). Containing substantial soul alongside a hefty dose of grittiness, Wake Up the Nation is a strikingly varied solo record from a man who had previously seemed content to be pigeonholed as a rather past-it creative force. While it runs to 16 tracks it never once drags its heels, songs spat forth with alarming speed, and the album's slower moments are truly touching. Some would see a victory as overdue, but in truth Weller has never been more worthy of the Mercury than he is this time out. If the Mercury was the World Cup he'd be: England Watch on YouTube: Wake Up the Nation , No Tears to Cry , Find the Torch, Burn the Plans And if not him: Sticking to oldies whose time might well be now, why not Teenage Fanclub ? Their new album Shadows , released 20 years after their debut, has attracted universal acclaim. Amazingly, they've never been shortlisted before (no Bandwagonesque in 1992, no Grand Prix in 1995). Maybe, just maybe... - - - Album: The Defamation of Strickland Banks Why: Plan B, otherwise known as Ben Drew, achieved the career turnaround of recent pop history with his second album. Previously a potty-mouthed rapper in the vein of a British Eminem, albeit with an acoustic guitar strapped to his chest, his return as a blue-eyed soul boy left many a critic readying their poison pens. But didn't he do well, eh? The Defamation... (a concept album!) has been a mainstay on the albums chart ever since its April release, debuting at number one (in the same week that Scouting For Girls released their second LP) and returning there soon after. It's spawned top-ten singles, and turned Drew into a star with the world at his feet. If the Mercury was the World Cup he'd be: Japan or South Korea Watch on YouTube: She Said , Stay Too Long , Prayin' And if not him: He'll never switch his style in the manner of Plan B, but south London's Giggs has had a year to remember so far (albeit for reasons fair and foul). His debut for the XL label, Let Em Ave It , is easily one of the best British rap records of the last 12 months. - - - Album: Total Life Forever Why: Guitar pop, mainstream indie, whatever you want to call it - it's not had much joy in a commercial sense lately as the charts, and playlists, have been dominated by RnB and rap acts. But Foals' Total Life Forever broke the top ten, and its singles have received substantial airplay, marking them out as a British guitar band with genuine cross-demographic appeal. The same can't, sadly, be said for several other great acts with excellent new records - recent long-players from The Futureheads and Mystery Jets missed the top 40. That Foals' second album (their debut, Antidotes , was also a top ten hit) is not only a winner on a sales front but also a superb evolution that demands all the respect it's received - it averages an 8/10 score - is a brilliant bonus. It absolutely deserves to be recognised as one of the best British albums of this Mercury year. If the Mercury was the World Cup they'd be: The Dutch (without the dirty antics) And if not them: Mystery Jets ' Serotonin and The Futureheads ' The Chaos are both fantastic, and there's no doubt both acts could do with a little pick-me-up following disappointing sales figures. - - -	i don't know
What acid occurs naturally in bee and ant venom?	Compound Interest - The Chemical Compositions of Insect Venoms The Chemical Compositions of Insect Venoms Click to enlarge Insect venoms are complicated. Really complicated. You could be forgiven for thinking that it must be a relatively simple company of chemicals that makes up the painful sensation of a bee or wasp sting, but in fact a hugely complex mixture of all sorts of compounds – proteins, peptides, enzymes, and other smaller molecules – go into a small amount of venom. The range of compounds is far too vast to detail every single one – but we can examine some of the major constituents in bee, wasp, hornet and ant venom. We’ll start with the venom about which we know the most – that of bees. Unlike many other insect venoms, we have a relatively good idea of the percentage breakdown of the venom of your average bee. When the bee stings, the venom is mixed with water, so the actual composition of the substance it injects into you is around 88% water and 12% venom. From this point onward, we’ll consider the percentages of compounds purely in the venom itself. The main toxic component of bee venom, also referred to as apitoxin, is melittin. Melittin is a peptide that comprises around 50-55% of dry venom, and is a compound that can break up cell membranes, resulting in the destruction of cells. However, it’s not considered the most harmful component of bee venom; that prize goes to an enzyme that makes up around 10-12%, phospholipase A. This enzyme destroys phospholipids, and also breaks down the membranes of blood cells, resulting in cell destruction; additionally, unlike the majority of larger molecules in the venom, it causes the release of pain-inducing agents. Yet another enzyme, hyaluronidase, aids the action of the venom by catalysing the breakdown of protein-polysaccharide complexes in tissue, allowing the venom to penetrate further into the flesh. Other, smaller molecules can also contribute towards painful effects. A small amount of histamine is found in bee venom; histamine is one of the compounds released by the body during the allergic response, and can cause itchiness and inflammation. The proteins in the sting can cause an allergic reaction, leading to the release of even more histamine, and possible anaphylaxis. MCD peptide, another minor component of the venom, can also cause mast cells in the body to release more histamine, worsening inflammation. The precise composition of wasp and hornet venom isn’t as well known as that of bees, but we still have a decent idea of what the major components are. The peptides that are found in the venoms are termed ‘wasp kinin’ and ‘hornet kinin’ respectively; these aren’t as well characterised as the peptides in bee venom, however. Like bee venom, they also contain phospholipase A, the enzyme hyaluronidase, and histamine. There are, though, some differences in the chemical composition. As well as variations in percentages of the different components, they also contain the compound acetylcholine, not commonly found in bee venoms. Acetylcholine is actually a neurotransmitter that’s also produced in our bodies, but in wasp and hornet venom, it helps stimulate pain receptors, heightening the pain felt from the sting and venom. Hornet venoms contain particularly high levels of acetylcholine. You might have been told back in your science classes that bee stings are acidic, and can be neutralised with an alkali, whilst wasp stings are alkaline, and can therefore be neutralised with an acid. Sadly, this is something of an over-simplification. Whilst it’s correct that bee venom has some acidic components, whilst wasp venom has some alkaline constituents, the venom quickly penetrates the tissue once you’ve been stung. Therefore, topical application of an acid or alkali to the sting area is unlikely to provide relief. Additionally, since the venom is such a complex mix of components, many of which have contributing effects, it’s unlikely that neutralising a small number of these components would relieve the pain. What might have some effect, however, is anti-histamine cream, which can help prevent further inflammation. Whilst there is, of course, variation in venoms between different species of bees, wasps, and hornets, in ants this is markedly the case. The venom of some ants contains very little protein and peptide content, and is composed instead mainly of smaller compounds. An example is that of the fire ant. Fire ant venom consists of only around 0.1% of the dry venom, with the vast majority instead consisting of a class of compounds called alkaloids; these alkaloids are toxic to cells, and result in a burning sensation. Although the protein content is much lower than that of bees, wasps, and hornets, it can also cause allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. Other ants don’t sting, but can instead spray their venoms; amongst many the main constituent of venom is formic acid. This leads us to a chemical reaction that is worth talking about. As it turns out, as unpleasant as the venom of the fire ants is, they meet their match in another species of ant, the ‘tawny crazy ant’. These two warring species of ants both make use of their venoms in conflict, but the tawny crazy ant uses chemistry to gain a clear advantage. They combat the toxicity of fire ant venom by detoxifying it with their own, which is based on formic acid. Researchers still don’t fully understand precisely how the detoxification occurs, but suggest it might be the result of the formic acid neutralising the enzymes that aid in fire ant venom’s potency. Even more interestingly, this detoxification process forms an ionic liquid at ambient temperature , a phenomenon that had not previously been observed in nature. A final word on venoms goes to a component that is present in all four of the venoms we’ve considered: alarm pheromones. As if being stung by a bee or hornet wasn’t bad enough, the pheromones contained in the venom (which tend to be a complex mix of volatile low molecular weight compounds) signal to other members of the same species to take defensive action. In plain English, a wasp stinging you signals to other wasps that they should grab a piece of the action too. Apparently, the odour of the bee pheromone is reminiscent of bananas, though it’s probably not a theory you want to investigate. EDIT: Bonus graphic! This one looks at the Schmidt Pain Index, developed by entomologist Dr. Justin Schmidt to rank the pain of the various insect stings and bites he experienced as part of his work. Whilst both the pain of a sting and its duration is subjective, and these rankings therefore may not hold true for everyone, it’s still an interesting ranking to look at. If there’s one thing that’s apparent from this graphic, it’s ‘never get stung by a bullet ant’! click to enlarge	Formic acid
Wiki means what in Hawaiian?	Formic Acid - Manufacturers, Suppliers, Exporters, Uses Formic Acid Contact Us Formic Acid: Formic Acid one of the best quality chemicals which has the scientific name is called Methanoic Acid. It has the lowest molecular weight and HCOOH or HCO2H is its chemical formula as well as it is the simplest of the carboxylic acids. It is a significant intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally most particularly in ant venom. Its name comes from the Latin word for ant Formica referring to its early separation by the distillation of ant bodies. Salts, esters as well as the anions resulting from formic acid, are referred to the formats. Formic acid occurs organically in the poison of cutting insects particularly ants. Some kinds of ant have ovipositors which have evolved into stingers that distribute painful, grating venom. Others are capable of the squirting jets of liquid at aggressor from venom sacs which evolved to make the formic acid. The spray is can be reason painful and debilitating burns to predators, and can go away humans with grating welts. The Latin word for ant, "formica," gives its name both to the ant families Formicate, and to the formic acid. Formic acid is the neutral liquid having an extremely pungent, penetrating odorant room temperature. It is a usually occurring intermediate in cellular metabolism and is excreted in urine as the regular physiological manufactured goods. Acid formic is produced as degradation manufactured goods of certain amino acids. E.g., methionine, serine and glycine, as well as of several natural substances such as methanol and acetone. Use of formic acid as the leather manufacturing to the control pH, as well as in acid dyeing. Most applications are require for the formic acid in the concentrations of 85%, 90%, 94% and 99% the 85% creation accounts for the most important part of the worldwide demand and is careful in the industry standard. In many instances formic acid is used to the control of the pH of chemical processes. One of the most general industrial uses of formic acid is in the manufacture of leather . Because it is so acidic, formic acid has verified itself to be wonderful for use in this method. When used properly, formats can deeply increase the absorbing capability of otherwise smooth surfaces as well as support to the deduction of these surfaces with the equipment and extra technologies. Agriculture accounts for the extremely high percentage of formic acid make use of worldwide. Because of its natural antibacterial properties formic acid has been achieved very high use as both a clean preservative and pesticide. In addition to providing a positive level of clean support formic acid really allows grass to start fermentation at a lower temperature, deeply reducing the generally time that it takes to manufacture as increasing the nutritional importance of the complete product. Formic Acid Specifications	i don't know
International telephone dialling codes for Africa generally begin with what number?	International Country Calling Codes and World Time Zones Put down your phone book, stop calling the operator, and use CountryCallingCodes any time you make a long distance call or need to provide your friend, family or customer with the correct international dialing codes. Country Calling Codes was founded in 2000 as a free resource to find telephone area codes and is now used by millions of users. We provide fast and accurate information on how to dial internationally from the USA, Canada and every other country in the world. Telephone country codes, international area codes, and reverse lookups are provided for every country in the world, in addition to the world time zone at each location. We are constantly improving our service and love to hear feedback from our visitors -- post your comments and suggestions on how we can improve our area codes.	two
Oxford Boat Race squad twins Tyler and Cameron Winklevoss became multi-millionaires after a court battle with what website that they claimed stole their idea?	International Calling Codes \| Telephone Country Codes List International Calling Codes How to Use International Calling Codes Throughout the world, every country has a country code list that is unique, making it easy to place calls anywhere in the world to any other county. However, before you dial international calling codes, you need to notify the telephone system by including all the appropriate information. Understanding international Calling Codes The international direct dial (IDD) designations are the international phone codes you add to international numbers. IDDs differ from one country to another. For example, to dial France from the United States and the United Kingdom, two different codes need to be added at the beginning of the international phone number. Composition of a country code list For international calling codes, most countries have two-digit country codes. For instance, France's country code is 33, and the United Kingdom's country code is 44. The United States' country code is an exception, with just the code 1. Some smaller countries have three-digit international telephone codes, such as the Republic of Ireland's country code, which is 353. Representation of international phone codes Since you need to dial a range of IDDs to make international calls in the various countries, it is easier to use the plus (+) sign to represent the code rather than writing an international dialing codes with a zero (0) or double zero (00). That means a phone number in the UK might be written as +44 1296 999999. National dialing codes when calling internationally In several countries, you may need to add a zero (0) when dialing a number inside the same country. Depending on how you look at it, you might eliminate the zero (0) when placing a call. For example: To dial a number in the United Kingdom, dial the internal area code (01296). The number would look like this: 01296 999999. To call the same number from outside of the UK, it is not necessary to add the zero (0) before the area code. In this example, the number would be just 1296 999999. Then also include the country code with the number, making it 44 1296 999999. If you want to dial the same number from France, for instance, you would need to dial double zero (00) first, as this is necessary for France to initiate an international phone call. Putting it all together, in this case, makes the phone number 00 44 1296 999999. Placing an international call while studying abroad If you have not travelled abroad before, or you are visiting a new country, placing a phone call home may get complicated. For example, if you are travelling from the United States and you are used to dialing 011 before the country code of an international call, you might be confused in Europe, where you dial double zero (00). If you are trying to call a number that is written as follows, it is most likely an international number: 011 44 9999 999999 00 44 9999 999999 +44 9999 999999 If the number you want to call looks like one of these, it probably is not an international number, which means you do not need to add the country code at the beginning: 6 999 999 999 08 99 99 99 99 01296 999 999 To summarize, when you want to place an international call: Dial the IDD, which for majority of the world is 00 or 011. Add the country code from the country code list. Then dial the target number, leaving off the first zero if there is one. If you experience any problems or issues, just call the local operator and request help placing the call. List of International Calling Codes 93 --- Afghanistan	i don't know
How many horns does the British minotaur dung beetle have?	\| The Wildlife Trusts The Wildlife Trusts Ian A Kirk About The Minotaur Beetle is a large, round dung beetle found in sandy grassland and heathland, where it feeds on rabbit droppings and other dung, mainly at night. Adults emerge in autumn, but still need to mature in order to breed, so undergo an intense feeding period. If the weather is mild they may start breeding in early winter. They nest in deep tunnels where they lay their eggs and provide dung for the larvae to feed on; they drag the dung back to their nest using their strong front legs. The males use their 'horns' to defend the nest. By the following summer their cycle is completed and the adults will die to make way for the next generation. How to identify The Minotaur Beetle is glossy black, with ridges running down the wing cases. Males are unmistakeable, sporting three 'horns' (two long and one short one in the centre) on their thorax. Where to find it Widespread but scarce in England and Wales. Habitats	three
In which country did a military coup overthrow president Juan Peron in 1955?	Dung Beetle Myths \| Allie Mars Dung Beetle Myths [0] comments The universe does provide and it leads you along interesting paths if you let it. We found a dead beetle. It was gigantic so it was potential fodder for the blog. It was in pristine condition for photos so I took a bunch and set them aside for a rainy blog day. It was interesting but not as eye catching as the tree blobs or giant Amazonian ant. A few days later I was outside with our dog Dakota. She’s always up for a good blog entry and today didn’t disappoint. Research into her latest antics uncovered bizarre South American creation myths and why the Ancient Egyptians believed that mummies would rise again. We adopted Dakota at seven months old and she was malnourished. Outdoors she spends a lot of time foraging for food. I suspect that she developed that habit during her hunger months. Even after two years of regular meals with us, she still forages. I’d never been able to identify what she’s actually eating (except for the toad incident) and it worried me because many things are poisonous to dogs. The grass was damp from an early rain and the sun was shining high in the sky. Dakota had found a tidbit to eat and I was determined to see it. She’d discovered a pile of little dung pellets, smaller than a dime and rounded. Apparently dung pellets are a delicacy for dogs because she found them quite tasty. I was attempting to train myself that such things are a photo op but didn’t think of it until we’d gone back indoors. I hadn’t marked the spot. It took an hour of searching to find the pellets again and there were only two left. So began the search for the identity of the turds and my first guess was turtle remembering our recent turtle escapade, so I typed “turtle dung” and “turtle turds” into Google and found that no, Dakota’s tasty treats were not the product of turtles. I tried “rabbit turds” and “rabbit dung” and sure enough the turds were a perfect match. But more interesting was what else turned up in a Google image search for “rabbit dung”. Beetle photos appeared which perfectly matched our beetle. It turned out to be a Minotaur Beetle aka Minotaur Dung Beetle, scientifically known as Typhaeus typhoeus and you guessed it, this big black beetle feeds on dung, rabbit dung and sheep dung being of particular interest. Dung beetles burrow into the earth where they lay their eggs and store the dung turds. Each turd has its own chamber off the tunnel. A single egg is laid into each dung turd which becomes food for the larva when it hatches. There are three categories of dung beetle: tunnellers, dwellers and rollers. Most dung beetles hold the dung with their front legs and drag it backwards toward their nest. Minotaur Beetles do not drag the turd, they roll the dung pellets with their back legs putting them into the Roller Beetle category. Some species of dung roller beetles can roll turds up to 50 times their own weight. The males collect the dung and the females dig the burrows which can be more than three feet deep. The male Minotaur Beetle is most distinctive for its horns. Three horns protrude from its thorax which are used to battle other male Minotaurs. The females do not possess the horns. Dung Beetles serve a very useful purpose in the world. They eliminate dung. There are dung beetle species for every type of dung known to man, including human dung. Most dung beetles can live three to five years and a single dung beetle can bury 250 times its own weight in one night making the dung beetle one of the world’s most useful insects. Up to 16,000 dung beetles have been counted on one heap of elephant dung. They are indeed nature’s garbage collectors. One of the largest and most common species of dung beetle is the Dor Beetle which often has a colony of mites living on its underbelly giving it the nickname Lousy Watchman. It is very similar in appearance to the Minotaur Beetle but lacks the horns. The Ancient Egyptians revered dung beetles which they called Scarab Beetles. The Scarab Beetle was so revered in Egypt that it became a religious symbol. The Egyptian scarab dung beetle Kheper aegyptiorum was a brightly colored species of metallic pink, green or black and is now quite rare. Another revered dung beetle in Egypt is the more common black Scarabaeus sacer. The male dung beetle creates a ball of dung from which a new Scarab Beetle emerges. Since only the males collect the dung and form it into balls, the Ancient Egyptians believed they did not need a female to make babies, only dung. The Ancient Egyptians compared the movement of the sun across the sky from dawn to dusk as being like the Scarab Beetle rolling dung until it disappeared down into his burrow (the sunset, or death of the sun every night). The rising of the sun in the morning was a rebirth similar to the emergence of a newly hatched dung beetle. Therefore if the sun and the Scarab Beetle could be reborn then why couldn’t humans? Some scholars believe that the Egyptian mummy was an imitation of the pupa of a dung beetle. The pupa protects the body of the dung beetle while it transforms for the rebirth, so logic would dictate that if the human body could be thus protected, it would undergo transformations that would allow it to resurrect and be brand new again. The Ancient Egyptians connected the old beetle who sinks down into the ground and the young beetle which later emerges, believing the new beetle to be a direct resurrection of the old beetle. The Scarab Beetle was also linked to the Resurrection of Jesus Christ by one of the four original bishops of the church, Saint Ambrose of Milan circa 300 A.D. The earliest Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible called the Septuagint, which includes several books not found in the Hebrew Bible commonly known as the Apocrypha, has the only biblical reference to beetles in the passage Habakkuk 2:11. Saint Ambrose compared the Resurrection of Jesus Christ to Habakkuk’s beetle five different times as did St. Augustine and St. Cyril of Alexandria. The German Jesuit Athanasius Kircher in the 1600s also compared Jesus Christ and his resurrection to the Scarab Beetle. South American Indian tribes revered the dung beetle which played a big role in their creation myths, sometimes as The Creator himself. One creation myth has a Scarab Beetle named Aksak creating man and woman from clay. Imagine thinking of a dung beetle as the creator of man! The dung beetle dog tale is featured in the book “The Wizard of Awe: An Acre of America Backyard Nature Series” which is an expanded version of the nature blog with photos and stories. These books are all available on Kindle. The adult series is also available in paperback, and you can check other eBook retailers for availability such as Nook, Kobo, and iTunes. Just look for Sharon Delarose. An Acre of America Backyard Nature Series for Adults Back Yard Nature Kids Books	i don't know
Whose memoir was re-titled 'A Journey' shortly before its Autumn 2010 publication, because apparently the publishers were concerned that the author's chosen title 'The Journey' might seem too 'messianic' and arrogant?	The News Newspaper - Issue 108 - (Date 26-01-11) by The News Newspaper - issuu VICTORIA CAR HIRE UK UK Self Drive £105 per week Fully inclusive No hidden extras Delivery & Collection Gatwick Airport only Tel: 0044 1293 432155 Fax: 0044 1293 402600 Issue 108 Wednesday, January 26th 2011 MPs’ pensions in spotlight P3 Government and PP clash over who is first to call for review as part of austerity measures Terrorism - World News Medvedev vows to hunt down terrorists President Dmitry Medvedev vowed on Monday to track down and punish the people behind the apparent suicide bomb attack at Moscow's Domodedovo airport earlier that day which killed 35 people, including one Britain, and injured more than 110. transport officials were guilty of criminal negligence. Describing the terror threat in Russia as being higher than that in the US, Mr Medvedev said a system of "comprehensive checks" based on Israeli and US security procedures should be introduced at all transport hubs. Mr Medvedev's remarks came as reports began to circulate suggesting some prior warning may have been given. According to the RIA Novosti news agency, Russian authorities were warned a week ago that an "act of terror" would be carried out near one of Moscow's airports. CONTINUED ON PAGE 2 UNION JACK REMOVALS THE ORIGINAL National - International & Worldwide Shipping PET TRANSPORT • LOCAL REMOVALS. STORAGE FROM 10€ pw. ars Tel: 902 109 560 UK FREEPHONE 0800 321 3499 WEEKLY UK - IRELAND SERVICE jack Call Jack direct, who will visit you to discuss your removal plans over a coﬀee. MALAGA . MARBELLA . NERJA . ALMERIA . GRANADA CADIZ . GIBRALTAR . ALICANTE . LA MANGA MADRID... + FRANCE . ITALY . PORTUGAL . SWITZERLAND [email protected] • www.removalsukspain.com Staysure Insurance WE SPEAK YOUR LANGUAGE Travel Insurance From 3.69€ Visit us from the 5th - 6th Feb. at the Buildings & contents From 123€ Puente Romano, Marbella From 230€ People walk past flowers left on the floor in memory of those killed in Monday's blast at Moscow's Domodedovo Airport. ASPHALT AND BLOCKPAVING FOR ALL URBANISATIONS ROADS AND PARKING AREAS LAID IN ASPHALT 30 y e restrictions were partial at best." Speaking to security officers in televised remarks, Mr Medvedev said terrorism was the most serious threat facing Russia today. He called for those responsible to be hunted down and their organisations "eliminated". He said an investigation by the prosecutor general would establish whether est. Three suspects are being sought in connection with the attack. He blamed airport officials for "clear security breaches", and called for sackings if negligence was proved. Mr Medvedev said the evidence from the airport "tells us that pure anarchy reigned. People were allowed to walk in from anywhere. The entrance Private Health Insurance From 49€ per month Funeral Plans Easy payment options, from 53€ per month 952 899 525 www.staysure.com Local 6, Centro Commercial Andasol, KM189, Marbella, 29600, Málaga (Just past the El Rosario turn off, beach side.) Staysure.co.uk Ltd is a FSA regulated company. No. 436804. PLUS! CRUSHED CONCRETE FOR ROADS, TRACKS CAR PARKS ETC. LAID & ROLLED 300 ton crushed concrete. Available for road, tracks, carparks, etc. Very good for sub-base, can be supplied laid & rolled. For a good free quote in English ring 637 179 373 or in Spanish 647 206 118 James R idgley 951 242 873 637 179 373 [email protected] WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 WORLD Play by the rules... By Kym Wickham [email protected] I have had a call from a reader about our front page article last week that commented about a number of “Britons” being in the position of having the possibility of their houses being knocked down. Of course, it is not only Britons that are in this position, it is Spanish, German, Irish and everybody else. The problem is that the British seem to take the attitude a lot of the time that they can build whatever they like wherever they like and when caught, it's the Spanish picking on them. It's not. Anybody, no matter what their origins, should realise that if they do something illegal and get caught they have to pay the price. There's an old saying: “If you do the crime, do the time” and, odd though it seems to some, illegal building or driving a foreign plated car when you've been here over the allotted time is exactly that – illegal and therefore a crime. I can remember when I lived in a certain area of West london years ago how intolerant the Brits were of the Indians and Pakistanis who stuck together and didn't learn the language or lived by their own rules. They were called the “bloody foreigners”. What we have to remember is that we are the “bloody foreigners” here and are hugely tolerated by the Spanish. How many of us have learned the language? How many have built when they shouldn't? How many are running foreign plated cars? Time we all decided where we want to live and stick by the rules of where we choose. TheaTre On Down Lambeth Way Burns night This week celebrate at Leslie’s Bar and Bistro, Coin,with traditional fare Fri Jan 28th Tel: 952 112 123 COnCerT WHAT’S Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Old Time music hall The Salon Varietes, Fuengirola Fri Feb 4th - Wed Feb 9th see Out and About Tel: 952 474 542 e Terribly english Show T.O.P.S perform songs from the great musicals at Restaurant Carolina, Alhaurin el Grande Thu Jan 27th-Fri 28th Tel: 952 112 057 Translators at centre of controversy As of a week ago, representatives of the four regions have been entitled to address the Upper House in their own language – something the Basque, Catalan, Valencian and Gallegan politicians have spent several years fighting for. The press have put the cost of the simultaneous interpretation service at €12,000 a day, a figure that shocked many people in these times of financial crisis, especially as everyone speaks Spanish anyway. An editorial in El Mundo was scathing in its criticism: "The same parliamentarians who talk to each other in the corridors in a language that they all share need interpreters to understand one another in the chamber." Opposition leader Mariano Rajoy told reporters: "Something like this would not happen in any normal country.” Socialists – including prime minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero – have said it reflects the country's regional diversity and is an appropriate service in the Upper House because the constitution established it as representing the territories. As well as Catalan, Valencian, Galician and Euskara, a number of other languages and dialects are spoken across the country, including Aragonese, Asturian and Leonese. But virtually everyone speaks Spanish as their first or second language. When one MP commented on introducing a translation service in the lower house, both the Socialist Party and the Partido Popular knocked that idea firmly on the head. expenses of €260 a day, paid out of the government’s coffers. Some newspapers have called them the “new air controllers”, alleging that they have already asked for a raise, which they deny. month. Last summer, the government was harshly criticised when it announced one of its austerity measures would be to withdraw the €426 it had been paying the law which came into effect on January 2nd. It said that a survey carried out 10 days after the law was implemented showed that not being allowed to smoke in public places like bars WEATHER WEATHER TODAY Opening of road... Alhaurin el Grande commuters to the coast have been waiting with bated breath for the opening of the road to Fuengirola. The road is passable at night and weekends but frustratingly is still blocked to traﬃc during the working day. A Junta de Andalucia spokesman said on Tuesday the opening was “imminent” but refused to identify a date. Medvedev vows to hunt down terrorists unemployed for some 18 months. Apparently the latest offer was made under pressure from the unions as part of their willingness to discuss pension reforms. Suspicion has fallen on Russia's restive North Caucasus region. Mr Medvedev admitted that poverty, corruption and conflict in the region is Russia's biggest internal problem. But like Vladimir Putin before him, he has been unable to find a solution that would bring stability to that region and peace to Russia. Militant groups fighting in the Caucasus know how important the and restaurants had made people stay at home, with the resulting drop in income. So far, there has been no independent study to support the Federation’s figures. WeeKLY WeaTher FOreCaST FOr COSTa DeL SOL MALAGA NEWS continued from FRONT PAGE Smoking law eﬀects felt The National Association of Hoteliers has said that bars and restaurants have already been forced to dismiss between 11% and 60% of their staff as a result of the tougher anti-smoking Junta de Andalucia The 22 female and 3 male interpreters, aged between 30 and 45, speak three or four regional languages apiece, for which they are paid €525 for each weekly two-day plenary session plus Some unemployed to get €350 a month The government has announced that unemployed people who have run out of social security credits but who are willing to join training courses will be paid €350 a www.thenewsonline.es perception that the president and prime minister provide a secure society is, and undermining it is a key aim. The EU, US and UK were among those who condemned the attack, offering their support to the mourning Russian nation. Prime Minister David Cameron said terrorists should never be allowed to win. AndAlucIA TOdAY 1871 the British Rugby Union was formed MPs’ pensions in the spotlight Opposition leader Mariano Rajoy called on Sunday for a review of MPs’ pensions, which he described as “over-generous”. It was one of the several austerity measures Sr Rajoy outlined at the Partido Popular’s annual convention in Seville. On Monday Speaker Jose Bono told the press he had already been planning to put such a proposal forward and was reported to be angry that Sr Rajoy had pre-empted him. On Tuesday, Josep Antoni Duran Lleida, the parliamentary spokesman for the Catalan nationalist party, CiU, said he was in favour of stopping public pensions to former prime ministers who were receiving salaries from private companies – a clear reference to former PMs Felipe Gonzalez (above right) and Jose Maria Aznar (above left), who both receive generous salaries from Gas Natural and Endesa as consultants. He said his party would back a parliamentary debate about MPs pensions provided that it also included "conflicts of interests, incompatibilities and the salaries of former PMs”. Cajas de Ahorro under privatisation threat Economy Minister Elena Salgado announced on Monday that the minimum capital requirements for banks is to be raised as part of the government's reform drive to restore the investment community's faith in the country’s ews n N THE EWS the MEDIA MEDIA GROUP GROUP solvency. The so-called Tier 1 core capital ratio will be increased from the current 6% to 8% of their riskweighted assets which, Sra Salgado said, would inject some €20 billion. Liquiditystrapped savings banks - or cajas - that fail to reach the minimum level by September and are unable to show that they can do so through private funding will automatically be transformed into commercial banks so that the Fund for Orderly Bank CoLD WiNTER DUE - fiT oUR aiRCoN aND GET haLf PRiCE hEaTiNG! the news Media grouP The Coin News Group S.L. Luxury, whisper quiet aircons that never need servicing and at guaranteed low prices! C/ Vicario nº34-36, 2nd Floor - Oﬃce C 29100 Coin (Malaga) FUJIMA MFX tel: (0034) 952 45 44 91 fax: (0034) 952 45 44 41 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.thenewsonline.es executive editor: Kym Wickham design and layout: Damian Merino advertising manager: Geoﬀ Heading advertising sales: Susan Kerrigan Charlotte Fleming accounts: Carol Livermore Contributors / Colaboradores: Martin Delfín - Cathy Stronach Pete Woodall - Andrea Maclean Mike Kerrigan - Muriel Pilkington Ricky Leach - Amy Thomas The News is a free and independent newspaper distributed weekly and edited by The Coin News Group S.L. The News is independent of political parties, private interests and/or government. Our policy is to provide readers with a news and information service that is fair, accurate and balanced. The Coin News Group S.L. accepts no responsibility for the claims or content of any letter, editorial, article, advertorial or advertisement. No part of this newspaper may be reproduced in part or whole without written permission from the publishers. The News Media Group Deposito Legal: GR 2794-2008 Restructuring (FROB) can inject capital into them, implying their partial nationalization. The new rules will be introduced by means of a decree, and the banks will have until December to comply with them. 2010 fUjima-ToshiBa mfx NoW WiTh fREE aiR ioNisER!! oNLY 75cm PRiCEs iNCLUDE fiTTiNG aND Tax “mf” moDELs aRE maiNTENaNCE fREE WE DO NOT EMPLOY SALESMEN BUT BIG JOHN WILL CALL TO MEASURE UP AND SHOW YOU THE AIRCONS. HE WILL ONLY TAKE UP 15 MINS OF YOUR TIME. OUR FITTERS ARE ENGLISH AND WILL MAKE A NEAT AND TIDY JOB IN ABOUT 2½ HOURS. PHONE JOHN NOW D.i.Y moDELs 7000 - € 335 9000 - € 365 12000 - € 4 0 5 INCLUDES BRACKETS, TUBES & ENGLISH INSTRUCTIONS. READY GASSED NO VACUUM PUMP NEEDED - EASY PEASY! UK s ChEqUE ED aCCEPT 7000 B.T.U.* €695 €595 9000 B.T.U. €745 €645 12200 B.T.U. €795 €695 British Thermal Unit CUT YoUR ELECTRiCiTY BiLL! Moody's Investors Service said that any moves to restore market confidence in the savings banks "would also help to improve market perception of the government's own credit profile." GREETINGS CARDS, HELIUM BALLOONS, PARTY DECORATIONS the party people!! valentines Cards, gifts, balloons and fanCy dress now in stoCk - don’t forget the one you love Cakes made to order and Royal Mail Post service now available fancy dress can be ordered Upstairs Opp. Dunnes Stores. Las Rampas Fuengirola. 696 818 595 PC AUTOS www.ventaexpress.es Tel: 952 477 709 SEE OUR FULL PAGE AD ON PAGE 30 FOR LATEST DEALS FOR GREAT DEALS ON QUALITY CARS YOU WON’T HAVE TO TRAVEL FAR www.pc-autos.net / [email protected] All our airconditioners provide heating at very low cost. Because they operate via a heat pump, they use less than half the electricity of oil-filled radiators or other electric heaters. John will explain! THE NEW 2010 MODEL FUJIMA FEATURES 1. Integral ioniser cleans,freshens and removes odours. 2. Built-in de-humidifier sucks moisture from all rooms in your home.. 3. Galvanised outside unit to prevent rust in coastal areas. 4. Large airflow temperature range 12º to 38º. 5. Time clock, remote control and thermostat all included. 6. Last but not least - these top machines do not need servicing every year. FACT: No other air conditioner has all these features! low PriCe guarantee: if you ﬁnd any other company selling a similar product cheaper (it must be the same b.t.u. output and no maintenance) we will match the price on the spot and give you €50 Going strong since 1973 go to www.lesliesbistro.com for details of Leslie’s events and special offers Burn’s Supper Friday 28th January - 4 courses €18.50 per person incl haggis & a dram Friday fish n’ chips - buy 1 for €7.95 & get the 2nd half price - reservations only due to Burn’s Night Sat 29nd closed from 7pm for private party FREE WI-FI FOR ALL OUR CUSTOMERS Winter hours Mon-Thur 1pm - 9pm; Fri 1pm-11pm; Sat 11am-11pm; Sun 11am-6pm - Food served all day Information & Reservations Tel: 952 112 123 2 minutes from La Trocha towards Cartama at Km 9 email:[email protected] WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Germany wants young Spanish professionals Chancellor Angela Merkel is expected to discuss with prime minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero the possibility of unemployed young professionals going to Germany to work when she next meets him for bilateral talks in Madrid on February 3rd, according to Der Spiegel magazine. It said this would partially solve the deficit of young professionals in Germany and alleviate Spain’s unemployment problem a little. While Germany would extend the same proposal to other countries in southern and eastern Europe, the magazine said Portugal and Spain were the preferred countries. It said Germany needed to create between 500,000 and 800,000 new specialist jobs, especially in the engineering and telecommunications sector, to boost its economic growth. The German economy grew by 3.6% last year, well above the EU average. Baby-buying ring dismantled The Guardia Civil have detained one man and five women in Tenerife who are allegedly involved in a network which oﬀered €10,000 to poor pregnant women to sell their babies. The investigation started after the Guardia heard rumours which led them to follow a woman who was having frequent meetings with a poor pregnant woman and a rich local family. They followed her movements until she visited the pregnant woman after she was taken to hospital to give birth. They arrested her without further proof in order to stop the sale of the baby. They also arrested a dealer who was trying to sell cocaine to the baby’s mother. The confession of the woman detained led the Guardia to the rest of the gang. Spain’s arms sales increase Spanish exports of military material rose by 78% in the first half of last year, according to a report sent to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign Commerce. Spanish arms sales totalled nearly €1.4 billion in 2009, a record for the industry, so last year’s increase will probably lead to another record for 2010. According to the report, sales to NATO and the EU countries dropped slightly but this was made up for by increased sales to Cost of EU presidency revealed Spain’s presidency of the EU from January to June last year cost just €41 million, €20 million less than the government had expected. Spain’s secretary of state for the EU, Diego Lopez Garrido, said in his report to Parliament last week that the government had budgeted for an expenditure of more than €61. He said the difference was due to the fact the US President Barack Obama cancelled a visit to an EU meeting in Madrid, and a meeting of the EU’s Mediterranean countries slated to be held in Barcelona had also been cancelled. He said Spain’s last presidency of the EU in 2002 had cost €59 million. LIBERTYINSURANCE LIBERTYINSURANCE Town bids to attract folk The ayuntamiento of Olmeda de la Cuesta, Cuenca province, plans to sell off plots of land very cheaply in order to attract people to live in the town where there have been no births for more than 40 years and which has the oldest population in Spain. Only 15 people live there on a daily basis although 18 women and 14 men are registered at the town hall. Mayor José Luis Regacho said several plots of land with the ruins of houses have already been offered by people who no longer live in the town, which is 55 kilometres from Cuenca and 160 kilometres from Madrid. He said the plots would be sold for the same amount of money it would take to clean them up – about €2,000. The mayor admitted there were no work prospects in the town and that his only hope of keeping it alive was to attract people who wanted a weekend retreat. Its oldest inhabitant, Gregorio, aged 89, remembered how people went to Madrid to study or work 40 years ago and never came back. But some of them still remember the town around 500 turned up to celebrate its saint’s day recently. ¹ Car ¹ Home ¹ Life ¹ Accidents ¹ Leisure Leisure ¹ Commercial Commercial Venezuela and other Third World countries not on the UN’s list of countries prohibited from buying military material, such as Yemen, Pakistan and Iraq. Spain is the world’s eighth largest arms exporter. Film academy director protests law The president of Spain’s Film Academy, Alex de la Iglesia, has said he will step down after the Goya Awards ceremony – the equivalent of Oscar Night – on February 13th, in protest at the socalled Sinde Law that will allow the government to close down websites that promote illegal downloads of movies, television programmes, music or other materials. The Partido Popular agreed to back the law, named after Culture minister Ángeles GonzálezSinde, on Monday, after opposing it last December. KNOW... W... W ... YOU NEVER KNOW WHEN THE UNEXPECTED MIGHT STRIKE. The impossible probably probably won’t won’t happen to you. But just so you’re you’re ready, ready, make sure sure you have adequate insurance cover for all of life’s life’s unexpected dilemmas and be prepared prepared for ALL eventualities. For all your insurance needs contact: LUCAS INSURANCE S.L. REGISTERED LIBER LIBERTY TY SEGUROS AGENT (29/3510026) Av. A v. Federico García García Lorca, Lorca, Bl. 5 Local 3, Arroyo Arr oyo de la Miel, 29631 (Málaga) Tel: T el: 952 440 125 Fax: 952 440 128 Email: [email protected] Because you never know know.. WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Spain backs coca leaf campaign Foreign minister Trinidad Jimenez told her Bolivian counterpart, David Choquehuanca, last week that that she "understood" Bolivia's demand for an end to an international ban on chewing coca leaf and would try to mediate with other European countries. Bolivia has launched a diplomatic offensive to achieve its aim and Sr Choquehuanca was on a European tour in a bid to drum up support to amend a UN treaty on banned drugs to decriminalise coca chewing. Coca has been used in the Andes for thousands of years as a mild stimulant and sacred herbal medicine, but it is also the raw material for the production of illegal cocaine. Before becoming Bolivia's first indigenous head of state, Sr Morales was a leader of a coca-growers trade union. He now wants to amend the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotics Drugs to remove language that bans the chewing of coca leaf. The convention stipulates that coca-chewing be eliminated within 25 years of the convention coming into effect in 1964. Bolivia's proposal would leave in place language that makes coca a controlled substance. Bolivian President Evo Morales has long advocated the recognition of coca as a plant of great medicinal, cultural and religious importance that is distinct from cocaine. The US has already sent a letter to the United Nations saying it was opposed to the move. An unnamed state department official said removing all references to coca leaf chewing from the convention would weaken the counter-narcotics fight. The US, the world's largest consumer of cocaine, has been leading efforts to eradicate coca production in the Andes for decades. Spain is the highest consumer of cocaine in Europe, along with the UK. e other face of tourism The "Beach Garbage Hotel" was the star attraction at last week's International Tourism Fair (Fitur) in Madrid. It was made entirely from debris found on beaches and landfills, including plastic materials,tyres and old clothing. Its creator, German artist Ha Schult said he hoped the five-bedroom hotel he built in the central Plaza de Callao would draw attention to the massive amount of waste generated by mass tourism in Europe. He said between 30% to 40% of the objects in the temporary guest house were found on beaches in the UK, France, Germany, Italy and Spain. N Got a story? Got pictures? Send your stories or pictures to The News [email protected] MADRID Capital legal pollution limit Madrid last year exceeded the legal limit of contamination set by the EU with an annual average of 44 micrograms of suspended particles of less than 10 micrometers, PM10, four micrograms over the continental watershed. The capital's annual average of smaller PM2.5 particles also exceeded World Health Organization guidelines of 10 micrograms per m3. City Hall environment chief Ana Botella said that to meet the limits “we would have to reduce traﬃc by 50 percent, and that is not possible". MADRID Google challenges privacy order Google has challenged a ruling by the Spanish data protection agency, the AEPD, that its search engine contravenes the country's privacy laws. In particular, the AEPD said Google breaks the country's so-called "right to be forgotten" - a law enabling individuals to control information about themselves. It has told Google to delete links to websites that contain out of date or inaccurate information about people. Google's lawyers told Madrid's high court that deleting results "would be a form of censorship". BILBAO DAVID’S 1000’s NEW & SECOND HAND ENGLISH BOOKS Huge selection of Valentine’s cards now in stock ANN’S BOOKS NOW STOCKING THE COSTA TV TIMES DAVID’S BOOKSHOP ANN’S BOOKSHOP Francisco Cano 49 Los Boliches Tel/Fax 952 588 685 Bonanza Sq. (upper level) opp Supersol, Benalmadena Tel/Fax 952 564 279 Tops for illegal downloads According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry's latest annual study of digital music and piracy, Spain is the country with the greatest proportion of internet users who use sites that distribute music illegally. At 45%, Spain is ahead of Brazil, with 44%, and well over the European average of 23%. As a result, music sales in Spain have dropped by 21% over the past year. An IFPI spokesman regretted Spain's apparent unwillingness to introduce tougher anti-piracy measures. WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es 1926 John Logie Baird demonstrated the first TV in London ree charged over Christmas Island shipwreck Australia has charged three Indonesian men with people-smuggling oﬀences following the death of nearly 50 people in a shipwreck oﬀ Christmas Island. The men were among 100 people thought to be on board the flimsy boat when it smashed into rocks on December 15th. The passengers were mostly Iranian, Iraqi and Kurdish asylum seekers who had been trying to get to Australia via Indonesia. Coastguards were only able to rescue 42 survivors. The three men - aged 22, 60 and 32 - were charged with "facilitating the bringing to Australia of a group of five or more persons" when they appeared in court in Perth on Monday and face up to 20 years in prison if convicted, and a fine of up to A$220,000 (£138,000). Witnesses said the boat, which was smashed to pieces when it went aground on Christmas Island, went down within an hour, leaving survivors clinging to pieces of wreckage. It is thought the engine on the vessel failed, and island residents said the seas were the heaviest UN chief accused of 'cowardice' The UN has defended its Secretary General Ban Ki-moon over accusations that he has failed to speak out over human rights issues. In its annual report, Human Right Watch singled out Mr Ban, because he has been "notably reluctant to put pressure on abusive governments". Mr Ban's office denied this, saying he used both quiet diplomacy and public pressure to promote human rights. But an HRW spokesman said it wants its annual report to draw attention to "the failure of the expected champions of human rights" to defend those rights and stand up to abusive governments.Mr Ban's style has been more discreet than that of his predecessor Kofi Annan, preferring to convince by private persuasion, with such world leaders as Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir and Burma's military leader Than Shwe. Mr Ban's spokesman Farhan Haq said: "The record shows he has achieved results through both quiet diplomacy and public pressure." The report criticises the EU’s foreign policy chief Baroness Ashton "for repeatedly expressing a preference for 'quiet diplomacy' regardless of the circumstances", while US President Barack Obama is accused of lacking his "famed eloquence" when defending human rights in bilateral contexts with China, India and Indonesia. they had seen in months. Christmas Island lies in the Indian Ocean about 2,600km from the Australian mainland, but only 300km south of Indonesia. It is home to a detention centre housing nearly 3,000 asylum seekers who are waiting for their claims to be processed. Lenin should be buried At press time, police in Cairo were using tear gas and water cannon to try to quell rare anti-government protests. Thousands joined the protest, in response to an internet campaign for a “day of revolt”, inspired by the uprising in Tunisia where weeks of unrest eventually toppled President Zine alAbidine Ben Ali. Two thirds of more than 270,000 people who voted on an unoﬃcial online poll set up by some members of parliament for Prime Minister Vladimir Putin’s united Russia (uR) said Lenin should now be buried. The revolutionary leader's embalmed body has been on display in a mausoleum in Red Square in Moscow since his death on However, such protests are uncommon in Egypt, which President Hosni Mubarak has ruled since 1981, tolerating little dissent. The organisers have said the turnout was much more than they had hoped for. There were also reports of protests in Alexandria and Ismailiya. CHINA France investigates ousted Tunisian leader The Paris state prosecutor's office has opened a preliminary investigation into the property assets held by ousted Tunisian leader Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali in France, after three human rights groups filed a legal case against the former leader over corruption during his 23-year rule. The groups Sherpa, Transparency International France and the Arab Commission for Human Rights - accused Mr Ben Ali of corruption, misusing public funds and moneylaundering. They estimated the wealth amassed by the former leader and his entourage at $5 billion. Mr Ben Ali fled earlier this month following violent protests. He has sought refuge in Saudi Arabia. Last week, Tunisian central bank officials denied reports that the wife of the deposed president took 1.5 tonnes of gold bars from the central bank before leaving the country. Some 33 members EWS Cairo protesters clash with police of Mr Ben Ali's family are being investigated over claims that they had plundered the nation's resources. Switzerland has ordered a freeze on any funds held there by Mr Ben Ali and the EU is close to agreeing to a freeze of assets belonging to Mr Ben Ali and his family. N Got a story? Got pictures? Send your stories or pictures to The News [email protected] RuSSIA January 21st 1924. One uR MP pointed out that Lenin himself had not planned to have a mausoleum and his living relatives had been against it. Schoolchildren to learn good manners The government is making schoolchildren take classes in what it calls "civilised manners" with the aim of enhancing the ethical quality of the nation and China's influence abroad, according to the education ministry’s website. Detailed guidelines have been published, with classes tailored to the age of the child. The authorities have shown concern in the past about the habits and behaviour of some of their citizens, but the goal now appears to be to drill manners into people from an early age. ARGENTINA Woman survives 23-storey hotel fall A young woman survived an apparent suicide leap from the 23rd floor of a hotel in the centre of Buenos Aires on Monday. Her fall was broken by a taxi, whose driver got out moments before the impact crushed the roof and shattered the windscreen. Eyewitness said the woman had climbed over a safety barrier and leapt from a restaurant at the top of the Hotel Crown Plaza Panamericano. She was taken to intensive care for treatment for multiple injuries. WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Cardinal criticises Berlusconi STOCK CLEARANCE! Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco, the head of the Catholic Church in Italy, has strongly criticised prime minister Silvio Berlusconi, who is embroiled in a sex scandal. Cardinal Bagnasco told a meeting of the Italian bishops' conference in Ancona on Monday that "whoever accepts a public position must understand the sobriety, personal discipline, sense of measure and honour that come with it", adding that political leaders who behave immorally pollute the country's future. Although the cardinal did not name Mr Berlusconi, it was clear who he was talking about. called for a more "robust morality" and legality among public officials. The Catholic Church had been reluctant to openly criticise Mr Berlusconi because it did not want to stand accused of fomenting further political instability. But last week the man seen as number two at the Vatican, Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, A day later, Pope Benedict XVI deplored the current weakening of public morals. Prosecutors have accused Mr Berlusconi of paying for sex with prostitutes, allegedly including an under-age dancer, but he denies he has done anything wrong. China 'copied parts from downed US jet' The technology behind China's J-20 stealth fighter, which had its first test flight earlier this month, may have come from a US plane shot down during the Kosovo war. Adm Davor Domazet-Loso, Croatia's military chief of staff at the time, said on Monday that Chinese agents took parts of an F-117 stealth jet which had been shot down by a Serbian anti-aircraft missile during a Nato bombing raid in 1999. A senior Serbian military official confirmed that some of the pieces ended up “in the hands of foreign military attachés”. Parts of the F-117 wreckage, including its left wing, cockpit canopy, ejection seat, pilot's helmet and radio, are on show at Belgrade's aviation museum. Currently, the United States is the only nation with a fully operational stealth plane. END OF RANGE QUALITY MATTRESSES WITH BASE 90 x 190 €175 135 x 190 €220 150 x 190 €260 150 x 200 €310 ALSO SOFA AND BED SALE NOW ON - HURRY, LIMITED STOCK! BED SOFA & FURNITURE CENTRE Next to Sunshine Golf on Slip Road next to BP La Cala 637 431 006 WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Councils face Blair expresses “regret” Yeates repair shortfall charge Local authorities in the UK have found themselves with a shortfall of some £165 million for road repairs following the severe weather problems in the UK - the worst December weather in a century. Last year, authorities fixed more than two on potholes, million average one pothole every 33 seconds according to councillor Peter Box who is also chairman of the lobbying organisation LGA. After water freezes and expands it causes cracks in the roads which lead to potholes that can cause to significant damage vehicles. The allowance for road repairs in 2010 / 2011 is £871 million but will drop to £806 million next year and £779 million the year after according to the LGA. Mr Box said that it was a priority of councils to keep the roads in a safe condition for motorists BA and Iberia join forces The multi-million pound merger between British Airways and Iberia was completed on Friday, creating the second biggest airline in the world. The name of the new airline is International Airline Group (IAG) and it traded for the first time last Monday. However, the company immediately hit turbulance as BA staff voted to strike over pay and other perks although they have not yet released any dates when the strikes are likely to take place. Last year the dispute cost BA 22 days worth of strikes. Unite spokesman and general secretary designate Len McCluskey said that “for the fourth time in 13 months British Airways cabin crew have voted overwhelmingly in support of their union and expressed their dissatisfaction with management behaviour.” But BA hit back saying that Unite did not have the support of the majority of the cabin crews. Under the new agreement BA and Iberia will be retaining their current operations and individual brands, and BA’s Willie Walsh becomes the new Chief Executive of the group. Germany’s Lufthansa is the biggest airline in terms of market capitalisation. Former UK prime minister Tony Blair told officials of the Chilcot enquiry that he “deeply and profoundly” regretted the deaths of British troops and Iraqi civilians in the conflict, while a member of the audience shouted: “It’s too late!” and others jeered and booed. During his last appearance at the enquiry Mr Blair upset family members of the 179 UK personnel killed in Iraq between 2003 and 2009 by saying that he had no regrets about the war. However, during this hearing, the ex-PM said that he had misunderstood the question and thought that he was being asked if he had regrets about going to war itself and that he took the responsibilty for that decision personally. Mr Blair has been facing probing questions about his decision to proceed with going to war with Iraq and Chairman John Chilcot explained that Mr Blair had been recalled for a second appearance Big bank shake-up Clapton Sir John Vickers, head of the commission on banking reforms, used a speech at the London Business School Conference to outline some of the findings of the investigation by the Independent Commission on Banking into competition in the sector. He said that the commission was looking into plans to possibly split the investment banks from the high street deposit taking banks to promote financial stability and healthy competition with a view to lessening the impact of banks collapsing in the future. The commission had also examined the attitude that certain banks were deemed “too big to fail”. However, no final decisions have been made and the Commission has until September to make its recommendations to the Government. Surrogate mother to Fish, chips and pizza keep baby girl A judge has ruled that a surrogate mother should be allowed to keep the baby she gave birth to after finding a couple on an internet site in 2009 and informally agreeing that she would be inseminated with the husband’s sperm and hand the baby over at birth. However, during the pregnancy the surrogate mother changed her mind and when the baby was CHEAP GOLF! Come and enjoy the best inland golf course on the Costa del Sol Reduced green fees available for Lauro Golf. 661 114 070 before the enquiry to “clarify certain aspects of what happened concerning the invasion of Iraq in March 2003”. born six months ago, she refused to hand it over although she already has two older children of her own. The father, Mr W, is a chef who married his wife in 2005. They tried to have a baby but after several miscarriages believed that surrogacy might be their answer. The relationship between the parties broke down somewhere along the pregnancy. Mr Justice Baker gave reasons for his judgement in Birmingham following the case saying that the welfare of the six month old child required her to stay with her mother. He added: “In my judgement, there is a clear attachment between mother and daughter. To remove her from her mother’s care would cause a measure of harm. It is the mother who, I find, is better able to meet the baby’s needs, in particular her emotional needs.” He said that the risks of entering into surrogacy agreements were “very considerable”. The owner of Harry Ramsden’s fish restaurants has put in a bid of £342 million to buy out Ranjit Singh Boparan’s Northern Foods which makes Goodfella’s Pizzas, Fox’s biscuits and owns the Two Sisters chicken processing business. The merger will create a giant £2 billion a year sales and has been recommended to Northern’s shareholders by management. Northern Foods Chairman Anthony Hobson described the deal as a “compelling offer” and Boparan now has 28 days to write to shareholders to inform them of a timetable to vote on the acquisition. Previously, the management had recommended a merger with Greencore, which would have produced a new company called Essenta Foods, but the deal fell through. Northern is one of the biggest suppliers of own label products in the UK with sales of £977 million last year. auction World famous guitarist Eric Clapton will be auctioning part of his guitar and amplifier collection on March 9th at Bonhams in New York to raise much needed funds for the drug and alcohol rehabilitation centre, The Crossroads Centre, he set up in 1998 on the island of Antigua. Highlights of the auction include a black Fender Stratocaster, one of his main stage guitars he used in 2005, which is expected to fetch between twenty and thirty thousand dollars. Another of his Stratocasters, used in his Asia Oceania tour of 2009 and at his concert at the O2 in 2010, is expected to make between twenty five and thirty thousand dollars. Other guitars have been donated by Jeff Beck and Joe Bonamassa but this is the first time Clapton has parted with some of his amplifier collection. Redknapp robbed in Spain Tottenham Hotspur manager Harry Redknapp was mugged by a gang of pickpockets during a trip to watch Spain’s Real Madrid play local rivals Atletico Madrid in the annual Copa del Rey competition last Thursday. The 63-year-old said that two strangers approached him, dropped to their knees before him and started to tug his trouser leg to distract him while four others rifled through his pockets. They took all his money and credit cards although he managed to hold onto his passport and mobile phone. A 32-year-old neighbour of Joanna Yeates appeared in court on Monday charged with her murder and has been remanded in custody. He had been arrested last Thursday and police were allowed extra time to question him over the incident. He lived in the flat next door to Jo Yeates in Bristol. Vincent Tabak is a Dutch citizen who speaks three languages, including English, fluently and gained both a Masters and PhD engineering degrees in Eindhoven. He was working for a firm of architects in Bath, Somerset. He was only asked to confirm his name age and address on Monday and the date for trial will be announced later although his lawyers will be requesting release on bail in the meantime. Forensics specialists have been examing the flat Mr Tabac shares with his girlfriend, Tanja Morson. Don’t lose your music Around one third of all household insurance policies in the UK will not cover you if you lose all the downloads on your iPhone if it’s stolen, as the policies do not cover holders for loss of data.Furthermore, only three of the many online music companies will allow people to redownload all their tracks free of charge. The cost of having to pay again for 1000+ tracks would be phenomenal so householders should check with their insurance company to make sure loss of data is covered. Unhealthy lifestyle to blame The World Health Organisation has blamed the unhealthy lifestyle of Britons for the high incidence of breast cancer within the UK. However, it was Denmark who topped the league table with 326 people out of every 1000 developing cancer every year, thought to be due to their regular screening and therefore detecting the disease in more people than in other countries. WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 Inland & Coastal News n 09 news Your outlook on the World the Local News Winter returns with a vengeance Last week’s mild temperatures left people totally unprepared for the savage cold spell which swept down from the north of Europe over the weekend, covering the higher areas of the province in snow. People living on the coast did not have to go as far as Granada to enjoy snow – it was just up the road to Ronda, where temperatures have hovered around zero degrees or below for several days. Night and day temperatures throughout the province have rarely been more then four degrees apart. By Monday, the wind took centre stage, causing an orange alert along most of Andalucia’s coastline which was battered by waves four metres high in places. The fishing fleet stayed in port and the ferry to Melilla was suspended. Many beach bar owners in Malaga closed on Monday while they built barricades of rocks to protect their establishments from waves that seemed determined to invade they city. Outside the capital, Marbella and Estepona were the towns most affected by the wind, which literally blew away the sand from the beaches there. Meanwhile, where it wasn’t snowing it was raining dismally. The weathermen say temperatures are not likely to rise during the next few days, although the rain will gradually move away. weDNesDAY, January 26th 2011 10 n Inland & Coastal News Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Protest against ‘string pulling’ More than 50,000 public sector workers turned out on Saturday in Seville in protest that around 20,000 people had been given fixed contracts in public companies without having had to sit the obligatory examination that goes with public sector jobs in other parts of the country. The Junta de Andalucia abolished the exam six months ago which, the protesters said, favoured the Junta’s “friends”. This is known colloquially as “enchufismo” or string pulling. One of the organisers said that when so many people turned out for a protest, despite the weather, it meant that “the Five arrested in smoking disturbances two people were arrested in Abolete, Granada province, last week when a fight started at a bar after a waitress asked a client who lit up to go outside to smoke. Three other clients backed her up and the smoker waited outside the bar for them to leave. In the ensuing fight, two people received knife wounds. In Velez-Malaga, Local Police were set upon last Friday when they told three men to stop smoking in a bar. They refused to obey the police and told them to “go look for drug dealers”. One man said: “Either have a coffee or leave, all I’m doing is smoking a cigarette because I feel like it”. When the police tried to take him in, two of his friends attacked them and all three ended in a jail cell. Profile of killers Guardia Civil psychologists are working on the profile of whoever murdered 13year-old Maria Esther Jimenez Villegas, found dead last Thursday in a hut just outside the village of Arriate, north of Ronda. She had been missing since the previous evening. She had been hit on the forehead with a rock which was found near her body. Police said the method of killing and the evidence left in the hut indicated the killing was “improvised” and had probably been perpetrated by someone from the village. DNA samples have been taken from some villagers. A funeral mass attended by villagers was held on Saturday. Junta is in the wrong, not us”. Many protesters carried banners that read: The politicians and nappies have to be changed often”. Union representatives said public sector workers who had taken a 5% cut in salary are no longer prepared to put up with the practice. First fines for street sex Local Police in Malaga city took action against 25 prostitutes last week for having sex with clients within 200 metres of commercial or residential areas, under the new law that entered into force at the beginning of January. All the women were working near the port or in the Guadalhorce industrial estate on the city’s outskirts. The women face fines of up to €1,500. So far no action has been taken against their clients. One prostitute, a Rumanian, criticised the police for taking immediate action when the law states they should first be warned to desist. City Council policy is that the women should be warned about the new law during January before any action is taken.No police raids or roundups were planned and the women who face fines had already been warned on an earlier occasion. DON’T FORGET! Valentine’s Day Monday 14th February C/ El Troncon, 14 behind the main Fuengirola Post Oﬃce Tel. 952 588 731 www.thenewsonline.es Arenas will cut top posts ‘by half’ the chairman of the Partido Popular in Andalucia, Javier Arenas, told the party’s national convention in seville on sunday that if he wins the regional election in May he will reduce by half the number of top posts in the Junta de Andalucia in his first week in power. He also said he would reduce the number of departments to ten. Javier said the people of Andalucia were not afraid of change but rather of the same people remaining in the regional government. The latest opinion poll published on Monday showed that the PP was within a whisker of winning a majority in the regional election in May. Andalucia has been governed by the Socialist Party since it was made an “autonomy” 30 years ago when the central government in Madrid started a wide-ranging return of powers to Spain’s 17 regions. Many political observers believe the loss of Andalucia could prove to be a mortal blow for the Socialist Party. British extortionists arrested Police arrested four Britons in Mijas last week on charges of demanding protection money from their compatriots. The operation began at the end of last year with reports that a newly arrived group of Britons were demanding between €5,000 to €60,000 from wealthy foreigners, preferably British, under threat of harming them or their families. The men, all in their early 40s, were staking out the homes of their victims. The police were able to act when the men approached a victim a second time to demand more money, after which the unidentified victim reported the extortion. We are a popular, growing newspaper heading into our 3rd year. Why not join us! WE REQUIRE THE FOLLOWING: SALES EXECUTIVES TELEMARKETING EXECUTIVES for the right candidates we oﬀer EXCELLENT COmmissiON iNCReAsiNg wiTh peRfORmANCe CONTACT RObeRT Must have proven experience We are looking for individuals or managers with an existing team All enquiries will be treAted in the STRICTEST CONFIDENCE WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 Inland & Coastal News n 11 news Your outlook on the World the 'Lost’ pre-Inca skull to go home to Peru A 2,000-year-old pre-Inca skull which was on show in the Peruvian Pavilion at the Iberoamerican Expo held in Seville in 1929 has been found, 80 years after it went missing. The skull was handed over to Prof Picabea and his colleague Jesus Ambrosiani, who were able to verify that the Mystery of explosion solved On December 8th 1931, when the people of the small town of Arroyomolinos de Leon in Huelva province heard a huge bang they thought that the Civil War had already started and that the town was being bombed. They saw a big ball of fire in the sky which exploded over the town, breaking window panes and cutting off the electricity supply. Some walls also fell down. Scientists at the time said it must have been a meteorite. Now Murcia University researcher José María Madiedo has shed new light on the event. NASA records showed that as asteroid 1990HA passed close to the earth that night a piece of rock “the size of a five-storey building broke away” and it was this that exploded 16 kilometres above the town. It’s on NASA's list of asteroids big enough to cause a lot of damage if they collide with the Earth. One such collision is believed to have wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. 19411/ 9+6* 18'4 #07(#%674'& +0 The skull, which belonged to a male aged around 30, turned up at the city’s University, “thanks to a chain of lucky coincidences”, according to Leandro Picabea, a professor of legal medicine at the university. When the expo ended, the Peruvian consul in Seville, for reasons known only to himself, left it with a doctor, who kept it until his death 30 years later. His widow gave it to the director of Seville’s Archaeological Museum who in turn eventually sent it on to the Department of Anatomy at Seville University. By this time another 50 years had passed. +6%'0 '5+)05 -+6%'05 ,756 61 +052+4' '4/#0; 9+6* 56700+0) 37#.+6; +0+5* .#55+% 61 %#0&+0#8+#0 /1&'40 4+%'5 !#6'8'4 ;174 $7&)'6 .. 241('55+10#..; +056#..'& 740+0) "174 &4'#/5 061 4'#.+6; inscription on the back of the skull was genuine. It read: “This skull was given to me by my friend Ismael Pozo, an eminent Peruvian writer, and was on show at Peru’s Pavilion at the Iberoamerican Expo. It comes from Cuzco and is more than 2,000 years old. For the record, I sign this in N EWS IN BRIEF +&'#5 Seville on 20 February 1931, Antonio Plata Olmedo, artist-painter.” The Peruvian authorities seem to have been completely unaware of its existence but now the deputy consul in Seville, Luis Pablo Salamanca, is arranging for the skull to be returned home. Got a story? Got pictures? Send your stories or pictures to The News [email protected] CADIZ Mayors resign en masse Seven mayors in the province have so far resigned for a variety of reasons, the Socialist Party's provincial secretary, Francisco Gonalez Cabaña, told reporters last week. “Socialist mayors are very sensitive and municipal politics are very stressful”, he explained. He said it was unusual to have so many mayors drop out at the same time but it was not a case of abandoning the ship. “Most of them want to make way for the new generation”, he said. MALAGA 2,000 retake driving exam Almost 2,000 Malagueños have had to take courses to get back their driving licences after losing all their points. Last year just under half of the 156,545 fines issued in the province were for speeding, which carries a fine of up to €600 and the loss of six points. The course costs €184 and the new licence €350 – prohibitive enough in these economic times to make some drivers think twice before pushing the pedal to the metal. ANDALUCIA Attack number tip of iceberg Of the 451 incidents in which health centre staﬀ were attacked by patients last year, just under half took place in Andalucia and La Rioja, according to the Medical Association. A spokesman said the figure was just the tip of the iceberg because there were indications that not all the incidents were reported. July was the worst month for the attacks, of which more than than half involved male doctors aged 46 to 55, usually because the patient was refused a prescription. 999 %1%+0#52.75 %1/ /#+. +0(1 56'210# Martin Delfín Writes for the English language version of Will he, won’t he... Turn oﬀ that “teletrash” I E n the rare TV appearances he makes these days, Zapatero’s every word and gesture is being studied, dissected and discussed as people try to work out if he’ll stand for re-election in March 2012. And if he decides not to, bets are already being made in some quarters about when he’ll make the announcement – tomorrow, next week, before the May regional and local elections, the end of this year or just before the general election. Z apatero himself said during a television interview on Monday that the Socialists stood a chance of winning the general election and bandied about a lot of percentages. What many people fail to realise is that power is everything to this man, who also has a remarkable capacity for ignoring reality. I don’t see how he can cling to power if the economic news gets worse, as is likely, and not better, as the socialists seem to believe. B ut having read the latest character analysis about Zapatero in a recently published book called The Moncloa Syndrome, I’m almost persuaded that he intends to lead his party into the next election because he really believes he can win it. He obviously is so removed from reality he hasn’t heard what everyone, including Opposition leader Mariano Rajoy, is saying out loud – that deputy PM and interior minister Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba will be the candidate. I n the book, author Pilar Cernuda blames the location of the Moncloa Palace, the PM’s official residence, for the fact that its occupants tend to lose touch with reality. Unlike 10 Downing Street, the Elysee Palace and the White House, which are all in the heart of their cities, the Moncloa Palace is situated 12 miles from the centre of Madrid and, being surrounded by large gardens, there is no view of the city from any of its windows. Hence the occupant’s tendency to create that reality in his own mind. A ccording to Moncloa staff members who served under all the prime ministers who’ve occupied the Palace since 1977, the two Socialist occupants were the most divorced from reality. B y the end of his fourth term in government, Felipe Gonzalez had turned into a very practised liar in the belief that he had to tell people what they wanted to hear. However, Jordi Sevilla, who was close to Gonzalez and would later serve in Zapatero’s first government, told the author that the Moncloa syndrome was nothing more than the fact that all the PMs were surrounded by men and women who never contradicted them. I f this is true, then we have real problems with Zapatero who, according to people close to him, was very egocentric from the day he was elected general secretary of La Moncloa Palace the Socialist Party way back in 2000. Instead of fomenting harmony among his team of close collaborators, he seemed to go out of his way to create confusion. The author gives the example of Jesus Caldera and Jose Blanco who played a key role in getting to where he is now. He never explained clearly what he wanted from them, apparently expecting them to read his mind, which ended in a strained relationship between the two men. Zapatero made them ministers, no doubt to make up for all the stress he’d caused them. Another man close to him told Zapatero just months after he won the 2004 election: You are as high-handed now as Gonzalez and Aznar were only towards the end of their terms. A nd despite Zapatero’s claim to being good-natured, the same collaborator said that once a minister had been relieved of his or her portfolio, they never heard from their former boss ever again. A nd far from being a man of the people, he can be quite despotic. The collaborator recalls an incident that took place in August 2008. Zapatero and his wife like to visit the Doñana nature reserve when they spend part of the summer holiday in Sanlucar de Barrameda, as they do most years. The quickest way to Doñana from the town is by ferry and that day in August, passengers on board waiting to return to Sanlucar were horrified when some Guardia Civil got on board and kicked them off – so that the PM and his wife could have it all to themselves. The unlucky visitors had to wait an hour for the ferry to come back and collect them. T he ferryman was heard to say, “this would never have happened with Felipe (Gonzalez)”. However, it must be admitted that some people blame Zapatero’s rather stuck-up wife for such unpleasant incidents, of which there have been a few over the years. S o here we have a man who believes only what he wants to believe, and does as he pleases. And it wouldn’t surprise me at all if he stuck it out until the general election, to lead the party into a resounding defeat that it will take it years to recover from. But that’s the Socialists’ problem, not ours. arlier this month, Telecinco’s controversial, but popular, late Friday night gossip talk show Sálvame Deluxe broadcast a segment with a couple who were invited to discuss their kinky sexual practices. The man was dressed from head to toe in a rubber outfit with his face entirely covered. He assured the audience that he was a male sex slave, but some minutes into the programme the man proudly confessed to being a wife-beater and admitted that he had served time in jail for the crime. Panellists as well as members in the audience moaned in protest, and the show’s host, Jorge Javier Vázquez, immediately escorted him off the set and received a round of applause. Whether the entire stunt was set up or whether the man indeed caught the show’s producers off guard, it should never have occurred. W ith the alarming number of cases of gender violence, including murder-suicides, on the rise in Spain, there is no excuse for trying to win a ratings-grabber. Laura Seara, the head of the Institute for Improving Women’s Image, telephoned Telecinco to lodge a formal complaint against the programme. Last year, the institute filed 1,696 complaints with the network because of the content of various programmes, including Sálvame Deluxe, but the bawdiness continues. But it may not be for long. The prime minister’s Cabinet chief Ramón Jáuregui has announced that the government is considering creating a regulatory body, as in other European countries, where citizens can file complaints against broadcasters who continue to transmit defamatory and questionable programmes. Referring to “teletrash” shows, such as Sálvame Deluxe, Jáuregui said the government was getting tired of the "trivialization" of the public airways, and with the introduction of "certain personalities who have little merit as role models.” He didn’t give any names. T he television and radio stations have already launched their offensive, charging that the government wants to impose precensorship rules. Even the conservative Popular Party, which prides itself on traditional values, also says that the Socialists want to curtail freedoms. “The proposed creation of a State Council for Audio-Visual Media, in the way that it is being developed, is a threat to freedom of information and expression, and that is the only reason why the government wants to introduce it,” said PP Deputy Miguel Ángel Cortés, the opposition party’s spokesman for telecommunications in Congress. C ortés seems to overlook that the ultra-conservative side in this country have their own idol in the form of Federico Jiménez Losantos, the radio commentator whose daily insults Telecinco’s logo against the Socialists, the victims of terrorism, and even ailing former Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez, who cannot defend himself, leave a lot to be desired. Hate commentary is one of the major culprits of the current political tensions that have unfortunately led to violence and other acts of disorderly conduct in this country, such as the recent flare-ups in Murcia , where a cultural official was beaten up by still-unknown assailants. I n 1934, the Federal Communications Commission was created in the United States to regulate broadcast licensing. By the 2000, the FCC actively began cracking down on transmissions it deemed were indecent or incited hate. A viewer or listener can file a complaint against any broadcaster through the internet on the FCC website. It is that simple. The commission conducts a preinvestigation to determine whether to open a case against the radio or television station, which, depending on the outcome, can result in a warning, fine or, in rare extreme cases, revocation of their broadcasting license. Although the process is cumbersome and can take time, it works. In 2004 – the last year in which figures are available from the FCC for the entire period - $7.9 million in fines were issued after the commission received more than 1.4 million complaints for 314 radio and television programmes in the United States . S pain’s Media Consumers Association (AUC) has applauded the government’s move to create a regulatory body that will monitor indecency on “teletrash” and other programmes. The group believes that Spain is one of the few countries that “doesn’t sufficiently guarantee” the rights of television viewers when it comes to protecting minors. In the six years that I have been living and working in Spain, local television programmes have been getting bolder by the day, with the proliferation of shows where risqué subjects are discussed that don’t educate or entertain but only serve to shock and offend certain minority groups as well as the general public. It is time to change that dial. WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the “THE NEWS”WANTS TO HEAR YOUR VIEWS Community BIRTHDAY BOY! BOB LIVERMORE Is there something happening locally that you would like our readers to know about? Is your society or organization planning a fundraiser or special event? Contact us on [email protected] David The Dogman Consultations with david in your home 610 868 748 / 952 883 388 Why cats scratch part two It’s Bob Livermore’s 65th birthday on Monday January 31st - we don’t think he’s changed at all! Happy birthday Bob, from Carol and everyone at The News Britsoc AGM report The British Society held its 43rd Annual General Meeting and 7th Extraordinary General Meeting this month at the Villa Luisa, when a comprehensive agenda was reviewed and discussed. There was a good members attendance and a new Council for 2011 was agreed. They are: hon. president, Alan Peel; vice President Patricia Widdall, hon. secretary, Dianne Peel; hon. treasurer, George Addison; committee members, Don Widdall, Sandra Addison, Martin Peters, Jean Graham and Doreen Mahabir. Animals In Distress (A.I.D.) are sad to report that Pauline Phillips from Coin/Cartama passed away on Sunday night January 9th 2011. She was one of our main foster homes and had looked after dozens and dozens of A.I.D. stray /abandoned animals for the last few years. She had been in and out of hospital this year and was returning to the UK this coming March with her 3 dogs and 3 cats. Her son will now be driving the animals back to the UK. Pauline’s body If you would like to attend dinner and dances, participate in sports and recreational activities, plus enjoy the Villa Luisa's facilities why not think about becoming a member of The British Society - it is open to all nationalities and a good welcome is a certainty. For more information please call Alan Peel on 952 590 795 or the Villa Luisa, on 952 448 105, or email [email protected] or visit the web site www.britishsocietyspain.co m will be taken to the UK later on along with Mr. Chip's ashes, her favourite dog which passed away this year. She worked so hard all her life for mentally and physically ill children including her own child and fostered many of them over the years before arriving in Spain where these last three years she dedicated her time to fostering dogs for A.I.D. She will be so missed by all that knew this lovely and kind lady. R.I.P. Pauline A children’s park and play area on El Rodeo in Coin has been vandalised by thoughtless British youths. How do we know they are British? Because the names graffiti'd on the children's slide and tunnel etc are British! They are: Sam M, Mackenzie,Michael,Vicki, Josh, Perdy, Jake, Tobi, Anver, Sam, Sasha, Leigh, Sophie, Harley, Derice, Lucy, Amanda, Jack, George, Jenna and Gabi. Of course, not all of them will have been graffiti'd by the people themselves but, on kid's play equipment.....please! So far the Brits have been very well tolerated and even welcomed in the Coin area. This is just the sort of thing that will rightly seriously upset the Spanish. The area has clubs for mums and babies, toddlers and all sorts of things for older people to do but what about the 11 to 19-yearolds? Parents say they are bored because they don't work here and teens are bored stiff with nothing to do so, parents, why not club together and run a youth club with sports and activities that they would enjoy, to give them something to do while getting rid of your own boredom – you won't be bored if there are young people around and they'll keep you young while you're at it. By Jane Newman PAD AGM The Annual General Meeting of the P.A.D. Animal charity will be held on Saturday February 19th starting at 3pm at the Tamisa Hotel on the Camino de Coin near Mijas Golf. If anyone wishes to stand for election to the Committee please e-mail your details to: [email protected] by 18th February 2011.Any agreements adopted at the meeting will be valid under the terms of the association so, if you cannot attend the meeting but wish to appoint another member as a proxy, please send an email to the above address and they will send you a proxy form to fill in.Also, if anyone has any small unwanted items which would be suitable to use as raffle prizes at various fund raising events they would be gratefully received. You can e-mail [email protected] or call Lisa on 658 351 642 or bring them along to the AGM. ARCH on the move ARCH, The Andalucian Rescue Centre for Horses and Donkeys has found a new, bigger home and will be soon on the move. The charity is relocating from February 1st to larger stables at Centro Hipico Los Arcos, Carretera de Cartama a Coin Km. 6, Alhaurin El Grande, 29120 (next to Venta Los Arcos). The charity will be announcing some fundraising events shortly and wants to remind all its supporters and anybody else interested in its work that visitors will be very welcome. every Saturday from 10am-2pm or by prior arrangement. For further information about the move, the work of the charity, or if you can offer any help, tel: 656 935 613, or 620 175 828, 635 798 219 or visit the website at www.horserescuespain.org You can slightly reduce (but not extinguish) the claw for need conditioning by keeping its claws cut. Ask your veterinary nurse how to do this, if you’ve never done it. If your cat likes catnip, try scenting the post with it to get the kitty interested. Praise it and give it treats when it scratches the right thing. It is said that vertical stripes, using a felt tipped pen, up and down the post, encourage scratching. If your cat is scratching at a horizontal surface, not a vertical one, or if it is using the stairs as a scratching area, you can make a DIY horizontal surface by covering a breeze block in carpet. If cats scratch wallpaper, you can fix a piece of carpet to the wall for scratching – fix it securely. According to Vicky Halls, cat expert, loop weave carpet is best! scratch cats Some indoors, because they have failed to learn how to scratch trees out of doors. Spray catnip on tree trunks, in dry weather, if the cat likes catnip. Reward the cat with treats when you see it scratching a tree. Even so, it will probably still need to scratch indoors as its main territory is indoors. If your cat scratches in more than one room, install a post in each room. In the house as a whole there should be one post per cat – and one extra. DON’T CHANGE THE SCRATCHING POST If possible never change the scratching post. The messier and tattier it is, is it more the impregnated with the “Scratch me’ message. You may prefer a new scratching post. Your cat won’t. Don’t move the post. Cats like things to remain the same. If you MUST move it, move it about two inches every three days, making sure the cat is still using it before the next small move. Part 3 next week. FOUND! The News would like to say a huge “thank-you” to the people who phoned about the whereabouts of the Mercedes car that had been stolen after they saw it on page nine last week. The car had been parked on the road on Riviera del Sol and has now been successfully reunited with its owner. It also shows our readers look at every bit of The News! Thanks! WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es “THE NEWS”WANTS TO HEAR YOUR VIEWS Send letters to the editor as part of an e-mail text to [email protected] Robert Mead I am now living on the Costa del Sol permanently, I've been a very keen follower of Motocross in England and, with many friends coming out here in February every year practising on tracks, by email namely one near Coin and Cartama, I was wondering if you have come across - or know of a contact that we can find where local meetings are held as we also cannot find any reports in local papers about any meetings. I hope that you or one of your readers may be able to shed some light on this matter for me. Please email me at [email protected] Peter Warburton Marbella Firstly, let me say that I love living in Spain and I love the Spanish people - I wouldn’t be here otherwise. However, I cannot understand the attitude here in Spain in respect of small businesses. I have run a company here on the coast for the best part of the last ten years and we all realise that there is a recession on but help from the Spanish banks and the Government is nil. I employ twenty people, some English but mostly Spanish, for whom I pay Social Security every month. Do the banks and authorities realise that, if my business goes down, they’ve got another twenty people on the dole taking money each month from the Elaine Elliot country’s coffers? Surely it would be better to support small businesses, of which there are many, during these difficult times thereby ensuring people’s jobs and the future employing potential these businesses represent. I spoke to my bank manager who said that he was very pleased with the amount of business we are putting through his bank but then told me that he cannot lend any money as his head office won’t allow him to. The Government tell us that there are all manner of grants available. Well, if there are, I’ll be blowed if either myself or my accountant can find one that, after jumping through all the necessary hoops, doesn’t have some clause or another meaning that your business doesn’t come under its criteria for help. I have spoken with other business owners all along the coast that have found the same thing and it would seem that Spain just doesn’t want small businesses to survive unless you happen to be building roads, roundabouts or humps in the road to damage your car on! Oh yes, and to cap it all, if my company does go to the wall, although I pay my own Autonomo’s Social Security of over €250 every month good as gold, I won’t get any dole as I’m self employed. Some incentive for people to get off their backsides, start a small business and give people jobs that is! NOT!! Torreblanca Tourists watch out! We have heard a lot recently about illegal workers here in Spain - well it is also happening in the tourist sector. Some people think that all they have to do is have some leaflets printed and drop them round bars, cafes and other tourist establishments to sell excursions. Not true.... of course they need to have all the proper licences and paperwork. It costs a lot of hard work and finance to set up a travel agency. The licence number to operate as a travel agency is called a cian number and is always Andrew Coates Just a quick line to keep you up to date. I have found "Fresh" chives at two outlets here. Iceland, tho they are not well packed and consequently can be a bit off. and Hipercor, where they are better packed and consequently fresher. The Iceland ones are in 25gr packs printed on flyers and paperwork. Some unscrupulous workers are even putting fake numbers on their flyers because the tourists don't realise who they are and they are not expected to arrive here carrying the latest edition of the laws in Spain.These people are putting the lives of tourists at risk because, of course, they do not have any insurance. They are also de-frauding the local government out of taxes and social security payments. The general public ought to be made aware of this for their own safety. We all like a bargain...but at what cost. By email at 1.88euros. The Hipercor are in 20 gr packs at 1.50euros.I have tried both. The Hipercor ones were by far the best. Due largely I think to the superior packaging. I used 3 packets 60gr - rather expensive, but the result was well worth it. The taste was superb.So now I know, I have an order in for some Chive plants from a man at las Palomas market, then I shall be able to continue making this loaf at a more reasonable cost. Editor says: Thanks for the info Andrew. Chives are one of the herbs that lose most of their flavour when dried. I will pass this on to our readers. Stargazing By Ken Campbell If you would like to be kept up to date or take part in any of the events then go to www.kencampbell.info How high is Space? I took my 6 year old granddaughter Chloe outside the other night to look at the stars and she asked me ‘Grandad, how high up is space?’ It’s quite difficult to measure it exactly because space is defined as being outside of the Earth’s atmosphere. But the atmosphere doesn’t just stop abruptly at a certain height. On top of Mount Everest for example, which is about 5 miles high, you would need breathing equipment as the air is so thin. But aeroplanes like Concorde fly at over 11 miles high so there is some air at this height for them to fly in. At about 15 miles up, the sky turns from blue to black and the stars appear even though it is still daylight. Weather balloons can reach heights of over 30 miles. Shooting stars or meteors are caused by tiny pieces of rock hitting the atmosphere and burning up at more than 50 miles high and the Aurora Borealis or Northern lights are caused by radiation from the Sun reacting with the upper atmosphere at about 70 miles. NASA awards its astronaut wings to anyone going above 50 miles although technically you would still feel a very slight air resistance, so other agencies have set the boundary at 62 miles high. At this height aeroplanes cannot function as the air is so thin it cannot produce lift. Meteorologists will tell you the atmosphere ends 600 miles (1000 kilometres) up, but even at half that distance air molecules are few and far between. Recently, with data from a new instrument developed by scientists at the University of Calgary, scientists confirmed that space begins 73 miles above Earth's surface. NASA's mission control uses 76 miles as their re-entry altitude because that's where the shuttle switches from steering with thrusters to manoeuvring with aerodynamic surfaces. The returning space shuttle uses the Earth’s atmosphere to slow it down from its flight speed of 17,500mph to landing at 250mph, it has no engine to slow it down and if it misses the runway it cannot go around a second time. Others point out that the "Now Entering Space" sign should be posted way out at 13 million miles because that's the boundary where Earth's gravity is no longer dominant. The International Space Station flies at a height of 250 miles. Now this may sound like a lot but the distance from Birmingham to London is about 250 miles, so if you stood this distance on its end then you can see it’s not very high at all. Satellites that orbit the Earth are at various heights depending on what their role is. Photographic reconnaissance satellites are fairly low at between 200-300 miles high while geostationary satellites such as weather satellites and sky TV that have to remain in the same place in relation to the Earth can fly at several thousand miles high. Richard Branson will soon be offering flights for around £100,000 on his Virgin Galactic service. In a tiny ‘Space Plane’ tourists will go into space on what is known as a sub-orbital flight. For about 15 minutes they will see the sky turn black, the curve of the Earth’s surface and feel the effects of weightlessness. I don’t know if they will be charged a pound though to use the toilet like a certain UK airline was thinking of doing. At this point Chloe had gone indoors and was watching Cbeebies on TV… Kids! WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 news Your outlook on the World OUT & the ABOUT Your weekly entertainment Guide InsIDe thIs week One euro sale at ChAIn charity shop terribly english show by tOPs Psychic evening at La Risa@Lauro Golf e world of Dali - a fantasy that comes alive in Catalunya Written by Andrea MacLean A new museum dedicated to the fantastical and absurd genius of Salvador Dali has just opened in St Petersburg,Florida and it will be a permanent home to the most comprehensive collection of Dali’s work in the world. S o if you are off to Florida on holiday then the splendidly striking museum, designed by world renowned architect Yann Weymouth, will be a must-see. The heart of the collection was acquired by Ohio philanthropists Albert Reynolds and Eleanor Morse – the couple were long standing friends of the artist’s, bought their first painting in 1942 and collected Dali’s works throughout their lives. B ut you do not have to travel to Florida to be enthralled and amazed by the mad surrealism of Dali. St Petersburg is now set to be twinned with the artist’s hometown, Figueres in Catalunya, which boasts the world famous Dali theatre museum, designed by the artist himself and where his body was buried in the basement crypt when he died in 1989. I t’s Spain’s most visited museum after Madrid’s Prado and the Guggenheim in Bilbao and has a rich, colourful history that is tightly woven into the fabric of 20th century Spain. Figueres itself is a great place to stay for those visiting the region. It’s an attractive little town with a charming Rambla and, apart from the museum, it’s most famous for the huge 17th century Castell de Sant Fernand. It was billed as the largest castle in Europe,played its part during the Napoleonic wars and was the reason why Figueres became the dominant town in the region. I n the 20th century it was the last bastion of the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War when the town became their capital after the fall of Barcelona. Earlier it had been used as a barracks for newly arrived members of the International Brigade before they moved on to Barcelona and the front. Franco’s forces bombed it and the town with great ferocity, destroying many buildings. Among them was the town’s municipal theatre, which lay in ruins for decades before Dali bought the remains, and created his masterpiece. The castle’s other claim to fame is that it acted as a prison for Colonel Tejero, following his failed coup attempt in 1981. D ali was born in Figueres in 1904 and held his first exhibition when he was 14 years old. In the early 1960s he decided to construct his museum inside the ruins of the municipal theatre and his fantastical creation was completed in 1974. Visiting museums with teenage girls (or boys) in tow is always fraught. But if you fancy a museum visit with something for all the family, then this is the place. The teenage girls in question had made it clear they would rather be beaten with sticks than spend a hot day inside an art museum – until they clapped eyes on the building. T he building was designed as an exhibit itself and takes the breath away – topped by a huge metallic dome, terracotta pink walls, the roof line studded with giant eggs, bronze mannequins clinging to the roof ready to swoop down, imitation giant bread rolls clinging to the walls – all astonishingly set against the Catalunyan sky, and designed to overwhelm the senses and entice you through the door. Inside is the broadest range of works spanning Dali’s artistic career as well as works created especially for the museum, including the Mae West Room, the Wind Palace Room and the Rainy Cadillac. The collection also includes works by other artists, including El Greco. I t’s as mad as a box of frogs – and completely captivating. And the teenage girls loved every sublime moment of it – and of course, insisted on getting the tee-shirt at the museum shop. T here is nearby a slice of history that stretches much further back than Figueres and its castle – and it should definitely be on the list of things to see in the area. From Figueres you are a short car ride away from L’Escala, a small resort on the Gulf of Roses – nearby is the spectacular archaeological site at Empúries, which has extensive remains of both the ancient Greek port and the later Roman invaders. There are ruins of temples, cisterns, remains of streets and houses, remains of luxurious villas and magnificent mosaic floors – a word of warning though. This definitely lacked appeal for teenage girls! The whole of this area is fascinating – small medieval towns, lovely beach resorts, more Dali at the once hugely fashionable Cadaques – so much to see and do, and in such a small area of Spain. WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in ABOUT Down Lambeth Way CASA KON-TIKI The Fish and Chips Emporium of the Coast TAKE AWAYS Pure White Cod & Chips The Best Haddock & Chips Wholetail Scampi & Chips Battered Sausage & Chips Home-made Curry & Rice Hot Chilli & Rice Double beefburger & Chips Lasagne etc., etc., etc., ALL AT €5 EACH! Sides all €1 each: Mushy peas, Curry sauce, Beans, Gravy, Bread rolls etc. ALL DAY 7 DAYS A WEEK 12 NOON ‘TIL 10PM Chris The Dish: 667 842 359 John The Fish: 678 292 792 2nd street behind Yaramar Hotel, Los Boliches Visit us at www.los-boliches.es Come and take a nostalgic trip back to the Good Old Days, from Friday 4th until Wednesday 9th February. This is a totally audience participation show, the louder you sing and laugh the better they like it, also it will drown out some of the voices of the artists who may have imbibed too much! London Boobye will be there to keep you entertained on the old Joanna, Margaret Evans who will at least bring a bit of class to the event, and a cast of thousands who with a bit of luck will all turn up on the night. The people at The Salon Varietes are sure you will know all the songs, and that will help the singers enormously as they probably won’t. So Lords, Ladies and Gentlemen, enjoy the good old songs from yester year, all “brought to you at enormous expense”! Block bookings for groups are welcome. Call the Box Office on 952 474 542 MIRAVALLE COIN EL PALOMAR HOTEL - RESTAURANT - BAR - CAFÉ MIRAVALLE, COIN Open 24/7 with an à la carte menu, breakfasts, lunches, tapas, afternoon teas, dinners. 3 course menu del dia available for lunch and dinner for only €9.95 (excluding Sundays) Sunday roast from 1pm onwards 2 courses of your choice €10.95 The best for miles around! Everything is freshly cooked so can you please book well in advance to avoid disappointment. All Special Events catered for. Function room available for clubs and societies. Free WIFI for customers! Urb. Miravalle, 29100, Coin Tel: 952 455 203 Fax: 952 455 219 Mob: 651 971 608 or 692 396 487 www.hotelelpalomar.net www.thenewsonline.es Your Weekly Entertainment Guide El Brujo New Year - new menus This family run business just outside Fuengirola has just enjoyed its 20th Christmas in Spain and the new year sees new additions to both of the three course set menus. Served from Tuesday to Saturday from 6.30 pm onwards, the menu choices are well balanced, well priced and imaginative. The 12 euro menu has a nice choice of seven different starters including; fresh soup of the day, home made pâté, garlic mushrooms and bacon vol au vent or a very tasty salmon and broccoli fish cake. Likewise there are also seven main courses, new additions are chicken with a sweet chilli sauce, pasta with prawns in a langoustine sauce as well as the tried and trusted El Brujo favourites, beef steak in a Rioja wine, chicken or hake fillets. If you want to push the boat out a little have a look at the 16 euro Chef's menu MR. JEEVES Bingo Most Evenings 9.30pm All Sports Shown HOUSE BEER €1 A PINT SAN MIGUEL €1.50 A PINT! SAN MIGUEL & MAHOU BOTTLES €1 A BOTTLE GOOD PUB GRUB! 685 825 687 MONTEMAR again three courses but with an additional four starters, especially attractive is the stuffed red peppers filled with smoked and fresh salmon in a tarragon sauce or the grilled goats cheese with apples and prunes. On the main course side, for steak lovers Tornado Rossini; fillet steak on a croûton base generously spread with pâté and topped with a mushroom and red wine sauce, alternatively pork or grilled cod fillets All the set menu meals are served with bread, seasonal vegetables or salad and are followed by a JK’s This Week ! Monday & Thursday Belly Dancing 10.30am €5 per session Wednesdays 8.30pm Bingo - jackpot €400 Quiz - jackpot €120 Sat 29th January Charity Auction - 1st one for 2 months should be a biggy! Sunday Pool and Darts competitions from 2pm More info:654 396 651 [email protected] lovely pudding or sweet from their extensive dessert range. A bottle of house Rioja is just 8.75 euros. Bar prices are sensible and the restaurant is comfortable with a log fire. Easy to find, take the N340 exit between Euro Market and El Cortes Ingles, head inland on the Avda de Mijas, turn right at the third small roundabout, then go straight ahead for about 100 metres and slightly uphill El Brujo is in front of you. Tel. 952 479 746 or email: [email protected] om WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the ere is only One Sale... THE venue to visit on the Costa. Not only does Mad Terry show the best acts on the coast but also has a “change” night on Thursday. ...And it's not the one at Harrods! Saturday January 29th is “One Euro Day” at the CHAIN Charity shop in La Trocha, Coin. This Thursday, exclusive to Mad Terry @ Buzby’s in Benalmadena , features Miss Kerry Knight - the show includes Kylie Minogue, Cher, Madonna and Rock n’ Roll tributes. Changes of voice and costume will take you back to the “Real Thing”. The show will be followed by Karaoke with Mad Terry. Booking for the show is advised but, as usual, entrance is free. Sunday afternoon sees the launch of ‘Karaoke with Natalie’ from 8pm. The gorgeous Miss Natalie Munroe will also be hosting karaoke from midnight on Monday nights. Snacks from the bar menu will be available throughout. After 35 years in the business, Mad Terry really knows his stuff, putting on All donated clothing and bric-a-brac will be priced at just €1 or less (children's clothes will be 4 items for €1). They will also be discounting new giftware by up to 25%. class acts every night (Saturdays being his own show). See the main advert on these pages for more information. Mad Terry still works around the coast (a couple of nights are still available for him to appear at your venue!) but is always at his own venue to welcome you and to follow the acts with karaoke from midnight. The shop will be open from 10am till 10pm with no siesta and staff will be on hand to change the stock throughout the day. And once you have grabbed a bargain in the shop you can pop around the corner to JKs Matchroom for their end of month auction. What a day for bargains! Restaurante The Village Inn Offering Offering you you the the best best meNu meNu del del dIA dIA on the coast on the coast only only 8,50€ Traditional home-made Spanish food. Why cook at home ?! OPeN every dAy frOm 10Am Carib Playa, Opposite OpenCor, km 196, N340 952 835 731 BARS & RESTAURANTS... GOT AN EVENT OR SPECIAL OFFER? ADVERTISE IT! Wednesday 26th Alexandra Avery Thursday 27th Kerry Knight Friday 28th Kevin “Copper Nitrate” Saturday 29th Mad Terry Sunday 30th Adele Lee Peters Monday 31st Terri Fox Natalie Monroe Karaoke after midnight Tuesday 1st Feb Jordana + Cher tribute Karaoke from midnight every night with Mad Terry and Tommo Café Now open 8pm ‘til late for Late Night Snacks LIVSEIC MU Av Antonio Machado Benalmadena Tel.: 645404911 EL MOJITO Plaza de Remo La Carihuela Torremolinos 952 057 062 SPECIAL OFFER! 8oz entrecôte steak with all trimmings & bottle Rioja - only €20 per couple Monday & Thursday Quiz Night Tuesday & Wednesday Live Football from 8:45pm Friday Siobhan - female vocalist from Dublin Fun for all ages Saturday Night Life - comedy vocal duo Not to be missed!! Sunday “Mr Blue Eyed Soul” Danny Stone FREE ENTRY* Shows start at 9.30pm. Open all day. CALL GEOFF AT THE NEWS 622 05 04 09 For bookings or for more information call Terry on 645 404 911 or Julie on 628 617 658. MUMTAZ MAHAL Indian Restaurante FINE INdIAN CUISINE WE WELCOME YOU TO COIN’S NEWEST INDIAN RESTAURANT SPECIAL 4 COURSE €10.9595 2 COURSE €6. LUNCH MENU OPEN EVERY DAY Come and enjoy the best of Indian cuisine in our newly refurbished airconditioned restaurant or dine on our fabulous terrace Menu del Dia 3 courses €9,95 Take-away service THE INTERNATIONAL BAR EL RODEO - COIN Monday 18.30 - 23.30 Tuesday / Sunday 13.00 16.00 / 18.30 - 23.30 RESERVATIONS 952453745 / 610317980 Calle Maria Zambrano, 7 - 29100 Coin MALAGA Restaurante Take Away Fish & Chips At Marlows we realise everyone is feeling the pinch so we have implemented a new menu for 2011 now even lower prices on take away and restaurant meals. Our week day lunch is now 2 courses plus side order and a drink for €8.50 Don’t forget our super Sunday Roast Dinners served from 1pm to 5pm for only €8.75 - Quality - Value - Service - Always We are proud to be the home of the Coin branCh of the Royal BRitish legion MoNDAYS 9.30 - 11.30 am : Inland Mums WEDNESDAYS 10.30am - 1.30pm Every 1st & 3rd Wednesday of the month Coin branch of the Royal British Legion 2pm - 8.30pm: Special on Meals - Two meals for €7 ThurSDAY 5pm - 8.30pm: Curry Night: Curry, Rice, Chips and Naan €5.50 8.30pm onwards: Pool - The International has 3 teams in the local league SATurDAY 8pm - 11pm: Steve’s Monster Karaoke CASTLE SEA SEA DUQUESA PORT 952 455 029 UNdER NEW MANAgEMENT 10.30am - 12.30pm: Line Dancing with Shelagh J. 2pm until 8pm: Midweek Traditional Roast with all the trimmings - Just €5 per person Comida para llevar OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEk TuESDAYS M A R LO W S LOS GRANADOS SuNDAYS 12 noon - 6pm: Traditional Sunday Roast and all the trimmings - €5 per person SOTOGRANDE NEXT TO DUQUESA GOLF N.340 KM 142 FOOTBALL! ALL THROUGH THE WEEK We have the ability to show all the top matches on our large independant screens - even if the games are not on Sky or Terrestrial TV! NEW 2011 MENU WITH PRICES REDUCED BY UP TO 10 & 15% Free home delivery with orders over €25.00 OPEN 7 DAYS Lunch 1.30 - 4.00pm Dinner 7.00 - 12.00pm Urb. El Rodeo, Coin 952 455 599 626 977 224 La Risa @ Lauro Golf Saturday 29th : Scott Creasy - with his popular mind reading & Psychic Show - plus 3 course menu €15. Pre-booked private Tarot readings are available before meal @ €10 Saturday 12th Feb - Valentine’s Evening - Superb 3 course meal at €15pp Fish & Chips now being served Wednesday & Friday all day due to popular demand. Sunday: our popular Sunday roast from 1pm booking advised Private Parties - Buﬀets or 3 course menus we can cater to your budget For further details of all these events and our new winter opening times call us on 660 350 896 or pop into the bar. On the road between Alhaurin el Grande & Alhaurin de la Torre Across From the Clubhouse Reservations: 660 350 896 CULTURE & LEISURE FOOD & DRINK By Ricky Leach MOVIE SPOTLIGHT Why I can’t help liking Leonardo Dicaprio, even though I don’t want to... MOVIES TO WATCH OUT FOR e Black Swan BY DARREN ARONOFSKY Starring Natalie Portman, Vincent Cassel, Winona Ryder email: [email protected] web: www.coinlife.info CONTINUED… A Nina Sayers (Portman) is a young dancer with the New York City Ballet who is gearing up for the production of Swan Lake choreographed by the charismatic Thomas Leroy (Cassel). He is looking for a replacement for ailing star Beth (Ryder) but his new star must not just possess the virginal grace of the White Swan.She must be able to reach into herself, into the darker recesses, if she is to demonstrate the sensuality and seductiveness needed to dance the Black Swan. Nina lives an isolated life with her off-the-wall mother (Barbara Hershey) a dancer who gave up her own career and now lives obsessively through the career of her daughter. So the scene is set for a steep downward spiral as the pressure on Nina to get in touch with her darker side builds and her mental state becomes ever more fragile. She begins to hallucinate and the rash on her back looks like it has sprouted black, swanlike feathers. It’s a psychological thriller which veers into the territory of horror and Portman’s performance has made her a pointe shoe-in for a slew of best actress nominations and awards. The ballet scenes are beautifully filmed – even Arlene Philips has praised Portman’s dancing – but whatever you do, don t take your ballet mad young daughter to see it. Some critics reckon that it’s straight out of the Ken Russell made-to-excess stable, and it has received pretty unanimous plaudits. But is is definitely adult entertainment. MOVIE NEWS Razzies set the scene for Oscar The Razzie Awards – the Golden Raspberry – were announced on Sunday night with some surprise contenders. Jennifer Aniston is up for worst actress for both The Bounty Hunter and The Switch. Now, the former is understandable, but The Switch is a perfect Sunday afternoon daft rom-com. Her competition for the award includes all four of the Sex and The City 2 gals. Jack Black has been nominated for worst actor for his current release Gulliver’s Travels. He is facing Gerard Butler (The Bounty Hunter) and, rather surprisingly, worldwide teen heartthrob Robert Pattinson. RPatt’s co star in Twilight Saga:The Eclipse, Kristen Stewart, is nominated for worst supporting actress and the film is in the worst movie line-up. Not surprisingly M.Night Shyamalan’s pile of tosh The Last Airbender picks up a raft of nominations – worst movie, worst director and worst supporting actor for Slumdog Millionaire’s Dev Patel. Don´t do it again young man. The awards are handed out on February 26th – the night before the Oscars. Last year Sandra Bullock made history for becoming the only actor to collect a Razzie (for All About Steve) Jeﬀ Bridges in True Grit and an Oscar (for The Blind Side) in the same year. Bullock sportingly attended the Razzie awards and reckoned her nomination must have brought her Oscar luck. At Tuesday’s Oscar nominations The King’s Speech scooped 12 nods but surprisingly The Social Network was beaten to the punch by the Coen brothers’ newly released True Grit, starring Jeff Bridges, which picked up 10 nominations. The King’s Speech picked up best picture at the weekend’s Producers’ Guild Awards - normally a sure fire indicator for the Oscars. The ten movies in best film category also include last year’s huge animated success Toy Story 3, as well as Black Swan, 127 Hours and The Fighter. Natalie Portman has been nominated in the best actress categoryand looks a racing certainty. Helena Bonham Carter and Geoffrey Rush from The King’s Speech, have both received best supporting actor nods but all eyes will be on Colin Firth to see if he can continue his success - the movie still tops the UK box office. s I wrote previously, even though I now know that I can enjoy a Leonardo DiCaprio film, I still don’t actively seek out films that star him, I just seem to keep stumbling across him from time to time and often I really like what I see. B lood Diamond is a 2006 film that highlights a lucrative and immoral diamond trade that funds arms purchases for those fighting in the Sierra Leone civil war. DiCaprio plays a Rhodesian gunrunner who gets caught up in the chase for an enormous pink diamond that is found by a prison labourer played by the very fit Calvin Klein underwear model Djimon Hounsou, who is forced to work in the diamond mines having been captured when rebels razed his village to the ground and massacred the rest of the villagers. As DiCaprio and Hounsou escape and try to make their own diamond deal, they are tracked by local warlords and diamond dealers chasing the stone. The film has been criticised by the diamond industry who say that since measures were brought in to curb the sale of so called blood diamonds they now represent less than 1% of all diamond sales. Where does Hollywood get its inspiration I wonder. T he Leo film that I most recently watched was Body Of Lies. This is such a good film that I felt I could sit and watch it again the minute it had finished. I hope they do a Body of Lies 2: The revenge, Return or something along those lines. M r DiCaprio is now in his mid thirties and starting to look more like a grown-up than a teenager and with this visual maturity comes a more believable screen presence. In Body Of Lies he plays a CIA agent in Iraq who enlists the help of Hani Salaa, head of the Jordanian General Intelligence Department who is superbly played by English actor Mark Strong. If you´ve ever watched the family history programme on the BBC called ‘Who do you think you are’, then you’ll immediately recognise Mark Strong as the voice over artist but in Body Of Lies he plays a cool, sophisticated Middle Eastern spook with great ease. R ussell Crowe also stars in Body Of Lies as a podgy and remote CIA director who thinks he has the upper hand on terrorists because his command of modern spy technology is so complete. After two terrorist attacks in Sheﬃeld and Manchester, Leonardo Dicaprio’s character realises that the terrorists are returning to traditional methods of communication that render phone, email and SMS tapping useless, giving them the upper hand in the war on terrorism being orchestrated by an overweight American agent who directs his ‘troops’ by mobile phone from the comfort of his home or while dropping the kids oﬀ at school. T ypically the lead character falls for a local girl and after a tense capture and timely rescue by the Jordanians, he ultimately goes native, leaving the CIA boss without Ferris’ skills on the ground. It is refreshing to watch a Hollywood film that sees American superiority bow down to low-tech local intelligence and the collective superiority of Arab allies. I haven’t yet seen Inception or Shutter Island, both of which I would like to see . Maybe I have ‘gotten over’ my dislike of DiCaprio as an actor as the Americans would say. WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the July 23rd August 22nd VIRGO Make sure you are ready for anything because literally anything can happen right now. If you let go of your need to control a situation you will find there are many opportunities around you that you could take advantage of. Your instincts are at an all time high allowing you to literally sniﬀ out beneficial openings and make your move. With regard to a relationship – an important matter may be brought out in the open so that you can take corrective action. News from someone from your past could reach you this week giving you the initiative to move forward with a plan that you had put on the back-burner. Changes need to occur now and there are some things that are totally within your power to do that will have knock-on benefits for others. Eﬀorts you have been making are starting to bear fruit, something finally clicks and you view a situation completely diﬀerently - this change encourages your motivational instincts. There is one situation that you wish desperately to be resolved but someone is dragging their feet which results in a delay. If you focus less on the outcome and more on the steps to get you there the whole situation will feel less stressful. Very soon you are about to experience the benefits of standing your ground and holding your own. A certain piece of perfect timing will prove itself to be true especially when it comes to contracts and commitments. Agreements regarding a property matter could be realised by the end of the week - although the result may not be quite what you had anticipated, at least you will know where you stand. News that you have been awaiting to do with a partner’s career could reach you mid week, allowing you to plan more easily. There is a lot going on in various sectors of your life so be careful that you do not over-commit, taking on too much. Use your people skills to delegate - particularly this week. There could be something to celebrate by the weekend - so put that bottle of bubbly on chill. Jupiter is playing a dominant role in your life and although others may think that you are taking risks, you are probably using information from the past to help you benefit right now. The travel bug is likely to take hold and you could consider spending more time abroad to aid another. Oﬀers are coming in thick and fast so expect to be taken way out of your comfort zone. Don’t allow another to push you before you are ready to commit. You know what pace you feel comfortable at moving and you also know the likely impact on others of making this decision. If you are considering a new venture make sure that you have costed in all expenses and hidden charges - take your time. There are still too many unanswered questions to feel reassured. Shortly you will be reminded how strong you are and you will feel that inner self confidence rise. LIBRA The waiting is the hardest part but that is the place that you find yourself now, waiting for your ship to come sailing back home loaded with goodies. Don’t let that uneasy grip of fear take hold which makes you doubt what you know to be true. By the weekend a call, an email or some other form of correspondence will reach you allowing you to breathe a sigh of relief. Occupy September 23rd - your mind with other things until that time, refocus your energies. nd October 22 SCORPIO October 23rd November 21st An impatient Scorpio is quite an alarming sight - no matter how frustrated you feel, the results of some kind of test are not going to appear any quicker. A decision may have been taken on your behalf without you being aware. However, there is nothing you can do to reverse the course of action that has now started. It is exposing what in your life is not quite right and with this positive information you will have the power to fix the problem. A very productive week could ensue. SAGITTARIUS Don’t be surprised to find yourself not only in the limelight but at the top of your game this week, with all looking to you to take up the leadership role. It will become clear that no matter how others enjoy talking about what needs to be done it is you that has to be the action motivator to actually get it done. By the weekend family matters will take centre stage - this may require you going on a November 22nd - short journey that connects you emotionally to the past. December 21st CAPRICORN You are being encouraged to move into the fast lane but it takes you a while to get into gear. Be careful therefore, that you do not rush an initial project and make mistakes. Those that have sped on ahead will be pleased that you arrived a little late but brought with you a perfect contribution. Far better than to arrive on time with nothing to show or add to the proceedings. The weekend could nd December 22 see you blitzing your house, giving it a major spring clean. January 19th AQUARIUS PISCES February 19th March 20th Accepting a schedule that is not to your liking is something that you may have to do to get the end result. Whatever you disagree with, it is important to bear in mind the bigger picture that will be of the greater benefit to all. In other words this is not the time to split hairs. Legal matters could be looming and an authority figure is likely to make a final decision on a matter that needs resolution. Just remember that you are fully equipped to handle this situation. The word loyalty could come up this week and it is important to realise that to be loyal is an emotion that is backed by a strong feeling - it is not a logical thought process. There is an issue that gives you a moral dilemma – you could be confided in to keep a secret and yet you know this information will save another from heartache. There could be contact with a lawyer, priest or teacher - this person will be seeking to pick your brain with an issue that has been bothering them. Kym’s Kitchen ...you don’t have to be a chef! This week’s recipe is lovely comfort food in the shape of pasties. These can be eaten hot or cold, for a main meal or a snack, and with or without vegetables and roast or jacket potatoes – the choice is yours! Pasties Ingredients: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 480gr plain flour 1 teaspoon salt 480gr lard 240ml cold water 3 tablespoons vegetable oil 1 onion, finely diced 5 carrots, diced (optional) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 small swede, diced (optional) ½ kilo minced beef ½ kilo minced pork 1 large onion, chopped salt and pepper to taste 120gr butter 2 tablespoons milk Directions 1. To make the crust: Place flour and salt in a large bowl. Mix well, then cut in lard until mixture is crumbly. Stir in water, mixing just until dough forms a ball. Allow dough to rest in the refrigerator while you make filling. 2. To make the filling: Heat a large frying pan over medium-high heat. Add vegetable oil, then diced onions. If using carrots and swede, add them now. Saute vegetables for about 10 minutes until soft. 3. Add minced beef and pork, and chopped onions to frying pan. Saute until meat is no longer pink. Add salt and pepper to taste. Preheat the oven to 400º F / 200º C / gas mark 6. 4. Divide dough into 12 portions and roll out each one to fit a 9-inch pie plate. 5. Place a pastry circle in a pie pan. Fill one half of pan with meat filling. Dot with some of the butter. Pat edge of crust with water, then fold over other half of crust. Trim edge, then crimp to seal. Make steam vents in top of crust. Brush with milk. Repeat process until all of dough and all of filling are gone. 6. Bake in preheated oven for 45 minutes or until crust is golden brown. SPANISH Poco a Poco By Valerie Mitchell LESSON August 23rd September 22nd by Cathy Stronach We have at some stage in the past two years looked at the verb DAR to give Doy - I give Das You give Da he / she gives Damos we give Dan they give Now let's look at some times when dar is used as an idiom. When put together with other words it takes on a completely different meaning. Dar un paseo means to take a walk, so Doy un paseo con mis perros I go for a walk with my dogs Da un paseo - He goes for a walk Dan un paseo - They go for a walk , and so on Dar una vuelta also means to go for a walk - but be careful Dar la vuelta means to turn around Hay que dar la vuelta al final de la calle You have to turn around at the end of the street. Dar de comer means to feed Doy de comer a los animales a las siete de la tarde - I feed the animals at seven in the evening Da de comer a los niños - She feeds the children. Dar las gracias is to give thanks Dar a luz is to give birth So you see how important it is to look at the whole expression and not just the individual words Da igual means it doesn't matter Me da igual - I don't care next time we'll look at some more of these phrases and at how to use them in the past tense. Hasta la próxima - Until next time, Ya está That's it Valerie runs the Centro Idiomas Language School in Coin. Her books, “The First Twelve Shortcuts to Spanish” , “The Second Twelve Shortcuts to Spanish” (€5 each) and “The Verb Book” (€7) are available from The News oﬃce in Coin, Woody’s Cards and Books in Los Boliches, David’s Books in Los Boliches or by email from vjeﬀ[email protected] or call 952 450 747. WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2010 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Health &beauty News - Breakthroughs - Treatments - Trends Chinese remedy to curb drinking tested The ancient remedy of taking kudzu root extract to curb drinking seems to work, according to researchers at Harvard Medical School and Brown University. In China, kudzu root extract has long been used to reduce, but not stop, alcohol consumption and dependence, but the mechanism of action has been a mystery. The US researchers asked 12 male and female volunteers to take kudzu or a placebo for nine days and then consume various quantities of alcohol so that they could evaluate alcohol-related effects. Pre- treatment with kudzu had little or no effect on the participants' behavioural, physical or cognitive abilities, but it did cause an increase in heart rate, skin temperature and blood alcohol levels, the researchers found. They suggested that the increase in blood alcohol levels could translate into increased effects from the first alcoholic drink and delay a person's desire to drink more. They said the fact that the participants experienced a rapid rise in blood alcohol levels when pretreated with kudzu had no apparent explanation and therefore required additional research. Ginger can calm upset stomachs and now scientists have tested it for its possible soothing eﬀect on sore muscles. They now plan to use MRI scans to determine if kudzu alters blood flow in the brain. Pill slows spread of skin cancer in some cases A trial of 680 patients at the Royal Marsden Hospital, London, found that a new drug for skin cancer slowed the spread of the disease in 70% of the cases and was eﬀective on patients with advanced malignant melanoma. The drug, called RG7204, seeks out and blocks a genetic mutation found in half of all skin cancer cases. The study has not yet been fully published for other cancer experts to review and researchers have not disclosed how much longer patients taking the new drug lived. However, they said it was significantly longer than those undergoing standard chemotherapy. Malignant melanoma is now the second most common cancer in young adults aged 15-34 - in the UK. Rates of melanoma are rising faster than any other common cancer. The cancer is treatable if caught early, but survival rates are low once the cancer spreads. A spokesman for Cancer Research welcomed the study and hoped the drug would become available to patients quickly because there were very few options Colonic Ir r igation at the 952 960 372 630 700 201 SECRET SANCTUARY MARBELLA Get rid of that bloated, post Christmas feeling and try a Healthy start to the New Year. Also all forms of invigorating massage. and Agua Detox 666 911 071 www.secret-sanctuary.com Ginger can help reduce muscle pain for patients with advanced melanoma. The drug has not yet been licensed so is available only to patients enrolled in a clinical trial. Discussions on licensing the drug will begin after the results from the trial have been presented at a conference later this year. Mobile Beauty Therapist Facials from 18€-Nails from 9€ Body Treatments from 18€ Waxing from 3€ Spray Tans 15€ Eyelash Extensions 45€ Full set of nail extensions 35€ and much much more !! NEW 4 in 1 facial machine, Visible results after one treatment Vie At Home products now available. Shop and get pampered in the comfort of your own home! Why go to a spa when the spa can come to you? Call to find out more 693 109 293 [email protected] Pamper Parties Available Ginger, a member of the same plant family as turmeric, contains antiinflammatory compounds and volatile oils - gingerols - that have had analgesic and sedative effects in animal studies. To see if it could do the same for humans, researchers recruited 74 adults and had them do exercises meant to induce muscle pain and inflammation. Over a period of 11 days, the subjects ate either two grams of ginger a day or a placebo. By the end of trial, the ginger groups experienced roughly 25% reductions in exercise-induced muscle pain 24 hours after a workout. In a similar study, researchers compared what happened when subjects consumed either two grams of ginger or a placebo one day and then two days after exercise. The ginger appeared to have no effect shortly after ingestion, but it was associated with less soreness the following day, leading the researchers to conclude that ginger may help ease pain and soreness, but only a day or more after a workout. Drug reduces lung cancer deaths Drugs used to treat breast cancer may be useful in tackling lung cancer, researchers at the University of Geneva have said, after analysing data on 6,655 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1980 and 2003. They found no significant difference in the number who developed lung cancer, but those on anti-oestrogens had a lower death rate. Cancer Research UK said large scale clinical trials are now needed. Mobile Massage Therapist Ladies Only Reflexology, Swedish massage “Gift vouchers” Aromatherapy and Hotstones Visit www.relajacionpura.com 666144572 HAIR, NAILS & BEAUTY All aspects of hairdressing Cuing - Wella Colours - Hi/Lo lights - Perming Sunbed ‘winter specials’ 60mins 25€ - Spray tans Clarins facials from 30€ PAMPER PACKAGES IDEAL AS GIFTS FROM 55€ Reflexology and Massages from 25€ Manicure / Pedicure The latest Shellac & Foilwrap Minx Nails Teethwhitening also available for special price 125€ Mon - Closed / Tues - Fri 10 - 6.00pm / Sat 10 to 4.00pm Tel: 952 666 787 - Mobile 630 800 572 WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Contemporary lifestyle and celebrity gossip CELEBRITY SPOT Desigual lay claim to Ab Fab iconic designer It’s Lacroix darling – but not as we know it. Those fashion hags Edina and Patsy from Absolutely Fabulous would be thrilled to hear the news...Christian Lacroix is back in business. The man who designed clothes that either made your head swim with desire or with colour overload nausea has teamed up with Spanish high street chain Desigual – itself recognised for its kaleidoscopic use of colours. After years of critical acclaim and catwalk success Lacroix’s fashion house went into bankruptcy in 2009 after it was reported that that company had never made a profit in its 22-year existence. A Middle East rescue deal never came to fruition and Lacroix lost the right to design under his own name. He did go on to design uniforms and train interiors for the Tézo and TGV lines in France, and uniforms for rail operator SNCF and Air France but the decadent days celebrated in a champagne haze a la Ab Fab seemed to be long gone. But now Lacroix, operating as “Monsieur C. Lacroix”, is collaborating with Desigual. He said of the first time he saw Desigual clothes on a girl in Paris: “...I could recognise in her a member of my own tribe. It was an explosion of colours and patchwork under the elegant, discreet and always monotonous French sky...It was a breath of fresh air, all multicoloured, scorching, revitalising, radiating Mediterranean colours and flavours, and creeping into this global and colourless magma inhabited by zombies and clones.” Lacroix style clothes within the Desigual universe. It’s all about uniting creativities; brains and hearts working together...As in any relationship there is a beginning. And the beginning was love at first sight.” Utterly divine, darlings – Edina and Patsy would be so proud. Desigual said:”The aim is a breath of fresh air for the brand; Lamp horror is a Roman relic Go for the burn Next time you are at the car boot sale pay very special attention to any vases that have been converted into lamps – you may discover a slice of history which could net you a small fortune. Retired schoolteacher John Barrett had drilled a hole in the top and bottom of a marble urn, acquired by his father, Sir Sydney Barrett, in the 1950s, so he could feed an electric cable through it. He put a lightbulb bracket on the top and completed the ugly look with a 1970s style red lampshade. It was kept in the hallway of his home near Bath, and after his death last year auctioneers from Christies were called in to value collectable items in the house. And that’s when they made their staggering discovery – after they examined it they discovered it was a Roman urn dated to about the first century AD. They put a conservative estimate of £10,000 on the urn, but were stunned when it sold for £445,250 to a European dealer. The head of antiquities at Christies, Georgiana Atkins, said:”It was a bit of a monstrosity ... The alterations and drill holes didn’t seem to affect the price, which was quite enormous and surprised us.” What a find!! An ode to a haggis... It’s that time of year when Scots throughout the world honour the life and poetry of Robert Burns and tuck into the traditional neeps, tatties and Scottish haggis on Burns Night. Here in Spain there are plenty of opportunities to pay respects to the famous son of Scotland. But in America die-hard Scots have not been able to savour the whole taste of Burns Night since the US banned the import of haggis 20 years ago. Now the Scottish government is taking steps to persuade America to reverse the ban and a delegation of American politicians has been invited to Scotland. Rural affairs secretary Richard Lochhead raised that matter with US authorities last year and now hopes to persuade them that it’s time to drop the ban. He said: “Scotland’s produce is amongst the best in the world and I have asked the US Department of Agriculture officials to come here and see for themselves the high standards we have in animal health and processing. This will help them realise that our haggis is produced to the highest standards and that it’s time to allow imports to resume.” – mop the floor More than half the people who joined a gym in the UK in the New Year will have given up going last weekend on “Surrender Sunday”. A survey by Pure Gym has shown that failed gym goers will be out of pocket to the tune of an average of £500 in unused membership for the rest of the year. A fifth of people sign up and don´t even go once. But help is at hand – because research by cleaning product company Vileda shows that a better way to burn calories is by getting down and dirty with a mop and bucket. An hour of pushing a mop around the floor and wringing it out apparently works off 238 calories – cancelling out a bar of chocolate or two decent sized glasses of wine. To use up the same energy at the gym would mean an hour on the exercise bike or more than an hour pumping iron. Plus its a lot cheaper and can be done in the comfort of your own home. Not sure how many people in the UK – whose homes tend to be carpeted –would find an hour’s worth of floors to mop, but it’s easy peasy for those of us who live in Spain. So each time you get down to mopping the marble and tiled floors both inside and out, just think of the good it’s doing. Vileda is now researching a mop with an inbuilt calorie counter, in a bid to boost the household essential as a piece of exercise equipment. WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Take a break TARGET PUZZLE SUDOKU by Papocom Fill in the grid so that every row, every column and every 3 x 3 grid contains the digits 1 through 9. With no repeats, that means that no number is repeated in any row, column or box. Level: Level: MEDIUM HARD See how many words of four or more letters you can make from the given nine letters. In making a word each letter may be used only once. The key letter must be used in each word. D T E T SM I A E I O E P T N G R A Target 1-8 Poor 9-14 Average 15-22 Good 23-24 Excellent 1-12 Poor 15-20 Average 21-29 Good 30-31 Excellent The following are not allowed: - Words beginning with a capital letter - Words with a hyphen or apostrophe - Plural words ending in “s” The 9-letter word OPERATING The 9-letter word ESTIMATED General QUIZ Down 1. Ordinary aura of down-to-earth intelligence. (6-5) 9. Colossal struggle finally floundering. (7) 10. Quarrels stir up nothing but ill feeling. (5) 11. A point to qualified person is no good. (5) 12. Just a little staﬀ pond creature. (7) 13. Stupid sailors turn this way. (6) 15. Worries a bout safe church movement. (6) 18. Bleed current ruinous event. (7) 20. Skeleton regiment full of dishonourable soldiers. (5) 22. Sweet of you to give me your last one? (5) 23. Double-dealing triumph, maybe? (43) 24. Give a thousand to principal of the board game. (11) 2. Unpopular party defeat. (5) 3. A German conductor, perhaps? (7) 4. Meticulessness of North Eastern city tour. (6) 5. Miscalculated royal cardinal. (5) 6. Cancelled daredevil display. (4-3) 7. Upper level two legged supporters tread to tears. (11) 8. Ratings forming a tense mass amid ships. (11) 14. Butlers can be more devious. (7) 16. To hell with the Frenchmen causing disruptions. (7) 17. Spray had him washed up ashore like rubbish. (6) 19. Old Pierrot is a joker. (5) 21. Mumble something about Don. (5) 1 Across Down 1. Acting dumb? (4) 3. Gold bullion repository in Kentucky (4,4) 9. Candidate (7) 10. Cuban dance (5) 11. Smallest amount (5) 12. Nonentity (6) 14. From Chile, for example (5,8) 17. Pleasant walk (6) 19. Having a "seen it all before" attitude (5) 22. Coloured liquid in tins (5) 23. Great fire (7) 24. Communist guerrilla movement in Asia, 1954-75 (8) 25. Hem (4) 1. Leonardo da Vinci's enigmatic portrait (4,4) 2. Venomous African snake (5) 4. Wonderful person, almost unique? (3,2,1,7) 5. Beat (5) 6. Wandering (7) 7. Festive season (abbr) (4) 8. Few bars of music - grab (6) 13. Again (4,4) 15. Become unwound - wine nut (anag) (7) 16. Reject in an ungrateful manner (6) 18. Of vision (5) 20. Bitter (5) 21. Old black marketeer (4) 2 24 25 7. Globo Esporte, which carried the headline 'HAHAHAHAHAHAHA' following Argentina's 4-0 defeat by Germany in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a newspaper in which country? SOLUTION FOR QUIZ American 17. Stroll 19. Blase 22. Paint 23. Inferno 24. Vietcong 25. Edge 1. Mime 3. Fort knox 9. Niminee 10. Rumba 11. Least 12. Nobody 14. South 15. chafes 18. debacle 20. cadre 22. Rollo 23. sell-out 24. grandmaster 1.commonsense 9. titanic 10. riots 11. prong 12. tadpole 13. absurd Across 1. Mona Lisa 2. Mamba 4. One in a million 5. Throb 6. Nomadic 7. Xmas 8. Snatch 2. outdo 3. manager 4. nicety 5. erred 6. show-oﬀ 7. stepladders Down www.ventaexpress.es TEL: 952 477 709 THIS WEEK’S OUTSTANDING SPECIALS 10/20 SIDE A PDC, AUDI Q5 QUATTRO, 02/2009, 19.500KM, 4X4, ABS, SIDE AIRBAGS, ALARM, IMMOBILIZER, ELEC.SEATS, CRUISE, CLIMATE, ESP, FOGS, XENON, ALLOYS, PDC, NAVI, SUNROOF. 53.900€ PORSCHE 993 TURBO, 01/1996, 108.000KM, ABS, AIRBAGS, ALARM, CLIMATE, ESP, XENON, ALLOYS, LEATHER, SUNROOF. 53.500€ PGO CEVENNES CABRIO ROADSTER, 08/2007, 5.496KM, MANUAL, AIRCON, LEATHER INTERIOR, ELEC.WINDOWS. 25.900€ VW GOLF 1.9TDi GT SPORT, 11/2007, 30.000KM, ABS, SIDE AIRBAG, CLIMATE, CENTRAL LOCKING, ESP, FOGS, IMMOBILIZER, RADIO/CD. 14.500€ SANTANA PS-10, JEEP WRANGLER 2.8 CRD SAHARA, 10/2007, 73.169KM, 4X4, SIDE AIRBAG, CLIMATE, POWER STEERING, ESP, GOGS, RADIO/CD. 24.900€ RANGE ROVER SPORT 2.7 TDV6 HSE STORMER, 10/2006, 78.000KM, 4X4, FULL AIRBAGS, CLIMATE, ALARM, ELEC.SEATS, CRUISE, ESP, XENONS, PDC, NAVI, LEATHER. 42.900€ ROVER MG ZT 2.0 CDTi, BMW X5 4.4i, 11/2000, 158.323KM, 4X4, ABS, AIRBAGS, ELEC.SEATS, CLIMATE, CRUISE, ESP, FOGS, XENON, IMMOBILIZER, ALLOYS, RADIO/CD, PDC, LEATHER. 14.900€ 04/2004, 103.848KM, 4X4, ABS, AIRBAGS, AIRCON, ALARM, CENTRAL LOCKING,POWER STEERING, ALLOYS, RADIO/CD. 14.900€ LEXUS RX400 HYBRID, CITROEN XSARA PICASSO 2.0 HDi, 2x JEEP G.CHEROKEE TD 4.7, 6.900€ X2 - FORD FIESTAS 1.4 TDCi, 2002 & 2005, DIESEL, ABS, AIRBAGS, AIRCON, POWER STEERING, ELEC.WINDOWS, FOGS, IMMOBILIZER, RADIO. FROM 4.900€ MERCEDES ML430 AUTO, 06/2001, 4X4, ABS, SIDE AIRBAGS, ALARM, CLIMATE, ELEC.HEATED SEATS, CRUISE, ESP, FOGS, INMOBILIZER, ALLOYS, RADIO/CD, LEATHER, SUNROOF. 14.900€ 02/2007, 45.000KM, ABS, AIRBAGS, ALARM, CLIMATE, ELEC.HEATED SEATS, CRUISE, FOGS, XENONS, ALLOYS, RADIO/CD, PDC, NAVI, LEATHER, SUNROOF. 31.000€ 06/2004, 74.094KM, ABS, SIDE AIRBAGS, CLIMATE, ALARM, FOGS, IMMOBILIZER. MASERATI 3200GT, 02/1999, 38.000KM, ABS, AIRBAGS, CLIMATEM ALARM, ELEC.SEATS, ESP, FOGS, ALLOYS, RADIO/CD, LEATHER. 25.900€ 02/2004, 187.000KM, ABS, AIRBAGS, CLIMATE, ALARM, ELEC,WINDOWS, XENONS, FOGS, PDC, NAVI, RADIO/CD, TV SCREEN. 9.900€ 12/2004, 46.315KM, 4X4, AIRCON, RADIO/CD. 12.800€ BMW M6. 10/2006, 86.878KM, FULL EQUIP, SIDE AIRBAGS, CLIMATE, XENON, PDC, NAVI, LEATHER, SUNROOF. 54.900€ AUTO, 4WD, ABS, ELEC SEATS, AIRBAGS, SUNROOF. FROM 10.900€ RENAULT CLIO 1.4 16v, 04/2001, 85.400KM, ABS, AIRBAG, ELEC.WINDOWS, FOGS, IMMOBILIZER, ALLOYS, RADIO/CD,LEATHER. 4.900€ JEEP CHEROKEE 2.5 CRD SPORT, KIA SORENTO 2.5 EX, 09/2003, 134.000KM, 4WD, ABS, AIRBAGS, AIRCON, POWER STEERING FOGS, ALLOYS, RADIO/CD. 9.900€ RANGR ROVER 2.5 DT, 12/1999, 98.000KM, 4X4, ABS, AIRBAG, AIRCON, ALARM, FOGS, LEATHER, ELEC.WINDOWS, ALLOYS, PNEUMATIC SUSPENSION. 10.900€ CHEVROLET MATIZ, 06/2005, 73.871KM, ABS, AIRBAG, AIRCON, CENTRAL LOCKING, POWER STEERING, ELEC.WINDOWS, RADIO/CD. 3.900€ MERCEDES CLK 320 CABRIO, 05/2003, 39.571KM, ABS, SIDE AIRBAGS, CLIMATE, CRUISE, ELEC.WINDOWS, ESP, FOGS, NAVI, PDC, LEATHER. 24.900€ LAND ROVER DISCOVERY 4.4 V8 HSE, 11/2004, 89.000KM, ABS, AIRBAGS, CLIMATE, ESP, XENONS, FOGS, PDC, NAVI, LEATHER, SUNROOF. 23.900€ BMW 325D COUPE AUTO, 10/2007, 49.000KM, ABS, SIDE AIRBAGS, ALARM, ELEC.SEATS, CLIMATE, CRUISE, ESP, XENON, FOGS, PDC, NAVI, LEATHER. 34.900€ MERCEDES BENZ S320, 01/2002, 161.140KM, ABS, SIDE AIRBAG, ALARM, ELEC.HEATED SEATS, FOGS, XENONS, IMMOBILIZER, RADIO/CD, NAVI, LEATHER, SUNROOF.14.900€ LAND ROVER FREELANDER 1.8I, 07/2000, 126.317KM, ABS, AIRBAGS, POWER STEERING, ELEC.WINDOWS, IMMOBILIZER, AIRCON,ALLOYS, SUNROOF. 5.900€ DAEWOO NUBIRA 2.0 16v, 09/1997, 104.500KM, ABS, AIRBAG, AIRCON, CENTRAL LOCKING, POWER STEERING, ELEC.WINDOWS, FOGS, RADIO. 2.900€ Carretera de Mijas, 9, 29640, Fuengirola, Malaga 02/2009 IMMO FOG WEDNESDAY January 26 Wed, Jan 26th 23:35 Silkwood Based on the true story of Karen Silkwood, a worker in an Oklahoma nuclear plant who finds her life in danger when she discovers a serious safety breach. FILM Fri, Jan 28th 23:50 Requiem for a Dream A kaleidoscopic breakneck montage is used to tell the story of four people enslaved by drug addiction. A lonely widow, in hope of an appearance on her favourite television game show, attempts to lose weight by taking prescribed amphetamines. Meanwhile... FILM Tue, Feb 1st 22:35 Half Light Rachel Carlson moved to Scotland to get away from it all, but there's no escaping the chilling visions of her dead son and now she's fallen for a guy who committed suicide seven years ago. Is she losing her mind, or is someone playing a nasty trick? FILM Sun, Jan 30th 21 :00 P.S. I Love You New York couple Holly and Gerry are financially struggling, usually arguing, and deeply in love. When a sudden illness leaves Holly widowed, she is lost until a series of letters pre-arranged by the late Gerry plot her course through grief and into a new life. FILM Mon , Jan 31st 21:00 Murder at 1600 Homicide detective Harlan Regis suspects a cover-up when the body of a young woman is found at the White House. He soon finds his life in danger as he races to piece together the clues that might lead to the killer, but he finds help from secret service agent Nina Chance. FILM Sun, 30th Jan 19:35 Shrek the Third The medics head oﬀ in tneir mobile clinic and first stop in the new series is Fuengirola where they talk to a man who has had a hidden protusion for 10 years. The team hit the Costa bars to talk to punters Embarrassing bodies January 27 FRIDAY January 28th 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Wanted Down Under Revisited 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Saints and Scroungers 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Deadly 60: Australia 15:35 Scoop 16:00 Copycats 16:30 M.I. High 17:00 Newsround 17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 Rip oﬀ Britain 20:00 DIY SOS 21:00 Crimewatch 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:35 Crimewatch Update 22:45 The Lottery Draws 22:55 Film with Claudia Winkleman 23:35 Silkwood 01:40 Weatherview 01:45 Country Tracks 02:40 Climbing Great Buildings 03:10 Filthy Rotten Scoundrels 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Wanted Down Under Revisited 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Saints and Scroungers 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Deadly 60: Australia 15:35 Scoop 16:00 Copycats 16:30 Horrible Histories 17:00 Newsround 17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Human Planet 21:00 Come Fly with Me 21:30 Not Going Out 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:35 Question Time 23:35 This Week 00:20 Skiing Weatherview 00:25 Stop Stalking Me: Panorama 00:55 Countryfile 01:55 Antiques Roadshow 02:55 Filthy Rotten Scoundrels 03:40 Filthy Rotten Scoundrels 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Wanted Down Under Revisited 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Saints and Scroungers 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Deadly 60: Louisiana 15:35 Scoop 16:00 Dani's House 16:30 Tracy Beaker Returns 17:00 Newsround 17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 A Question of Sport 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 QI 21:00 Hustle 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:35 The Graham Norton Show 23:20 The National Lottery Friday Night Draws 23:30 Alpha Dog 01:20 Weatherview 01:25 At Home with the Georgians 02:25 Horizon 03:25 Antiques Roadshow 04:25 BBC News 08:55 Numberjacks 09:10 The Koala Brothers 09:25 Sesame Tree 09:40 Big and Small 09:55 Guess with Jess 10:05 Postman Pat 10:20 Pingu 10:25 64 Zoo Lane 10:35 Waybuloo 11:00 In the Night Garden 11:30 The Daily Politics 13:00 See Hear 13:30 Car Booty 14:15 Instant Restaurant 15:00 To Buy or Not to Buy 15:45 Flog It! 16:30 Perfection 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Great British Railway Journeys 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 Michel Roux's Service 21:00 Posh and Posher: Why Public School Boys Run Britain 22:00 Have I Got Old News for You 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 The League Cup Show 00:00 The Planets 00:50 BBC World News America 01:00 BBC News 01:30 ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 02:00 BBC News 02:30 The Record 09:10 The Koala Brothers 09:25 Sesame Tree 09:40 Big and Small 09:55 Guess with Jess 10:05 Postman Pat 10:20 Pingu 10:25 64 Zoo Lane 10:40 Chuggington Badge Quest 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Ready, Steady, Cook 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Due South 13:45 Climbing Great Buildings 14:15 Instant Restaurant 15:00 To Buy or Not to Buy 15:45 Flog It! 16:30 Perfection 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Great British Railway Journeys 19:00 Who Does What? 20:00 Michel Roux's Service 21:00 Men of Rock 22:00 The Great Outdoors 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Alice Sommer Herz at 106: Everything Is a Present 00:10 The Planets 01:00 BBC News 01:30 ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 02:00 BBC News 02:30 The Record 09:55 Guess with Jess 10:05 Postman Pat 10:20 Pingu 10:25 64 Zoo Lane 10:40 Chuggington Badge Quest 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Ready, Steady, Cook 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Due South 13:45 Climbing Great Buildings 14:15 Instant Restaurant 15:00 To Buy or Not to Buy 15:45 Flog It! 16:30 Perfection 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Great British Railway Journeys 19:00 Julia Bradbury's German Wanderlust 19:30 Island Parish 20:00 Mastermind 20:30 Life in a Cottage Garden with Carol Klein 21:00 Can't Take It with You 22:00 Fast and Loose 22:30 Newsnight 23:00 The Review Show 23:50 Requiem for a Dream 01:25 BBC News 01:30 Talking Books 02:00 BBC News 02:30 The Record Review 03:00 BBC News 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 May the Best House Win 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 The National Television Awards 2011 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 The Secret Caribbean with Trevor McDonald 23:35 Police, Camera, Action! 00:30 The Zone 02:35 Cry Wolf 04:00 ITV Nightscreen 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 May the Best House Win 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 North v South: Tonight 20:00 Emmerdale 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Kidnap and Ransom 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Odd One In 23:20 The Late Debate 23:50 Grimefighters 00:15 The Zone 02:15 The Jeremy Kyle Show 03:10 North v South: Tonight 03:35 ITV Nightscreen 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 May the Best House Win 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 London Tonight 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 Children's Hospital 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Comedy Rocks with Jason Manford 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Take Me Out 23:50 30 Years of An Audience With... 00:40 The Zone 02:40 October Road 03:30 ITV Nightscreen 06:00 The Treacle People 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 07:55 Frasier 08:25 According to Jim 08:55 Wife Swap USA 09:55 Desperate Housewives 10:55 Country House Rescue 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Three in a Bed 12:35 River Cottage Bites 12:40 McLintock! 15:10 Countdown 15:55 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Come Dine with Me 17:30 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Will My Crash Diet Kill Me? 21:00 Mary Portas: Secret Shopper 22:00 The Joy of Teen Sex 23:05 Shameless 00:10 4Play 00:35 Mercury Prize Sessions 00:50 My Family's Crazy Gap Year 01:50 Animal Madhouse 02:45 Food 03:40 Great British Brands 03:50 Brothers & Sisters 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Freshly Squeezed 07:30 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:00 Frasier 08:30 According to Jim 09:00 Wife Swap USA 10:00 Desperate Housewives 10:55 Help! My House Is Falling Down 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Three in a Bed 12:40 River Cottage Bites 12:50 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral 15:10 Countdown 15:55 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Come Dine with Me 17:30 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Relocation, Relocation 21:00 Rome Wasn't Built in a Day 22:00 10 O'Clock Live 23:05 Big Fat Gypsy Weddings 00:05 Chase & Status: Live in London 00:40 Narc 02:25 Lower City 04:05 Brothers & Sisters 04:50 ER 07:55 Frasier 08:25 According to Jim 08:55 Wife Swap USA 09:55 Desperate Housewives 10:55 Gok's Clothes Roadshow 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Three in a Bed 12:35 River Cottage Bites 12:50 The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance 15:10 Countdown 15:55 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Come Dine with Me 17:30 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:25 4thought.tv 19:30 First Cut 20:00 Relocation: Phil Down Under 21:00 Embarrassing Bodies 22:00 The Million Pound Drop 23:20 10 O'Clock Live 00:25 Countdown to the Shockwaves NME Awards 00:45 4Play 01:00 4Play 01:10 My Name Is Earl 01:55 Comedy Lab 02:25 3 Minute Wonder 02:30 3 Minute Wonder 02:35 3 Minute Wonder 02:40 Whisper of the Heart 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Hana's Helpline 08:50 The Wot Wots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:00 The Vanessa Show 11:45 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 12:40 Five News 12:45 Rory and Paddy's Even Greater British Adventure 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 Home and Away 14:50 Animal Rescue Squad 15:05 While My Pretty One Sleeps 17:00 Five News 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 Live From Studio Five 19:00 Five News at 7 19:30 Monkey Life 20:00 Cowboy Builders 21:00 NCIS 22:00 Law and Order: Criminal Intent 22:55 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit 23:55 PartyPoker.com: World Open VI 00:55 Super Casino 04:05 Rory and Paddy's Even Greater British Adventure 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:25 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Hana's Helpline 08:50 The Wot Wots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:00 The Vanessa Show 11:45 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 12:40 Five News 12:45 Rory and Paddy's Even Greater British Adventure 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 Home and Away 14:50 Meals in Moments 15:00 Separated by Murder 17:00 Five News 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 Live From Studio Five 19:00 Five News at 7 19:30 How Do They Do It? 20:00 Revealed... 21:00 JLC: Turning Japanese 22:00 The Wicker Man 00:05 Super Casino 04:05 Rory and Paddy's Even Greater British Adventure 04:55 Rough Guide to Weekend Breaks 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Hana's Helpline 08:50 The Wot Wots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:00 The Vanessa Show 11:45 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 12:40 Five News 12:45 Rory and Paddy's Even Greater British Adventure 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 Home and Away 14:50 Animal Rescue Squad 15:05 Fairfield Road 17:00 Five News 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 Live From Studio Five 19:00 Five News at 7 19:30 Michaela's Zoo Babies 20:00 Ice Road Truckers 21:00 The Mentalist 22:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 23:00 NCIS 23:55 Cops in Crisis 00:15 Super Casino 03:55 Motorsport Mundial 04:20 Rory and Paddy's Even Greater British Adventure 05:10 Wildlife SOS 19:00 Top Gear 20:00 The World's Strictest Parents 21:00 Cannabis: What's the Harm? 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Laura Hall: My Battle with Booze 23:30 Family Guy 00:15 Cannabis: What's the Harm? 01:15 The World's Strictest Parents 02:15 Music, Money and Hip Hop Honeys 03:10 Laura Hall: My Battle with Booze 04:10 Sun, Sex and Suspicious Parents 05:10 SIGN OFF 19:00 Most Annoying People 2010 20:00 Doctor Who 20:50 Doctor Who Confidential 21:00 Come Fly with Me 21:30 Him & Her 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Sun, Sex and Suspicious Parents 23:30 Family Guy 00:15 Coming of Age 00:45 Snog Marry Avoid? 01:15 Hotter Than My Daughter 01:45 Most Annoying People 2010 02:45 Sun, Sex and Suspicious Parents 03:40 Coming of Age 19:00 Almost Famous IV 20:00 National Treasure: Book of Secrets 22:00 Ready Steady Drink 23:00 Family Guy 23:20 Family Guy 23:45 Being Human 00:45 Almost Famous IV 01:45 Ready Steady Drink 02:40 Being Human 03:40 Hotter Than My Daughter 04:10 How Drugs Work 05:10 SIGN OFF WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the NOTE: Add 1 hour for Spanish viewing times. TUESDAY February 1st 06:00 Breakfast 10:00 Live: Saturday Kitchen 11:30 Baking Made Easy 12:00 BBC News 12:10 BBC London News; Weather 12:15 Football Focus 13:00 Australian Open Tennis 14:00 UK Indoor Match Athletics 16:30 Final Score 17:15 BBC News 17:30 BBC London News 17:40 Hole in the Wall 18:10 Total Wipeout 19:10 The Magicians 20:10 The National Lottery: In It to Win It 21:00 Casualty 21:50 Come Fly with Me 22:20 BBC News 22:40 Live at the Apollo 23:25 The Girl Next Door 01:05 Weatherview 01:10 BBC News 01:30 Straight Talk 02:00 BBC News 02:30 The Bottom Line 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Our World 04:00 BBC News 04:30 Click 06:00 Breakfast 09:00 The Andrew Marr Show 10:00 The Big Questions 11:00 Country Tracks 12:00 Politics Show 13:00 Bargain Hunt 13:30 Escape to the Country 14:30 EastEnders Omnibus 16:25 My Family 16:55 Songs of Praise 17:30 BBC News 17:50 BBC London News; Weather 18:00 Antiques Roadshow 19:00 Countryfile 20:00 Lark Rise to Candleford 21:00 Terry Wogan's Ireland 22:00 BBC News 22:15 BBC London News; Weather 22:25 Gavin and Stacey 22:55 Gavin and Stacey 23:25 Houseguest 01:10 The Sky at Night 01:30 Weatherview 01:35 Holby City 02:35 Making Scotland's Landscapes 03:35 Climbing Great Buildings 04:05 Filthy Rotten Scoundrels 04:50 HARDtalk 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Wanted Down Under Revisited 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Save My Holiday 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Deadly 60 15:35 Scoop 16:00 The Big Performance 16:30 Blue Peter 16:55 Shaun the Sheep 17:00 Newsround 17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 Inside Out 20:00 EastEnders 20:30 Panorama 21:00 Silent Witness 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:35 A Question of Sport 23:05 Late Kick Oﬀ 23:35 The Graham Norton Show 00:20 The Apprentice 01:25 The Apprentice 02:05 Weatherview 02:10 Ancient Worlds 03:10 Climbing Great Buildings 06:00 Breakfast 09:15 Wanted Down Under Revisited 10:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:00 Save My Holiday 11:45 Cash in the Attic 12:15 Bargain Hunt 13:00 BBC News at One 13:30 BBC London News 13:45 Doctors 14:15 Escape to the Country 15:00 BBC News 15:05 Deadly 60 15:35 Scoop 16:00 My Almost Famous Family 16:30 Blue Peter 16:55 Shaun the Sheep 17:00 Newsround 17:15 The Weakest Link 18:00 BBC News at Six 18:30 BBC London News 19:00 The One Show 19:30 EastEnders 20:00 Holby City 21:00 Silent Witness 22:00 BBC News at Ten 22:25 BBC London News 22:35 Film 2011 with Claudia Winkleman 23:15 The Hoax 01:05 Weatherview 01:10 See Hear 01:40 Human Planet 02:40 Dambusters Declassified 03:40 Wanted Down under 06:00 Harry and Toto 06:10 Everything's Rosie 06:20 dirtgirlworld 06:35 Jakers: The Adventures of Piggley Winks 07:00 Basil and Barney's Game Show 07:30 Arthur 08:00 Richard Hammond's Blast Lab 08:30 Project Parent 09:00 Dick and Dom's Funny Business 10:00 Trapped: Ever After 10:25 OOglies 10:45 The Slammer 11:15 My Life: Billboard Kids 11:45 MOTD Kickabout 12:00 Never Cry Wolf 13:40 Coast 13:50 Diagnosis Murder 14:35 Flog It! 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16:30 Perfection 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Great British Railway Journeys 19:00 Escape to the Country 20:00 University Challenge 20:30 Baking Made Easy 21:00 Horizon 22:00 Episodes 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Mad Men 00:05 Island Parish 00:35 BBC World News America 01:00 BBC News 01:30 ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 02:00 BBC News 09:15 The Koala Brothers 09:25 Big Barn Farm 09:40 Big and Small 09:55 Guess with Jess 10:05 Postman Pat 10:20 Pingu 10:25 64 Zoo Lane 10:45 Waybuloo 11:05 In the Night Garden 11:35 Ready, Steady, Cook 12:00 The Daily Politics 12:30 GMT 13:00 Due South 13:45 Climbing Great Buildings 14:15 Instant Restaurant 15:00 Cash in the Celebrity Attic 15:45 Flog It! 16:30 Perfection 17:15 Antiques Road Trip 18:00 Eggheads 18:30 Great British Railway Journeys 19:00 The Natural World 20:00 A Farmer's Life for Me 21:00 Do We Really Need the Moon 22:00 How TV Ruined Your Life 22:30 Newsnight 23:20 Mad Men 00:05 BBC News 00:30 BBC World News America 01:00 BBC News 01:30 ABC World News with Diane Sawyer 07:00 Babar and the Adventures of Badou 07:10 The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That 07:25 Monk 07:30 Beyblade 07:55 Horrid Henry 08:10 The Suite Life of Zack and Cody 08:35 Hannah Montana 09:00 Cool Stuﬀ Collective 09:25 Coronation Street Omnibus 11:45 This Morning: Saturday 12:45 Rosemary and Thyme 13:45 ITV News and Weather 13:50 Hulk 16:20 Granada News and Weather 16:30 ITV News and Weather 16:45 Live: FA Cup 4th Round 19:20 Primeval 20:20 Take Me Out 21:35 Benidorm 22:30 ITV News and Weather 22:45 FA Cup Football 00:15 The Cube 01:00 The Zone 03:05 Starter Wife 03:50 ITV Nightscreen 07:55 Cool Stuﬀ Collective 08:20 X-Men 08:45 SpongeBob SquarePants 09:00 Wizards of Waverly Place 09:25 The Crocodile Hunter Diaries 09:55 FA Cup Football 11:25 ITV News and Weather 11:30 This Morning: Sunday 12:30 Dinner Date 13:30 Live: FA Cup 4th Round 16:25 Midsomer Murders 18:00 Granada News and Weather 18:15 ITV News and Weather 18:30 Dancing on Ice 20:30 Wild at Heart 21:30 Dancing on Ice: The Skate Oﬀ 22:05 That Sunday Night Show 22:35 ITV News and Weather 22:50 FA Cup Football 23:50 Comedy Rocks with Jason Manford 00:45 Rugby Highlights 01:35 The Zone 02:00 Hard Target 03:35 ITV Nightscreen 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 May the Best House Win 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 Granada Reports 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Coronation Street 20:00 The Lakes 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 The Biggest Loser 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Total Emergency 23:35 That Sunday Night Show 00:05 Grimefighters 00:35 The Zone 02:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show 03:25 ITV Nightscreen 05:30 ITV Morning News 06:00 Daybreak 08:30 Lorraine 09:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10:30 This Morning 12:30 Loose Women 13:30 ITV News and Weather 14:00 May the Best House Win 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 Midsomer Murders 17:00 The Chase 18:00 Granada Reports 18:30 ITV News and Weather 19:00 Emmerdale 19:30 Grimefighters 20:00 The Betty Driver Story 21:00 Taggart 22:00 News at Ten and Weather 22:35 Half Light 00:35 The Zone 02:40 Crossing Jordan 03:25 ITV Nightscreen 06:05 Sali Mali 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 The McCain Track and Field Show 07:25 GT Academy 07:55 The Morning Line 08:55 Friends 09:25 Shooting Tinie Tempah 09:55 Friends 10:25 Glee 11:25 Friends 11:55 Lady Gaga: Real Stories 12:55 The Big Bang Theory 13:25 The Big Bang Theory 13:55 Channel 4 Racing 15:55 Come Dine with Me 16:25 Come Dine with Me 16:55 Come Dine with Me 17:30 Come Dine with Me 18:00 Come Dine with Me 18:30 Channel 4 News 18:55 4thought.tv 19:00 Fantastic Four 21:00 The Million Pound Drop 22:20 Along Came a Spider 00:20 From Dusk Till Dawn 02:10 The Wrong Turn 02:15 Tourist Trap 02:20 King Pylon 02:25 Dirty Sexy Money 03:10 Dirty Sexy Money 03:55 Beauty and the Geek 04:40 Beauty and the Geek 06:10 The Hoobs 06:35 The Hoobs 07:00 Skiing 07:30 That Paralympic Show 07:55 Battlefront Television 08:10 Friends 08:40 Friends 09:15 Hollyoaks Omnibus 11:45 Glee 12:50 The Simpsons 13:25 The Simpsons 13:55 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 14:25 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 14:55 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 15:30 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 16:00 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 16:30 Deal or No Deal 17:35 Big Momma's House 2 19:30 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Come Dine with Me 21:00 P.S. I Love You 23:30 Alan Carr: Chatty Man 00:35 Comedy Lab 01:00 A Family Portrait 01:05 Wedding House 02:00 Second Best 03:50 Brothers & Sisters 04:35 ER 06:45 The Hoobs 07:10 Freshly Squeezed 07:40 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:05 Frasier 08:35 According to Jim 09:05 Wife Swap USA 10:00 Desperate Housewives 10:55 Relocation: Phil Down Under 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 The TV Book Club 12:35 Pickup on South Street 14:05 Cookery School 15:10 Countdown 15:55 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Come Dine with Me 17:30 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Birth of Britain with Tony Robinson 21:00 One Born Every Minute 22:00 Alan Carr: Chatty Man 23:05 The Joy of Teen Sex 00:10 PartyPoker.com Premier League Poker 01:10 Mosley 02:10 The Genius of British Art 03:05 Titanic: The Mission 04:00 ER 06:45 The Hoobs 07:10 Freshly Squeezed 07:35 Everybody Loves Raymond 08:00 Frasier 08:35 According to Jim 09:00 Wife Swap USA 10:00 Desperate Housewives 10:55 A Place in the Sun: Home or USA? 12:00 Channel 4 News 12:05 Jesse James 14:05 Cookery School 15:10 Countdown 15:55 Deal or No Deal 17:00 Come Dine with Me 17:30 Jamie's 30 Minute Meals 18:00 The Simpsons 18:30 Hollyoaks 19:00 Channel 4 News 19:55 4thought.tv 20:00 Gok's Clothes Roadshow 21:00 Big Fat Gypsy Weddings 22:00 Shameless 23:05 Derren Brown: Behind the Mischief 00:10 Poker 01:10 Bullrun: New York To Las Vegas 01:40 Sony Ericsson World B-Boy Series 02:05 Skiing 02:35 Basketball 03:30 KOTV 07:00 Mio Mao 07:05 Chiro 07:15 Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs 07:30 Make Way for Noddy 07:45 Igam Ogam 08:00 The Little Princess 08:15 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:30 Play! 08:45 Rupert 09:00 Olivia 09:15 The Mr Men Show 09:30 The Milkshake! Show 10:00 Meals in Moments 10:10 Animal Rescue Squad 10:25 How Do They Do It? 10:55 MegaStructures 11:55 Ice Road Truckers 12:55 Before Winter Comes 15:00 Corrina, Corrina 17:20 Five News 17:25 Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde 19:05 NCIS 19:55 NCIS 20:50 CSI: Miami 21:50 CSI: NY 22:50 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 23:50 Cops in Crisis 00:10 Super Casino 04:00 Emergency Bikers 04:50 Meals in Moments 06:50 The Beeps 07:00 Mio Mao 07:05 Chiro 07:15 Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs 07:30 Make Way for Noddy 07:40 Igam Ogam 08:00 The Little Princess 08:15 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 08:35 Family! 08:45 Rupert 09:00 Olivia 09:15 The Mr Men Show 09:30 The Milkshake! Show 10:00 Animal Rescue Squad 10:15 Emergency Bikers 11:15 Cowboy Builders 12:15 Red Sea Jaws 13:15 The Fifth Element 15:40 RV: Runaway Vacation 17:40 Five News 17:45 Who Am I? 20:00 Revealed... 21:00 The Patriot 00:10 The Ultimate Fighting Championship 01:10 Super Casino 04:00 Cowboy Builders 04:50 Meals in Moments 05:00 Hana's Helpline 05:10 The Milkshake! Show 06:55 Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures 07:00 The Little Princess 07:15 The Mr Men Show 07:30 Thomas and Friends 07:40 Mio Mao 07:45 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Hana's Helpline 08:50 The Wot Wots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:00 The Vanessa Show 11:45 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 12:40 Five News 12:45 Rory and Paddy's Even Greater British Adventure 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 Home and Away 14:50 Animal Rescue Squad 15:10 Aces 'N Eights 17:00 Five News 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 Live From Studio Five 19:00 Five News at 7 19:30 How Do They Do It? 20:00 Emergency Bikers 21:00 Murder at 1600 23:10 Slow Burn 01:00 Super Casino 04:05 The FBI Files 07:40 Mio Mao 07:45 Noddy in Toyland 08:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 08:15 Peppa Pig 08:20 Peppa Pig 08:30 Roary the Racing Car 08:40 Hana's Helpline 08:50 The Wot Wots 09:00 Ben And Holly's Little Kingdom 09:15 The Wright Stuﬀ 11:00 The Vanessa Show 11:45 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 12:40 Five News 12:45 Build a New Life in the Country 13:45 Neighbours 14:15 Home and Away 19:00 Almost Famous IV 19:10 Top Gear 20:10 Great Movie Mistakes 2: The Sequel 22:10 Family Guy 22:30 Family Guy 22:55 American Dad! 23:15 American Dad! 23:40 Sun, Sex and Suspicious Parents 00:40 Great Movie Mistakes 2: The Sequel 02:35 Sun, Sex and Suspicious Parents 03:35 Almost Famous IV 03:45 Hotter Than My Daughter 04:15 Special 1 TV 04:20 Being Human 05:20 SIGN OFF 19:00 Hotter Than My Daughter 19:30 Great Movie Mistakes 2: The Sequel 19:35 Shrek the Third 21:00 Being Human 22:00 Family Guy 22:20 Family Guy 22:45 American Dad 23:05 American Dad 23:25 Being Human 00:25 Sun, Sex and Suspicious Parents 01:25 Is Oral Sex Safe? 02:20 Coming of Age 02:50 Hotter Than My Daughter 03:20 Snog Marry Avoid? 03:50 Sun, Sex and Suspicious Parents 19:00 Michel Roux's Service 20:00 Snog Marry Avoid? 20:30 Hotter Than My Daughter 21:00 Music, Money and Hip Hop Honeys 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Being Human 23:30 Family Guy 23:55 Family Guy 00:15 Snog Marry Avoid? 00:45 Hotter Than My Daughter 01:15 Cannabis: What's the Harm? 02:15 Music, Money and Hip Hop Honeys 03:15 Michel Roux's Service 04:15 Being Human 05:15 SIGN OFF 19:00 Michel Roux's Service 20:00 Snog Marry Avoid? 20:30 Hotter Than My Daughter 21:00 Sun, Sex and Suspicious Parents 22:00 EastEnders 22:30 Coming of Age 23:00 Family Guy 23:20 Family Guy 14:50 Animal Rescue Squad 15:05 Dancing at the Harvest Moon 17:00 Five News 17:30 Neighbours 18:00 Home and Away 18:25 Live From Studio Five 19:00 Five News at 7 19:30 Extraordinary Dogs 20:00 Gladiators: Rome Unwrapped 21:00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 22:00 CSI: Miami 23:00 CSI: NY 23:55 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 00:50 Super Casino 04:05 The FBI Files 23:45 Snog Marry Avoid? 00:15 Hotter Than My Daughter 00:45 Sun, Sex and Suspicious Parents 01:45 Coming of Age 02:15 Ready Steady Drink 03:15 Michel Roux's Service 04:15 Is Oral Sex Safe? 05:15 SIGN OFF WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2010 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in www.thenewsonline.es Sca real ndinav esta ia te a n gen t Pr Properties operties for sale at rreduced educed prices! Great Great views! n Torrequebrada Torr T orrequebrada with great Exclusive apartment in great sea views € 399,000 3 bedrooms bedrooms · 3 bathrooms bathrooms · 115 m² built · 40 m² terrace terrace · The property property is entered entered at the middle level - a mezzanine level with dining rroom/area oom/area and the kitchen Community gardens gardens and pool · Storage Storage room room and a private parking space in the garage garage · RE-2110 Work Work needed Torr Torrenueva Villa in Torrenueva Villa ownhouse - Higuer Townhouse Higueron on € 425,000 T 4 beds · 2 baths · 188 m² built · 120 m² terr terrace ace · Pool Pool Utility rroom oom · Gar Garage age · Udating needed · RE-2092 € 289,000 3 bed · 2 bath · 120 m² built · Sea views · P Pool ool · A/C 24h security guar guard d and video · Private garden garden · RE-2102 Reduced! Villa - Benalmadena Villa € 240,000 3 bed · 2 bath · 124 m² built · 38 m² terr terrace ace Quiet LLocation ocation · Community pool · RE-2068 LLong ong let Resale pr properties operties wanted! Scandinavian clients looking for apartments and villas fr rom om Benalmaden from Benalmadena to Marbella. onsultation a For and nd v valuation, aluation, ree cconsultation F or a ffree call our listing agents on 951 100 210 orr e e-mail o -mail [email protected]. T ownhouse - Benalma Benalmadena Townhouse € 210,000 List your property property online on casauna.com 2 bed · 1 bath · 105 m² built · Cosy · Renovated Gated urbanisation with gar garden den and pool · RERE-1744 1744 Tel. 951 100 210 Villa Villa - Arroyo Arroyo de la Miel € 2,000 /mo 3 bedrooms bedrooms · 2 baths · 198 m² built · 100 m² terrace terrace Pool Pool · Double garage garage · Large Large living area area · RE-2069 www.casauna.com news Your outlook on the World the M ww ore ph w. ot mor casaun os e inf a orm .com atio n Pr Properties operties for sale at rreduced educed d prices! W Work ork needed Villa Villa in La Sierrezuela, Sierrezuela, near Fuengirola Fuengirola € 395,000 5 bedr bedrooms ooms · 3 bathr bathrooms ooms · 300 m² built · 150 m² terr terrace ace · Good condition · Fir Firee place · A/C South-west orientation · Quiet LLocation ocation · Easily maintained gar garden den with pool · Reference: Reference: RE-2115 Reduced! Fuengirola centre centre Apartment - Fuengirola T Torr orrequebrada € 202,000 Townhouse Arroyo oyo de la Mie Miel € 210,000 Apartment - Torrequebrada Townhouse - Arr 3 bed · 2 bath · 106 m² built · Balcony · Marble Floors Bright · W Walking alking distance to everything · RE-2105 Long Long let Fuengirola centre centre House - Fuengirola 3 bedr bedrooms ooms · 1 bathr bathroom oom · 140 m² built · 60 m² terr terrace ace Marble Floors · Community gar garden den with pools · RE-2108 LLong ong let Torreblanca Townhouse - T Torr orreblanca € 1,200 /mo Townhouse 4 bedr bedrooms ooms · 2 bathr bathrooms ooms · 240 m² · Puebla LLucia ucia Small pets allowed · Unfurnished · RE-2061 € 275,000 3 bed · 2 bath · 110 m² built · 35 m² terr terrace ace · Pool Pool Near the sea · Lar Large ge community pool · RE-2107 LLong ong let € 800 /mo 3 bedrooms bedrooms · 2 bath · 80 m² · 70 m² terr terraces aces Partly Partly Furnished Furnished · Small pets allowed · LR-2111 Villa - T Villa Torrequebrada Torr orrequebrada € 3,000 /mo 4 bedrooms bedrooms · 4 bathrooms bathrooms · 450 m² · Modern · Quality Pool Pool · Furnished Furnished · Garage Garage for 3 cars · RE-512 Call rental agent Malene on 687 88 77 00 or e-mail [email protected] WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Classifieds Place an Ad by phone: Place an Ad by email: Place an Ad by fax: 952 45 44 91 / 902 00 11 00 [email protected] 952 45 44 41 AIR CoNDITIoNINg CooLfLoW The Air Conditioning Specialists. 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Contact Valerie Mitchell of Centro de Idiomas, Coin. 952450747, vjeﬀ[email protected] CLEANINg SERvICES BUSINESS oPPS BUSY Cafe Bar in Sol’y`Mar area Los Porches, Benalmadena Costa. Two terraces, one enclosed. Family run for 6 years, genuine reason for sale. (111)fg 952964753 CARS & vANS WE BUY accident damaged cars and mechanical failures. (112)p 609709466 ---------------------------------------------UNWANTED cars, vans. Wanted dead or alive. Removed free. (108)p 616835799 ---------------------------------------------WANTED good, bad, ugly, cars, caravans, even non-runners. Free collection. 951047311, 696321138(116) ---------------------------------------------BENTLEY year 2000, immaculate, full spec, Spanish plates. €48,000 (111) Call 609709466 ---------------------------------------------PoRSCHE Carrera S. Perfect,year 2007. €55,000 Call 609709466 (111) ---------------------------------------------BMW 735i Year 1999. Full M Spec. Beautiful car. €6,950 Call (111) 609709466 For all your ADvERTISINg needs in EWS N gEoff HEADINg THE 622 050 409 MR MULTI KLEAN - Professional Window Cleaning, marble floor polishing and carpet & upholstery cleaning. Best price and service. Call Andy on (109)p 606590728 ---------------------------------------------CLEANERS Residential and commercial. Established 2006 in Spain. 10 years in UK. 665269966 (0) ---------------------------------------------UPHoLSTERY and steam cleaning, sofas, carpets etc. J A Cleaning (116)p Services 626357955 ---------------------------------------------WINDoW CLEANERS Husband and (126)tnp wife team. 691140427 ---------------------------------------------CLEANINg lady oﬀers services in Coin. €7 an hour. Excellent references. Call 678847146 for (108)p more info CoMPUTERS LAPToPS and all computers, sales, repairs, upgrades etc., and oﬃce equipment repairs. Oﬃce Lines (Freddy Smith), Diana Centre, Km (112)p 168, N340. 952880654 ---------------------------------------------PC PRoBLEMS solved. Data transferred, ADSL problems solved, virus removal. Maintenance contracts available. 952932264, (110)p 609574455 ---------------------------------------------PC DoCToR desktop and laptop repair centre. Sales and upgrades. ADSL from €20 per month. Full range of internet, Telefonica and Telecom services. Anti-virus program €50 per year. We cover the coast. Certified and bilingual technicians. Call sales 952591071 (0)pwf Support 807488440 DECoRAToRS WANT the best? Nº 1 on the coast for painting & decorating. Call Nick at Decor8. All aspects no problem. 678889933/952939561 (140)p www.decor8.es ---------------------------------------------PAINTER interior/exterior. Daily rate €50, 9am - 2pm. Clean, tidy, eﬃcient. Call Ray 622807702, (108)p 952666354 DoMESTIC APPLIANCES WASHINg machine repairs, fast, reliable service. All work guaranteed. Also sales from €70. Can deliver. (112)pwp Call Joe 686271836 ELECTRIC APPLIANCES DUAL CooKER gas hob, electric oven and grill, excellent condition, cost €600 - €300ono, empty gas bottle included. Plus portable aircon unit, excellent condition €95ono. Plus washing machine Hoover 1400 spin, nearly new €75ono. Plus Superser gas fire, excellent condition €60 with empty gas bottle. 687055490 (108)wp ELECTRICIANS ELECTRICIAN 16th Edition BS7671 qualified, apprentice trained, 23 years experience. Rewires, extra sockets, lights, fault finding etc. Water pumps – supplied or refurbished. www.electriciancostadelsol.com [email protected] or (113)p call Ian 650151569 ---------------------------------------------ELECTRICIAN 30 years experience. Boletins, ICP’s, general installations and maintenance. 669009821 www.frankmultiservices.com (112)tnp fLooR PoLISHINg MARBLE floor Polishing (€2 m2) Why pay more? We clean, then crystalize and polish to a high gloss, non slip. Professional fast services. Cover all Costa. 14 years (140)p experience. 671244683 gARDENINg IRIS IRRIgATIoN Specialists in garden construction and maintenance. Clearance of abandoned / neglected gardens. 25 years experience. Look out for the Big Flower Van all along the coast. 676747521 (113)p www.gardensinspain.com CoMPUTER Helpline. Desktops, laptops repaired, upgraded. New and used supplied. Internet, email problems solved. 952564274, (113)tnp 677702501 ---------------------------------------------CoIN Computer Services. All repairs, virus removal, upgrades, Broadband. Free calls to UK. (113)tnp 951047292, 676909418 Place an Ad » » Call our classifieds help-line on 952 45 44 41 Send us an email to [email protected] KEEP your garden clean and tidy for just €39 weekly 634355441(112)p ---------------------------------------------gARDENINg services, cleaning, maintenance, etc. Hourly rate. Spanish: 670822949 / English: 685555834 ---------------------------------------------- gATES 2 WAY gATES Garage doors, gate automation and intercoms. Gate and garage door repairs. Onsite welding with our no fix - no fee policy. www.thegaragedoorcompany.es (109)p 952786178, 605356469 HEALTH & BEAUTY gILLIAN your friendly mobile hairdresser for the elderly. Specialist in perms, sets, colours and blow-drys. Good rates. All products supplied unless advised (111)p otherwise. 635261483 ---------------------------------------------HAIRDRESSINg Mobile hairdresser, over 15 years experience, all aspects. Telephone (113)tnp Janet 645037335 MARK DENTAL CLINIC MDC see our main advert on Page 5 952 917 164 Calle Burgos 3, Fuengirola, Malaga INSURANCE PRESTIgE Insurance Consultants. For quality products and personal service. Motor (all types UK and Spanish). Home (Building/Contents). Travel Health - Life/Disability - Business. Registered with the Direccion General de Seguros as Exclusive Agents for Ibex Insurance and Generali Seguros. Tel/Fax 952453873 Mobile 667982418 www.prestige-insurance.com (111)p ') # ! )'% ')( #&' & CAT Burmese, neutered, grey, 1 year old. Loving and gentle little girl needs home of her own. 952486518 (106)p ---------------------------------------------RUSSIAN Blue, neutered, 8 months older, dear little girl needs a loving home. 952486518(108)p ---------------------------------------------KITTENS galore, boys and girls of all colours would love to share (106)p your home. 952486518 PLUMBINg PUMPS Reconditioned and repaired for pools, irrigation, pressure systems etc. Economical prices, fast (139)p turnaround. Tel. 667292493 ---------------------------------------------SCoTT foRBES the Plumber. All work guaranteed. 20 years British (0) Gas experience 652665410 ---------------------------------------------PLUMBER All types of plumbing carried out by professional plumber with 30 years experience. (112)p 669009821 ---------------------------------------------CLEARfLoW Drain Services. All drain problems solved. More than 25 years on the coast. Tel. (110)bfp 952885661 or 630200600 PRoPERTY foR SALE PEUgEoT Tweet, 125cc, moto ted, black - 3 months old - €1950 rrp Any reasonable oﬀer. All paperwork available. 617612359, (108)p 677246912 PETS & ANIMALS METS Dog training club. Fuengirola Glyn 605121831, Ken 627851379. Torre del Mar Colin (111)p 606616308 ---------------------------------------------LAgUNA Kennels and cosy cattery. Five star facilities, fully tiled quarters with airconditioning. Your pets lovingly cared for by English mother and daughter. Near Coin. 952112021 / (112)p 606838983 ---------------------------------------------ExPoRT Specialists. Cat and Dog World Kennels. 952112978, (108)p 630197435 ---------------------------------------------WESTIE and Labrador puppies. Both parents can be seen. €395 Tel. 952112978, 630197435 (108)p ---------------------------------------------LUxURY professional kennels, Cat and Dog World. Legally licensed and vet approved. Viewing welcome. www.cat-and-dog-world.com (108)p 952112978 / 630197435 ---------------------------------------------PRoBLEMS? David the Dogman from Estepona to Fuengirola (0)tnf 952883388 / 610868748 ---------------------------------------------CHIHUAHUA Pedigree puppies with passport. All year available. (115)p 952112870/654285667 ---------------------------------------------BEAUTIfUL Ragdoll kittens. The ideal apartment cat. Sensibly priced. Animals transported and quarantined. 952960075 / 662645816 (116)p www.patriarcacats.com PRoPERTY fINDER. Access to “below market value properties”, repossessions and refurbishments. Housing stock throughout the UK. Combined services available, tailored finance, conveyancing, refurbishment packages, tenant sourcing. Suitable for investment, repatriation and individual needs, block purchases available. Call Carla on 687921481 for an informal chat or email at (rbf) [email protected] ---------------------------------------------CALAHoNDA Detached chalet, 4 bedrooms, 21/2 bathrooms, private pool, large garage, roof terrace, 620m2 plot, plenty of oﬀ road parking. Close to all amenities. A real family home just needs some TLC. €350,000 952930039, (110)f 606611228 - no agents ---------------------------------------------ABSoLUTELY everything to do with property including sales, rentals, key holding, maintenance, cleaning. 696150765 (000)tnp www.sunshine-immo.com ---------------------------------------------PLACE AN AD! It’s quick, it’s easy and it works. Call our helpline on (f ) 952454491 WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the S K Estates Rare Opportunity! Raised ground floor apartment in the Alessandra complex on Torreblanca with own garden. 1 bedroom, 1 bathroom, lounge, kitchen and glassed-in terrace used as a dining room by the present owners. Potential for holiday and long term letting. A bargain at only €89,995 This apartment is sure to sell quickly so call now for an appointment to view REMovALS & SToRAgE UNIoN JACK Removals (The Original) See main advert on front (0)p page. 90210956 ---------------------------------------------SPAINUKSPAIN@HoTMAIL.CoM Last chance before Christmas, van leaving Spain 19, 29th January returning 26th January, 5th & 12th February. Prices from £80 per cubic metre. Cars £495, bikes £250, dogs £395, cats £295. Free removal boxes with all jobs undertaken. (118)p 952160096 / 665150227 # $"!#% / # BABY-SITTINg service available. Lady with own car and references available. Torremolinos to (00)p fuengirola. 639067664. ---------------------------------------------TRANSLATIoNS All language combinations, all fields. Certified and ordinary translations. Best rates. Translations Network 952776803 Fax 952824630, [email protected] (112)p ---------------------------------------------PLACE AN AD! It’s quick, it’s easy and it works. Call 952454491 or email [email protected] (f ) # !&% !&# %# % % $% $"!#% !( SKY Installations, relocations, upgrades, realignments and faults. 20 years´ experience in telecommunications. Coin based but all areas covered. Please call Mark @ Luna Sats (110)tnp 622060340 ---------------------------------------------NEW Digiboxes 50€, reconditioned €30. Remotes €10. Unrepeatable. Fuengirola (106)p 695270010 + $ - 0 661 114 070 / 667 340 928 CoIN town centre. Lovely large house with potential for B&B. 5 bedrooms, 3.5 bathrooms. €249,000 negotiable. BARgAIN. 952453813, 00447968536556 (113)p ---------------------------------------------MULA, MURCIA As featured in the British Airways in flight magazine. 2 houses for the price of one. Home and business. House 1 consists of 3 bedrooms, 2 reception rooms, kitchen, bathroom, courtyard and roof terrace. Fully rewired. House 2 has 4 bedrooms, 2 receptions plus cave room, kitchen, bathroom. Courtyard and huge roof terrace. The second house needs total refurbishment but is structurally sound and would yield in the region of €500 per month rental income when done up. Both houses are at the top of the town overlooking the rooftops of houses, churches etc., and the valley beyond. Mula is known for its hot spring baths and has planning for several golf courses and a spa in the area. Price for both houses is €150,000. Tel: 661114 070 ALHAURIN el gRANDE 2 bedrooms, bathroom, living room with fireplace, 2000m2 fenced plot, storage, furnished, good road (109)p access. €450 696150765 ---------------------------------------------ABSoLUTELY everything to do with property including sales, rentals, key holding, maintenance, cleaning. 696150765 (000)tnp www.sunshine-immo.com ---------------------------------------------BENALMADENA Pueblo. Penthouse with beautiful panoramic views. 2 beds, 2 baths, pool, private garage. Long term. €580pm. Also similar prop in (108)p Arroyo. 619302236 ---------------------------------------------LooKINg for a property to rent? Finca, villa or apartment - we have the right one for you - if not, we will find it. Without commission!!!! Call us now on 696150765 (109)p www.sunshine-immo.com ---------------------------------------------CoIN El Rodeo. Chalet, 170m2, 500m2 plot, 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, pool, air con and fireplace. €850 696150765 (109)p !!! TRANSPoRT vehicle to and from UK every month. Small loads - full house, door to door. 952960075, (116)p 679932071 ---------------------------------------------REMovALS Man and large van. Experienced. €20 per hour. Extra (114)p help available. 619604114 ---------------------------------------------CHEAP as chips, van and man removals, anywhere, anytime. (111)p 635253549 SERvICES R E f R I g E R A T I o N / airconditioning. Same day repair specialist. Fridges, displays, bottle (120)tnp coolers etc. 627769969 ---------------------------------------------fRENCH PoLISHINg repairs, restoration etc. Restore your valuable furniture to its former glory. 647579519 / 952119190 (117)p "# # To RENT BED & BREAKfAST evening meal and laundry. Sat TV in every room. €85 per week. 627379001 (108)tnp ---------------------------------------------LoNg TERM Rentals, super prices, no commissions, apartments, townhouses, villas, fincas, coast and (108)p inland. 679111522 ---------------------------------------------ALHAURIN el gRANDE Beautiful finca of 170m2 plus 1500m2 fenced land. 3 bedrooms, 2 living rooms, fireplace, aircon, pool. €650 (109)p 696150765 www.GApp-propErTiEs.CoM LonG LETs 1 bed Jardines de Gamonal 450€/month 2 bed El Pinillo pool, parking, Sat TV pets 500€/month 2 bed 2 bath Arenal Fase1 Sunny pool, parking, Sat TV 500€/month 3 bed Benalmadena Costa, huge terrace, no pool pets 800€/month 3 bed Townhouse Arroyo, Parking No pool, solarium 650€/month 3 bed Townhouse, Torrequebrada pool, parking, store, terraces 850€/month MANY MoRE PRoPERTIES AvAILABLE, Too MANY To LIST WE ALSo Do HoLIDAY LETS, JUST ASK foR PAT RENTAL PRoPERTIES URgENTLY REqUIRED IN JUPITER AND MINERvA Avenida Gamonal, Local 9, Edificio Jupiter, 29631 Arroyo de la Miel, Malaga Tel: (0034) 952 57 40 51 (0034) 952 57 77 51 Fax: (0034) 952 44 26 51 [email protected] " # # Special Offer Scissor Gates Supplied & Fitted ONLY 99€ M2 WE ARE EXPERTS ON ALL SECURITY PRODUCTS FORTRESS HAVE BEEN IN THE SAME OFFICES FOR 24 YEARS SINCE 1987, CARvAJAL next to Holiday Village, Benalmadena Costa. 3 bed, 2 bath fully furnished apartment, south west facing balcony with sea views and glass curtains. Community pool and tennis courts. €590 per month. (110)ghp 622130796, 633333854 ---------------------------------------------CoIN Finca with 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, fireplace, terrace. €450 (109)p 696150765 ---------------------------------------------CoIN small finca, 2 bedrooms, bathroom, terrace. €350 (109)p 696150765 ---------------------------------------------CoIN finca near to Monda. 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, fireplace. (109)p €450 696150765 ---------------------------------------------CoIN Nice finca with 2 bedrooms, bathroom, pool, 3,000m2 fenced plot. Good road access. €580 (109)p 696150765 PRoPERTY SERvICES INLAND property services. Property maintenance, pool cleaning, gardening, painting and decorating, holiday let changeovers, weekly cleans, builders clean, we can arrange for all your property needs. 663214803 [email protected] (108)p .uk ---------------------------------------------PLACE AN AD! It’s quick, it’s easy and it works. Call our helpline on 952454491 or email (f ) [email protected] MoBILITY Abroad. Mobility scooters, wheelchairs, walking frames, bath lifts, commodes and all mobility aids. Sale or hire. www.mobilityabroadcostadelsol.com 952447764 / (o)ghf 699161949 ---------------------------------------------CoIN WINDoWS We make aluminium windows, doors and mosquito screens, also supply and fit sun canopies, blinds, shower screens, etc. Spanish owned business. Call Lisa Marie (112)p 646066351 ---------------------------------------------ANY JoBS around your property you don’t want to do, I can do for you. No (0)ch job too small. 685555834 ---------------------------------------------ABSoLUTELY everything to do with property including sales, rentals, key holding, maintenance, cleaning. 696150765 (000)tnp www.sunshine-immo.com DAMP problems. Sourced and cured by master builder. Ted (109)p 693859894 ---------------------------------------------MAN/vAN odd jobs etc. Price negotiable. Richard 952452734 (120)p 698322822 ---------------------------------------------RETAININg walls. Master builder. All types of retaining walls. (109)p 637997752 AND HAVE 1000’s OF SATISFIED CUSTOMERS. 952 931 128 - 952 933 234 EMAIL: [email protected] PRoPERTY Management, cleaning, laundry, change-overs, pool cleaning, gardening, window cleaning. w w w. o s b o r n e p r o p e r t y. c o m (126)p 952664472, 616679453 ---------------------------------------------MoT (SPANISH ITv) test with home or work vehicle collection. Smart service - your time savers. 647810494, 647810495 [email protected] (113)wp ---------------------------------------------AvAILABLE for roads, tracks, car parks etc., 300 ton crushed concrete. very good material for sub-base can be supplied laid & rolled for a good, free quote in English ring 637179373 or for your quote in Spanish (0)f 647206118 Security Window Grilles, Doors-Double & Single. Security Fencing. Milling + Lathe Drilling + Tapping Mezzanine Floors Heavy Steelwork Gates Automatic Gates Sliding or Swing Scissor Gates Concertina Gates Ducting + Flashing Galvanised Guttering Plate Welding Water + Cess Pit Tanks [email protected] 952 590 651 - 649 696 453 - www. dlsfabs.com air conditioning Servicing & repairS by panaSonic accredited technicianS Place an Ad » » Call our classifieds help-line on 952 45 44 41 Send us an email to [email protected] WINDoW TINTINg MoBILE service. ITV legal, solar reflective tint for glass curtains, balconies, yachts. Stop fading heat and glare. 958496571 / 644546176 [email protected] (113)p ---------------------------------------------PLACE AN AD! It’s quick, it’s easy and it works. Call our helpline on 952454491 or email (f ) [email protected] ADULT RELAxATIoN top quality installations from €595 coin meters to control electric consumption €300 no obligation quotations and advice - all makes contact Lynne or alison in the airflow offices tel: 952 443 222 [email protected] PLACE AN AD! It’s quick, it’s easy (f ) and it works. Call 952454491 Tv, vIDEo & DvD WHITE Sky Cards, Free to Air and Sky Boxes now available. (0)ch 691097059 CALAHoNDA After the best naked massage, the pleasure of choosing your sexual fulfilment. €30 (111)bfp 681345319 ---------------------------------------------BENALMADENA Young lady, 34, attractive, sexy, educated, for gentleman. €30 Tel: 634209427 (114tnp & 30 n Sports & Motors Motors Flash Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in Motors Martin Brundle was in training last weekend in advance of his forthcoming return to racing in the Daytona 24 Hours next weekend, about which he is a little apprehensive. He tweeted : "I'm sharing United Autosports car number 23 with 'Billy' [Mark] Blundell, Zak Brown + Mark Patterson. Racing against Montoya and Franchitti etc. Oh dear." He said he found it a tough race when he last did it 21 years ago, aged 30. Budget Bond This cut-price Aston Martin, which was unveiled last week, has been designed to be within reach of ordinary motorists – or perhaps a budding James Bond on a budget. The limited edition Cygnet will sell for £39,995 but future ‘standard’ models will cost £30,995. Japanese car giant Toyota have collaborated on the Cygnet and it is based on their green iQ super-mini. But the most expensive iQ costs only £12,065. Steve Fowler, editor-inchief of What Car? magazine, said: “[The Cygnet] is not a proper Aston Martin. There’s no Aston Martin engineering in it. It hasn’t got an Aston Martin engine under the bonnet or an Aston Martindesigned chassis. It uses Toyota running gear and a Toyota engine.Yet for the price of one Cygnet you could buy two Toyota iQs and a decent set of Louis Vuitton luggage. You could buy three iQs if you go for the more expensive special edition launch car.” Compared to the £173,000 ($274,900) cost of an Aston Martin DBS, as featured in the 007 movie Quantum of Solace, the Cygnet is indeed a snip, and while it doesn’t look much like a traditional Aston Martin, it does carry Frenchman Bryan Bouﬃer gave his hometown supporters plenty to cheer about after clinching the Monte Carlo Rally 2011 crown at the Monaco harbour . The 32-year-old Team Peugeot 207 driver, who hails from the nearby Drome region in France, completed the 13-stage 2011 Intercontinental Rally Championship season-opener in 3’32:55.6, finishing 0:32.5 ahead of second-placed Belgian Freddy Loix of Skoda Fabia. His success was also the 21st for Peugeot in the series. Four seat Ferrari FF Ferrari has revealed the new FF, a four-seat, four-wheel-drive shooting brake. The Ferrari FF, a replacement for the 612 Scaglietti, is a radical shooting brake model that Ferrari says is its most powerful and versatile four-seater ever. It is intended to be Ferrari's answer to the Porsche Panamera and Aston Martin Rapide, and will debut at the Geneva Motor Show in March. It is also Ferrari's firstever four-wheel-drive car. The patented new system weighs half that of a normal 4WD setup, permanently shifting drive between the front and rear. This ensures the full 660 hp from the Ferrari FF's new 6.3-litre direct-injection V12 can be deployed. The engine is mated to a transaxle dual-clutch F1 paddle-shift gearbox. Performance will be staggering, - despite its four-seat capacity, Ferrari is claiming an exceptional 062mph time of just 3.7 seconds! The top speed is a claimed 208mph, too. ‘Hopper’ to BSB and he can’t wait Remarkably, this is coupled with a monstrous 450-litre boot - bigger than the new Volvo V60 estate. This extends to 800 litres with the seats down. Ferrari’s 4RM four-wheel drive hardware weighs 50 per cent less than a conventional set‑up, while maintaining near perfect 47:53 weight distribution. According to Ferrari, it “delivers record levels of performance on all terrains and all conditions via continuous and intelligent predictive torque distribution to all four wheels”. Rather than proper off-roading, however, FF owners will be able to use their cars on “low grip or snow-covered surfaces”, as well as more conventional Ferrari territory such as on the track and in city driving. The FF will also have carbon-ceramic brakes and a “magnetorheological” adaptive damping system, as featured on Ferrari’s 458 Italia. John Hopkins says he cannot wait to get the 2011 season underway after his deal to join the MCE British Superbike Championship was officially confirmed. the first American to win a BSB race, Hopkins is excited to be starting a new chapter in his career having been blighted by injury woes in recent years. As expected, Crescent Suzuki has announced it will field the former MotoGP rider this year, the American following in the wheel tracks of former rival Sylvain Guintoli in making the switch to BSB with the Jack Valentine-helmed squad. Looking to become "I am really looking forward to BSB and working with Crescent again, it will obviously be a different crew but I know they are a great group of guys and that will be a good foundation to start the season. AUTOSALON COIN the trademark grille and badge. In the initial limited edition run Aston are putting out 50 black and 50 white cars. The standard and special editions are the same mechanically and in performance, differing only in price and quality of the interior trim. Following the unveiling yesterday of the launch edition, production at Aston Martin’s Gaydon factory in Warwickshire will begin in April this year. The Facts Top speed: 106mph 0-60mph: 11.8sec Engine: 1.3 litre dual VVT-i petrol Miles per gallon: 56.5mpg (or 54.3mpg for the automatic) Length: 9.8ft, Width: 5.6ft, Extras: White diamond alloy wheels and pearl white leather heated seats Victory for hometown rally hero -' ),) &+(+ +,) ,'' leO’S AUTOS enGlISH MeCHAnICS WOrkSHOp & MOBIle prompt reliable Service City & Guilds Qualified Open MOndAy TO FrIdAy 10 - 7pM nO SIeSTA Beat the Credit CrunCh Optimise your car to save you money LaBOur rate reduCed tO €30ph! repAIrS TO All MAkeS ITvS - OIl CHAnGeS ClUTCHeS - ServICInG TyreS - eXHAUSTS BATTerIeS - BrAkeS 952 917 353 687 727 460 - 687 727 516 " ', # ! $ at the end of the Coin road ! WITH NO EFFECT ON YOUR WARRANTY Part worn tyres from €25 Qualified English and German mechanics, ITV Services available.Vehicle Transfers and Registration undertaken • • • Aircon re-gas and leak testing TEL: 952 45 45 27 Diagnostic fault reading and emissions All makes and models - Petrol / Diesel www.autosaloncoin.com Fax: 952 453 144 Pol.Ind, Cantarranas. C/ Acero, 6. 29100Coin (Malaga) WEDNESDAY, January 26th 2011 news Your outlook on the World the Kaymer on top of the world.. almost Axarquia edge closer Keeping the pace, Martin Kaymer wins his third Abu Dhabi title in four years Martin Kaymer cruised his way to a closing round of 66 and successfully defended the title he won last year, at the Abu Dhabi HSBC championship on Sunday. The 26 year old led by five shots going into the final round and shot a sixunder-par 66 to finish eight shots in front of Northern Ireland’s Rory McIlroy. McIlroy dropped shots at the third and fifth and despite him picking up three birdies coming home, he just couldn’t keep up with Kaymer’s winning pace as the German finished the tournamentat 24-under par and only had one bogey all week long. South Africa’s Retief Goosen shot a 64 to move up to a tie for the third with Graeme McDowell who closed with a 67. England’s David Lynn and Irishman Gareth Maybin both finished in a tie for fifth. The Europeans now hold the top two positions in the world rankings for the first time since Nick Faldo and Bernhard Langer back in 1993, after Lee Westwood’s lowly finish at 64th, as World No1 Kaymer’s victory on Sunday displaced Tiger Woods as World No 2. It seems that Martin Kaymer was playing in a league of his own and felt very much at home in Abu Dhabi. When he accepted Hole in One Paul Casey, a two-time Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship winner, sank a sensational hole-inone in the third round to earn a three-day-a-year stay, for life, at the UAE capital's opulent Emirates Palace hotel. his well-deserved trophy, which was given to him to keep, after an incredible four years in which he has finished first, second, first and then first again, he said: “It is just a perfect golf course for me. I consider it as my home course, I always play well here. If you win straightaway it is a great start to the season. I hit a lot of fairways and my putting was amazing." Andy Macfee has twice had what he describes as "the horrible task" of telling Padraig Harrington he'd been disqualified ... and they count as two low points in his career as Senior Referee on The European Tour. Yet on both occasions, at the 2000 Benson and Hedges International at The Belfry and in Abu Dhabi, McFee said the job was made a little easier by Harrington "and the class he showed in handling both situations". "Frankly, I feel pretty humble sitting alongside people like that," said McFee, who had been informed on Thursday evening that the Tour had received an email from a viewer, followed by a second, who spied a minor transgression by Harrington on the seventh green. McFee and his rules staff went to the TV compound and reviewed the incident. He decided not to contact Harrington until the morning, giving an opportunity to discuss the situation overnight with Tour Chief Executive George O'Grady, Chief Referee John Paramor and Grant Moir at the R&A. "At least Padraig could have a good night's sleep," quipped McFee, who ranks among those pressing hard for a change in the rules to prevent players being disqualified for signing for a wrong score when they had no idea a penalty was due. "The way I see it, the innocent penalty escalates very quickly from two strokes to disqualification when a player signs his card. I really don't like that," he said. If Harrington's transgression was clear in close-up, it wasn't visible to the player. "It's just horrible that in these circumstances, I don't think there's anything else Padraig could have done," McFee said. "Technology has done it for us.” On his third hole - the twelfth - on day three of the Championship, Casey struck a 186-yard ace to card the sixth hole-in-one in the tournament's sixyear history. The Englishman's pinpoint effort was the event's third hole-in-one in as many days, after Søren Kjeldsen and Ricardo González achieved the same outcome at the seventh hole on Thursday and Friday, respectively. "I played a 7-iron. It was a beautiful little draw that landed about eight inches just right of the hole,” said Casey. "It probably skipped forward and jumped back into the hole - it was great to see it go in." to play-oﬀs Axarquia Rugby Club played host, on a wet, windy and cold day, to the strong team from Granada 2004 last Sunday at the Fernando Hierro stadium in VelezMalaga. This was a crucial game with Granada 2004 (2nd) and Axarquia Rugby (3rd) in the Andalucian League second division, both striving to reach the promotion play-offs. With only 2 games left to play, and with only the top 2 teams going through to the playoffs, the winner was going to put themselves in a great position for the final run-in. The match was fought with great intensity, and the teams were so closely matched that the first points weren’ t scored until nearly half time, Granada scoring a try after some great backplay to go in at half time, 0-5 leaders. Axarquia raised their game in the second half and andalucia The Sunshine Golf Calahonda District Darts League Tel:952493709 The Sunshine Golf Calahonda District Darts League Results for Friday 21st Jan as follows.. Division 1 Dempseys v Bunkers ( Result Unknown) Rays A v Fools (pp) ( Rays A top of league) Henrys A 6 - 6 Sussex Welcome 2 - 10 Pickled Newt A Division 2 What a prize!! Speaking about his prize, he said: "That's absolutely fantastic. The Emirates Palace is the only 7 star hotel I've ever stayed in and you can't compare it to anything else. It is unique. Every hotel after the Emirates Palace seems a bit sub par." Connect It 6 - 6 Fools Fillies La Orquidea 6 - 6 Cala Bella Pickled Newt B 3 - 9 Top Cats ( Top Cats top of Division 2) Division 3 Tonys 8 - 4 Oscars (Tonys top of Division3) Charlies 6 - 6 Henrys B All Sunshine Golf Darts League info is available on... www.calahondadistrictdarts.com Sunshine Golf, the Costa Del Sols´ one stop golf shop “All we slice is the price” Polos & Logos Report by Claire Voet GB Skeleton girls slide faster as Rudman wins Shelley Rudman on her way to Gold Shelley Rudman of Great Britain won the the Gold in the sixth World Cup race of the season in Winterberg, Germany, beating Germany's Anja Huber by 0.22 seconds while Canada's Amy Gough finished in third. The race also doubled as the European Championship. Rudman, 29, produced the two fastest runs of the day. She entered the competition having won Olympic gold medallist Amy Williams, competing in only her second World Cup race since returning after the Vancouver Games, placed an encouraging fifth. Axarquia’ s next match is away against Almeria Rugby, the league leaders, on February 6th, followed by their final home game on 13th February against El Ejido Rugby. For more information on joining Axarquia Rugby Club, please ring Michael on 669 899 064 or 952 514 898 . Training for Axarquia Rugby Club is held at the Fernando Hierro Stadium in VelezMalaga every Tuesday and Thursday from 19.00 for the Juniors and 20.30 for the seniors ( all age groups welcome). Suppliers of trophies for all sports and pastimes Tel: 952 932 758 four consecutive silver medals. She now trails Huber, the two-time world champion, by just 36 points in the overall standings with two races remaining this season. enjoyed most of the possession, finally scoring the equalizing try half way through the second half, and then eventually scoring the winning try with the last play of the game to triumph 10-5 to rapturous applause from the home supporters who had turned out in force. - 670 800 555 Urb. Jardines Butiplaya, 13-14 Downstairs in Sunshine Golf La Cala Mijas - MALAGA [email protected] www.polosandlogos.com LAURO 27 GOLF NEW RATES 2011 1 year unlimited golf: 1.750€ (couple: 3.000€) JANUARY OFFER: 2 green fees + buggy: 100€ www.laurogolf.com Tel: 952 41 27 67 Fax: 952 41 47 57 email:[email protected] Front-line golf properties for sale Membership and golf included Call 952 41 27 67 for a private viewing LAURO LIVING 32 n Sports & Motors Sports Flash Sports Read your favourite news, plus a whole lot more in “Billy taught me to swear” Andy Murray says his bad language on court may in part be down to listening to cassette tapes of comedy legend Billy Connolly while being ferried from tournament to tournament by his parents. "We used to listen to it all the time, from maybe like 10, 11 years old until I was up to 15, 16. My mum and dad were pretty lenient with that stuﬀ. It's probably why my language is so bad on the court," he joked. Connolly is in Australia cheering the Scot on. Sporting Malaga lose out in seven goal thriller SPOTLIGHT Valencia 4 - 3 Malaga: Malaga reduced to nine men as Valencia take advantage Having to start the game with a makeshift defence including Eliseu at leftback and Rosario at centreback, Malaga began the game brightly. In the first minute Baptista broke through and forced a great save from Valencia's keeper Guaita. The good start continued and Rondon had a good chance after 9 minutes, and only a minute later Malaga deservedly went one nil up. Apono broke down the right and crossed for an unmarked Rondon to steer home. But as always seems to happen, Malaga pressed the self destruct button, Demechelis was caught napping and found himself the wrong side of Mata and bought him down in the penalty box. Demechelis was straight red carded and Mata converted the resulting penalty to level the scores. Demechelis an international defender, we shall see! Down to 10 men Malaga responded on their 2 man advantage. Banega scored from the edge of the box following a defensive mix up putting Valencia 3-2 up with under half an hour to play. New signing Baptista scores to give Malaga hope well, Rondon had two chances both well saved by the Valencia goalkeeper. On 34 minutes Duda whipped in a freekick into the penalty area and the ball broke to Rondon who lashed home his shot from six yards to put Malaga ahead once again and they reached half time with the all important lead. After the break Valencia came out much more positive and after 52 minutes Soldado was put through and slotted home to bring FRANK ELEC TRICS 669 009 821 [email protected] www.frank-multiservices.com Valencia level. The pressure that Valencia were putting on the Malaga defence was incessant, and things went from bad to worse after Rosario got his marching orders, though maybe harshly. 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However it was heartbreak for Malaga as in the last minute Luis Miguel found Soldado, whose pull-back was perfect for an unmarked Aduriz and he fired home to give the home side victory. Malaga's Apono was then booked in the final seconds, meaning that along with Demechelis and Rosario, he will miss next week’s important game against Real Zaragoza. Report by. Scott Forbes Castle Stuart near Inverness has been chosen to host the Scottish Open from July this year. The prestigious event, one of the richest on the circuit, has been held at Loch Lomond since 1995 and takes place a week before the Open. Castle Stuart only opened last year and winning the Scottish Open will be seen as a major coup for the area. DEAD FLOOR? Fully registered First for Quality First for Choice air Conditioning ServiCing & repairS oFFiCial panaSoniC Centre www.thenewsonline.es BRING IT BACK TO LIFE! 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The duo were catapulted into contention by a near perfect lead-out display on the final laps of the city centre circuit and romped home to earn a repeat of last year's memorable success. Senior sports director Sean Yates told teamsky.com: "It was a fantastic job by the boys and Swifty gave it the perfect finishing touch. That's two stage wins for him and a third on GC, so we're all delighted for him. "We were up against 10 of the world's top 15 sprinters today and there was a lot at stake with Michael Matthews, Matt Goss and Cameron Meyer all in contention for the GC, but this has reiterated the team's reputation as being able to deliver in these types of situations.” Report & image courtesy of: www.teamsky.com Sky Sports duo Andy Gray and Richard Keys were stood down from Monday's game between Bolton and Chelsea after their comments about a female oﬃcial. Believing their microphones were oﬀ, Keys and Gray agreed that Sian Massey and other female assistant referees "did not know the oﬀside rule". The remarks were made before Saturday's match between Wolves and Liverpool. Barney Francis, managing director of Sky Sports, said: "Their comments were totally unacceptable." TENNIS Murray through to quarter finals Andy Murray is through to the quarter finals of the Australian Open where he will face the unseeded Ukranian Alexandr Dolgopolov - the No1 seed Rafa Nadal is up against 7th seed David Ferrer. Roger Federer eased through his quarter final beating Stanislas Wawrinka(Sui) 6-1 6-3 63 whilst in the other Q/final 3rd seed Novak Djokovic defeated Tomas Berdych(Czh) 6-1 7-6(5) 61. In the ladies singles Caroline Wozniacki is through to the semi’s after another gruelling match. Italian Francesca Schiavone gave her a tough test before she finally ran out as winner after two and a half hours 3-6, 6-3, 6-3. AMERICAN FOOTBALL Steelers Vs Packers for the Super Bowl XLV The Green Bay Packers will face the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV after both held oﬀ a late charge from their opponents to win their respective NFL conference championship games. The Steelers had a 24-19 victory over the New York Jets, while earlier in the day, the Packers beat the Chicago Bears 21-14 to win the NFC title. The Steelers, who have won a record six Super Bowls, are back for their third in six years, having won in 2006 and 2009. 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What number is a hurricane-force storm on the conventional Beaufort Wind Force Scale?	Essay \| West Pacific Review West Pacific Review Writing & Photography – West Coast Perspective Menu David Foster Wallace world copyright Giovanni Giovannetti/effigie This piece was written by Wallace for the 2007 issue of “The Best American Essays” by Houghton Mifflin publishers. For anyone who reads that publication and or is interested in essays this piece reads as fresh today as it did then. I think it’s unlikely that anyone is reading this as an introduction. Most of the people I know treat Best American anthologies like Whitman Samplers. They skip around, pick and choose. There isn’t the same kind of linear commitment as in a regular book. Which means that the reader has more freedom of choice, which of course is part of what this country’s all about. If you’re like most of us, you’ll first check the table of contents for names of writers you like, and their pieces are what you’ll read first. Then you’ll go by title, or apparent subject, or sometimes even first line. There’s a kind of triage. The guest editor’s intro is last, if at all.This sense of being last or least likely confers its own freedoms. I feel free to state an emergent truth that I maybe wouldn’t if I thought that the book’s sales could really be hurt or its essays’ audience scared away. This truth is that just about every important word on The Best American Essays 2007’s front cover turns out to be vague, debatable, slippery, disingenuous, or else ‘true’ only in certain contexts that are themselves slippery and hard to sort out or make sense of—and that in general the whole project of an anthology like this requires a degree of credulity and submission on the part of the reader that might appear, at first, to be almost un-American. … Whereupon, after that graceless burst of bad news, I’m betting that most of whichever readers thought that maybe this year they’d try starting out linearly with the editor’s intro have now decided to stop or just flip ahead to Jo Ann Beard’s ‘Werner,’ the collection’s first essay. This is actually fine for them to do, because Beard’s is an unambiguously great piece—exquisitely written and suffused with a sort of merciless compassion. It’s a narrative essay, I think the subgenre’s called, although the truth is that I don’t believe I would have loved the piece any less or differently if it had been classed as a short story, which is to say not an essay at all but fiction. Thus one constituent of the truth about the front cover is that your guest editor isn’t sure what an essay even is. Not that this is unusual. Most literary readers take a position on the meaning of ‘essay’ rather like the famous one that U.S.S.C. Justice Potter Stewart took on ‘obscene’: we feel that we pretty much know an essay when we see one, and that that’s enough, regardless of all the noodling and complication involved in actually trying to define the term ‘essay.’ I don’t know whether gut certainty is really enough here or not, though. I think I personally prefer the term ‘literary nonfiction.’ Pieces like ‘Werner ’ and Daniel Orozco’s ‘Shakers’ seem so remote from the sort of thing that Montaigne and Chesterton were doing when the essay was being codified that to call these pieces essays seems to make the term too broad to really signify. And yet Beard’s and Orozco’s pieces are so arresting and alive and good that they end up being salient even if one is working as a guest essay editor and sitting there reading a dozen Xeroxed pieces in a row before them and then another dozen in a row after them—essays on everything from memory and surfing and Esperanto to childhood and mortality and Wikipedia, on depression and translation and emptiness and James Brown, Mozart, prison, poker, trees, anorgasmia, color, homelessness, stalking, fellatio, ferns, fathers, grandmothers, falconry, grief, film comedy—a rate of consumption which tends to level everything out into an undifferentiated mass of high-quality description and trenchant reflection that be- comes both numbing and euphoric, a kind of Total Noise that’s also the sound of our U.S. culture right now, a culture and volume of info 1 and spin and rhetoric and context that I know I’m not alone in finding too much to even ab- sorb, much less to try to make sense of or organize into any kind of triage of saliency or value. Such basic absorption, organization, and triage used to be what was required of an educated adult, a.k.a. an informed citizen—at least that’s what I got taught. Suffice it here to say that the requirements now seem different. A corollary to the above bad news is that I’m not really even all that confident or concerned about the differences between nonfiction and fiction, with ‘differences’ here meaning formal or definitive, and ‘I’ referring to me as a reader.1 There are, as it happens, intergenre differences that I know and care about as a writer, though these differences are hard to talk about in a way that someone who doesn’t try to write both fiction and nonfiction will understand. I’m worried that they’ll sound cheesy and melodramatic. Although maybe they won’t. Maybe, given the ambient volume of your own life’s noise, the main difference will make sense to you. Writing-wise, fiction is scarier, but nonfiction is harder—because nonfiction’s based in reality, and today’s felt reality is overwhelmingly, circuit-blowingly huge and complex. Whereas fiction comes out of nothing. Actually, so wait: the truth is that both genres are scary; both feel like they’re 1A subcorollary here is that it’s a bit odd that Houghton Mifflin and the Best American series tend to pick professional writers to be their guest editors. There are, after all, highly expert professional readers among the industry’s editors, critics, scholars, etc., and the guest editor’s job here is really 95 percent readerly. Underlying the series’ preference for writers appears to be one or both of the following: (a) the belief that some- one’s being a good writer makes her eo ipso a good reader—which is the same reasoning that undergirds most blurbs and MFA programs, and is both logically invalid and empirically false (trust me); or (b) the fact that the writers the series pick tend to have comparatively high name recognition, which the publisher figures will translate into wider attention and better sales. Premise (b) involves marketing and revenue and is thus probably backed up by hard data and thought in a way that (a) is not. executed on tightropes, over abysses—it’s the abysses that are different. Fiction’s abyss is silence, nada. Whereas nonfiction’s abyss is Total Noise, the seething static of every particular thing and experience, and one’s total freedom of infinite choice about what to choose to attend to and represent and connect, and how, and why, etc. There’s a rather more concrete problem with the cover’s word ‘editor,’ and it may be the real reason why these editorial introductions are the least appealing candy in the box. The Best American Essays 2007’s pieces are arranged alphabetically, by author, and they’re essentially reprints from magazines and journals; whatever (light) copyediting they receive is done in-house by Houghton Mifflin. So what the cover calls your editor isn’t really doing any editing. My real function is best described by an epithet that may, in future years, sum up 2006 with the same grim efficiency that terms like ‘Peace with Honor,’ ‘Iran-Contra,’ ‘Florida Recount,’ and ‘Shock and Awe’ now comprise and evoke other years. What your editor really is here is: the Decider. Being the Decider for a Best American anthology is part honor and part service, with ‘service’ here not as in ‘public service’ but rather as in ‘service industry.’ That is, in return for some pay and intangible assets, I am acting as an evaluative filter, winnowing a very large field of possibilities down to a manageable, absorbable Best for your delectation. Thinking about this kind of Decidering2 is interesting in all kinds of different ways;3 but the general point is that professional filtering/winnowing 2(usage sic, in honor of the term’s source) 3For example, from the perspective of Information Theory, the bulk of the Decider’s labor actually consists of excluding nominees from the final prize collection, which puts the Decider in exactly the position of Maxwell’s Demon or any other kind of entropy- reducing info processor, since the really expensive, energy-intensive part of such processing is always deleting/discarding/resetting. 2 is a type of service that we citizens and consumers now depend on more and more, and in ever-increasing ways, as the quantity of available information and products and art and opinions and choices and all the compli- cations and ramifications thereof expands at roughly the rate of Moore’s Law. The immediate point, on the other hand, is obvious. Unless you are both a shut-in and independently wealthy, there is no way you can sit there and read all the contents of all the 2006 issues of all the hundreds of U.S. periodicals that publish literary nonfiction. So you subcontract this job—not to me directly, but to a publishing company whom you trust (for whatever reasons) to then subsubcontract the job to someone whom they trust (or more like believe you’ll trust [for whatever reasons]) not to be insane or capricious or overtly ‘biased’ in his Decidering. ‘Biased’ is, of course, the really front-loaded term here, the one that I expect Houghton Mifflin winces at and would prefer not to see uttered in the editor’s intro even in the most reassuring context, since the rhetoric of such reassurances can be self-nullifying (as in, say, running a classified ad for oneself as a babysitter and putting ‘don’t worry—not a pedophile!’ at the bottom of the ad). I suspect that part of why ‘bias’ is so loaded and dicey a word just now—and why it’s so much- invoked and potent in cultural disputes—is that we are starting to become more aware of just how much subcontracting and outsourcing and submitting to other Deciders we’re all now forced to do, which is threatening (the inchoate awareness is) to our sense of ourselves as intelligent free agents. And yet there is no clear alternative to this outsourcing and submission. It may possibly be that acuity and taste in choosing which Deciders one submits to is now the real measure of informed adulthood. Since I was raised with more traditional, Enlightenment-era criteria, this possibility strikes me as consumerist and scary . . . to which the counterargument would be, again, that the alternatives are literally abysmal. Speaking of submission, there was a bad bit of oversimplification two paragraphs above, since your guest editor is not really even the main sub-subcontractor on this job. The real Decider, in terms of processing info and reducing entropy, is Mr. Robert Atwan, the BAE series editor. Think of it this way. My job is to choose the twenty-odd so-called Best from roughly 100 finalists the series editor sends me. 4 Mr ̇ Atwan, though, has distilled these finalists from a vast pool of ’06 nonfiction— every issue of hundreds of periodicals, plus submissions from his network of contacts all over the U.S.—meaning that he’s really the one doing the full-time reading and culling that you and I can’t do; and he’s been doing it since 1985. I have never met Mr. Atwan, but I—probably like most fans of BAE—envision him as by now scarcely more than a vestigial support system for an eye-brain assembly, maybe like 5’8” and 590 lbs., living full-time in 4It’s true that I got to lobby for essays that weren’t in his 100, but there ended up being only one such outside piece in the final collection. A couple of others that I’d suggested were nixed by Mr. Atwan—well, not nixed so much as counseled against, for what emerged as good reasons. In general, though, you can see who had the real power. However much I strutted around in my aviator suit and codpiece calling myself the Decider for BAE ’07, I knew that it was Mr. Atwan who delimited the field of possibilities from which I was choosing . . . in rather the same way that many Americans are worried that what appears to be the reality we’re experiencing and making choices about is maybe actually just a small, skewed section of reality that’s been pre-chosen for us by shadowy entities and forces, whether these be left-leaning media, corporate cabals, government disinformers, our own unconscious prejudices, etc. At least Mr. Atwan was explicit about the whole pre-selection thing, though, and appeared to be fair and balanced, and of course he’d had years of hard experience on the front lines of Decidering; and in general I found my- self trusting him and his judgments more and more throughout the whole long process, and there were finally only maybe about 10 percent of his forwarded choices where I just had no idea what he might have been thinking when he picked them. 3 some kind of high-tech medical chair that automatically gimbals around at various angles to help prevent skin ulcers, nourishment and wastes ferried by tubes, surrounded by full- spectrum lamps and stacks of magazines and journals, a special emergency beeper Velcroed to his arm in case he falls out of the chair, etc. Given the amount of quiet, behind-the-scenes power he wields over these prize collections, you’re entitled to ask about Mr. Atwan’s standards for inclusion and forwarding;5 but he’s far too experienced and cagey to encourage these sorts of questions. If his foreword to this edition is like those of recent years, he’ll describe what he’s looking for so generally—‘essays of literary achievement that show an awareness of craft and forceful- ness of thought’—that his criteria look reasonable while at the same time being vague and bland enough that we aren’t induced to stop and think about what they might actually mean, or to ask just what principles Mr. Atwan uses to determine ‘achievement’ and ‘awareness’ and ‘forcefulness’ (not to mention ‘literary’). He is wise to avoid this, since such specific questions would entail specific answers that then would raise more questions, and so on; and if this process is allowed to go on long enough, a point will be reached at which any Decider is going to look either (a) arrogant and arbitrary (‘It’s literary because I say so’) or else (b) weak and incoherent (as he thrashes around in endless little definitions and exceptions and qualifications and apparent flip-flops). It’s true. Press R. Atwan or D. Wallace hard enough on any of our criteria or reasons—what they mean or where they come from—and you’ll eventually get either paralyzed silence or the abysmal, Legionish babble of every last perceived fact and value. And Mr. Atwan cannot afford this; he’s permanent BAE staff. 5I believe this is what is known in the nonfiction industry as a transition. We are now starting to poke tentatively at ‘Best,’ which is the most obviously fraught and bias-prone word on the cover. I, on the other hand, have a strict term limit. After this, I go forever back to being an ordinary civilian and BAE reader (except for the introductions). I therefore feel free here to try for at least partial transparency about my Decidering criteria, some of which are obviously—let’s be grownups and just admit it—subjective, and therefore in some ways biased.6 Plus I have no real problem, emotionally or politically, with stopping at any given point in any theoretical Q & A & Q and simply shrugging and saying that I hear the caviling voices but am, this year, for whatever reasons (possibly including divine will— who knows?), the Decider, and that this year I get to define and decide what’s Best, at least within the limited purview of Mr. Atwan’s 104 finalists, and that if you don’t like it then basically tough titty. Because of the fact that my Decidering function is antientropic and therefore mostly exclusionary, I first owe some account of why certain types of essays were maybe easier for me to exclude than others. I’ll try to combine candor with maximum tact. Memoirs, for example. With a few big exceptions, I don’t much care for abreactive or confessional memoirs. I’m not sure how to explain this. There is probably a sound, serious argument to be made about the popularity of confessional memoirs as a symptom of something especially sick and narcissistic/voyeuristic about U.S. culture right now. About certain deep connections between narcissism and voyeurism in the mediated psyche. But this isn’t it. I think the real reason is that I just don’t trust them. Memoirs/confessions, I mean. Not so much their 6May I assume that some readers are as tired as I am of this word as a kneejerk derogative? Or, rather, tired of the legerdemain of collapsing the word’s neutral meaning—‘preference, inclination’—into the pejorative one of ‘unfairness stemming from prejudice’? It’s the same thing that’s happened with ‘discrimination,’ which started as a good and valuable word, but now no one can even hear it without seeming to lose their mind. 4 factual truth as their agenda. The sense I get from a lot of contemporary memoirs is that they have an unconscious and unacknowledged project, which is to make the memoirists seem as endlessly fascinating and important to the reader as they are to them- selves. I find most of them sad in a way that I don’t think their authors intend. There are, to be sure, some memoirish-type pieces in this year’s BAE—although these tend either to be about hair-raisingly unusual circumstances or else to use the confessional stuff as part of a larger and (to me) much richer scheme or story. Another acknowledged prejudice: no celebrity profiles. Some sort of personal quota was exceeded at around age thirty-five. I now actually want to know less than I know about most celebrities. The only other intrinsic bias I’m aware of is one that a clinician would probably find easy to diagnose in terms of projection or displacement. As someone who has a lot of felt trouble being clear, concise, and/or cogent, I tend to be allergic to academic writing, most of which seems to me willfully opaque and pretentious. There are, again, some notable exceptions, and by ‘academic writing’ I mean a particular cloistered dialect and mode; I do not just mean any piece written by somebody who teaches college.7 7Example: Roger Scruton is an academic, and his ‘A Carnivore’s Credo’ is a model of limpid and all- business compression, which is actually one reason why his argument is so valuable and prizeworthy, even though parts of that argument strike me as either odd or just plain wrong (e.g., just how much humane and bucolic ‘traditional livestock farming’ does Scruton be- lieve still goes on in this country?). Out on the other end of the ethicopolitical spectrum, there’s a weirdly simi- larexampleinProf P ̇eterSinger’s ‘WhatShouldaBillionaire Give?,’ which is not exactly belletristic but certainly isn’t written in aureate academese, and is salient and unforgettable and unexcludable not despite but in some ways because of the questions and criticisms it invites. May I assume that you’ve already read it? If not, please return to the main text. If you have, though, do The other side to this bias is that I tend, as a reader, to prize and admire clarity, precision, plainness, lucidity, and the sort of mag- ical compression that enriches instead of vitiates. Someone’s ability to write this way, especially in nonfiction, fills me with envy and awe. That might help explain why a fair number of BAE ’07’s pieces tend to be short, terse, and informal in usage/syntax. Readers who enjoy noodling about genre might welcome the news that several of this year’s Best Es- says are arguably more like causeries or pro- pos than like essays per se, although one could counter argue that these pieces tend, in their essential pithiness, to be closer to what’s historically been meant by ‘essay.’ Personally, I find taxonomic arguments like this dull and some of Singer’s summaries and obligation-formulas seem unrealistically simple? What if a person in the top 10 percent of U.S. earners already gives 10 percent of his income to different, non-UN-type charities—does this reduce his moral obligation, for Singer? Should it? Exactly which charities and forms of giving have the most efficacy and/or moral value—and how does one find out which these are? Should a family of nine making $132,000 a year really have the same 10 percent moral obligation as the childless bachelor making 132K a year? What about a 132K family where one family member has cancer and their health insurance has a 20 percent deductible—is this family’s failure to cough up 10 percent after spending $40,000 on medical bills really still the moral equivalent of valuing one’s new shoes over the life of a drowning child? Is Singer’s whole analogy of the drowning kid(s) too simple, or at least too simple in some cases? Umm, might my own case be one of the ones where the analogy and giving-formula are too simple or inflexible? Is it OK that I think it might be, or am I just trying to rationalize my way out of dis- comfort and obligation as so many of us (according to Singer) are wont to do? And so on … but of course you’ll notice meanwhile how hard the reader’s induced to think about all these questions. Can you see why a Decider might regard Singer’s essay as brilliant and valuable precisely because its prose is so mainstream and its formulas so (arguably) crude or harsh? Or is this kind of ‘value’ as stupid, PC-ish criterion to use in Decidering about essays’ literary worth? What exactly are the connections between literary aesthetics and moral value supposed to be? Whose moral values ought to get used in determining what those connections should be? Does anyone even read Tolstoy’s What Is Art any more? 5 irrelevant. What does seem relevant is to as- sure you that none of the shorter essays in the collection were included merely because they were short. Limpidity, compactness, and an absence of verbal methane were simply part of what made these pieces valuable; and I think I tried, as the Decider, to use overall value as the prime triage- and filtering mechanism in selecting this year’s top essays. … Which, yes, all right, entitles you to ask what ‘value’ means here and whether it’s any kind of improvement, in specificity and traction, over the cover’s ‘Best.’ I’m not sure that it’s finally better or less slippery than ‘Best,’ but I do know it’s different. ‘Value’ sidesteps some of the metaphysics that makes pure aesthetics such a headache, for one thing. It’s also more openly, candidly subjective: since things have value only to people, the idea of some limited, subjective human doing the valuing is sort of built right into the term. That all seems tidy and uncontroversial so far— although there’s still the question of just what this limited human actually means by ‘value’ as a criterion. One thing I’m sure it means is that this year’s BAE does not necessarily comprise the twenty-two very best-written or most beautiful essays published in 2006. Some of the book’s essays are quite beautiful indeed, and most are extremely well written and/or show a masterly awareness of craft (what- ever exactly that is). But others aren’t, don’t, especially—but they have other virtues that make them valuable. And I know that many of these virtues have to do with the ways in which the pieces handle and respond to the tsunami of available fact, context, and perspective that constitutes Total Noise. This claim might itself look slippery, because of course any published essay is a burst of information and context that is by definition part of 2007’s overall roar of info and context. But it is possible for something to be both a quantum of information and a vector of meaning. Think, for instance, of the two distinct but related senses of ‘informative.’ Several of this year ’s most valuable essays are informative in both senses; they are at once informational and instructive. That is, they serve as mod- els and guides for how large or complex sets of facts can be sifted, culled, and arranged in meaningful ways—ways that yield and illuminate truth instead of just adding more noise to the overall roar. That all may sound too abstract. Let’s do a concrete example, which happens also to involve the term ‘American’ on the front cover. In your 2007 guest editor’s opinion, we are in a state of three-alarm emergency—‘we’ basically meaning America as a polity and culture. Only part of this emergency has to do with what is currently called partisan politics, but it’s a significant part. Don’t worry that I’m preparing to make any kind of specific argument about the Bush administration or the disastrous harm I believe it’s done in almost every area of federal law, policy, and governance. Such an argument would be just noise here—redundant for those readers who feel and believe as I do, biased crap for those who believe differently. Who’s right is not the point. The point is to try to explain part of what I mean by ‘valuable.’ It is totally possible that, prior to 2004—when the reelection of George W. Bush rendered me, as part of the U.S. electorate, historically complicit in his administration’s policies and conduct—this BAE Decider would have selected more memoirs or descriptive pieces on ferns and geese, some of which this year were quite lovely and fine. In the current emergency, though, such essays simply didn’t seem as valuable to me as pieces like, say, Mark Danner’s ‘Iraq: The War of the Imagination’ or Elaine Scarry’s ‘Rules of Engagement.’ Here is an overt premise. There is just no way that 2004’s reelection could have taken place—not to mention extraordinary renditions, legalized torture, FISA-flouting, or the 6 passage of the Military Commissions Act— if we had been paying attention and handling information in a competent grown-up way. ‘We’ meaning as a polity and culture. The premise does not entail specific blame— or rather the problems here are too entangled and systemic for good old-fashioned finger- pointing. It is, for one example, simplistic and wrong to blame the for-profit media for somehow failing to make clear to us the moral and practical hazards of trashing the Geneva Conventions. The for-profit media is highly at- tuned to what we want and the amount of detail we’ll sit still for. And a ninety-second news piece on the question of whether and how the Geneva Conventions ought to apply in an era of asymmetrical warfare is not going to explain anything; the relevant questions are too numerous and complicated, too fraught with contexts in everything from civil law and military history to ethics and game theory. One could spend a hard month just learning the history of the Conventions’ translation into actual codes of conduct for the U.S. military … and that’s not counting the dramatic changes in those codes since 2002, or the question of just what new practices violate (or don’t) just which Geneva provisions, and ac- cording to whom. Or let’s not even mention the amount of research, background, cross- checking, corroboration, and rhetorical pars- ing required to understand the cataclysm of Iraq, the collapse of congressional oversight, the ideology of neoconservatism, the legal status of presidential signing statements, the political marriage of evangelical Protestantism and corporatist laissez-faire . . . There’s no way. You’d simply drown. We all would. It’s amazing to me that no one much talks about this—about the fact that whatever our founders and framers thought of as a literate, informed citizenry can no longer exist, at least not without a whole new modern degree of subcontracting and dependence packed into what we mean by ‘informed.’8 In the context of our Total Noise, a piece like Mark Danner ’s ‘Iraq: . . . Imagination’ exemplifies a special subgenre I’ve come to think of as the service essay, with ‘service’ here referring to both professionalism and virtue. In what is loosely framed as a group book review, Danner has processed and arranged an immense quantity of fact, opinion, confirmation, testimony, and on-site experience in order to offer an explanation of the Iraq debacle that is clear without being simplistic, comprehensive without being overwhelming, and critical without being shrill. It is a brilliant, disciplined, pricelessly informative piece. There are several other such service essays among this year’s proffered Best. Some, like Danner’s, are literary journalism; others are more classically argumentative, or editorial, or personal. Some are quite short. All are smart and well written, but what renders them most valuable to me is a special kind of integrity in their handling of fact. An absence of dogmatic cant. Not that service essayists don’t have opinions or make arguments. But you never sense, from this year’s Best, that facts are being specially cherry-picked or ar- ranged in order to advance a pre-set agenda. They are utterly different from the party-line pundits and propagandists who now are in such vogue, for whom writing is not think- ing or service but more like the silky courtier’s manipulation of an enfeebled king. . . . In which scenario we, like diminished kings or rigidly insecure presidents, are reduced to being overwhelmed by info and dogma. You can drown in dogmatism now, too— radio, Internet, cable, commercial and scholarly print— but this kind of drowning is more like sweet release. Whether hard right or new left or whatever, the seduction and mentality are the same. You don’t have to feel confused or inundated or ignorant. You don’t even have to think, for you already Know, and whatever you choose to learn confirms what you Know. This dogmatic lockstep is not the kind of inevitable dependence I’m talking about—or rather it’s only the most extreme 8Hence, by the way, the seduction of partisan dogma. You can drown in dogmatism now, too – radio internet, cable, commercial and scholarly print – but his kind of drowning is more like sweet release. whether hard right or new left or whatever, the seduction and mentality are the same. You don’t have to feel confused or inundated or ignorant. You don’t even have to think,for you already Know, and whatever you choose to learn confirms what you Know. This dogmatic lockstep is not the kind of inevitable dependance I’m talking about – or rather its only the most extreme and frightened form of that dependence. 7 interpretation, or else paralyzed by cynicism and anomie, or else—worst—seduced by some particular set of dogmatic talking- points, whether these be PC or NRA, rationalist or evangelical, ‘Cut and Run’ or ‘No Blood for Oil.’ The whole thing is (once again) way too complicated to do justice to in a guest intro, but one last, unabashed bias/preference in BAE ’07 is for pieces that undercut reflexive dogma, that essay to do their own Decidering in good faith and full measure, that eschew the deletion of all parts of reality that do not fit the narrow aperture of, say for instance, those cretinous fundamentalists who insist that creationism should be taught alongside science in public schools, or those sneering materialists who insist that all serious Christians are as cretinous as the fundamentalists. Part of our emergency is that it’s so tempting to do this sort of thing now, to retreat to narrow arrogance, pre-formed positions, rigid filters, the ‘moral clarity’ of the immature. The alternative is dealing with massive, high- entropy amounts of info and ambiguity and conflict and flux; it’s continually discovering new areas of personal ignorance and delusion. In sum, to really try to be informed and liter- ate today is to feel stupid nearly all the time, and to need help. That’s about as clearly as I can put it. I’m aware that some of the collection’s writers could spell all this out better and in much less space. At any rate, the service part of what I mean by ‘value’ refers to all this stuff, and extends as well to essays that have nothing to do with politics or wedge issues. Many are valuable simply as exhibits of what a first-rate artistic mind can make of particular fact sets—whether these involve the 17-kHz ring tones of some kids’ cell phones, the language of movement as parsed by dogs, the near-infinity of ways to experience and describe an earthquake, the existential synecdoche of stage-fright, or the revelation that most of what you’ve believed and revered turns out to be self-indulgent crap. That last one’s9 of especial value, I think. As exquisite verbal art, yes, but also as a model for what free, informed adulthood might look like in the context of Total Noise: not just the intelligence to discern one’s own error or stupidity, but the humility to address it, ab- sorb it, and move on and out there from, bravely, toward the next revealed error. This is probably the sincerest, most biased account of ‘Best’ your Decider can give: these pieces are models—not templates, but models—of ways I wish I could think and live in what seems to me this world. David Foster Wallace / westpacificreview / Leave a comment It is not a surprise that literature aids all countries in showing a human face in the midst of hard-edge politics and ideology.This piece is from The New York Times. Follwing the NYT piece is aninterview with Putin and Tolstoy concerning the culture policy document. RLW CreditJames Hill for The New York Times By RACHEL DONADIO, MARCH 20, 2015 YASNAYA POLYANA, Russia — On a sunny winter afternoon here, Vladimir Tolstoy, a great-great-grandson of Leo Tolstoy and an adviser on cultural affairs to President Vladimir V. Putin, strode up the birch-lined path that leads to the bucolic family compound where his forebear wrote “War and Peace” and “Anna Karenina.” It is now a state museum. At each step, he was greeted by staff members heading home for the day. “Good evening,” Mr. Tolstoy said with a warm smile. “Good evening,” the museum employees, mostly women, responded. “Please send our best regards to our czar and tell him we respect him very much,” one woman told Mr. Tolstoy, who nodded cheerfully. At once friendly and feudal, the scene at this estate some 125 miles south of Moscow captured something of the mood in Russia today, where Mr. Putin is regarded as a czar, especially outside the big cities, even as the liberal intelligentsia reviles him and laments his popularity. It also reflects the benefits for Mr. Putin of enlisting the support of a member of an illustrious family as he continues to strike notes of national pride. Since being tapped by Mr. Putin in 2012, Mr. Tolstoy, 52, has emerged as the more conciliatory, highbrow and Western-friendly face of Kremlin cultural policy. He works with, but is temperamentally different from, Russia’s more combative culture minister, Vladimir Medinsky, who is known for aggressive assertions of Russian superiority and conservative values. Mr. Tolstoy said he had worked to remove language from a ministry policy draft that was leaked last year stating that “Russia is not Europe.” But, like most Russians, Mr. Tolstoy is full-throated in his support of Russia’s invasion and annexation of Crimea, a territory that many Russians believe should not have been ceded to Ukraine by Khrushchev in 1954. “Leo Tolstoy was a Russian officer who defended Russia in the Fourth Bastion in Sevastopol,” he said, speaking through a translator over tea in a cafe near the museum. “For us, in our mind, this has always been Russia.” He was referring to the siege of Sevastopol in 1854-55 in the Crimean War, in which Russia fought the allied forces of France, Britain, Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire and ultimately lost control of the city. “Of course, as a descendant of the Russian officer Leo Tolstoy, I cannot have any other attitude toward that,” he added. Mr. Tolstoy was raised in a middle-class family in the Moscow region and trained as a journalist. In 1994, he was named director of Yasnaya Polyana, which is centered on the house where the novelist wrote and has been preserved as it was at the time of his death, in 1910. There are also a working farm and orchards, and Tolstoy’s grave is in a wooded glen that the writer associated with his beloved older brother, who died young. Mr. Tolstoy improved the quality and range of activities at the museum, adding lectures, a literary prize and Russian-language classes. His wife, Ekaterina Tolstaya, took over as director after he became an adviser to Mr. Putin. Continue reading the main story Mr. Tolstoy said that Mr. Putin had offered him the post after a meeting of museum directors in April 2012 at which Mr. Tolstoy criticized the government’s cultural strategy and the president’s advisory council for culture as ineffective. “When the meeting was over, the president asked me to stay for a bit and asked if I was so critical, could I do this job better?” Mr. Tolstoy said. Now, he briefs Mr. Putin on cultural issues and acts a bridge between Russia’s cultural world and the Kremlin. On a recent afternoon, he was fielding calls from Irkutsk, Siberia, for help with funeral arrangements for the writer Valentin Rasputin, who died last week at 77 and had expressed a preference to be buried in Irkutsk, his birthplace. Mr. Tolstoy said he regarded Mr. Rasputin as the best writer of the past half-century. He was known for his vivid portrayals of the environmental devastation caused by industrialization in rural Russia and also for his conservatism: He called for prosecuting the punk activist group Pussy Riot after its provocative performance in a Moscow church and inveighed against perestroika, the liberalization initiated under Mikhail S. Gorbachev before the Soviet Union disintegrated. Not long ago, the sense that Russia had somehow lost its way after the fall of the Soviet Union was pervasive here, but Mr. Tolstoy and other Putin loyalists have succeeded in reviving a sense of national pride expressly through cultural policy. Guided by Mr. Tolstoy, a committee of leading cultural figures and state officials ultimately produced an 18-page policy document that defines culture broadly, saying it is as valuable to Russia as its natural resources. It also touches on moral precepts, the importance of religion in shaping values and the place of the Russian language in uniting a country of more than 140 million people and diverse ethnicities. The document also highlights Russia’s distinctiveness “as a country which unites two worlds, East and West.” Some cultural figures have criticized the document for not addressing the pervasive influence of Russian state television, which operates as a mouthpiece for the Kremlin. Many didn’t pay it much attention. “It’s abstract, like a biblical text,” said Kirill Razlogov, a prominent film historian. Far more concrete is the impact of laws that ban obscene words in the theater, films and public performances and that criminalize giving offense to religious believers, both of which were passed after Pussy Riot’s members were jailed in 2012. While Mr. Tolstoy may agree with the general direction, his approach is more tolerant. “I believe everything has a right to exist unless it’s a provocation,” he said. “I think art shouldn’t be offensive.” As for Pussy Riot, he said: “I don’t support them, but on the other hand I also believe the reaction was inappropriate. An artist shouldn’t be punished in court.” He described himself as a moderate who could “find balance” between traditionalists and liberals looking Westward. “On the one hand, Russia is open for cooperation,” he said. “And on the other hand, we have our own perspective on good and evil.” Continue reading the main storyContinue reading the main storyContinue reading the main story Mr. Tolstoy seems to be generally respected by the intelligentsia. Victor Erofeyev, a writer who has been critical of Mr. Putin, said he thought Mr. Tolstoy was “a smart guy” who also reflects a growing tendency since Mr. Putin’s re-election in 2012 to see Russia as somehow purer than the West. “They really believe in it,” Mr. Erofeyev said. “It’s not like during Communist times under Brezhnev” when “people say, ‘I love Communism,’ but we never believe in it. Here they play with a notion of Russia in a more delicate way. They say, ‘You know, Russia is still is a country of big culture, it’s a country of big human relationships, friendship, love affairs and so on, and that’s why we are more interesting than the West.’ ” Back at the cafe, Mr. Tolstoy grew animated in talking about Russian pride. “Today’s Russia cannot be forced to do what it doesn’t want to,” he said. “It’s impossible to achieve either by sanctions, or even by an overt attack. Russia respects itself, and it wants only justice, nothing else.” On that wintry afternoon, dozens of visitors flocked to Yasnaya Polyana. There was snow on the ground and gray ice on the pond, and the birch trees caught the afternoon light. The spirit of the novelist’s former home “is love,” Mr. Tolstoy reflected. In Tolstoy’s novels, “there are no characters who are complete villains,” his great-great-grandson said. “All of his characters are real people.” Correction: March 21, 2015 An earlier version of this article misstated the given name of a Russian writer who died last week. He is Valentin Rasputin, not Vladimir. __________________________________ Working meeting with Presidential Adviser Vladimir Tolstoy April 23, 2014, 15:45 The Kremlin, Moscow photo: The Presidential Press and Information Office. Mr Tolstoy presented to Vladimir Putin the draft Basic Principles of State Culture Policy. PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA VLADIMIR PUTIN: Mr Tolstoy, is the concept document for developing the culture sector ready now? PRESIDENTIAL ADVISER VLADIMIR TOLSTOY: Yes. Above all, thank you for entrusting us with its drafting. The result is an unprecedented and very interesting piece of work. VLADIMIR PUTIN: As far as I know, it has aroused a lot of debate. VLADIMIR TOLSTOY: Yes, it is the subject of active public debate right now, though what is being discussed is not the document itself, but the preliminary materials that made their way via various sources to the press and have indeed sparked a huge public discussion. This shows that the time is indeed ripe to address the various issues in the culture sector, and that the public wants a serious debate at the national level on this matter. A working group headed by [Chief of Staff of the Presidential Executive Office] Sergei Ivanov was established. We held two meetings, which produced the Basic Principles of State Culture Policy. The draft document, if approved, will then be presented for broad public discussion at various forums such as the Public Council, the State Duma, the Federation Council and youth forums, and the results of these discussions will then be taken into account in drawing up the final text. We will be ready to ask you to approve the Basic Principles of State Culture Policy in autumn, perhaps with its presentation for joint discussion by the Presidential Council for Culture and the State Council, as it is also extremely important to take regional aspects into account too, since the next stage of the work will involve these finer points. This is a national-level document and naturally it outlines the general framework. VLADIMIR PUTIN: What are the main points, as you see them? VLADIMIR TOLSTOY: I think the most important point is that we need to see culture in much broader terms than just the sector covered by the Culture Ministry: theatres, archives and libraries. Culture is a basic concept, a fundamental part of a person’s identity and the foundation of the national character and even of the state. It includes moral values, broader public education, youth policy issues, and the kinds of cities and villages we live in. We have tried to take an all-encompassing approach to culture. We realise at the same time that managing this process requires a special approach, and this will all be the subject of further discussion. Culture has a particularly important historical role to play at this moment in our country’s life when we face a complicated foreign policy situation and special circumstances at home. Culture should play a consolidating and unifying role in this situation. Appeals – what I would call inflammatory appeals – that would lead to isolation are very dangerous in this context. We cannot allow internal divisions to emerge. We have a common cultural space, and we have talented people, who perhaps do not all share the same points of view, but it is important that the Basic Principles of State Culture Policy should unify the nation. This is what the document aims to do. As far as foreign policy goes, you have probably heard from Valery Gergiev, Vladimir Spivakov and many of our other cultural figures about how many provocations take place before their concerts in the West, but how when the concerts are over, audiences of thousands of people give them standing ovations. This is exactly the kind of soft power that should be one of the state’s biggest priorities today, and this is the role that our national culture can play. This will send an important signal to our country and the world that Russia is a nation famed for its great culture and will continue to look for and encourage new talent, especially creative talent. It is very important for us to keep producing talented composers, writers and directors. This requires a state support system. Talented people develop in their own right of course, but if we do not notice them in time and give them the support they need, we could be losing a national genius who would bring the country fame. It is very important to educate viewers and readers. People are reading less these days, but Russian literature is a foundation for our moral qualities. We need not just talented performers but also talented listeners and viewers, who know and love music, theatre and film. Perhaps only one in 10,000 people accepted to arts schools will go on to become a real creator, but the other 9,999 people will be talented viewers and will fill up our concert halls. We have just shown the whole world that we know how to build magnificent, outstanding sports facilities. We have shown that we know how to nurture and develop exceptional athletes who become Olympic champions. I think it is important that the world also see our ability to build equally magnificent theatres. This is already happening. We have the Mariinsky Theatre and the Bolshoi Theatre, theatres in Astrakhan and other cities. It is important that other regions should also become home to strong cultural venues of this kind. We can show the whole world that the flow of creative talent in Russia will never dry up and will always delight the world with new works. I think the document reflects all of this. At least, it contains the premises that could help our country’s culture to flourish. VLADIMIR PUTIN: I agree with you that culture is our main, unifying national substance. What is important is not people’s official ethnic identities, but how they perceive themselves, who they consider themselves to be, which basic cultural principles were instilled in them from childhood, what kind of environment they were raised in, and what moral and ethical references they follow. In this sense it is very important to create a common cultural space. I expect that this is the document’s basic aim, but we also need to put in place good conditions for developing cultural institutions and ensuring timely financing for priority areas. This is very important for developing culture as a sector. I hope the document will cover these matters too. VLADIMIR TOLSTOY: Yes, of course. The document is also concerned with the importance of the information space and the content of television programmes and the Internet. Young people spend more and more time on the Internet today, and what they find there is very important. This is also the concern of culture policy. We hope very much that these principles will be supported. This is a long-term programme, of course. You are right to note that it addresses primarily children and young people. We can expect to see some substantial results. Some say it will take a generation – 20-25 years – to really get results, but I am not convinced. I think that we could start seeing the first tangible results within 5-6 years or 10-12 years. VLADIMIR PUTIN: Let’s take a more detailed look. As I said, this is the main component and main substance for our self-perception and sense of identity as a nation. This is why it is so important that the document be balanced, and I hope it will be. Let’s take a closer look at it now. <…> Posted: 12/23/2014 9:34 am EST Updated: 12/24/2014 10:59 am EST – The Huffington Post. Cross-posted with TomDispatch.com It was the most thrilling bureaucratic document I’ve ever seen for just one reason: it was dated the 21st day of the month of Thermidor in the Year Six. Written in sepia ink on heavy paper, it recorded an ordinary land auction in France in what we would call the late summer of 1798. But the extraordinary date signaled that it was created when the French Revolution was still the overarching reality of everyday life and such fundamentals as the distribution of power and the nature of government had been reborn in astonishing ways. The new calendar that renamed 1792 as Year One had, after all, been created to start society all over again. In that little junk shop on a quiet street in San Francisco, I held a relic from one of the great upheavals of the last millennium. It made me think of a remarkable statement the great feminist fantasy writer Ursula K. Le Guin had made only a few weeks earlier. In the course of a speech she gave while accepting a book award she noted, “We live in capitalism. Its power seems inescapable. So did the divine right of kings. Any human power can be resisted and changed by human beings.” That document I held was written only a few years after the French had gotten over the idea that the divine right of kings was an inescapable reality. The revolutionaries had executed their king for his crimes and were then trying out other forms of government. It’s popular to say that the experiment failed, but that’s too narrow an interpretation. France never again regressed to an absolutist monarchy and its experiments inspired other liberatory movements around the world (while terrifying monarchs and aristocrats everywhere). Americans are skilled at that combination of complacency and despair that assumes things cannot change and that we, the people, do not have the power to change them. Yet you have to be abysmally ignorant of history, as well as of current events, not to see that our country and our world have always been changing, are in the midst of great and terrible changes, and are occasionally changed through the power of the popular will and idealistic movements. As it happens, the planet’s changing climate now demands that we summon up the energy to leave behind the Age of Fossil Fuel (and maybe with it some portion of the Age of Capitalism as well). How to Topple a Giant To use Le Guin’s language, physics is inevitable: if you put more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, the planet warms, and as the planet warms, various kinds of chaos and ruin are let loose. Politics, on the other hand, is not inevitable. For example, not so many years ago it would have seemed inevitable that Chevron, currently the third biggest corporation in the country, would run the refinery town of Richmond, California, as its own private fiefdom. You could say that the divine right of Chevron seemed like a given. Except that people in Richmond refused to accept it and so this town of 107,000 mostly poor nonwhites pushed back. In recent years, a group of progressives won election to the city council and the mayor’s seat, despite huge expenditures by Chevron, the corporation that also brought you gigantic oil spills onshore in Ecuador and offshore in Brazil, massive contamination from half a century of oil extraction in Nigeria, and Canadian tar-sands bitumen sent by rail to the Richmond refinery. Mayor Gayle McLaughin and her cohorts organized a little revolution in a town that had mostly been famous for its crime rate and for Chevron’s toxic refinery emissions, which periodically create emergencies, sometimes requiring everyone to take shelter (and pretend that they are not being poisoned indoors), sometimes said — by Chevron — to be harmless, as with last Thursday’s flames that lit up the sky, visible as far away as Oakland. As McLaughin put it of her era as mayor: “We’ve accomplished so much, including breathing better air, reducing the pollution, and building a cleaner environment and cleaner jobs, and reducing our crime rate. Our homicide number is the lowest in 33 years and we became a leading city in the Bay Area for solar installed per capita. We’re a sanctuary city. And we’re defending our homeowners to prevent foreclosures and evictions. And we also got Chevron to pay $114 million extra dollars in taxes.” For this November’s election, the second-largest oil company on Earth officially spent $3.1 million to defeat McLaughin and other progressive candidates and install a mayor and council more to its liking. That sum worked out to about $180 per Richmond voter, but my brother David, who’s long been connected to Richmond politics, points out that, if you look at all the other ways the company spends to influence local politics, it might be roughly ten times that. Nonetheless, Chevron lost. None of its candidates were elected and all the grassroots progressives it fought with billboards, mailers, television ads, websites, and everything else a lavishly funded smear campaign can come up with, won. If a small coalition like that can win locally against a corporation that had revenues of $228.9 billion in 2013, imagine what a large global coalition could do against the fossil-fuel giants. It wasn’t easy in Richmond and it won’t be easy on the largest scale either, but it’s not impossible. The Richmond progressives won by imagining that the status quo was not inevitable, no less an eternal way of life. They showed up to do the work to dent that inevitability. The billionaires and fossil fuel corporations are intensely engaged in politics all the time, everywhere, and they count on us to stay on the sidelines. If you look at their response to various movements, you can see that they fear the moment we wake up, show up, and exercise our power to counter theirs. That power operated on a larger scale last week, when local activists and public health professionals applied sufficient pressure to get New York Governor Andrew Cuomo to sign legislation banning fracking statewide. Until the news broke on December 17th, the outcome had seemed uncertain. It’s a landmark, a watershed decision: a state has decided that its considerable reserves of fossil fuel will not be extracted for the foreseeable future, that other things — the health of its people, the purity of its water — matter more. And once again, the power of citizens turned out to be greater than that of industry. Just a few days before the huge victory in New York, the nations of the world ended their most recent talks in Lima, Peru, about a global climate treaty — and they actually reached a tentative deal, one that for the first time asks all nations, not just the developed ones, to reduce emissions. The agreement has to get better — to do more, demand more of every nation — by the global climate summit in Paris in December of 2015. It’s hard to see how we’ll get there from here, but easy to see that activists and citizens will have to push their nations hard. We need to end the age of fossil fuels the way the French ended the age of absolute monarchy. As New York State and the town of Richmond just demonstrated, what is possible has been changing rapidly. Three Kinds of Hero If you look at innovations in renewable energy technologies — and this may be an era in which engineers are our unsung heroes — the future seems tremendously exciting. Not long ago, the climate movement was only hoping against hope that technology could help save us from the depredations of climate change. Now, as one of the six great banners carried in the 400,000-strong September 21st climate march in New York City proclaimed, “We have the solutions.” Wind, solar, and other technologies are spreading rapidly with better designs, lower costs, and many extraordinary improvements that are undoubtedly but a taste of what’s still to come. In parts of the United States and the world, clean energy is actually becoming cheaper than fossil fuels. The price of oil has suddenly plunged, scrambling the situation for a while, but with one positive side benefit: it’s pushed some of the filthier carbon-intensive, cutting-edge energy extraction schemes below the cost-effective point for now. The costs of clean energy technology have themselves been dropping significantly enough that sober financial advisers like the head of the Bank of England are beginning to suggest that fossil fuels and centralized conventional power plants may prove to be bad investments. They are also talking about “the carbon bubble” (a sign that the divestment movement has worked in calling attention to the practical as well as the moral problems of the industry). So the technology front is encouraging. That’s the carrot for action; there’s also a stick. If you look at the climate reports by the scientists — and scientists are another set of heroes for our time — the news only keeps getting scarier. You probably already know the highlights: chaotic weather, regular records set for warmth on land and at sea (and 2014 heading for an all-time heat high), 355 months in a row of above-average temperatures, more ice melting faster, more ocean acidification, the “sixth extinction,” the spread of tropical diseases, drops in food productivity with consequent famines. So many people don’t understand what we’re up against, because they don’t think about the Earth and its systems much or they don’t grasp the delicate, intricate reciprocities and counterbalances that keep it all running as well as it has since the last ice age ended and an abundant, calm planet emerged. For most of us, none of that is real or vivid or visceral or even visible. For a great many scientists whose fields have something to do with climate, it is. In many cases they’re scared, as well as sad and unnerved, and they’re clear about the urgency of taking action to limit how disastrously climate change impacts our species and the systems we depend upon. Some non-scientists already assume that it’s too late to do anything, which — as premature despair always does — excuses us for doing nothing. Insiders, however, are generally convinced that what we do now matters tremendously, because the difference between the best- and worst-case scenarios is vast, and the future is not yet written. After that huge climate march, I asked Jamie Henn, a cofounder of and communications director for 350.org, how he viewed this moment and he replied, “Everything’s coming together while everything’s falling apart,” a perfect summary of the way heartening news about alternative energy and the growth of climate activism exists in the shadow of those terrible scientific reports. This brings us to our third group of heroes, who fall into the one climate category that doesn’t require special qualifications: activists. New technologies are only solutions if they’re implemented and the old carbon-emitting ones are phased out or shut down. It’s clear enough that the great majority of fossil fuel reserves must be kept just where they are — in the ground — as we move away from the Age of Petroleum. That became all too obvious thanks to a relatively recent calculation made by scientists and publicized and pushed by activists (and maybe made conceivable by engineers designing replacement systems). The goal of all this: to keep the warming of the planet to 2 degrees Celsius (3.5 degrees Fahrenheit), a target established years ago that alarmed scientists are now questioning, given the harm that nearly 1 degree Celsius of warming is already doing. Dismantling the fossil-fuel economy would undoubtedly have the side effect of breaking some of the warping power that oil has had in global and national politics. Of course, those wielding that power will not yield it without a ferocious battle — the very battle the climate movement is already engaged in on many fronts, from the divestment movement to the fight against fracking to the endeavor to stop the Keystone XL pipeline and others like it from delivering the products of the Alberta tar sands to the successful movement to shut down coal-fired power plants in the U.S. and prevent others from being built. Climate Activism: Global and Local Movements If everyone who’s passionate about climate change, who gets that we’re living in a moment in which the fate of the Earth and of humanity is actually being decided, found their place in the movement, amazing things could happen. What’s happening now is already remarkable enough, just not yet adequate to the crisis. The divestment movement that arose a couple of years ago to get institutions to unload their stocks in fossil fuel corporations started modestly. It is now active on hundreds of college campuses and at other institutions around the world. While the intransigence or love of inertia of bureaucracies is a remarkable force, there have been notable victories. In late September, for instance, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund — made fat upon the wealth of John D. Rockefeller’s founding role in the rise of the petroleum industry — pledged to divest its $860 million in assets from fossil fuels. It is just one of more than 800 institutions, including church denominations, universities, cities, pension funds, and foundations from Scotland to New Zealand to Seattle, that have already committed to doing so. The Keystone pipeline could have been up and running years ago, delivering the dirtiest energy from Alberta, Canada, to the U.S. Gulf Coast with little fanfare, had activists not taken it on. It has become a profoundly public, hotly debated issue, the subject of demonstrations at dozens of presidential appearances in recent years — and in the course of this ruckus, a great many people (including me) were clued in to the existence of the giant suppurating sore of sludge, bitumen, and poison lakes that is the Alberta tar sands. Canadian activists have done a similarly effective job of blocking other pipelines to keep this landlocked stuff from reaching any coast for export. One upshot of this: quite a lot of the stuff is now being put on trains (with disastrous results when they crash and, in the longer term, no less disastrous outcomes when they don’t). This exceptionally dirty crude oil leaves behind extremely high levels of toxins in the mining as well as the refining process. As the Wall Street Journal recently reported: “The Keystone XL pipeline was touted as a model for energy independence and a source of jobs when TransCanada Corp. announced plans to build the 1,700-mile pipeline six years ago. But the crude-oil pipeline’s political and regulatory snarls since then have emboldened resistance to at least 10 other pipeline projects across North America. As a result, six oil and natural-gas pipeline projects in North America costing a proposed $15 billion or more and stretching more than 3,400 miles have been delayed, a tally by the Wall Street Journal shows. At least four other projects with a total investment of $25 billion and more than 5,100 miles in length are facing opposition but haven’t been delayed yet.” The climate movement has proved to be bigger and more effective than it looks, because most people don’t see a single movement. If they look hard, what they usually see is a wildly diverse mix of groups facing global issues on the one hand and a host of local ones on the other. Domestically, that can mean Denton, Texas, banning fracking in the November election or the shutting down of coal-powered plants across the country, or the movement gearing up in California for an immense anti-fracking demonstration on February 7, 2015. It can mean people working on college divestment campaigns or rewriting state laws to address climate change by implementing efficiency and clean energy. It can mean the British Columbian activists who, for now, have prevented a tunnel from being drilled for a tar-sands pipeline to the Pacific Coast thanks to a months-long encampment, civil disobedience, and many arrests at Burnaby Mountain near Vancouver. One of the arrested wrote in the Vancouver Observer: “[S]itting in that jail cell, I felt a weight lift from my shoulders. One that I was only partially aware that I have been carrying for years now. I am ashamed by Canada’s withdrawal from the Kyoto Treaty and our increasingly contemptible position on climate change. If these are the values of our society then I want to be an outlaw in that society.” Making the Future Just before that September climate march in New York, I began to contemplate how human beings a century from now will view those of us who lived in the era when climate change was recognized, and yet there was so much more that we could have done. They may feel utter contempt for us. They may regard us as the crew who squandered their inheritance, like drunkards gambling away a family fortune that, in this case, is everyone’s everywhere and everything. I’m talking, of course, about the natural world itself when it was in good working order. They will see us as people who fiddled while everything burned. They will think we were insane to worry about celebrities and fleeting political scandals and whether we had nice bodies. They will think the newspapers should have had a gigantic black box above the fold of the front page every day saying “Here are some stories about other things, BUT CLIMATE IS STILL THE BIGGEST STORY OF ALL.” They will think that we should have thrown our bodies in front of the engines of destruction everywhere, raised our voices to the heavens, halted everything until the devastation stopped. They will bless and praise the few and curse the many. There have been heroic climate activists in nearly every country on the planet, and some remarkable things have already been achieved. The movement has grown in size, power, and sophistication, but it’s still nowhere near commensurate with what needs to be done. In the lead-up to the U.N.-sponsored conference to create a global climate treaty in Paris next December, this coming year will likely be decisive. So this is the time to find your place in a growing movement, if you haven’t yet — as it is for climate organizers to do better at reaching out and offering everyone a part in the transformation, whether it’s the housebound person who writes letters or the 20-year-old who’s ready for direct action in remote places. This is the biggest of pictures, so there’s a role for everyone, and it should be everyone’s most important work right now, even though so many other important matters press on all of us. (As the Philippines’s charismatic former climate negotiator Yeb Sano notes, “Climate change impinges on almost all human rights. Human rights are at the core of this issue.”) Many people believe that personal acts in private life are what matters in this crisis. They are good things, but not the key thing. It’s great to bicycle rather than drive, eat plants instead of animals, and put solar panels on your roof, but such gestures can also offer a false sense that you’re not part of the problem. You are not just a consumer. You are a citizen of this Earth and your responsibility is not private but public, not individual but social. If you are a resident of a country that is a major carbon emitter, as is nearly everyone in the English-speaking world, you are part of the system, and nothing less than systemic change will save us. The race is on. From an ecological standpoint, the scientists advise us that we still have a little bit of time in which it might be possible, by a swift, decisive move away from fossil fuels, to limit the damage we’re setting up for those who live in the future. From a political standpoint, we have a year until the Paris climate summit, at which, after endless foot-shuffling and evading and blocking and stalling and sighing, we could finally, decades in, get a meaningful climate deal between the world’s nations. We actually have a chance, a friend who was at the Lima preliminary round earlier this month told me, if we all continue to push our governments ferociously. The real pressure for change globally comes more from within nations than from nations pressuring one another. Here in the United States, long the world’s biggest carbon-emitter (until China outstripped us, partly by becoming the manufacturer of a significant percentage of our products), we have a particular responsibility to push hard. Pressure works. The president is clearly feeling it, and it’s reflected in the recent U.S.-China agreement on curtailing emissions — far from perfect or adequate, but a huge step forward. How will we get to where we need to be? No one knows, but we do know that we must keep moving in the direction of reduced carbon emissions, a transformed energy economy, an escape from the tyranny of fossil fuel, and a vision of a world in which everything is connected. The story of this coming year is ours to write and it could be a story of Year One in the climate revolution, of the watershed when popular resistance changed the fundamentals as much as the people of France changed their world (and ours) more than 200 ago. Two hundred years hence, may someone somewhere hold in their hands a document from 2021, in wonder, because it was written during Year Six of the climate revolution, when all the old inevitabilities were finally being swept aside, when we seized hold of possibility and made it ours. “Any human power can be resisted and changed by human beings,” says Ursula K. Le Guin. And she’s right, even if it’s the hardest work we could ever do. Now, everything depends on it. _________________ Rebecca Solnit, who has ended TomDispatch’s year for years now, grew up reading Ursula K. Le Guin’s books. Her own most recent book is The Encyclopedia of Trouble and Spaciousness (Trinity University Press), and her 2014 indie bestseller, Men Explain Things to Me (Dispatch Books), released in May, is ending up on best of the year lists everywhere. Follow TomDispatch on Twitter and join us on Facebook. Check out the newest Dispatch Book, Rebecca Solnit’s Men Explain Things to Me, and Tom Engelhardt’s latest book, Shadow Government: Surveillance, Secret Wars, and a Global Security State in a Single-Superpower World. Copyright 2014 Rebecca Solnit / westpacificreview / Leave a comment photo – getty images The New Republic Magazine, a 100-year-old liberal publication was purchased recently (two years ago) by the young co-founder of Facebook ( worth $700 Million) who now wants to turn the company into a digital media company after initially announcing that he wanted to maintain the magazine’s legacy as a provider of in-depth journalism. Michael Kinsley, who was the managing editor of the New Republic for nearly twenty years had this to say about the development as he was interviewed by The Times: “Michael Kinsley, who did two stints as editor of The New Republic and then rejoined the magazine in 2013 before leaving in January for Vanity Fair, cautioned against rushing to judgment about the new regime. “We don’t know, or at least I don’t know, what their plans are,” he said. “Have they said anything about what they’re going to do except in these vague and cliché-ridden terms?” Mr. Kinsley is no longer on the magazine’s masthead. But if he were, he said, he wouldn’t join the protest. “We live in a capitalistic society, and that’s something that The New Republic has historically stood for,” he went on. “It’s his magazine, and if he wants to wreck it, he can.” From the New York Times article below. The New York Times – JONATHAN MAHLER and RAVI SOMAIYA: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/08/business/media/revolt-at-the-new-new-republic-.html More articles about the controversy: Real Clear Politics – Joe Nocera: http://www.realclearpolitics.com/2014/12/09/the_new_republic039s_rebellion_347288.html The New Yorker – George Packer : http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/real-crisis-journalism-new-republic The Washington Post – Dana Milbank: http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/dana-milbank-the-new-republic-is-dead-thanks-to-its-owner/2014/12/08/ae80da42-7ee0-11e4-81fd-8c4814dfa9d7_story.html RAVI SOMAIYA – The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/27/business/media/the-new-republic-is-sold.html?_r=0 / westpacificreview / Leave a comment As David Brooks points out, this should be a defining time for the left, if not an era for the left. Yet what we get is a staggering win for the right. This whirlwind of motion and change is left in a dark caldron to be sealed for as long as people let others run this nation. Money is not the cause of this lack of focus and will – it is the people, their collective disinterest. It is the lack of citizenry and so the old saw that the people get what they deserve is played out yet again in real time. This country has never had a more educated populace and look around you, look at what happens. Is there a person who can digest this and lead this nation to marry purpose to will? Somehow we humans were given the stewardship of this planet. We are tasked at balancing the earth’s ecology and the well being of its creatures, with the ability to feed ourselves and make a living. Not a big deal if we are clear about it. No set of solutions are going to be perfect but the path of the right basically says that this is not our job – this balancing – its someone else’s job. Shields and Brooks on Republican Victory, Immigration Confrontation: (photo – Chris Walker, Chicago Tribune) Mr. Wills is the foremost literary journalist and thinker of our time. This article is a tribute to this iconoclast, one who has followed his own path to understanding America with intelligence, tenacity and grace. The American Mind The historian Garry Wills has written better than anybody else about modern America by Sam Tanenhaus / March 11, 2013 Published in March 2013 issue of Prospect Magazine Wills is an outsider: a practising Catholic, a proud midwesterner, a cheerful iconoclast who has infuriated friends on both the left and right © Gasper Tringale Sooner or later, anyone who writes about America must reckon with Garry Wills. Not that it’s easy to do. The books are demanding enough—not the prose, which is graceful and elegant—but the arguments, which are unfailingly original, often provocative, occasionally subversive and, now and again, utterly perverse, yet stamped every time with the finality of the last word. In his 50 or so books, a handful of them masterpieces, Wills has ranged further than any other American writer of his time, covering much of the western tradition, ancient and contemporary, sacred and profane. His subjects include Jesus, Paul and Augustine, American presidents old and new (Jefferson, Madison, Lincoln, Reagan, the second Bush), Shakespeare and Verdi, the outrages of American militarism, the glories and delinquencies of his beloved-despised Catholicism and—why not?—John Wayne (Wills is a devotee of John Ford’s Westerns.) For diversion, Wills extrudes densely learned articles in the New York Review of Books, the august journal that since the 1970s has been the main stage of his brutal dismantlings of inferior—that is to say, other—minds. To be reviewed by Wills, I can attest, is to feel like a vagrant caught urinating in the master’s hedges: after the initial panic, one experiences a strange, penitential relief. God, or at least one of His retainers, really is watching. On a dour Sunday morning in December, I visited Wills, who is nearing 79 but looks 20 years younger, at his large three-storey house in Evanston, a prosperous suburb to the north of Chicago. For 30-odd years Wills has been affiliated with Northwestern, the excellent liberal arts university a few blocks from his home. Remarkably, given his proximity to the University of Chicago, that citadel of serious thought has never tried to recruit him for its faculty, despite his Pulitzer Prize, his membership of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, his National Humanities Medal (awarded by Bill Clinton the same week Wills urged him, in Time magazine, to resign over the Monica Lewinsky dalliance). The snub pays silent tribute to Wills’s singularity. The University of Chicago favours upholders of tradition like Saul Bellow or the culture critic Allan Bloom. Wills might seem to fit. He has a PhD in classics from Yale. His Latin is still good, and he reads French and Italian. But he puts all this to heretical purposes. He is America’s best living explainer, exposing the nation’s most cherished myths, which he approaches in the manner of a holy blasphemer. He has become an invaluable guide to the modern United States, connecting the present, in all its strangeness, to the nation’s imprisoning history, the patterns of behaviour unchanged since the earliest days of the republic: the convergence of individualistic licence and submission to authority, of “free-market” avarice cloaked in the language of spiritual quest. More incisively than any other thinker he bracingly answers the questions that most puzzle outsiders: why is religion such an enduring force in American politics? Why is there such popular mistrust of government? Why can’t Americans give up their love affair with guns? And he has done all this as an outsider himself—a practising Catholic, a proud Midwesterner who avoids the literary scene, a cheerful iconoclast who has infuriated friends, and presidents, on both the right and left. It was Wills who saw, long before it became accepted dogma, that Richard Nixon, the bête noire of American liberals, was himself the “last liberal,” ferociously clinging to the national myth of “the self-made man.” It was Wills who cleared away the nostalgic mist surrounding John F Kennedy and exposed him as the originator of the modern “insurgency presidency,” addicted to reckless “covert actions” that paralleled his illicit bedroom adventures. “For the longest time I couldn’t figure out why Wills hates Kennedy,” a political scientist and adviser to Kennedy once told me. “Then I got it. Wills is the good Catholic, and Kennedy was the bad Catholic.” A good Catholic who nonetheless has declared war not only on church elders but on the Vatican itself. When the sex abuse scandals erupted a decade ago, and others writhed in torments of apology or denial, Wills coolly explained that what seemed like desecrations of the faith were in reality outgrowths of its most hallowed rituals. “The very places where the molestation occurs are redolent of religion—the sacristy, the confessional, the rectory… The victim is disarmed by sophistication and the predator has a special arsenal of stun devices. He uses religion to sanction what he is up to, even calling sex part of his priestly ministry.” To a non-Catholic like me, Wills was performing a heroic civic deed, prizing open the dank closet of alien experience. He had come not to condemn but to explain. But many believers were outraged, not least because Wills is “perhaps the most distinguished Catholic intellectual in America over the last 50 years,” as the National Catholic Reporter has put it. In his new book, Why Priests? A Failed Tradition, Wills is at it again, cataloguing church hypocrisies, false teachings, the litany of bloody crimes. “The great scandal of Christians is the way they have persecuted fellow Christians,” he writes, “driving out heretics, shunning them, burning their books, burning them.” Wills himself came very close to entering the priesthood—indeed, he had to be released by Rome from his vows when he decided to be a writer instead. He attends Mass on Sunday and still says the rosary every day. These early and continued devotions, more than anything else, set him apart from almost every other major American intellectual—“somewhat outside the national mainstream, ready to look inside without going there,” as he has written. For Wills, to think hard is a vocational exercise, and it has given him the confidence to ignore the provincial Manhattan “scene,” with its publishing events and circuit of media parties that reinforce a brutal pecking-order. It has also given him something even more valuable: rare access to everyday experience, real and felt, in what remains the most religiously devout of all the advanced western democracies. Unlike other presidential historians, Wills immerses himself in the interior religious worlds of his subjects—the sacred texts, the Sunday-school dogma. He knows how close all this lies to the pulsing life of the nation. He knows too that the farm and the village square, nostalgically mourned today—vanishing features of our giant landscape—incubated American democracy, with its evangelised politics, its tightly sealed repressions and sudden violent outbursts, its nightstand with a handgun tucked in a drawer alongside the family Bible. Not all great American writers have understood this. Henry James didn’t. Neither did Edith Wharton. But the outsider “primitive” Walt Whitman did. So did Mark Twain, reared on the banks of the Mississippi. And HL Mencken, the sage of Baltimore who seldom left that sleepy overgrown town. And of course the college dropout William Faulkner, with his arsonist Snopeses and swampland aristocrats. Each of these native geniuses was essentially self-taught but was also steeped in regional lore, custom, and habit. Each knew the American dream has been handed down in its original pastoral rhythms. Wills is the great living heir of this America of the mind, a man of the middle west—born in Atlanta, raised in Michigan and Wisconsin on either side of Lake Michigan, the fresh-water immensity, shaped like a giant finger, that starts just south of Chicago and extends all the way up, almost 500km, to Canada, its shoreline touching four Midwestern states. It is this background, as much as his mastery of religious history, that enabled Wills to see in his book Under God—published in 1990, 10 years before the advent of George W Bush’s “faith-based” politics and the mad “Bible Belt” campaigns to ban the teaching of evolution in public schools—that every American generation struggles anew to absorb the facts of secular reason and to swallow the bitter truth that all nations, even republics founded (or, as Wills puts it, “invented”) on abstract principles, come with expiration dates and no claim of “American exceptionalism” can hold the dogs at bay. Wills—with his boxy spectacles, his Midwestern locutions (“not a one”)—declines to be the great man of letters in the kingly manner of, say, Edmund Wilson, Robert Penn Warren or even the Harvard-tooled heart-lander John Updike. It’s not a question of modesty. Wills is supremely self-assured. He has written two memoirs, the second of them a catalogue of his encounters with presidents, activists, mentors, professional American football players, the opera singer Beverly Sills, each evoked with uninflected precision. In conversation too Wills inclines toward the taxonomic, for instance when he recalls the “Integralist Catholic Church-State Caesaro-Papists” who formed a small renegade faction at National Review, the conservative journal-cum-hothouse where he got his start as a 23-year-old prodigy in the 1950s. All these years later, Wills’s indifference to his cultural standing seems the hard-headed calculation of a combatant wary of the perils of growing soft. Argument is his nutriment and has been since his teens, when he was an accomplished schoolboy debater at the Jesuit high school he attended in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. For Wills to argue is not to quarrel, accuse, or even opine. It is to state a hypothesis and then work through it with Euclidian rigour and arcane examples. “People tell me I should read Hilary Mantel’s novels,” he says, “but I’m not interested in the writer’s imagination of history. I want to see the evidence!” He himself drains vats of it. “I require many hours for reading,” he says, and when he can’t grab a book—in the car, for instance—he listens to the audiotapes he keeps in ready supply. It all goes into closely reasoned assertions, one after another, marching across the page in the stern ranks of Jesuitical logic. Wills has lately been blogging for the New York Review—sending forth not “posts” but miniature essays, tiny epics on the American mind (“The south,” he wrote in January, “escaped one of the worst character traits of America, its sappy optimism, its weakness of positive thinking.”) His gleeful post-election swatting of Mitt Romney (“Things he was once proud of—healthcare guarantees, opposition to noxious emissions, support of gay rights and women’s rights, he had the shamelessness to treat as matters of shame all through his years-long crawl to the Republican nomination”) brought a rush of web traffic, yet another brave new world for a scholar-journalist-provocateur who until recently drafted his manuscripts in longhand and declined to purchase a computer until his students forced him to. “They were angry that they couldn’t email me,” he says. It’s no longer a problem. Fed up with academic politics—squabbling over hires, trudging through unpublished dissertations—Wills voluntarily gave up tenure, although he still teaches, and supports himself by combining books with related lectureships. He lives in a large yellow house, near the Great Lake, with his wife, Natalie, whom he met in 1957, when she was a flight attendant, and then married in 1959. “[She is] the only person with whom I have ever had sex,” he has written, one of the more curious boasts in recent literary annals. * * * When I visited Wills, it was a relief to see how robust he still looks, despite a health scare last summer, so serious that obituarists at the New York Times, where I work, were poised to “update”—they had to mention all those new books!—while bulletins came in from Wills’s daughter Lydia, a literary agent in Manhattan, and Robert Silvers, the editor of the New York Review. When Wills recovered, I sent him a note. He ignored it, characteristically, and now brushes the episode aside. “I had a gall bladder operation and got an infection in the hospital, so I spent about three weeks in the hospital.” He is now fully recovered, though he has other ailments. “I’ve got a bad back. I’ve got a little gout—everything you’ve got when you’re old. But I’m mobile and I work all day, one way or another.” The house, purchased after the Wills’s three children were grown, is arranged for maximum comfort. The living room, which looks toward the lake, is gracious and spare, with a grand piano Wills tinkers at. These comforts provide cover for trouble-making: “Be regular and orderly in your life,” Flaubert counselled long ago, “that you may be violent and original in your work.” For Wills ordinariness comes easily. He confesses to being “a conventional person,” “square,” “middle class,” “so unnoticeable that I have trouble getting waited on in stores.” Raised by not especially educated people—his father was an appliance salesman and college boxing coach—Wills belongs, for all his bold intellectual exploits, to the obedient, respectful “silent generation” that came of age after the second world war. His boyhood was spent in classrooms and churches—and sneaking in reading on the bleachers at American football and basketball games. He himself resembles a youth sports coach, burly and bland-featured, and he dresses like one too: pullover, plaid shirt, soft-soled shoes. He speaks in the ageless tones and, much of the time, the diction of a regular Midwestern guy. All this too is camouflage. Wills came into his selfhood by tangling with tough-minded elders—his father, who forced him to watch boxing matches (Wills has called for the sport to be banned), the “fathers” who drilled him in the church teachings he now demolishes, the department chairman at Johns Hopkins who long ago warned Wills he would not get tenure, ostensibly because he was doing too much outside writing, but actually, Wills believes, because of his association in those days with National Review, the conservative journal, and his friendship with its editor William F Buckley. That was in the early 1960s, before Wills was radicalised—jailed for protesting the Vietnam war (he was an ally of the Berrigan brothers, radical priests hunted by the FBI after they napalmed draft files) and keeping company with civil rights activists. In thrall to Martin Luther King, Jr, Wills flew to Memphis the morning after King’s assassination in 1968 and was one of the very few whites, all journalists, present at the funeral. The mourners were black. “All were, absolutely all,” he says, still shocked. One wall of his study has a framed photo of King in his coffin signed by the Life magazine photographer Art Shay. The other adornment—also honouring a national martyr—is an “absolute facsimile” of the Gettysburg Address, a gift from the Library of Congress in recognition of Wills’s book Lincoln at Gettysburg, about the 272 words that “remade America,” summoning it forward out of slavery toward “a new birth of freedom.” One of Wills’s signature achievements, it combines literary and historical detective work, and moves from a learned discussion of classical rhetoric to a brooding meditation on Lincoln’s mind and character, his profound yearnings and hard calculations, his romantic-melancholia, his obsession with death. “Slavery is not mentioned, any more than Gettysburg is,” Wills writes of the great speech. “The discussion is driven back and back, beyond the historical particulars, to great ideals that are made to grapple naked in an airy battle of the mind. Lincoln derives a new, a transcendental, significance from this bloody episode.” And yet, “by turning all the blood and waste into a hygienic testing of an abstract proposition [ie, all men are created equal] he may have ennobled war, the last thing he wanted to do in other contexts.” Wills is a pacifist and this formed the basis of his tense exchange with President Barack Obama that led to much gossip afterward. This was in June 2009. Obama, newly in office and acutely aware of his place in history, wanted to hear what experts had to say. Doris Kearns Goodwin, whose Team of Rivals Obama drew on when he assembled his cabinet (the book also inspired Steven Spielberg’s Lincoln) arranged for eight historians to join Obama and a few staffers for dinner in the White House. The guest list included, among others, Robert Caro (the legendary biographer of President Lyndon Johnson), Robert Dallek (biographies of Kennedy and Johnson), and inevitably, Garry Wills. “It’s a strange thing,” one of the group told me afterwards. “You imagine you have a lot to tell the president. But as soon as you’re with him, all you can think to do is tell him how great he is.” * * * Not Wills. When Obama professed surprise at all the hostility he was getting from supporters on the left, Wills recalled, “I said you’re going to get more if you keep doing signing statements”—that is, issuing policy orders directly from the White House circumventing Congress or adding his own interpretation to approved legislation. Wills, an authority on the constitution, is one of many who think these orders violate it. Obama once did too, in his Senate days when George W Bush used the statements to slip items past Congress, just as Obama has been doing. Now Obama finds himself falling into the trap of the imperial “insurgent” presidency—and not simply on matters of domestic policy. Three months before the dinner Obama had announced he would send 4,000 more troops to Afghanistan, and there were strong hints of further escalation to come. At dinner’s end, Wills recalls that Obama “went around [the room] and said, ‘Before you leave if you have one more thing you’d like to tell me…’ That’s when I said if you get back into Afghanistan you’ll never get out. You can’t put that country together.” The lessons of Vietnam could not be avoided. That war had destroyed the presidency of Lyndon Johnson, whose vision of a “Great Society” Obama hoped to build on. Wills was not alone in making this point. But he was the most emphatic, though it was to no avail. At the end of the year Obama announced another 30,000 troops would be sent in—a “surge” like the one George Bush had ordered in Iraq. In the spring of 2010 the total number of “boots on the ground” reached 100,000. “Obama need not wonder about his legacy, even this early,” Wills blogged in July 2010, almost exactly a year after the White House dinner. “It is already fixed, and in one word: Afghanistan. He took on what he made America’s longest war and what may turn out to be its most disastrous one.” “Everyone else at that dinner was invited back,” Wills told me. “I was not. Most of [the others], by the way, were very sycophantic.” He says this evenly, though with a touch of wounded pride. But in the end, Wills was vindicated. Obama has been quietly whittling down the US “presence” in Afghanistan and early this year announced 34,000 troops will come home by January 2014. In any case, snubbing Wills was a mistake. When Obama summoned the historians a year later, worried now about the Tea Party, Wills could have told him more than all the others combined. His book A Necessary Evil: A History of American Distrust of Government, published during the Clinton years, is even more timely today, as the Republican party lapses into retrograde obstruction. The bigger irony is that Wills has written admiringly on Obama and has compared him more than once to Lincoln. But Wills is no longer infatuated. Asked recently what book Obama should read, he replied, “Garry Trudeau’s Signature Wound, to see what damage Obama has done to thousands of our young people with his stupid wars.” Wills might have chosen Thucydides or Machiavelli or Tolstoy. Instead he chose a collection by the left-wing Doonesbury cartoonist who remains a hero of American youth culture. That same culture informs Wills’s greatest work, Nixon Agonistes, still the one indispensable primer on modern American politics après le déluge of the clamorous 1960s, part Mencken, part Aristotle, part Moby Dick. It is an eyewitness account of the 1968 presidential election, the most tumultuous in modern times—two assassinations (Martin Luther King, Jr, Robert F Kennedy); riots in the cities (Chicago and Miami) where the parties held their nominating conventions. Others wrote about it, but it was Wills alone who foretold that the next phase of American politics would be shaped not by campus protest and black revolt, but by the threatened and angry middle class—Republican delegates, the Sun Belt physicians and small-town bank presidents, “gladsacks, as it were,” who crowd Miami Beach’s resort hotels, their main topic of conversation the exorbitant prices, even as they are unsubtly bullied by the hotel management. “No one is presumed to know the rules of tipping: a note in each room gives the ‘suggested gratuity’ for maid service.” Later, Wills finds a taxi and crosses the bridge in Miami proper, where a riot has broken out between blacks and the police, with looters running wild. “There were no signs of fires, no report of guns, so the driver dipped down onto city streets, and we followed the path of wreckage in toward the centre of things—a weight machine thrown through a store window, the cash register wrestled to the floor, the window of a wig shop broken and stripped, ladies’ heads bowled here and there in bald disgrace.” Published in 1970, when he was 36, Nixon Agonistes is above all the record of Wills’s transit from right to left; from bright young conservative to man of the left. (It also earned him a place on one of Nixon’s “enemies lists,” because, among other offences, of its unflatteringly detailed portraiture.) A few years later, when Watergate destroyed Nixon’s presidency, Wills’s book was read as a kind of prophetic decryption. It remains the most encompassing of all electoral campaign writing, a journey into the tangle of American excess and equally into the deep tangle of modern liberalism. Wills’s prose seethes with taxonomical fervour as he pins each specimen to the wall: “Henry Kissinger, who looks like a serious Harpo Marx, haunted the outskirts of power in Kennedy’s day, but was too dour and Germanic for Camelot. In Nixon’s sombre capital he has the reputation of a wit—elfin, sly, a bit of a ‘swinger.’” There is also the raunchy Alabama populist George Wallace: “He has the dingy attractive air of a B-movie idol, the kind who plays a handsome garage attendant.” Amid the character sketches are summary cadences that might have come from writing on the Peloponnesian war. Thus Wills on the anxieties of the early cold war: “The bomb and its control, peace terms and new alliances, divided-occupation duties, the UN, ominous little bristlings against Russia at the Paris peace talks… Truman had seized the railroads and threatened to draft the workers… The war had ended without ending—and who was to blame? No one, of course. History. The gods.” This wasn’t political journalism. It was tragic drama. We’re still living with the consequences. Obama is too. Yet Wills seems curiously free of the history he has told better than anyone else. At the end of my visit—after the crabcakes Wills had promised, and the delicious soup, and the wine I spilled in a torrent on the dining room table—Wills offered to take me to a hotel in Evanston where I might get a taxi to O’Hare Airport. On the short drive I told him I am one of the many who discovered politics in the pages of Nixon Agonistes. I recited the terse sequence quoted just above, about blame, history, and gods. Did he remember writing that? He shook his head. “No. But I remember the Thomas Nast cartoon.” Every schoolchild is taught (or used to be) about Nast, whose muckraking caricatures of Gilded Age satraps helped expose the corruption of urban “machine“ politicians. Did Wills mean to say Nixon’s villainy is comic? Grinning, Wills, without quite taking his hands off the wheel, crossed his arms over his stomach and pointed a finger in either direction. Back in New York I looked up the cartoon, a classic from 1871, “Who Stole the People’s Money?” (above). Unsavoury waist-coated thugs, pockets bulging, form a great circle. Each points to the man beside him. The caption reads “’Twas Him.” / westpacificreview / Leave a comment This is a well argued approach to building informatiopn based economic structure in countries lacking a means of showing ownership of assets and rights. This was fundamental to Peru’s advancement. Its an unlikely conclusion to draw without the dramatic example of Peru. It makes sense and if it works, its the right thing to do as opposed to bombing ones way to create openings and change. This guy, Mr De Soto, should be meeting with Obama and Kerry. THE SATURDAY ESSAY The Capitalist Cure for Terrorism Military might alone won’t defeat Islamic State and its ilk. The U.S. needs to promote economic empowerment By HERNANDO DE SOTO Oct. 10, 2014 4:43 p.m. ET As anyone who’s walked the streets of Lima, Tunis and Cairo knows, capital isn’t the problem—it is the solution. Edel Rodriguez As the U.S. moves into a new theater of the war on terror, it will miss its best chance to beat back Islamic State and other radical groups in the Middle East if it doesn’t deploy a crucial but little-used weapon: an aggressive agenda for economic empowerment. Right now, all we hear about are airstrikes and military maneuvers—which is to be expected when facing down thugs bent on mayhem and destruction. But if the goal is not only to degrade what President Barack Obama rightly calls Islamic State’s “network of death” but to make it impossible for radical leaders to recruit terrorists in the first place, the West must learn a simple lesson: Economic hope is the only way to win the battle for the constituencies on which terrorist groups feed. Economic empowerment is a proven tool in defeating terrorism, according to leading economist Hernando de Soto. He joins the News Hub with Sara Murray. I know something about this. A generation ago, much of Latin America was in turmoil. By 1990, a Marxist-Leninist terrorist organization called Sendero Luminoso, or Shining Path, had seized control of most of my home country, Peru, where I served as the president’s principal adviser. Fashionable opinion held that the people rebelling were the impoverished or underemployed wage slaves of Latin America, that capitalism couldn’t work outside the West and that Latin cultures didn’t really understand market economics. The conventional wisdom proved to be wrong, however. Reforms in Peru gave indigenous entrepreneurs and farmers control over their assets and a new, more accessible legal framework in which to run businesses, make contracts and borrow—spurring an unprecedented rise in living standards. photo:HERNANDO DE SOTO In Tunisia, members of the main labor union body staged a protest calling for the government led by the Islamist Ennahda party to step down in Tunis, Dec. 4, 2013. Reuters Between 1980 and 1993, Peru won the only victory against a terrorist movement since the fall of communism without the intervention of foreign troops or significant outside financial support for its military. Over the next two decades, Peru’s gross national product per capita grew twice as fast as the average in the rest of Latin America, with its middle class growing four times faster. Today we hear the same economic and cultural pessimism about the Arab world that we did about Peru in the 1980s. But we know better. Just as Shining Path was beaten in Peru, so can terrorists be defeated by reforms that create an unstoppable constituency for rising living standards in the Middle East and North Africa. To make this agenda a reality, the only requirements are a little imagination, a hefty dose of capital (injected from the bottom up) and government leadership to build, streamline and fortify the laws and structures that let capitalism flourish. As anyone who’s walked the streets of Lima, Tunis and Cairo knows, capital isn’t the problem—it is the solution. Here’s the Peru story in brief: Shining Path, led by a former professor named Abimael Guzmán, attempted to overthrow the Peruvian government in the 1980s. The group initially appealed to some desperately poor farmers in the countryside, who shared their profound distrust of Peru’s elites. Mr. Guzmán cast himself as the savior of proletarians who had languished for too long under Peru’s abusive capitalists. What changed the debate, and ultimately the government’s response, was proof that the poor in Peru weren’t unemployed or underemployed laborers or farmers, as the conventional wisdom held at the time. Instead, most of them were small entrepreneurs, operating off the books in Peru’s “informal” economy. They accounted for 62% of Peru’s population and generated 34% of its gross domestic product—and they had accumulated some $70 billion worth of real-estate assets. This new way of seeing economic reality led to major constitutional and legal reforms. Peru reduced by 75% the red tape blocking access to economic activity, provided ombudsmen and mechanisms for filing complaints against government agencies and recognized the property rights of the majority. One legislative package alone gave official recognition to 380,000 informal businesses, thus bringing above board, from 1990 to 1994, some 500,000 jobs and $8 billion in tax revenue. These steps left Peru’s terrorists without a solid constituency in the cities. In the countryside, however, they were relentless: By 1990, they had killed 30,000 farmers who had resisted being herded into mass communes. According to a Rand Corp. report, Shining Path controlled 60% of Peru and was poised to take over the country within two years. Peru’s army knew that the farmers could help them to identify and defeat the enemy. But the government resisted making an alliance with the informal defense organizations that the farmers set up to fight back. We got a lucky break in 1991 when then-U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle, who had been following our efforts, arranged a meeting with President George H.W. Bush at the White House. “What you’re telling me,” the president said, “is that these little guys are really on our side.” He got it. A dye stall in the Sunday market in the village of Pisac, Peru, in the Sacred Valley of the Incas. Reforms in Peru gave entrepreneurs and farmers control over their assets and a new, more accessible legal framework in which to run businesses, spurring a rise in living standards. Dieter Telemans/PANOS This led to a treaty with the U.S. that encouraged Peru to mount a popular armed defense against Shining Path while also committing the U.S. to support economic reform as an alternative to the terrorist group’s agenda. Peru rapidly fielded a much larger, mixed-class volunteer army—four times the army’s previous size—and won the war in short order. As Mr. Guzmán wrote at the time in a document published by Peru’s Communist Party, “We have been displaced by a plan designed and implemented by de Soto and Yankee imperialism.” Looking back, what was crucial to this effort was our success in persuading U.S. leaders and policy makers, as well as key figures at the United Nations, to see Peru’s countryside differently: as a breeding ground not for Marxist revolution but for a new, modern capitalist economy. These new habits of mind helped us to beat back terror in Peru and can do the same, I believe, in the Middle East and North Africa. The stakes couldn’t be higher. The Arab world’s informal economy includes vast numbers of potential Islamic State recruits—and where they go, so goes the region. It is widely known that the Arab Spring was sparked by the self-immolation in 2011 of Mohamed Bouazizi, a 26-year-old Tunisian street merchant. But few have asked why Bouazizi felt driven to kill himself—or why, within 60 days, at least 63 more men and women in Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Yemen, Saudi Arabia and Egypt also set themselves on fire, sending millions into the streets, toppling four regimes and leading us to today’s turmoil in the Arab world. To understand why, my institute joined with Utica, Tunisia’s largest business organization, to put together a research team of some 30 Arabs and Peruvians, who fanned out across the region. Over the course of two years, we interviewed the victims’ families and associates, as well as a dozen other self-immolators who had survived their burns. These suicides, we found, weren’t pleas for political or religious rights or for higher wage subsidies, as some have argued. Bouazizi and the others who burned themselves were extralegal entrepreneurs: builders, contractors, caterers, small vendors and the like. In their dying statements, none referred to religion or politics. Most of those who survived their burns and agreed to be interviewed spoke to us of “economic exclusion.” Their great objective was “ras el mel” (Arabic for “capital”), and their despair and indignation sprang from the arbitrary expropriation of what little capital they had. Bouazizi’s plight as a small entrepreneur could stand in for the frustrations that millions of Arabs still face. The Tunisian wasn’t a simple laborer. He was a trader from age 12. By the time he was 19, he was keeping the books at the local market. At 26, he was selling fruits and vegetables from different carts and sites. His mother told us that he was on his way to forming a company of his own and dreamed of buying a pickup truck to take produce to other retail outlets to expand his business. But to get a loan to buy the truck, he needed collateral—and since the assets he held weren’t legally recorded or had murky titles, he didn’t qualify. Meanwhile, government inspectors made Bouazizi’s life miserable, shaking him down for bribes when he couldn’t produce licenses that were (by design) virtually unobtainable. He tired of the abuse. The day he killed himself, inspectors had come to seize his merchandise and his electronic scale for weighing goods. A tussle began. One municipal inspector, a woman, slapped Bouazizi across the face. That humiliation, along with the confiscation of just $225 worth of his wares, is said to have led the young man to take his own life. Tunisia’s system of cronyism, which demanded payoffs for official protection at every turn, had withdrawn its support from Bouazizi and ruined him. He could no longer generate profits or repay the loans he had taken to buy the confiscated merchandise. He was bankrupt, and the truck that he dreamed of purchasing was now also out of reach. He couldn’t sell and relocate because he had no legal title to his business to pass on. So he died in flames—wearing Western-style sneakers, jeans, a T-shirt and a zippered jacket, demanding the right to work in a legal market economy. I asked Bouazizi’s brother Salem if he thought that his late sibling had left a legacy. “Of course,” he said. “He believed the poor had the right to buy and sell.” As Mehdi Belli, a university information-technology graduate working as a merchant at a market in Tunis, told us, “We are all Mohamed Bouazizi.” The people of the “Arab street” want to find a place in the modern capitalist economy. But hundreds of millions of them have been unable to do so because of legal constraints to which both local leaders and Western elites are often blind. They have ended up as economic refugees in their own countries. To survive, they have cobbled together hundreds of discrete, anarchic arrangements, often called the “informal economy.” Unfortunately, that sector is viewed with contempt by many Arabs and by Western development experts, who prefer well-intended charity projects like providing mosquito nets and nutritional supplements. But policy makers are missing the real stakes: If ordinary people in the Middle East and North Africa cannot play the game legally—despite their heroic sacrifices—they will be far less able to resist a terrorist offensive, and the most desperate among them may even be recruited to the jihadist cause. Western experts may fail to see these economic realities, but they are increasingly understood in the Arab world itself, as I’ve learned from spending time there. At conferences throughout the region over the past year, I have presented our findings to business leaders, public officials and the press, showing how the millions of small, extralegal entrepreneurs like Bouazizi can change national economies. For example, when the new president of Egypt, Abdel Fattah Al Sisi, asked us to update our numbers for his country, we discovered that the poor in Egypt get as much income from returns on capital as they do from salaries. In 2013, Egypt had about 24 million salaried citizens categorized as “workers.” They earned a total of some $21 billion a year but also owned about $360 billion of “dead” capital—that is, capital that couldn’t be used effectively because it exists in the shadows, beyond legal recognition. For perspective: That amounts to roughly a hundred times more than what the West is going to give to Egypt this year in financial, military and development assistance—and eight times more than the value of all foreign direct investment in Egypt since Napoleon invaded more than 200 years ago. Of course, Arab states even now have laws allowing assets to be leveraged or converted into capital that can be invested and saved. But the procedures for doing so are impenetrably cumbersome, especially for those who lack education and connections. For the poor in many Arab states, it can take years to do something as simple as validating a title to real estate. At a recent conference in Tunisia, I told leaders, “You don’t have the legal infrastructure for poor people to come into the system.” “You don’t need to tell us this,” said one businessman. “We’ve always been for entrepreneurs. Your prophet chased the merchants from the temple. Our prophet was a merchant!” Many Arab business groups are keen for a new era of legal reform. In his much-discussed 2009 speech in Cairo, President Obama spoke of the deep American commitment to “the rule of law and the equal administration of justice.” But the U.S. has yet to get behind the agenda of legal and constitutional reform in the Arab world, and if the U.S. hesitates, lesser powers will too. In Peru, residents and members of Huanta’s self-defense force gathered on April 27, 1992, to celebrate the creation of the forces by President Alberto Fujimori’s government to combat Shining Path insurgents. Over the next two decades, Peru’s gross national product per capita grew twice as fast as the average in the rest of Latin America. Agence France-Presse/Getty Images Washington should support Arab leaders who not only resist the extremism of the jihadists but also heed the call of Bouazizi and all the others who gave their lives to protest the theft of their capital. Bouazizi and those like him aren’t marginal people in the region’s drama. They are the central actors. All too often, the way that Westerners think about the world’s poor closes their eyes to reality on the ground. In the Middle East and North Africa, it turns out, legions of aspiring entrepreneurs are doing everything they can, against long odds, to claw their way into the middle class. And that is true across all of the world’s regions, peoples and faiths. Economic aspirations trump the overhyped “cultural gaps” so often invoked to rationalize inaction. As countries from China to Peru to Botswana have proved in recent years, poor people can adapt quickly when given a framework of modern rules for property and capital. The trick is to start. We must remember that, throughout history, capitalism has been created by those who were once poor. I can tell you firsthand that terrorist leaders are very different from their recruits. The radical leaders whom I encountered in Peru were generally murderous, coldblooded, tactical planners with unwavering ambitions to seize control of the government. Most of their sympathizers and would-be recruits, by contrast, would rather have been legal economic agents, creating better lives for themselves and their families. The best way to end terrorist violence is to make sure that the twisted calls of terrorist leaders fall on deaf ears. Mr. de Soto is the founder of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy in Lima, Peru, the author of “The Mystery of Capital” and the host of the documentary “Unlikely Heroes of the Arab Spring.” / westpacificreview / Leave a comment photo – towards point omega – rlw This book is a meditation held together by the flow of time; time says that one thing must come after another, we do not will this, it is. We can will to erect things, language, to look as though we have arrested the flow but it is a writers’ or readers’ willing suspension of disbelief that allows it to be. DeLillo has arranged a Haiku-like narrative on America’s preoccupation with 9/11 and has set this constellation of thoughts next to, and intermixed with, the process of making art today; the act of erotic attraction; and what it looks and feels like to loose the one relationship in life that gives one reason for participating, being, in this flow of time. This is how he makes art: “I had him babbling in unsequential edits, one year shading into another, or Jerry soundless, clowning, he is knocked-kneed and bucktoothed, bouncing on a trampoline in slow motion, the old flawed footage, the disturbed signals, random noise on the soundtrack, streaky patterns on the screen. He inserts drumsticks in his nostrils, he sticks the hand mike in his mouth. I added intervals of modern music to the track, rows of tones, the sound of certain re-echoing drone. There was an element of austere drama in the music, it placed Jerry outside the moment, in some larger surround, ahistorical, a man on a mission from God. I tormented myself over the running time, settling finally on a freakish forty-seven-minute movie that was screened at a couple of documentary festivals. It could have been four hours, six hours. It wore me down, I became Jerry’s frenzied double, eyeballs popping out of my head.” We learn one character, the artist, Jim Finley, telling the story, an artist in America putting his entire being into developing art projects of unusual makeup and uncertain destiny. We experience through him, the film maker, the owner of Deadbeat Films. This is his design for his next project: “No plush armchair with warm lighting and books on a shelf in the background. Just a man and a wall. The man stands there and relates the complete experience, everything that comes to mind, personalities, theories, details, feelings. You’re the man. There’s no offscreen voice asking questions. There’s no interspersed combat footage or comments from others, on camera or off …. Who you are, what you believe. Other thinkers, writers, artists, nobody’s done a film like this, nothing planned, nothing rehearsed, no elaborate setup, no conclusions in advance, this is completely sort of barefaced, uncut.” The main object of this project is the fleshing out of the character who was hired by the Pentagon to give the Iraq war, at the time it was being waged, “ words and meanings. Words they hadn’t used, new ways of thinking and seeing.” One imagines this man, Richard Elster, this intellectual, in the midst of the Pentagon strategists obsessed with “priorities, statistics, evaluations and rationalities“, to be in an ecclesiastical position. We do not know his effect on the analytical warriors, only that he performed his services for two years, which, just based on duration, leads me to think that he made some contribution to the equation. Elster wanted a Haiku war, “a war in three lines. This was not a matter of force levels or logistics. What I wanted was a set of ideas linked to transient things.” Thus he attempts to change their perceptions to cut through the abstractions and see “nothing beyond what it is”. Elster wanted a war because: “A great power has to act. We were struck hard. We need to retake the future. The force of the will, the sheer visceral need. We can’t let others shape our world, our minds. All they have are old dead despotic traditions. We have a living history…” In the midst of making his next art film project, basically an interview, to capture, Elster the intellectual lobbyist, in the aftermath of his war conjugations, Elster’s daughter, who has come to visit her father at the remote house in the California desert disappears after having lived with the two for a short period of time. She vanishes one afternoon and leaves Elster in a world absent of relationships and meaning. His daughter is his only close human attachment and her disappearance is a symbol of his ultimate detachment from all things human. He is left “alone, thinking, feeling, lost in memory, dreamily self-aware…” In some respects it is the same consequence for the artist, he had developed an erotic attachment to the daughter based on imaginations he had for her for the short time she was with them – she did not reciprocate interest, she simply allowed him to use her as an object. Finely takes to her given that she spent thirty minutes ( an adequate amount of time to register validation of interest per Finely) viewing his Psycho film. Urges lead him on to eventual voyeurism, standing in the hall looking at her in bed, wondering if he should approach her. She sees him standing there and turns in bed away from his gaze. Finally, this book, this meditation is about human beings, their nature, their essence, what makes them complex, having a range of refractions, with no clear idea of which surfaces are real and which are abstractions, calls into question the nature of abstractions. Are they, the abstractions, not as real as the sense data we get from he real world? Blood, rain, wolves, arms, twelve, pi squared, maps, words, metaphors, myths. “Human perception is a saga of created realities”. And DeLillo goes beyond understanding being, he posits that humans ultimately want to go back to being inanimate, to undo the millions of years of evolution: “Paroxysm. Either a sublime transformation of mind and soul or some worldly convulsion. We want it to happen … Think of it. We pass completely out of being. Stones. Unless stones have beings. Unless there’s some profoundly mystical shift that places being in a stone.” What a rush. DeLillo inserts, one at the beginning and one at the end, two curious pieces in the book, both of which are called Anonymity. He uses these narratives to introduce the film Psycho and to explore some of its images and psychology that he thinks important and further that he uses in his film projects. We feel that his use of juxtaposition allows a seamless exploration of the dark and a maniacal edge to the American psyche and how this cultural development is exported to the world through film. It further illustrates the absence of anything close to a meaningful relationship. We see the influence of technology, introversion, divorce, science and egotism that literally shatters the human bond that naturally exists between animals developed on the earth. We see an America displaying its cold analytical nature, especially through film exported around the globe, that the rest of the world reacts to with anger, opposition and passion. We are successful in blowing up other cultures civility and protocols with the ease and precision of our self-appointed role. DeLillo’s use of juxtaposition forms a new category in literary sub-structure. THE ART OF SUFFERING by Jerry Brown When in 1976, I first met Ivan Illich at the Green Gulch Farm, he told me that his current focus was the study of economics. Then, I didn’t understand that by the word economics, Illich meant a way of life where things are experienced only under assumptions of scarcity. Illich saw this as profoundly wrong. For him, creation was a gift, accessible to every man and women–without any expert ministrations or institutionalized services. His critique of schooling, the pursuit of health, high technology and sexual equality all challenged core beliefs in progress and the capacity of progress to reduce suffering and improve the human condition. When I try to understand Ivan Illich, I am forced back upon my experience in the Jesuit Novitiate in the 1950’s. There, I was taught Ignatian indifference to secular values of long life, fame and riches. It is only through that mystical lens that I can grasp the powerful simplicity of the way Illich lived. He had no home of his own and relied on the hospitality of friends. He traveled from place to place with never more than two bags. He refused medical diagnosis, any form of insurance and gave away whatever savings remained at the end of each year. On December 2, 2002, Ivan Illich died in Bremen, Germany at the home of his friend, Barbara Duden. Three months earlier, he and I and two friends shared the pleasure of walking together through the streets of Florence, Italy. We enjoyed a leisurely meal in a small, typically Tuscan restaurant. Laughter and Chianti flowed freely. As I got up to pay the bill, I noticed Ivan coming back from the cashier. He had already taken care of it. Among the serious thinkers I have had the privilege to meet, Ivan Illich alone embodied in his personal life as well as in his work, a radical distancing from the imperatives of modern society. From Deschooling Society (1971) to In the Vineyard of the Text (1993), he bore witness to the destructive power of modern institutions that “create needs faster than they can create satisfaction, and in the process of trying to meet the needs they generate, they consume the earth.” Ivan Illich was the rarest of human beings: erudite, yet possessed of aliveness and sensitivity. He savored the ordinary pleasures of life even as he cheerfully embraced its inevitable suffering. Steeped in an authentic Catholic tradition, he observed with detachment and as a pilgrim the unforgiving allure of science and progress. With acute clarity and a sense of humor, he undermined, in all that he wrote, the uncontested certitudes of modern society. In his last visit to Oakland, he invited the local archbishop to discuss matters of Catholic theology that greatly troubled him. Before he died, Illich wanted to engage ecclesiastical representatives in a conversation about corruption in the early church and the evolution-as he saw it–of Christian charity from a personal act to planned institutional services. This he called the corruption of the best becoming the worst- Corruptio optimi quae est pessima. His interlocutors arrived at my loft and were ushered into the library. Illich spoke at length, summoning up his vast store of Church history. He tried one subject, then another, but the bishop and his clerical assistants seemed nonplussed, even uncomfortable. Soon the conversation was over and our guests excused themselves and left. I am sure they were wondering what in the world Illich was getting at. Two days after Illich died, the New York Timesprinted an obituary that was a polemic rather than a thoughtful remembrance. The writer described Illich as a preacher of “counterintuitive sociology” to “a disquieted baby-boom generation,” using “Jesuitic argumentation” and “watered-down Marxism.” He also quoted a deceased Timesliterary critic who said in 1989 that he would “especially” discard Illich’s books from his personal library. Given Illich’s frontal assault on the status quo, it is not surprising that the paper of record would so interpret his work. In the Seventies, facing sharp criticism from the Vatican, Illich withdrew from the active priesthood and refrained from speaking ever again as a Catholic theologian. Instead, he focused on the nature of technology and modern institutions and their capacity for destroying common sense and the proper scale for human activity. Illich identified the “ethos of non-satiety” as “at the root of physical depredation, social polarization, and psychological passivity.” Instead of welfare economics and environmental management, Illich emphasized friendship and self-limitation. At first, Illich offered trenchant social criticism, particularly in Tools for Conviviality (1973) and Medical Nemesis (1976). In later years, he turned his attention inward and to what one of his friends called an ancient way of doing theology. In an essay entitled, The Cultivation of Conspiracy,Illich wrote: “Learned and leisurely hospitality is the only antidote to the stance of deadly cleverness that is acquired in the professional pursuit of objectively secured knowledge. I remain certain that the quest for truth cannot thrive outside the nourishment of mutual trust flowering into a commitment to friendship.” In the last twenty years of his life, Ivan Illich suffered increasingly from a persistent growth on the side of his face, which he never treated, nor had diagnosed. In explaining why he voluntarily suffered, he said simply: nudum Christum nudum sequere.I follow the naked Christ. In what was his most provocative and perhaps final comment on the “pursuit of health,” Illich wrote: “Yes, we suffer pain, we become ill, we die. But we also hope, laugh, celebrate; we know the joy of caring for one another; often we are healed and we recover by many means. We do not have to pursue the flattening-out of human experience. I invite all to shift their gaze, their thoughts, from worrying about health care to cultivating the art of living. And, today with equal importance, the art of suffering, the art of dying.” Jerry Brown, governor of California from 1975 to 1983, is mayor of Oakland. The New York Review of Books, Volume 13, Number 8 · November 6, 1969 Outwitting the “Developed” Countries By Ivan Illich It is now common to demand that the rich nations convert their war machine into a program for the development of the Third World. The poorer four fifths of humanity multiply unchecked while their per capita consumption actually declines. This population expansion and decrease of consumption threaten the industrialized nations, who may still, as a result, convert their defense budgets to the economic pacification of poor nations. And this in turn could produce irreversible despair, because the plows of the rich can do as much harm as their swords. US trucks can do more lasting damage than US tanks. It is easier to create mass demand for the former than for the latter. Only a minority needs heavy weapons, while a majority can become dependent on unrealistic levels of supply for such productive machines as modern trucks. Once the Third World has become a mass market for the goods, products, and processes which are designed by the rich for themselves, the discrepancy between demand for these Western artifacts and the supply will increase indefinitely. The family car cannot drive the poor into the jet age, nor can a school system provide the poor with education, nor can the family icebox insure healthy food for them. It is evident that only one man in a thousand in Latin America can afford a Cadillac, a heart operation, or a Ph.D. This restriction on the goals of development does not make us despair of the fate of the Third World, and the reason is simple. We have not yet come to conceive of a Cadillac as necessary for good transportation, or of a heart operation as normal healthy care, or of a Ph.D. as the prerequisite of an acceptable education. In fact, we recognize at once that the importation of Cadillacs should be heavily taxed in Peru, that an organ transplant clinic is a scandalous plaything to justify the concentration of more doctors in Bogotá, and that a Betatron is beyond the teaching facilities of the University of Sao Paolo. Unfortunately, it is not held to be universally evident that the majority of Latin Americans—not only of our generation, but also of the next and the next again—cannot afford any kind of automobile, or any kind of hospitalization, or for that matter an elementary school education. We suppress our consciousness of this obvious reality because we hate to recognize the corner into which our imagination has been pushed. So persuasive is the power of the institutions we have created that they shape not only our preferences, but actually our sense of possibilities. We have forgotten how to speak about modern transportation that does not rely on automobiles and airplanes. Our conceptions of modern health care emphasize our ability to prolong the lives of the desperately ill. We have become unable to think of better education except in terms of more complex schools and of teachers trained for ever longer periods. Huge institutions producing costly services dominate the horizons of our inventiveness. We have embodied our world view into our institutions and are now their prisoners. Factories, news media, hospitals, governments, and schools produce goods and services packaged to contain our view of the world. We—the rich—conceive of progress as the expansion of these establishments. We conceive of heightened mobility as luxury and safety packaged by General Motors or Boeing. We conceive of improving the general well-being as increasing the supply of doctors and hospitals, which package health along with protracted suffering. We have come to identify our need for further learning with the demand for ever longer confinement to classrooms. In other words, we have packaged education with custodial care, certification for jobs, and the right to vote, and wrapped them all together with indoctrination in the Christian, liberal, or communist virtues. In less than a hundred years industrial society has molded patent solutions to basic human needs and converted us to the belief that man’s needs were shaped by the Creator as demands for the products we have invented. This is as true for Russia and Japan as for the North Atlantic community. The consumer is trained for obsolescence, which means continuing loyalty toward the same producers who will give him the same basic packages in different quality or new wrappings. Industrialized societies can provide such packages for personal consumption for most of their citizens, but this is no proof that these societies are sane, or economical, or that they promote life. The contrary is true. The more the citizen is trained in the consumption of packaged goods and services, the less effective he seems to become in shaping his environment. His energies and finances are consumed in procuring ever new models of his staples, and the environment becomes a by-product of his own consumption habits. The design of the “package deals” of which I speak is the main cause of the high cost of satisfying basic needs. So long as every man “needs” his car, our cities must endure longer traffic jams and absurdly expensive remedies to relieve them. So long as health means maximum length of survival, our sick will get ever more extraordinary surgical interventions and the drugs required to deaden their consequent pain. So long as we want to use school to get children out of their parents’ hair or to keep them off the street and out of the labor force, our young will be retained in endless schooling and will need ever-increasing incentives to endure the ordeal. Rich nations now benevolently impose a straightjacket of traffic jams, hospital confinements, and classrooms on the poor nations, and by international agreement call this “development.” The rich and schooled and old of the world try to share their dubious blessings by foisting their pre-packaged solutions on to the Third World. Traffic jams develop in São Paolo, while almost a million northeastern Brazilians flee the drought by walking 500 miles. Latin American doctors get training at the New York Hospital for Special Surgery, which they apply to only a few, while amoebic dysentery remains endemic in slums where 90 percent of the population live. A tiny minority gets advanced education in basic science in North America—not infrequently paid for by their own governments. If they return at all to Bolivia, they become second-rate teachers of pretentious subjects at La Paz or Cochibamba. The rich export outdated versions of their standard models. The Alliance for Progress is a good example of benevolent production for underdevelopment. Contrary to its slogans, it did succeed—as an alliance for the progress of the consuming classes, and for the domestication of the Latin American masses. The Alliance has been a major step in modernizing the consumption patterns of the middle classes in South America by integrating them with the dominant culture of the North American metropolis. At the same time, the Alliance has modernized the aspirations of the majority of citizens and fixed their demands on unavailable products. Each car which Brazil puts on the road denies fifty people good transportation by bus. Each merchandised refrigerator reduces the chance of building a community freezer. Every dollar spent in Latin America on doctors and hospitals costs a hundred lives, to adopt a phrase of Jorge de Ahumada, the brilliant Chilean economist. Had each dollar been spent on providing safe drinking water, a hundred lives could have been saved. Each dollar spent on schooling means more privileges for the few at the cost of the many; at best it increases the number of those who, before dropping out, have been taught that those who stay longer have earned the right to more power, wealth, and prestige. What such schooling does is to teach the schooled the superiority of the better schooled. All Latin American countries are frantically intent on expanding their school systems. No country now spends less than the equivalent of 18 percent of tax-derived public income on education—which means schooling—and many countries spend almost double that. But even with these huge investments, no country yet succeeds in giving five full years of education to more than one third of its population; supply and demand for schooling grow geometrically apart. And what is true about schooling is equally true about the products of most institutions in the process of modernization in the Third World. Continued technological refinements of products which are already established on the market frequently benefit the producer far more than the consumer. The more complex production processes tend to enable only the largest producer to continually replace outmoded models, and to focus the demand of the consumer on the marginal improvement of what he buys, no matter what the concomitant side effects: higher prices, diminished life span, less general usefulness, higher cost of repairs. Think of the multiple uses for a simple can opener, whereas an electric one, if it works at all, opens only some kinds of cans, and costs one hundred times as much. This is equally true for a piece of agricultural machinery and for an academic degree. The midwestern farmer can become convinced of his need for a four-axle vehicle which can go 70 m.p.h. on the highways, has an electric windshield wiper and upholstered seats, and can be turned in for a new one within a year or two. Most of the world’s farmers don’t need such speed, nor have they ever met with such comfort, nor are they interested in obsolescence. They need low-priced transport, in a world where time is not money, where manual wipers suffice, and where a piece of heavy equipment should outlast a generation. Such a mechanical donkey requires entirely different engineering and design than one produced for the US market. This vehicle is not in production. Most of South America needs paramedical workers who can function for indefinite periods without the supervision of an MD. Instead of establishing a process to train midwives and visiting healers who know how to use a very limited arsenal of medicines while working independently, Latin American can universities establish every year a new school of specialized nursing or nursing administration to prepare professionals who can function only in a hospital, and pharmacists who know how to sell increasingly more dangerous drugs. The world is reaching an impasse where two processes converge: ever more men have fewer basic choices. The increase in population is widely publicized and creates panic. The decrease in fundamental choice causes anguish and is consistently overlooked. The population explosion overwhelms the imagination, but the progressive atrophy of social imagination is rationalized as an increase of choice between brands. The two processes converge in a dead end: the population explosion provides more consumers for everything from food to contraceptives, while our shrinking imagination can conceive of no other ways of satisfying their demands except through the packages now on sale in the admired societies. I will focus successively on these two factors, since, in my opinion, they form the two coordinates which together-permit us to define underdevelopment. In most Third World countries, the population grows, and so does the middle class. Income, consumption, and the well-being of the middle class are all growing while the gap between this class and the mass of people widens. Even where per capita consumption is rising, the majority of men have less food now than in 1945, less actual care in sickness, less meaningful work, less protection. This is partly a consequence of polarized consumption and partly caused by the breakdown of traditional family and culture. More people suffer from hunger, pain, and exposure in 1969 than they did at the end of World War II, not only numerically, but also as a percentage of the world population. These concrete consequences of underdevelopment are rampant; but underdevelopment is also a state of mind, and understanding it as a state of mind, or as a form of consciousness, is the critical problem. Underdevelopment as a state of mind occurs when mass needs are converted to the demand for new brands of packaged solutions which are forever beyond the reach of the majority. Underdevelopment in this sense is rising rapidly even in countries where the supply of classrooms, calories, cars, and clinics is also rising. The ruling groups in these countries build up services which have been designed for an affluent culture; once they have monopolized demand in this way, they can never satisfy majority needs. Underdevelopment as a form of consciousness is an extreme result of what we can call in the language of both Marx and Freud “Verdinglichung” or reification. By reification I mean the hardening of the perception of real needs into the demand for mass manufactured products. I mean the translation of thirst into the need for a Coke. This kind of reification occurs in the manipulation of primary human needs by vast bureaucratic organizations which have succeeded in dominating the imagination of potential consumers. Let me return to my example taken from the field of education. The intense promotion of schooling leads to so close an identification of school attendance and education that in everyday language the two terms are interchangeable. Once the imagination of an entire population has been “schooled,” or indoctrinated to believe that school has a monopoly on formal education, then the illiterate can be taxed to provide free high school and university education for the children of the rich. Underdevelopment is the result of rising levels of aspiration achieved through the intensive marketing of “patent” products. In this sense, the dynamic underdevelopment that is now taking place is the exact opposite of what I believe education to be: namely, the awakening awareness of new levels of human potential and the use of one’s creative powers to foster human life. Underdevelopment, however, implies the surrender of social consciousness to pre-packaged solutions. The process by which the marketing of “foreign” products increases under-development is frequently understood in the most superficial ways. The same man who feels indignation at the sight of a Coca-Cola plant in a Latin American slum often feels pride at the sight of a new normal school growing up alongside. He resents the evidence of a foreign “license” attached to a soft drink which he would like to see replaced by “Cola-Mex.” But the same man is willing to impose schooling—at all costs—on his fellow citizens, and is unaware of the invisible license by which this institution is deeply enmeshed in the world market. Some years ago I watched workmen putting up a sixty-foot Coca-Cola sign on a desert plain in the Mexquital. A serious drought and famine had just swept over the Mexican highland. My host, a poor Indian in Ixmiquilpan, had just offered his visitors a tiny tequila glass of the costly black sugar-water. When I recall this scene I still feel anger; but I feel much more incensed when I remember UNESCO meetings at which well-meaning and well-paid bureaucrats seriously discussed Latin American school curricula, and when I think of the speeches of enthusiastic liberals advocating the need for more schools. The fraud perpetrated by the salesmen of schools is less obvious but much more fundamental than the self-satisfied salesmanship of the Coca-Cola or Ford representative, because the schoolman hooks his people on a much more demanding drug. Elementary school attendance is not a harmless luxury, but more like the coca chewing of the Andean Indian, which harnesses the worker to the boss. The higher the dose of schooling an individual has received, the more depressing his experience of withdrawal. The seventh-grade dropout feels his inferiority much more acutely than the dropout from the third grade. The schools of the Third World administer their opium with much more effect than the churches of other epochs. As the mind of a society is progressively schooled, step by step its individuals lose their sense that it might be possible to live without being inferior to others. As the majority shifts from the land into the city, the hereditary inferiority of the peon is replaced by the inferiority of the school dropout who is held personally responsible for his failure. Schools rationalize the divine origin of social stratification with much more rigor than churches have ever done. Until this day no Latin American country has declared youthful under-consumers of Coca-Cola or cars as lawbreakers, while all Latin American countries have passed laws which define the early dropout as a citizen who has not fulfilled his legal obligations. The Brazilian government recently almost doubled the number of years during which schooling is legally compulsory and free. From now on any Brazilian dropout under the age of sixteen will be faced during his lifetime with the reproach that he did not take advantage of a legally obligatory privilege. This law was passed in a country where not even the most optimistic could foresee the day when such levels of schooling would be provided for only 25 percent of the young. The adoption of international standards of schooling forever condemns most Latin Americans to marginality or exclusion from social life—in a word, under-development. The translation of social goals into levels of consumption is not limited to only a few countries. Across all frontiers of culture, ideology, and geography today, nations are moving toward the establishment of their own car factories, their own medical and normal schools—and most of these are, at best, poor imitations of foreign and largely North American models. The Third World is in need of a profound revolution of its institutions. The revolutions of the last generation were overwhelmingly political. A new group of men with a new set of ideological justifications assumed power to administer fundamentally the same scholastic, medical, and market institutions in the interest of a new group of clients. Since the institutions have not radically changed, the new group of clients remains approximately the same size as that previously served. This appears clearly in the case of education. Per pupil costs of schooling are today comparable everywhere since the standards used to evaluate the quality of schooling tend to be internationally shared. Access to publicly financed education, considered as access to school, everywhere depends on per capita income. (Places like China and North Vietnam might be meaningful exceptions.) Everywhere in the Third World modern institutions are grossly unproductive, with respect to the egalitarian purposes for which they are being reproduced. But so long as the social imagination of the majority has not been destroyed by its fixation on these institutions, there is more hope of planning an institutional revolution in the Third World than among the rich. Hence the urgency of the task of developing workable alternatives to “modern” solutions. Underdevelopment is at the point of becoming chronic in many countries. The revolution of which I speak must begin to take place before this happens. Education again offers a good example: chronic educational underdevelopment occurs when the demand for schooling becomes so widespread that the total concentration of educational resources on the school system becomes a unanimous political demand. At this point the separation of education from schooling becomes impossible. The only feasible answer to ever-increasing underdevelopment is a response to basic needs that is planned as a long-range goal for areas which will always have a different capital structure. It is easier to speak about alternatives to existing institutions, services, and products than to define them with precision. It is not my purpose either to paint a Utopia or to engage in scripting scenarios for an alternate future. We must be satisfied with examples indicating simple directions that research should take. Some such examples have already been given. Buses are alternatives to a multitude of private cars. Vehicles designed for slow transportation on rough terrain are alternatives to standard trucks. Safe water is an alternative to high-priced surgery. Medical workers are an alternative to doctors and nurses. Community food storage is an alternative to expensive kitchen equipment. Other alternatives could be discussed by the dozen. Why not, for example, consider walking as a long-range alternative for locomotion by machine, and explore the demands which this would impose on the city planner? And why can’t the building of shelters be standardized, elements be pre-cast, and each citizen be obliged to learn in a year of public service how to construct his own sanitary housing? It is harder to speak about alternatives in education, partly because schools have recently so completely pre-empted the available educational resources of good will, imagination, and money. But even here we can indicate the direction in which research must be conducted. At present, schooling is conceived as graded, curricular, class attendance by children, for about 1000 hours yearly during an uninterrupted succession of years. On the average, Latin American countries can provide each citizen with between eight and thirty months of this service. Why not, instead, make one or two months a year obligatory for all citizens below the age of thirty? Money is now spent largely on children, but an adult can be taught to read in one tenth the time and for one tenth the cost it takes to teach a child. In the case of the adult there is an immediate return on the investment, whether the main importance of his learning is seen in his new insight, political awareness, and willingness to assume responsibility for his family’s size and future, or whether the emphasis is placed on increased productivity. There is a double return in the case of the adult, because not only can he contribute to the education of his children, but to that of other adults as well. In spite of these advantages, basic literacy programs have little or no support in Latin America, where schools have a first call on all public resources. Worse, these programs are actually ruthlessly suppressed in Brazil and elsewhere, where military support of the feudal or industrial oligarchy has thrown off its former benevolent disguise. Another possibility is harder to define, because there is as yet no example to point to. We must therefore imagine the use of public resources for education distributed in such a way as to give every citizen a minimum chance. Education will become a political concern of the majority of voters only when each individual has a precise sense of the educational resources that are owing to him—and some idea of how to sue for them. Something like a universal G.I. Bill of Rights could be imagined, dividing the public resources assigned to education by the number of children who are legally of school age, and making sure that a child who did not take advantage of his credit at the age of seven, eight, or nine would have the accumulated benefits at his disposal at age ten. What could the pitiful education credit which a Latin American Republic could offer to its children provide? Almost all of the basic supply of books, pictures, blocks, games, and toys that are totally absent from he homes of the really poor, but enable a middle-class child to learn the alphabet, the colors, shapes, and other classes of objects and experiences which insure his educational progress. The choice between these things and schools is obvious. Unfortunately, the poor, for whom alone the choice is real, never get to exercise this choice. Defining alternatives to the products and institutions which now pre-empt the field is difficult, not only, as I have been trying to show, because these products and institutions shape our conception of reality itself, but also because the construction of new possibilities requires a concentration of will and intelligence in a higher degree than ordinarily occurs by chance. This concentration of will and intelligence on the solution of particular problems regardless of their nature we have become accustomed over the last century to call research. I must make clear, however, what kind of research I am talking about. I am not talking about basic research either in physics, engineering, genetics, medicine, or learning. The work of such men as Crick, Piaget, and Gell-Mann must continue to enlarge our horizons in other fields of science. The labs and libraries and specially trained collaborators these men need cause them to congregate in the few research capitals of the world. Their research can provide the basis for new work on practically any product. I am not speaking here of the billions of dollars annually spent on applied research, for this money is largely spent by existing institutions on the perfection and marketing of their own products. Applied research is money spent on making planes faster and airports safer; on making medicines more specific and powerful and doctors capable of handling their deadly side-effects; on packaging more learning into classrooms; on methods to administer large bureaucracies. This is the kind of research for which some kind of counterfoil must somehow be developed if we are to have any chance to come up with basic alternatives to the automobile, the hospital, and the school, and any of the many other so-called “evidently necessary implements for modern life.” I have in mind a different, and peculiarly difficult, kind of research, which has been largely neglected up to now, for obvious reasons. I am calling for research on alternatives to the products which now dominate the market; to hospitals and the profession dedicated to keeping the sick alive; to schools and the packaging process which refuses education to those who are not of the right age, who have not gone through the right curriculum, who have not sat in a classroom a sufficient number of successive hours, who will not pay for their learning with submission to custodial care, screening, and certification or with indoctrination in the values of the dominant elite. This counter-research on fundamental alternatives to current pre-packaged solutions is the element most critically needed if the poor nations are to have a livable future. Such counter-research is distinct from most of the work done in the name of the “year 2000,” because most of that work seeks radical changes in social patterns through adjustments in the organization of an already advanced technology. The counter-research of which I speak must take as one of its assumptions the continued lack of capital in the Third World. The difficulties of such research are obvious. The researcher must first of all doubt what is obvious to every eye. Second, he must persuade those who have the power of decision to act against their own short-run interests or bring pressure on them to do so. And, finally, he must survive as an individual in a world he is attempting to change fundamentally so that his fellows among the privileged minority see him as a destroyer of the very ground on which all of us stand. He knows that if he should succeed in the interest of the poor, technologically advanced societies still might envy the “poor” who adopt this vision. There is a normal course for those who make development policies, whether they live in North or South America, in Russia or Israel. It is to define development and to set its goals in ways with which they are familiar, which they are accustomed to use in order to satisfy their own needs, and which permit them to work through the institutions over which they have power or control. This formula has failed, and must fail. There is not enough money in the world for development to succeed along these lines, not even in the combined arms and space budgets of the super-powers. An analogous course is followed by those who are trying to make political revolutions, especially in the Third World. Usually they promise to make the familiar privileges of the present elites, such as schooling, hospital care, etc., accessible to all citizens; and they base this vain promise on the belief that a change in political regime will permit them to sufficiently enlarge the institutions which produce these privileges. The promise and appeal of the revolutionary are therefore just as threatened by the counter-research I propose as is the market of the now dominant producers. In Vietnam a people on bicycles and armed with sharpened bamboo sticks have brought to a standstill the most advanced machinery for research and production ever devised. We must seek survival in a Third World in which human ingenuity can peacefully outwit machined might. The only way to reverse the disastrous trend to increasing underdevelopment, hard as it is, is to learn to laugh at accepted solutions in order to change the demands which make them necessary. Only free men can change their minds and be surprised; and while no men are completely free, some are freer than others. Short biography – Ivan Illich Theologian, educator, and social critic Ivan Illich (born 1926) sought bridges between cultures and explored the bases of people’s views of history and reality. Ivan Illich was born on September 4, 1926, to Ivan Peter and Ellen Illich in Vienna, Austria. His father came from an aristocratic and Christian family; his mother’s family was Jewish. His childhood was spent growing up in the homes of grandparents and wherever his parents might be at the time. His father’s career as a diplomat politically protected the Jewish members of his family during the 1930s; yet Ivan was classified as “half-Jew” in 1941 and his family secretly fled from a Hitler-controlled Austria to Italy. In Florence at the age of 15, his father and grandfather having died earlier from natural causes, Ivan began taking care of his mother and younger twin brothers. He entered the University of Florence where he majored in chemistry. At the age of 24 he graduated from the University of Salzburg with a Ph.D. in history on the work of the popular historian Arnold Toynbee. He prepared for the priesthood at the Gregorian University in Rome and became ordained in 1951. It was here that he met Jacques Maritain, the Catholic philosopher, who was to become his mentor and lifelong friend. Through him, Illich discovered the ideas of Thomas Aquinas and built a Thomistic philosophical foundation for understanding the world. Stretching the Limits of the Priesthood In 1951 Illich came to America hoping to study at Princeton University, but his interest quickly changed. On his first day in New York he heard through casual conversations about large numbers of Puerto Ricans migrating into other ethnic neighborhoods. After spending a couple days observing and visiting with them he asked to be assigned to a Puerto Rican parish. In his ministry he sought to make them feel at home in their new country by reinstituting their cultural and religious traditions. He sought to have Spanish materials made available to the children. His popularity among the Puerto Rican community grew and after just five years, in 1956, at age 30 he was made a monsignor and accepted the position of vice-rector of the Catholic University at Ponce in Puerto Rico. During the decades of the 1950s and 1960s Illich continued his work within the church, yet his commitment often brought him into conflict with those in and outside the church who had different agendas. While in Puerto Rico, and later in Mexico, he threw himself into the study of education and was outspoken in his criticisms of formal schooling. He ridiculed the notion of development in U.S. programs such as the Peace Corps, believing that such volunteer programs damaged not only the people in Latin America but the volunteers themselves. He claimed that the Alliance for Progress was an alliance for the middle classes, and he questioned the motives of missionaries who came to him for further study. He refused to withdraw support from a politician who advocated birth control. He withdrew from his role at the Vatican Council in protest over its political timidity. In essence, he sought de-institutionalization of the church. In 1967 he was summoned to Rome before the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. He refused to answer their questions. Six months later Rome moved against him with documents he claimed were cribbed from U.S. Central Intelligence Agency reports leaked to the Holy See. At that point Illich voluntarily suspended himself from the priesthood, although he never resigned nor was he removed from the priesthood. He insisted that neither his faith, morals, nor theological views were at variance with the gospel and that they were orthodox, even conservative. Awakening People to New Possibilities Recognizing that Puerto Rico was perceived largely as a U.S. puppet, Illich moved to Cuernavaca, Mexico, in 1961 and established there the Center for Intercultural Documentation. The focus of his work remained unchanged as he sought to establish a bridge linking the two Americas and to train individuals for religious work in Latin America. By the mid-1960s the institute through its research seminars was attracting worldwide individuals concerned with social and economic issues. Illich viewed the center as a place for free, committed, and disciplined intellectual inquiry, yet many participants viewed it as an unstructured forum for political expression. Although still attracting students and economically sound, the center was not accomplishing its original purpose. Therefore, in 1976 it was closed. The next several years Illich traveled and studied oriental languages and culture with the dream of writing the history of Western ideas in an oriental language. Subsequently, believing the task to be too great, he returned to an old intellectual home, to the study of 12th-century philosophy. Here, while teaching at the University of Marburg in Germany, he sought to find a fulcrum for lifting contemporary people out of their socially-constructed, conventional perspectives and out of a worsening world situation. He sought to enable them to understand how their commonly viewed reality (what is taken for granted or as certain) was historically constructed and can be changed. In the early 1990s Illich taught part of the year at Pennsylvania State University and continued to reside in Cuernavaca, Mexico. Illich became known as a brilliant satirist and critic of contemporary institutions. In the early 1970s he called for a reexamination of existing social institutions. For example, he argued that schools are a lottery in which everyone invests but few win. As a result of perceived failure, those students who don’t succeed in schools are stigmatized and suffer discrimination. In contrast, he proposed to correct this unjust situation by de-schooling society and thereby making it impossible to discriminate on that basis. Later, his thought penetrated to new depths when examining the professions, particularly the medical profession and how it leads individuals to become dependent and to assume less responsibility for their own lives. In the 1980s Illich’s thought shifted and again reached new levels of analysis. He stated that changes in our current situation can be attained if individuals “awaken” to the fact that each person’s understanding or perspective of his or her world, a world that each of us takes for granted and as certain, is seen as being formulated and handed down over the centuries. Such conventional perspectives lock individuals into certain solutions and prevent recognition of new ways of living in the world. For example, in his work ABC: The Alphabetization of the Popular Mind he shows how our way of thinking has made three shifts throughout time. The first shift that changed our ways of seeing resulted from the introduction of the alphabet. A second shift in our thinking came in the 12th century with the development of the written page as we moved from an oral public and a spoken reality to a written reality and a literacy paradigm. And finally, the computer and word processing have created a new watershed of change in which our thoughts were increasingly arranged more by the logic and efficiency of a technical tool than by the natural meanings embodied in a live discourse and spoken tradition. Further Reading An extensive six hour interview titled Part Moon, Part Travelling Salesman: Conversations with Ivan Illich was broadcasted by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1989. Transcripts and this highly informative dialogue can be ordered from Ideas, P.O. Box 6440, Station “A”, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3L4. A major political article by Francis Duplex is Gray, including biographical information, “Profiles,” appeared in the New Yorker (1969). A discussion of Illich’s writings was in Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, Volume 10. Articles critical of his view included “The ‘Deschooling’ Controversy Revisited: A Defense of Illich’s ‘Participatory Socialism,” by Carl G. Hedman in Educational Theory (1979); “Towards a Political Economy of Education: A Radical Critique of Ivan Illich’s Deschooling Society” by Herbert Gintis in Harvard Educational Review (1972); and “Illich, Kozol, and Rousseau on Public Education,” by Jonathan Kozol in Social Theory and Practice (1980). A selected list of major works by Illich which trace the development of his thought included: Celebration of Awareness: A Call for Institutional Revolution, introduction by Erich Fromm (1970); De-Schooling Society (1971); Tools for Conviviality (1973); Medical Nemesis, the Expropriation of Health (1975); and ABC: The Alphabetization of the Popular Mind, with Barry Sanders (1988). from: Gale Encyclopedia of Biographies / westpacificreview / Leave a comment The Quiet American – Gaby Wood – The Observer , Saturday 9 September 2006 It’s a magazine that runs 10,000-word articles on African states and the pension system, has almost no pictures and is published in black and white. So how does the New Yorker sell more than a million copies a week? Gaby Wood meets David Remnick, its big-brained editor, and talks speed writing, 30-hour days and meeting Little Ant and Little Dec ______________________________________ ‘Everybody has a cartoon of themselves,’ suggests David Remnick, the editor of a magazine famous for them. ‘Mine is: I write very fast, and I’m ruthlessly efficient with my time.’As New Yorker cartoons go, the image wouldn’t appear to hold much promise of a punch line, but Remnick doesn’t mind it, and it contains, after all, a certain amount of truth. ‘I’m not the slowest writer that you know,’ he admits, adding with characteristic wryness: ‘For better or for worse, by the way. AJ Liebling, one of my heroes, used to say that he could write better than anyone who wrote faster, and faster than anyone who could write better. I’m one nine-hundredth as good as Liebling, but that principle may slightly apply.’Remnick, who was for many years the New Yorker’s star reporter, covering – in the tradition of AJ Liebling – an almost alarming range of subjects with grace and dexterity, has edited the magazine for the past eight years and quietly, seriously, changed its fortunes. He is the fifth editor in the New Yorker’s 81-year history and, by reputation – as his thumbnail self-portrait implies – its least eccentric. So many memoirs have now been written about the distinguished publication that Harold Ross, its founder and first editor, has gone down in history as a maddening, well-connected workaholic who sacrificed three marriages to his literary invention. It is widely known that his successor, William Shawn, was neurotic, nuanced, almost pathologically shy, and that Robert Gottlieb, a gifted interloper, possessed a museum-worthy collection of plastic purses. In more recent memory, Tina Brown hired big-name writers at vast expense, threw celebrity-strewn bashes to promote the magazine (all of which resulted in a rumoured loss of up to $20m annually) and was supposed to have rejected any story that couldn’t hold her attention on the StairMaster. It could be said that Brown’s methods were not eccentric but merely attuned to the demands of Eighties and Nineties culture. Equally, Remnick’s non-partying ethic and commitment to world affairs might be thought the only appropriate way forward for a post-9/11 magazine. Remnick, who was hired by Brown, has never been critical of her tenure, and is inviolably modest about his own contribution. ‘My background is as a reporter and foreign correspondent, but it’s hard to separate what one’s natural inclinations are from the times,’ he tells me. ‘My time as editor has been overlapped by a crisis – a prolonged, labyrinthine, tragic, seemingly non-ending crisis – that involves the prehistory of 9/11, 9/11, Iraq, Afghanistan, fraught histories between the United States and almost everyone.’ Remnick’s colleague Malcolm Gladwell, author of the bestselling books The Tipping Point and Blink, says, similarly, that ‘we live in a suddenly serious time, where people have an appetite for intelligent, thoughtful explanations of consequential topics’. Yet how can Remnick’s editorial strategy be considered inevitable when no one else is doing what he does? However frequently Graydon Carter may address the bungles of the Bush administration in his letters from the editor in Vanity Fair, he feels compelled, more often than not, to feature a cover star in a bikini. Meanwhile, on another floor of the Conde Nast building, the New Yorker puts Seymour Hersh’s investigations of national security on the cover and has the highest subscription renewal rate of any magazine in the country. It has a circulation of over 1m, and although it is privately owned and such figures are not publicly available, it is thought to be turning a profit of around $10m. Celebrity culture is far from over; if you wrote a plan for a magazine and said you thought you could make a profit by publishing 8,000-word pieces on the future of various African nations, hefty analyses of the pension system and a three-part series on global warming, hordes of people would laugh in your face. So how has Remnick done it? Before I met him, I asked this of an acclaimed New York journalist, who said: ‘If you can work that out, you will have the scoop of the century. No one knows.’ Remnick is well aware of the apparent mystery, which is why no focus group is ever involved in an editorial decision. As he puts it, it doesn’t take a genius to work out that one hundred per cent of his readers are not going to get home from work, put their keys down and say: You know, honey, what I need to do now is read 10,000 words on Congo. ‘So you throw it out there, and you hope that there are some things that people will immediately read – cartoons, shorter things, Anthony Lane, Talk of the Town. And then, eventually, the next morning on the train, somebody sees this piece, and despite its seeming formidableness, they read it.’ You might say that what looks at first like common sense is David Remnick’s most winning eccentricity. We meet at the New Yorker offices in Times Square on an obscenely hot day in August. Remnick extends a courtly, ironic offer of rehydration: ‘Coffee? Water? Drip?’ His glass box of an office is decorated with original cover art and scattered photographs – a portrait of AJ Liebling sitting under an apple tree; Dean Rohrer’s wonderful image of Monica Lewinsky as the Mona Lisa. On his desk is a rare book about Jean-Luc Godard, in French. He has just returned from Arkansas, where he met Bill Clinton for a long profile he is writing, and he spent the end of last week editing a cover story on Hizbollah by John Lee Anderson with an exceptionally fast turnaround. Another reporter calls from the Middle East as I arrive. Yet here is Remnick, blithe and witty as anything, behaving more or less as Fred Astaire would, if only a role had been scripted for him by Philip Roth. Reporting, a new collection of Remnick’s writing from the New Yorker, has just been published. It reveals not only the scope of his interests – he is as lucid about the PLO as he is touching about Solzhenitsyn, as excruciatingly accurate about Tony Blair as he is compelling on the subject of Mike Tyson’s trainer – but also the deceptive straightforwardness of his style. Remnick won a Pulitzer Prize for his first book, Lenin’s Tomb, in 1994, and the great pleasure of that book, which gives a kaleidoscopic account of the fall of the Soviet Union, was that you felt party to the open mind of a reporter (originally at the Washington Post) who followed his instincts at every turn. He didn’t mind telling you, for instance, that his wife’s family had been interned in camps in the country to which they were now returning; if he saw someone handing out flyers in the street, he would delve deeply into their purposes; he was not shy of doorstepping ancient members of the KGB. In that first book, as in his others – a follow-up about Russia called Resurrection; a collection of pieces entitled The Devil Problem; a story about Muhammad Ali called King of the World; and Reporting – simply turned sentences open up vistas of complication. Yet the quality that Remnick shows most in conversation is his capacity for self-deprecation. He opens a profile of Katharine Graham, the imperious proprietor of the Washington Post and his sometime boss, with a story about his own involvement in the Post’s historic interview with Mikhail Gorbachev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in 1988: ‘As the junior man in the bureau, I was given the task of finding the hairdresser. I would not insist that Moscow was short on luxury in those days, except to note that I did not so much find a hairdresser as create one. At one of the embassies, I found a young woman who was said to own a blow-dryer and a brush. I rang her up and explained the situation. Gravely, as if we were negotiating the Treaty of Ghent, I gave her an annotated copy of Vogue, a mug shot of Mrs Graham, and a hundred dollars. “You’re on,” she said. ‘Apparently, the interview went well. It was featured, with a photograph, in the next day’s edition of Pravda. Mrs Graham looked quite handsome, I thought. A nice full head of hair, and well combed. I felt close to history.’ In a piece about Tony Blair written just before the last election, Remnick witnesses, behind the scenes, the Prime Minister’s utter humiliation at the hands of Little Ant and Little Dec. In a profile of Al Gore he reveals that Gore employs a private chef who still addresses him, years after his presidential defeat, as ‘Mr Vice-President’. He gets to hang out with the famously publicity-shy Philip Roth in his most feverishly creative period; he visits Solzhenitsyn and his wife as they prepare to return to Russia. Yet in a preface to the book, Remnick alerts the reader to the fact that most of his subjects are public figures who do their best not to let their guard down. Why offer the warning? To suggest we’ll never find out about them? ‘No,’ he replies, ‘so that you’ll find out about them in a different way.’ With politicians, ‘you’ve got press secretaries, and you’ve got a very, very self-conscious actor, who’s performing in public and the course of whose career is dependent on how he’s going to appear to some degree. And he’s very experienced at it. And any question you ask him, he’s heard, and he has a little tape loop in his head. So when something like Ant and Dec comes along,’ – Remnick grins broadly and looks up to the skies in gratitude – ‘Happy birthday. The gods of non-fiction have provided an unscripted scripted moment!’ Remnick pauses for a moment to tell a story about the glorious predictability of journalism. ‘There was a wonderful thing Slate did years ago, when it was just getting started, called the Hackathlon. It was Michael Specter, Malcolm Gladwell and I forget who else.’ (Specter and Gladwell are both old friends of Remnick’s from the Washington Post, and both now colleagues at the New Yorker.) ‘Each day there would be an event. You had to write a 500-word lede [an American term for an article’s opening paragraph] in the Vanity Fair style to a Richard Gere profile: Ready, begin. Then you had to do an Economist situationer on Tanzania – first 400 words. Then maybe a Rolling Stone lede to a … you know: Mick Jagger is angry. Period. Paragraph. Very Angry. Period. The limo is late. You know, one of those. And then maybe a New Yorker thing on the history of sand. I don’t remember the specifics.’ Remnick leans in with a smile of utter glee, and goes on: ‘Specter beat Gladwell. He came from behind, but his lede on the Richard Gere, comparing the colour of his hair to his grey cashmere sweater, was just so brilliant that he overwhelmed him in the Hackathlon. I mean, he could do nothing else in his career and his New York Times obituary would read: “Michael Specter, winner of the 1997 Slate Hackathlon, died today of complications of a hernia operation. He was 98.”‘ David Remnick was born in 1958 and grew up in Hillsdale, New Jersey, where his father was a dentist and his mother an art teacher. The extent of his early gifts, to hear others tell it, borders on the embarrassing. Richard Brody, a close friend Remnick met at Princeton, remembers a story Remnick told him at the time about his activities in high school. ‘He was interested in journalism already, and in literature and poetry,’ Brody tells me. ‘So he interviewed poets, and put together a collection of those interviews for a small literary magazine, and I think some of them were collected in a book. So even in high school he had not only the idea, but let’s say the lack of false modesty to go ahead and do something which many people much older would not have dared to do. ‘ Brody and Remnick found that they shared a love of Bob Dylan, a Jewish upbringing in the suburbs, and ‘a literary school of sorts’. As Brody puts it: ‘There was a whole generation of Jewish American writers – when Saul Bellow won his Nobel Prize, I guess when we were all freshmen or about to enter school. There were people like Philip Roth and Norman Mailer and Bernard Malamud and Joseph Heller. We sort of had a canon of fathers. I think we weren’t postmodernists, temperamentally. We had read our Thomas Pynchon and our John Barth, but that wasn’t what excited us. We were excited by the late flowering, among the children of Jewish immigrants, of the late 19th-century novel.’ (Remnick, still an enduring fan of Roth, tells me that he would have published Roth’s latest novel, Everyman, in its entirety in the magazine, but Roth’s agent wouldn’t allow it.) When he left Princeton with a degree in Comparative Literature, Remnick got a job at the Washington Post, where his early days were occupied by covering the night-cop beat, or doing celebrity interviews for the Style section, or writing about sport. In 1987, the Post decided it needed a second person in Moscow, and, as Remnick now recalls, ‘Nobody else wanted to go. It’s cold, in those days if you wanted a box of coffee, you had to order it from Denmark. Nowadays there are rich people and stores and all kinds of stuff. (It’s still cold – pace global warming.) So I got to go – I was 28, 29 – and it was the best kind of foreign story: really exciting, constantly changing, intellectually fascinating, ethnically various. It was heaven for a reporter.’ Before he left he married Esther B Fein, a reporter for the New York Times, who also filed stories from Russia. ‘When we were at the Post he was a kind of legendary figure and I was a little underling,’ remembers Malcolm Gladwell. ‘People have forgotten that – and this is not by any means an exaggeration – David was the great newspaper reporter of his generation. And had he never been anything but a newspaper reporter he would be, right now, the best. At the Washington Post there was one day when he had three stories on the front page, which I don’t think has ever been repeated. He was in a league by himself. So the idea that he would have a second act where he would outperform his first act is kind of unbelievable.’ When Remnick was offered the editorship of the New Yorker, he had never edited anything before – with the exception, as he likes to remind people, of his school magazine. The decision to abandon writing – which, for the most part, he has (he now only writes two long pieces a year, plus commentary in the magazine) – was made on the basis of ‘a very simple calculation’: ‘I had about two days – a day – I had seconds to decide, actually. Where could I make the bigger contribution? The ability to affect this magazine and its place in the culture – now, I may cock it up as an editor, I don’t know, but the capacity for potential was greater doing this.’ Tina Brown left on a Wednesday in 1998. Remnick, who had written over 100 pieces for the magazine in the six years he’d been there, and who was, as Brown put it, ‘a key member of my dream team’, consulted on all kinds of editorial matters, was offered the job the following Monday, and took over straightaway, rallied by a five-minute ovation from his colleagues. ‘And then Tina was gone and the magazine had to come out the next week – and the week after that, and on and on,’ says Remnick now, looking amusingly baffled. ‘And I was an absolute novice. And the only saving grace is that there were these people around who were so good.’ It wasn’t easy. There have been times, even recently, when his instinct has failed him. He came out in favour of the war in Iraq, for instance, on the grounds of concern about weapons of mass destruction, and says now that ‘I was wrong about that, totally wrong, as events proved very quickly.’ The job, as Robert Gottlieb once memorably described it, is ‘like sticking your head into a pencil sharpener’. To make matters worse, in some quarters Schadenfreude kicked in early; a profile of Remnick in the New York Times took offence at his choice of interview venue – a formica-topped table in a coffee shop, which was seen to suggest that the ‘buzz’ of the Tina years had fizzled out on the spot. Michael Specter, Remnick’s close friend of 20 years, tells me that a couple of months after Remnick took over, they went to Paris. ‘We took a walk and he said, “The worst thing is, everybody comes up to me and says: ‘Oh my God! You must be enjoying it so much!’ And I just want to say: ‘Yeah, it’s like enjoying cancer!'” Because it was really scary, and I think it was a lot to take on that job, never having been an editor, when the magazine was financially in trouble. ‘ In a profile he wrote many years ago of the legendary Post editor Ben Bradlee, Remnick remarked: ‘Generalship is not about fighting the battle; it’s about inspiring the enlisted.’ It’s a notion Remnick has clearly kept in mind in his own work as General. Asked to illustrate his editorial methods, Remnick reaches for a baseball analogy: Joe Torre, the manager of the Yankees, ‘gives players the confidence they need to play their best, then he gets the hell out’. He adds: ‘I don’t believe in swagger. I think it’s infantile.’ The magazine’s editorial director, Henry Finder, says drily that Remnick ‘has something very scarce in this city: an aura of sanity. He exudes a sort of calm that most New Yorkers get to experience only with prescription medication. As an editor, I think that aura of equipoise turns out to be very helpful, because you have so many people here who are professional neurotics, always acting out, drama queens, who have one form of craziness or another. And I think he sees it as his job to be… sane. When I ask Malcolm Gladwell what he thinks the legend of Remnick’s tenure will be, he says: ‘How exactly things got so effortless.’ Specter says he’d like some sort of atomic clock so he could ‘divide 24 by Remnick time’ and work out how he fits everything in. (Remnick himself has minted the immortal dictum: ‘There are only 30 hours in the day – and that’s if you’re lucky enough to change time zones.’) It’s not just the work: he has a family too. Remnick and Esther Fein have two teenage sons and a seven-year-old daughter. He does his fair share of ferrying to music lessons and little league games. Asked to explain how he manages to balance these things, Remnick shrugs and says he doesn’t do anything other than spend time with his family and work. ‘It’s not like I build toy ships, or travel to Tahiti. I don’t go surfing. I don’t know: what do people do?’ He admits that certain pleasures have largely fallen by the wayside. ‘My son said to me – we were reading one night, he his book for school and I a stack of manuscripts – and he said: “You don’t read anything with covers any more.”‘ Remnick cringes. ‘Dombey and Son immediately came down from the shelf!’ Yet there are other things he seems to make time for, somehow. Specter says the only person he knows who watches more television than Remnick is his own ex-wife, Alessandra Stanley, the TV critic for the New York Times. He remembers calling Remnick when one of their old favourites, the BBC version of John le Carre’s Smiley’s People, came out on DVD. ‘I said, “Are you watching it?” He said, “Yes.” He was writing a piece. He said: “I’m giving myself three hours of writing, one hour of Smiley.” And I just thought, Jesus Christ. I watch three hours of Smiley, then I have lunch, then I write for a couple of minutes. ‘ I tell Specter how proudly Remnick told me of his triumph in the Hackathlon, and that I wondered afterwards what he meant by extolling such bare-faced bad writing. ‘If you do it to change the world, you can get really bummed out,’ replies Specter. ‘The Hackathlon was a celebration of the fact that it’s a day job.’ He thinks for a second and laughs. ‘I think he’s happy when we do well. But he was much more excited about the Hackathlon than he was about any science writing or global health award I’ve ever received.’ ‘The things about him that I wish …’ Specter goes on, a little awkwardly. ‘He’s an incredibly good friend. I mean, he’s a better friend than he is an editor. And he’s very funny. My daughter thinks he’s hilarious. She said: “You know, David’s the coolest of your friends, Dad.” Then she said: “Actually, he’s not cool, but he’s the best of them.”‘ · Reporting by David Remnick is published by Macmillan at £18.99 / westpacificreview / Leave a comment I have reposted two items: 1) a fragment from an interview of Robinson where she describes the process of how American colleges evolved in the Midwest. 2) the complete essay Imagination & Community from her book of Essays When I Was a Child I Read Books . The imaginative makeup of a writer is established by their willingness to consider broad ideas and ideas that are divergent from their own cherished ones. On both accounts I find Robinson leading the front on what James Hillman calls amplification, that is , the idea of expounding on a base idea to show its nature versus the traditional dissection or analysis of an idea to display its make-up. Hillman states that the end product of analysis is often the destruction of the entity in consideration, the parts on their own do not look like the whole nor feel like it. Robinson explores the concepts of community and tribalism and shows the outcomes for following one path versus the other. She gives weight to the consequences that evolve when applying them to democracy in today’s American scene. Tucked away in this essay is her creative insight into the writer and their imaginative world and how this creativity may unfold to the authors and the reader’s benefit: “So long as a writer is working to satisfy imagined expectations that are extraneous to his art as he would otherwise explore and develop it, he is deprived of the greatest reward, which is the full discovery and engagement of his own mind, his own aesthetic powers and resources. So long as a writer is working below the level of her powers, she is depriving the community of readers of a truly good book. And over time a truly good book can enrich literally millions of lives.” This essay was excerpted from When I Was a Child I Read Books , a collection of essays to be published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux in March, copyright Marilynne Robinson. In an excerpt from an interview published on April 4, 2006 in The Christian Century, Debra Bendis asked Robinson to explore the aspect of theology in her work: “I’d like to see mainline churches, collectively and individually, remember and claim their profound histories and cultures. The mainline church, for example, founded a great many of the nonpublic universities in the country, and a lot of the public ones as well. This is an intellectual tradition. At least until the middle of the last century, most of the presidents of universities in this country were ordained clergy. This country has spent more time and resources on education than any other civilization in the history of the world. We are not phobic about intellectual institutions, but we act as if we were. We act as if we have to give people a placebo in place of learning and thought. “I’m interested in the abolitionists partly because of the interesting effect their strategy had. Some speak of abolitionists as if they were all violent crazy people. But what they did was of great consequence: they came into the new territories and built colleges. Many of the colleges in the Midwest had such origins. The founders would buy land from the government and build a church and a college. People wanted to live near colleges and churches, and so the value of the land rose. When some of the land was sold, the money endowed the college or funded the development of another college. This was a well-designed system for creating value. These colleges educated women as well as men, and many were on the Underground Railroad. Oberlin is a classic example: an abolitionist foundation that admitted women and black people on equal terms with white men from the beginning. Important progressive movements germinated in these colleges and communities. They were organized on what was called the Manual Labor System. Everyone who went to a college did the work that was involved in the life of the college. Faculty and students alike hoed the rows and slopped the hogs. The point was, on one hand, to eliminate financial barriers to education and, on the other hand, to remove the stigma attached to physical labor. “So long as a writer is working to satisfy imagined expectations that are extraneous to his art as he would otherwise explore and develop it, he is deprived of the greatest reward, which is the full discovery and engagement of his own mind, his own aesthetic powers and resources. So long as a writer is working below the level of her powers, she is depriving the community of readers of a truly good book. And over time a truly good book can enrich literally millions of lives.” – Robinson Imagination & Community / westpacificreview / Leave a comment Photo Credit:Jeff DelViscio A startling soldier’s story of war and our future. Compact in its unfolding, but strong in its philosophical architecture. Listen up. Driving into Iraq just after the 2003 invasion felt like driving into the future. We convoyed all day, all night, past Army checkpoints and burned-out tanks, till in the blue dawn Baghdad rose from the desert like a vision of hell: Flames licked the bruised sky from the tops of refinery towers, cyclopean monuments bulged and leaned against the horizon, broken overpasses swooped and fell over ruined suburbs, bombed factories, and narrow ancient streets. Civilizations have marched blindly toward disaster because humans are wired to believe that tomorrow will be much like today. With “shock and awe,” our military had unleashed the end of the world on a city of six million — a city about the same size as Houston or Washington. The infrastructure was totaled: water, power, traffic, markets and security fell to anarchy and local rule. The city’s secular middle class was disappearing, squeezed out between gangsters, profiteers, fundamentalists and soldiers. The government was going down, walls were going up, tribal lines were being drawn, and brutal hierarchies savagely established. I was a private in the United States Army. This strange, precarious world was my new home. If I survived. Two and a half years later, safe and lazy back in Fort Still, Okla., I thought I had made it out. Then I watched on television as Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans. This time it was the weather that brought shock and awe, but I saw the same chaos and urban collapse I’d seen in Baghdad, the same failure of planning and the same tide of anarchy. The 82nd Airborne hit the ground, took over strategic points and patrolled streets now under de facto martial law. My unit was put on alert to prepare for riot control operations. The grim future I’d seen in Baghdad was coming home: not terrorism, not even W.M.D.’s, but a civilization in collapse, with a crippled infrastructure, unable to recuperate from shocks to its system. And today, with recovery still going on more than a year after Sandy and many critics arguing that the Eastern seaboard is no more prepared for a huge weather event than we were last November, it’s clear that future’s not going away . This March, Admiral Samuel J. Locklear III, the commander of the United States Pacific Command, told security and foreign policy specialists in Cambridge, Mass., that global climate change was the greatest threat the United States faced — more dangerous than terrorism, Chinese hackers and North Korean nuclear missiles. Upheaval from increased temperatures, rising seas and radical destabilization “is probably the most likely thing that is going to happen…” he said , “that will cripple the security environment, probably more likely than the other scenarios we all often talk about.’’ Locklear’s not alone. Tom Donilon, the national security adviser, said much the same thing in April, speaking to an audience at Columbia’s new Center on Global Energy Policy. James Clapper, director of national intelligence, told the Senate in March that “Extreme weather events (floods, droughts, heat waves) will increasingly disrupt food and energy markets, exacerbating state weakness, forcing human migrations, and triggering riots, civil disobedience, and vandalism.” On the civilian side, the World Bank’s recent report, “Turn Down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience,” offers a dire prognosis for the effects of global warming, which climatologists now predict will raise global temperatures by 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit within a generation and 7.2 degrees Fahrenheit within 90 years. Projections from researchers at the University of Hawaii find us dealing with “historically unprecedented” climates as soon as 2047. The climate scientist James Hansen, formerly with NASA, has argued that we face an “apocalyptic” future. This grim view is seconded by researchers worldwide, including Anders Levermann , Paul and Anne Ehrlich , Lonnie Thompson and many , many , many others. This chorus of Jeremiahs predicts a radically transformed global climate forcing widespread upheaval — not possibly, not potentially, but inevitably. We have passed the point of no return. From the point of view of policy experts, climate scientists and national security officials, the question is no longer whether global warming exists or how we might stop it, but how we are going to deal with it. II. There’s a word for this new era we live in: the Anthropocene. This term, taken up by geologists , pondered by intellectuals and discussed in the pages of publications such as The Economist and the The New York Times , represents the idea that we have entered a new epoch in Earth’s geological history, one characterized by the arrival of the human species as a geological force. The Nobel-Prize-winning chemist Paul Crutzen coined the term in 2002, and it has steadily gained acceptance as evidence has increasingly mounted that the changes wrought by global warming will affect not just the world’s climate and biological diversity, but its very geology — and not just for a few centuries, but for millenniums. The geophysicist David Archer’s 2009 book, “ The Long Thaw: How Humans are Changing the Next 100,000 Years of Earth’s Climate ,” lays out a clear and concise argument for how huge concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and melting ice will radically transform the planet, beyond freak storms and warmer summers, beyond any foreseeable future. The Stratigraphy Commission of the Geological Society of London — the scientists responsible for pinning the “golden spikes” that demarcate geological epochs such as the Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene — have adopted the Anthropocene as a term deserving further consideration, “significant on the scale of Earth history.” Working groups are discussing what level of geological time-scale it might be (an “epoch” like the Holocene, or merely an “age” like the Calabrian), and at what date we might say it began. The beginning of the Great Acceleration, in the middle of the 20th century? The beginning of the Industrial Revolution, around 1800? The advent of agriculture? Every day I went out on mission in Iraq, I looked down the barrel of the future and saw a dark, empty hole. The challenge the Anthropocene poses is a challenge not just to national security, to food and energy markets, or to our “way of life” — though these challenges are all real, profound, and inescapable. The greatest challenge the Anthropocene poses may be to our sense of what it means to be human. Within 100 years — within three to five generations — we will face average temperatures 7 degrees Fahrenheit higher than today, rising seas at least three to 10 feet higher, and worldwide shifts in crop belts, growing seasons and population centers. Within a thousand years, unless we stop emitting greenhouse gases wholesale right now, humans will be living in a climate the Earth hasn’t seen since the Pliocene, three million years ago, when oceans were 75 feet higher than they are today. We face the imminent collapse of the agricultural, shipping and energy networks upon which the global economy depends, a large-scale die-off in the biosphere that’s already well on its way, and our own possible extinction. If homo sapiens (or some genetically modified variant) survives the next millenniums, it will be survival in a world unrecognizably different from the one we have inhabited. Jeff DelViscio Geological time scales, civilizational collapse and species extinction give rise to profound problems that humanities scholars and academic philosophers, with their taste for fine-grained analysis, esoteric debates and archival marginalia, might seem remarkably ill suited to address. After all, how will thinking about Kant help us trap carbon dioxide? Can arguments between object-oriented ontology and historical materialism protect honeybees from colony collapse disorder? Are ancient Greek philosophers, medieval theologians, and contemporary metaphysicians going to keep Bangladesh from being inundated by rising oceans? Of course not. But the biggest problems the Anthropocene poses are precisely those that have always been at the root of humanistic and philosophical questioning: “What does it mean to be human?” and “What does it mean to live?” In the epoch of the Anthropocene, the question of individual mortality — “What does my life mean in the face of death?” — is universalized and framed in scales that boggle the imagination. What does human existence mean against 100,000 years of climate change? What does one life mean in the face of species death or the collapse of global civilization? How do we make meaningful choices in the shadow of our inevitable end? These questions have no logical or empirical answers. They are philosophical problems par excellence. Many thinkers, including Cicero, Montaigne, Karl Jaspers, and The Stone’s own Simon Critchley, have argued that studying philosophy is learning how to die. If that’s true, then we have entered humanity’s most philosophical age — for this is precisely the problem of the Anthropocene. The rub is that now we have to learn how to die not as individuals, but as a civilization. III. Learning how to die isn’t easy. In Iraq, at the beginning, I was terrified by the idea. Baghdad seemed incredibly dangerous, even though statistically I was pretty safe. We got shot at and mortared, and I.E.D.’s laced every highway, but I had good armor, we had a great medic, and we were part of the most powerful military the world had ever seen. The odds were good I would come home. Maybe wounded, but probably alive. Every day I went out on mission, though, I looked down the barrel of the future and saw a dark, empty hole. “For the soldier death is the future, the future his profession assigns him,” wrote Simone Weil in her remarkable meditation on war, “The Iliad or the Poem of Force.” “Yet the idea of man’s having death for a future is abhorrent to nature. Once the experience of war makes visible the possibility of death that lies locked up in each moment, our thoughts cannot travel from one day to the next without meeting death’s face.” That was the face I saw in the mirror, and its gaze nearly paralyzed me. I found my way forward through an 18th-century Samurai manual, Yamamoto Tsunetomo’s “Hagakure,” which commanded: “Meditation on inevitable death should be performed daily.” Instead of fearing my end, I owned it. Every morning, after doing maintenance on my Humvee, I’d imagine getting blown up by an I.E.D., shot by a sniper, burned to death, run over by a tank, torn apart by dogs, captured and beheaded, and succumbing to dysentery. Then, before we rolled out through the gate, I’d tell myself that I didn’t need to worry, because I was already dead. The only thing that mattered was that I did my best to make sure everyone else came back alive. “If by setting one’s heart right every morning and evening, one is able to live as though his body were already dead,” wrote Tsunetomo, “he gains freedom in the Way.” I got through my tour in Iraq one day at a time, meditating each morning on my inevitable end. When I left Iraq and came back stateside, I thought I’d left that future behind. Then I saw it come home in the chaos that was unleashed after Katrina hit New Orleans. And then I saw it again when Sandy battered New York and New Jersey: Government agencies failed to move quickly enough , and volunteer groups like Team Rubicon had to step in to manage disaster relief. Now, when I look into our future — into the Anthropocene — I see water rising up to wash out lower Manhattan. I see food riots, hurricanes, and climate refugees. I see 82nd Airborne soldiers shooting looters. I see grid failure, wrecked harbors, Fukushima waste, and plagues. I see Baghdad. I see the Rockaways. I see a strange, precarious world. Our new home. The human psyche naturally rebels against the idea of its end. Likewise, civilizations have throughout history marched blindly toward disaster, because humans are wired to believe that tomorrow will be much like today — it is unnatural for us to think that this way of life, this present moment, this order of things is not stable and permanent. Across the world today, our actions testify to our belief that we can go on like this forever, burning oil, poisoning the seas, killing off other species, pumping carbon into the air, ignoring the ominous silence of our coal mine canaries in favor of the unending robotic tweets of our new digital imaginarium. Yet the reality of global climate change is going to keep intruding on our fantasies of perpetual growth, permanent innovation and endless energy, just as the reality of mortality shocks our casual faith in permanence. The biggest problem climate change poses isn’t how the Department of Defense should plan for resource wars, or how we should put up sea walls to protect Alphabet City, or when we should evacuate Hoboken. It won’t be addressed by buying a Prius, signing a treaty, or turning off the air-conditioning. The biggest problem we face is a philosophical one: understanding that this civilization is already dead. The sooner we confront this problem, and the sooner we realize there’s nothing we can do to save ourselves, the sooner we can get down to the hard work of adapting, with mortal humility, to our new reality. The choice is a clear one. We can continue acting as if tomorrow will be just like yesterday, growing less and less prepared for each new disaster as it comes, and more and more desperately invested in a life we can’t sustain. Or we can learn to see each day as the death of what came before, freeing ourselves to deal with whatever problems the present offers without attachment or fear. If we want to learn to live in the Anthropocene, we must first learn how to die. Roy Scranton served in the United States Army from 2002 to 2006. He is a doctoral candidate in English at Princeton University, and co-editor of “ Fire and Forget: Short Stories from the Long War .” He has written for The New York Times, Boston Review, Theory & Event and recently completed a novel about the Iraq War. Twitter @RoyScranton. / westpacificreview / Leave a comment On the cover of this weekend’s Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung’s feuilleton, Marcel Reich-Ranicki, Germany’s “Literary Pope,” gazes out from the center of the page. The table at which he sits, alone, is set for a formal dinner; his silk tie is rakishly askew. His expression is sovereign but kind, thoughtful, knowing. Below the photo—taken three years ago, when Reich-Ranicki was ninety—in nearly two-inch bold font, is the word “ DANKE .” Thank you. Reich-Ranicki, Germany’s most important contemporary literary critic, died on Wednesday. The next day, Germany’s two most important daily papers put his portrait on their front pages—tributes to a man who, having survived the Warsaw ghetto, would go on to have an unparalleled impact on postwar German writing. He was famous for his rapier wit, his telegenic charm, his passionate championing of the writers he loved, and his very public excoriation of new books—even from his favorite writers—when he felt they did not deliver. “No one,” in the words of the F.A.Z., “did as much to impart, to an entire society, the importance of literature.” The man who, as one author put it, “ruled the literary world from a fifteen-square-metre office” led a life more full of pain, wonder, and irony than most literary heroes. Born in Poland in 1920, Reich-Ranicki was sent to Berlin to study as a boy. “With every year that he discovered more joy in, and love for, Thomas Mann and Brecht and Gründgens and Goethe, there also grew hate,” wrote Frank Schirrmacher, publisher of the influentialF.A.Z., where Reich-Ranicki headed the literature section in the nineteen-seventies and eighties. “The hate of an entire nation and all its bureaucracy for the young Jewish man who just wanted to go to the Deutsche Theatre.” After being denied a university spot in Berlin, Reich-Ranicki was arrested and deported to Poland. (As he wrote in his 1999 autobiography, “My Life,” “I had a ticket for [a] première that evening. I wouldn’t be needing it.”) He and his family were sent to the Warsaw ghetto, where, at nineteen, he became a translator for the Judenrat (the Jewish council, the ghetto’s administrative body) because his German was impeccable. There, he also met Teofilia, or Tosia, his future wife, when her father hanged himself. “My mother told me, ‘Look after the girl,’ ” said Reich-Ranicki, in an interview filmed shortly before Tosia’s death in 2011. “I’m doing that to this day.” Reich-Ranicki’s acute sense of literary judgment was always active. Describing an incident in which he had to transcribe an order that all inhabitants of the ghetto were to be sent to the death camps, he said, “As I sat there … and the order was dictated, through the open window I heard a Viennese waltz. Down below, the soldiers must have been playing a gramophone. Even as I wrote, I had to think, What a literary situation! What a monstrous symbol! I knew I was writing something that meant death for my parents, for my girlfriend, whom I immediately married, even my own death. But I couldn’t stop thinking, This is actually theatre.” Despite overwhelming odds, he and Tosia managed to escape. “Remember the Dostoyevsky anecdote,” says the Reich-Ranicki character in a 2009 film based on his autobiography. Tosia nods, and they run for it. In a later scene, the Reich-Ranicki character explains what he meant: “Just before the execution of Dostoyevsky, when his eyes were already blindfolded, came the sudden cry, ‘Stop!’ The Czar had ordered a more lenient sentence. I wanted to tell Tosia, ‘Don’t give up too soon.’ ” In hiding, too, literature played an existential role. Every night, while Tosia and the poverty-stricken Polish tobacco sellers hiding them rolled cigarettes, Reich-Ranicki entertained them by recounting stories from classical literature. Like Scheherazade, he helped insure their safety with his tales of Hamlet and young Werther. The couple survived the war, but were not out of danger. After joining the Polish diplomatic corps, where he worked for Polish intelligence, Reich-Ranicki and Tosia were sent to London. There, their son, Andrew, was born. On their return to Poland, Reich-Ranicki was arrested, as part of an internal purge. In his cell, he read Anna Seghers’s 1942 novel about a prison break, “The Seventh Cross.” It was a turning point: “I decided, if I’m going to get out of here, I will dedicate my life to literature. If possible, to German literature.” Ejected from the Communist Party, Reich-Ranicki embarked on a career as a literary critic, writing in Polish. In 1958, he and his family fled to West Germany, bringing Chopin scores as gifts for their hosts. With the help of writers like Heinrich Böll and Erich Kästner, Reich-Ranicki soon found work as a literary critic at Die Zeit, where his colleagues included former S.S. men. He became a fixture at the literary meetings of the influential Gruppe 47—a group of postwar writers who had nearly all been in the Wehrmacht. They talked literature, not the past. But the past was not always possible to avoid. Shortly before he started his job at theF.A.Z., Reich-Ranicki was invited to a party for a new book about Hitler. The host failed to mention that Albert Speer would be there (“It did not occur to him that I did not feel like sitting and talking to the murderer of my mother and my father,” recounted Reich-Ranicki). At the time, he said nothing. “A fight with [F.A.Z. publisher Joachim Fest] was inopportune,” wrote the literary critic Volker Weidermann. Instead, “he found his salvation in literature. As always.” Later, in his autobiography, in interviews, and in speeches like the one he gave last year to the German Parliament, he did describe the crimes of the ghetto—a place where he and Tosia read poems, not novels, because they did not know how much time they had. Over the next decades, his reviews would help make writers like Günter Grass and Martin Walser household names. But from the beginning, Reich-Ranicki’s critiques drew blood. Böll, for example, was not pleased when Reich-Ranicki, by then a personal friend, wrote a scathing review of his new book. When they met at a cocktail party, Böll approached and, while publically embracing him, whispered in his ear, “Asshole.” “From Böll’s perspective, if he didn’t like it, couldn’t he have at least have remained silent?” wrote the literary critic Volker Weidermann. “After Böll had been so friendly to him? He couldn’t. He didn’t want to. Böll was too important to him, to say nothing. Literature was too important.” While Reich-Ranicki’s falling-outs were legendary (Martin Walser created a scandal with his 2002 book, “Death of a Critic,” a thinly veiled revenge fantasy), he also encouraged his favorite writers, calling on the phone and even sending money if he felt it had been too long since the German reading public had had a chance to get their hands on a new work. With the “Literary Quartet,” a television show launched in 1988, in which he and three other critics spiritedly defended or condemned new books, Reich-Ranicki set out to interest a larger public in reading. “It was for people who have nothing to do with literature,” said Reich-Ranicki, whose exuberant style, which involved much finger shaking and smacking of the arms of his chair, made for great TV. “Marcel Reich-Ranicki achieved something astounding: turning critical literary cogitation into a popular pastime,” wrote Heinrich Detering, president of the German Academy for Language and Literature. The show, which ran until 2001, reached millions. Reich-Ranicki continued to agitate for literature, with passion, humor, and arch, comprehensive erudition, to the last. A column where Reich-Ranicki answered readers’ letters ran in the F.A.Z. until this year. One asked why Philip Roth had been ignored for a Nobel Prize. “I would also like to know the answer to that,” responded Reich-Ranicki, who considered Roth a great novelist. “It was said of Graham Greene, that he never received a Nobel Prize because he had slept with the wife of Stockholm academician. With whom has Philip Roth slept? If you would like to know the answer, I suggest you address yourself directly to him, or to his agent.” To a reader who suggested changes to “Doctor Faustus,” he wrote, “Perhaps you have heard that [Thomas Mann] is taken to be the greatest stylist of the German language since Goethe’s death? I must say, you’re gutsy.” “Can a man like Gottfried Benn, who sympathized with Fascism, also be a good poet?” “Unfortunately, yes.” In the remembrances broadcast and published in the past week, joy that this man existed runs through sorrow at his loss. “That a Polish Jew, who went through the hell of the Warsaw ghetto, would go on to become the most important literary critic in the German-language world, is in itself a Jewish fairy tale,” wrote the Austrian writer Robert Schindel, who, born in 1944 to Jewish Communists, narrowly escaped Auschwitz. “What a man, in his contradictions! Where he is now—will he be preaching Thomas Mann to the heavenly hosts? May he have a good journey!” Sally McGrane is a journalist based in Berlin. Photograph by Thomas Lohnes/AFP/Getty Images. Gary Snyder and the Art of Life. The New Yorker October 20, 2008 By Dana Goodyear Gary Snyder, the Zen poet, lives on a hundred backcountry acres in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, meditates mornings, and thanks his food before he eats it, clapping his hands together and saying “Itadakimasu,” which is Japanese for “Thank you very much.” He likes a boilermaker at dinnertime (a shot of bourbon and a tall glass of beer) and, on occasion, the bullfrogs from his pond. “I follow the ‘Joy of Cooking,’ ” he says. “You’ve got to skin them and brine them overnight. She recommends rolling them in bread crumbs and frying them.” He finds that vulture feathers make the best pens for calligraphy, and collects them when he hikes. Some nights, he takes a blanket and a thermos of sake and a star map, walks along a gravel riverbed not far from his house to a spot among the mounded diggings left by the gold-mining ventures of the past two centuries, and, by the light of a red torch, works on the constellations. Snyder, who is seventy-eight, has written nineteen books of poems and essays that are engaged with watersheds, geology, logging, backpacking, ethno-poetics, Native American oral storytelling, communal living, sex, coyotes, bears, Tibetan deities, Chinese landscape painting, Japanese Noh drama, and the intimacies of family life. His reach extends far beyond the usual small audience for poetry; “Turtle Island,” a collection of poems that won the Pulitzer Prize in 1975, has sold a hundred thousand copies. (“Turtle Island swims / in the ocean-sky swirl-void / biting its tail while the worlds go / on-and-off / winking.”) He is, notably, a poet of the Pacific Rim. He told me, “I think of my territory as that which I have walked in person and know the weather at a given time of year, know a lot of the critters, and know a lot of the people. That would be from around Baja up to Alaska, through the Aleutian Islands, then pick up again in Hokkaido, down Japan and into Taiwan and the south coast of China, and the Pacific, which I know pretty well, having sailed it half a dozen times by a nice slow boat going fourteen knots, day and night.” But if you met him in a bar in Japan or China or Korea, and asked him what he did, he’d probably say, “I do my best as a teacher and I’m kind of a clumsy farmer.” (He taught in the English department at the University of California at Davis from 1986 until 2001, and has a small orchard.) The last book he wants to write, he says, is a “personal dharma memoir,” a chronicle of Buddhism in the late twentieth century. “Like the rock climbers say, having fun doesn’t mean you have to have fun,” he says. “Being a Buddhist doesn’t necessarily mean you have to be a good Buddhist.” A few months ago, looking over the wine list in a fine restaurant in nearby Nevada City, Snyder said, “I’ve got a twenty-five-year-old Cab I’m saving for venison-for when we get a deer again, on the road. In the winter season, I always drive with a giant black garbage bag in the car and a hunting knife or two.” He pulled out a thick-bladed knife and laid it on the table. An appetizer of goat-cheese cakes, dotted with arugula pesto, kalamata tapenade, and roasted red peppers and truffle oil, arrived. Snyder lifted the knife and cut the cakes precisely in two. Later, when he got up from the table for a moment, a young, heavily lipsticked waitress came over and said excitedly, “He’s one of my absolute heroes.” Snyder is shortish and solid and exudes physical confidence. A boy of the Pacific Northwest-born in San Francisco, brought up outside Seattle-he climbed Mt. St. Helens at fifteen; as a young man, he worked in Indian logging camps and fire-lookout cabins in the wilderness and on a trail crew in the Sierra Nevada, where he wrote the first poems that he wanted to keep. He wears a beard and has a turquoise stud in his left ear-it’s been pierced since 1950-and has gray-green eyes that disappear into the planes of his face, like puddles in a dry season. One of his incisors is capped in gold, which gives him the rascally look of an old mountain man when he smiles. When I repeated the waitress’s remark, he said, “You shouldn’t have told me that.” Masa Uehara, Snyder’s wife, sits on a rock-pretty, pregnant, her hair covered with a bandanna, wearing a long-sleeved shirt and jeans. The green Yuba River swirls around her. Snyder is in the water, naked, hoisting a naked baby boy (their first son, Kai) over his shoulder. The photograph ran as a centerfold in Look in 1969, with a caption that read, “Author Gary Snyder and family, in the Sierras, look forward to a new Neolithic age that will combine the love of nature, sex and life based on mythical truths.” Snyder was just back from Japan, having spent much of the late fifties and the sixties in Kyoto, undergoing formal training as a Zen monk. He had left the West Coast in the spring of 1956, several months after participating in what to many remains the defining poetic event of the previous half century: the Six Gallery reading in San Francisco, at which Allen Ginsberg first read “Howl” in public, while Jack Kerouac shouted, “Go! Go! Go!” Snyder read “A Berry Feast,” an ode in praise of Coyote, a trickster figure from Native American myth: “Coyote the Nasty, the fat / Puppy that abused himself, the ugly gambler, / Bringer of goodies.” The poem, which traces the destruction of forests to the building of the suburban house-“a box to catch the biped in”-is infused with the Buddhist idea of impermanence. It forecasts a time of “People gone, death no disaster,” and ends with Coyote surveying a depopulated city where resilient nature still thrives-“Dead city in dry summer, / Where berries grow.” Kenneth Rexroth-the m.c. of the Six Gallery reading and a renowned poet, critic, and translator-was the presiding elder of the city’s poetry scene, gathering young disciples around him for Friday-night instruction. Snyder had studied Native American oral traditions in the anthropology department at Reed College, and when he arrived in Berkeley to pursue graduate work in East Asian studies a friend took him to Rexroth’s house. They hit it off right away. Snyder was translating the poems of the T’ang-dynasty mountain hermit Han Shan-an exquisitely terse and funny suite later published as “Cold Mountain Poems”-and studying sumi painting with the artist Chiura Obata. The conversations at Rexroth’s ranged from discussions of Pound and Williams, both of whom he knew, to “The Tale of Genji” and the perfidies of Trotsky. “Rexroth was a great mentor,” Snyder told me. “He was a polymath, universalist, critical thinker, and he declared himself an anarcho-pacifist.” Snyder’s politics were similarly radical. He had grown up poor in Stumpland-logged-out country that backed up onto second-growth woods, in what is now a suburb of Seattle. His grandfather was a member of the Industrial Workers of the World (the Wobblies); his father, a sometime dairy farmer, was a union organizer on the Grand Coulee Dam project, and hosted meetings for a local league of unemployed workers, which was labelled a Communist front. At eighteen, Snyder joined the far-left Marine Cooks and Stewards union, and shipped out to the Caribbean for a summer. Snyder dressed in thrift-store clothing and was proud of his working-class sympathies and his wilderness experience. Jack Spicer, another poet in Rexroth’s circle, called him the Boy Scout. The day after meeting Snyder, Ginsberg described him in a letter as a “laconist, but warmhearted, nice looking with a little beard, thin, blond, rides a bicycle in Berkeley in red corduroy & levis & hungup on indians (ex-anthropologist student from some indian hometown) and writes well, his sideline besides zen which is apparently calm scholarly & serious with him.” Kerouac-whose manuscript “On the Road,” about his travels with the feckless Neal Cassady, had just been accepted by Viking when he met Snyder, in 1955-was sufficiently smitten to write a novel based on their friendship. In “The Dharma Bums,” Japhy Ryder, a sprightly, cocksure poet with a background and a set of interests striking similar to Snyder’s, introduces the narrator, Ray Smith, to Zen Buddhism and mountaineering. The story revolves around an expedition led by Ryder to the peak of Yosemite’s Matterhorn, a trip that Snyder and Kerouac made together in the fall of 1955. Kerouac’s exposure to Snyder’s self-discipline and know-how inspired more than literary productivity: he decided to become a fire lookout himself, and spent a summer on Desolation Peak, in the North Cascades, near where Snyder had worked several years before. Describing Snyder’s deep effect on the Beats, the poet and playwright Michael McClure said, “Just look at Kerouac. He didn’t go back on Route 66, hugging Neal and weeping big sad tears. He climbed a mountain.” In the novel, Alvah Goldbook (a character based on Allen Ginsberg) says of Ryder, “He’s really the wildest craziest sharpest cat we’ve ever met. And what I love about him is he’s the big hero of the West Coast. . . . Besides all the background he has, in Oriental scholarship, Pound, taking peyote and seeing visions, his mountainclimbing and bhikkuing, wow, Japhy Ryder is a great new hero of American culture.” Ryder was also something of a satyr, and, in a memorable scene, demonstrates with a limber, gray-eyed woman named Princess the Tibetan cross-legged sexual position yabyum. (Princess is obliging, and everyone has a go.) Later, Kerouac wrote to Snyder about signing a release form. “As you see, I’ve got you down pretty accurate but I made some changes in your personal life, girlfriends, etc. . . . to throw off the scent.” “The Dharma Bums,” which was published in 1958, incited a “Rucksack Revolution” and fed a craze for Zen. It made Snyder famous, but he was not particularly grateful. “Since Dharma Bums came out I feel that you’ve been silent and disappointed about me,” Kerouac wrote to him. “I dont think the book was as bad as you think; when you look at it again in future years, when the world will’ve gotten worster, you’ll look back and appreciate the job I did on ‘you’ and on Dharma Bumism.” Snyder says now that although Kerouac’s description of the climbing trip was essentially accurate, the rest grew out of his friend’s imagination. “The sex scene in ‘The Dharma Bums’ was the result of me describing for Jack Kerouac Tantric sex in Tibetan Buddhism,” he told me. “Jack was fascinated by that. I always say, ‘Give the guy credit!’ He could write a novel. He wasn’t just always a journalist.” That point was a shade too subtle for the rest of the world. In 1960, when Snyder got married in Kyoto to Joanne Kyger, an American poet whom he had met in North Beach, the display type in one newspaper notice read, “Zen Poet Wed / Kerouac Character / SF’s Gary Snyder Married in Japan.” (They broke up a few years later, though they remain friends, and in 1967 he married Uehara, a Japanese graduate student.) Snyder’s years in Japan were consumed with koan study. For his first, which took him a year and a half to answer, he was instructed to show what his face looked like before his parents met. He took the Buddhist name Chofu and early on fell in with some yamabushi-followers of an ancient folk religion that centers on mountaineering-who took him climbing. Snyder says, “They said, ‘O.K., we’re going to see if you are one of us.’ They told me to climb up a five-hundred-foot vertical rock pitch while chanting the Heart Sutra. Luckily, I knew the Heart Sutra, so that was O.K. Then they said, ‘Now we’re going to initiate you.’ They tied a rope around my ankles and hung me over a cliff and said, ‘We’ll drop you if you don’t tell the truth,’ and they started asking me questions. After that was over, they took me to a mountain temple with a dirt floor-it was small and dark and all smoky with incense-and we blew the conch for hours. I have some very wonderful overalls from them.” As a student of Zen, Snyder lived an existence that was austere, and sometimes humorless. Once, after he had finished a week of intensive meditation, Kyger wrote in her journal, “Gary came home last Tuesday after the sesshin and said he had passed his koan plus 3 auxilliary ones. He refused to contract verbs-saying I will do it, instead of I’ll do it etc.” When they went to India with Allen Ginsberg and Peter Orlovsky, Kyger told me recently, she coveted a “beggar’s necklace” made of dozens of semiprecious stones-red, orange, green, creamy, amber-colored. Snyder let her buy it only after she had memorized the name of each one. In 1959, Snyder published “Riprap,” a group of short, tough poems composed, he wrote, to the rhythms of physical labor, and informed by his work laying cobblestones on the granite slab of the Sierra as part of a trail crew. The language itself is stony, a monosyllabic, Anglo-Saxon workingman’s vocabulary that reverberates when struck: “Lay down these words / Before your mind like rocks. / placed solid, by hands / In choice of place, set / Before the body of the mind / in space and time: / Solidity of bark, leaf, or wall / riprap of things.” “I felt absolutely at home with the colloquial voice and the honest-to-god, honest-to-earth elemental content-the things of the poems,” Seamus Heaney, the Nobel Prize-winning Irish poet, said about his initial encounter with Snyder’s poems. “There is something unleavened about that first book. The elements of the poems are trustworthy, and you feel there’s a real coherence in the sensibility that’s transmitting them to you. And, in the primal, mythic-poetry sense, he’s back on the Hill of Parnassus.” In the middle of June, Snyder visited New York for a long weekend. With his younger son, Gen, who is thirty-eight, he went twice to the Met. They looked at rare pre-Columbian feather-working, Himalayan art, and samurai gear, and visited an exhibit on Chinese painting and calligraphy. “For one who knows the nature of the East Asian brush and what’s possible, it was somewhat elementary, but very useful for the usual viewer,” he wrote to me later. On the Saturday of the trip, wearing jeans, a vest, and a long skull-and-bead necklace-a symbol of impermanence that he picked up at a Buddhist supply shop in Kyoto-Snyder reported to the Asia Society, on the Upper East Side, for a symposium devoted to his travels through India with Kyger, Ginsberg, and Orlovsky. “One of the most significant and transformative things for me was discovering the depth of time in the mythologies of India,” Snyder told the audience. “That we live in a universe of millions of universes that has gone through millions and millions of years, kalpa after kalpa, aeon after aeon.” Then he told a story about how he once blew the mind of Francis Crick, over lunch, when he explained to him that the Indian belief in reincarnation demonstrated an understanding of deep space and the history of the universe. Performance is an essential part of Snyder’s poetry; it was the Six Gallery reading, he says, that first awakened him to the possibility of an oral poetry in America. “It made us realize that poetry was a social experience, more like storytelling,” he says. Reading aloud is crucial to his process; he improvises, makes substitutions, supplies glosses on difficult words. Sometimes he sings a poem, or gestures with his hands, like a conductor before an orchestra. In India, he attended an all-night poetry reading, and several years ago he tried one himself, with dancers, musicians, and costumes. At the Asia Society, he was brief, reading one ten-minute poem: “An Offering for Tara”-the Buddhist goddess of compassion. The poem is one of his more esoteric works, a multivoiced, choral setting, but he didn’t worry about comprehensibility. He says, “When people tell me they don’t understand a poem, I say, ‘Fine, just listen to it. The exposure to it is part of its power. Don’t vex yourself with an intellectual understanding of it.’ We don’t expect to understand graphic art that way.” Snyder read with his heels clicked together in back, a dancer in first position. He leaned into the stresses as if boosted by an updraft, making of each word a surprising curiosity. When he got to a Sanskrit prayer, “Om tare tuttare ture swaha tare tare tare,” he chanted it-resonant, rapid, low. The audience was suffused with happy, baffled pleasure and good vibes. Snyder sat down in the audience. Ed Sanders, of the Fugs, sang a reedy song to Ginsberg, “He was one of me hee-eeee-roes.” There was talk of “Omic laryngitis” and the Human Be-In, which Snyder opened by blowing on a conch. Ginsberg’s old harmonium was trotted out. Meanwhile, Snyder got to work. He put on a pair of glasses, and took a small notebook from the front pocket of his shirt. He paged through it, periodically jotting something down. Every once in a while, at the end of a number, he’d look up, remove his glasses and rub his eyes, and then resume note-taking. “I live in the present. That’s why I get things done in the present,” Snyder told me later, explaining his impatience at being called a Beat writer. “I’m not a Beat in a literary sense,” he said. “I’m a historical part of that circle of friends, and I was part of the early sociological and cultural effect of it. My work did not fit with the critics’ and the media’s idea of Beat writing, ever. We were all so different from each other, all these unique cases. That makes it really kind of untidy.” Another time, he said, “Why I distanced myself from the Beats? Allen and I had that out even when we were in our twenties. We had mutual respect, and mutual disagreement. I am very symptomatic of the West Coast, and the West Coast is a slightly different culture from the rest of the country.” Kitkitdizze, named for a local plant, is Snyder’s place. It is on the San Juan Ridge, in the Yuba River watershed. “My pond runs right past San Francisco,” he says. “It goes into the creek downhill, from there into the South Yuba, then to the Feather, the Sacramento, through the delta to San Francisco Bay, and on out to the Pacific.” Snyder bought the land in the mid-sixties, with Allen Ginsberg and Richard Baker, then the president of the San Francisco Zen Center. (Snyder bought them out, and Gen now lives in Bedrock Mortar, the twenty-by-twenty cabin that Ginsberg built, inscribing “HARE KRISHNA HARE KRISHNA JAI GURU RAMA OM HUM” on its foundation.) Snyder’s house is low-browed, and roofed in red tiles; the stain is grayish to match the woods around it, and the trim is the orange-red of manzanita bark. (He took a branch to a paint store and had the supplier mix the shade accordingly.) The floor in the kitchen is made from sandstone that Snyder harvested from California’s White Mountains, at nine thousand feet. “The job is very amateurish, not as smooth as it could be,” he said when I visited him there in late June. “It’s the first stone floor I ever laid.” The center of the house, now occupied by a dining-room table stacked with books and periodicals, was once an open fire pit, over which a huge kettle would hang, suspended from a hook that Snyder had carved out of an oak crotch that he found. A gable covers the old smoke hole. In 1969, Snyder sought ten volunteers to help him build a home that was to be part Japanese farmhouse, part Indian lodge. They came-some from Berkeley, some from Antioch College-in the summer of 1970, and, with Snyder and Uehara, built the house in a few months, using ponderosa pines from within three hundred feet of the site to frame, and local incense cedar for siding. The foundation stones came from the middle fork of the Yuba River. There was no electricity (Kitkitdizze is still off the grid, and nowadays runs on solar and generators), so they felled the trees with a two-man handsaw. Days were hot and nakedness prevailed. Many of Snyder’s poems come straight from his life. The topless women carpenters inspired “Alabaster,” published in a mid-eighties collection, “Left Out in the Rain”: Tanya’s bosom like a drawn bow Holly like a load of flowers Ann’s gracious fruits Masa brown and slimming down from milky dark-veined weight and, slighter than the rest, But strongly dappled in the sweltering-shady mind, Many of the volunteers-Holly and Tanya among them-decided to stay on San Juan Ridge. Some pooled their resources and bought the adjacent property, and this community became Snyder’s testing ground for the ideas he was beginning to explore in print. In “Four Changes,” a widely circulated environmental treatise he published in 1969 and made available for free, he warned of the dangers of overpopulation, pollution, and consumption-particularly of fossil fuels. Some of his ideas seem implausible now-polyandrous marriages as a remedy for overpopulation, walking the Coast Range as a way to get from San Francisco to L.A.-while others are straight out of the post-Gore environmental consciousness: bring your own bags to the grocery store, use natural fertilizer, recycle, carpool. He says, “It is not particularly gratifying to have been right.” “Gary was in the thick of Bay Area green activism at a time when it was being invented,” Stewart Brand, the publisher of the “Whole Earth Catalogue” and one of many people who published “Four Changes,” told me. According to Snyder’s old friend Jack Shoemaker, of Counterpoint, his publisher since the early eighties, ” ‘Four Changes’ really elevated him to be an environmental leader of the counterculture. It wasn’t a hippie-dippy, feather-wearing poem. It was a manifesto, and the national environmental movement had to take it seriously.” Snyder began to be recognized as a public intellectual, lecturing at universities and appearing at environmental conferences, including the historic United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, in 1972. Shoemaker said, “The environmental movement needed a celebrity-like person, someone charismatic. The others were dull as paste. They needed someone attractive, and Gary understood something about his own attractiveness. He had a sense of his life as style, long before we had that term ‘life style.’ ” Informed by the Buddhist principle of ahimsa, or non-harming, and also by Native American religious thought, Snyder argues that humans must take the nonhuman elements of the planet into account, not for our sakes but for theirs. Using Kitkitdizze as a prototype, he encourages others to inhabit more fully the places they live-settle down, get to know the neighbors (including, in his conception, the plants and animals), join the school board and the watershed council, and defend the local resources and way of life. Place, he writes, should be defined by natural indicators, like rivers and the flora and fauna they support. “The watershed is the first and last nation whose boundaries, though subtly shifting, are unarguable,” he wrote in an essay in the early nineties. “If public lands come under greater pressure to be opened for exploitation and use in the twenty-first century, it will be the local people, the watershed people, who will prove to be the last and possibly most effective line of defense.” Bill McKibben, writing in The New York Review of Books in 1991, asserted that “Snyder has emerged as perhaps the most eloquent American champion of what is called ‘bioregionalism,’ the idea that political boundaries should reflect the land we live on, and that decisions within those boundaries should respect that land.” He went on, “The long-held aesthetic arguments for a simpler life are suddenly being seen to coincide neatly with the hard-headed calculations of the atmospheric chemists. Snyder is among the first to sense this conjunction.” Snyder’s take on climate change is, however, typically independent. Humans may be in for some difficult times, but nature will take care of itself, he says. Accept impermanence. In the early days, Snyder and his family hand-pumped their water, and lived by kerosene and firelight. In summer, they cooked outside and ate in an open-sided dining room. Uehara made her first birthday cake, for Kai, in a Dutch oven, over campfire coals. And, readers of “Turtle Island” know, they all bathed together in a sauna, an everyday experience that, in “The Bath,” Snyder transforms into a meditation on the sexual interconnectedness of father, mother, and child. (When the boys were old enough to care, they banned him from reading the poem on the West Coast.) Sweating and panting in the stove-steam hot-stone cedar-planking wooden bucket water-splashing Masa comes in, letting fresh cool air sweep down from the door a deep sweet breath And she tips him over gripping neatly, one knee down her hair falling hiding one whole side of shoulder, breast, and belly, Washes deftly Kai’s head-hair as he gets mad and yells— The body of my lady, the winding valley spine, the space between the thighs I reach through, cup her curving vulva arch and hold it from behind, a soapy tickle a hand of grail The gates of Awe That open back a turning double-mirror world of wombs in wombs, in rings, that start in music, is this our body? The sauna still stands. Snyder told me that it can fit five or six comfortably, though it has sometimes held many more. Inside is a shelf of special objects-a piece of white brain coral, a perfectly round stone, and a little brass figurine of a man and a woman in yabyum. “But it’s much too hot in here to do anything like that,” he said. “You’d have a heart attack!” Uehara and Snyder divorced in 1990; she is remarried, and lives on a piece of land next door. “Gary was so social-still is,” she told me. “Out of seven days, maybe five of them we had someone for dinner. A natural, organic poetry salon was constantly happening in our living room. Ferlinghetti came, Ginsberg came, McClure, Lew Welch”-a poet Snyder had known since Reed. “They were in and out all the time. Gary would invite the neighbors who were interested in their ideas. I was doing all the cooking, with two little kids in diapers.” Snyder, she said, did the dishes. In addition to the welcome guests, there was a stream of uninvited and, according to Uehara, ill-mannered hippies, who would arrive expecting to be edified and fed. Joanne Kyger told me, “There were an awful lot of Gary Snyder wannabes. His style of writing was very appealing in the seventies to young men looking for a poetic identity. He was a good example of a greened-out, dropout way to live.” The world of Kitkitdizze also attracted a more sophisticated type of seeker and scenester. “Gary became one of those figures, one of those cultural touchstones,” Shoemaker said. Robert Crumb, the cartoonist, visited with his band, and played a gig at the North San Juan Volunteer Fire Department Hall. The actor and writer Peter Coyote, who was living on a commune in West Marin with some of the Diggers, an anarchist group from Haight-Ashbury, met Snyder through Lew Welch and became a regular. “I began to study Gary,” Coyote told me. “I looked carefully at his house, at the level of thought that went into it. It’s so elegant, and has everything he needs without being expensive.” Following Snyder’s example, Coyote took up the practice of Zen. The only person I heard about who did not relish going to Kitkitdizze was James Laughlin, the founder of New Directions, who published Snyder from the sixties through the eighties. Laughlin, Lawrence Ferlinghetti told me, was “a total Ivy League gentleman,” afraid to sit cross-legged on the floor in his wingtip cordovan shoes, much less take the shoes off, in compliance with the household’s Japanese rules. In the early eighties, when Snyder built Ring of Bone, a beautiful zendo in the meadow behind his house, Jerry Brown, then the governor of California, came to meditate, and one time brought Snyder a sculpture of Fudo-the ferocious, sword-bearing, lariat-swinging deity. (“He’s a mountain figure,” Snyder says. “A kind of tattered, workingman’s Buddha. He’s always been one of my allies.”) Brown visited Kitkitdizze occasionally in the seventies and eighties-it was just two hours from Sacramento-and appointed Snyder the first chairman of a new artist-run state arts commission. Brown liked the literary conversation-Snyder’s easy, learned references to Chinese and Japanese poetry-and valued their discussions of Zen and ecology. He even bought a parcel of land near the ridge. “What I really appreciated particularly about Gary was his knowledge of the land-the flora and fauna and what it could be,” Brown told me. “It was a perspective outside the hustle of political and business life. I like what he does. It’s very concrete. He knows how to sharpen an axe, and all those things you don’t learn in the city, or in school.” Snyder’s relationship with Brown represents the most classically Chinese moment in his career, and one that is extremely rare in America: the poet as a servant of the state. He got a few poems out of it, including one, collected in “Axe Handles” (1983), that describes how, after he and the Governor “spoke of farming, / of oil, and what would happen to the cars,” he took out a bow and arrow, and they started shooting at straw bales near the barn. One day, visiting Snyder at Kitkitdizze, I met a young man who was working in the garden, Matthew O’Malley, from Sandwich, Massachusetts. He had moved to the ridge two years before, drawn to the community that has grown up around Snyder. “There’s a kind of lore about the reinhabitory culture there,” he told me a few weeks later, off the ridge. “I wanted to see if I could become part of it.” In college, at Villanova, he and his friends had a kind of philosophers’ circle where they read Snyder’s poems-“No one’s teaching that stuff in the Northeast!”-sat in meditation, drank red wine, wrote, pondered the idea of blue-collar poetry, and went backpacking together. When he graduated, he went to work on a trail crew. “Gary’s kind of an exemplar,” he said. “It’s not just the poems. A lot of it is how he’s lived his life.” O’Malley has reddish-brown hair and a beard, wears little glasses, and keeps a notebook and a pencil tucked into the front pocket of a button-down shirt. His manner is serious; he is an elderly twenty-six. He said he was studying at Ring of Bone and living in a school bus on China Flats, just below Uehara’s house. He had got solar panels but hadn’t hooked them up. “I have kerosene and candles,” he said-enough light to read and write poems by. “It works. So many people up there were on kerosene for years.” Driving, Snyder dictates poems into a little tape recorder, along with their punctuation-double indent, space, comma, point. To him, the written texts of poems are musical scores; on the page their forms are fluid, loose, irregular. Blocks of indented lines indicate a shift in voice, and often a slight conceptual change, as when, Snyder says, “You’re telling two closely related stories.” White space in the middle of the line is for a caesura more substantial than a comma or a semicolon; white space between stanzas allows time to elapse. “His reasons are never visual, but arranging the line as he does is a way of announcing, ‘This is less regimented, more dance-like,’ ” Robert Hass, who won this year’s Pulitzer Prize for poetry, said. “Letting the poem breathe is another way of putting it.” Snyder’s rhythms are accentual; like Pound, he hears stresses rather than stresses and syllables, as metrical poets do. To describe his mode as lyric does not quite capture it. Even Snyder’s most intimate poems can have an impersonal quality: the “I,” sometimes suppressed, is unobtrusive-a vehicle for exploring the world, not a world in itself. Snyder sees his poems as “mytho-poetic, magical-lyrical-oral, in a line from Blake.” Seamus Heaney said, “Snyder is a poet of mind. The bare-handed encounter with the actual does not preclude a clearheaded vision of what’s called for.” The poems do feel instructional; the poet Brenda Hillman thinks of Snyder’s body of work as a “Georgics.” Reading him, you encounter a massive, assimilating intelligence, with a startling command of natural and human history. He possesses a scholar’s exactitude, and occasionally a scholar’s pedantry and attraction to the arcane fact-providing the Japanese translation of “boar meat” or positing the Finno-Ugric origins of the word “hemp.” “It’s a professorial thing to do,” he says. “I realize that it’s not going to be of use to a great number of people. However, it’s part of the history of language, and it enriches how we understand language.” The poet Thom Gunn, in an admiring review of Snyder for the BBC’s The Listener, remarked that the poems were “deceptively simple.” Even an apparently obvious, diaristic poem like “Burning the Small Dead,” from “The Back Country”-a volume, published in 1968, that prompted the Partisan Review to call Snyder’s work “monotonous, flat and superficial”-is rich in information. The entire poem reads: hiss in a twisted bough. sierra granite; black rock twice as old. Deneb, Altair The poem is an evocation of the expanse of geological time, and an exploration of the forces that shape the landscape. Its observations, so lightly offered, are accurate. Hass said, “Whitebark pine is a little scrubby pine that only appears at the tree line. If you know mountains, you know you’re probably at ten thousand feet. He’s picked off the dead branches and is making a fire, and he thinks about its life span. Then, thinking about things that burn, he says ‘sierra granite’-granite is twice-burned rock, forged out of fire. Looking south from the gray granite of Yosemite, you see a chocolate-colored rock-‘Mt. Ritter / black rock twice as old’-and it is twice as old. In summertime, you locate yourself by the summer triangle, two points of which are the stars Deneb and Altair. He goes from looking at the little fire he’s made to thinking about fire that forged the granite, to the stars, and says what Buddhists say: everything is burning.” I’d add that Vega, the third point in the summer triangle, is a star that, in Yosemite, appears to be directly overhead, making the “windy fire” its imaginative as well as its syntactic stand-in. Although in recent years Snyder’s prose has been discovered by the emerging discipline of eco-literature-Lawrence Buell, a professor at Harvard, is one prominent critic in the field who teaches him-Snyder says that there has been, about his poetry, “a lot of silence from some quarters” of the literary establishment. “There are people who just don’t want to deal with it,” he says. “More in the East than in the West. A certain percentage of my poetry requires for a scholar to become more acquainted with Native American and East Asian thinking. It is considered somewhat marginal to mainstream America. Fair enough. The poetics itself is a little marginal, too, in that I have consciously been more aware of the oral tradition than other poets.” Another problem is that he is sometimes categorized as a nature poet-“the kiss of death, actually.” He says, “Being called a nature poet is like being called a woman poet, as if it were a lower grade of writing, and one based in romanticism. I am a poet who has preferred not to distinguish in poetry between nature and humanity. Just like I would argue as a bioregionalist that all of these beings are part of my community, and I would like to be able to say hello to each of them.” But Snyder does not stand completely outside the mainstream poetry world: he is a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets, and this year won the Ruth Lilly prize from the Poetry Foundation, one of several prestigious awards he has received. Snyder’s most complex and difficult work is “Mountains and Rivers Without End,” a poem cycle that absorbed him from 1956 until 1996, and whose title is taken from a category of Chinese landscape painting. “I’ve done a lot of short lyric poems and those are widely read, but my real challenge and what really interests me is the long narrative poem,” he told me. “The burden of information and story it can carry is huge. These poems can be about a whole tribe or clan or world.” The poem-which was published in 1997 and moves through terrains as varied as the Northwestern highway 99, New York City, and Kathmandu, invoking Buddhas, telling old folk stories, explaining geo-history, tracing rivers, meeting talking animals-is structured, to some extent, like a Noh play. “It follows jo-ha-kyu,” Snyder said. “Jo means ‘serene introduction.’ Ha means ‘extended and detailed narrative information.’ Kyu means ‘an ending which is surprisingly sudden.’ It’s much more interesting than the Aristotelian model of a beginning, middle, and end. The Japanese say, ‘Listen to the birdsong, it has a jo, a ha, and a kyu.’ To them it’s completely natural.” “Mountains and Rivers” is Snyder’s most sustained effort at representing a bioregional world view. In an accompanying “making of” essay, he writes that the poem began to take shape when he arrived in Japan for the first time. “In Kyoto I lived in the Rinzai Zen temple compound of Shokoku-ji. I immediately entered the local hilly forests, found the trails and shrines, and paid my respects to the local kami. In my small spare time I read geology and geomorphology. I came to see the yogic implications of ‘mountains’ and ‘rivers’ as the play between the tough spirit of willed self-discipline and the generous and loving spirit of concern for all beings.” He continues, “I could imagine this dyad as paralleled in the dynamics of mountain uplift, subduction, erosion, and the planetary water cycle.” The poem’s journey ends in the Black Rock desert of northwestern Nevada, a place beyond the project’s terms: “no waters, no mountains, no / bush no grass and / because no grass / no shade but your shadow. / No flatness because no not-flatness. / No loss, no gain. So- / nothing in the way! / -the ground is the sky / the sky is the ground, / no place between.” The final image is of a sumi paintbrush, lifting off the page. The first weekend in August, Snyder was in the High Sierra of Yosemite, giving readings at Parsons Lodge, a one-room structure of granite porphyry and lodgepole beams designed by the Arts and Crafts architects Bernard Maybeck and Mark White for the Sierra Club, in 1915. The lodge was half a mile from the road, across a bright meadow studded with glacial erratics and tall lodgepole pines and pale-green sagebrush, through which the Tuolumne River ran. Snyder, in a crisp white shirt and hiking boots, and wearing a red backpack, set out across the meadow in the evening, as the light was growing cold and golden and the lodgepoles were beginning to cast long shadows. He knew the terrain well. Tuolumne Meadows, as the area is known, was the point from which his trail crew set out, in 1955, and he has been back, camping and hiking and climbing-researching-many times. “This is another sort of home, this country is,” he said. More than three hundred people crowded in the large arched doorway of the lodge and leaned through the open French windows-the young and scruffy, the rangers in their uniforms, the old-timers in Tevas with braided hair. Two Park Service poets-Guy McClellan, just graduated from Lewis and Clark, and Nick Ross-Rhudy, still at Reed-sat on a ledge under a window, elbows on knees. They were both aficionados of “Riprap.” Ross-Rhudy-tall and gangly with soft blue eyes and a conch pierce in his ear-was on a trail crew for the summer. “Something I really appreciate is that the language is our everyday language,” he said later. “He talks about things like the singlejack and pack strings-as a poet, those words just sound good. Doing trail-crew work, you love those words and what they represent.” Snyder opened by reading “Off the Trail,” an easygoing love poem celebrating spontaneity, independence, and companionability. He dedicated it to his late wife, Carole Koda, a Japanese-American woman he married in the early nineties and who died two years ago. After the poem, he offered a short lesson on its moral, drawn from anthropology. “Throughout human history and prehistory, the trail was only to get you somewhere,” he said. “What was important was what was off the trail. Food, roots, berries, dye plants, glue plants, poisonous plants, recreational-drug plants, squirrel nests, bird nests, everything you might think you’d need. What’s way off the trail are the places you go to be alone and have a vision and your own spiritual trip, maybe with some of those recreational plants”-knowing snickers from the kids-“and then you come back.” For the rest of the night, he read from “Mountains and Rivers.” In response to a comment from the audience about the Heart Sutra, he recited it. Afterward, he retraced his steps across the meadow in the dark, stopping every few minutes to look up: Scorpio, with Antares, the fire star, burning orange; the polestar, which in ancient China was a symbol of the emperor; Vega, in the center of the sky. / westpacificreview / Leave a comment Paul is a poet and a tireless advocate for Cascadia. He has written a description of what he calls “Organic” poetry and shows its refractions and its heritage in a poetic flow of references. Paul’s focus is on the west coast and talks about how it is influenced more by the east than the west, as Rexroth advocated. – rlw Organic in Cascadia: A Sequence of Energies A presentation for UW Bothell Convergence on Poetics, September 30, 2012 Duncan, Levertov Use of term Organic, stems from its use in the early 60s correspondence of Robert Duncan and Denise Levertov. I use it interchangeably with Projective and use it because of the implications to/affinities with a shift in models from the materialistic (reductionist) to the organismic. Cascadia is this bioregion. Jewel Net of Indra The theory that would serve as the philosophical underpinning of this approach is Whitehead’s Process Philosophy, though Hua-yen Buddhism (exemplified by The Jewel Net of Indra) also works well, as do many aspects of indigenous thought and cosmology. That theory would have occasions of experience as the foundation of its explanation of how reality works. The poem is an occasion of experience, linked to past occasions and influencing future occasions. In the Hua-yen view, future occasions influence the present. This suggests field theory, as used in quantum physics (WCW and Olson alluded to this) and to the work of people like Rupert Sheldrake. It also has parallels to animism and other modes of indigenous thought. I came across an old essay by Sunn Shelley Wong, her Masters Thesis, done at Simon Fraser University. Robin Blaser, Roy Miki and Peter Quartermain served on her graduate committee. It had this great line: At every moment in a life or in a poem, the formal choice is between answering to that which is alive, or attempting to enslave it. Robin Blaser Organic predecessors include Whitman, Williams, Olson and those already mentioned. The title of this presentation is a nod to a Robin Blaser line in the forward to The Holy Forest, his life-long serial poem about the serial poem itself. The inherent spirituality suggested in different ways by these poets is critical to an understanding of what I see as the best way forward to make the poem, in Olson’s words, a high-energy construct. Humility, generosity and an ongoing sense of revelation (Oppen called for Noopoeia) are some qualities of such a poetry. Who’s Cascadia’s Lorine Niedecker? How translate power of mountains, glaciers, waterfalls, beaches &c into a high-energy construct? Whitman’s Do I contradict myself notion (I am large, I contain multitudes) is a wonderful prophecy for such a poetics: multiple individuals Lorine Niedecker contending with multiple individual agents of consciousness operant in mind. (& Mind being understood as non-local.) Williams use of the imagination (especially in Spring & All) as the entity engaged in such a practice of outside. Only the imagination is undeceived… the imagination freed from the handcuffs of ,, ,, art “ “ takes the lead… the inevitable flux of the seeing eye toward measuring itself by the world it inhabits can only result in himself crushing humiliation unless the individual raise to some approximate co-extension with the universe. This is possible by aid of the imagination. Only through the agency of this force can a man feel himself moved largely with the sympathetic pulses at work. Of note: Olson referring to the single intelligence and the stance toward reality he implies (organismic) his recognition of the energetic force of humility and his likening of poetry that does not evoke that force – to sprawl. When most think of that word, sprawl, the word suburban usually goes before it, no offense to our Bothell hosts. The Spicer/Blaser notion of the practice of outside and how Blaser’s practice could be described as a new way of entering the holiness of the everyday. (Charles Bernstein.) Bowering tells kids to “get out of my field!” It is clear to me a way forward IS that approach, the serial poem, and key practitioners for me are Blaser, Nate Mackey, Michael McClure, Jose Kozer, George Stanley and George Bowering. It is no accident that all but one of these are West Coast writers, two of the five are in the region some call Cascadia, one of the rest with formative years spent here. The serial poem, as it unveils the sequences of moments, the trail of entelechy. Not so much as transcendence as much as it is intensification of the moment. Mackey: Serial form lends itself to andoumboulous liminality, the draft unassured extension knows itself to be. Provisional, ongoing … moving forward and backward both, repeatedly… If the organismic is closer to what reality is than other methods (and this can be contested, but it’s my suspicion) than the serial poem, a life-long dedication to the poem as revelation of content (Levertov) seems to me to be its highest manifestation in poetry. Cascadia’s proximity to Asia and its debt to Asian wisdom cultures moreso than European ones (as Rexroth knew about the West Coast 70 years ago) along with the notion that indigenous cultures here were not totally obliterated (Coastal Salish art as one example, described as the most celebrated art from any of the world’s hunter/gatherer cultures) suggest that the field here is fertile for such a gesture which builds on what these poets have done. 0.000000 0.000000 THE CREATIVE ACT by Marcel Duchamp Let us consider two important factors, the two poles of the creation of art: the artist on the one hand, and on the other the spectator who later becomes the posterity. To all appearances, the artist acts like a mediumistic being who, from the labyrinth beyond time and space, seeks his way out to a clearing. If we give the attributes of a medium to the artist, we must then deny him the state of consciousness on the esthetic plane about what he is doing or why he is doing it. All his decisions in the artistic execution of the work rest with pure intuition and cannot be translated into a self-analysis, spoken or written, or even thought out. T.S. Eliot, in his essay on “Tradition and Individual Talent”, writes: “The more perfect the artist, the more completely separate in him will be the man who suffers and the mind which creates; the more perfectly will the mind digest and transmute the passions which are its material.” Millions of artists create; only a few thousands are discussed or accepted by the spectator and many less again are consecrated by posterity. In the last analysis, the artist may shout from all the rooftops that he is a genius: he will have to wait for the verdict of the spectator in order that his declarations take a social value and that, finally, posterity includes him in the primers of Artist History. I know that this statement will not meet with the approval of many artists who refuse this mediumistic role and insist on the validity of their awareness in the creative act – yet, art history has consistently decided upon the virtues of a work of art through considerations completely divorced from the rationalized explanations of the artist. If the artist, as a human being, full of the best intentions toward himself and the whole world, plays no role at all in the judgment of his own work, how can one describe the phenomenon which prompts the spectator to react critically to the work of art? In other words, how does this reaction come about? This phenomenon is comparable to a transference from the artist to the spectator in the form of an esthetic osmosis taking place through the inert matter, such as pigment, piano or marble. But before we go further, I want to clarify our understanding of the word ‘art’ – to be sure, without any attempt at a definition. What I have in mind is that art may be bad, good or indifferent, but, whatever adjective is used, we must call it art, and bad art is still art in the same way that a bad emotion is still an emotion. Therefore, when I refer to ‘art coefficient’, it will be understood that I refer not only to great art, but I am trying to describe the subjective mechanism which produces art in the raw state – à l’état brut – bad, good or indifferent. In the creative act, the artist goes from intention to realization through a chain of totally subjective reactions. His struggle toward the realization is a series of efforts, pains, satisfaction, refusals, decisions, which also cannot and must not be fully self-conscious, at least on the esthetic plane. The result of this struggle is a difference between the intention and its realization, a difference which the artist is not aware of. Consequently, in the chain of reactions accompanying the creative act, a link is missing. This gap, representing the inability of the artist to express fully his intention, this difference between what he intended to realize and did realize, is the personal ‘art coefficient’ contained in the work. In other words, the personal ‘art coefficient’ is like an arithmetical relation between the unexpressed but intended and the unintentionally expressed. To avoid a misunderstanding, we must remember that this ‘art coefficient’ is a personal expression of art à l’état brut, that is, still in a raw state, which must be ‘refined’ as pure sugar from molasses by the spectator; the digit of this coefficient has no bearing whatsoever on his verdict. The creative act takes another aspect when the spectator experiences the phenomenon of transmutation: through the change from inert matter into a work of art, an actual transubtantiation has taken place, and the role of the spectator is to determine the weight of the work on the esthetic scale. All in all, the creative act is not performed by the artist alone; the spectator brings the work in contact with the external world by deciphering and interpreting its inner qualification and thus adds his contribution to the creative act. This becomes even more obvious when posterity gives a final verdict and sometimes rehabilitates forgotten artists. 0.000000 0.000000 The Stranger by Albert Camus – Impressions 1942 Prose that is crisp and spare and precise. Fragments of humanity that are turned this way and that to develop a character in time and place. Meursault is detached and self-sufficient. His social needs are minimal. He is authentic and sure of his senses and is comfortable with his emotions. He commits to actions and takes responsibility for them. He is lucid and balanced. Those who are social will say he is shut down; those who are not social see his basic health. He does not fake nor see the need to fake emotions he does not have. He is intimate with the real world: sun, sky, heat, the ocean, colors. His literalness allows for associations with people who are dangerous or marginal; his orientation demonstrates his authenticity without regard to a social self-defense. It goes unanswered as to his relationship with Raymond who places him in a position of being complicit in Raymond’s hostilities which are not his own, but he feels a need to play out the service, for him to be a defender in the midst of the group aggression. He could have backed out but he chose to defend a pal. This more than anything put him in a position to shoot the aggressor when he was in a circumstance that was unclear and in his physical confusion he defended himself and added a layer of aggressiveness that ensured his safety – the murder and the extra four shots. His authenticity dooms him in a society that requires conformance, a christian conformance that is blatantly surface and rote. His life and death are tragic and deeply human. 0.000000 0.000000 / westpacificreview / Leave a comment Today I read an article and have a hard time getting through it since I check all of the sources, people, images and so on. ( A 1977 Paris Review interview with Celine and he talks about Paul Morand , Ramuz, and Barbusse and the fall of Stalingrad – so I’m looking up each writer to get a sense of who they are and what they have done and the whole kernel of Stalingrad – the turning point of WWII. This is in addition to all of the associated images of people and events. ) I am lucky to finish the piece. Reading near the internet is now like living inside a neural network that is firing continuously right at your: eyes, head, brain, ears, emotions, sex. I get caught up in the neural experience, the electricity, the emotion, the speed, the rush….. I look over to my list of “Zen Things” on the wall and read ” Do one thing at a time. Do it well”. / westpacificreview / 1 Comment Barry Lopez has lived in the foothills of the Oregon Cascade mountains for 40 years. As a younger man he was a landscape photographer. He is unsurpassed as a western naturalist, scientist and philosopher. He is of course a journalist. His grasp of humanity is deep and highly spiritual. He sees the human situation as it is and calls out our need to include the world in a personal way rather than try to beat it or use it or to destroy it – even to manage it – it is not ours to manage. This dialogue is excellent. An interesting character sketch and story. One that brings both people to life in a clear, crisp way. B. 1926 \| By SAM ANDERSON Valerie and T. S. Eliot in 1957. (Angus McBean, from Houghton Library, Harvard University) SURELY SOMETHING HAS GONE WRONG WITH TIME. How else to explain that T. S. Eliot ’s second wife, Valerie, has just died? Eliot was born in the 1880s, rose to fame in the 1920s, stopped writing poetry (more or less) in the 1940s and died an old man in the 1960s. He and his peers — Ezra Pound, Conrad Aiken, Wallace Stevens — survive mainly in anthologies, where they patrol the borders of the vast, arid Holy Land called Modernism. So how is it possible that a person who knew Eliot intimately in his life, who sat with him through long evenings playing Scrabble and eating cheese, died in 2012? The easiest way to explain it is with one of the culture’s oldest stories: a powerful old man married his beautiful young secretary. This is, factually, what happened. Valerie Fletcher, on their wedding day, was 30. Eliot was 68. But T. S. Eliot made a career of teaching us to look more deeply at old stories, to notice that they are stranger and more complex than we often allow ourselves to think. Valerie Eliot was — and this is saying something — possibly her husband’s biggest fan. The turning point in her life came at age 14, when she heard an audio recording of “The Journey of the Magi,” a poem in which Eliot imagines the trip to see the baby Jesus as it might actually have been: long, hard and plagued by a gnawing sense of doubt. Valerie set off on a quest of her own to meet and work with the master. It took her eight years. She moved from Yorkshire to London, worked at a library, then as a secretary for the novelist Charles Morgan — and then, in 1950, tipped off by a family friend who knew Eliot, she managed to get hired as his secretary at Faber & Faber. She did not, as we might expect from various TV series, immediately make a romantic move. Instead, she was an efficient secretary and a devoted archivist, but, like Eliot himself, emotionally distant. After five years, Eliot complained about his mysterious young employee to a woman who had proposed to him, unsuccessfully, twice: “I can’t get to know her at all, she shuts up like a clam.” To everyone’s surprise, they were married, secretly, two years later. Eliot was a difficult man: withdrawn, hypochondriacal, prone to sudden rages, ascetic, shy, depressive, disdainful, fragile and evasive. By the time Valerie got to him, he was not only a hypochondriac but genuinely ill. There was a lesion in his heart, he walked with a cane and suffered from emphysema. (“By the winter of 1959/60,” the biographer Lyndall Gordon writes, “he told Pound that he had to put most of his energy into breathing.”) On their honeymoon in France, Eliot got the flu and cracked a tooth. And yet, in this new life with Valerie, T. S. Eliot became an impossible thing: happy. He had always depended on other people to mediate between him and the outside world: mentors, patrons, roommates, friends. Valerie Eliot became the one person in which all the essential roles combined. They held hands in public. They read to each other. They danced. “This last part of my life,” Eliot wrote, “is the best, in excess of anything I could have deserved.” Valerie Eliot was married to T. S. Eliot for less than eight years; she was a widow for nearly 50. In that time, she lived intimately with Eliot’s work, guarding it and advancing it and — controversially — licensing it to Andrew Lloyd Webber for “Cats.” (She used the profits to found a charity.) She published a facsimile of the manuscript of “The Waste Land,” to which she added a long and meticulous introduction. She vexed scholars by denying permission to quote his poems, making biography difficult. This strikes me, however, as an appropriate extension of the life and priorities of her husband. Like him, she was serious about the idea that tradition is something to be actively constructed and curated, not just passively handed down. She became a living exemplar of his belief that emotion can be expressed more powerfully through privacy and scrupulous duty than through fits of public gushing. Even the odd time signature of Valerie Eliot’s life feels appropriate. Eliot was the poet of memory and time, which he constantly collapsed and stretched. His final great poem, “The Four Quartets,” begins: “Time present and time past/Are both perhaps present in time future,/And time future contained in time past.” Valerie Eliot spent many decades inhabiting all those different times at once. Sam Anderson is the magazine’s critic at large. From The New York Times Magazine: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/12/30/magazine/the-lives-they-lived-2012.html?view=Valerie_Eliot / westpacificreview / Leave a comment Illustration from Seed magazine It is inevitable that we learn about human psychology from other living creatures. It is proving that bacteria is a source of rich insights and an incredible wealth of scientific learning and understanding. This will proceed assuming that we put our arrogance and high place in the universe aside and look at what is really here before us. Our understanding of the consciousness surrounding us is just beginning and in our humility we will mine deeper into the fact that species ecology is our lifeblood as much as the red blood in our own veins. Human focus on the here and now and developing an ethics of living creatures. rlw Social Behavior of Bacteria In the early 90’s, Ben-Jacob’s group discovered two bacteria strains [29][30][31] – the Paenibacillus dendritiformis and the Paenibacillus vortex (see also Paenibacillus )- that are recognized by many as the two most fascinating pattern-forming bacteria species. Combining microbiological experiments with physical principles of self-organization and advanced modeling [32][33][34], Ben-Jacob revealed many “secrets” of bacteria and became a world influential figure in promoting the recognition that bacteria are smart cooperative organisms [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] that employ advanced communication to lead intricate social lives in large and complex colonies. Sophisticated chemical communication allows bacteria to rapidly adapt to changes in the environment, distribute tasks, “learn from experience”, make decisions and prepare for the future 11. Ben-Jacob put forward the idea of bacterial social intelligence and his group devised a social IQ score of bacteria as a comparative genomic tool to assess the genome potential of bacteria to conduct successful cooperative and adaptable behaviors, or social behaviors, in complex environments 1. / westpacificreview / Leave a comment Frye stumbles on the idea of archetypal structure in literature. It resonates with Jungian thought, Gaston Bachelard , James Hillman and others in that poetics comes before philosophy or psychology. It seems to me that there is biological, deep structure, integration of the image and poetics, a structure that cannot be deconstructed but is elemental to human nature. – rlw illustration – William Blake – Dante’s Inferno, Canto IV: Homer and the Ancient Poets Archetypal criticism as “a new poetics” For Frye, this “new poetics” is to be found in the principle of the mythological framework, which has come to be known as ‘archetypal criticism’. It is through the lens of this framework, which is essentially a centrifugal movement of backing up from the text towards the archetype, that the social function of literary criticism becomes apparent. Essentially, “what criticism can do,” according to Frye, “is awaken students to successive levels of awareness of the mythology that lies behind the ideology in which their society indoctrinates them” (Stingle 4). That is, the study of recurring structural patterns grants students an emancipatory distance from their own society, and gives them a vision of a higher human state — the Longinian sublime — that is not accessible directly through their own experience, but ultimately transforms and expands their experience, so that the poetic model becomes a model to live by. In what he terms a “kerygmatic mode,” myths become “myths to live by” and metaphors “metaphors to live in,” which “. . . not only work for us but constantly expand our horizons, [so that] we may enter the world of [kerygma or transformative power] and pass on to others what we have found to be true for ourselves” (Double Vision 18). Because of its important social function, Frye felt that literary criticism was an essential part of a liberal education , and worked tirelessly to communicate his ideas to a wider audience. “For many years now,” he wrote in 1987, “I have been addressing myself primarily, not to other critics, but to students and a nonspecialist public, realizing that whatever new directions can come to my discipline will come from their needs and their intense if unfocused vision” (Auguries 7). It is therefore fitting that his last book, published posthumously, should be one that he describes as being “something of a shorter and more accessible version of the longer books, The Great Code andWords with Power,” which he asks his readers to read sympathetically, not “as proceeding from a judgment seat of final conviction, but from a rest stop on a pilgrimage, however near the pilgrimage may now be to its close” (Double Vision Preface). / westpacificreview / 1 Comment It is rare that a towering intellect will let an artist have the last words on the judgement of his own work and worth. But Rexroth has done just that here in this 1955 piece. This essay is a wide-ranging contemplation of Graves when he was in his prime. Rexroth was in his prime as well and shows his knowledge and skill as a man of letters and here applies himself to the world of painting and calligraphy. Rexroth was deeply engaged in oriental thinking, culture, ideas and so had an affinity with Graves – he understands the orientation of the west coast to the east and was one of the forces in American culture that guided this proclivity. In this age of the internet, you may as a reader, follow Rexroth’s observations on different artistic comparisons and contrasts through Googling each entry as he makes his point. This is also a rare and marvelous piece of American literature that is nearly unparalleled in its erudition, brevity and competence.-rlw The Visionary Painting of Morris Graves It is not well known around the world that there existed in the nineteenth-century United States a very considerable visionary art. William Blake and his disciples, Samuel Palmer and Edward Calvert, Francis Danby and John Martin, the later Turner, the Pre-Raphaelites, Odilon Redon, Gustave Moreau, the Nabis, were popular in America and had considerable influence. Most of the painters of this tendency are now forgotten, but one, Albert Pinkham Ryder (1847-1917), has survived in popular esteem as one of America’s greatest artists. In our own time visionary painting has been at a discount all over the world, in spite of some interest stirred up a generation ago by the Surrealists, but it is quite possible that the reevaluation which has brought back Palmer, Calvert, and Redon, may in time to come restore many more forgotten reputations, even Moreau, who, say what you will, is the master of Rouault at least. It is to this tendency of American painting that Morris Graves belongs. However, he is beyond question a richer and more skillful artist than any of his predecessors, and, to put it simply, a better, “greater” painter than any of them, except possibly Ryder. In recent years a whole new school of American painting, abstract-expressionism, has come to maturity and begun to influence painting around the world. Painters such as Rothko, Still, Pollock, Motherwell, de Kooning, and Ferren now seem to be the forerunners of what may be the international style of the coming decade. Morris Graves, however, stands apart from the expressionist group, as, at the other extreme of contemporary style, does a figure of comparable stature, Ben Shahn. Morris Graves is less provincial, far more a “citizen of the world” than any of his predecessors of the visionary school. It is curious to reflect on this fact, a symptom of the terrific acceleration of the civilizing process of this continent, for Graves was born, raised, and came to maturity as an artist in the Pacific Northwest, a region that was a wilderness until the last years of the nineteenth century. Greatly as I admire Graves’s work, it must be admitted that certain of its characteristics are those found, not at the beginning, but at the end of a cultural process — hypersensitivity, specialization of subject, extreme refinement of technique. Nothing could show better the essentially world-wide, homogeneous nature of modern culture than that this successor to the great Sung painters sprang up in a region that was created out of a jungle-like rain forest by the backwash of the Alaska gold rush. People in the rest of the United States and in Europe have difficulty in adjusting to the fact that the Pacific Coast of America faces the Far East, culturally as well as geographically. There is nothing cultish about this, as there might be elsewhere. The residents of California, Oregon, and Washington are as likely to travel across the Pacific as across the continent and the Atlantic. Knowledge of the Oriental languages is fairly widespread. The museums of the region all have extensive collections of Chinese, Japanese, and Indian art. Vedantist and Buddhist temples are to be seen in the coast cities. And of course there are large Chinese and Japanese colonies in every city, and proportionately even more Orientals in the countryside. It is interesting to note that besides the direct influence of the Orient on them, the Seattle painters, Graves, Tobey, and Callahan, the Portland painter, Price, the San Francisco abstract-expressionists, have all avoided the architectural limited-space painting characteristic of Western Europe from the Renaissance to Cubism, and show more affinity to the space concepts of the Venetians. Venice, of course, was for centuries Europe’s chief window on the East, an enclave of Byzantine civilization, and the first contact with China. There are drawings by Tintoretto that might have been done in his contemporary China. I do not believe that this has been a conscious influence in most cases, but rather an example of what anthropologists call convergence. Graves was born in 1910 in the Fox Valley of Oregon and has lived in the state of Washington, in or near Seattle, all his life, except for short visits to Japan in 1930, to the Virgin Islands in 1939, to Honolulu in 1947, and a year in Europe in 1948, after his personal style was fully developed and “set.” He studied at the Seattle Museum, with the old master of Northwest painting, Mark Tobey , and had his first one-man show there in 1936. His first New York shows were in 1942 at the Willard Gallery and the Museum of Modern Art. His paintings are now to be found in the permanent collections of most of the major American museums, including the Metropolitan in New York. Except for the emphasis on deep complex space and calligraphic skill which he learned from Tobey, but which he could just as well have learned from the Far Eastern paintings in the Seattle Museum, Graves’s style, or styles, his special mode of seeing reality and his techniques of handling it, have come, like the spider’s web, out of himself, or, at the most, out of the general cultural ambience of a world civilization, syncretic of all time and space. Therefore, influences and resemblances which seem certain to a historian of art may never in actual fact have existed. Since today Graves’s painting is an extremely specialized view of reality and his concept of space differs from that usually thought of as the contribution of modern painting, it is fruitful to compare him in his development with other painters of other times around the world, always realizing that, with the exception of Chinese, specifically Sung, and Japanese, specifically Ashikaga, and particularly the painter Sesshu, Graves himself may never have known of any resemblance let alone influence. The first of Graves’s paintings after his apprentice days are in a rather thick medium, often laid in like cloisonné between broad, abrupt, dark, single brush strokes. The colors are all “local.” There is no attempt to achieve deep space or movement in space by juxtaposition of color. In fact the color is limited to a small gamut of earths, dull reds, browns, and yellows, with occasionally a slate blue. The line, however, has a great deal of snap, while the movement is very shallow, almost Egyptian. If there are receding planes in these pictures, they are kept to a minimum and the lines stick to the silhouette, never crossing from plane to plane to fill the space. The thing that identifies these paintings immediately is a peculiar, individual sense of silhouette, a silhouette defined by an eccentric calligraphic stroke. As is well known, a highly personal line of this type comes late, if at all, to most artists. Yet it seems to have been the first thing Graves developed. I can think of nothing quite like it. The brush drawings of the early Jean de Bosschère — not the commercial book illustrations but rather those for his own Portes Fermées — have somewhat the same feeling. I rather doubt that Graves has ever seen these. This is also somewhat the style of the earliest Klees. It is generally identified with the magazine Simplicissimus, a German satirical publication of the years before the First War. Graves, very likely, has never heard of it. Already in this period, which incidentally was roughly that of the WPA Art Project (1935-42), Graves was beginning to concentrate on birds and sometimes small animals as masks of man and as symbols of the personae, the forces, operating in man — a kind of transcendental Aesop. Certainly the best picture of this period is a large Game Cock (1933), many times life size, caught in a thick perimeter that whips across the picture plane like jagged lightning. There is no sign of the easy line so attractive to young artists who are beginning to pay attention to their drawing — the decorative sweeps of Beardsley, Botticelli, or the Book of Kells, those perennial favorites of the innocent. Neither is there any of the impressionist line of the Rodin water colors, the other and great influence on the young — and on Matisse and his descendants. This line is tooled to the last millimeter and, with the exception of the Bosschères I spoke of, there is nothing like it except certain painted ceramics, Greek and Oriental, some Romanesque illumination, and the akimbo linearity of the Moissac Portal. It is simply not a line usually found in painting. Later this cock was to be repainted, smaller, more compact and secretive, in the two Game Cocks of 1939. In his early twenties Graves had begun to concentrate on calligraphy, under the influence of Mark Tobey’s “white writing,” which Tobey himself was just then beginning. Graves shared practically on equal terms with the older man in its development. At this time too Graves took a short trip to Japan and later traveled in the eastern United States and the Caribbean. The paintings of this period parallel — they cannot really be said to be influenced by — the major paintings of Tintoretto in the treatment of the picture space as a saturated manifold quivering with three-dimensional lines, really tracks of force. The best analogy is to the whorls of iron filings in a magnetic field. But in this case the field is both three dimensional and possessed of more than two poles, and all of varying intensity. This space concept reaches its highest development only in the Venetian baroque in the West, but of course it is basic in the greatest periods of Sung and Ashikaga ink painting. In writing of Sesshu, I have said, “The brush, which never departs from the calligraphy of the square Chinese characters, is as quick, precise, powerful, and yet effortless as Japanese sword play. ‘The sword,’ say the Zen fencing masters, ‘finds channels opened for it in space, and follows them without exertion to the wound.’ This is the central plastic conception of Sesshu. The picture space is thought of as a field of tangled forces, a complex dynamic web. The brush strokes flow naturally in this medium, defining it by their own tensions, like fish in a whirlpool of perfectly clear water.” Both Tobey and Graves can be considered as direct descendants of Sesshu. In Graves there is an additional factor, a deliberate formal mysteriousness, a conscious seeking for uncanny form, analogous to that found in primitive cult objects — sacred stones and similar things. There are several series of studies of just such objects — stones and driftwood — notably the nine water colors of 1937 called Purification. From 1939 to 1942 were the years of the Little Known Bird of the Inner Eye, Bird in Moonlight, and Blind Bird, now in the New York Museum of Modern Art collection, paintings which achieved an instantaneous fame when they were first exhibited. Every critic seems to have been aware that here was a really different yet thoroughly competent artist. Incidentally, the haunted, uncanny character of these pictures, which reaches its height, representationally at least, in Young Rabbit and Foxfire and Bird with Possessions of 1942, owes little or nothing to Surrealism. There is much more conscious knowledge of mystery, and much less unconscious Freudian or Jungian symbolism. On into the war years the mastery of calligraphy developed, until finally the line, sometimes “white writing,” sometimes black, reaches a climax in the Joyous Young Pine series of 1944, Black Waves (1944), In the Air (1943), and the two great ideographs called Waning Moon (1943), in the Seattle Art Museum. These paintings are fully the equal of anything, East or West, of the kind. Waning Moon passes out of the realm of ordinary painting altogether and can be compared only with the ominous, cryptic characters which Shingon monks write on six-foot sheets of paper while in trance. To 1945 belongs the series called Consciousness Assuming the Form of a Crane. I own what I consider the best of these, and for nine years I have found its ephemeral simplicity inexhaustible. In these paintings the old dynamic hyperactive space of Sesshu has been surpassed. The background is a vague cloudy diagonal drift of red and green, overcast with a frost of white. From this, in a few faint strokes of white with touches of somber red, emerges a slowly pacing, more than life-size crane-being rising from flux into consciousness, but still withdrawn, irresponsible, and stately. There is nothing exactly like this in the world’s art, for it is not simply a literary or a mystical notion but a plastic one as well. Form, an ominous, indifferent form, emerges from formlessness, literally seems to bleed quietly into being. The great dragon painters of the Orient whose dragons are confused with and only half emerge from vortexes of clouds and rain were seeking the same kind of effect, but of course their paintings are far more active. Graves’s Cranes are not active at all. They are as quiet as some half-caught telepathic message. In 1948, Graves traveled in Europe. Much of this time was spent at Chartres. Just before leaving America he had done a series of what can only be described as intensely personal portraits of Chinese Shang and Chou bronzes. Objects of great mystery in their own right, in Graves’s paintings they become visions, supernatural judgments of the natural world. Individual State of the World, with its use of Graves’s recurrent minnow, symbol of the spark of spiritual illumination, is representative of this series. Contemporary with these bronzes is a series of vajras (Buddhist ritual bronze thunderbolts), lotuses, and diamonds of light which can be considered as illustrations for that great refusal to affirm either being or non-being, the Prajnaparamita Sutra. No one has seen what Graves did at Chartres. In conversation he has told me how he spent the better part of a cold foggy winter there, painting every day, details of the cathedral, fragments of statues, bits of lichened masonry, and several pictures of the interior of the cathedral in early morning — the great vault, half filled with thick fog, dawn beginning to sparkle in the windows. When he came back to America and reviewed the year’s work he destroyed it all. I have a feeling that the painting in the Fredericks collection, Ever Cycling, may have survived from this time. Shortly after this, Graves abandoned ink, gouache, and water color on paper, and returned to oil. From 1950 to the present [1955], most of the paintings are in the vein of Guardian — or the Spirit Bird Transporting Minnow from Stream to Stream of the Metropolitan collection — geese, hawks, and eagles, most of them over life size, many with mystifying accessories such as black suns or golden antlers. It would seem, looking at a sizable collection of these recent paintings, that Graves has, at least temporarily, abandoned the surcharged, dynamic, baroque space of the calligraphic paintings and returned to the intact object. Again, there is considerable resemblance to the bird painters of the Far East — the famous pair of ducks of the Sung Dynasty in the British Museum, or the early falcon painters of the Kano school. These new paintings share with them a concentration on maximum surface tension, a sense of absolutely full occupation of their separate volume, like formed globules of quicksilver, or drops of viscid oil. This particular formal quality does have a parallel in contemporary art, notably in Brancusi’s sculpture of a Fish and those dreaming ovoids he calls Birth, and more especially in the most successful of Hans Arp’s swollen, amoeboid figures. Piero della Francesca, of course, is the outstanding example of what might be called overloaded volume in the Renaissance. This, by the way, is a quality that must be distinguished from Picasso’s excessive specific gravity — in his case a directly representational device masquerading as “significant form.” Picasso and most of his disciples simply paint things to look many times as heavy as they actually are. In Graves’s recent work there is always a sense of ominous, impending meaning, as if these human-eyed birds were judging the spectator, rather than he them, and in terms of a set of values incomprehensible to our sensual world. It is none too easy to sum up such an accomplishment as that of Graves. Certainly he is one of the greatest calligraphers of all time — not just a “master of line” but a creator of significant ideographs and, beyond that, a creator of a new and strange significance of the ideograph as well. Graves has also been one of the many around the world who in this generation have freed painting from the exhausted plasticism, the concentration on architecture alone, which formed the residue of subsiding Cubism. This he has accomplished not merely, or even primarily, by illustrative, but by plastic means, by discovering a new world of form antipodal to the Poussin rigor of Cubism. Graves has opened the plastic arts to a whole range of experience hardly found in the external world at all, let alone in art. He has created a series of objects, masks, personae, which act both as objects of contemplation, and, in contemplation, as sources of values which judge the world the spectator brings to them. On the whole this judgment has little room or time for those values known to the popular mind as “American,” but which are really those of our acquisitive mass Western civilization. Jacques Maritain asks somewhere, “What kept Europe alive for so long after it had obviously been stricken with a fatal disease?” and answers his question, “The prayers of the contemplatives in the monasteries.” I am not prepared to enter into a metaphysical defense of petitionary prayer, or a sociological one of monasticism, but the empirical evidence for the social, perhaps even biological necessity for contemplation, is, in these apocalyptic hours, all too obvious. Civilizations endure as long as, somewhere, they can hold life in total vision. The function of the contemplative is contemplation. The function of the artist is the revelation of reality in process, permanence in change, the place of value in a world of facts. His duty is to keep open the channels of contemplation and to discover new ones. His role is purely revelatory. He can bring men to the springs of the good, the true, and the beautiful, but he cannot make them drink. The activities of men endure and have meaning as long as they emanate from a core of transcendental calm. The contemplative, the mystic, assuming moral responsibility for the distracted, tries to keep his gaze fixed on that core. The artist uses the materials of the world to direct men’s attention back to it. When it is lost sight of, society perishes. Although the mystique behind such evaluation is overtly Oriental, even Buddhist or Vedantist, and hence anti-humanistic, I do not feel that this type of explication is really relevant. The perfected mystic, of course, would not seek to express himself at all. In the last analysis it is the artist, the contemplator and fabricator, who speaks and judges through these embodied visions. And the united act of contemplation and shaping of reality is in its essence the truest and fullest human deed. Morris Graves has said of his own work: “If the paintings are confounding to anyone — then I feel that words (my words, almost anyone’s words) would add confusion. For the one to whom the message is clear or even partially clear or challengingly obscure — then, for them, words are obviously excessive. To the one whose searching is not similar to ours — or those who do not feel the awful frustrations of being caught in our individual and collective projection of our civilization’s extremity — to those who believe that our extroverted civilization is constructively progressing — those who seeing and tasting the fruits and new buds of self-destructive progress are still calling it good, to them the ideas in the paintings are still preposterous, hence not worth consideration.” KENNETH REXROTH 1955 0.000000 0.000000 / westpacificreview / Leave a comment Mr Palomar is an accomplished practitioner of zen buddhism. He is astute at seeing what is before him as it is. Where he gets into trouble is when seeing, or being, is not enough and he needs to develop his strategies and plans together with his angst at trying to do the right thing in someone’s eyes. Mr Palomar is also a control freak, an anxious one. It begins to show when one views the method of assigning chapter numbers in the Index at the back of the book (1.1.1; 1.1.2; 1.1.3, and so on) . However, the author gives us a lexicon or code to crack this mystery – 1 – visual experience ; 2 – anthropological or cultural; 3 – speculative. He adds that this process occurs in each subsection and that it begins in observation and moves to meditation. As we look through Mr. Palomar’s eyes and mind, we see an empiricist that is in command of this trajectory – his tactic changes with the wind and fails with regularity, but a substitute tactic soon appears and Mr. Palomar is off and running with the new plan. Flushing out its intricacies and derivations only to ultimately experience its results that are muddled and lost. He is honest with himself though and keeps on moving and testing – as all good hypothesis-testing students do. Intertwined in all of the stories or experiences is a man who is highly intelligent, learned, exquisite in abilities to analyze, synthesize and articulate, and yet at the same time his emotions drive him nuts – he looses his self esteem, he’s embarrassed by some social faux pas and such. And more, and so human, to get lost in our quests: “But it is the very expectation of enjoying this calm that makes Mr. Palomar anxious.” Mr. Palomar is Calvino’s humorous analysis of zen buddhism as experienced by a an extreme rationalist and scientist – a phenomenologist. Most of the chapters of the book are experiences in Mr Palomar’s life of observation from the beach to iguanas. He is a very astute observer indeed and is intellectually inventive in tying together processes and causes of particular behaviors or physical actions. The subjects that Calvino chooses to address are creative and inventive: waves at the beach; a woman’s exposed breasts at the beach; the sword of the sun at the beach; a male tortoise’s sexual capture of a female; the moon in the afternoon. Each piece is handled care and precision. It is not until the final few chapters that Mr. Palomar begins to look at himself and his processes form a overall perspective and first uses the approach of using thinking models and how to construct a model that can reflect reality. He sees that he cannot use one model and must use many models and even using many models one must give each the flexibility to expand and contract and perhaps the model is held together such as a spider web is held together – with much flexibility. This leads to the chapter called “Meditations” and it is here that Mr. Palomar struggles to logic out how it is possible to see the total reality all at once and also trying to loose the ego in the process. He is unable to to get it – the separation of subject with object – its just too cumbersome. Zen’s answer to this problem is to just let all of the rational thinking go, much training is involved with loosing the ego through emptying the mind so to speak and accepting whatever happens without logicing everything out. This zen process is so extraordinary different from European philosophy that logics everything out and also ties everything into tight bands of theory, often to the exclusion of reality. Mr. Palomar finally decides to look at the life as if he were dead. And after a thorough review of such decides that the psychological burdens offered by death are more than he can handle and decides to chronicle each and every moment that he continues to live till he dies. Mr Palomar has come full circle and given a few months or years he will be back to the warfare of existence vs emotion. It seems to me that Mr. Palomar was trying in vain to understand and implement this model: “…the quiet contemplation of the natural object actually present, whether landscape, a tree, a mountain, a building, or whatever it may be; in as much as he loses himself in this object, i.e., forgets even his individuality, his will, and only continues to exist as the pure subject, the clear mirror of the object, so that it is as if the object alone were there, without anyone to perceive it, an he can no longer separate the perceiver from the perception but both have become one single sensuous picture…” Czeslaw Milosz – “The Separate Notebooks” 1984 photo credit: Clay Enos Graham Greene has a very European take on life that is artfully described in this book. The setting is Vietnam, Saigon, in the mid-fifties and while there is an ongoing stream of events that take place in his time there as a journalist, it is his relationship with his Vietnamese woman, Phoung, that is central to the story. Fowler’s, the English protagonist, relationship to Phoung is teased out through a related relationship with the “Quiet American,” a man who is a CIA operative prior to America’s full engagement with a war there. The tension of the relationship is felt throughout the book and while it is rarely the center of attraction it is a strong agent in the water. This is a period where the French were still actively fighting their war in Vietnam and their actions and those of the Vietnamese and the Vietminh form much of that which is experienced by the characters. Greene also reports on some of the autonomous tribes that are not part of the mainstream culture but fall witlessly into the drama of the war. Greene contrasts his needs for a woman to the American’s traditional middle class ones. Greene’s emphasis is merely presence, physical use and kind treatment, whereas the American, Pyle, seeks a strong romantic attachment coupled with close family social relations — he will implement all of this once he ships Phoung back to the US and gives her to his mother for implementation. More importantly, Fowler understands Phuong’s needs and they are well suited to his temperament and his knowledge of her nature. Pyle’s leverage with his strategy to take Phoung away from Fowler, is his ability to make a long term commitment whereas Fowler is caught in a delicate problem in that he must first seek a divorce from his estranged wife before he can also make longer term assurances to Phoung and also curiously to Phuong’s sister who has taken a strong stance on her behalf with both men. Two or three long discussions occur between the two men over a period of months in which they discuss their respective views on Phuong and attempt to negotiate an understanding. Fowler is, of course, on the defensive, but will not force himself on Phoung, and while both are gracious in their own spheres, Greene shows the simple elegance of Fowler’s needs versus the naive and melodramatic ones of Pyle’s. Greene also take the opportunity in these dialogues to show Pyle’s story book disregard to surroundings and circumstances and shows how he applies his American approach to a woman and a world that he does not understand. Death and forgiveness intercede to become the final arbiter is this drama. As an afterword, it is interesting to note that Greene was actually a journalist for an English and French newspaper and was stationed in Vietnam during the mid fifties. His reporting behavior, his sympathies for the communists for a short period of time and later, his criticism of American imperialism put him on the actual CIA watch-list till his death in 1991. 0.000000 0.000000 / westpacificreview / 1 Comment N + 1 has published an essay in their November, 2012 issue titled, “The Intellectual Situation”. It is a frolic through the current “serious” national commercial literary front, with assorted, some frontal others just a hip bump, attacks on The Atlantic, Harpers, The New Yorker and finally the Paris Review. The subtext is how each are dealing with the ravages of the internet and its affect on circulation and revenue. The other subtext is gender war relative to readers: women are the internet and guys do sports offline while articulating their guttural vocabulary. The piece lands some good jabs, the beautification of the Paris Review that makes up for the dearth of content and the gentrification of Harpers. But on the other hand, who is watching? The American literary scene has exited stage left, hasn’t it? The piece is reminiscent of a William F. Buckley show in its day, very smart,very shrewd and full of arrogance for its own enjoyment. Well, one must make news in some fashion. When the editors are done it looks like Muhammad Ali standing above his laid out opponent, taunting him to get up. Is it too much to ask to have wanted a bit of self analysis since it appears N+1 seeks the literary road to the stars? It publishes three times per year and is probably looking at a motivation that will take them to quarterly or monthly. It’s a fun piece with some truths and some interesting history for those sorts and some economic knowledge for the MBAs. / westpacificreview / Leave a comment Many of Brunovsky’s illustrations are explorations of Adam and Eve characters; they are depicted in the midst of the natural world of plants and trees and are captured in ways that promote a very strong affinity to their surroundings – the same makeup, the same DNA perhaps. The humans look like they belong in their surroundings and to great extent are equalized, that is to say, they are stripped of modern arrogance with the emphasis on mental and consciousness power structures and the man made objects which we lose ourselves in. This is good. Human consciousness in the developed world needs to reengage with the earth, with their own – the animals and plants – to self create again the respect for all of life in this world, on this planet. I have also included an illustration he did on death and the sea. Albin Brunovsky (1935-1997) was a Czech artist and illustrator that worked in woodcuts, linocuts, chalk lithography and many other mediums. His commercial subject matter was varied – from children books to currency. He was also a professor and later started his own engraving school. The works shown here are some of his studio work. It is here that his passion, when he was able to summon it, was expressed: I have such a creative program that pushes me to work. My pictures are simply doing with me what they want. Sometimes I don’t feel like working. But when I come to my studio and I notice, that one work is not ready and the other one hopeless, I go and sit next to them for a while and suddenly I realize that there is evening. And in this way every morning I let myself to be pleasantly abused by my paintings that allow me to dream. (Albín Brunovský) Leading Image: The Desire and the Satisfaction, 1893 (pastel on card), by Jan Theodore Toorop (1858–1928) Impressions of “Dispatches” by Michael Herr I am a long way into Dispatches and I remember the experience like I do my own dreams. Herr’s book is poetic in force: showing the inside of Herr’s brain more than most authors reveal in their books — contents are in small archipelagos intertwined with complex wiring. It feels like a chronicle of experience as opposed to history — journal writing that is faithful to experience that is felt, detail that you want to capture near when it happens. When Herr talks about history of the Vietnam war or the country of Vietnam he uses short sentences and a few facts to stoke an idea and then is back to a scene in front of him. The book is a description of Herr’s experience as a journalist for Esquire magazine in Vietnam during the main build up of American involvement in 1967. Many of his experiences are reflected through short pieces of dialogue or monologue of soldiers in the midst of battle or the preparation for it, or most importantly waiting, waiting to go into it again: their stories are in snippets of horror, pain and anxiety, sleep deprivation — soldiers learning to sleep nearly standing up, atrocities hinted at, bags of human ears… A soldiers’ behavior is dictated by reality at the moment with little respect for opinion or orders — a soldier lives or dies one moment at a time and experience has shown that all other modes or ideas of living are without merit. Herr shows through minuets of interactions how authority and reason for war are treated with disdain and disgust. And this proof — the riot of the senses — is wildly present and regards history as meaningless, mostly by its absence in the moment. The “grunt”, the Marine, is a man who is a boy forced through ordeal, the killing machine, to walk as men do and to apply that which he has learned to date along with the native stuff of his makeup, this to guide actions that require split second assessment and the consequences of which cannot be taken back. The boys Herr meets are from Detroit, Los Angeles and other iconic American cities. He witnesses their transformation into men — a no turning back — there is no slow accumulation — no transition — no accretion. We feel the jungle and the rugged highlands of Khe Sanh by its effects on the men and he alternates scenes of Saigon as an integral part, a fulcrum, of the ongoing series of images. We expect to find civility in the city and find instead a deepening of the despair and chaos. There are passages that describe images that rival those in Coppola’s “Apocalypse Now” — whole groups of soldiers wearing outrageous costumes that match and that evoke a flippant attitude to death. We are given a grand tour of the development of psychosis and he means to show that psychosis is normal in these circumstances whereas its absence is aberration. The psychosis is matched in intensity with the ever presence of Chinook helicopters; they take on a multitude of symbols, most of which are dark and menacing. Deep into the book Herr talks about his tribe, the clan of journalists in Vietnam and he puts the chosen ones in a club not unlike those in extreme sports in the 90s and 00s — always looking for the next Everest to climb. He anticipates the post war generation’s fascination with extreme ego prowess — it is certainly part of the generation’s need to prove something having been reared in the bosom of America’s plenty: trying to find the morals and behavior that makes sense in the amalgam of America – puritan, strong, dense, guilty, groping, always searching. It is here amongst friends that Herr describes atrocities committed by half our troops when he says that they all carried photographs of milestone butcherings and their photos show many of the signs — human parts arranged carefully on the body, but aside from where they naturally grew. It is a damning admission, the kind that cannot be absolved by visiting the Catholic confessional, it is the home of guilt. The supreme irony is that as James Hillman observes, war starts with words, with our language. After disclosing the solemn acts that join America with history’s gallery of war atrocities, Herr moves on to the end of his time in Vietnam and his return to America. He reminisces about his colleagues and visits important ones and spends words describing how they all miss the drama and thrill of their life in Vietnam – America is boring in contrast. Herr set out to show us the poetics of death in life, what it looks and feels like to be close to it, what one thinks of, what it smells like, tastes like. His composition is faithful to his intentions. December 27, 2012 Bolivia enshrines natural world’s rights with equal status for Mother Earth Law of Mother Earth expected to prompt radical new conservation and social measures in South American nation John Vidal in La Paz , The Guardian , Sunday 10 April 2011 13.17 EDT Bolivia is set to pass the world’s first laws granting all nature equal rights to humans. The Law of Mother Earth, now agreed by politicians and grassroots social groups, redefines the country’s rich mineral deposits as “blessings” and is expected to lead to radical new conservation and social measures to reduce pollution and control industry. The country, which has been pilloried by the US and Britain in the UN climate talks for demanding steep carbon emission cuts, will establish 11 new rights for nature. They include: the right to life and to exist; the right to continue vital cycles and processes free from human alteration; the right to pure water and clean air; the right to balance; the right not to be polluted; and the right to not have cellular structure modified or genetically altered. Controversially, it will also enshrine the right of nature “to not be affected by mega-infrastructure and development projects that affect the balance of ecosystems and the local inhabitant communities”. “It makes world history. Earth is the mother of all”, said Vice-President Alvaro García Linera. “It establishes a new relationship between man and nature, the harmony of which must be preserved as a guarantee of its regeneration.” The law, which is part of a complete restructuring of the Bolivian legal system following a change of constitution in 2009, has been heavily influenced by a resurgent indigenous Andean spiritual world view which places the environment and the earth deity known as the Pachamama at the centre of all life. Humans are considered equal to all other entities. But the abstract new laws are not expected to stop industry in its tracks. While it is not clear yet what actual protection the new rights will give in court to bugs, insects and ecosystems, the government is expected to establish a ministry of mother earth and to appoint an ombudsman. It is also committed to giving communities new legal powers to monitor and control polluting industries. Bolivia has long suffered from serious environmental problems from the mining of tin, silver, gold and other raw materials. “Existing laws are not strong enough,” said Undarico Pinto, leader of the 3.5m-strong Confederación Sindical Única de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia, the biggest social movement, who helped draft the law. “It will make industry more transparent. It will allow people to regulate industry at national, regional and local levels.” Foreign Minister David Choquehuanca said Bolivia’s traditional indigenous respect for the Pachamama was vital to prevent climate change . “Our grandparents taught us that we belong to a big family of plants and animals. We believe that everything in the planet forms part of a big family. We indigenous people can contribute to solving the energy, climate, food and financial crises with our values,” he said. Little opposition is expected to the law being passed because President Evo Morales’s ruling party, the Movement Towards Socialism, enjoys a comfortable majority in both houses of parliament. However, the government must tread a fine line between increased regulation of companies and giving way to the powerful social movements who have pressed for the law. Bolivia earns $500m (£305m) a year from mining companies which provides nearly one third of the country’s foreign currency. In the indigenous philosophy, the Pachamama is a living being. The draft of the new law states: “She is sacred, fertile and the source of life that feeds and cares for all living beings in her womb. She is in permanent balance, harmony and communication with the cosmos. She is comprised of all ecosystems and living beings, and their self-organisation.” Ecuador, which also has powerful indigenous groups, has changed its constitution to give nature “the right to exist, persist, maintain and regenerate its vital cycles, structure, functions and its processes in evolution”. However, the abstract rights have not led to new laws or stopped oil companies from destroying some of the most biologically rich areas of the Amazon. Coping with climate change Bolivia is struggling to cope with rising temperatures, melting glaciers and more extreme weather events including more frequent floods, droughts, frosts and mudslides. Research by glaciologist Edson Ramirez of San Andres University in the capital city, La Paz, suggests temperatures have been rising steadily for 60 years and started to accelerate in 1979. They are now on course to rise a further 3.5-4C over the next 100 years. This would turn much of Bolivia into a desert. Most glaciers below 5,000m are expected to disappear completely within 20 years, leaving Bolivia with a much smaller ice cap. Scientists say this will lead to a crisis in farming and water shortages in cities such as La Paz and El Alto. Evo Morales, Latin America’s first indigenous president, has become an outspoken critic in the UN of industrialised countries which are not prepared to hold temperatures to a 1C rise. Background:	i don't know
Globo Esporte, which carried the headline 'HAHAHAHAHAHAHA' following Argentina's 4-0 defeat by Germany in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a newspaper in which country?	Macclesfield Pub Quiz League: 12th October – The Questions 12th October – The Questions Specialist questions set by Waters Green Rams. General knowledge questions set by Church House, Bollington. All vetted by Harrington Academicals. SPECIALIST ROUNDS- 1. SINCE YOU’VE BEEN GONE 2. SCIENCE 5. TIME FOR THE KIDS 6. POLITICS ROUND ONE - SINCE YOU’VE BEEN GONE – News stories of the summer 1. Which actor, born Bernard Schwartz in 1925, died in September 2010? TONY CURTIS 2. In June, Princess Victoria married her former personal trainer Daniel Westling. Of which country is she a princess? SWEDEN 3. Which 74 year-old singing Dame received poor reviews when she appeared on a UK stage for the first time in 30 years at the London O2 in May? JULIE ANDREWS 4. What name was given to the tent city that was set up at the top of the San Jose pit shaft in Chile, where 33 miners were trapped? CAMP ESPERANZA (original Spanish name) or CAMP HOPE 5. Goodluck Jonathan became President of which country in May? NIGERIA 6. The Savile Enquiry finally delivered its findings on which event of 38 years ago? BLOODY SUNDAY (January 1972 in Derry) 7. Why was Mary Bale in the news in August? She was filmed on CCTV putting a CAT into a WHEELIE BIN in Coventry. 8. Which major New Zealand city was hit by an earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale? CHRISTCHURCH Supp 1 Which company, with its head-quarters in Windermere, was declared the UK’s best retailer by Which? Magazine? LAKELAND Supp 2 Why was Terry Jones of Gainesville, Florida in the news in September? He planned to BURN copies of the KORAN outside his church. ROUND TWO – SCIENCE 1. Which scientist was born in Shrewsbury in 1809 and died at Down House in Kent in 1882? CHARLES DARWIN 2. Which acid was traditionally known as Oil Of Vitriol or Spirit Of Vitriol? SULPHURIC ACID 3. Which heavenly body has moons called Charon, Nix and Hydra? PLUTO 4. William was in prison in 1770, when he invented the toothbrush. What was his surname, still famous in that field today? ADDIS 5. Besides the elephant, which other African mammal is a source of ivory? HIPPOPOTAMUS 6. An amalgam is a compound containing which metal? MERCURY 7. What name is given to a triangle with sides of unequal length? SCALENE 8. What does a Campbell-Stokes Recorder Record? SUNSHINE (not temperature) Supp 1 Scientist William Harvey (born 1578) is famous for his research into what? THE BLOOD (circulation etc.) Supp 2 What is the more common name for triatomic oxygen? OZONE ROUND THREE – SPORT 1. Tony McCoy finally won his first Grand National in 2010 on his 15th ride in the race. Which horse did he ride? DON’T PUSH IT 2. Name either of the 2008 Ryder Cup captains. PAUL AZINGER or NICK FALDO 3. Which sport would you be taking part in if you used a monkey climber, waggler and a plumb? ANGLING / COARSE FISHING 4. Which county won the 2010 County Cricket Championship? NOTTINGHAMSHIRE 5. Which team won the 2010 Rugby League Challenge Cup? WARRINGTON WOLVES ( bt. Leeds Rhinos 30-6 in the final). Accept WARRINGTON. 6. Where will the final race in the 2010 Formula One Series be held? YAS MARINA circuit in ABU DHABI (accept either) 7. According to Wikipedia, which English football ground has the widest pitch and boasts the tallest floodlights? EASTLANDS (home of Manchester City) 8. Which football club holds the record for the fewest wins in a season in the Premier League? DERBY COUNTY – in 2007/8, their record was Played 38, Won 1, Drawn 8, Lost 29. Supp 1 How many times did Alex Higgins win the World Snooker Championship? TWO Supp 2 Which Rugby Union club has made their Premiership debut in the 2010/11 season? EXETER (Chiefs) ROUND FOUR – GEOGRAPHY 1. Which Irish port was known as Kingstown from 1821, after a visit by George IV, until 1921? DUN LAOGHAIRE (pronounced DUNLEARY) 2. Between 1947 and gaining independence in 1971, by what name was the present-day country of Bangladesh known? EAST PAKISTAN 3. Name an African country that, in its normal English spelling, contains the letter Q. MOZAMBIQUE or EQUATORIAL GUINEA. 4. The islands of Hokkaido and Kyushu are part of which country? JAPAN 5. Of which country are the Faroe Islands a self-governing overseas administrative division? DENMARK 6. Which city of the United States, 250 miles north of Memphis, is famous for its Gateway Arch, completed in 1965 as a memorial to the pioneers of the West? ST LOUIS 7. The ruins of which medieval abbey (the subject of a painting by Turner) stand on the banks of the River Wye, 4 miles north of Chepstow? TINTERN ABBEY 8. The Eastern Yar and The Western Yar are 2 of the 3 longest rivers in which part of the British Isles? ISLE OF WIGHT Supp 1 Which long-distance footpath runs 34 miles from Frodsham to Whitchurch? SANDSTONE TRAIL Supp 2 The state of Andorra lies in which mountain range? PYRENEES ROUND FIVE – TIME FOR THE KIDS - CARTOONS 1. In the Wacky Races, who drove the Bulletproof Bomb? ANT HILL MOB 2. Where does Yogi Bear live? JELLYSTONE PARK (not Yellowstone Park) 3. What is the name of Captain Pugwash’s ship? BLACK PIG 4. How is Paul Metcalfe more famously known? CAPTAIN SCARLET 5. Who was The Road Runner always trying, but always failing, to catch? WILE E COYOTE 6. In Thunderbirds, who is stationed on Thunderbird 5? JOHN TRACY 7. In Hector’s House, Hector was married to Zaza. What breed of animal is Zaza? CAT 8. In The Herb Garden, what breed of animal was Dill? DOG Supp 1 Who presented Animal Magic? JOHNNY MORRIS Supp2 Who lived at 52, Festive Road? MR BENN 1. Where did the Liberal Democrats hold their party conference in 2010? LIVERPOOL 2. Miriam Gonzales Durantes is the wife of which politician? NICK CLEGG 3. Pal Sarkozy, father of the French President, is a native of which country, having been born in its capital city in 1928? HUNGARY 4. Who was the Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia at the time of the Prague Spring of 1968, when the Soviet Union sent tanks into the country? ALEXANDER DUBCEK 5. In what year did Margaret Bondfield become the first female cabinet minister in the UK, taking the post of Minister of Labour? 1929 (Accept 1927-1931) 6. Who was the first candidate eliminated under the transferable vote system when the Labour Party elected a new leader in September 2010? DIANE ABBOTT 7. William Henry Hamilton became the first US President to do what on 4th April 1841? THE FIRST PRESIDENT TO DIE IN OFFICE (It was natural causes. He caught a severe cold at his inauguration) 8. Which future leader of the Conservative Party famously addressed the Conservative Party Conference in 1977 as a 16 year-old? WILLIAM HAGUE Supp 1 What is the title of Tony Blair’s 2010 autobiography? A JOURNEY (Not THE Journey, the proposed title, which was changed as it was too Messiah-like) Supp 2 What is the first name of Barack Obama’s wife? MICHELLE ROUND SEVEN - ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT 1. “June Is Bustin’ Out All Over” is a song from which 1956 musical? CAROUSEL 2. Which TV presenter has an ethical website called stuffyourrucksack.com and was elected President of the RSPB in October 2009? KATE HUMBLE 3. In Coronation Street, what was the name of the boat that Gail’s husband Joe McIntyre kept in the street for a few weeks last winter? GAIL FORCE 4. With a sub-title of The Artist’s Mother, what is the proper title of the famous Whistler painting of 1871? ARRANGEMENT IN GREY AND BLACK (Accept ARRANGEMENT IN BLACK AND GREY) 5. Who plays the title role in the 2010 film Salt? ANGELINA JOLIE 6. Which play, which opened at the Fortune Theatre in 1989, is the second-longest running non-musical play in the West End? THE WOMAN IN BLACK? 7. The 1992 work The Physical Impossibility Of Death In The Mind Of Someone Living features which creature? (Tiger) SHARK (In formaldehyde in the Damien Hirst work) 8. Who composed the opera La Traviata? GIUSEPPE VERDI Supp 1 Michael Stipe, Peter Buck, Mike Mills and Bill Berry formed which band in 1980? R.E.M Supp 2 Which actress wrote the autobiographies The Two Of Us in 2004 and Just Me in 2008? SHEILA HANCOCK ROUND EIGHT – HISTORY 1. The Seven Years War, The Napoleonic Wars and The Crimean War were all settled by treaties of………………………… which city? PARIS 2. What name was given to Hitler’s plan to invade Britain during World War Two? OPERATION SEALION 3. In 1930, who led a 240 mile march from Sabarmati to Dandi as a protest against a salt tax? MAHATMA GANDHI 4. Which of the 8 King Henrys that have ruled England had the longest reign? HENRY THE 3RD (56 years) 5. Camulodunum was the first capital of Britain under the Romans. What is its present-day name? COLCHESTER 6. What relation was Queen Victoria to the person that she succeeded on the British throne? NIECE (Of William IV) 7. Fought in Yorkshire on Palm Sunday 1461, which battle is said to be the bloodiest on English soil with an estimated 28,000 killed? TOWTON 8. In which century did Eleanor Of Castile, commemorated by the Eleanor Crosses, die? 13th CENTURY (1290) Supp 1 On which date do the French celebrate Bastille Day? 14th JULY Supp 2 The following died in consecutive years – poet John Keats, poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, scientist Edward Jenner and poet Lord Byron. Give one year in this 4-year period. You do not need to give the relevant death. 1821-1824 1 Who wrote the novel Of Mice and Men? John Steinbeck 2 Who wrote the seminal 1936 self-help book How to Win Friends and Influence People? Dale Carnegie 3 Which U.S. state’s nickname is The Old Dominion? Virginia 4 What is the land of giants called in Gulliver's Travels? Brobdingnag 5 Which Roman emperor was stabbed to death in a theatre and had his body flushed through the sewers of Rome? Caligula 6 Duke D'Mond, who died aged 66 in 2009, was lead singer of which successful UK comedy pop group? The Barron Knights 7 Which was the only country to be undefeated in the 2010 football World Cup finals? New Zealand 8 What name was given to the Chinese peasant uprising of 1900? Boxer Rebellion 9 Which musical features the songs Tradition and Sunrise Sunset? Fiddler on the Roof 10 On which island was Nelson Mandela incarcerated for 20 years, from 1962-82? Robben Island 11 Give a year in the reign of King Henry VI 1422-1461 12 From the Greek words for 'before’ and 'know', what medical term refers to the predicted course and outcome of an illness? Prognosis 13 In which organ of the body are the Islets of Langerhans? Pancreas 14 For which film did Kathryn Bigelow become the first female to win the Best Director Oscar? The Hurt Locker 15 By what name was Kinshasa, capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, known before 1966? Leopoldville 16 What is the name of the small hammer with a circular rubber head used by doctors to test body reflexes, particularly at the knee? Plexor 17 In Greek mythology which king was punished by being compelled to eternally roll a huge boulder up a hill, only to watch it roll back down? Sisyphus 18 Jenny Shipley became the first female Prime Minister of which country in 1997? New Zealand 19 The Man of Property, In Chancery and To Let are the novels in which literary series? The Forsyte Saga (by John Galsworthy) 20 Name the Rochdale pensioner whom Gordon Brown was heard to call 'a sort of bigoted woman' after meeting her on a pre-election walkabout Gillian Duffy 21 Which former lead singer of the Equals had a solo number one hit in 1982 with the song I Don’t Wanna Dance? Eddy Grant 22 What word, from the Latin meaning 'I shall please' refers to a control substance used in drug trials which has no chemical effect? Placebo 23 By what name is the actor Carlos Estevez better known? Charlie Sheen 24 What is a famous make of car, a software company and the national flower of Egypt? Lotus 25 What type of animal is a pashmina? Goat 26 Which politician, buried in Westminster Abbey in 1833, campaigned for more than 50 years against British slavery? William Wilberforce 27 Who is the presenter of the BBC quiz show Only Connect? Victoria Coren 28 Amsterdam Vallon and William “Bill the Butcher” Cutting were characters in which 2002 Oscar winning film? Gangs of New York 29 Which linguistic term means the substitution of an expression that may offend or suggest something unpleasant with an agreeable or less offensive term? Euphemism 30 MP Cyril Smith died recently, for which northern town was he MP from 1972 to 1992? Rochdale 31 Also passing away this year was the singer best known for 1981 hit “The Oldest Swinger In Town“. Can you name him? Fred Wedlock 32 What title was shared by three different songs which achieved UK or US number one positions within a few months of each other during 1984-85? The Power Of Love (Jennifer Rush, Huey Lewis and the News and Frankie Goes to Hollywood) 33 In South Africa this summer Howard Webb became the first English referee to take charge of a World Cup Final since whom in 1974? Jack Taylor 34 What is the largest landlocked country in the world? Kazakhstan 35 Which Venetian artist painted the Three Ages of Man? Titian 36 Name the Commander of the US and NATO forces in Afghanistan who was dismissed in June 2010 by President Obama after making derogatory remarks about senior administration officials including the President himself Stan McChrystal 37 What name was given to the Samurai code of honour? Bushido 38 For which book, featuring the characters Hazel, Fiver and Bigwig, is the author Richard Adams best known? Watership Down 39 Who was the 2010 American Ryder Cup captain? Corey Pavin 40 Dead Mans Fingers, Dabberlocks and Sea Belt are all types of what? Seaweed 41 Nissan are scheduled to launch their new electric car in March 2011. What will the new model be called? Leaf 42 For what will Eyjafjallajokull be most remembered during 2010? Eruption causing volcanic ash cloud 43 In what area of medicine would a SNELLEN chart be used ? Optometry / Eye Test 44 Who wrote the poem 'The Owl and the Pussycat'? Edward Lear 45 Which country had a secret police force known as the Tonton Macoute? Haiti 46 Eric Spear is best known for composing the music to which long running TV show? Coronation Street 47 In `Coronation Street`, what was Stan Ogden`s occupation? Window cleaner 48 The song `Killing Me Softly With His Song` was written about which American singer-songwriter? Don McLean 49 What was Culture Club`s first number one in the UK? Do You Really Want To Hurt Me? 50 Name one of the two authors who had walk on parts in the film `Bridget Jones Diary`? Salman Rushdie / Jeffrey Archer 51 What is the name of the clockwork device used by musicians to measure time? Metronome 52 What do the initials HB on a pencil stand for? Hard Black 53 For what reason did Blackpool resident Wendy Lewis hit the national headlines in August 2009 Urinating on a war memorial 54 If you were at the Brickyard, what sport would you be watching? Motor racing (Indianapolis 500) 55 Where would you most commonly find the inscription `Standing On The Shoulders Of Giants`? Two pound coin 56 Excluding resigning, how many different moves does a player have the choice of at the start of a game of chess? 20 57 Which famous leader once said `I`m still at the crease, but the bowling is more hostile these days`? Margaret Thatcher 58 In language, what name is given to the study of meaning? Semantics 59 Gala, Jonagold and Pink Lady are varieties of which fruit? Apples 60 Who is the presenter of the BBC quiz show Pointless? Alexander Armstrong 61 The highest temperature ever recorded outside in the shade was recorded in Azizah, in Africa. In which country is this city located? Libya 62 Rothschild, Maasai and Reticulated are varieties of which type of animal? Giraffe 63 Who famously crossed Niagara Falls on a tightrope in June 1859? Charles Blondin 64 By what name is the actor Michael Shalhoub better known? Omar Sharif 65 Who starred as Trampas in the 1960-70s TV series The Virginian before being left behind in The Land That Time Forgot? Doug McClure 66 Which former vocalist with Earth Wind & Fire duetted with Phil Collins on the 1985 number one hit Easy Lover? Philip Bailey 67 What is the boiling point of water using the scientific Kelvin scale of temperature measurement? 373 deg. 68 Northern Lights, The Subtle Knife and The Amber Spyglass are the 3 novels in which trilogy? His Dark Materials (by Philip Pullman) 69 What was the 1st human invention that broke the sound barrier? Whip 70 In Greek mythology, who was punished by being bound to a rock while a great eagle ate his liver every day only to have it grow back to be eaten again the next day? Prometheus 71 What was the pseudonym of French dramatist Jean-Baptiste Poquelin? Moliere 72 Give a year in the reign of King Edward I 1272-1307 73 What bridge connects Dawes Point to Milson's Point? Sydney Harbour Bridge 74 In which organ of the body is the Bowman’s Capsule? Kidney 75 What is the medical condition in which a person has an extreme tendency to fall asleep at inappropriate times? Narcolepsy 76 By what name did the Indian city of Chennai used to be known before 1996? Madras 77 Who wrote the 1955 novel Lolita? Vladimir Nabakov 78 Which musical features the songs “The Simple Joys Of Maidenhood” and “How To Handle A Woman”? Camelot 79 Name one of the two mascots chosen for the London 2012 Olympics? Wenlock or Mandeville 80 What was the name of the controversial football used in the 2010 World Cup finals? Jabulani 81 Fines of £5.3m, criticized as paltry and insulting, were imposed on Shell, Total and BP, five years after the huge 2005 explosion and fire at what UK oil storage depot? Buncefield 82 Which Roman emperor was murdered by his wife feeding him poisoned mushrooms? Claudius 83 Globo Esporte, which carried the headline 'HAHAHAHAHAHAHA' following Argentina's 4-0 defeat by Germany in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a newspaper in which country? Brazil 84 The late 'Father of Chicago Blues', McKinley Morganfield, is better known by what name? Muddy Waters 85 Which artist painted the famous `Sunflowers` series of paintings? Van Gogh 86 Who wrote the novel Three Men in a Boat? Jerome K Jerome 87 Who had a hit in 1954 with the wonderfully titled Gilly Gilly Ossenfeffer Katzenellen Bogen By The Sea? Max Bygraves 88 Which U.S. state is nicknamed the Land of Enchantment? New Mexico 89 Which battle took place in January 1879 and featured in a famous film starring Stanley Baker? Rorkes Drift 90 Whose band was the Tijuana Brass? Herb Alpert 91 Who painted The Rake's Progress? William Hogarth 92 Which 1986 film contained the line, “I feel the need…the need for speed”? Top Gun 93 What is the largest fresh water lake in North America? Superior 94 Which Hasbro `action figure` got its name from a Robert Mitchum film? G I Joe 95 What song does the main character wake up to every morning in Groundhog Day? I Got You Babe (Sonny & Cher) 96 How many rounds are there in an Olympic boxing match? 4 A What colour is the bullseye on a standard dartboard? Red B What was the name of the 2001 sequel to Silence Of The Lambs, in which Julianne Moore took over the role played in the original by Jodie Foster? Hannibal C Kriek Beer, a Belgian brew, is flavoured with which fruit? Cherries D Which organ of the body is affected by Bright's Disease? Kidney E Which current BBC drama is filmed in a disused school in Rochdale? Waterloo Road F Which snooker player, born in 1957, became the games first millionaire and is nicknamed The Nugget? Steve Davis	Brazil
A 'bible bump' is an old colloquial term for what medical condition?	Macclesfield Pub Quiz League: October 2010 Macclesfield Pub Quiz League Wednesday, October 27, 2010 26 October - Cup/Plate Questions Set By Sutton Church House (1-60) and Waters Green Phoenix (61-120 and Supplementaries) With the exception of typos etc these questions are as presented to the question masters: 1. What is the “Witch of Wookey”? A. A giant stalagmite in Wookey Hole caves in Somerset 2. What is a martingale? A. A leather strap used in a horses harness. 3. What Manchester railway station, closed in 1969, was connected to Victoria Station by continuous platform face 2194 feet long? A. Exchange station 4. Who was the last Stuart monarch? A. Queen Anne 5. What was Shakespeares last play? A. Henry VIII 6. Who wrote the novel Jurassic Park? A. Micheal Critchton 7. Which protein is present in hair? A. Keratin 8. What does the P in BUPA stand for? A. British United Provident Association 9.Who wrote the Singing Detective? a. Dennis Potter 10. Which is the longest river wholly within France? A. The river Loire 11. Which Pop Group were named after a Steely Dan song? A. Deacon Blue 12. Give the name of one of the three towers of the Palace of Westminster? A. Clock tower, Victoria tower and Central tower. 13. What are the Roman numerals for 400? A. CD 14. Arthur Fitzgibbon was awarded the Victoria Cross in 1861. What is unique about his receiving this particular award? a. He is the youngest recipient of a VC (15 years and 3 months) 15. Which breed of dog has the best eyesight A. Greyhound 16. Three rivers join the Manchester Ship Canal, two are the Irwell and the Mersey, which is the third? A. The river Bollin. 17. Which is the largest species of fish? A. The Whale Shark 18. Rigel and Betelgeuse are stars in which constellation? A. Orion 19. What did Joseph Smith found in 1830? A. The Church of the Latter Day Saints (Accept Mormons) 20. What are carved on the chalk hills at Uffington in Berkshire and Westbury in Wiltshire? A. White Horses. 21. What is a Boomslang? A. An African venomous snake. 22. Which actress won the best actress Oscar for her role in the 1996 film Fargo? A. Frances McDormand. 23. Who is the Queens only nephew? A. Viscount Linley 24. Which was the first National Park in the British Isles? A. The Peak District National Park. 25. Who wrote the novel “The good soldier Schweik”? A. Jaroslav Hasek. 26. What was the name of the Sheriff in the 1960s children’s TV programme ”Four Feather Falls”? A. Tex Tucker. 27. Della Falls is the highest waterfall in which country? A. Canada 28. Name the horse from which at least 80 per cent of all thoroughbreds are descended. A. Eclipse 29. What is the common name for Nacre? A. Mother of pearl. 30. What type of bird is a Francolin? A. A member of the Partridge family 31. Chile is the Worlds largest producer of which metal? A. Copper 32. In which country is the Urewera National Park? A. New Zealand 34. Who sang the theme song to the Bond film “From Russia with love”? A. Matt Munro 35. Which football club has the nickname “The Valiants”? A. Port Vale FC 36. Nicky Byrne is a member of male pop group? A. Westlife 37. What did the French give to the United States of America on the 100th anniversary of their independence? A. The statue of Liberty. 38. What is the medical name for the shoulder blade? A. The scapula 39. Whose ancestral home is Woburn Abbey? A. The Duke of Bedford. 40. How many Bridesmaids did Princess Diana have ? A. 5 41. The river Vistula flows into which body of water? A. The Baltic sea. 42. On what form of transport would you find “knifeboards”? A. Trams, they are the seats with backs that can be turned over to face either way. 43. What name describes a crack in a glacier? A. Crevasse. 44. Which film musical was based on a novel by Christopher Isherwood? A. Cabaret. The novel was “Goodbye to Berlin” 45. Of which card game is Southern Cross a form? A. Poker. 46. Who is the current President of Chile? A. Sebastian Pinera. 47. In nautical terms what is the name given to the upper edge of a ships side? A. Gunwale 48. How many times did W. E. Gladstone become Prime Minister? A. 4 49. Who won the Gold medals in both the men’s 5,000 and 10,000 metre races at the 1972 and 1976 Olympic games. A. Lasse Viren. 50. Who wrote the Clayhanger trilgy of novels? A. Arnold Bennett 51. Which European leader was known as “The Iron Chancellor”? A. Otto von Bismarck 52. There are two motorways between England and Wales; one is the M4 what is the other? A. M48 (The older Severn bridge at its approaches) 53. Which shipping line was Titanic built for? A. White Star Line 54. Where is the “Bay of Rainbows“? A. The Moon. 55. What is a Hairstreak? A. A Butterfly. 56. Where would you find the Lutine bell? A. Lloyds of London 57. How was the Ruler Carolus Magnus better known? A. Charlemagne or Charles the Great. 58. What was the number of the famous Dambusters squadron? A. 617 Squadron 59. What mythical creature was half man and half horse? A. Centaur 60. Which named train first ran between London and Glasgow via the west coast route in 1937 using streamlined locomotives? A. The Coronation Scot. 61 In the field of entertainment what is a “Foley Artist”? Someone who re-creates sound effects for film, tv or radio. 62 In Bram Stoker’s Dracula, where in England did Dracula come ashore? Whitby 63 In Botticelli’s painting “The Birth of Venus” on what object is Venus standing? A clam shell. 64 The nationalisation of which canal in 1956 caused a major crisis? The Suez 65 On which play by George Bernard Shaw was the musical “My Fair Lady” based? Pygmalion 66 In the 20th century who was Pope for only 33 days? John Paul 1 67 How are the Liver Building, the Cunard building and the Port of Liverpool buildings collectively known? The Three Graces 68 What is the name of the bear in the Jungle Book? Balloo 69 What does a Barista make? Coffee 70 Who was the leader of the Labour Party after Clement Atlee but before Harold Wilson? Hugh Gaitskell 71 Who, according to Lady Caroline Lamb was,” Mad, bad and dangerous to know? Lord Byron 72 Which English palace was built by Cardinal Wolsey and presented to Henry VIII? Hampton Court 73 In which city has the 2010 Exposition been held? Shanghai 74 The drink GIN in called Geneva in Holland. What is the English translation of this name? Juniper 75 Who wrote the novel “An American in the court of King Arthur” Mark Twain 76 Which singer was known as “Lady Day”? Billie Holliday 77 In which year did the Peterloo massacre take place in Manchester? 1819 (Allow 1818-1820) 78 Who wrote the novel “Return of the Native”? Thomas Hardy 79 What does the “P” stand for in the shipping line “P&O”? Peninsular 80 Che Guevara was an armed combatant in three countries, Cuba and the Congo were two, what was the third? Bolivia 81 Who was the mother of Richard the Lionhart? Eleanor of Aquitaine 82 In which film is the computer called “mother” Alien 83 Which vessel, named after a famous fictional ship, was the first to cross the North Pole beneath the ice? Nautilus 84 Which EU country is bordered by, the gulf of Finland, the Baltic Sea, Latvia and the Russian Federation? Estonia 85 What was the name of The Beatles debut album, released in 1963? Please Please Me 86 In the news for their scrapping recently, for what does the word QUANGO stand? Quasi Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation 87 Before becoming an MP what was Margaret Thatcher’s profession? An Industrial Chemist (Accept research scientist) 88 What Internet phenomenon was founded by Mark Zuckerberg? Facebook 89 On 15th October 2010 what did New England Sports Ventures buy? Liverpool FC 90 Diane Abbott was the first person eliminated from the Labour leadership election, who was the 2nd? Andy Burnham 91 An oxide of which heavy metal is used to make crystal glass? Lead 92 Who wrote the “Wilt” trilogy of books? Tom Sharpe 93 Which Cathedral has the tallest spire in England? Salisbury 94 Who released the 1996 album “Older”? George Michael 95 In which TV programme have Greek letters been replaced by Egyptian hieroglyphs? Only Connect 96 Vasco de Gama bridge which opened in 2009 is in which country? Portugal 97 Who was the only American President to have served two non-consecutive terms in office? Grover Cleveland (1885-89, 1893-97) 98 As of 19 October 2010 who, (name not position) is the 2nd Lord of the Treasury? George Osborne? (Chancellor of the Exchequer) 99 What is the name of the substance (often used for jewellery) derived from fossilised trees that Includes the monkey puzzle? Jet 100 In which 1979 race did 15 yachtsmen die in a freak storm? Fastnet (part of the Admiral’s cup) 100 What is Ormalou? A method of gilding furniture and clocks 101 Who was known as the Swedish nightingale? Jenny Lind 102 In what year of the 19th century did the Great Exhibition open at the Crystal Palace? 1851 (+/- one year) 103 Les Miserables is based on a novel by whom? Victor Hugo 104 The Kiel Canal links the Baltic Sea with which other sea? The North Sea 105 On which Greek Island would you find the ancient city of Knossos? Crete 106 What was Kojak’s first name? Theo 107 What nationality was Gustav Holst? English 108 Exeter City shares the name of its football ground with which team in the English Premier League Newcastle United (St James’s Park) 109 Who wrote this description of autumn “ seasons of mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun”? Keats 110 An English aiport has the motto “Above us only sky”. From which song is this lyric taken? Imagine (Liverpool John Lennon Airport) 111 The MOBO music awards were held last week. What does the second “o” stand for?(mobO) Origin (Music Of Black Origin) 112 What would you do with a “Kindle”? Read a book. (It’s a wireless reading device) 113 Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselev won this years Nobel prize for Physics for their work on which material? Graphene 114 Who is President of FIFA? Sepp Blatter 115 Which Formula 1 Grand Prix race is held at Spa? Belgian Grand Prix 116 Tom Bosley, who died recently played Mr Cunningham in “Happy Days”, which actor turned producer played his son, Ritchie? Ron Howard 117 Which company owns Macclesfield Forest? United Utilities 118 Which poet wrote about the “dark satanic mills “ of the industrial revolution? William Blake 119 In which film, directed by Ridley Scott, did Harrison Ford play replicant hunter Rick Deckard? Blade Runner 120 Which local Northern Premier league football team, nicknamed “the Blues” plays their home Games at Harrison Park? 1 In the BBC tv series who plays 60’s detective George Gently? Martin Shaw 2 The 34 mile Sandstone Trail runs from Frodsham to where? Whitchurch 3 What is the capital of Nigeria? Abouja 4 Who hosts Radio 4’s News Quiz? Sandy Toksvig 5 In What year did Sir Issac Newton die? 1727 (+/- 1 year) 6 Who in 1953 won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his work “History of the English Speaking People”? Winston Churchill Tiebreaker Travelling by road and using the shortest route and the channel tunnel, what is the total distance in miles from Macclesfield to St Marks Sq, Venice? 1143 miles (Google Maps) posted by Nick at 9:15 AM 10 Comments Wednesday, October 20, 2010 19th October All Questions Set By The British Flag Vetted by: The Knot Know-Alls (C League) SPECIALIST ROUNDS ROUND 1: ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT 1. What name does the “S” of C S Lewis stand for? STAPLES 2. What is the name of the author, screenwriter and former actress who has written several TV series including Trial and retribution and Mind Games ? LINDA LA PLANTE 3. Which book begins with “A girl sitting on a bank with her sister getting very bored”? ALICE IN WONDERLAND 4. Which 20th century novel revolves around a boy who has been expelled from an American prep school? THE CATCHER IN THE RYE 5. In the play “Peter Pan” what is Captain Hook’s ship called? JOLLY ROGER 6. Which book starts and ends with the same continuous sentence i.e. the sentence starts at the end of the book and ends at the start of the book ? FINNEGANS WAKE (James Joyce) 7. “We two boys together clinging” is the title of a painting by which British artist? DAVID HOCKNEY 8. During the sixties a popular print of a Chinese girl with a green face was seen in many living rooms. Who was the artist famous for his colourful paintings of exotic people and flowers ? VLADIMIR TRETCHIKOFF SUPPLEMENTARIES: I. The lines “They shall not grow old as we that are left grow old” were written by which poet? LAURENCE BINYON II. In Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night the comic character Andrew Aguecheek is a great eater of which meat? BEEF ROUND 2: SCIENCE 1. Who developed the theory of electromagnetic induction, the laws of electrolysis and created the first electric dynamo ? MICHAEL FARADAY 2. Who, through passing electricity through molten metallic compounds discovered potassium, sodium, calcium, barium, magnesium and strontium ? SIR HUMPHREY DAVY 3. Whose law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature ? BOYLES LAW 4. What name is given to the fear of animals ? ZOOPHOBIA 5. In the periodic table what name is given to the group of elements named fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine ? HALOGENS 6. In the periodic table what name is given to the group of elements named helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon ? INERT OR NOBLE GASES 7. Named after the Californian who accidentally first created it in 1881, what is a cross between a raspberry and a blackberry called ? LOGANBERRY 8. What is a lactometer used to measure ? DENSITY OF MILK I. Where in the human body are the bronchioles found ? LUNGS II. What is the common name for kaolin ? CHINA CLAY ROUND 3: SPORT 1. Name either of the two countries that will be co-hosting the 2012 European football Championships between June 8th and July 1st? POLAND OR UKRAINE 2. How many Commonwealth Gold medals did England win at the recent Commonwealth Games in India, one less that the hosts ! 37 3. Who won the 2010 Tour de France but has subsequently been suspected of using the banned substance clenbuterol to help him win ? ALBERTO CONTADOR 4. Who was voted BBC Sports Personality of the Year last year ? RYAN GIGGS 5. How many players from each team are on the field in a game of Australian Rules Football? 18 6. Who is the current MotoGP World Champion? VALENTINO ROSSI (7 titles) 7. Speedway is organized into the Elite, Premier and National Leagues. Which is the only North of England team in the Elite League ? BELLE VUE ACES 8. Who was the youngest player on this year’s victorious European Ryder Cup team ? RORY McILLROY I. How many referees/officials officiate in a game of American Football ? 7 (Referee, Umpire, Head Linesman, Line Judge, Field Judge, Side Judge and Back Judge) II. What was the name of the Mansfield girl who won two gold medals for Team GB at the Beijing Summer Olympics in the 400 m and 800 m Freestyle ? REBECCA ADLINGTON 1. In the American constitution, the 13th amendment abolished what? SLAVERY 2. In what year was VAT first introduced into Britain? 1973 3. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were watered by pumping from which river? EUPHRATES 4. From which tribe of Britons did Boudicca come? ICENI 5. In which year did England and Scotland become politically united? 1707 (ALLOW 1705 – 1709) 6. Anthony Van Dyck was court painter to which English monarch?? CHARLES I 7. Who fought a general election in December 1918 with the slogan “Make Germany pay”? LLOYD GEORGE 8. Which saint was buried on Holy Island off the coast of Northumberland, but his remains were later transferred to Durham Cathedral? SAINT CUTHBERT SUPPLEMENTARIES: I. The enormous blue stones found at Stonehenge are thought to have come from which Welsh Hills? PRESELI II. With which political party was Oswald Mosley associated in the 1930s? THE BRITISH UNION OF FASCISTS (ACCEPT FASCISTS) ROUND 5: NICKNAMES 1. What nickname is shared by football teams Altrincham, Bristol City, Cheltenham Town and Swindon Town ? THE ROBINS 2. Which country is nicknamed “The land of the thousand lakes” although at the last count there were in fact 187,888 of them ? FINLAND 3. “Sicknote” was the nickname of a character in which TV series? LONDON’S BURNING 4. Which Dallas character did Terry Wogan nickname the `poisoned dwarf`? LUCY EWING 5. What was the nickname of the swimmer from Equatorial Guinea who took over 2 minutes to complete 100 metres freestyle in the Sydney Olympics in 2000 ? ERIC THE EEL 6. Which footballer was nicknamed “The baby-faced assassin” ? OLE GUNNAR SOLSKJAER 7. In the stock exchange what animal is used as a nickname to describe someone who sells shares thinking that the price will fall ? BEAR 8. Which jazz musician had the nickname `Bird`? CHARLIE PARKER I. William Joyce, hanged for treason in 1946 found infamy under which nickname ? LORD HAW-HAW II. What was the nickname given to the famous boxing match between Mohammad Ali and Joe Frazier in1975? THRILLER IN MANILA 1. Port Stanley in the Falklands was previously known by what name ? PORT WILLIAM 2. What is the more common name for the body of water also known as the Sea of Cortez or Vermillion Sea ? THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA 3. Eighty Mile Beach is part of which Australian state? WESTERN AUSTRALIA 4. Which Scottish word means a narrow channel between islands?? KYLE 5. Carisbrook Castle is situated on which island? ISLE OF WIGHT 6. The Gold Coast is a major tourist attraction in which country? AUSTRALIA 7. The city of Mombasa lies on which body of water? INDIAN OCEAN 8. The northern end of Lake Maggiore extends into the southern part of which country? SWITZERLAND (majority of lake in Italy) SUPPLEMENTARIES: I. What degree of latitude is shown on maps for the Arctic Circle? 67 (accept 66 or 67 exact is 66deg 33m) II. Which city stands on the river Lune ? LANCASTER ROUND 7: POLITICS 1. Who is the current Secretary of State for Work and Pensions who once said of himself: “The quiet man is turning up the volume”. IAN DUNCAN SMITH 2. Who is leading the latest enquiry into the Iraq War ? SIR JOHN CHILCOTT 3. In which English city was this year’s conservative party conference held ? BIRMINGHAM 4. Which constituency is represented by the Prime Minister, David Cameron ? WHITNEY (OXFORDSHIRE) 5. Who is the shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer ? ALAN JOHNSON 6. Who is the shadow Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ? YVETTE COOPER 7. Which constituency is represented by the Deputy Prime Minister, Nick Clegg ? SHEFFIELD HALLAM 8. How many Liberal Democrat MPs are in the Cabinet? 5 (Nick Clegg, Vince Cable, Chris Huhne, Danny Alexander, Michael Moore ) SUPPLEMENTARIES: I. Who was the only woman in the recent 5 person contest for the leadership of the Labour Party ? DIANNE ABBOTT II. What is the name of the type of document used to present proposals for new legislation to Parliament ? GREEN PAPER ROUND 8: AIRPORTS You will be given the location of an airport and a clue to the famous person to whom the airport is dedicated. Please name the famous person 1. International Airport, New Delhi, India Clue - Prime minister of India for a total of 4 terms; a total of 15 years. INDIRA GANDHI 2. International Airport, Tel Aviv, Israel Clue - 1st Prime Minister of Israel. DAVID BEN-GURION 3. International Airport, Johannesburg, South Africa. Clue - Anti-apartheid activist with Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu OLIVER TAMBO 4. National Airport, Washington DC, USA Clue - 40th President of the USA RONALD REAGAN 5. International Airport, Venice, Italy Clue – 13th Century Venetian explorer. MARCO POLO 6. International Airport (Yesilkoy), Istanbul, Turkey Clue - Founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. KEMAL ATATURK 7. International Airport, Caracas, Venezuela Clue - 19th Century political leader who led Venezuela and some other South American countries to independence from the Spanish Empire SIMON BOLIVAR 8. International Airport, Rome, Italy Clue – Italian artistic and scientific genus of the Renaissance. LEONARDO DA VINCI I. Intercontinental Airport, Houston, Texas, USA Clue - 41st President of the USA GEORGE BUSH (Senior) Do not accept George W Bush II. International Airport, Colombo, Sri Lanka Clue - Former Prime Minister who was assassinated by a Buddhist monk in 1959. His widow became Prime Minister in 1960. SOLOMON BANDARANAIKE (his widow was Sirimavo Bandaranaike the world’s first female head of Government) 1. Which is the longest nerve in the human body ? SCIATIC NERVE 2. An airplane’s automatic pilot is often referred to by which Christian name ? GEORGE 3. How long did Mary Poppins say she would stay with the Banks’s children ? UNTIL THE WIND CHANGES 4. Who played Professor Severus Snape in the Harry Potter films ? ALAN RICKMAN 5. Which London base brewery makes a beer called London Pride ? FULLERS 6. Who fell asleep for 20 years in the Catskill Mountains ? RIP VAN WINKLE 7. In the Simpsons what is Bart’s teacher called ? MRS KRABOPPLE 8. How many stars are there on the flag of New Zealand ? 4 9. What Spanish dance is said to have been invented in Cadiz around 1780 ? BOLERO 10. Which kitchen appliance do Wallace and Gromit encounter on the moon in “A Grand Day Out” ? OVEN 11. Who created the New Look in 1947 ? CHRISTIAN DIOR 12. Which novel takes place in Dublin on 16th June 1904 ? ULYSSES (James Joyce) 13. Which weather phenomenon translates from the Spanish for ”little boy” ? EL NINO 14. Which South American country is named after an Italian city ? VENEZUELA 15. At the start of a game of draughts how many squares are left empty ? 40 (each player has 12 draughts: 64 – 24 = 40) 16. What is the inimum number of bars on an Abacus ? 9 17. Who was Shakespeare’s King of the fairies ? OBERON 18. In literature who sailed to the land where the bong tree grows ? OWL AND THE PUSSYCAT 19. What is the nationality of the tennis player David Nalbandian ? ARGENTINIAN 20. Which football team topped the English Premiership at 5 pm on the first Saturday of this year’s premiership football season, but sadly only remained there for a couple of hours ? BLACKPOOL 21. Which Asian country’s flag is green with a large red spot in the middle ? BANGLADESH 22. When founded in 1950 which company became the first independent credit card company in the world ? DINERS CLUB 23. Name the three-headed dog in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone ? FLUFFY 24. What is the name of batman’s butler ? ALFRED 25. What do Australians call a long, narrow lake ? BILL-A-BONG 26. The equator runs through Ecuador, Brazil and which other South American country ? COLOMBIA 27. Who was the first black woman to win a best actress award ? HALLE BERRY (for her role in Monster's Ball (2001)). 28. In the bible Abraham had 3 wives – name any one of them ? HAGAR, SARAH, KETURAH 29. How many players are allowed in the shooting circle in a netball match ? 4 30 What sportswear company uses the slogan “Just Do It !” ? NIKE 31. Under Scottish law how many jurors form a jury ? 15 32. Under British law, what is the maximum period of time a sentence can be suspended for ? 2 YEARS 33. According to the nursery rhyme who saw Cock Robin die ? THE FLY 34. Who is the vicar in Postman Pat ? REVEREND TIMMS 35. What old English unit of a ea was originally the size that a yoke of oxen could plough in a day ? ACRE 36. Which drink w s named by its inventor after rejecting the first six names that were offered ? 7 UP 37. What part of Peter Pan was kept in a drawer in the Darling household ? HIS SHADOW 38. The name of which Chinese dish means bits and pieces ? CHOP SUEY 39. Which is the only property on the traditional Monopoly board to be located south of the river Thames ? OLD KENT ROAD 40. Which is the only pub found on a traditional Monopoly board ? THE ANGEL ISLINGTON 41. Which fruit can go in the middle of the word “aped” to make a new word ? PEAR 42. Which word can be formed from the chemical symbols for Tin, Oxygen and Tungsten ? SNOW 43. In England we wear the bowler hat. What is it called in the USA ? A DERBY 44. What do American’s call candy floss ? COTTON CANDY 45. Which chain of large, mainly city centre pubs was founded by Tim Martin ? WETHERSPOONS 46. For those watching the Queen’s speech in 1982 what was seen for the first time ? SUBTITLES 47. Which sporting equipment has a face, a toe and a heel ? GOLF CLUB (OR HOCKEY STICK) 48. What is the yacht race from the Solent to the southern tip of Ireland and back called ? FASTNET 49. What was the name of the horse that “pulled the fastest milk cart in the West” ? TRIGGER 50. Which singer sings the theme tune to the bond film “Die Another Day” ? MADONNA 51. What hot drink was originally known as Johnston’s fluid beef ? BOVRIL 52. What is/was advertised as “the slag of all snacks” ? POT NOODLE 53. If a horse’s father is a Sire, what is it’s mother called ? DAM 54. What is the only creature with retractable horns ? SNAIL 55. What name is given to the depression in the bottom of the crankcase of an internal combustion engine which serves as a reservoir of lubricating oil ? SUMP 56. What device allows a car’s wheels to turn at different speeds when cornering ? THE DIFFERENTIAL 57. What is the Christian name of Dame Edna Everege’s husband ? NORM 58. Which famous Australian actress, after her divorce said “At least I can wear high heels now” NICOLE KIDMAN 59. Whose backing band between 1956 and 1962 was called “The Jordanaires” ELVIS PRESLEY 60. In 2003 who became the first Russian act to have a Number 1 single in the UK ? TATU 61. What breed of dog is obtained when a greyhound is crossed with a collie ? LURCHER 62. What is the most common use for a sea cucumber ? WASH YOURSELF WITH IT 63. Which English county has EXACTLY the same name as it’s county town ? DURHAM 64. Which American city is nicknamed “the windy city” ? CHICAGO 65. In which city will the 2014 Commonwealth Games be held ? GLASGOW 66. How many feet long is a table tennis table ? 9 FEET 67. Blutwurst is the German equivalent of which British delicacy ? BLACK PUDDING 68. Between 1600 and 1800 over 50% of girls in the UK had one of three names. Name one of them ? ANNE, MARY, ELIZABETH 69. By what name is the domesticated polecat known ? FERRET 70. What type of flowers can be flag or bearded ? IRIS 71. Other than Psalms, which other Book of the Old Testament begins with the letter P ? PROVERBS 72. What is the second question asked of Mastermind contestants ? YOUR OCCUPATION 73. 30 seconds will be allowed for this question - What is the binary number 101010 in base 10? 42 (32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0) 74. 30 seconds will be allowed for this question There are 7 Roman Numerals - what total do you get when you add all the individual values of these numerals ? 1666 (M+D+C+L+X+V+I = 1000 + 500 + 100 + 50 + 10 + 5 + 1) 75. Which European country has had the most battles fought in it ? BELGIUM 76. The yew tree was traditionally used to make the English bow, but which tree was traditionally used to make the arrows ? ASH 77. In the game of Cluedo which weapon comes first alphabetically ? CANDLESTICK 78. In length of time which month is the longest month of the year ? OCTOBER (clocks go back – 1 hour more than any 31 day month) 79. When there are two full moons in the same month, what is the second called ? BLUE MOON 80. What are known as “The Devil’s Bones” ? DICE 81. Which is the only US State flag to have the Union Jack within it ? HAWAII 82. Which is the only US State to begin with the letter “P” ? PENNSYLVANNIA What is the women’s equivalent of The Ryder Cup ? SOLHEIM CUP 84. How many “downs” is a team allowed in order to travel 10 yards in American Football ?? 4 85. In Medieval England rents were frequently calculated and paid in the dried berries of which condiment ? PEPPER (peppercorn rent) 86. The monarch of which country sat on the Peacock throne ? IRAN 87. In which language was the children’s cartoon series Super Ted originally written ? WELSH 88. Which of the planets in our solar system rotates the fastest ? JUPITER 89. Who caused uproar in 1968 with his “Rivers Of Blood” speech ? ENOCH POWELL 90. Which kitchen item is also the name of a male ferret ? HOB 91. What is the largest lake that the Equator passes through ? LAKE VICTORIA 92. It means Aunt Mary in English, but by what name do we usually know this drink ? TIA MARIA 93. How many semiquavers in a semibreve ? 16 94. How many movements are there in a concerto ? 3 95. Aspirin was originally obtained from the bark of which tree ? WILLOW 96. What does a phlebotomist do ? TAKES BLOOD 1. What was the title of the sequel to “Gentlemen Prefer Blondes” ? GENTLEMEN MARRY BRUNETTES 2. What is the only cheese mentioned in the Domesday Book ? CHESHIRE 3. Dr. Evil, in the Austin Powers film has a pet cat – what is his name ? MR. BIGGLESWORTH 4. In a knitting pattern what is meant by the letters BH ? BUTTON HOOK 5. In musical notation how many semi-quavers are there in a semi-breeve ? 16 6. Which bond girl actress was married to Peter Sellers from 1964 to 1968 ? BRITT EKLAND posted by Nick at 9:43 AM 4 Comments Wednesday, October 13, 2010 Specialist questions set by Waters Green Rams. General knowledge questions set by Church House, Bollington. All vetted by Harrington Academicals. SPECIALIST ROUNDS- 1. SINCE YOU’VE BEEN GONE 2. SCIENCE 5. TIME FOR THE KIDS 6. POLITICS ROUND ONE - SINCE YOU’VE BEEN GONE – News stories of the summer 1. Which actor, born Bernard Schwartz in 1925, died in September 2010? TONY CURTIS 2. In June, Princess Victoria married her former personal trainer Daniel Westling. Of which country is she a princess? SWEDEN 3. Which 74 year-old singing Dame received poor reviews when she appeared on a UK stage for the first time in 30 years at the London O2 in May? JULIE ANDREWS 4. What name was given to the tent city that was set up at the top of the San Jose pit shaft in Chile, where 33 miners were trapped? CAMP ESPERANZA (original Spanish name) or CAMP HOPE 5. Goodluck Jonathan became President of which country in May? NIGERIA 6. The Savile Enquiry finally delivered its findings on which event of 38 years ago? BLOODY SUNDAY (January 1972 in Derry) 7. Why was Mary Bale in the news in August? She was filmed on CCTV putting a CAT into a WHEELIE BIN in Coventry. 8. Which major New Zealand city was hit by an earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale? CHRISTCHURCH Supp 1 Which company, with its head-quarters in Windermere, was declared the UK’s best retailer by Which? Magazine? LAKELAND Supp 2 Why was Terry Jones of Gainesville, Florida in the news in September? He planned to BURN copies of the KORAN outside his church. ROUND TWO – SCIENCE 1. Which scientist was born in Shrewsbury in 1809 and died at Down House in Kent in 1882? CHARLES DARWIN 2. Which acid was traditionally known as Oil Of Vitriol or Spirit Of Vitriol? SULPHURIC ACID 3. Which heavenly body has moons called Charon, Nix and Hydra? PLUTO 4. William was in prison in 1770, when he invented the toothbrush. What was his surname, still famous in that field today? ADDIS 5. Besides the elephant, which other African mammal is a source of ivory? HIPPOPOTAMUS 6. An amalgam is a compound containing which metal? MERCURY 7. What name is given to a triangle with sides of unequal length? SCALENE 8. What does a Campbell-Stokes Recorder Record? SUNSHINE (not temperature) Supp 1 Scientist William Harvey (born 1578) is famous for his research into what? THE BLOOD (circulation etc.) Supp 2 What is the more common name for triatomic oxygen? OZONE ROUND THREE – SPORT 1. Tony McCoy finally won his first Grand National in 2010 on his 15th ride in the race. Which horse did he ride? DON’T PUSH IT 2. Name either of the 2008 Ryder Cup captains. PAUL AZINGER or NICK FALDO 3. Which sport would you be taking part in if you used a monkey climber, waggler and a plumb? ANGLING / COARSE FISHING 4. Which county won the 2010 County Cricket Championship? NOTTINGHAMSHIRE 5. Which team won the 2010 Rugby League Challenge Cup? WARRINGTON WOLVES ( bt. Leeds Rhinos 30-6 in the final). Accept WARRINGTON. 6. Where will the final race in the 2010 Formula One Series be held? YAS MARINA circuit in ABU DHABI (accept either) 7. According to Wikipedia, which English football ground has the widest pitch and boasts the tallest floodlights? EASTLANDS (home of Manchester City) 8. Which football club holds the record for the fewest wins in a season in the Premier League? DERBY COUNTY – in 2007/8, their record was Played 38, Won 1, Drawn 8, Lost 29. Supp 1 How many times did Alex Higgins win the World Snooker Championship? TWO Supp 2 Which Rugby Union club has made their Premiership debut in the 2010/11 season? EXETER (Chiefs) ROUND FOUR – GEOGRAPHY 1. Which Irish port was known as Kingstown from 1821, after a visit by George IV, until 1921? DUN LAOGHAIRE (pronounced DUNLEARY) 2. Between 1947 and gaining independence in 1971, by what name was the present-day country of Bangladesh known? EAST PAKISTAN 3. Name an African country that, in its normal English spelling, contains the letter Q. MOZAMBIQUE or EQUATORIAL GUINEA. 4. The islands of Hokkaido and Kyushu are part of which country? JAPAN 5. Of which country are the Faroe Islands a self-governing overseas administrative division? DENMARK 6. Which city of the United States, 250 miles north of Memphis, is famous for its Gateway Arch, completed in 1965 as a memorial to the pioneers of the West? ST LOUIS 7. The ruins of which medieval abbey (the subject of a painting by Turner) stand on the banks of the River Wye, 4 miles north of Chepstow? TINTERN ABBEY 8. The Eastern Yar and The Western Yar are 2 of the 3 longest rivers in which part of the British Isles? ISLE OF WIGHT Supp 1 Which long-distance footpath runs 34 miles from Frodsham to Whitchurch? SANDSTONE TRAIL Supp 2 The state of Andorra lies in which mountain range? PYRENEES ROUND FIVE – TIME FOR THE KIDS - CARTOONS 1. In the Wacky Races, who drove the Bulletproof Bomb? ANT HILL MOB 2. Where does Yogi Bear live? JELLYSTONE PARK (not Yellowstone Park) 3. What is the name of Captain Pugwash’s ship? BLACK PIG 4. How is Paul Metcalfe more famously known? CAPTAIN SCARLET 5. Who was The Road Runner always trying, but always failing, to catch? WILE E COYOTE 6. In Thunderbirds, who is stationed on Thunderbird 5? JOHN TRACY 7. In Hector’s House, Hector was married to Zaza. What breed of animal is Zaza? CAT 8. In The Herb Garden, what breed of animal was Dill? DOG Supp 1 Who presented Animal Magic? JOHNNY MORRIS Supp2 Who lived at 52, Festive Road? MR BENN 1. Where did the Liberal Democrats hold their party conference in 2010? LIVERPOOL 2. Miriam Gonzales Durantes is the wife of which politician? NICK CLEGG 3. Pal Sarkozy, father of the French President, is a native of which country, having been born in its capital city in 1928? HUNGARY 4. Who was the Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia at the time of the Prague Spring of 1968, when the Soviet Union sent tanks into the country? ALEXANDER DUBCEK 5. In what year did Margaret Bondfield become the first female cabinet minister in the UK, taking the post of Minister of Labour? 1929 (Accept 1927-1931) 6. Who was the first candidate eliminated under the transferable vote system when the Labour Party elected a new leader in September 2010? DIANE ABBOTT 7. William Henry Hamilton became the first US President to do what on 4th April 1841? THE FIRST PRESIDENT TO DIE IN OFFICE (It was natural causes. He caught a severe cold at his inauguration) 8. Which future leader of the Conservative Party famously addressed the Conservative Party Conference in 1977 as a 16 year-old? WILLIAM HAGUE Supp 1 What is the title of Tony Blair’s 2010 autobiography? A JOURNEY (Not THE Journey, the proposed title, which was changed as it was too Messiah-like) Supp 2 What is the first name of Barack Obama’s wife? MICHELLE ROUND SEVEN - ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT 1. “June Is Bustin’ Out All Over” is a song from which 1956 musical? CAROUSEL 2. Which TV presenter has an ethical website called stuffyourrucksack.com and was elected President of the RSPB in October 2009? KATE HUMBLE 3. In Coronation Street, what was the name of the boat that Gail’s husband Joe McIntyre kept in the street for a few weeks last winter? GAIL FORCE 4. With a sub-title of The Artist’s Mother, what is the proper title of the famous Whistler painting of 1871? ARRANGEMENT IN GREY AND BLACK (Accept ARRANGEMENT IN BLACK AND GREY) 5. Who plays the title role in the 2010 film Salt? ANGELINA JOLIE 6. Which play, which opened at the Fortune Theatre in 1989, is the second-longest running non-musical play in the West End? THE WOMAN IN BLACK? 7. The 1992 work The Physical Impossibility Of Death In The Mind Of Someone Living features which creature? (Tiger) SHARK (In formaldehyde in the Damien Hirst work) 8. Who composed the opera La Traviata? GIUSEPPE VERDI Supp 1 Michael Stipe, Peter Buck, Mike Mills and Bill Berry formed which band in 1980? R.E.M Supp 2 Which actress wrote the autobiographies The Two Of Us in 2004 and Just Me in 2008? SHEILA HANCOCK ROUND EIGHT – HISTORY 1. The Seven Years War, The Napoleonic Wars and The Crimean War were all settled by treaties of………………………… which city? PARIS 2. What name was given to Hitler’s plan to invade Britain during World War Two? OPERATION SEALION 3. In 1930, who led a 240 mile march from Sabarmati to Dandi as a protest against a salt tax? MAHATMA GANDHI 4. Which of the 8 King Henrys that have ruled England had the longest reign? HENRY THE 3RD (56 years) 5. Camulodunum was the first capital of Britain under the Romans. What is its present-day name? COLCHESTER 6. What relation was Queen Victoria to the person that she succeeded on the British throne? NIECE (Of William IV) 7. Fought in Yorkshire on Palm Sunday 1461, which battle is said to be the bloodiest on English soil with an estimated 28,000 killed? TOWTON 8. In which century did Eleanor Of Castile, commemorated by the Eleanor Crosses, die? 13th CENTURY (1290) Supp 1 On which date do the French celebrate Bastille Day? 14th JULY Supp 2 The following died in consecutive years – poet John Keats, poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, scientist Edward Jenner and poet Lord Byron. Give one year in this 4-year period. You do not need to give the relevant death. 1821-1824 1 Who wrote the novel Of Mice and Men? John Steinbeck 2 Who wrote the seminal 1936 self-help book How to Win Friends and Influence People? Dale Carnegie 3 Which U.S. state’s nickname is The Old Dominion? Virginia 4 What is the land of giants called in Gulliver's Travels? Brobdingnag 5 Which Roman emperor was stabbed to death in a theatre and had his body flushed through the sewers of Rome? Caligula 6 Duke D'Mond, who died aged 66 in 2009, was lead singer of which successful UK comedy pop group? The Barron Knights 7 Which was the only country to be undefeated in the 2010 football World Cup finals? New Zealand 8 What name was given to the Chinese peasant uprising of 1900? Boxer Rebellion 9 Which musical features the songs Tradition and Sunrise Sunset? Fiddler on the Roof 10 On which island was Nelson Mandela incarcerated for 20 years, from 1962-82? Robben Island 11 Give a year in the reign of King Henry VI 1422-1461 12 From the Greek words for 'before’ and 'know', what medical term refers to the predicted course and outcome of an illness? Prognosis 13 In which organ of the body are the Islets of Langerhans? Pancreas 14 For which film did Kathryn Bigelow become the first female to win the Best Director Oscar? The Hurt Locker 15 By what name was Kinshasa, capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, known before 1966? Leopoldville 16 What is the name of the small hammer with a circular rubber head used by doctors to test body reflexes, particularly at the knee? Plexor 17 In Greek mythology which king was punished by being compelled to eternally roll a huge boulder up a hill, only to watch it roll back down? Sisyphus 18 Jenny Shipley became the first female Prime Minister of which country in 1997? New Zealand 19 The Man of Property, In Chancery and To Let are the novels in which literary series? The Forsyte Saga (by John Galsworthy) 20 Name the Rochdale pensioner whom Gordon Brown was heard to call 'a sort of bigoted woman' after meeting her on a pre-election walkabout Gillian Duffy 21 Which former lead singer of the Equals had a solo number one hit in 1982 with the song I Don’t Wanna Dance? Eddy Grant 22 What word, from the Latin meaning 'I shall please' refers to a control substance used in drug trials which has no chemical effect? Placebo 23 By what name is the actor Carlos Estevez better known? Charlie Sheen 24 What is a famous make of car, a software company and the national flower of Egypt? Lotus 25 What type of animal is a pashmina? Goat 26 Which politician, buried in Westminster Abbey in 1833, campaigned for more than 50 years against British slavery? William Wilberforce 27 Who is the presenter of the BBC quiz show Only Connect? Victoria Coren 28 Amsterdam Vallon and William “Bill the Butcher” Cutting were characters in which 2002 Oscar winning film? Gangs of New York 29 Which linguistic term means the substitution of an expression that may offend or suggest something unpleasant with an agreeable or less offensive term? Euphemism 30 MP Cyril Smith died recently, for which northern town was he MP from 1972 to 1992? Rochdale 31 Also passing away this year was the singer best known for 1981 hit “The Oldest Swinger In Town“. Can you name him? Fred Wedlock 32 What title was shared by three different songs which achieved UK or US number one positions within a few months of each other during 1984-85? The Power Of Love (Jennifer Rush, Huey Lewis and the News and Frankie Goes to Hollywood) 33 In South Africa this summer Howard Webb became the first English referee to take charge of a World Cup Final since whom in 1974? Jack Taylor 34 What is the largest landlocked country in the world? Kazakhstan 35 Which Venetian artist painted the Three Ages of Man? Titian 36 Name the Commander of the US and NATO forces in Afghanistan who was dismissed in June 2010 by President Obama after making derogatory remarks about senior administration officials including the President himself Stan McChrystal 37 What name was given to the Samurai code of honour? Bushido 38 For which book, featuring the characters Hazel, Fiver and Bigwig, is the author Richard Adams best known? Watership Down 39 Who was the 2010 American Ryder Cup captain? Corey Pavin 40 Dead Mans Fingers, Dabberlocks and Sea Belt are all types of what? Seaweed 41 Nissan are scheduled to launch their new electric car in March 2011. What will the new model be called? Leaf 42 For what will Eyjafjallajokull be most remembered during 2010? Eruption causing volcanic ash cloud 43 In what area of medicine would a SNELLEN chart be used ? Optometry / Eye Test 44 Who wrote the poem 'The Owl and the Pussycat'? Edward Lear 45 Which country had a secret police force known as the Tonton Macoute? Haiti 46 Eric Spear is best known for composing the music to which long running TV show? Coronation Street 47 In `Coronation Street`, what was Stan Ogden`s occupation? Window cleaner 48 The song `Killing Me Softly With His Song` was written about which American singer-songwriter? Don McLean 49 What was Culture Club`s first number one in the UK? Do You Really Want To Hurt Me? 50 Name one of the two authors who had walk on parts in the film `Bridget Jones Diary`? Salman Rushdie / Jeffrey Archer 51 What is the name of the clockwork device used by musicians to measure time? Metronome 52 What do the initials HB on a pencil stand for? Hard Black 53 For what reason did Blackpool resident Wendy Lewis hit the national headlines in August 2009 Urinating on a war memorial 54 If you were at the Brickyard, what sport would you be watching? Motor racing (Indianapolis 500) 55 Where would you most commonly find the inscription `Standing On The Shoulders Of Giants`? Two pound coin 56 Excluding resigning, how many different moves does a player have the choice of at the start of a game of chess? 20 57 Which famous leader once said `I`m still at the crease, but the bowling is more hostile these days`? Margaret Thatcher 58 In language, what name is given to the study of meaning? Semantics 59 Gala, Jonagold and Pink Lady are varieties of which fruit? Apples 60 Who is the presenter of the BBC quiz show Pointless? Alexander Armstrong 61 The highest temperature ever recorded outside in the shade was recorded in Azizah, in Africa. In which country is this city located? Libya 62 Rothschild, Maasai and Reticulated are varieties of which type of animal? Giraffe 63 Who famously crossed Niagara Falls on a tightrope in June 1859? Charles Blondin 64 By what name is the actor Michael Shalhoub better known? Omar Sharif 65 Who starred as Trampas in the 1960-70s TV series The Virginian before being left behind in The Land That Time Forgot? Doug McClure 66 Which former vocalist with Earth Wind & Fire duetted with Phil Collins on the 1985 number one hit Easy Lover? Philip Bailey 67 What is the boiling point of water using the scientific Kelvin scale of temperature measurement? 373 deg. 68 Northern Lights, The Subtle Knife and The Amber Spyglass are the 3 novels in which trilogy? His Dark Materials (by Philip Pullman) 69 What was the 1st human invention that broke the sound barrier? Whip 70 In Greek mythology, who was punished by being bound to a rock while a great eagle ate his liver every day only to have it grow back to be eaten again the next day? Prometheus 71 What was the pseudonym of French dramatist Jean-Baptiste Poquelin? Moliere 72 Give a year in the reign of King Edward I 1272-1307 73 What bridge connects Dawes Point to Milson's Point? Sydney Harbour Bridge 74 In which organ of the body is the Bowman’s Capsule? Kidney 75 What is the medical condition in which a person has an extreme tendency to fall asleep at inappropriate times? Narcolepsy 76 By what name did the Indian city of Chennai used to be known before 1996? Madras 77 Who wrote the 1955 novel Lolita? Vladimir Nabakov 78 Which musical features the songs “The Simple Joys Of Maidenhood” and “How To Handle A Woman”? Camelot 79 Name one of the two mascots chosen for the London 2012 Olympics? Wenlock or Mandeville 80 What was the name of the controversial football used in the 2010 World Cup finals? Jabulani 81 Fines of £5.3m, criticized as paltry and insulting, were imposed on Shell, Total and BP, five years after the huge 2005 explosion and fire at what UK oil storage depot? Buncefield 82 Which Roman emperor was murdered by his wife feeding him poisoned mushrooms? Claudius 83 Globo Esporte, which carried the headline 'HAHAHAHAHAHAHA' following Argentina's 4-0 defeat by Germany in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a newspaper in which country? Brazil 84 The late 'Father of Chicago Blues', McKinley Morganfield, is better known by what name? Muddy Waters 85 Which artist painted the famous `Sunflowers` series of paintings? Van Gogh 86 Who wrote the novel Three Men in a Boat? Jerome K Jerome 87 Who had a hit in 1954 with the wonderfully titled Gilly Gilly Ossenfeffer Katzenellen Bogen By The Sea? Max Bygraves 88 Which U.S. state is nicknamed the Land of Enchantment? New Mexico 89 Which battle took place in January 1879 and featured in a famous film starring Stanley Baker? Rorkes Drift 90 Whose band was the Tijuana Brass? Herb Alpert 91 Who painted The Rake's Progress? William Hogarth 92 Which 1986 film contained the line, “I feel the need…the need for speed”? Top Gun 93 What is the largest fresh water lake in North America? Superior 94 Which Hasbro `action figure` got its name from a Robert Mitchum film? G I Joe 95 What song does the main character wake up to every morning in Groundhog Day? I Got You Babe (Sonny & Cher) 96 How many rounds are there in an Olympic boxing match? 4 A What colour is the bullseye on a standard dartboard? Red B What was the name of the 2001 sequel to Silence Of The Lambs, in which Julianne Moore took over the role played in the original by Jodie Foster? Hannibal C Kriek Beer, a Belgian brew, is flavoured with which fruit? Cherries D Which organ of the body is affected by Bright's Disease? Kidney E Which current BBC drama is filmed in a disused school in Rochdale? Waterloo Road F Which snooker player, born in 1957, became the games first millionaire and is nicknamed The Nugget? Steve Davis Answer 1 Who did not seek re-election as Austrian President in 1991 after revelations about his activities in World War II? Kurt Waldheim Which governor of Sumatra was responsible for the founding of Singapore? Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles 3 What was the name of the socialist movement which carried out the Nicaraguan Revolution in 1979? Sandinista 4 Who was President of Zimbabwe before Robert Mugabe, serving in the office between 1980 and 1987? Canaan Banana Which 20th Century US President shared a surname with a British Prime Minister? Woodrow Wilson (PM = Harold) 6 Who is credited with the quote “If you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen”? US President Harry S Truman 7 Where did the ‘Gang of Four’ seize power in 1976? China Which dictator was deposed in Cambodia in 1979? Pol Pot In which war was the battle of Marston Moor? English Civil War Name the battle in Ireland at which William of Orange defeated James II. The Battle Of the Boyne Science On which river is the Aswan Dam? Nile In which London square is the American Embassy situated? Grosvenor Square Which city is known to Afrikaners as Kaapstad? Cape Town Tbilisi is the capital of which country? Georgia In which country would you find the city of Bochum? Germany Which British river has the longest single span suspension bridge in the world? Humber In which country is the Serengeti Game Reserve? Tanzania You’re Nicked – whoever you are… This is a picture round, and all you have to do is identify the well known person from the following police mugshots taken when they foolish enough to be arrested at some point in their careers. Note to QMs – There are 2 copies of each picture. Please give a copy to each team at the same time. 1. Answer 1 James Brown (arrested for domestic assault in January 2004 – and on numerous other occasions for various things over the years) 2 Jane Fonda (arrested in 1970 for kicking a police officer who was arresting her for a large amount of pills she had in her possession. Charges were dropped when it was determined that the pills were vitamins…) 3 Jennifer Capriati (arrested for possession of drugs in 1994 in the midst of her first ‘off the rails’ phase…) 4 Macaulay Culkin (arrested for possession of drugs in Oklahoma in 2004. He turned 30 in August this year, just to make you feel old...) 5 Al Pacino (arrested in 1961 for carrying a concealed weapon. Charges were dropped when he said he needed it for an acting job…) 6 Mickey Rourke (arrested for being under the influence of something or other as he failed to control his scooter in Miami Beach in 2007) 7 Frank Sinatra (The 23 yr old ‘Old Blue Eyes’ was arrested in New Jersey in 1938 on charges of ‘seduction and adultery’ which were later dropped. You’d need a lot more cells if those laws applied here…) 8 Steve McQueen (arrested for drink driving in Alaska in 1972. Well, what else is there to do in Alaska..?) S1 Nick Nolte (arrested in Malibu in 2002 for drink / drugs offences. They let him off the haircut and the shirt…) S2 Paris Hilton (during one of her many minor misdemeanours. Why has she never been arrested for being thicker than a whale omelette..?) WRITTEN QUESTIONS TO BE USED IF ANY PLAYER HAS A VISUAL HANDICAP 1 Which well known actor was arrested on 27 June 1995 near to Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles for committing “lewd conduct in a public place” with prostitute Divine Brown? Hugh Grant 2 Which American singer / songwriter whose albums include Live Trucker and Rock N Roll Jesus has been arrested numerous times in the USA? Kid Rock Answer 1 Which famous motor racing event was first held in January 1911 and won by Henri Rougier? The Monte Carlo Rally 2 When Bobby Charlton left Manchester United in 1973, which team did he go to as player-manager for the next two seasons? Preston North End Who is the only man to date to score 13,000 Test Match runs? Sachin Tendulkar (Ricky Ponting is creeping up on it) 4 Dave Brailsford is a successful British coach in which sport? Cycling Who has held the Men’s Triple Jump World Record since 1995? Jonathan Edwards (18.29m) What is the length (in metres) of an Olympic Rowing course? 2000 metres Two sports other than skiing can take place on a piste. Name either Fencing or Boules (Pétanque) Which sport is named after the country seat of the Duke of Beaufort? Badminton S1 There are 5 events in the Modern Pentathlon – Shooting, Riding and Fencing are three, name either of the other two. Swimming, Cross-Country S2 Which Football League club did Sir Alf Ramsey manage immediately prior to becoming England manager in 1963? Ipswich Town Founded in 1818, in which European city would you find the Prado museum? Madrid Mrs Doasyouwouldbedoneby and Mrs Bedonebyasyoudid appear in which novel by Charles Kingsley? The Water Babies In which TV series did Patrick McGoohan star as John Drake? Danger Man 4 Who was the composer of the opera The Rake’s Progress and the ballet The Firebird amongst many other works? Igor Stravinsky What was the name of the monster killed by Beowulf? Grendel In ‘The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin”, what company did Reggie work for? Sunshine Desserts 7 What was the name of the Lion in C.S. Lewis’s The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe? Aslan Which London museum, which opened in 1857, was originally called the Museum of Ornamental Art? The Victoria and Albert Museum S1 Which 1935 film has the last line “It’s a far, far better thing I do than I have ever done. It’s a far, far better rest I go to than I have ever known.” A Tale of Two Cities S2 Which 1991 film has the last line “I do wish we could chat longer, but I'm having an old friend for dinner. Bye.” The Silence of the Lambs Irritable Vowel Syndrome This is a potentially confusing round, but hopefully this explanation will clear it up! The answers to all the (frankly random) questions in this round will be a word or phrase that contains only one vowel, albeit that vowel will be repeated more than once. For example:- What is the Aboriginal name for Ayers Rock? Answer - Uluru Answer Which word, meaning "scented" in Spanish, is a dark and nutty variety of sherry? Oloroso 2 Which word refers to a style of 18th-century French art and interior design and is often referred to as “Late Baroque"? Rococo 3 What is the name of the island nation in the Indian Ocean, whose main island is the fourth largest island in the world? Madagascar Which river originates at Lake Itasca, Minnesota and then flows southwards, terminating near New Orleans? Mississippi 5 Which long running successful musical group comprised a trio of singing brothers who reached the peak of their success in the disco-era of the late 1970s? Bee Gees Which British girl group included the members Sara Dallin and Keren Woodward? Bananarama 7 Which country located in North Africa has coastline on the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea? Morocco 8 Which Turkish football team play their home games at the notoriously hostile Ali Sami Yen Stadium? Galatasaray S1 Which country house in West Sussex hosts horse racing in its surrounding estate and an event called the Festival of Speed? Goodwood S2 Which fictional character most famously appearing in Lewis Carroll’s works is believed to have originated in an epigram written by poet John Byrom? Tweedledee Movie Dingbats Surely a record – this is the second picture round of the night. In this round, you will be shown pictures that represent the title of a well-known film. An example is provided. Note to QMs – There are 2 copies of each picture. Please give a copy to each team at the same time. Give out the picture marked EXAMPLE, to which the answer is…Million Dollar Baby 1. No Country for Old Men S2 WRITTEN QUESTIONS TO BE USED IF ANY PLAYER HAS A VISUAL HANDICAP 1 Who directed the Oscar-winning 1996 film The English Patient? Anthony Minghella Who directed the Oscar-winning 1957 film Bridge on the River Kwai? David Lean GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 1) Football: There are five teams in the Premiership that have "HAM" in their name. Fulham, West Ham and Birmingham City are three; name either of the other two. Ans - Tottenham Hotspur or Wolverhampton Wanderers 2) Similarly, in horse racing, there are four racecourses that start with "NEW". Newmarket and Newbury are two; name either of the other two. Ans - Newcastle or Newton Abbot 3) What’s the name of the Army Barracks in Surrey that has been the subject of several enquiries into the deaths of recruits there for well over 10 years? Ans - Deepcut Barracks (Accept Kehoe Barracks as this is an alternative name for it) 4) Why did Chesley Sullenberger make the news for his actions in New York City in January 2009? Ans – He was the pilot who successfully ditched US Airways Flight 1549 in the Hudson River shortly after take-off, saving the lives of all 155 people on the aircraft. (Accept anything which obviously alludes to the aircraft crash and the fact he was the pilot) 5) On Mohs’ scale of hardness, which mineral is the softest? Ans - Talc 6) In which building would you find Poet's Corner? Ans - Westminster Abbey 7) The former county of Rutland became a part of which other County in 1974? Ans – Leicestershire 8) In which English county did the Great Train Robbery take place? Ans - Buckinghamshire 9) Who collapsed and died on stage at Her Majesty's Theatre, London, on 15th April 1984? Ans - Tommy Cooper 10) There are two bridges that join Anglesey with mainland Wales. The Menai Bridge is one, what is the other one called? Ans - The Britannia Bridge 11) How many years of marriage would you be celebrating on your Pearl wedding anniversary? Ans - 30 12) Who was Kevin Federline famously married to between 2004 and 2007? Ans - Britney Spears 13) Who was Rebekah Wade, former editor of The Sun newspaper, married to between 2002 and 2009? Ans - Ross Kemp 14) Where in the body would you find the Betz cells? Ans - The Brain 15) Which musical does the song "Get me to the Church on Time" come from? Ans - My Fair Lady 16) Which musical does the song "Big Spender" come from? Ans - Sweet Charity 17) Which former Snooker World Champion was the subject of match fixing allegations made by the News of the World newspaper in May 2010? Ans - John Higgins 18) Which horse won the 2010 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe? Ans – Workforce (Ridden by Ryan Moore) 19) Who was named after Johnny Rotten's hamster after the rodent bit him on the finger? Ans - Sid Vicious (Real name – John Richie) He was bitten by Rotten’s hamster – Sid – and told Rotten “your Sid is vicious” and the rest is history… 20) Name either of the two modern countries that contain the ancient region of Nubia. Ans – Egypt or Sudan 21) What was the name of the blind Benedictine monk who supposedly invented champagne? Ans - Dom Perignon 22) The Roman name for this city is Lutetia, meaning “mid water settlement. What do we know the city as today? Ans - Paris 23) Who is the only American president to have served non-consecutive terms of office? Ans - Grover Cleveland 24) Which band took their name from a steam-powered dildo featured in William Burroughs’s novel "Naked Lunch"? Ans - Steely Dan 25) What piece of information did members of the SS have tattooed in their armpit? Ans - Their blood group 26) In which novel would you find the characters Bathsheba Everdene and Gabriel Oak? Ans – Far From the Madding Crowd (by Thomas Hardy) 27) Who wrote "'Tis better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all"? Ans - Alfred Lord Tennyson 28) Which statesman said, "The graveyards of the world are filled with indispensable men"? Ans - Charles De Gaulle 29) Which American airport has the code DFW? Ans - Dallas/Fort Worth (Accept "Dallas" or "Fort Worth") 30) Cars from where bear the international registration mark GBZ? Ans - Gibraltar 31) Which is the highest mountain in North America? Ans – Mount McKinley 32) Which country's flag has an inscription which, translated, means, "There is no god but God and Mohammed is the prophet of God"? Ans - Saudi Arabia 33) Which type of perfume has a name which literally means “rotten pot”? Ans – Potpourri 34) Which politician said, "I have taken more out of alcohol than alcohol has taken out of me"? Ans - Winston Churchill 35) Who said, "One more drink and I'll be under the host"? Ans - Dorothy Parker 36) Which artist's life is Somerset Maugham's "The Moon and Sixpence" based loosely on? Ans - Paul Gauguin 37) How was surrealist painter and photographer Emanuel Radinsky better known? Ans - Man Ray 38) Which band did Ronnie Wood leave to join the Rolling Stones? Ans - The Faces 39) Which instrument did Karen Carpenter play? Ans - Drums 40) Who composed "Die Fledermaus"? Ans - Johann Strauss 41) Which English County is the setting for Richard Wagner's opera "Tristan and Isolde"? Ans - Cornwall 42) Which planet is also known as the "horned" planet? Ans - Venus 43) The “Holger Nielson” and the “Revised Sylvester” are both methods of what? Ans - Artificial respiration (Accept First Aid) 44) Before being used as a word to describe very tall buildings, what were (and still are) skyscrapers? Ans - Sails (A small triangular sail set above the skysail on ships/boats) 45) Which extinct creature got its name from the Portuguese word for stupid? Ans – Dodo 46) Of what are Pony and Jigger units of measurement? Ans - Spirits (alcohol, not ghosts) 47) Which element has the lowest melting point? Ans - Helium 48) Which New Zealand physicist was the first to split the atom in the 1920’s? Ans – Lord Rutherford 49) In the USA, how many Nickels make one dollar? Ans – 20 50) Which element has the highest melting point? Ans - Carbon 51) In Scrabble, what is the value of the letter "J"? Ans - Eight 52) Who purportedly said, "Work is the curse of the drinking classes"? Ans - Oscar Wilde 53) During the First World War, which politician said, "Drink is doing us more damage than all the German submarines put together"? Ans - David Lloyd George 54) How many people would take part in the dance called a quadrille? Ans - Eight 55) How is actor Nicholas Coppola better known? Ans - Nicholas Cage 56) According to the Bible, on which day of Creation did God make the sun, moon and the stars? Ans - Fourth 57) Which body of water does the rivers Oder and Vistula flow into? Ans - The Baltic Sea 58) Who lived for the first 25 years of her life at Steventon Rectory, Hampshire? Ans - Jane Austen 59) What word can be a drink, a trap and a card game? Ans - Gin 60) How is Ilyena Vasilievna Mironov better known? Ans - Helen Mirren 61) In literature, what sort of animal is Mr. Jeremy Fisher? Ans - A frog (in the Beatrix Potter stories) 62) Which is the longest river in Europe? Ans - Volga 63) Which Australian state borders all the other mainland states? Ans – South Australia 64) According to the rhyme, what is or has Thursday's child? Ans - Far to go 65) In the film "White Christmas", who was the other male lead alongside Bing Crosby? Ans - Danny Kaye 66) In Roman numerals, M represents 1,000. What does an "M" with a bar over it represent? Ans - One million 67) In clothing care labels, what does a circle with a cross through it mean? Ans - Do not dry clean 68) Bob Dylan wrote the soundtrack for the film "Pat Garret and Billy the Kid". Which song from the film did he take into the UK charts in 1973? Ans - "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" 69) How is vitamin B1 also known? Ans - Thiamine 70) Who wrote, "Oh what a tangled web we weave when first we practice to deceive"? Ans - Sir Walter Scott 71) "Grand Mal" and "Petit Mal" are types of which illness? Ans - Epilepsy 72) Which practice takes its name from the Sanskrit word for "union"? Ans - Yoga 73) How many years does a sesquicentennial celebrate? Ans - 150 74) Noel Coward's play "Still Life" was adapted for the screen. Under what title was it released as a film? Ans - Brief Encounter 75) Since "The Apartment", back in 1960, which is the last black and white film to win the Oscar for best picture (albeit it does have small sections in colour)? Ans - Schindler's List 76) Where would you find together a verso and a recto? Ans - In a book (Left and right pages) 77) In which American city is the Encyclopaedia Britannica published? Ans - Chicago 78) Which writer established the three laws of robotics? Ans - Isaac Asimov 79) In 1929, Donald F Duncan introduced a toy based on a weapon used by 16th century Philippino hunters. What did he call it? Ans - Yo-yo 80) In which city is the HQ of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)? Ans - Washington DC 81) What sort of animal is a Falabella? Ans - A miniature horse (accept horse) 82) Tennis is now the sport predominantly played at Wimbledon, but for which sport was the venue originally designed in 1868? Ans - Croquet 83) In 1986, who was the first non-European to win the Tour de France? Ans - Greg LeMond (USA) 84) The main road from Rome to Brindisi is better known as what? Ans - The Appian Way 85) Who played James Bond in the 1966 film "Casino Royale"? Ans - David Niven 86) Who wrote the play "An Inspector Calls"? Ans - JB Priestley 87) Who wrote the novel "Whisky Galore"? Ans - Compton Mackenzie 88) What word can be a drinking vessel, a face and to rob? Ans - Mug 89) What is the capital of Paraguay? Ans - Asunción 90) What is the most northerly point of mainland Wales? Ans - Point of Ayr (in Flintshire) 91) Who is the host of the BBC topical comedy show “Mock the Week”? Ans – Dara O’Briain 92) In July 2005, at which Underground station was Brazilian Jean Charles de Menezes shot by Police in London as he got on to a train? Ans - Stockwell 93) Who has recorded albums titled Escapology, Intensive Care and Rudebox amongst others? Ans - Robbie Williams 94) Which act won the 2010 Mercury Music prize? Ans – The XX 95) Which Victorian British Prime Minister wrote several novels, including Vivien Grey, Coningsby, or the New Generation and Sybil, or the Two Nations? Ans - Benjamin Disraeli 96) Under which Conservative Prime Minister was Income Tax re-introduced to this Country in 1842? S1) What was the name of Tonto’s horse in The Lone Ranger? Ans – Scout S2) Which type of bird might be garganeys, gadwalls, pintails or goosanders? Ans – Ducks S3) In Roman mythology who was the father of Romulus and Remus? Ans - Mars (Their mother being the Vestal Virgin – a likely story! – Rhea Silvia) S4) According to the Beatles’ song, who was “wearing the face that she keeps in a jar by the door”? Ans - Eleanor Rigby S5) Adelaide was the Queen of which UK Monarch? Ans - William IV (Fourth) S6) Which commentator would you primarily associate with Saturday afternoon wrestling on World of Sport? Ans - Kent Walton ("Have a good week... till next week")	i don't know
Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon (1900-2002) was more commonly known as whom?	1000+ images about Queen Elizabeth of United Kingdom on Pinterest \| The duchess, Mothers and Lady Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas Queen Elizabeth of United Kingdom Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon (4 August 1900 - 30 March 2002) was the wife of King George VI and the mother of Queen Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon. Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon was the daughter of Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghome and Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck. 33 Pins132 Followers	Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
What element, whose symbol derives from its Greek name hydrargyrum, meaning watery silver, melts at minus 38.83 °C and yet boils at 356.73 °C ?	Images like 'Stairway on Queen Elizabeth 2' (Showing 1 - 100 of 950) Images like 'Stairway on Queen Elizabeth 2' ORDER BY 5793 x 3620 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen Mother ; Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth... Description Photograph of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1900-2002) with Princess Elizabeth (1926-) and Princess Margaret (1930-2002) during a visit to the Lord Roberts' Memorial Workshop for Disabled ex-Servicemen. Dated 20th Century RM 3956 x 5301 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen Mother ; Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth... Description Photograph of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1900-2002) with Princess Elizabeth (1926-) and Princess Margaret (1930-2002). Dated 20th Century RM 3890 x 5391 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen Mother ; Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty... Description Photograph of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1900-2002) with Princess Elizabeth (1926-). Dated 20th Century RM 5721 x 3666 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen Mother ; Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth... Description Photograph of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1900-2002) with Princess Elizabeth (1926-) and Princess Margaret (1930-2002). Dated 20th Century RM 5725 x 3663 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen Mother ; Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth... Description Photograph of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1900-2002) with Princess Elizabeth (1926-) and Princess Margaret (1930-2002). Dated 20th Century RM 5951 x 3524 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen Mother ; Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty... Description Photograph of Lady Elizabeth (1900-2002) with Queen Mary of Teck (1867-1953) and Princess Elizabeth (1926-). Dated 20th Century RM 3855 x 5440 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Photographic ; Photographic Portrait ; Portrait ; Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George ; Prince Albert ; King ; King George VI ; Prince ; Royal ; Royalty ; Royal Family ; Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ;... Description Photographic portrait of Queen Elizabeth, Queen Mother (1900-2002) wife of King George VI and the mother of Queen Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon. Dated 20th Century RM 5752 x 3646 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George ; Prince Albert ; King ; King George VI ; Prince ; Royal ; Royalty ; Royal Family ; Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen Mother ;... Description Photograph of King George VI (1895-1952), Queen Elizabeth, Queen Mother (1900-2002), Princess Elizabeth (1926-) and Princess Margaret 1930-2002) leaving for their Christmas break in Sandringham. Dated 20th Century RM 5522 x 3798 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Princess Elizabeth ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of Australia ;... Description Photograph of Princess Elizabeth (1926-) with her grandparents, Queen Mary of Teck (1867-1953) and King George V (1865-1936). Also pictured is her mother Lady Elizabeth (1900-2002) . Dated 20th Century RM 4483 x 4678 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Royal ; Royalty ; Royal Family ; Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen Mother ; Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ;... Description Photograph of Princess Elizabeth (1926-) and Lady Elizabeth at the rehearsal of the Aldershot Tattoo. Dated 20th Century RM 4354 x 4817 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen Mother ; Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty... Description Photograph of Lady Elizabeth (1900-2002) and Princess Elizabeth (1926-) at Westminster Abbey for the distribution of the Royal Maundy. Dated 20th Century RM 4028 x 5207 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen Mother ; Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth... Description Photograph of Lady Elizabeth (1900-2002) with Princess Elizabeth (1926-) and Princess Margaret (1930-2002) during a visit to the Lord Roberts' Memorial Workshop for Disabled ex-Servicemen. Dated 20th Century RM 5403 x 3881 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George ; Prince Albert ; King ; King George VI ; Prince ; Royal ; Royalty ; Royal Family ; Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen Mother ;... Description Photograph of Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George (1895-1952), Lady Elizabeth (1900-2002), Princess Elizabeth (1926-), Princess Margaret (1930-2002) and Queen Mary of Teck (1867-1953). Dated 20th Century RM 3974 x 5277 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Married ; Marriage ; Wedding ; Royal Wedding ; Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George ; Prince Albert ; King ; King George VI ; Royal ; Royalty ; Royal Family ; Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ; Queen Elizabeth... Description Photograph taken on the Jubilee Day of King George V (1865-1936) with Queen Mary of Teck (1867-1953) at St. Paul's Cathedral. Dated 20th Century RM 5757 x 3643 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George ; Prince Albert ; King ; King George VI ; Prince ; Royal ; Royalty ; Royal Family ; Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen Mother ;... Description Photograph of Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George (1895-1952), Lady Elizabeth (1900-2002), Princess Elizabeth (1926-) and Princess Margaret (1930-2002) leaving Eastbourne Parish Church. Dated 20th Century RM 5818 x 3604 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George ; Prince Albert ; King ; King George VI ; Royal ; Royalty ; Royal Family ; Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen... Description Photograph of Frederick Arthur George (1895-1952) and Lady Elizabeth (1900-2002) accepting The Little House at Royal Lodge on behalf of their oldest daughter, Princess Elizabeth (1926-). Dated 20th Century RM 4427 x 4737 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; New born ; Infant ; Nurse ; Princess Elizabeth ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada... Description Photograph of Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George (1895-1952) and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1900-2002) with the new born Princess Elizabeth (1926-) in the nurse's arms. Dated 20th Century RM 4016 x 5222 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; New born ; Infant ; Portrait ; Princess Elizabeth ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of... Description Photograph of Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George (1895-1952) and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1900-2002) with the new born Princess Elizabeth (1926-). Dated 20th Century RM 5586 x 3754 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Christening ; Religious ; Religion ; Princess Elizabeth ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen... Description Photograph taken during the Christening of Princess Elizabeth (1926-) the eldest daughter of Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George (1895-1952) and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1900-2002) . Dated 20th Century RM 5400 x 3295 px Keywords QE2; Queen Elizabeth 2; RMS QE2; RMS Queen Elizabeth 2; Cunard; Cunard ocean liner; liner; Cunard liner; passenger ship; cruise ship; ship; transatlantic; GBTT; Call sign GBTT; IMO Number 6725418; Liverpool; 3 October 2008; crowd, Ph118i, RM 5600 x 3745 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Golden Wedding ; Gold ; Wedding ; Wedding Anniversary ; Anniversary ; Celebration ; Earl of Strathmore ; Countess of Strathmore ; Strathmore ; Glamis Castle ; Scotland ; Glamis ; Castle ; Prince Albert... Description Photograph taken during the golden wedding celebrations of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore at Glamis Castle, Scotland. Dated 20th Century RM 4056 x 2704 px Keywords Scott A. McNealy photographer; fotoLibra; United Kingdom; Europe; England; Britain; Swan Upping; tradition; river; River Thames; The Annual Taking Up and Marking of Thames Swans; Royal status; The Dyers and the Vintners Companies; flotilla; boats;... Description The Annual Taking Up and Marking of Thames Swans 2009. HRH Queen Elizabeth boarding Alaska RM 2933 x 1945 px Keywords Queen Elizabeth 2, QE2, Cunard, ship, liner, cruise ship, Southampton Docks, QE2 Terminal, IMO Number 6725418, Berth 38, IPSV 1358, IPSV 2893, IPSV 2888, IPSV 1440, IPSV 1442, IPSV 1265, IPSV 5386, IPSV 2887 RM 4031 x 5203 px Keywords ; Photograph ; Photography ; Royal ; Royal Family ; Royalty ; Princess ; Princess Elizabeth ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen Mother ; Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon ; Infant ; Child ; Carriage ; 20th Century Description Photograph of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1900-2002) with the infant Princess Elizabeth (1926-) riding in a carriage. Dated 20th Century. RM 3591 x 5840 px Keywords ; Photograph ; Photography ; Royal ; Royal Family ; Royalty ; Princess ; Princess Elizabeth ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen Mother ; Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon ; Wedding ; Marriage ; Wedding Dress ;... Description Photograph of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1900-2002) with Princess Elizabeth (1926-) at Buckingham Palace. Dated 20th Century. RM stairs, stairwell, stairway, Queen Elizabeth 2, QE2, Cunard, cruise ship Description Looking down the main stairway from the boat deck to deck five RM 4000 x 5243 px Keywords ; Portrait ; Painted ; Paint ; Painting ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of Australia ; Queen of New Zealand ; Head of the Commonwealth ;... Description Portrait of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (1926-) Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and Head of the Commonwealth. Dated 20th Century RM Queen Elizabeth 2, QE2, Cunard, ship, liner, cruise ship, IMO Number 6725418 RM 3910 x 5364 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Photographic ; Photographic Portrait ; Portrait ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of... Description Photographic portrait of a young Princess Margaret (1930-2002) the younger sister of Queen Elizabeth II (1926-). Dated 20th Century RM 4030 x 5204 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of Australia ; Queen of New Zealand ;... Description Photograph of a young Princess Elizabeth (1926-) who became Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and Head of the Commonwealth. Dated 20th Century RM 5903 x 3553 px Keywords ; Photography ; Royal ; Royal Family ; Royalty ; Princess ; Princess Elizabeth ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen ; Princess Margaret ; Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon ; Countess ; Snowdon ; King George VI ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen... Description Photograph of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1900-2002) King George VI (1895-1952) with Princess Elizabeth (1926-), Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1921-) and Princess Margaret, and other members of the Royal family. Dated 20th Century. RM 7193 x 2915 px Keywords ; Photography ; Royal ; Royal Family ; Royalty ; Princess ; Princess Elizabeth ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen ; Princess Margaret ; Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon ; Countess ; Snowdon ; King George VI ; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ; Queen... Description Photograph of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1900-2002) King George VI (1895-1952) with Princess Elizabeth (1926-), Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1921-) and Princess Margaret, on the balcony of Buckingham Palace. Dated 20th Century. RM 5400 x 3600 px Keywords Queen Elizabeth; ocean liner; ship; Cruise liner; Cruise ship; Passenger ship; Valletta; Malta; Cunard; Two; 2; iconic; flagship; luxury; embark; QE2; Description The Queen Elizabeth 2, or QE2 as she is commonly known was the flagship of the Cunard Line RM 5400 x 3600 px Keywords Queen Elizabeth; ocean liner; ship; Cruise liner; Cruise ship; Passenger ship; Valletta; Malta; Cunard; Two; 2; iconic; flagship; luxury; embark; QE2; Description The Queen Elizabeth 2, or QE2 as she is commonly known was the flagship of the Cunard Line RM 5400 x 3600 px Keywords Queen Elizabeth; ocean liner; ship; Cruise liner; Cruise ship; Passenger ship; Valletta; Malta; Cunard; Two; 2; iconic; flagship; luxury; embark; QE2; Description The Queen Elizabeth 2, or QE2 as she is commonly known was the flagship of the Cunard Line RM 3901 x 5376 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Royal ; Royal Family ; Royalty ; Princess ; Princess Elizabeth ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen ; Princess Margaret ; Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon ; Countess ; Snowdon ; King George VI ; Queen... Description Photograph of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1900-2002) King George VI (1895-1952) with their children at the Royal Lodge. Dated 20th Century. RM 3321 x 4296 px Keywords R.M.S. Queen Elizabeth. Cunard Line; ocean liner; Atlantic; cruise ship; Cunard Queens; Notepaper; personal correspondence; writing letters; writing paper; passenger ship; pleasure cruise; tourist; travel; holiday; vacation; maritime; naval; voyage; RM 5607 x 3740 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of Australia ; Queen of New Zealand ; Head of the... Description Photograph of a young Princess Elizabeth (1926-) the older sister of Princess Margaret (1930-2002) and future Queen, playing amongst flowers. Dated 20th Century RM 3806 x 5510 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Photographic ; Photographic Portrait ; Portrait ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of... Description Photographic portrait of a young Princess Elizabeth (1926-) the older sister of Princess Margaret (1930-2002) and future Queen. Dated 20th Century RM 3755 x 5586 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of Australia ; Queen of New Zealand ; Head of the... Description Photograph of Princess Elizabeth (1926-) and Princess Margaret (1930-2002) outside of The Little House at Royal Lodge which was a birthday gift for Elizabeth by the people of Wales. Dated 20th Century RM 4404 x 4762 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Princess Elizabeth ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of Australia ;... Description Photograph of Princess Elizabeth (1926-) being greeted by an offical, Windsor. Dated 20th Century RM 3909 x 5365 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of Australia ; Queen of New Zealand ;... Description Photograph of Princess Elizabeth (1926-) visiting Bekonscot, a model village and railway. Dated 20th Century RM 5759 x 3642 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Horse ; Horse Riding ; Riding ; Lesson ; Riding Lesson ; Park ; Windsor ; Princess ; Princess Elizabeth ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ;... Description Photograph of Princess Elizabeth (1926-) during a riding lesson in the Park at Windsor. Dated 20th Century RM 4325 x 4849 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of Australia ; Queen of New Zealand ;... Description Photograph of Princess Elizabeth (1926-) stroking a winning horse at the Richmond Horse Show. Dated 20th Century RM 5531 x 3791 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of Australia ; Queen of New Zealand ; Head of the... Description Photograph of young Princess Elizabeth (1926-), Princess Margaret (1930-2002) attending a party with other children. Dated 20th Century RM 3826 x 5481 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of Australia ; Queen of New Zealand ; Head of the... Description Photograph of young Princess Elizabeth (1926-) and Princess Margaret (1930-2002) posing for a picture. Dated 20th Century RM 4521 x 4639 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of Australia ; Queen of New Zealand ; Head of the... Description Photograph of young Princess Elizabeth (1926-), Princess Margaret (1930-2002) and their cousin Margaret Elphinstone (Margaret Rhodes) (1925-) during the Royal Highland Society in Princess Royal Park. Dated 20th Century RM 5807 x 3611 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of Australia ; Queen of New Zealand ; Head of the... Description Photograph of young Princess Elizabeth (1926-) and Princess Margaret (1930-2002). On route to Margaret's christening. Dated 20th Century RM 3862 x 5431 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of Australia ; Queen of New Zealand ; Head of the... Description Photograph of young Princess Elizabeth (1926-) and Princess Margaret (1930-2002). Dated 20th Century RM 3824 x 5485 px Keywords ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of Australia ; Queen of New Zealand ; Head of the... Description Photograph of Princess Elizabeth (1926-) with her embroidered gift made by disabled ex-servicemen. Also pictured is Prince Margaret (1930-2002). Dated 20th Century RM 5523 x 3797 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II ; Queen Elizabeth II ; Her Majesty ; Queen ; Elizabeth II ; Queen of the United Kingdom ; Queen of Canada ; Queen of Australia ; Queen of New Zealand ;... Description Photograph of Princess Elizabeth (1926-) in the garden at Glamis Castle. Dated 20th Century RM 2888 x 2166 px Keywords QE2, "Queen Elizabeth II", Cunard, Cruise ship, liner, Southampton, final Voyage, dock, loading, sea, IPSV1265, IPSV1357, IPSV1054, IPSV2931, IPSV2933, IPSV8132, IPSV2887, IPSV2888, Variety, ocean, ship, cruise ship, ph118i RM 4447 x 6144 px Keywords ; Illustration ; Royal ; Queen ; Queen Elizabeth I ; Elizabeth I ; Queen of England and Ireland ; England ; Ireland ; Tudor ; The Virgin Queen ; Gloriana ; Good Queen Bess ; 16th Century Description Illustration of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland. Dated 16th Century RM 3896 x 5383 px Keywords ; Illustration ; Royal ; Queen ; Queen Elizabeth I ; Elizabeth I ; Queen of England and Ireland ; England ; Ireland ; Tudor ; The Virgin Queen ; Gloriana ; Good Queen Bess ; 16th Century Description Illustration of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland. Dated 16th Century RM 2707 x 1795 px Keywords Queen Elizabeth 2, QE2, Southampton Docks, Queen Elizabeth II Terminal, ship. liner, cruise ship, IMO Number 6725418, Cunard, Berth 38, IPSV 1358, IPSV 2893, IPSV 2888, IPSV 1440, IPSV 1442, IPSV 1265, IPSV 5386, IPSV 2887 RM 3154 x 2074 px Keywords Queen Elizabeth 2, QE2, Cunard, IMO Number 6725418, ship, liner, cruise ship, Southampton Docks, Queen Elizabeth II Terminal, fuelling, lighter, Berth 38 RM ; King George VI ; Royal ; Queen Elizabeth ; Wealth ; HMS Victoria ; Ship ; Queen Elizabeth II Description Queen Elizabeth with King George VI take Princess (Later Queen Elizabeth II to visit HMS Victoria and Albert in Portsmouth. 1937 RM 4107 x 2690 px Keywords Cunard logo; QE2 at Northumbrian Quay; North Shields on 8th October 2008QE2; Northumbrian Quay; North Shields; Queen Elizabeth 2; liner; ship; shipping; cruise; ocean going; holiday; holidays; vacation; sailing; farewell voyage; Tyne; Port of Tyne;... RM 4629 x 4530 px Keywords ; Painting ; Painted ; Paint ; Armada Portrait ; Portrait ; Queen Elizabeth I of England ; Queen Elizabeth I ; Elizabeth I of England ; The Virgin Queen ; Gloriana ; Good Queen Bess ; Tudor Dynasty ; Monarch ; Monarchy ; Royal ; Royalty ; Royal Family ;... Description Painting titled 'Armada Portrait' depicting Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533-1603). Painted by George Gower (1540-1596) an English portrait painter. Dated 16th Century RM 5447 x 3850 px Keywords ; Print ; Funeral Procession ; Funeral ; Procession ; Death ; Dead ; Deceased ; State Funeral ; Queen Elizabeth I of England ; Queen Elizabeth I ; Elizabeth I of England ; The Virgin Queen ; Gloriana ; Good Queen Bess ; Tudor Dynasty ; Monarch ;... Description Print of the funeral procession of Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533-1603). Dated 17th Century RM 4361 x 4809 px Keywords ; Engraving ; Engraved ; Queen Elizabeth I of England ; Queen Elizabeth I ; Elizabeth I of England ; The Virgin Queen ; Gloriana ; Good Queen Bess ; Tudor Dynasty ; Monarch ; Monarchy ; Royal ; Royalty ; Royal Family ; Queen ; England ; English ;... Description Engraving depicting Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533-1603) hawking. Hawking is the hunting of wild quarry in its natural state and habitat by means of a trained bird of prey. Dated 16th Century RM 3933 x 5332 px Keywords ; Painting ; Painted ; Paint ; Portrait ; Queen Elizabeth I of England ; Queen Elizabeth I ; Elizabeth I of England ; The Virgin Queen ; Gloriana ; Good Queen Bess ; Tudor Dynasty ; Monarch ; Monarchy ; Royal ; Royalty ; Royal Family ; Queen ; England ;... Description Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533-1603) the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Dated 16th Century RM 3943 x 5318 px Keywords ; Painting ; Painted ; Paint ; Portrait ; Queen Elizabeth I of England ; Queen Elizabeth I ; Elizabeth I of England ; The Virgin Queen ; Gloriana ; Good Queen Bess ; Tudor Dynasty ; Monarch ; Monarchy ; Royal ; Royalty ; Royal Family ; Queen ; England ;... Description Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533-1603) the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Dated 16th Century RM 4656 x 4505 px Keywords ; Painting ; Painted ; Paint ; Queen Elizabeth I of England ; Queen Elizabeth I ; Elizabeth I of England ; The Virgin Queen ; Gloriana ; Good Queen Bess ; Tudor Dynasty ; Monarch ; Monarchy ; Royal ; Royalty ; Royal Family ; Queen ; England ; English ;... Description Painting depicting Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533-1603) dancing with the Earl of Leicester by an anonymous artist. Dated 16th Century RM Queen Elizabeth 2, QE2, Cunard, ship, liner, restaurant, cruise ship, Caronia Restaurant, stairs, flower arrangement Description 2048 x 3072 px Keywords HRH Queen Elizabeth 2, House of Windsor, Head of state, Queen Elizabeth, Royal Royalty sovereign ruler 1-2 REGGOD, 3-18 PUGCEL RM 2048 x 3072 px Keywords HRH Queen Elizabeth 2, House of Windsor, Head of state, Queen Elizabeth, Royal Royalty sovereign ruler 1-2 REGGOD, 3-18 PUGCEL ; RM 4556 x 4603 px Keywords ; Early Photograph ; Early Photography ; Photograph ; Photography ; Wedding ; Wedding Day ; Marriage ; Royal ; Royalty ; Royal Family ; Bridesmaid ; Bride ; Groom ; Lady May Cambridge ; Lady May Abel Smith ; Lady May Helen Emma Abel Smith ; Princess May... Description Photograph taken on the wedding day of Lady May Cambridge (1906-1994) and Captain Henry Abel Smith (1900-1993) a British Army officer and a Governor of Queensland. Also pictured is Princess Elizabeth (1926-) who was a bridesmaid. Dated 20th Century RM	i don't know
Who was the first female presenter on UK TV's Top of The Pops, who made only one appearance in 1982 to celebrate BBC Radio One's 15th birthday?	List of Top of the Pops presenters explained List of Top of the Pops presenters List of Top of the Pops presenters explained Top of the Pops (also known by its abbreviation TOTP) is a British music chart television programme . Until 2007, it was shown each week on the BBC and is now licensed for national versions around the world. The following is a list of presenters who have hosted the BBC show, including the many guest presenters over the years. 1960s–1970s Upon its inception in 1964, Top of the Pops was presented by a team of disc jockeys in rotation: Alan Freeman , David Jacobs , Pete Murray and Jimmy Savile , who presented the very first episode from Manchester on 1 January 1964 and would continue as the longest-serving presenter until hosting his final show on 30 August 1984. Samantha Juste appeared as the disc girl for several episodes until 1967. Jacobs was replaced by Simon Dee in 1966. Jimmy Savile (1964–1984, plus 31 December 1988, 19 October 2001 and 30 July 2006) Alan Freeman (1964–1969, plus 9 July 1981 and 31 December 1988) Pete Murray (1964–1969, plus 9 July 1981 and 31 December 1988) David Jacobs (1964–1966, plus 5 May 1983 and 31 December 1988) Samantha Juste (1965–1967) Simon Dee (1966–1967) The start of BBC Radio 1 in 1967 brought a new influx of DJs to the presenting roster, sometimes co-presenters, although most only stayed with TOTP for a short while. Of these only Ed Stewart and John Peel would become long-term regulars, though there would be a gap before either would return as such. By 1970 only Savile and Blackburn remained of the 1960s regulars and between them they would host all the editions from January 1970 until their duopoly was broken by Ed Stewart's return in March 1971. Tony Blackburn (1967–1979 and 1981–1983, plus 31 December 1988 and 30 July 2006) Chris Denning (7 December 1967 and 22 February 1968) Simon Bates (1979–1988) 15 December 1977 – Elton John was guest presenter 11 October 1979 – Andy Peebles presented though did not become a regular host until 1981 (see 1980s–1991 below) 1980s–1991 The close association with Radio 1 continued into the 1980s, with all TOTP presenters drawn from the ranks of DJs at the station. The list below represents the main TOTP presenters during this period with many other Radio 1 DJs, for example Liz Kershaw , Adrian Juste and Adrian John also appearing on special programmes such as Christmas broadcasts and milestones for TOTP or Radio 1. For this reason, the 30 September 1982 show celebrating Radio 1's fifteenth birthday affords Annie Nightingale , in her one and only appearance and as one of nineteen presenters that day, the honour of being the first female presenter of Top of the Pops, beating Janice Long – who would go on to present TOTP regularly for nearly six years – by three months. By the end of the decade, the bond with Radio 1 seemed unbreakable with the show being simulcast on the station from 1988 and even traffic reporters like Sybil Ruscoe trying their hand at presenting TOTP. Presenters were also brought in from children's television, including Children's BBC presenters Andy Crane and Simon Parkin, Blue Peter s Caron Keating , and Anthea Turner and Jenny Powell who worked together on Saturday morning show UP2U. With the exception of Turner, who presented until 1991, all appointments were short-lived proving indicative of the diffusion TOTP was about to undergo from Radio 1 in the 1990s. Jimmy Savile (1964–1984, plus 31 December 1988, 19 October 2001 and 30 July 2006) 29 June 1989 - Tim Smith was an uncredited co-presenter with Anthea Turner 27 July 1989 – Simon Parkin co-presented with Mark Goodier 28 December 1989 – Paul Gambaccini was guest presenter of a special end-of-decade show with Mike Read The 1991 Gulf War caused the episode due to be transmitted on 17 January 1991 to be rescheduled for Saturday 19 January 1991–1994 revamp: The break away from Radio 1 and Television Centre When production moved to the BBC 's studios in Elstree , Hertfordshire, a new team of young presenters were introduced in place of the aging Radio 1 DJs. Tony Dortie and Claudia Simon had been working for Children's BBC , with Dortie having presented Saturday morning magazine UP2U (with former TOTP presenters Jenny Powell and Anthea Turner) in the summers of 1988 and 1989 and Simon being one of the presenters of BFT in 1990. Elayne Smith was an underground club DJ and compere who started hosting Channel 4 late-night variety show The 291 Club just a few weeks before the revamp. Smith left after just two episodes to concentrate on The 291 Club and was replaced in March 1992 by Femi Oke who was working at BBC Radio 5 , whilst 17-year-old Mark Franklin was picked from local radio station BBC Radio Wiltshire . With a new theme tune and set of titles modelled on a weathervane, the first show was presented by Mark Franklin and Tony Dortie on 3 October 1991 with the first live performance Erasure 's Love To Hate You. The first show of the revamp attracted 8.93m viewers, over 1m up on the show's average. Performance rules were altered so that acts had to sing live whether they wanted to or not and performances reflected the current album charts and American Billboard Hot 100 as well as the UK Singles Chart . Two presenters from the team always hosted each episode until July 1992 when Tony Dortie and Mark Franklin began to host some shows individually. By October 1992, the rest of the team had been dropped completely. Mark Franklin (1991–1994) 20 January 1994 – Joe Elliott of Def Leppard guested as a co-presenter with Tony Dortie On Thursday 11 June 1992, BBC1 screened England's Euro 92 0–0 draw with Denmark so TOTP was moved to Saturday 13 June, broadcast at 5:30pm. 1994: Return of the Radio 1 DJs The presentation changes introduced in 1991 did not have the impact producers had hoped for and by 1993 only Mark Franklin and Tony Dortie remained from the revamped team. Despite claiming 9m viewers in January 1992, the success of the revamp was short-lived and by May 1992 less than 6.5m were tuning in - a figure which remained fairly constant for the next eighteen months. Reasons for the sustained lack of popularity for the show ranged wildly from a general apathy towards the music that featured in the charts at this time to claims that the graphics styled around the 'weathervane' idea were hard to read. Dortie and Franklin presented the show individually in rotation until January 1994 when Ric Blaxill replaced Stanley Appel as executive producer. Blaxill had produced shows for Radio 1 and had survived the first wave of change under new station controller Matthew Bannister which had seen many of the DJs deemed too old for the station to resign or be sacked. Of those DJs that survived Bannister's cull, Simon Mayo , Mark Goodier and Nicky Campbell had all presented TOTP prior to the 1991 revamp and were all reinstated as presenters from 3 February 1994. Also returning was Bruno Brookes , another stalwart of the pre-1991 presenting team, though he was fired from Radio 1 in a second wave of Bannister cullings in February 1995 and accordingly he left the Top of the Pops presenting roster in April. Newer recruits to Radio 1, including Lisa I'Anson , Wendy Lloyd, Claire Sturgess and Jo Whiley , augmented the presenting line-up. Blaxill's ambition was to make the show seem like an event and he wanted the presentation between each song to be as spontaneous as the music it was introducing. To do this Blaxill introduced the 'golden microphone' and increasingly experimented with celebrity guest presenters, mainly drawn from the realms of comedy and sport, as well as pop stars who were not promoting a single that week, to introduce the show. Simon Mayo (1994–1995, plus 30 August 1996) Mark Goodier (1994–1995, plus 28 March 1996) 30 May 1996 – Jack Dee and Jeremy Hardy On 13 June 1996 BBC1 showed coverage of Switzerland vs Netherlands from Euro '96 . Top of the Pops was accordingly moved from the Thursday to Friday, originally as a temporary move to incorporate the BBC's expansive portfolio of sport (as well as Euro '96, the 1996 Summer Olympic Games were also broadcast on the channel that summer), though it soon became clear that the move was permanent and, apart from a couple of one-off occasions on 25 June 1998 and 9 August 2001, TOTP never again returned to its original Thursday night slot. 25 December 1996 – The Spice Girls , whose three performances were introduced by Robbie Williams , Mark Morrison and Gina G 1994: Top of the Pops 2 and the magazine As the show entered its fourth decade, Blaxill exploited the strength of the TOTP brand by introducing a tie-in publication Top of the Pops magazine , first published in January 1995, and by launching a sister show, Top of the Pops 2 , to augment the weekly music programme. Originally featuring the best of the main show's studio performances from that week with tips for future hits, the 45-minute-long TOTP2 showcased for the first time the extensive performance archive initially through spotlights on particular artists and a rewind to a given year in music each week. Debuting on 17 September 1994 in a 5.15pm Saturday afternoon slot on BBC Two , Johnnie Walker provided voice-over introductions before the show began to draw solely on archive performances from 1997, when former TOTP host Steve Wright took over. TOTP2 moved to a midweek early-evening slot in 1998, retaining a Saturday afternoon repeat, and regularly became one of the most watched shows on the BBC's second channel. Following a revamp of BBC Two's early peak schedules in 2002, the 45-minute show was given over to two shows of twenty-five minutes, and shows began to select celebrity guest editors, such as Jack Dee, Phill Jupitus and Vic Reeves, to choose their own favourite performances from the archive. After being 'rested' in 2004, a reformatted show featuring two new studio performances per week returned for a final full series in 2006-7, to replace the axed main show. Mark Radcliffe replaced Wright as presenter in 2009. Mark Radcliffe (2009-) 1997–2000: Into the new millennium Ric Blaxill left in 1997, and the show was temporarily looked after by Mark Wells who continued his predecessor's policy of having rotating guest presenters. By this time, only Jo Whiley remained of the Radio 1 DJs introduced to the show by Blaxill, though Wells added Radio 1 Breakfast Show caretakers Mark Radcliffe and Marc Riley to the roster (although both Whiley and Radcliffe & Riley only appeared twice each between Blaxill's exit and the arrival of his permanent successor in June). With a background in 'serious' music broadcasting having worked on Channel 4 's The Tube and The White Room, the new executive producer was Chris Cowey who stripped the show of the gimmicks bequeathed by its predecessors, increased the number of studio performances per week whilst reducing the reliance on music videos, and gradually built a new team of regular presenters with backgrounds in music television and radio to replace the celebrity guests. Alongside Whiley, who graduated from occasional host to lead presenter in June 1997, came Jayne Middlemiss and Zoë Ball . Middlemiss had presented music strand The O-Zone for Children's BBC since 1995, whilst Ball was given a full-time role after guest presenting in March 1997, and ahead of her posting as the host of Radio 1's coveted breakfast show in October. Fellow Radio 1 DJ Mary Anne Hobbs and Never Mind the Buzzcocks host Mark Lamarr were added to the team but were quickly dropped, though Jamie Theakston , co-host with Middlemiss on The O-Zone, and Ball on Live & Kicking arrived in January 1998 after guest presenting the previous October. All would continue to present The O-Zone and Live and Kicking concurrently with TOTP. Ball and Whiley departed in summer 1998 to be replaced by former Smash Hits editor Kate Thornton who established herself with Middlemiss and Theakston as lead presenters by autumn 1998. A revamp in May 1998 which included a change of title sequence, logo and theme music also saw a shift in focus from the Top 40 to the Top 20, with the chart rundown, now voiced every week by Radio 1 Chart Show host and former TOTP presenter Mark Goodier , extended from the Top 10 to Top 20. Children's TV presenter and model Gail Porter and Radio 1 DJ Scott Mills augmented the line-up from March 1999, and though Mills left in August, Porter continued with Middlemiss and Theakston as lead presenters into the new millennium. Jo Whiley (1995–1998, plus 23 April and 14 May 2006) 17 September 1999 - Emma Ledden TOTP toured the country between 26 August (a rare Thursday show, broadcast on BBC2) and 15 October 1999. These shows were broadcast from different cities' nightclubs, in order: The Revolution, Edinburgh ; Event II, Brighton ; Club Wow, Sheffield ; L2, Liverpool ; Ikon, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; Dome II, Birmingham ; and Time & Icon, Swansea Former presenter Mark Goodier returned to voice the Top 20 countdown between 1997 and 2002. At the beginning of 2003, he was temporarily replaced by Scott Mills. Wes Butters voiced the countdown from February to November 2003. 2000–2003: Developing the brand Richard Blackwood became joint lead presenter in August 2000 and presented in rotation with Jayne Middlemiss, Jamie Theakston and Gail Porter. In July 2001, Blackwood left the presenting roster, with Middlemiss leaving the following month. Josie D'Arby, who had hosted an episode in October 2000, made a short-lived return in autumn 2001 but joined Gail Porter in exiting before the end of the year leaving Jamie Theakston as lead presenter until March 2002 when he was replaced by new recruits model Lisa Snowdon and former TOTP guest presenter Sarah Cawood. Liz Bonnin joined the team from Channel 4 breakfast show in May and the majority of shows throughout 2002 were presented by these three presenters, with Theakston only returning for sporadic appearances, and again on a couple of occasions in 2003. After the 2000th edition on 13 September 2002, the presenting team continued to rotate solely between Liz Bonnin, Lisa Snowdon, Sarah Cawood alongside the returning Richard Blackwood until the new year. Blackwood's final show came on Christmas Day 2002, but the three females continued to present through 2003 along with an increasing number of occasional presenters drawn mainly from breakfast television and Radio 1. Colin Murray and Edith Bowman joined their former RI:SE teammate Liz Bonnin in mid-2003 and, though both were used sparingly, Bowman would return as relief presenter in 2006. Konnie Huq also presented three shows concurrent with her role as Blue Peter presenter in 2003. More successful was Huq's former Blue Peter colleague and The Big Breakfast host Richard Bacon who joined the presenting roster in January 2003, graduating to lead presenter by September. Along with newcomers and former children's television hosts Margherita Taylor, Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates, this quartet presented in rotating pairs until another revamp of TOTP took place in November 2003. 15 August 2003 – Jack Osbourne co-presented with Edith Bowman 7 November 2003 – Ronan Keating co-hosted with Fearne Cotton , almost eight years after last appearing as a mid-90s guest presenter 2002–2006: Top of the Pops Saturday In September 2002, in an attempt to combat the increasing ratings success of ITV 's rival chart show, the Top of the Pops brand diversified and a children's TV spin-off was created to run alongside the main show. Top of the Pops Saturday began on 21 September 2002 as a segment to fill the final 45 minutes of the BBC One Saturday morning kids programme The Saturday Show , presented by Fearne Cotton , who would graduate to presenting the main show from 2003. For the first season, Cotton co-presented with Simon Grant. Cotton alone continued to present the show after The Saturday Show ended its second season in 2003, with TOTP Saturday gaining its own stand-alone slot on BBC One at 11.00am, immediately following The Saturday Shows replacement Dick and Dom in da Bungalow. Following the removal of Saturday morning children's television from BBC One to BBC Two in 2005, the show was renamed Top of the Pops: Reloaded from 17 September until its end in March 2006. For this final season, Cotton was joined by former Pop Idol contestants Sam and Mark and Radio 1 DJs JK and Joel as co-presenters. The final show was shown on 25 March 2006. Fearne Cotton (all episodes 2002-2006, plus the main TOTP show: 2003, 2004-) Simon Grant (2002-2003) Joel Ross (2005-2006) 2003: All New Top of the Pops revamp In 2003, former Top of the Pops presenter Andi Peters became new Executive producer and began another radical overhaul. The first edition of All New Top of the Pops was broadcast on 28 November 2003, presented live by former MTV video jockey Tim Kash. The ratings for the first show were 5.65m. Kash presented shows alone until 30 April 2004, after which he began to present with previous presenters Fearne Cotton and/or Reggie Yates, who eventually began to present shows together without Kash. After presenting 14 February 2003 episode, Cotton became a more prominent presenter from June 2003, with Yates also joining the presenting roster in August. Both continued to present regularly until the November 2003 revamp. Kash left to rejoin MTV, making his last appearance in August 2004, allowing Cotton and Yates to present alone. For three shows in October and November 2004, Radio 1 Breakfast Show host Chris Moyles was drafted in to co-host alongside Cotton and Yates, and this trio also fronted the last show of 2004 before Christmas in a show styled as a Radio 1 Christmas party. In 2003, Tim Kash became only the third presenter, after Jimmy Savile in 1971 and Noel Edmonds in 1978, to host Christmas Top of the Pops solo. Reggie Yates (2004–) Chris Moyles (2004, plus 29 May 2000, 22 April 2005 and 14 May 2006) Only two shows between April 2004 and March 2006 did not feature either Fearne Cotton or Reggie Yates : 15 April 2005 – Richard Bacon and Margherita Taylor returned as relief presenters to host, eighteen months after their last show together. 22 April 2005 – Chris Moyles and his Radio 1 breakfast show colleagues, Aled Haydn Jones , Rachel Jones and Dave Vitty were guest presenters 2005–2006: The move to BBC Two and the end – return of guest presenters In November 2004, it was announced that Top of the Pops would move from its primetime slot on Friday nights on BBC One to a new Sunday night slot on BBC Two, a move largely viewed as the last sidelining of the show before inevitable cancellation. The move was initially intended to take place in Spring 2005 and an 'extended format' was promised but the show remained on BBC One until July 2005 with the final Friday show on 8 July followed by another episode the following Monday. The first BBC Two show ran for 35 minutes, five minutes longer than the BBC One show, and aired live on Sunday 17 July 2005 at 7pm, immediately after the announcement of the new week's chart and incorporated elements of TOTP2, which had been rested a year previously, by showing two archive performances alongside the new music. However, viewing figures halved within a fortnight of the new scheduling, from an average of 2.4 million viewers on BBC One to around 1.5 million on BBC Two. The ratings never improved, despite the show going on location to the 2006 Winter Olympics and Radio 1's One Big Weekend , and on 20 June 2006 the BBC announced that Top of the Pops was being axed due to no longer being able to compete with 24-hour cable music channels, with the final episode airing on 30 July 2006. New Executive producer Mark Cooper oversaw a return to the use of guest presenters, a full list of which is given below, but unlike in the 90s, this time the celebrities were paired with one of the already established lead presenting team of Fearne Cotton, Reggie Yates, and newcomer comedian Rufus Hound. The three lead presenters appeared on all of the BBC Two shows between them and when not joined by a celebrity co-host they presented in pairs with each other or with one of the secondary presenting team of Richard Bacon and, from January 2006, Edith Bowman. Occasionally, the show was moved from Sunday nights but remained a live broadcast, as was the case on the following Mondays: 15 August 2005, 16 January 2006 and the five shows between 13 February and 13 March 2006. The show was also once transmitted on a Tuesday: 11 July 2006. In May 2006, BBC staff were asked to form the audience for several Top of the Pops shows after it emerged that the BBC did not have a premises licence for hosting public entertainment events at Television Centre. Lead presenters 11 July 2006 - Annie Mac - from T in the Park 30 July 2006 – Jimmy Savile, Tony Blackburn, Dave Lee Travis, Mike Read, Pat Sharp, Janice Long, Sarah Cawood, Edith Bowman, Reggie Yates, Rufus Hound – an assortment of presenters past and present return for the last weekly show . Fearne Cotton, who was unavailable, also presented a brief pre-recorded segment from Fiji(3.98m viewers) After the end: Occasional events-led returns After being taken off the air in 2004, sister show Top of the Pops 2 was resurrected for a new run on Saturday nights at 8pm which reverted to the old format of mixing archive clips with new studio performances. The new series began two months after the original show ended, on Saturday 30 September 2006, with new studio performances provided by Nelly Furtado and Razorlight and a Top 10 chart rundown. All the episodes in this series followed the familiar TOTP2 presentation of no on-screen presentation, but rather a voiceover from Steve Wright: 30 September 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Razorlight: America and Nelly Furtado: Promiscuous 7 October 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Richard Hawley: Just Like The Rain and Jamelia: Something About You 14 October 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Nerina Pallot: Sophia and Seth Lakeman: The White Hare 21 October 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Amy Winehouse: Rehab 28 October 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Vincent Vincent and the Villains: Johnny Two Bands 4 November 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); All Saints: Rock Steady and Gnarls Barkley: Who Cares 11 November 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Emma Bunton: Downtown and Ray Lamontagne: How Come 18 November 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Sandy Thom: Lonely Girl and Tony Bennett: Lullaby of Broadway 25 November 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Damien Rice: 9 Crimes 2 December 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); The Fratellis: Whistle For The Choir 9 December 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Lil Chris: Gettin' Enough and Lily Allen: Littlest Things 16 December 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Kasabian: Empire 6 January 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Muse: Starlight 13 January 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Just Jack: Starz in their Eyes 20 January 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Regina Spektor: Fidelity 3 February 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Simon Webbe: My Soul Pleads For You, Duke Special: Freewheel and Kaiser Chiefs: Ruby 10 February 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); The Feeling: Rose, Louise Setara: Wrong Again and Findlay Brown: Come Here 17 February 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Jack Savoretti: Dreamers and James Hunter: No Smoke Without Fire 24 February 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); The View: Same Jeans and Corinne Bailey Rae: I'd Like To 3 March 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Madness: Sorry 10 March 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Westlife: Total Eclipse of The Heart and Maximo Park: Our Velocity 17 March 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Good Charlotte: The River, Lemar: Tick Tock and Muse: Invincible 24 March 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Kaiser Chiefs: The Angry Mob Following the 2006–7 run, TOTP2 returned only to mark one-off special occasions and dropped the new performances. Such shows were dedicated to certain musicians such as Wham! and Duran Duran in 2010, as well as the death of Michael Jackson in 2009, or marked special occasions such as Christmas and New Year in 2008 and 2009, or tie-ins with a particular season of BBC programmes such as the School season which featured a back-to-school special to mark the end of the 2010 summer holidays, and 80s-themed show to mark the final series of BBC TV drama Ashes to Ashes , also in 2010. As well as the intermittent broadcasts of TOTP2 on BBC Two and a yearly Christmas show which remains on BBC One, Top of the Pops is survived by occasional 'event-led' broadcasts. It has twice returned for special shows for the BBC's biennial Comic Relief charity fundraiser in 2007 and 2009, with the following presenters: 13 March 2009 – Fearne Cotton, Reggie Yates, Noel Fielding , French and Saunders , Davina McCall , Jonathan Ross, David Tennant and Claudia Winkleman – Comic Relief does Top of the Pops An annual BBC One show which looks back at the previous year in music also appears each Christmas Day at 2pm. In 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013 and 2014, a New Year's Eve party show was also broadcast on BBC One in the early evening: 25 December 2006 – Fearne Cotton, Reggie Yates and Edith Bowman 25 December 2007 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2008 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 31 December 2008 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2009 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 31 December 2009 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2010 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2011 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2012 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 31 December 2012 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2013 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 31 December 2013 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2014 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 31 December 2014 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2015 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 1 January 2016 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates The BBC has faced repeated calls for the return of the weekly chart show, but has insisted that this will never happen. In August 2010, however, the BBC disclosed that it was in talks with independent production companies with a view to developing a new weekly music show for BBC Three to begin sometime in 2011, although no such show was ever broadcast.	Annie Nightingale
What colourless odourless liquid, E number E422, is used in foods as a sweetener, thickener and humectant (to maintain moistness)?	List of Top of the Pops presenters explained List of Top of the Pops presenters List of Top of the Pops presenters explained Top of the Pops (also known by its abbreviation TOTP) is a British music chart television programme . Until 2007, it was shown each week on the BBC and is now licensed for national versions around the world. The following is a list of presenters who have hosted the BBC show, including the many guest presenters over the years. 1960s–1970s Upon its inception in 1964, Top of the Pops was presented by a team of disc jockeys in rotation: Alan Freeman , David Jacobs , Pete Murray and Jimmy Savile , who presented the very first episode from Manchester on 1 January 1964 and would continue as the longest-serving presenter until hosting his final show on 30 August 1984. Samantha Juste appeared as the disc girl for several episodes until 1967. Jacobs was replaced by Simon Dee in 1966. Jimmy Savile (1964–1984, plus 31 December 1988, 19 October 2001 and 30 July 2006) Alan Freeman (1964–1969, plus 9 July 1981 and 31 December 1988) Pete Murray (1964–1969, plus 9 July 1981 and 31 December 1988) David Jacobs (1964–1966, plus 5 May 1983 and 31 December 1988) Samantha Juste (1965–1967) Simon Dee (1966–1967) The start of BBC Radio 1 in 1967 brought a new influx of DJs to the presenting roster, sometimes co-presenters, although most only stayed with TOTP for a short while. Of these only Ed Stewart and John Peel would become long-term regulars, though there would be a gap before either would return as such. By 1970 only Savile and Blackburn remained of the 1960s regulars and between them they would host all the editions from January 1970 until their duopoly was broken by Ed Stewart's return in March 1971. Tony Blackburn (1967–1979 and 1981–1983, plus 31 December 1988 and 30 July 2006) Chris Denning (7 December 1967 and 22 February 1968) Simon Bates (1979–1988) 15 December 1977 – Elton John was guest presenter 11 October 1979 – Andy Peebles presented though did not become a regular host until 1981 (see 1980s–1991 below) 1980s–1991 The close association with Radio 1 continued into the 1980s, with all TOTP presenters drawn from the ranks of DJs at the station. The list below represents the main TOTP presenters during this period with many other Radio 1 DJs, for example Liz Kershaw , Adrian Juste and Adrian John also appearing on special programmes such as Christmas broadcasts and milestones for TOTP or Radio 1. For this reason, the 30 September 1982 show celebrating Radio 1's fifteenth birthday affords Annie Nightingale , in her one and only appearance and as one of nineteen presenters that day, the honour of being the first female presenter of Top of the Pops, beating Janice Long – who would go on to present TOTP regularly for nearly six years – by three months. By the end of the decade, the bond with Radio 1 seemed unbreakable with the show being simulcast on the station from 1988 and even traffic reporters like Sybil Ruscoe trying their hand at presenting TOTP. Presenters were also brought in from children's television, including Children's BBC presenters Andy Crane and Simon Parkin, Blue Peter s Caron Keating , and Anthea Turner and Jenny Powell who worked together on Saturday morning show UP2U. With the exception of Turner, who presented until 1991, all appointments were short-lived proving indicative of the diffusion TOTP was about to undergo from Radio 1 in the 1990s. Jimmy Savile (1964–1984, plus 31 December 1988, 19 October 2001 and 30 July 2006) 29 June 1989 - Tim Smith was an uncredited co-presenter with Anthea Turner 27 July 1989 – Simon Parkin co-presented with Mark Goodier 28 December 1989 – Paul Gambaccini was guest presenter of a special end-of-decade show with Mike Read The 1991 Gulf War caused the episode due to be transmitted on 17 January 1991 to be rescheduled for Saturday 19 January 1991–1994 revamp: The break away from Radio 1 and Television Centre When production moved to the BBC 's studios in Elstree , Hertfordshire, a new team of young presenters were introduced in place of the aging Radio 1 DJs. Tony Dortie and Claudia Simon had been working for Children's BBC , with Dortie having presented Saturday morning magazine UP2U (with former TOTP presenters Jenny Powell and Anthea Turner) in the summers of 1988 and 1989 and Simon being one of the presenters of BFT in 1990. Elayne Smith was an underground club DJ and compere who started hosting Channel 4 late-night variety show The 291 Club just a few weeks before the revamp. Smith left after just two episodes to concentrate on The 291 Club and was replaced in March 1992 by Femi Oke who was working at BBC Radio 5 , whilst 17-year-old Mark Franklin was picked from local radio station BBC Radio Wiltshire . With a new theme tune and set of titles modelled on a weathervane, the first show was presented by Mark Franklin and Tony Dortie on 3 October 1991 with the first live performance Erasure 's Love To Hate You. The first show of the revamp attracted 8.93m viewers, over 1m up on the show's average. Performance rules were altered so that acts had to sing live whether they wanted to or not and performances reflected the current album charts and American Billboard Hot 100 as well as the UK Singles Chart . Two presenters from the team always hosted each episode until July 1992 when Tony Dortie and Mark Franklin began to host some shows individually. By October 1992, the rest of the team had been dropped completely. Mark Franklin (1991–1994) 20 January 1994 – Joe Elliott of Def Leppard guested as a co-presenter with Tony Dortie On Thursday 11 June 1992, BBC1 screened England's Euro 92 0–0 draw with Denmark so TOTP was moved to Saturday 13 June, broadcast at 5:30pm. 1994: Return of the Radio 1 DJs The presentation changes introduced in 1991 did not have the impact producers had hoped for and by 1993 only Mark Franklin and Tony Dortie remained from the revamped team. Despite claiming 9m viewers in January 1992, the success of the revamp was short-lived and by May 1992 less than 6.5m were tuning in - a figure which remained fairly constant for the next eighteen months. Reasons for the sustained lack of popularity for the show ranged wildly from a general apathy towards the music that featured in the charts at this time to claims that the graphics styled around the 'weathervane' idea were hard to read. Dortie and Franklin presented the show individually in rotation until January 1994 when Ric Blaxill replaced Stanley Appel as executive producer. Blaxill had produced shows for Radio 1 and had survived the first wave of change under new station controller Matthew Bannister which had seen many of the DJs deemed too old for the station to resign or be sacked. Of those DJs that survived Bannister's cull, Simon Mayo , Mark Goodier and Nicky Campbell had all presented TOTP prior to the 1991 revamp and were all reinstated as presenters from 3 February 1994. Also returning was Bruno Brookes , another stalwart of the pre-1991 presenting team, though he was fired from Radio 1 in a second wave of Bannister cullings in February 1995 and accordingly he left the Top of the Pops presenting roster in April. Newer recruits to Radio 1, including Lisa I'Anson , Wendy Lloyd, Claire Sturgess and Jo Whiley , augmented the presenting line-up. Blaxill's ambition was to make the show seem like an event and he wanted the presentation between each song to be as spontaneous as the music it was introducing. To do this Blaxill introduced the 'golden microphone' and increasingly experimented with celebrity guest presenters, mainly drawn from the realms of comedy and sport, as well as pop stars who were not promoting a single that week, to introduce the show. Simon Mayo (1994–1995, plus 30 August 1996) Mark Goodier (1994–1995, plus 28 March 1996) 30 May 1996 – Jack Dee and Jeremy Hardy On 13 June 1996 BBC1 showed coverage of Switzerland vs Netherlands from Euro '96 . Top of the Pops was accordingly moved from the Thursday to Friday, originally as a temporary move to incorporate the BBC's expansive portfolio of sport (as well as Euro '96, the 1996 Summer Olympic Games were also broadcast on the channel that summer), though it soon became clear that the move was permanent and, apart from a couple of one-off occasions on 25 June 1998 and 9 August 2001, TOTP never again returned to its original Thursday night slot. 25 December 1996 – The Spice Girls , whose three performances were introduced by Robbie Williams , Mark Morrison and Gina G 1994: Top of the Pops 2 and the magazine As the show entered its fourth decade, Blaxill exploited the strength of the TOTP brand by introducing a tie-in publication Top of the Pops magazine , first published in January 1995, and by launching a sister show, Top of the Pops 2 , to augment the weekly music programme. Originally featuring the best of the main show's studio performances from that week with tips for future hits, the 45-minute-long TOTP2 showcased for the first time the extensive performance archive initially through spotlights on particular artists and a rewind to a given year in music each week. Debuting on 17 September 1994 in a 5.15pm Saturday afternoon slot on BBC Two , Johnnie Walker provided voice-over introductions before the show began to draw solely on archive performances from 1997, when former TOTP host Steve Wright took over. TOTP2 moved to a midweek early-evening slot in 1998, retaining a Saturday afternoon repeat, and regularly became one of the most watched shows on the BBC's second channel. Following a revamp of BBC Two's early peak schedules in 2002, the 45-minute show was given over to two shows of twenty-five minutes, and shows began to select celebrity guest editors, such as Jack Dee, Phill Jupitus and Vic Reeves, to choose their own favourite performances from the archive. After being 'rested' in 2004, a reformatted show featuring two new studio performances per week returned for a final full series in 2006-7, to replace the axed main show. Mark Radcliffe replaced Wright as presenter in 2009. Mark Radcliffe (2009-) 1997–2000: Into the new millennium Ric Blaxill left in 1997, and the show was temporarily looked after by Mark Wells who continued his predecessor's policy of having rotating guest presenters. By this time, only Jo Whiley remained of the Radio 1 DJs introduced to the show by Blaxill, though Wells added Radio 1 Breakfast Show caretakers Mark Radcliffe and Marc Riley to the roster (although both Whiley and Radcliffe & Riley only appeared twice each between Blaxill's exit and the arrival of his permanent successor in June). With a background in 'serious' music broadcasting having worked on Channel 4 's The Tube and The White Room, the new executive producer was Chris Cowey who stripped the show of the gimmicks bequeathed by its predecessors, increased the number of studio performances per week whilst reducing the reliance on music videos, and gradually built a new team of regular presenters with backgrounds in music television and radio to replace the celebrity guests. Alongside Whiley, who graduated from occasional host to lead presenter in June 1997, came Jayne Middlemiss and Zoë Ball . Middlemiss had presented music strand The O-Zone for Children's BBC since 1995, whilst Ball was given a full-time role after guest presenting in March 1997, and ahead of her posting as the host of Radio 1's coveted breakfast show in October. Fellow Radio 1 DJ Mary Anne Hobbs and Never Mind the Buzzcocks host Mark Lamarr were added to the team but were quickly dropped, though Jamie Theakston , co-host with Middlemiss on The O-Zone, and Ball on Live & Kicking arrived in January 1998 after guest presenting the previous October. All would continue to present The O-Zone and Live and Kicking concurrently with TOTP. Ball and Whiley departed in summer 1998 to be replaced by former Smash Hits editor Kate Thornton who established herself with Middlemiss and Theakston as lead presenters by autumn 1998. A revamp in May 1998 which included a change of title sequence, logo and theme music also saw a shift in focus from the Top 40 to the Top 20, with the chart rundown, now voiced every week by Radio 1 Chart Show host and former TOTP presenter Mark Goodier , extended from the Top 10 to Top 20. Children's TV presenter and model Gail Porter and Radio 1 DJ Scott Mills augmented the line-up from March 1999, and though Mills left in August, Porter continued with Middlemiss and Theakston as lead presenters into the new millennium. Jo Whiley (1995–1998, plus 23 April and 14 May 2006) 17 September 1999 - Emma Ledden TOTP toured the country between 26 August (a rare Thursday show, broadcast on BBC2) and 15 October 1999. These shows were broadcast from different cities' nightclubs, in order: The Revolution, Edinburgh ; Event II, Brighton ; Club Wow, Sheffield ; L2, Liverpool ; Ikon, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; Dome II, Birmingham ; and Time & Icon, Swansea Former presenter Mark Goodier returned to voice the Top 20 countdown between 1997 and 2002. At the beginning of 2003, he was temporarily replaced by Scott Mills. Wes Butters voiced the countdown from February to November 2003. 2000–2003: Developing the brand Richard Blackwood became joint lead presenter in August 2000 and presented in rotation with Jayne Middlemiss, Jamie Theakston and Gail Porter. In July 2001, Blackwood left the presenting roster, with Middlemiss leaving the following month. Josie D'Arby, who had hosted an episode in October 2000, made a short-lived return in autumn 2001 but joined Gail Porter in exiting before the end of the year leaving Jamie Theakston as lead presenter until March 2002 when he was replaced by new recruits model Lisa Snowdon and former TOTP guest presenter Sarah Cawood. Liz Bonnin joined the team from Channel 4 breakfast show in May and the majority of shows throughout 2002 were presented by these three presenters, with Theakston only returning for sporadic appearances, and again on a couple of occasions in 2003. After the 2000th edition on 13 September 2002, the presenting team continued to rotate solely between Liz Bonnin, Lisa Snowdon, Sarah Cawood alongside the returning Richard Blackwood until the new year. Blackwood's final show came on Christmas Day 2002, but the three females continued to present through 2003 along with an increasing number of occasional presenters drawn mainly from breakfast television and Radio 1. Colin Murray and Edith Bowman joined their former RI:SE teammate Liz Bonnin in mid-2003 and, though both were used sparingly, Bowman would return as relief presenter in 2006. Konnie Huq also presented three shows concurrent with her role as Blue Peter presenter in 2003. More successful was Huq's former Blue Peter colleague and The Big Breakfast host Richard Bacon who joined the presenting roster in January 2003, graduating to lead presenter by September. Along with newcomers and former children's television hosts Margherita Taylor, Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates, this quartet presented in rotating pairs until another revamp of TOTP took place in November 2003. 15 August 2003 – Jack Osbourne co-presented with Edith Bowman 7 November 2003 – Ronan Keating co-hosted with Fearne Cotton , almost eight years after last appearing as a mid-90s guest presenter 2002–2006: Top of the Pops Saturday In September 2002, in an attempt to combat the increasing ratings success of ITV 's rival chart show, the Top of the Pops brand diversified and a children's TV spin-off was created to run alongside the main show. Top of the Pops Saturday began on 21 September 2002 as a segment to fill the final 45 minutes of the BBC One Saturday morning kids programme The Saturday Show , presented by Fearne Cotton , who would graduate to presenting the main show from 2003. For the first season, Cotton co-presented with Simon Grant. Cotton alone continued to present the show after The Saturday Show ended its second season in 2003, with TOTP Saturday gaining its own stand-alone slot on BBC One at 11.00am, immediately following The Saturday Shows replacement Dick and Dom in da Bungalow. Following the removal of Saturday morning children's television from BBC One to BBC Two in 2005, the show was renamed Top of the Pops: Reloaded from 17 September until its end in March 2006. For this final season, Cotton was joined by former Pop Idol contestants Sam and Mark and Radio 1 DJs JK and Joel as co-presenters. The final show was shown on 25 March 2006. Fearne Cotton (all episodes 2002-2006, plus the main TOTP show: 2003, 2004-) Simon Grant (2002-2003) Joel Ross (2005-2006) 2003: All New Top of the Pops revamp In 2003, former Top of the Pops presenter Andi Peters became new Executive producer and began another radical overhaul. The first edition of All New Top of the Pops was broadcast on 28 November 2003, presented live by former MTV video jockey Tim Kash. The ratings for the first show were 5.65m. Kash presented shows alone until 30 April 2004, after which he began to present with previous presenters Fearne Cotton and/or Reggie Yates, who eventually began to present shows together without Kash. After presenting 14 February 2003 episode, Cotton became a more prominent presenter from June 2003, with Yates also joining the presenting roster in August. Both continued to present regularly until the November 2003 revamp. Kash left to rejoin MTV, making his last appearance in August 2004, allowing Cotton and Yates to present alone. For three shows in October and November 2004, Radio 1 Breakfast Show host Chris Moyles was drafted in to co-host alongside Cotton and Yates, and this trio also fronted the last show of 2004 before Christmas in a show styled as a Radio 1 Christmas party. In 2003, Tim Kash became only the third presenter, after Jimmy Savile in 1971 and Noel Edmonds in 1978, to host Christmas Top of the Pops solo. Reggie Yates (2004–) Chris Moyles (2004, plus 29 May 2000, 22 April 2005 and 14 May 2006) Only two shows between April 2004 and March 2006 did not feature either Fearne Cotton or Reggie Yates : 15 April 2005 – Richard Bacon and Margherita Taylor returned as relief presenters to host, eighteen months after their last show together. 22 April 2005 – Chris Moyles and his Radio 1 breakfast show colleagues, Aled Haydn Jones , Rachel Jones and Dave Vitty were guest presenters 2005–2006: The move to BBC Two and the end – return of guest presenters In November 2004, it was announced that Top of the Pops would move from its primetime slot on Friday nights on BBC One to a new Sunday night slot on BBC Two, a move largely viewed as the last sidelining of the show before inevitable cancellation. The move was initially intended to take place in Spring 2005 and an 'extended format' was promised but the show remained on BBC One until July 2005 with the final Friday show on 8 July followed by another episode the following Monday. The first BBC Two show ran for 35 minutes, five minutes longer than the BBC One show, and aired live on Sunday 17 July 2005 at 7pm, immediately after the announcement of the new week's chart and incorporated elements of TOTP2, which had been rested a year previously, by showing two archive performances alongside the new music. However, viewing figures halved within a fortnight of the new scheduling, from an average of 2.4 million viewers on BBC One to around 1.5 million on BBC Two. The ratings never improved, despite the show going on location to the 2006 Winter Olympics and Radio 1's One Big Weekend , and on 20 June 2006 the BBC announced that Top of the Pops was being axed due to no longer being able to compete with 24-hour cable music channels, with the final episode airing on 30 July 2006. New Executive producer Mark Cooper oversaw a return to the use of guest presenters, a full list of which is given below, but unlike in the 90s, this time the celebrities were paired with one of the already established lead presenting team of Fearne Cotton, Reggie Yates, and newcomer comedian Rufus Hound. The three lead presenters appeared on all of the BBC Two shows between them and when not joined by a celebrity co-host they presented in pairs with each other or with one of the secondary presenting team of Richard Bacon and, from January 2006, Edith Bowman. Occasionally, the show was moved from Sunday nights but remained a live broadcast, as was the case on the following Mondays: 15 August 2005, 16 January 2006 and the five shows between 13 February and 13 March 2006. The show was also once transmitted on a Tuesday: 11 July 2006. In May 2006, BBC staff were asked to form the audience for several Top of the Pops shows after it emerged that the BBC did not have a premises licence for hosting public entertainment events at Television Centre. Lead presenters 11 July 2006 - Annie Mac - from T in the Park 30 July 2006 – Jimmy Savile, Tony Blackburn, Dave Lee Travis, Mike Read, Pat Sharp, Janice Long, Sarah Cawood, Edith Bowman, Reggie Yates, Rufus Hound – an assortment of presenters past and present return for the last weekly show . Fearne Cotton, who was unavailable, also presented a brief pre-recorded segment from Fiji(3.98m viewers) After the end: Occasional events-led returns After being taken off the air in 2004, sister show Top of the Pops 2 was resurrected for a new run on Saturday nights at 8pm which reverted to the old format of mixing archive clips with new studio performances. The new series began two months after the original show ended, on Saturday 30 September 2006, with new studio performances provided by Nelly Furtado and Razorlight and a Top 10 chart rundown. All the episodes in this series followed the familiar TOTP2 presentation of no on-screen presentation, but rather a voiceover from Steve Wright: 30 September 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Razorlight: America and Nelly Furtado: Promiscuous 7 October 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Richard Hawley: Just Like The Rain and Jamelia: Something About You 14 October 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Nerina Pallot: Sophia and Seth Lakeman: The White Hare 21 October 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Amy Winehouse: Rehab 28 October 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Vincent Vincent and the Villains: Johnny Two Bands 4 November 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); All Saints: Rock Steady and Gnarls Barkley: Who Cares 11 November 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Emma Bunton: Downtown and Ray Lamontagne: How Come 18 November 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Sandy Thom: Lonely Girl and Tony Bennett: Lullaby of Broadway 25 November 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Damien Rice: 9 Crimes 2 December 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); The Fratellis: Whistle For The Choir 9 December 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Lil Chris: Gettin' Enough and Lily Allen: Littlest Things 16 December 2006 – Steve Wright (voice only); Kasabian: Empire 6 January 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Muse: Starlight 13 January 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Just Jack: Starz in their Eyes 20 January 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Regina Spektor: Fidelity 3 February 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Simon Webbe: My Soul Pleads For You, Duke Special: Freewheel and Kaiser Chiefs: Ruby 10 February 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); The Feeling: Rose, Louise Setara: Wrong Again and Findlay Brown: Come Here 17 February 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Jack Savoretti: Dreamers and James Hunter: No Smoke Without Fire 24 February 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); The View: Same Jeans and Corinne Bailey Rae: I'd Like To 3 March 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Madness: Sorry 10 March 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Westlife: Total Eclipse of The Heart and Maximo Park: Our Velocity 17 March 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Good Charlotte: The River, Lemar: Tick Tock and Muse: Invincible 24 March 2007 – Steve Wright (voice only); Kaiser Chiefs: The Angry Mob Following the 2006–7 run, TOTP2 returned only to mark one-off special occasions and dropped the new performances. Such shows were dedicated to certain musicians such as Wham! and Duran Duran in 2010, as well as the death of Michael Jackson in 2009, or marked special occasions such as Christmas and New Year in 2008 and 2009, or tie-ins with a particular season of BBC programmes such as the School season which featured a back-to-school special to mark the end of the 2010 summer holidays, and 80s-themed show to mark the final series of BBC TV drama Ashes to Ashes , also in 2010. As well as the intermittent broadcasts of TOTP2 on BBC Two and a yearly Christmas show which remains on BBC One, Top of the Pops is survived by occasional 'event-led' broadcasts. It has twice returned for special shows for the BBC's biennial Comic Relief charity fundraiser in 2007 and 2009, with the following presenters: 13 March 2009 – Fearne Cotton, Reggie Yates, Noel Fielding , French and Saunders , Davina McCall , Jonathan Ross, David Tennant and Claudia Winkleman – Comic Relief does Top of the Pops An annual BBC One show which looks back at the previous year in music also appears each Christmas Day at 2pm. In 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013 and 2014, a New Year's Eve party show was also broadcast on BBC One in the early evening: 25 December 2006 – Fearne Cotton, Reggie Yates and Edith Bowman 25 December 2007 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2008 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 31 December 2008 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2009 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 31 December 2009 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2010 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2011 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2012 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 31 December 2012 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2013 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 31 December 2013 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2014 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 31 December 2014 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 25 December 2015 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates 1 January 2016 – Fearne Cotton and Reggie Yates The BBC has faced repeated calls for the return of the weekly chart show, but has insisted that this will never happen. In August 2010, however, the BBC disclosed that it was in talks with independent production companies with a view to developing a new weekly music show for BBC Three to begin sometime in 2011, although no such show was ever broadcast.	i don't know
The Galapagos Islands lie in which body of water?	Galapagos Islands Map / Geography of Galapagos Islands / Map of Galapagos Islands - Worldatlas.com Print this map Galapagos Islands Description Sitting right atop the Equator, approximately 600 miles directly west of Ecuador , the Galapagos Islands had no original inhabitants. They were discovered in 1535 by Tomas de Berlanga, the Spanish Bishop of Panama , when his ship drifted by the islands. The Galapagos Islands first appeared on maps in the late 16th century, and were named "Insulae de los Galopegos" (Islands of the Tortoises) in reference to the giant tortoises found there. The first navigation chart of the Galapagos islands was done by the buccaneer Ambrose Cowley in 1684, and he reportedly named the individual islands after some of his fellow pirates, as well as European nobility. Until the early 19th century the islands were used as a hideout by pirates who pilfered Spanish galleons carrying gold and silver from South America, back to Spain. In 1793, James Colnett, an officer of the British Royal Navy, and explorer, suggested the islands could be used as base for the whalers operating in the Pacific Ocean as they offered fresh water, and an almost endless supply of meat. Consequently, thousands of the Galapagos tortoises were captured and kept on board whale ships as a means of providing of fresh protein. That hunting orgy almost brought the indigenous tortoise close to extinction. Over the next few decades, whale ships continued to exploit the new whaling ground and the Galapagos Islands became a frequent stop for the whalers. Ecuador annexed the Galapagos Islands in 1831, and named them the Archipelago of Ecuador . A year later a group of convicts were shipped in to populate the island of Floreana; Spanish name Isla Santa Maria. The islands became famous around the world after the survey ship HMS Beagle, arrived in the Galapagos on September 15, 1835. On board was a young naturalist named Charles Darwin. Darwin's subsequent studies of local wildlife noted that almost all of the animals and plants here were endemic to the islands, which of course contributed to his famous theory of natural selection, and put these special islands on the map for the rest of the world to experience. In 1920's and 1930's, a group of Norwegian settlers arrived in the islands. Ecuador provided them with free land, and no taxation for the first ten years. When word of this deal spread to America and Europe, additional settlers arrived. The islands became Ecuador's first national park in 1959, and these now aggressively-protected islands and the surrounding marine reserve were both declared World Heritage sites. Travel to these islands is strictly controlled by Ecuador , and a visit to the home of the giant tortoise, marine iguanas, and Darwin's finches must (should) be done through a professional tour operator, of which there are many operating through Quito and Quayaquil .	Pacific Ocean
In Scrabble what points value is a letter K tile?	Mammals \| Galapagos Conservancy Dolphins and Whales SEA LIONS With a population size of about 50,000, the Galapagos Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus, subspecies: wollebacki) is one of the first animals that visitors to the Galapagos Islands encounter. They can often be found sprawled on the docks or benches where tourists board their cruise boats, and are found lounging on beaches or low rocky shorelines throughout the islands. Their playful and inquisitive behavior makes them a tourist favorite, and lucky divers or snorkelers may be treated to underwater gymnastic displays from these graceful creatures. Despite their curiosity, sea lions are wild animals and can be unpredictable in their behavior – especially the males – and people will occasionally be bitten for not respecting their space and privacy. Sea Lions are the largest animals found in Galapagos – full-grown males (bulls) can weigh up to 550 pounds. Besides their larger size, males differ from females in that they have a large “bump” on their foreheads and have extremely thick necks that provide protection. Sea Lions mainly eat fish that they catch out in ocean on extended foraging trips. When on land, they congregate in harems (a group of females with one dominant male bull) or in bachelor colonies (males without harems to defend). However, females are free to move from harem to harem, as it is the territory where the females lie that a dominant bull defends, more so than the actual females in the territory. A dominant bull will spend the majority of his day patrolling the shallow coastal waters along his territory, ensuring that other bulls do not come near. It is exhausting to defend a harem, and for this reason, defense of a harem generally only lasts for a few days up to three months for a single bull. Fights between bulls for territories are quite common, with pushing, neck-biting, and dramatic water chase scenes ensuing. Harems are usually found in the most desirable beach locations, and the bachelor colonies are located in less desirable places, sometimes high atop rocky cliffs or farther inland near lagoons. Once a year, females give birth to single pups, which they rear for one to three years. For this reason, it is common to see one mother with two suckling pups of different ages. Mothers will stay with their newborn pups for about 5 days, as they get to know each other’s sounds and smells, and then she will venture out to fish and replenish her energy. Baby sea lions will gather in shallow water nurseries that are watched over by one female, while the other mothers go out fishing. Bulls will even join in defending the nurseries from sharks, who may come looking for a defenseless pup meal. At about five months old, young sea lions will begin to learn to fish on their own. Females are sexually mature at around 5 years old, and can live to be about 20 years old – males mature a bit more quickly, but will not guard a harem until they are older, and they do not live as long as females. FUR SEALS Many people think Galapagos Fur Seals (Arctocephalus galapagoensis) are much less abundant in Galapagos than Sea Lions, but their population numbers are similar. Fur Seals typically prefer more rugged, rockier, and shadier shores than sea lions in areas that less likely to be frequented by people. Fur seals are less tolerant of heat than sea lions, which is why they prefer cooler water and shaded areas. And despite their “seal” name, they are actually a type of sea lion. Galapagos Fur Seals and Sea Lions are morphologically similar, but there are some key physical differences that can help people tell them apart. Fur seals are generally smaller with broader and shorter heads. Fur Seals have bulging eyes and ears that protrude more than sea lions’, and larger front flippers that aid in climbing rockier coasts. The biggest difference is probably in their fur coat, which is much thicker and appears “furrier” on fur seals than on sea lions. Because of their remarkably insulating coats, fur seals were hunted by the tens of thousands in the 1800s, nearly to extinction. They have made an amazing comeback in their population numbers, and can be seen most easily by Galapagos tourists at James Bay on Santiago Island and in Darwin Bay on Genovesa Island. Fur seals eat fish and squid, and they are nocturnal hunters. Scientists have found that they tend to hunt less when the moon is full, probably because they become more visible to shark predators and their prey tends to move into deeper waters. Fur seals’ social and breeding behaviors are quite similar to that of sea lions (see above), with a few differences. With regards to bulls defending territories, a fur seal bull will defend his harem from land, rather than from the water. Pups begin to hunt at about a year old, but will suckle from their mothers for two to three years. Though females can give birth every year, they will, at most, successfully raise one pup every two years. Should a second pup be born while a yearling is still suckling, the new pup has little chance of survival, despite being defended by its mother. RICE RATS Unfortunately, only four of the original seven endemic Rice Rat species still exist in Galapagos; not surprisingly, these four species live on three islands that are not inhabited by humans – Santa Fé, Santiago, and Fernandina. The other three species of rice rats became extinct since humans colonized the islands and brought black rats with them. Competition with and/or a virus carried by the black rats is likely what brought about the demise of these three species. The ancestors of the native rats of Galapagos originally arrived to the Islands via rafts of vegetation that floated from the South American mainland out to Galapagos – these rats actually hold the world record for terrestrial mammal ocean crossings. BATS There are two bat species present in Galapagos, but little is actually known about them. Lasiurus cinereus, the Hoary Bat from North America, is light brown with white fur tips, eats insects, and tends to prefer roosting in Mangrove trees or scrub bushes during the day. It is quite widespread and is found on Santa Cruz, San Cristóbal, Isabela, Santiago, and Floreana Islands. Lasiurus brachyotis is found on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal in the highlands and coastal zones, and it is believe to migrate seasonally between the two zones. This bat forages near the ground while the Hoary Bat forages higher in the trees and air, which explains why they can coexist. L. brachyotis is believed to be closely related to the Red Bat of South America. DOLPHINS and WHALES The aquatic mammals (cetaceans – whales, dolphins) form the last group of mammals found in the Galapagos Islands. Unlike most land mammals that are generally covered in hair or fur, these aquatic mammals have little, if any, hair. Instead, they have a fat layer of blubber which helps to maintain their body heat and to provide a reserve of energy when needed during long migrations or strenuous activity. The blubber of whales can be used to make oil, and this is what made them so valuable to humans in the 19th century when the Galapagos Islands were central to Pacific whaling activities. Fortunately today, whaling does not take place anymore in the Islands. Whales are occasionally seen passing through Galapagos, and dolphins are likely to be seen all around the islands. The Cetaceans fall into two major groups – those with teeth, and those with baleen (fringed whalebone that enables filter-feeding of plankton and small marine animals). Both groups of cetaceans, and several species from each group, can be found in the Galapagos Islands. Humpback whales are one of the easier baleen whales to identify because of their angled back, as well as their tendency to breach and splash dramatically back into the sea. Many species of toothed whales show up in the Galapagos Marine Reserve, including the Sperm Whale, Killer Whale, False Killer Whales, the Pilot Whale, as well as several species of dolphins. There are two dolphin species that are quite abundant and easy to spot– the Bottle-nosed Dolphin and the Common White-bellied Dolphin. The Bottle-nosed Dolphins are often found racing alongside boats, and sometimes they get close enough that people on board can hear their delightful squealing. Common Dolphins are more likely to be found in large schools of 100 or more individuals. Connect with us	i don't know
The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is in which country?	Feast of Saint James the Apostle in Spain Home Calendar Holidays Spain Feast of Saint James the Apostle Feast of Saint James the Apostle in Spain Many people in Spain celebrate the life and deeds of James, son of Zebedee, on Saint James' Day (Santiago Apostol), which is on July 25. Saint James was one of Jesus' first disciples. Some Christians believe that his remains are buried in Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Santiago de Compostela Cathedral is situated in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, Spain. The cathedral is the reputed burial-place of Saint James the Great, one of the apostles of Jesus Christ. Santiago de Compostela Cathedral is situated in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, Spain. The cathedral is the reputed burial-place of Saint James the Great, one of the apostles of Jesus Christ. ©iStockphoto.com/Javier García Blanco What Do People Do? Many events are organized on and before Saint James' Day in the Basque Country and Galicia. These include: Special church services to honor the life and work of Saint James. Exhibitions of art work by artists born or living in or near Santiago de Compostela. Theatre productions and street shows. Concerts of modern and traditional music, including bagpipe performances. Traditional dance events held outside. Special services are held in the cathedral in Santiago de Compostela on July 25. Church officials swing a large incense burner at full speed during this service. They fill the whole church with incense smoke. Public Life Saint James' Day is a public holiday in the autonomous communities of the Basque Country and Galicia on July 25. Public life is generally quiet. Many businesses and other organizations are closed. Many stores are closed but some bakers and food stores may be open. Public transport services generally run to a reduced schedule, although there may be no services in rural areas. Large events may cause some local disruption to traffic, particularly in Santiago de Compostela. Regional or local authorities may move the public holiday to a different date, particularly if July 25 falls on a Sunday. If July 25 falls on a Tuesday or Thursday, many businesses and organizations are also closed on Monday, July 24, or Friday, July 26. In the rest of Spain, July 25 is not a public holiday. Background St James, son of Zebedee, was an apostles and a brother of John the Apostle, according to Christian belief. He lived at the same time as Jesus. He may have traveled to the area that is now Santiago de Compostela. St James was beheaded in Judea in the year 44 CE. Some Christians believe that his disciples carried his body by sea to Padrón on the Galician coast. They then buried his body under what is now the cathedral in Santiago de Compostela. St James' relics were discovered sometime between 791 CE and 842 CE. Santiago de Compostela then became a place of pilgrimage. Pope Leo XIII asserted that the relics of St James at Compostela were authentic in a papal bull. This papal bull was published on November 1, 1884. Symbols Common symbols of St James include a traveler's hat and a scallop shell. The scallop shell is used to mark a network of pilgrimage routes. These routes lead to the cathedral in Santiago de Compostela from many European countries, including: Austria. Portugal. Switzerland. Thousands of people walk, cycle or ride a horse along the pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela each year. Many people hope to arrive just before Saint James' Day. Feast of Saint James the Apostle Observances Select another year-range:	Spain
What is a small lift called which carries food and other goods between floors in a building?	A Medieval Pilgrimage in Modern Times by Rick Steves A Medieval Pilgrimage in Modern Times By Rick Steves Pilgrims hike from all over Europe to Santiago de Compostela in northwest Spain. (photo: Rick Steves) Standing on the main square of Santiago de Compostela, I share the joy of pilgrims who’ve completed the Camino de Santiago (Spainish for "Way of St. James"). With sunburned faces and frayed walking sticks, they triumphantly end their long trek by stepping on a scallop shell carved into the pavement in front of the city's magnificent cathedral. For over a thousand years, this cathedral in the far northwest corner of Spain has been the ritualistic last step for pilgrims who've hiked here from churches in Paris and all over Europe. Today, most take a month to walk the 450 miles from the French border town of Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. To enjoy the scene, be on the square about 10 a.m. The last overnight stop on the Camino (or pilgrimage) is two miles away, and most pilgrims arrive at the cathedral in time for the 12:00 Mass. It’s great fun to chat with pilgrims who’ve just completed their journey. They seem very centered, content with the experience, and tuned in to the important things in life...like taking time to talk with others. James, Santiago’s namesake and symbol, was a Christian evangelist — one of Jesus' original "fishers of men." But judging from the way he's portrayed here, his main activity was beheading Muslims with his busy sword. Propagandistic statues of James are all over town — riding in from heaven to help the Spaniards defeat the Muslim Moors. Police guard the square. Security here has been tight ever since September 11, 2001 — and even more so since March 11, 2004, when Madrid’s commuter trains were bombed. Santiago’s cathedral, as one of the leading pilgrimage sites in Christendom, is a high-profile target for Islamic fundamentalists. It doesn’t help that St. James is depicted taking such joy in butchering Muslims. Historians figure the “discovery” of the remains of St. James in Spain was a medieval hoax. It was designed to rally Europe against the Muslim Moors, who had invaded Spain and were threatening to continue into Europe. With St. James — a.k.a. "the Moor Slayer" — buried in Iberia, all of Europe would rise up to push the Muslims back into Africa...which, after a centuries-long “Reconquista,” they finally did in 1492. All this commotion dates back about 1,200 years to a monk who followed a field of stars (probably the Milky Way) to this distant corner of Europe and discovered what appeared to be the long-lost tomb of St. James. Church leaders declared that St. James’ relics had been found, built a church, and named the place Santiago (St. James) de Compostela (campo de estrellas, or “field of stars”). Imagine you’re a medieval pilgrim. You’ve just walked from Paris — more than 700 miles — to reach this cathedral. Your goal: to request the help of St. James in recovering from an illness. Or maybe you’ve come to honor the wish of a dying relative...or to be forgiven for your sins. Whatever the reason, you know the pope promised that any person who walked to Santiago in a Holy Year, confessed their sins, and took communion here would be forgiven. After weeks of hiking, the spire of the cathedral comes into view and jubilation quickens your tired pace. Finally you stand upon the shell in the pavement and gaze up at the awe-inspiring cathedral. You step inside, squint down the nave, and see the statue of St. James that marks his tomb. Kneeling at the silver tomb of St. James, you pray and make your request. Then you climb the stairs behind the altar up to the saint’s much-venerated statue — gilded and caked with precious gems — and wait your turn to embrace him from behind while gazing thankfully out over the cathedral. You have completed the Camino de Santiago. Walking the Way of St. James has changed little over the centuries. The gear still includes a cloak, a floppy hat, a walking stick, a gourd (for drinking from wells), and a scallop shell (symbolizing where you're going). The walk itself is a kind of hut-hopping. At regular intervals along the route, you’ll encounter humble government-subsidized hostels called albergues, where pilgrims can rest for the night (free bunks, though small donation often requested). Recently the route has enjoyed a huge renaissance of interest, with nearly 100,000 pilgrims trekking to Santiago last year. Bikers and horse riders are now joining hikers. Whether you hike the entire route or just the last stretch — or even if you're just there to vicariously enjoy the thrill of the latest in a thousand years of pilgrims finishing the Camino de Santiago — it's an experience that will stay with you forever.	i don't know
UK politicians David Owen, Shirley Williams, Roy Jenkins and Bill Rodgers, known as The Gang of Four, defected from the Labour Party in 1981 to form which party?	The fight for Labour’s soul – what the party’s brutal 1981 split means today \| Politics \| The Guardian Labour The fight for Labour’s soul – what the party’s brutal 1981 split means today Labour is in crisis. The bitter divide across the party echoes the acrimony that drove the ‘gang of four’ to form the breakaway SDP. Will history repeat itself? (From left) Roy Jenkins, David Owen, William Rodgers and Shirley Williams launch the SDP in March 1981. Photograph: David Gaywood/Rex/Shutterstock Tuesday 19 July 2016 10.18 EDT Last modified on Wednesday 28 September 2016 08.13 EDT Share on Messenger Close On a mild winter Sunday morning 35 years ago, political reporters were instructed to go to a riverside house in east London, and to wait outside for an important announcement. Inside were four former Labour ministers, all well-known national figures: Shirley Williams , David Owen , Bill Rodgers and Roy Jenkins . Over the previous year and a half, they had met with growing frequency, and written articles and given interviews that suggested a common disenchantment with Labour. They had become known by an increasingly expectant media as the gang of four . In 1981, as now, British politics was in a state of rare flux. Margaret Thatcher was an inexperienced prime minister. Her austere economic and public-spending policies seemed disastrous. Meanwhile, the Labour opposition was being ineffectually led by Michael Foot , like Jeremy Corbyn a faintly otherworldly leftwinger in his late 60s. Under Foot, as under Corbyn, the party was becoming an unmanageable cauldron of leftwing and centrist factions, of London social liberals and northern social conservatives, of working-class trade unionists and middle-class constituency activists, of party loyalists and “entryists” – infiltrators from other, more confrontational leftwing groups such as Militant . Scenes from the battle for the soul of the Labour party \| Letters from Margaret Beckett MP, Simon Rose, Professor Diane Reay, Peter McKenna, Rachel Ester and Ian Sinclair Read more “The four of us were very different from each other,” remembers Rodgers of his fellow rebels against this apparently fragile status quo. “We had no organisation. But we worked closely together. And we moved very quickly.” On 24 January 1981, the gang of four went to their final Labour event: an acrimonious one-day conference that voted to drastically reduce the influence of MPs over the party’s choice of leader and deputy leader. Again, there is a seemingly precise parallel with Labour’s current internal struggles over whether Corbyn’s fate as leader should be decided by activists or the parliamentary party. As MPs or former MPs, and longstanding champions of the Labour right, the gang of four saw the conference vote as an intolerable strengthening of the left’s power. Owen spent much of the day pointedly sitting on the stairs of the hall, away from the other delegates, his expression one of photogenic fury. The following day, the gang of four summoned the journalists to the east London house, which was Owen’s elegant family home. For several hours, while the reporters waited in the street, the politicians discussed and drafted a short manifesto – pausing for a lunch of wine, cheese and salad – that they titled the Limehouse declaration . At teatime, after 18 drafts, with the deadlines for the next day’s papers fast approaching, the document was handed out to the reporters. It announced the founding of a “council for social democracy”, which would “reverse Britain’s economic decline”, “eliminate poverty”, “create an open … more equal society”, and counter “the drift towards extremism in the Labour party”. Over the next few weeks, this council haphazardly but quickly crystallised into a new political party. There were newspaper ads appealing for donations and other support, signed by centre-left notables such as Lord Young , the author of Labour’s famously successful 1945 general election manifesto. There were excited debates about what the party’s name should be: Progressive Labour, Democratic Labour and New Labour were all suggested. In March 1981, with the media already in the habit of describing them as “social democrats”, the gang of four settled on the Social Democratic party, or SDP. Eighty thousand people joined in its first year. During 1981 and 1982, 28 Labour MPs joined, too – the largest parliamentary defection since 1886, when the Liberals had split over Ireland. The Liberals had subsequently been out of power for almost 20 years. Pinterest David Owen (left) and David Steel, leaders of the SDP-Liberal Alliance, at the launch of the 1987 Alliance election campaign. Photograph: Hulton Archive/Getty Images Yet in the SDP’s hugely optimistic early days , few dwelled on such precedents. “We were amazed by the scale of the reaction,” Williams says. “We were not completely prepared for it.” Owen told me in 2012 that Jenkins in particular “geared himself to think that if he became SDP leader”, which he soon did, “he could almost become PM” at the next general election. The SDP formed an alliance with the Liberals, who were also surging in popularity. In December 1981, a poll by Gallup put the alliance at 50.5%, a heady 27% ahead of both Labour and the Tories. At the Liberal party conference that autumn, their usually judicious leader, David Steel , told delegates: “Go back to your constituencies and prepare for government.” In recent weeks – in fact, ever since it became clear last summer that Corbyn was going to be elected leader, and that many of his MPs were never going to accept that – it has seemed increasingly possible that Labour will split again, and that this time the divisions could be even worse. In 1981-2, only a tenth of Labour MPs deserted to the new party; last month, three-quarters of them backed a motion of no confidence in Corbyn , despite his huge electoral mandate from party members. Labour has always been a potentially explosive coalition of idealists and pragmatists, of different interest groups and ideological tendencies: both a loose “Labour movement” and to varying degrees a disciplined party. Some of those aghast at the present in-fighting seem to have forgotten that even the party’s relatively stable periods have been marked by intimidation and intolerance, such as the malicious briefing and crushing of dissent practised by New Labour’s spin doctors. Yet the current turmoil feels as nasty as any since the early 80s, with threats of violence alleged by both sides, and all constituency meetings suspended until the leadership contest is decided in September in an attempt to reduce the acrimony (some local parties are meeting regardless). Last month, while Corbyn was being castigated by much of the parliamentary party in a room in Westminster, thousands of his supporters were massing and chanting his name in Parliament Square, directly outside. Labour already looked and sounded like two parties. “The moderates now are pretty close to feeling the despair we did,” says one of the first Labour defectors to the SDP in 1981, who is still active in Westminster and asks not to be named. “It is a tragic situation,” Rodgers says. For all its excitement, the 1981 SDP breakaway also “caused pain to me and those who left the party. My friends and neighbours were divided. My three daughters stayed in the Labour party.” Rodgers continues: “Even a week ago, I would have said that somehow the Labour party will scrabble along [intact]. I think now it is a possibility there will be a split.” Williams, revealingly, calls such a scenario “a crack-up”. The 1981 defector says: “I have a feeling these [anti-Corbyn] guys will declare themselves to be a parliamentary party. If they’re really disciplined, they will have more MPs than Corbyn, and become the opposition to the government.” Pinterest David Owen, Shirley Williams and Bill Rodgers recreate their 1981 meeting at David Owen’s house in 2006. Photograph: Martin Argles for the Guardian Last weekend, the Mail on Sunday reported that “more than 150 Labour MPs are plotting to form a breakaway party codenamed Continuity Labour”, if Corbyn wins the September leadership ballot. David Winnick was first elected as an MP in 1966. He did not leave Labour for the SDP. “The crisis today is much more serious than in 1981,” he says. “The SDP had limited influence among party members. Very few constituency Labour parties crumbled. The defectors were seen as rightwingers, and their alliance with the Liberals demonstrated that. The party was left intact.” Frank Field , another long-serving MP who stuck with Labour in 1981, remembers the split differently. “The people who were going to leave – I was just so anxious that they stay. Owen was a legitimate part of the Labour party.” But he agrees with Winnick that Labour in the 80s had a durability it may lack now: “The loyalty of the Labour vote then was strong.” The 1981 crisis blew up much more gradually than Labour’s current one, which has been accelerated by social media, the faster modern news cycle and by a feverishness in British politics that has seen two referendums, a shock general election result, and five major parties changing their leaders, all in less than two years. The Labour-SDP split, by contrast, developed over almost a decade. In 1972, Dick Taverne , a former Labour minister, resigned from the party after a bitter dispute with leftwing Labour activists in his constituency, and the following year set up a sort of prototype SDP, the Campaign for Social Democracy . It failed to attract much support and was wound up in 1975. But the same year saw the formation of another SDP-ish group, the Social Democratic Alliance. Its main preoccupation was the infiltration of the Labour party by Militant and other hard-left organisations. During the 70s, this “entryism” had become a significant phenomenon, as activists with non-Labour loyalties began to take control of some local Labour parties. Field’s constituency is in Merseyside, a focus for Militant in the 70s and 80s, and he experienced the sect’s methods at first hand. “Two things I learned are that you can have a level of intimidation in a group [setting] that stops people from saying things, and that the hard-left are wonderful liars. They always have a plausible person as their public representative. And when you say you’ve seen intimidatory behaviour, they always say, ‘We never saw that.’” Pinterest Derek Hatton (centre) and other members of Militant sing the Internationale outside Labour’s HQ after being expelled from the party in 1986. Photograph: Paul Fievez/Daily Mail/Rex However, in the early 80s, as now, the Labour right often did not draw a distinction between such sectarian activity and the increasingly leftwing tendencies of many genuine and unaggressive Labour members. The latter, like many in the party now, and in the pro-Corbyn pressure group Momentum , had grown disillusioned with the cautious, compromising approach that the party had recently followed in government, and that had arguably caused it to lose power. As Owen himself conceded in the New Statesman in 2011 : “In the aftermath of electoral defeat [in the 1979 general election] … It was not unreasonable for those on the left to try to shift the balance of power in the party closer to their views.” Yet in the early 80s, he and the other founders of the SDP portrayed this leftward shift as a takeover of Labour by utterly foreign ideas. In his classic, recently republished history of Militant , the veteran political reporter Michael Crick points out that in 1981 the group had at most 2,500 members. Labour had a hundred times that; Militant’s influence over the party was smaller than defectors to the SDP often claimed. Since the 80s, Militant has renamed itself as the milder-sounding Socialist party . Its newspaper is generally supportive of Corbyn – sometimes referred to as Jeremy – and of Momentum. Since his election as leader, it has been claimed more and more widely that Militant’s power inside Labour is on the rise again. Field says: “The same [Militant] people who we expelled from the party in the 80s are tormenting Angela Eagle.” Eagle faced a revolt in her Merseyside constituency after announcing her abortive leadership challenge against Corbyn. And yet, as Crick records in his book, “Corbyn was never anywhere near being a member of Militant”. That has not changed. Similarly, last December, Momentum declared : “We can’t allow Momentum to be used as a vehicle for other parties. So if you are a member of the Socialist Party … for instance, you cannot also be involved in decision-making within Momentum.” If the party does split again, what might happen to the two sides? Rodgers has a warning for anyone contemplating a SDP-style breakaway: “Members of parliament are not that strong – they’re not like soldiers. When it comes to the moment [to defect] they get rather shaky, they try to find a way to avoid it happening.” The 28 Labour defections to the SDP were fewer than the gang of four hoped for. The 1981 defector who doesn’t want to be named says: “The anti-Corbyn side have moved too quickly against him. They never gave him a real chance to fail demonstrably. They’ve been seen off, for now. If he holds on in the leadership ballot this September, a lot of power will accrete to him. A coalition of the [mostly pro-Corbyn] trade unions and all the young people in Momentum would take a lot of Commons seats from any anti-Corbyn party [at a general election].” For that reason, it has been alleged, some on the Labour left are sanguine about the party splitting. Pinterest Shirley Williams in 1981. Photograph: Herbie Knott/Rex/Shutterstock Alternatively, the British electoral system, which is almost uniquely biased against all but the biggest parties – as Ukip learned to its cost when 3.9m votes at last year’s election earned it a single Commons seat – may crush both Labour offshoots. “The ultimate nightmare,” Winnick says, “is that neither survives electorally. The party must remain as one … even if under the present leader. Better a dismal result than splitting.” Williams disagrees. “Splits are unavoidable, if the issues are big enough. I don’t think either Labour or the Conservatives can hold together. There are too many issues – such as Brexit – that cut across party boundaries.” She argues that a “loose coalition of parties of the left” would be much more effective than the current, dysfunctional Labour party. Dear Labour, split the party and you’ll regret it. Love from an SDP candidate \| Polly Toynbee Read more But history is against her. In June 1983, two years after the SDP was founded, the SDP-Liberal alliance contested its first general election. It got 25% of the vote, exceptional for a new party but exactly half its giddy rating in the 1981 Gallup poll. Labour, despite still being led by the derided Foot, got 2% more. Labour also held on to 209 of its Commons seats. The SDP got six. The split in the left-of-centre vote kept Thatcher in office with crushing Commons majorities for seven more years. In 1990, after never quite regaining its initial popularity, the SDP was disbanded. Roy Jenkins died in 2003. The remaining members of the gang of four, and more disinterested politicians and historians, have long argued that the SDP’s ideas – such as the “classless society” and “more responsive public services” called for in the Limehouse declaration – outlived the party, shaping the Lib Dems, New Labour, even the Conservatives. “ Theresa May’s first [surprisingly left-leaning] speech as prime minister – that was pure social democracy,” claims the 1981 defector from Labour to the SDP. Williams says: “People still come up to me and say: ‘I weep that the SDP are no longer with us.’” Affection, influence, the adventure of a new party – many political careers fail to achieve these. But will the possibility be enough to tempt the anti-Corbyn mutineers, some of whom were ministers only a few years ago? We may find out within weeks, or it may take years.	Social Democratic Party
What is the main stock market index of Hong Kong?	David Owen : definition of David Owen and synonyms of David Owen (English) Physician David Anthony Llewellyn Owen, Baron Owen CH PC FRCP (born 2 July 1938) is a British politician . Owen served as British Foreign Secretary from 1977 to 1979, the youngest person in over forty years to hold the post; he co-authored the failed Vance-Owen and Owen-Stoltenberg peace plans offered during the Bosnian War . In 1981, Owen was one of the " Gang of Four " who left the Labour Party to found the Social Democratic Party (SDP). Owen led the SDP from 1983 to 1987, and the continuing SDP from 1988 to 1990. He sits in the House of Lords as a crossbencher . Contents 8 External links Biography In the course of his career, Owen has held, and resigned from, a number of senior posts. He first quit as Labour's spokesman on defence in 1972 in protest at the Labour leader Harold Wilson 's attitude to the EEC ; he left the Labour Shadow cabinet over the same issue later; and over unilateral disarmament in November 1980 when Michael Foot became Labour leader. He resigned from the Labour Party when it rejected one member, one vote in February 1981 and later as Leader of the Social Democratic Party, which he had helped to found, after the party's rank-and-file membership voted to merge with the Liberal Party . Early life Owen was born in 1938 to Welsh parents in the town of Plympton , beside Plymouth , in Devon , England. [1] He also has Swiss and Irish ancestry. [1] After schooling at Mount House School www.mounthouse.devon.sch.uk, Tavistock , and Bradfield College , Berkshire , [2] he was admitted to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge in 1956 to study medicine . Owen obtained a 2:2 and was made an Honorary Fellow of the college in 1977. He began clinical training at St Thomas's Hospital in October 1959. Owen was deeply affected by the Suez crisis of 1956, when Anthony Eden 's Conservative government launched a military operation to retrieve the Suez Canal from Nasser 's decision to nationalise it. At the time, aged 18, he was working on a labouring job before going to Cambridge. Medicine and politics In 1960, Owen joined the Vauxhall branch of the Labour Party and the Fabian Society . He qualified as a doctor in 1962 and began work at St Thomas's Hospital. In 1964, he contested the Torrington seat as the Labour candidate against the Conservative Party incumbent, losing in what was a traditional Conservative- Liberal marginal . He was neurology and psychiatric registrar at St Thomas's Hospital for two years, as assistant to Dr. William Sargant , then Research Fellow on the Medical Unit doing research into Parkinsonian trauma and neuropharmacology. Member of Parliament At the next general election, in 1966 , Owen returned to his home town and was elected Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for the Plymouth Sutton constituency . In the February 1974 general election Owen became Labour MP for the adjacent Plymouth Devonport constituency, winning it from the Conservative incumbent Dame Joan Vickers by a slim margin (fewer than 500 votes). He managed to hold on to it in the 1979 general election , again by a narrow margin (1001 votes). From 1981, however, his involvement with the SDP meant he developed a large personal following in the constituency and thereafter he was re-elected as an SDP candidate with safe margins. He remained as MP for Plymouth Devonport until his elevation to a peerage in 1992. From 1968 to 1970, Owen served as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Navy in Harold Wilson 's first government. After Labour's defeat in the 1970 General Election , he became the party's Junior Defence Spokesman until 1972 when he resigned with Roy Jenkins over Labour's opposition to the European Community. On Labour's return to government in March 1974, he became Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Health before being promoted to Minister of State for Health in July 1974. In Government In September 1976, Owen was appointed by the new Prime Minister of five months, James Callaghan , as a Minister of State at the Foreign Office and was consequently admitted to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom . Five months later, however, the Foreign Secretary , Anthony Crosland died suddenly and Owen was appointed his successor. Aged thirty eight, he became the youngest Foreign Secretary since Anthony Eden in 1935 and was seen as the youthful dynamic face of Labour's next generation. As Foreign Secretary, Owen was identified with the Anglo-American plan for then- Rhodesia , which formed the basis for the Lancaster House Agreement , negotiated by his Tory successor, Lord Carrington in December 1979. The Contact Group sponsored UN Resolution 435 in 1978 on which Namibia moved to independence twelve years later. He wrote a book entitled Human Rights and championed that cause in Africa and in the Soviet Union. He has admitted to at one stage contemplating the assassination of Idi Amin while Foreign Secretary but settled instead to backing with money for arms purchases to President Nyerere of Tanzania in his armed attack on Uganda which led to the exile of Amin to Saudi Arabia . However, 18 months after Labour lost power in 1979, the staunchly left-wing politician Michael Foot was elected party leader, despite vocal opposition from Labour Party moderates (including Owen), sparking a crisis over the party's future. Social Democratic Party and Liberal-SDP Alliance Michael Foot's election as Labour party leader indicated that the party was likely to become more left-wing, and in 1980 committed itself to withdrawing from the EEC without even a referendum (as Labour had carried out in 1975). Also, Labour endorsed unilateral nuclear disarmament and introduced an electoral college, for leadership elections, with 40% of the college going to a block vote of the trade unions . Early in 1981, Owen and three other senior moderate Labour politicians – Roy Jenkins , Bill Rodgers and Shirley Williams – announced their intention to break away from the Labour Party to form a "Council for Social Democracy". The announcement became known as the Limehouse Declaration and the four as the " Gang of Four ". The council they formed became the Social Democratic Party (SDP), with a collective leadership. Twenty-eight other Labour MPs and one Conservative MP ( Christopher Brocklebank-Fowler ) joined the new party. In late 1981, the SDP formed the SDP-Liberal Alliance with the Liberal Party to strengthen both parties' chances in the UK's " first past the post " electoral system. In 1982, uneasy about the Alliance, Owen challenged Jenkins for the leadership of the SDP, but was defeated by 26,256 votes to 20,864. In the following year's General Election , the Alliance gained 25% of the vote, only slightly behind the Labour Party, but because of the first-past-the-post voting system , it won only 23 out of 650 seats. Although elected, Jenkins resigned the SDP leadership and Owen succeeded to it without a contest among the 6 remaining SDP MPs. In 1982, during the Falklands War , Owen spoke at the Bilderberg Group advocating sanctions against Argentina. [3] Ironically, it had been the success of the Falkland War , which had put paid to any hopes that the SDP might have had of winning the 1983 election. Many of the opinion polls in late 1981 and early 1982 had shown the SDP with a comfortable lead over the Tories[ citation needed ], who were proving unpopular largely due to high unemployment and the early 1980s recession and ahead of the Labour Party whose democratic-socialist policies were driving away moderate voters. However, Britain's success in the conflict saw Margaret Thatcher and her Tory government surge back to the top of the opinion polls, and her position was stengthened further by the end of the year as the recession ended and more voters had faith in her economic policies. [2] SDP leadership Owen is widely regarded as having been, at the very least, a competent party Leader. He had high popularity ratings throughout his leadership as did the SDP-Liberal Alliance. He succeeded in keeping the Party in the public eye and in maintaining its independence from the Liberals for the length of the 1983 Parliament. Moreover, under him, the SDP increased its representation from 6 to 8 seats via the by-election victories of Mike Hancock , at Portsmouth South (1984), and Rosie Barnes , at Greenwich (1987). However the progress of the SDP-Liberal Alliance as a whole was hampered with policy splits between the two parties, first over the miners' strike (1984-5) where Owen and most of the SDP favoured a fairly tough line but the Liberals preferred compromise and negotiation. More significantly the Alliance had a dispute over the future of Britain's independent nuclear deterrent. Here Owen and the SDP favoured replacing of Polaris with Trident as a matter of some importance, where most Liberals were either indifferent to the issue or committed disarmers. The SDP favoured a radical social market economy , whilst the Liberals mostly favoured a more interventionist, corporate style approach. The cumulative effect of these divisions was to make the Alliance appear less credible as a potential government in the eyes of the electorate. Moreover, Owen, unlike Jenkins, faced an increasingly moderate Labour Party under Neil Kinnock and a dynamic Conservative government. The 1987 general election was as disappointing for the Alliance as the 1983 election and it lost one seat. Nevertheless, it won over 23% of the vote - at that time, the second largest third force vote in British politics since 1929. Full parties' merger In 1987 immediately after the election, the Liberal leader David Steel proposed a full merger of the Liberal and SDP parties and was supported for the SDP by Roy Jenkins, Shirley Williams and Bill Rodgers. Owen rejected this notion outright, on the grounds that he and other Social Democrats wished to remain faithful to social democracy as it was practised within Western Europe, and it was unlikely that any merged party would be able to do this, even if it was under his leadership. Nevertheless the majority of the SDP membership supported the merger. The Liberal Party and SDP merged to form the Social and Liberal Democrats (SLD), soon renamed the Liberal Democrats . At the request of two of the remaining SDP MPs, John Cartwright and Rosie Barnes , Owen continued to lead a much smaller continuing SDP with three MPs in total. The party polled well at its first election, its candidate coming a close second in the 1989 Richmond by-election , but thereafter a string of poor and ultimately disastrous by-election results followed, including coming behind the Official Monster Raving Loony Party in the Bootle by-election of May 1990, prompting Owen to wind up the party in 1990. Owen blamed the SDP's demise on the reforms which had been taking place in the Labour Party since the election of Neil Kinnock as leader in 1983. [4] Some branches, however, continued to function using the SDP name ; Bridlington 's was still extant in 2006. Lord Holme later blamed Owen for the Alliance's failure to make a breakthrough at the 1987 general election, believing that a merged party would have performed much better and possibly gained more votes and seats than Labour. [5] Political allegiances as a life peer After winding up the re-formed SDP, Owen announced his intent to stand down as an MP at the next General Election. He then served the remainder of his term as an independent MP and after the 1992 General Election was made a life peer with the title "Baron Owen, of the City of Plymouth ", [6] in Letters Patent dated 30 June 1992. As a member of the House of Lords , he is called "Lord Owen" and sits as a crossbencher . During the April 1992 election campaign, Owen writing in The Mail on Sunday newspaper advised voters to vote Liberal Democrat where they had a chance of victory and to vote Conservative rather than let Neil Kinnock become Prime Minister. Owen maintained his long standing position that he would never join the Conservative Party , although the memoirs of at least three of John Major 's cabinet ministers refer to Major being quite keen to appoint Owen to his cabinet, but threats of resignation from within the Cabinet prevented him from doing so. When asked in a conversation with Woodrow Wyatt on 18 December 1988 whether she would have Owen in her government if approached by him, Margaret Thatcher replied: "Well, not straight away. I don't think I would do it straight away. He was very good on the Northern Ireland terrorist business. He's wasting his life now. It's so tragic. He's got real ability and it ought to be used". [7] In another conversation with Wyatt on 4 June 1990 Thatcher said Owen's natural home was the Conservative Party. [8] [9] He was approached privately by Tony Blair, then leader of the Opposition, in 1996 on whether he was ready to support New Labour. Lord Owen declined mainly because he disagreed with Tony Blair's intention, as Prime Minister, to join the eurozone. [10] In May 2005, he was approached two days before the General Election by someone very close to Tony Blair to endorse Labour. He declined, because though he did not want a Conservative government, he wanted the Liberal Democrats to do sufficiently well to ensure a greatly reduced Labour majority. [11] In September 2007, it was widely reported in the British press that Lord Owen had met the new Prime Minister Gordon Brown and afterwards had refused to rule out supporting Labour at the next general election. [12] It later emerged that he could have been part of the GOAT (Government of all talents) initiative advising on the NHS but Lord Owen declined. In October 2009 he wrote an article in the Times predicting that the Conservatives, then well ahead in the opinion polls, were unlikely to win an outright majority. He helped create the web-based Charter 2010 to explain and promote the potential of a hung parliament . The website campaign was launched in January 2010 while the Conservatives still appeared on course to win outright. Within weeks the polls changed and the website became a major source of information about hung parliaments. In May 2010 the Sunday Times called Owen "the prophet of the coalition". In January 2011, Owen revealed that his "heart was with Labour" and that he looked forward to the time when he could vote Labour again. He added that what hampered him in the past was the way the Labour Party elects its leader and it was very necessary for the electoral college arrangement to be reformed and he refused to rule out joining the Labour Party the future. He vigorously opposed the Health and Social Care Bill in 2011-12. In a pamphlet, "Fatally Flawed" he demonstrated that far from the internal market, which he had championed in the 1980s, the Bill introduced an external market and he worked closely with the Labour Front Bench in the House of Lords. Subsequent international role In August 1992, Owen was British Prime Minister John Major's choice to succeed Lord Carrington as the EU co-chairman of the Conference for the Former Yugoslavia, along with Cyrus Vance , the former U.S. Secretary of State as the UN co-chairman. Private Eye , the British satirical magazine, playfully alluded towards Owen's legendary tendency towards self-destruction. "It's a lost cause", says the bubble emanating from Major's mouth. "I'm your man", says the bubble from Owen's mouth. The Labour Shadow Foreign Minister, Jack Cunningham , greeted Major's appointment of Owen in the British House of Commons by saying that the Prime Minister's choice "was regarded as somewhat eccentric by [MPs] and myself - he [Owen] is known for many qualities, but not as a mediator. Indeed he has Balkanised a few political parties himself" [13] Owen became a joint author of the Vance-Owen Peace Plan [VOPP], in January 1993, which made a heroic effort to move away from the presumption of ethnic partition. [14] According to America's last ambassador to Yugoslavia, the Bosnian Government were ready to accept the VOPP, but unfortunately the Clinton Administration delayed in its support, thus missing a chance to get it launched. [Origins of the Catastrophe (1999) Warren Zimmermann p222]. The VOPP was eventually agreed in Athens in May 1993 under intense pressure by all parties including Bosnian Serb leader Karadžić but then rejected later by the Bosnian-Serb Assembly meeting in Pale, after Karadžić insisted that the Assembly had the right to ratify the agreement. After Vance's withdrawal, Owen and Thorvald Stoltenberg brokered the EU Action Plan of December 1993. They both helped the Contact Group of the US/UK/France/Germany and Russia to present its plan in the summer of 1994. In early 1994, the European Parliament had voted by 160 votes to 90, with 2 abstentions, for Owen's dismissal, but he was supported by all 15 EU Member State governments. There was a perception in America that Owen was "not fulfilling his function as an impartial negotiator." [Unfinest Hour, p167]. Owen was made a Companion of Honour for his services in the former Yugoslavia in 1994. In January 1995, Lord Owen wrote to President François Mitterrand as President of the European Union to say that he wished to step down before the end of the French presidency. At the end of May 1995, he was succeeded by the former Swedish Prime Minister Carl Bildt . "Had I been younger, I would probably have resigned when the Americans ditched the Vance-Owen Peace Plan" [Unfinest Hour p157-8]. Owen testified as a witness of the court in the trial of Slobodan Milošević , the former president of FR Yugoslavia . Lord Owen has continued to speak out on issues of international affairs including on nuclear proliferation and constrained intervention. In 2011 he was the first politician to call for a "no-fly zone" over Libya. In an editorial on 27 February 2011 the Sunday Times said, "It was a man who has not been in office for nearly 32 years - Lord Owen, the former foreign secretary - who has been the most eloquent British voice over Libya. His call for a no-fly-zone....struck the right note". Europe Owen is a strong supporter of Britain's membership of the European Union but also opposes many of the more dramatic proposals for integration. As chairman of New Europe, he was the co-leader of the 'no to the Euro' campaign with Business for Sterling, which ceased when the UK Government declared in 2005 that Euro membership was off the agenda following the defeat of the EU Constitution in referendums in France and the Netherlands. He has also called for a referendum before Britain's ratification of the Lisbon treaty , and expressed concerns about proposals for the creation of a ' European Rapid Reaction Force '. He is a self-described Anti-Federalist . In February 2010, he wrote a pamphlet for the Social Market Foundation thinktank entitled "EU Social Market and Social Policy" He supports the European Referendum Act of 2011. Lord Owen continued to argue for engagement, criticising David Cameron's so-called 'veto' in December 2011 arguing instead for a formal non-eurozone grouping with the right to join or leave the eurozone. Enterprises and affiliations Lord Owen was chairman of Yukos International UK BV, a division of the former Russian petroleum company Yukos , from 2002 to 2005.[ citation needed ] and a member of the board of Abbott Laboratories , a US healthcare company, from 1996-2011. He is currently non-executive chairman of Europe Steel Ltd and consultant to Gallagher Holdings, owned by Alisher Usmanov. In late 2009, Owen accepted a seat on the board of Texas-based Hyperdynamics Corporation, an oil concern with an exclusive lease to an offshore area of the Republic of Guinea in west Africa..[ citation needed ] Owen was the Chancellor of the University of Liverpool , from 1996-2009. He has written extensively on the interaction between illness and politics, with a particular emphasis on the 'hubris syndrome', a condition affecting those at the pinnacle of power. The concept has been most fully developed in a co-authored paper in Brain <David Owen and Jonathan Davidson, "Hubris Syndrome: An Acquired Personality Disorder? A study of US Presidents and UK Prime Ministers over the last 100 years" Brain 2009: 132; 1407-1410>. The concept of hubris syndrome has been analysed by Professor Gerald Russell. [15] Personal life He married Deborah Owen (née Schabert), an American literary agent , in 1968. They have two sons and one daughter, Tristan, Gareth and Lucy. Selected publications David Owen, The Politics of Defence (Jonathan Cape and Taplinger Pub. Co, 1972) David Owen, "In Sickness and in Health: The Politics of Medicine" (Quartet Books, 1976) David Owen, Human Rights (Jonathan Cape and W.W. Norton & Company, 1978) David Owen, Face the Future (Jonathan Cape and Praeger, 1981) David Owen, A Future That Will Work (Viking 1984, Praeger, 1985) David Owen, "A United Kingdom" (Penguin Books, 1986) David Owen to Kenneth Harris, Personally Speaking (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987) David Owen, Our NHS" (Pan Books, 1988) David Owen, Time to Declare (Michael Joseph, 1992) David Owen, Balkan Odyssey (Victor Gollancz, Harcourt Brace 1995)	i don't know
Potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulphur (sulfur, US-English) are the traditional ingredients of what substance?	Gunpowder Facts, History and Description By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. Updated February 26, 2016. Gunpowder or black powder is of great historical importance in chemistry. Although it can explode, its principal use is as a propellant. Gunpowder was invented by Chinese alchemists in the 9th century. Originally, it was made by mixing elemental sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate). The charcoal traditionally came from the willow tree, but grapevine, hazel, elder, laurel, and pine cones have all been used. Charcoal is not the only fuel that can be used. Sugar is used instead in many pyrotechnic applications. When the ingredients were carefully ground together , the end result was a powder that was called 'serpentine.' The ingredients tended to require remixing prior to use, so making gunpowder was very dangerous. People who made gunpowder would sometimes add water, wine, or another liquid to reduce this hazard, since a single spark could result in a smoky fire. Once the serpentine was mixed with a liquid, it could be pushed through a screen to make small pellets, which were then allowed to dry. continue reading below our video 4 Tips for Improving Test Performance How Gunpowder Works To summarize, black powder consists of a fuel (charcoal or sugar) and an oxidizer (saltpeter or niter), and sulfur, to allow for a stable reaction. The carbon from the charcoal plus oxygen forms carbon dioxide and energy. The reaction would be slow, like a wood fire, except for the oxidizing agent. Carbon in a fire must draw oxygen from the air. Saltpeter provides extra oxygen. Potassium nitrate, sulfur, and carbon react together to form nitrogen and carbon dioxide gases and potassium sulfide. The expanding gases, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, provide the propelling action. Gunpowder tends to produce a lot of smoke, which can impair vision on a battlefield or reduce the visibility of fireworks. Changing the ratio of the ingredients affects the rate at which the gunpowder burns and the amount of smoke that is produced.	Gunpowder
A heptad is a group or set of how many?	Sulfer \| Gravity Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Rough sulfur crystal Sulfur crystal from Agrigento, Sicily . Sulfur ( Sanskrit , गन्धक sulvari; Latin Sulphurium) was known in ancient times and is referred to in the Torah ( Genesis ). English translations of the Bible commonly referred to burning sulfur as "brimstone", giving rise to the name of ' fire-and-brimstone ' sermons , in which listeners are reminded of the fate of eternal damnation that await the unbelieving and unrepentant. It is from this part of the Bible that Hell is implied to "smell of sulfur" (likely due to its association with volcanic activity), although sulfur, in itself, is in fact odorless. The "smell of sulfur" usually refers to either the odor of hydrogen sulfide , e.g. from rotten egg, or of burning sulfur, which produces sulfur dioxide , the smell associated with burnt matches. The smell emanating from raw sulfur originates from a slow oxidation in the presence of air. Hydrogen sulfide is the principal odor of untreated sewage and is one of several unpleasant smelling sulfur-containing components of flatulence (along with sulfur-containing mercaptans ). According to the Ebers Papyrus , a sulfur ointment was used in ancient Egypt to treat granular eyelids. Sulfur was used for fumigation in preclassical Greece ; [1] this is mentioned in the Odyssey . [2] Pliny the Elder discusses sulfur in book 35 of his Natural History , saying that its best-known source is the island of Melos . He also mentions its use for fumigation, medicine, and bleaching cloth. [3] A natural form of sulfur known as shiliuhuang was known in China since the 6th century BC and found in Hanzhong . [4] By the 3rd century, the Chinese discovered that sulfur could be extracted from pyrite . [4] Chinese Daoists were interested in sulfur's flammability and its reactivity with certain metals, yet its earliest practical uses were found in traditional Chinese medicine . [4] A Song Dynasty military treatise of 1044 AD described different formulas for Chinese black powder , which is a mixture of potassium nitrate (KNO3), charcoal , and sulfur. Early alchemists gave sulfur its own alchemical symbol which was a triangle at the top of a cross. In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier helped convince the scientific community that sulfur was an element and not a compound. In 1867, sulfur was discovered in underground deposits in Louisiana and Texas . The overlying layer of earth was quicksand , prohibiting ordinary mining operations; therefore, the Frasch process was developed. Spelling and etymology Edit The element has traditionally been spelled sulphur in the United Kingdom (since the 14th century), [5] most of the Commonwealth including India , Malaysia , South Africa , and Hong Kong , along with the rest of the Caribbean and Ireland , but sulfur in the United States, while both spellings are used in Canada and the Philippines . IUPAC adopted the spelling “sulfur” in 1990, as did the Royal Society of Chemistry Nomenclature Committee in 1992. [6] The Qualifications and Curriculum Authority for England and Wales recommended its use in 2000. [7] In Latin, the word is variously written sulpur, sulphur, and sulfur (the Oxford Latin Dictionary lists the spellings in this order). It is an original Latin name and not a Classical Greek loan, so the ph variant does not denote the Greek letter φ. Sulfur in Greek is thion (θείον), whence comes the prefix thio- . The simplification of the Latin words p or ph to an f appears to have taken place towards the end of the classical period. [8] [9] Characteristics Edit When burned, sulfur melts to a blood-red liquid and emits a blue flame which is best observed in the dark. At room temperature, sulfur is a soft, bright-yellow solid. Elemental sulfur has only a faint odor, similar to that of matches . The odor associated with rotten eggs is due to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and organic sulfur compounds rather than elemental sulfur. Sulfur burns with a blue flame that emits sulfur dioxide , notable for its peculiar suffocating odor due to dissolving in the mucosa to form dilute sulfurous acid . Sulfur itself is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulfide — and to a lesser extent in other non-polar organic solvents such as benzene and toluene . Common oxidation states of sulfur include −2, +2, +4 and +6. Sulfur forms stable compounds with all elements except the noble gases . Sulfur in the solid state ordinarily exists as cyclic crown-shaped S8 molecules. The crystallography of sulfur is complex. Depending on the specific conditions, the sulfur allotropes form several distinct crystal structures , with rhombic and monoclinic S8 best known. A noteworthy property of sulfur is that the viscosity in its molten state, unlike most other liquids, increases above temperatures of /</span> due to the formation of polymers . The molten sulfur assumes a dark red color above this temperature. At higher temperatures, however, the viscosity is decreased as depolymerization occurs. Amorphous or "plastic" sulfur can be produced through the rapid cooling of molten sulfur. X-ray crystallography studies show that the amorphous form may have a helical structure with eight atoms per turn. This form is metastable at room temperature and gradually reverts back to crystalline form. This process happens within a matter of hours to days but can be rapidly catalyzed. Allotropes Main article: Allotropes of sulfur Sulfur forms more than 30 solid allotropes , more than any other element. [10] Besides S8, several other rings are known. [11] Removing one atom from the crown gives S7, which is more deeply yellow than S8. HPLC analysis of "elemental sulfur" reveals an equilibrium mixture of mainly S8, but also S7 and small amounts of S6. [12] Larger rings have been prepared, including S12 and S18. [13] [14] By contrast, sulfur's lighter neighbor oxygen only exists in two states of allotropic significance: O2 and O3. Selenium , the heavier analogue of sulfur, can form rings but is more often found as a polymer chain. Isotopes Main article: Isotopes of sulfur Sulfur has 25 known isotopes , four of which are stable: 32S (95.02%), 33S (0.75%), 34S (4.21%), and 36S (0.02%). Other than 35S, the radioactive isotopes of sulfur are all short lived. 35S is formed from cosmic ray spallation of 40 argon in the atmosphere . It has a half-life of 87 days. When sulfide minerals are precipitated, isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the δS-34 values of co-genetic minerals. The differences between minerals can be used to estimate the temperature of equilibration. The δ C -13 and δS-34 of coexisting carbonates and sulfides can be used to determine the pH and oxygen fugacity of the ore-bearing fluid during ore formation. In most forest ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites also contribute some sulfur. Sulfur with a distinctive isotopic composition has been used to identify pollution sources, and enriched sulfur has been added as a tracer in hydrologic studies. Differences in the natural abundances can also be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the 34S of ecosystem components. Rocky Mountain lakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have different δS-34 values from lakes believed to be dominated by watershed sources of sulfate. Occurrence Edit A man carrying sulfur blocks from Kawah Ijen , a volcano in East Java, Indonesia (photo 2009) Elemental sulfur can be found near hot springs and volcanic regions in many parts of the world, especially along the Pacific Ring of Fire . Such volcanic deposits are currently mined in Indonesia , Chile , and Japan. Sicily is also famous for its sulfur mines. Sulfur deposits are polycrystalline, and the largest documented single crystal measured 22×16×11 cm3. [15] [16] Significant deposits of elemental sulfur also exist in salt domes along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico , and in evaporites in eastern Europe and western Asia. The sulfur in these deposits is believed to come from the action of anaerobic bacteria on sulfate minerals , especially gypsum , although apparently native sulfur may be produced by geological processes alone, without the aid of living organisms (see below). However, fossil-based sulfur deposits from salt domes are the basis for commercial production in the United States , Poland , Russia , Turkmenistan , and Ukraine . Sulfur recovered from hydrocarbons in Alberta , stockpiled for shipment in North Vancouver , B.C. Sulfur production through hydrodesulfurization of oil, gas, and the Athabasca Oil Sands has produced a surplus — huge stockpiles of sulfur now exist throughout Alberta, Canada . Common naturally occurring sulfur compounds include the sulfide minerals , such as pyrite (iron sulfide), cinnabar (mercury sulfide), galena (lead sulfide), sphalerite (zinc sulfide) and stibnite (antimony sulfide); and the sulfates, such as gypsum (calcium sulfate), alunite (potassium aluminium sulfate), and barite (barium sulfate). It occurs naturally in volcanic emissions, such as from hydrothermal vents , and from bacterial action on decaying sulfur-containing organic matter. The distinctive colors of Jupiter 's volcanic moon, Io , are from various forms of molten, solid and gaseous sulfur. There is also a dark area near the Lunar crater Aristarchus that may be a sulfur deposit. Sulfur is present in many types of meteorites . Ordinary chondrites contain on average 2.1% sulfur, and carbonaceous chondrites may contain as much as 6.6%. Sulfur in meteorites is normally present as troilite (FeS), but other sulfides are found in some meteorites, and carbonaceous chondrites contain free sulfur, sulfates, and possibly other sulfur compounds. [17] Extraction and production Sulfur is extracted by mainly two processes: the Sicilian process and the Frasch process . Sicilian process Edit The Sicilian process, which was first used in Sicily , was used in ancient times to get sulfur from rocks present in volcanic regions. In this process, the sulfur deposits are piled and stacked in brick kilns built on sloping hillsides, and with airspaces between them. Then powdered sulfur is put on top of the sulfur deposit and ignited. As the sulfur burns, the heat melts the sulfur deposits, causing the molten sulfur to flow down the sloping hillside. The molten sulfur can then be collected in wooden buckets. The sulfur produced by the Sicilian process must be purified by distillation. Frasch process Edit In this method, three concentric pipes are used: the outermost pipe contains superheated water, which melts the sulfur, and the innermost pipe is filled with hot compressed air, which serves to create foam and pressure. The resulting sulfur foam is then expelled through the middle pipe. [18] The Frasch process produces sulfur with a 99.5% purity content, which needs no further purification. Production from hydrogen sulfide The Claus process is used to extract elemental sulfur from hydrogen sulfide produced in hydrodesulfurization of petroleum or from natural gas . Biologically Edit In the biological route, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from natural gas or refinery gas is absorbed with a slight alkaline solution in a wet scrubber , or the sulfide is produced by biological sulfate reduction. In the subsequent process step, the dissolved sulfide is biologically converted to elemental sulfur. This solid sulfur is removed from the reactor. This process has been built on commercial scale. The main advantages of this process are: no use of expensive chemicals, the process is safe as the H2S is directly absorbed in an alkaline solution, no production of a polluted waste stream, re-usable sulfur is produced, and the process occurs under ambient conditions. The biosulfur product is different from other processes in which sulfur is produced because the sulfur is hydrophilic. Next to straightforward reuses as source for sulfuric acid production, it can also be applied as sulfur fertilizer. [19] Chemistry Edit Sulfur powder. When dissolved in water, hydrogen sulfide is acidic and will react with metals to form a series of metal sulfides. Natural metal sulfides are common, especially those of iron. Iron sulfide is called pyrite , the so-called fool's gold. Pyrite can show semiconductor properties. [20] Galena , a naturally occurring lead sulfide, was the first semiconductor discovered and found a use as a signal rectifier in the cat's whiskers of early crystal radios . Polymeric sulfur nitride has metallic properties even though it does not contain any metal atoms. This compound also has unusual electrical and optical properties. This polymer can be made from tetrasulfur tetranitride S4N4. Phosphorus sulfides are useful in synthesis. For example, P4S10 and its derivatives Lawesson's reagent and naphthalen-1,8-diyl 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide are used to replace oxygen from some organic molecules with sulfur. The sulfate anion, SO42− Sulfides (S2−), a complex family of compounds usually derived from S2−. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is an example. Sulfites (SO32−), the salts of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) which is generated by dissolving SO2 in water. Sulfurous acid and the corresponding sulfites are fairly strong reducing agents. Other compounds derived from SO2 include the pyrosulfite or metabisulfite ion (S2O52−). Sulfates (SO42−), the salts of sulfuric acid . Sulfuric acid also reacts with SO3 in equimolar ratios to form pyrosulfuric acid (H2S2O7). Thiosulfates (S2O32−). Sometimes referred as thiosulfites or "hyposulfites", Thiosulfates are used in photographic fixing (HYPO) as reducing agents. Ammonium thiosulfate is being investigated as a cyanide replacement in leaching gold . [1] Sodium dithionite , Na2S2O4, is the highly reducing dianion derived from hyposulfurous/dithionous acid. Sodium polysulfides (Na2Sx) Sulfur hexafluoride , SF6, a dense gas at ambient conditions, is used as nonreactive and nontoxic propellant Sulfur nitrides are chain and cyclic compounds containing only S and N. Tetrasulfur tetranitride S4N4 is an example. Thiocyanates contain the SCN− group. Oxidation of thiocyanate gives thiocyanogen , (SCN)2 with the connectivity NCS-SCN. Organic compounds Edit An organic sulfur compound, dithiane . Many of the unpleasant odors of organic matter are based on sulfur-containing compounds such as methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide. Thiols and sulfides are used in the odoration of natural gas, notably, 2-methyl-2-propanethiol (t-butyl mercaptan). The odor of garlic and " skunk stink" are also caused by sulfur-containing organic compounds. Not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant; for example, grapefruit mercaptan , a sulfur-containing monoterpenoid is responsible for the characteristic scent of grapefruit. It should be noted that this thiol is present in very low concentrations. In larger concentrations, the odor of this compound is that typical of all thiols, unpleasant. Sulfur-containing organic compounds include the following (R, R', and R are organic groups such as CH3): Thioethers have the form R-S-R′. These compounds are the sulfur equivalents of ethers . Sulfonium ions have the formula RR'S-'R'", i.e. where three groups are attached to the cationic sulfur center. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP; (CH3)2S+CH2CH2COO−) is a sulfonium ion, which is important in the marine organic sulfur cycle . Thiols (also known as mercaptans) have the form R-SH. These are the sulfur equivalents of alcohols . Thiolates ions have the form R-S-. Such anions arise upon treatment of thiols with base. Sulfoxides have the form R-S(=O)-R′. The simplest sulfoxide, DMSO , is a common solvent. Sulfones have the form R-S(=O)2-R′. A common sulfone is sulfolane C4H8SO2. Edit This section requires expansion . One of the direct uses of sulfur is in vulcanization of rubber, where polysulfides crosslink organic polymers. Sulfur is a component of gunpowder . It reacts directly with methane to give carbon disulfide , which is used to manufacture cellophane and rayon . [21] Elemental sulfur is mainly used as a precursor to other chemicals. Approximately 85% (1989) is converted to sulfuric acid ( H 2S O 4), which is of such prime importance to the world's economies that the production and consumption of sulfuric acid is an indicator of a nation's industrial development. [22] For example with 36.1 million metric tons in 2007, more sulfuric acid is produced in the United States every year than any other inorganic industrial chemical. [23] The principal use for the acid is the extraction of phosphate ores for the production of fertilizer manufacturing. Other applications of sulfuric acid include oil refining, wastewater processing, and mineral extraction. [21] Sulfur compounds are also used in detergents , fungicides , dyestuffs , and agrichemicals. In silver-based photography sodium and ammonium thiosulfate are used as "fixing agents." Sulfur is an ingredient in some acne treatments. [24] [25] An increasing application is as fertilizer. Standard sulfur is hydrophobic and therefore has to be covered with a surfactant by bacteria in the ground before it can be oxidized to sulfate. This makes it a slow release fertilizer, which cannot be taken up by the plants instantly, but has to be oxidized to sulfate over the growth season. Sulfur also improves the use efficiency of other essential plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. [26] Biologically produced sulfur particles are naturally hydrophilic due to a biopolymer coating. This sulfur is therefore easier to disperse over the land (via spraying as a diluted slurry), and results in a faster release. Sulfites , derived from burning sulfur, are heavily used to bleach paper . They are also used as preservatives in dried fruit . Magnesium sulfate , better known as Epsom salts , can be used as a laxative , a bath additive, an exfoliant , a magnesium supplement for plants, or a desiccant . Specialized applications Sulfur is used as a light-generating medium in the rare lighting fixtures known as sulfur lamps . Historical applications Edit In the late 18th century, furniture makers used molten sulfur to produce decorative inlays in their craft. Because of the sulfur dioxide produced during the process of melting sulfur, the craft of sulfur inlays was soon abandoned. Molten sulfur is sometimes still used for setting steel bolts into drilled concrete holes where high shock resistance is desired for floor-mounted equipment attachment points. Pure powdered sulfur was also used as a medicinal tonic and laxative. Sulfur was also used in baths for people who had seizures. Fungicide and pesticide Edit Sulfur is one of the oldest fungicides and pesticides. Dusting sulfur, elemental sulfur in powdered form, is a common fungicide for grapes, strawberry, many vegetables and several other crops. It has a good efficacy against a wide range of powdery mildew diseases as well as black spot. In organic production, sulfur is the most important fungicide. It is the only fungicide used in organically farmed apple production against the main disease apple scab under colder conditions. Biosulfur (biologically produced elemental sulfur with hydrophilic characteristics) can be used well for these applications. Standard-formulation dusting sulfur is applied to crops with a sulfur duster or from a dusting plane. Wettable sulfur is the commercial name for dusting sulfur formulated with additional ingredients to make it water soluble. It has similar applications, and is used as a fungicide against mildew and other mold-related problems with plants and soil. Sulfur is also used as an " organic " (i.e. "green") insecticide (actually an acaricide ) against ticks and mites . A common method of use is to dust clothing or limbs with sulfur powder. Some livestock owners set out a sulfur salt block as a salt lick . Biological role See sulfur cycle for more on the inorganic and organic natural transformations of sulfur. Sulfur is an essential component of all living cells . Inorganic sulfur forms a part of iron-sulfur clusters , and sulfur is the bridging ligand in the Cu A site of cytochrome c oxidase , a basic substance involved in utilization of oxygen by all aerobic life. Sulfur may also serve as chemical food source for some primitive organisms: some forms of bacteria use hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the place of water as the electron donor in a primitive photosynthesis -like process in which oxygen is the electron receptor. The photosynthetic green and purple sulfur bacteria and some chemolithotrophs use elemental oxygen to carry out such oxidization of hydrogen sulfide to produce elemental sulfur (So), oxidation state = 0. Primitive bacteria which live around deep ocean volcanic vents oxidize hydrogen sulfide in this way with oxygen: see giant tube worm for an example of large organisms (via bacteria) making metabolic use of hydrogen sulfide as food to be oxidized. The so-called sulfur bacteria , by contrast, "breathe sulfate" instead of oxygen. They use sulfur as the electron acceptor, and reduce various oxidized sulfur compounds back into sulfide, often into hydrogen sulfide. They also can grow on a number of other partially oxidized sulfur compounds (e. g. thiosulfates, thionates, polysulfides, sulfites). The hydrogen sulfide produced by these bacteria is responsible for the smell of some intestinal gases and decomposition products. Sulfur is a part of many bacterial defense molecules. For example, though sulfur is not a part of the lactam ring, it is a part of most beta lactam antibiotics, including the penicillins , cephalosporins , and monobactams . Sulfur is absorbed by plants via the roots from soil as the sulfate ion and reduced to sulfide before it is incorporated into cysteine and other organic sulfur compounds (see sulfur assimilation for details of this process). Sulfur is regarded as secondary nutrient although plant requirements for sulfur are equal to and sometimes exceed those for phosphorus. However sulfur is recognized as one of the major nutrients essential for plant growth, root nodule formation of legumes and plants protection mechanisms. Sulfur deficiency has become widespread in many countries in Europe. [27] [28] [29] Because atmospheric inputs of sulfur will continue to decrease, the deficit in the sulfur input/output is likely to increase, unless sulfur fertilizers are used. In plants and animals the amino acids cysteine and methionine contain sulfur, as do all polypeptides , proteins , and enzymes which contain these amino acids. Homocysteine and taurine are other sulfur-containing acids which are similar in structure, but which are not coded for by DNA , and are not part of the primary structure of proteins. Glutathione is an important sulfur-containing tripeptide which plays a role in cells as a source of chemical reduction potential in the cell, through its sulfhydryl (-SH) moiety. Many important cellular enzymes use prosthetic groups ending with -SH moieties to handle reactions involving acyl-containing biochemicals: two common examples from basic metabolism are coenzyme A and alpha-lipoic acid . Disulfide bonds (S-S bonds) formed between cysteine residues in peptide chains are very important in protein assembly and structure. These strong covalent bonds between peptide chains give proteins a great deal of extra toughness and resiliency. For example, the high strength of feathers and hair is in part due to their high content of S-S bonds and their high content of cysteine and sulfur (eggs are high in sulfur because large amounts of the element are necessary for feather formation). The high disulfide content of hair and feathers contributes to their indigestibility, and also their odor when burned. Traditional medical role for elemental sulfur Edit In traditional medical skin treatment which predates modern era of scientific medicine, elemental sulfur has been used mainly as part of creams to alleviate various conditions such as psoriasis, eczema and acne. The mechanism of action is not known, although elemental sulfur does oxidize slowly to sulfurous acid, which in turn (through the action of sulfite ) acts as a mild reducing and antibacterial agent. Precautions Edit This section requires expansion . Elemental sulfur is non-toxic, but it can burn as an oxidizer or a reducing agent, producing combustion products that are toxic, such as carbon disulfide , carbon oxysulfide , hydrogen sulfide , and sulfur dioxide . Although sulfur dioxide is sufficiently safe to be used as a food additive in small amounts, at high concentrations it reacts with moisture to form sulfurous acid which in sufficient quantities may harm the lungs , eyes or other tissues . In organisms without lungs such as insects or plants, it otherwise prevents respiration . Hydrogen sulfide is toxic . Although very pungent at first, it quickly deadens the sense of smell, so potential victims may be unaware of its presence until death or other symptoms occur. Sulfur trioxide , a volatile liquid at standard temperature and pressure, is extremely dangerous, especially in contact with water, which reacts with it to form sulfuric acid with the generation of much heat. Sulfuric acid poses extreme hazards to many objects and substances. Environmental impact Edit The burning of coal and/or petroleum by industry and power plants generates sulfur dioxide (S O 2), which reacts with atmospheric water and oxygen to produce sulfuric acid (H2SO4). This sulfuric acid is a component of acid rain , which lowers the pH of soil and freshwater bodies, sometimes resulting in substantial damage to the environment and chemical weathering of statues and structures. Fuel standards increasingly require sulfur to be extracted from fossil fuels to prevent the formation of acid rain. This extracted sulfur is then refined and represents a large portion of sulfur production. In coal fired power plants, the flue gases are sometimes purified. In more modern power plants that use syngas the sulfur is extracted before the gas is burned. See also	i don't know
A narthex is part of which type of building?	narthex \| architecture \| Britannica.com architecture choir Narthex, long, narrow, enclosed porch , usually colonnaded or arcaded, crossing the entire width of a church at its entrance. The narthex is usually separated from the nave by columns or a pierced wall , and in Byzantine churches the space is divided into two parts; an exonarthex forms the outer entrance to the building and bounds the esonarthex, which opens onto the nave. Occasionally the exonarthex does not form an integral part of the main body of the church but consists of a single-storied structure set against it. A spectacular Norman example is the Galilee porch at Durham Cathedral in Durham, Eng. In the early days of Christianity the narthex was the only portion of the church to which catechumens (those preparing for the sacrament of baptism) and penitents were admitted. Learn More in these related articles: in church (architecture) ...included a nave (q.v.), or hall, with a flat timber roof, in which the crowd gathered; one or two side aisles flanking the nave and separated from it by a row of regularly spaced columns; a narthex (q.v.), or entrance vestibule at the west end, which was reserved for penitents and unbaptized believers; and an apse (q.v.) of either semicircular or rectangular design,... 1 Reference found in Britannica Articles Assorted Reference church architecture (in church (architecture) ) External Links Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: July 13, 2007 URL: https://www.britannica.com/technology/narthex Access Date: January 19, 2017 Share	Church
What is the corolla of a flower commonly known as?	Narthex \| Definition of Narthex by Merriam-Webster 1 : the portico of an ancient church 2 : a vestibule leading to the nave of a church Origin and Etymology of narthex Late Greek narthēx, from Greek, giant fennel, cane, casket First Known Use: circa 1673 Learn More about narthex	i don't know
For what is www.letour.fr the official website?	Tour de France 2017 2017 TOUR DE FRANCE: THE ROAD JUST GOT STEEPER Tuesday, October 18th The course of the 104th Tour de France (1-23 July, 2017), which was unveiled before an audience of almost 4,000 people at the Palais des Congrès in Paris, stands out for its atypical mountain... Read more Chris Froome: «Very curious to discover... Tuesday, October 18th The presentation of the route of the Tour de France immediately gives the favourites of the race an idea of the possible scenarios that they could expect next July. The mountain stages, boasting... Read more Imagine le tour: The visual for the 2017 Tour de... Tuesday, October 18th The 2017 Grande Boucle now has a face: that of a fan, provided by 20-year old Alexis Boulivet, a student in concept art. He has been named the grand winner of Imagine Le Tour, the first design... Read more The way to History Tuesday, October 18th In what order? Should we start by the Alps or by the Pyrenees? At this period of the year, the questions often concern the way the course of the next Grande Boucle rotates. The Tour actually only... Read more Find out the route of the 2017 Tour de France live... Wednesday, October 12th It has passed by here, will it return again? The charms of the 2017 Tour de France will be revealed in 6 days. Its route, its mountains, its new horizons but also its new face! The official poster... Read more	Tour de France
What make of Wellington boots did Samantha Cameron buy President Obama's children for the 2010 British Prime Ministerial visit to the USA?	Le Tour De France - About - Google+ Le Tour De France Official Google + page of Le Tour de France. www.letour.fr Introduction The world's biggest cycling race. #TDF www.letour.fr Links 🌟 🌟 🌟 GRAND DEPART TOUR DE FRANCE 2017 🌟 🌟 🌟 🌟 DÜSSELDORF 🌟 Reply Already planning where we will be chasing it in our motorhome so I can get some decent photographs of the action Read moreShow less Bravo les francais vous ete fort Read moreShow less · Translate Belle victoire pour lotto soudal Read moreShow less · Translate ⭐⭐ VOICI LE PARCOURS OFFICIEL DU ‪#‎TDF2016‬ ⭐⭐ ⭐⭐ HERE IT IS, THE #TDF2016 OFFICIAL ROUTE #TDF2016 ⭐⭐ Andre Greipel Maitre du Sprint Tous les résultats > www.letour.fr Hello very nice perfect unsere photo have Petra Sagana is very good cykling Read moreShow less + Martha Lucía Gallego Plazas Se Nairo avesse osato prima.....oggi sarebbe in giallo.........peccato troppo prudente Read moreShow less · Translate Shared publicly - 2015-07-22 Stage 17 is underway. Follow the race in live / Le départ officiel de cette 17ème étape a été donné ! Suivez la course en direct en : J' adore le tout louka présent sur le tour de France chaque année 😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘😘 Pienso que a nairo le faltó valor para atacar Read moreShow less · Translate We were unable to fetch any YouTube videos at this time. Please try again. Videos are visible only to people they've been shared with. We were unable to fetch any videos at this time. Please try again.	i don't know
Name the refugee camp near Calais close to the French side of the Chanel Tunnel?	Calais, France \| borderwork borderwork Case Study: Calais, France Introduction The town of Calais is situated on the north coast of France at a point that overlooks the narrowest stretch of the English Channel: on a clear day, it is possible to observe the ‘white cliffs of Dover’ demarcating English (British) landfall. The town lies within close proximity of the Eurotunnel entrance near Sangatte, and includes the Eurostar and SNCF freight terminals at Frethun. It is the largest port on the north coast accommodating foot passengers, cars and general freight traffic – particularly lorries – most of which are destined for, or arriving from, the UK. To this end Calais has featured prominently in the media over the last ten years for its association with immigration and its location as a leading hub for illegal immigrants who treat the area as a ‘staging post’ for illegal entry to the UK. Much of the debate has revolved around the opening of the Red Cross Centre near Sangatte in September 1999 and the resulting consequences of its closure in December 2002. As a general means of deterrence the closure was part of an overall package agreed by the then home secretary David Blunkett and his then French counterpart Nicolas Sarkozy (now president of France) in July 2002 that would, amongst other things, see the introduction of stronger border rationales in and around Calais. Not surprisingly the borderwork on offer in Calais is rich and numerous, and manifest in two distinct ways. Usual border practices are being replaced, or at the very least complemented, by the implementation of seemingly stronger, less traditional, borders. The UK government, with French cooperation, is deploying juxtaposed borders, processes of ‘remote control’ and control zones, in order to manage the flow of people trying to gain entry to the UK from Calais. However, this form of borderwork remains, of course, traditional in the sense that it is still state centric, and to this end the next example involves the ‘borderworkers’ themselves. Ranging from individual companies (haulage and transport), the media, immigrant groups as well as various NGO’s working on the ground in Calais, these non-state ‘borderworkers’, to differing extents, challenge state border processes by actively aiding the very people the state borders are being deployed to stop. While the two examples are intrinsically connected, it is the later that is of most interest here. The ability of citizens and ordinary people to participate in the making of borders and the empowerment that can result from this bordering activity has important and intrinsic implications for borders and the study of them. And, in terms of this particular study, it will be argued that a traditionally mundane border is changing because of this. In other words, Calais – what could previously be described as a non-border – has not only become more prominent by the deployment of stronger borders in response to a supposed increase in migration, but is also a new border in the sense that it is changing beyond all proportion directly because of non-state borderwork activity. Indicative of many borders that have been identified elsewhere in this project, it is a border that no longer dances solely to the tune of the state; rather many different (non-state) actors have learned and been empowered to play the right music. This report will examine the role of non-state actors involved in bordering activity in and around Calais. It seeks to make visible for future study the implications that such bordering activity is having, not only in Calais, but also for the study of borders in general. The report will describe, evaluate and present selected data collected from national newspapers and other news organisations, NGO and charity websites, and government publications, as well as other web based sources, in order to approach the following questions: How is the Calais border changing from a ‘non-border’ (or mundane border) to a new, dynamic, border? Who is involved in the bordering activity taking place in Calais and for what reasons? What are the implications of these bordering activities for border studies in general terms? The first section will place the case study in context by examining the history of the Red Cross Centre near Sangatte. It will examine the need for the centre and the controversy surrounding it, as well as focusing on the installation of new and stronger border rationales – the British border in Calais – in the wake of the centre’s closure. The second section will look at the political and humanitarian ‘fallout’ from the closure and examine the controversy surrounding the infamous refugee camps in and around Calais. The third section will focus on the individual borderworkers and examine their role, impact and ideologies in the bordering process taking place in and around Calais. The report will conclude by alluding to possible ramifications of such borderwork in general terms. Sangatte and the Calais border in context Although Calais has long been a favoured stepping stone for immigrants wanting to gain access to the UK given the frequent ferry services and the presence of Eurotunnel in the area, it is perhaps the issue surrounding the opening and subsequent closure of the Red Cross Centre at Sangatte that has attracted most media, political and academic attention. Originally set up to look after migrants who were sleeping rough in the area and clearly in distress, it was seen as the right thing to do, the obvious solution to a humanitarian problem. The situation, however, became increasing political and sensationalised until its closure in December 2002, due to issues such as cleanliness, overcrowding and its proximity to leading international transport hubs particularly the entrance to Eurotunnel. Many academic papers have been written on the subject of Sangatte in relation to immigration including ‘Asylum Seekers: Sangatte and the Tunnel’ by Liza Schuster, ‘Tomorrow Inch Allah, Chance! People Smuggler Networks in Sangatte’ by Henri Courau and a University of Sussex Centre for the Study of Migration working paper entitled ‘Images of Sangatte: Political representations of asylum seeking in France and the UK’ by Mark Thomson. It is not, therefore, the intention of this first section to produce an exhaustive history of Sangatte, but rather place the area in context in relation wider issues concerning the border and issues of borderwork. This report argues that the rather mundane border at Calais has become more prominent and visible, particularly after the opening of the refugee centre near Sangatte. In other words, the media attention that increasing fell upon Sangatte throughout its short history inadvertently brought the once insignificant border into the public, media and political consciousness. The Red Cross Centre near Sangatte In 1999, due to the visible plight of a number of Kosovan ‘illegals’ in the Calais area, local voluntary organisations arranged for the requisition of a large hanger, previously owned by Eurostar, to house the Kosovan families and their children. Approximately half the space in the hanger was made available for this purpose, and the facilities were very basic with no heating, very few toilet facilities, and only tents for accommodation. In the beginning the centre largely went under the public, media and political radar, and even had local support from those who wanted to lend a helping hand to others by donating food, clothes and money (Schuster, 2003, p. 508). However, as the population of the immigration centre increased, and conditions began to deteriorate, the centre began to be more and more criticised (particularly by Eurotunnel) and politicised (particularly by the media) until its closure in December 2002. Liza Schuster in her paper entitled ‘Asylum Seekers: Sangatte and the Tunnel’ comments that in the first months of operation, the Sangette refugee centre was not a political issue and thus relatively unheard of in UK and French media (Schuster, 2003, p. 508). Indeed she states: ‘For the British government, Sangatte was for a long time an irrelevance […] The people who were staying there only became a problem if they reached Britain’ (Schuster, 2003, p. 508). This changed however in 2001 when images of refugees openly climbing security fences and running across tracks towards the trains became more commonplace in the press. Media coverage intensified in August 2001 when Sangatte residents managed to get several miles into the tunnel causing Eurotunnel and Eurostar services severe delays (Schuster, 2003, p. 508). The UK paper The Sun summed up the general tabloid feeling over Sangatte as it became more of an issue: ‘THIS was a tranquil village until the Red Cross centre opened three years ago. Tourists enjoyed stopping off en route to or from the nearby Calais ferries. Local children played on the beach. Now murders, shootings, stabbings and sexual assaults are common in Sangatte. The tourists don’t stop any more and the beaches are left to refugees and their rubbish’ (The Sun, 23 May 2002). In the same article, the paper subsequently interviews a British couple living in Calais: ‘Brit Christine Price, a resident since 1991, used to serve food to Kosovan refugees in Calais town centre. Now she will not go out alone at night. Two years ago daughter Amy, then 14, was sexually assaulted by four refugees. Christine, 43, said: “A neighbour rescued her. Otherwise she might have been raped.” She and mechanic hubby Alan, 43, have written to the Oxfordshire villages warning of the problems of refugee camps. She said yesterday: “What happened here will happen in England. That is the reality.” Sangatte residents say they do not object to refugees being cared for properly. But there are 1,500 in a village of just 900’ (The Sun, 23 May 2002). Here the supposed calmness and even tranquillity of Calais is being brought into question by the most popular UK newspaper in terms of sales. By highlighting and sensationalising the negative aspects of what migrants allegedly get up to in Calais, the Sun not only tacitly suggests ‘this could happen right here in the UK, wherever similar centres are built’, but also makes visible a border that was once a non-border in the sense that it was relatively unimportant and benign. In other words, once a place where locals and tourists alike could enjoy what the area had to offer, presumably without being conscious of the border, it is now a sinister border town, a ‘staging post’ for those that should not be there. The ‘border as a barrier’ mentality is brought to the fore and made visible in what was previously an irrelevant border town. Sangatte and Eurotunnel The Red Cross Centre also became increasingly unpopular with transport companies operating in and around the Calais area. The refugee centre was approximately half a mile from the Channel Tunnel entrance, which immediately placed pressure on the Eurotunnel facilities. In 2002, in what was to be a media-intensive year for the centre in terms of coverage, the UK broadsheet The Guardian stated: ‘Eurotunnel claimed it stopped some 18,500 refugees trying to smuggle themselves into Britain in the first half of last year alone – some 200 a night – and that the vast majority of them were from the camp’ (The Guardian, 21 May 2002). Eurotunnel became increasingly frustrated with the lack of urgency both British and French governments placed on the issue. Again Schuster suggests that it was not only the lack of government care that was frustrating, but also the UK government’s emphasis upon carrier liability forcing private companies to secure border routes themselves or face heavy fines. Schuster suggests that Eurotunnel began to use the ‘migrant hungry’ UK press, as well as the courts, to place pressure on the UK government to take up the issue with the French and thus close the centre (Schuster, 2003, p. 509). To add fuel to the fire, the manager of the Red Cross Centre, caused controversy when he remained unrepentant about what the inhabitants of the centre were getting up to. Concerning a failed refugee attempt to enter the UK via Eurotunnel on Christmas Day 2001, the BBC report: ‘The deputy director of the Red Cross at the Sangatte refugee camp in northern France says he will not tighten security, despite a failed attempt by several hundred people to storm the Channel Tunnel. Michel Meriaux admits he knew the asylum seekers were assembling in the camp on Christmas Day, but he says it was not up to him to warn the authorities […] He said he did not have any duty to inform Eurotunnel of this as his organisation was not concerned with what took place outside the compound […] the camp was not a detention centre and residents were free to come and go as they pleased’ (BBC News, Dec 2001). In August 2001 Eurtunnel went to the French courts to try and get the centre closed. A report by the UK broadsheet The Independentsums up the reasons why: ‘Eurotunnel officials asked a French court to close a refugee camp which it claims is the centre of organised illegal immigration. The camp, near Sangatte, Calais, presents a nightly security threat to the Channel Tunnel train terminal, say Eurotunnel, because a “stream of people” head for it when night falls’ (The Independent, Aug 2001). Eurotunnel were arguing that the Red Cross centre was simply too close to the tunnel entrance and other facilities, thus becoming a major financial burden in terms of security increases and lost revenues. A spokeswoman for Eurotunnel at the time stated: Eurotunnel Spokeswoman, Anne Leva: ‘The events over Christmas prove that it is precisely because the Red Cross centre is so close that it made it possible for hundreds of asylum seekers to get on to our property’ (BBC News, 10 Jan 2002) Also in January 2002 the BBC News Website ran with another story ‘Asylum Seekers cost Eurotunnel £20m’. It stated: ‘Eurotunnel has said that disruption caused by asylum seekers, who have sought to hide on Channel Tunnel trains to reach Britain, has cost it £20m. The company, reporting a 6% fall in operating revenues, said that stowaways had “seriously disrupted” freight shuttle operations over the spring. But it said that “significant security measures” taken to keep out asylum seekers had “successfully restored service quality”’ (BBC News, Jan 2002). However in February 2002 a French court in Lille rejected Eurotunnel’s plea – to have the refugee centre closed or at least relocated – for the second time. The court stated that the problems at Sangatte were not severe enough to warrant closure. John Noulton, a Eurotunnel spokesman at the time, stated: John Noulton, Eurotunnel spokesman: ‘The judge used legal technicalities to avoid actually coming to a conclusion about the issue we had brought before him, which is that the proximity of the centre represents a significant and difficult problem for us which needs a quick solution’ (The Independent, Feb 2002). Furthermore, Eurotunnel were not the only company concerned by the situation in Calais. EWS (what was English, Welsh and Scottish Railways and now DB Schenker Rail UK) hires out freight wagons for companies using the tunnel, and were losing customers stating safety fears resulting from migrants jumping onto moving trains. In January 2002 the BBC news website covered the story: ‘Scotland’s only direct rail freight link with Europe is to be suspended because of safety fears caused by asylum seeker stowaways […] EWS operates the Euroterminal at Mossend, Lanarkshire and has lost its biggest customer, Company Nouvelle Cadre (CNC) […] That announcement came after the decision in November by the French rail operator, SNCF, to cut the total number of trains heading into Britain every day by two thirds […] SNCF said it was acting amid safety concerns linked to the number of asylum seekers trying to board moving trains heading for Britain through the Channel Tunnel […] Many of the asylum seekers were thought to have come from the Sangatte Red Cross Centre near Calais, which has faced calls for its closure on both sides of the Channel’ (BBC News, 2 Jan 2002). A then spokesperson for the company stated: EWS Spokesman: ‘[This situation] has decimated the Channel Tunnel Service and as a result customer confidence has been severely dented because you are never sure what you will get out or when you will get your wagons back, so a number of companies are looking for alternatives. We are concerned that we cannot operate a service and we have been in discussions with the British and French authorities at all different levels […] How you deal with the refugee issue is nothing to do with the freight business, we just want to go back to running trains and the way to do that is to make sure everything is secure’ (BBC News, 2 Jan 2002). Within the statement the spokesperson seems to be alluding to either the inability of the company to provide or indeed afford increased security, or a refusal to pay for what is essentially border security which traditionally falls within the remit of states. Whatever the issue regarding who should provide border security, the UK’s emphasis on carrier liability was, as far as Eurotunnel and EWS were concerned, bad for business. Sangatte and the UK and French Governments Not surprisingly Sangatte was increasingly and abruptly brought to the attention of the UK government through the media, opposition parties and Eurotunnel/EWS. As far as the UK government was concerned Sangatte was a matter for the French and if transport companies did not want to pay liability then they should increase security on the French side of the border (Schuster, 2003, p. 514). French officials, on the other hand, argued at the time that it was not the refugee centre at Sangatte that attracted migrants to the area, but rather the perception of UK policies on immigration and asylum as being relaxed and favourable to migrants. The French maintained they were simply responding to humanitarian need (Thomson, 2003, p.23). The UK government started to put increased pressure on the French to close the refugee from around September 2002 onwards, prompted by intense media and Eurotunnel pressure. The Conservative party also brought up the issue of the Sangatte, in what was a general election year. The BBC reported: ‘Shadow home secretary Ann Widdecombe has been refused entry to a holding centre for asylum seekers in France. The Kent MP had planned to tour the Red Cross centre near Calais where many immigrants stay before trying to cross the Channel illegally. Miss Widdecombe said she was told that the International Red Cross decided to cancel her visit due to the impending general election in the UK. The Conservatives intend to highlight the issue of asylum seekers during the election campaign’ (BBC News, 12 Apr 2002). In her paper, Schuster sums up the reasons why the fate of Sangatte was to sealed in 2002: ‘The Sangatte ‘crisis’ came about because of the coincidence of interests between the cross-Channel carriers, the Conservative party and the media. The [UK] government accepted that there was a ‘crisis’ and accepted the solution proposed by those parties, i.e. the closure of the camp and increased security of the port, Tunnel and terminals’ (Schuster, 2003, p. 522). Mark Thomson in his working paper titled ‘Images of Sangatte: Political representations of asylum seeking in France and the UK’ points out that discussions on asylum surrounding the issue failed to acknowledge that living conditions in the centre as well as the French government failed to encourage the centre’s residents to enact their right to asylum in France under the much-cited Dublin Convention (Thomson, 2003, p.23). Thomson states: ‘Sangatte appeared as a seemingly intractable problem with politicians in the UK declaring the centre itself to be a contributing factor in drawing migrants to the UK whilst their French counterparts insisted that Sangatte was simply responding to a humanitarian need. The desired effect by the French government of framing the centre as simply a humanitarian response, although living conditions inside were indeed poor, was undoubtedly to shift attention back on UK asylum policy and away from the centre’ (Thomson, 2003, p.23). To this end, David Blunkett, the then Home Secretary, was seemingly delighted with the deal that would result in the closure of Sangatte. Describing the refugee centre as a ‘magnet’, Mr Blunkett openly talked about its closure in the media: ‘As part of the deal – intended to remove the “magnet” of Sangatte – the UK will take 1,000 Iraqi Kurds from the centre on work permits plus “a proportion” of Afghans with family in the UK. Mr Blunkett said that the two sides had also agreed joint immigration measures at French ports, including the use of new technology. He told BBC Radio 4’s The World at One, the deal had worked out well for the UK. The moving of immigration and security controls in particular was “a massive step forward […] It effectively pushes our border controls across the Channel to the French coast’ (BBC News, Dec 2002). In 2002 the UK government published an impact regulatory assessment outlining a proposal to introduce stronger borders and immigration control at Dover, Calais, Dunkirk and Boulogne seaports. A summary of which is as follows: ‘On 12 July, the Home Secretary agreed with the French Interior Minister, Nicolas Sarkozy, to establish juxtaposed controls at Calais and Dover to assist in reducing cross-channel illegal immigration and asylum claims. The agreement was part of a package agreed with the French government to prepare for closure of the Red Cross Centre at Sangatte’ (Home Office, 2003, p.1). ‘The normal practice at ports is that powers under the 1971 Immigration Act and section 25 of the Immigration and Asylum Act are used to require the provision of facilities by port operators for immigration control purposes. This is the approach adopted at the two existing juxtaposed controls on rail routes. Provision for this in respect of juxtaposed controls at sea ports is contained in section 141 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. This provides that port operators may be required to provide facilities free of charge for overseas immigration officers carrying out immigration controls under the Treaty’. (Home Office, 2003, p.5) ‘Establishing full juxtaposed immigration controls in relation to ferry services at Calais, Boulogne and Dunkirk will reduce the number of inadequately documented passengers arriving in the UK. This can be demonstrated by the reduction in the number of inadequately documented passengers arriving at Waterloo from France following the introduction of juxtaposed controls’ (Home Office, 2003, p.15). Summary The Red Cross Centre at Sangatte became an increasingly emotive issue during the few years it was operational. Sangatte, and the issues surrounding it, was taken up by the UK media, the opposition and Eurotunnel which effectively forced the UK government to act. It subsequently became a point of contestation between the governments of the UK and France. Again Thomson states: Sangatte […] was indicative of a political crisis to which the UK government had to be seen to be responding. Yet the very nature of the changes to the UK’s asylum policy, ending the right to work for asylum seekers and removing welfare payments to ‘in-country’ asylum applicants, simply reinforced the message that migrants to the UK had previously been engaging in ‘asylum shopping’ (Thomson, 2003, p.23). The ‘political crisis’ has brought to prominence a border that was mundane and insignificant. The Calais border is now more visible in that it has received a great deal of media and political attention. Even though the Red Cross Centre has closed, the border is more visible through stronger, increasingly more securitised, bordering practices. The next section will focus on the aftermath of the centre’s closure. After Sangatte The logic behind closing Sangatte was simple, if not naïve. Closing the Red Cross Refugee centre near Sangatte, complemented by the implementation of stronger borders, would discourage the build up of migrants in the area and prevent the ones that did travel to Calais from entering the UK. However, closed at the end of 2002, Sangatte remains present through its absence. The sans papiers (people without papers) continue to arrive in Calais, regardless of the closure of the Red Cross Centre at Sangatte, and regardless of new and stronger border rationales that replaced it. The French government has subsequently made it illegal (article L622-1 of the French penal code) for anyone to provide overnight shelter, accommodation, money or food to immigrants in the area, and thus continue to criminalise the immigrants desperately trying to get to the UK as well as those offering them welfare. This in turn has led to the spread of makeshift camps, including the infamous ‘jungle’ in and around the Calais area, which has differing coverage in the UK media. What is happening ‘at the border’ in Calais continues to be a point of contestation between the British and French governments, various aid organisations and charities, as well as remaining an emotive and heavily politicised subject in the national medias of France and the UK. This section will outline the situation after the closure of Sangatte, and selectively examine the continuing and differing portrayal of Calais in the media. The section will also examine the implications of the situation on the border. The Jungle and other refugee camps The closure of refugee centre at Sangatte did not stop the flow of people heading towards Calais and subsequently the border, and issues surrounding it, remained prominent in the media. The construction of ‘camps’ by the refugees in the wake of Sangatte have become just as infamous, and while there are many ‘makeshift’ camps, it is perhaps ‘The Jungle’ that attracts most attention. The depiction of the ‘jungle’ camp in the UK press is negative, particularly in relation to immigration and the perceived porosity of the UK border, in that it attracts the same criticism as the Red Cross centre before it was closed. The same old debates have come to the fore, if they ever went away. A large part of the UK media focused on ‘The Jungle’ as a lawless area that French authorities either ignore or struggle to contain. A report in The Times newspaper sums this up: ‘Sher, a tubby Afghan in his late twenties and one of the most notorious of the gangsters who smuggle stowaways into Britain, told an undercover reporter: “We were raided by the police and they burnt the camp down. But we set up a new one the following day.” He and his helpers had already handed out blankets, quilts and pillows to the 70 or so young Afghans who had paid him the going rate of €300 (£203) to €1,000. Makeshift tents, lashed together from bin-liners, were once again standing in the woodland’ (The Times Online, Apr 2007). The article reflects the common division made by the media between migrants that are paying and the people smugglers who are being paid. Moreover, many of the tabloid papers based in the UK make the point that Calais, and subsequently ‘The Jungle’, is not that far from Britain’s southern shores. The (notorious) border town that Calais has come to be in the UK press – rather than a tourist or ‘booze cruse’ destination as it was once depicted – is imposing on the British border itself. Following a particularly infamous event at the camp the UK tabloid newspaper The Sun reported: ‘A NOTORIOUS camp for would-be immigrants just 35 minutes from the UK coast was thrown into the spotlight this week after the rape of a 31-year-old British woman. The journalism student was investigating the shanty town on the outskirts of Calais when she was brutally attacked. Now it’s feared the beast who assaulted her may have fled to our shores […] This is The Jungle, as it has become known locally – the waiting room for would-be immigrants preparing to sneak into England’. (The Sun, Aug 2008). Writing in the same month and year, and on the same events, the UK newspaper The Mail, in its own way, makes a similar point: ‘They have already crossed continents to get to the north of France, smuggling themselves on to a lorry, boat or train from troubled villages or towns in the badlands of Iraq, Afghanistan or Africa with little more than the rags they stand up in. Now, they hide in makeshift camps in the woods or under the railway arches near the port, waiting for night to fall when they can try to clamber on to a ferry, train or lorry travelling to Dover […] There have been stabbings and bitter near-fatal fights […] The truth is that many of the asylum seekers come from countries where criminality is commonplace, corruption rife, and the equality of women or girls an alien concept. In parts of Africa and Afghanistan, it is, after all, the custom-to imprison or even stone to death an innocent woman who has been raped. Why should they change their ways in Calais, or later, in Britain?’ (The Mail, Aug 2008). By using terms such as ‘crossed’, ‘makeshift’, and in the previous article ‘fled’ and ‘waiting room’ the three articles, perhaps inadvertently, draw attention to issues of mobility, something of which the border in its current form is failing to stop. In this way the articles suggest that the migrants almost have an ease of movement, a kind of determined un-fixity, that makes them dangerous in the sense that they are difficult for the border to stop. Moreover, ‘they’, the inhabitants of ‘The Jungle’, are uncivilised, and exactly the type of people the border should be capable of stopping. However, a report conducted in 2001/02 at the Sangatte Centre led by French sociologist Smaïn Laacher (see appendix), published in the UK by the House of Lords, stated that most refugees in Sangatte were relatively well-educated (only 20 per cent had no secondary education; 15 per cent had achieved qualifications equivalent to the baccalaureate and 26 per cent had gone beyond that). While the migrants are undoubtedly mobile, as is the border employed to stop them -which will be touched upon in due course, the BBChas observed that the migrants in and around Calais seem to be involved in boundary construction themselves: ‘Ad hoc international and ethnic boundaries have sprung up across the town of Calais. Afghans live in a desolate place known as “the Jungle”, Iraqis have their own encampment not far away. East Africans live in a terrace of derelict buildings in the town centre […]Ethnic disputes break out frequently. One man was recently murdered here by someone from another tribe. His friends have built him a memorial made from old breeze blocks’ (BBC News, Mar 2009). From this perspective Calais, as a traditional border town, is changing in that the migrants are themselves engaging in a kind of borderwork, albeit a kind that does not directly involve the French/British border. In this way it perhaps possible to talk about the bordering of Calais itself, the migrants simultaneously lay down borders while at same time attempting to cross other borders. Although this provides an extra dimension to the borderwork already going on in Calais, the amount of evidence available is minimal form the point of view of this report. Further study would therefore be required to uncover the extent and implications of this particular borderwork such as interviews in and around Calais. Many newspapers depicted the plight of immigrants having to live in the camps, and the harrowing tales of failed attempts to cross the border and evade detection. The New York Times is indicative of many reports of this type: ‘The migrants are desperate. On a recent night, a group stood around a fire in a derelict sawmill behind the Calais train station as melt from a late spring snow dripped through the roof. One 22-year-old, fleeing open-ended military service in Eritrea, drew a glowing metal rod from the embers and dragged it slowly across his fingertips, searing off his fingerprints. “It doesn’t hurt,” he said, displaying hands yellow with scar tissue. Like other migrants interviewed for this article, he would not give his name. Others, also hoping to dodge the European fingerprint database, use razor blades’ (The New York Times, Apr 2008). In the same report the journalist also interviewed truck drivers in Calais: ‘Truckers like Juan Antonio Santiago of Spain, sipping coffee at a gas station at 1 a.m. one night early this month, face hefty fines or even jail if stowaways are found in their vehicles, or clinging to a ledge under the truck. “It’s a fear we all have,” he said. “But the greatest risk is taken by the migrants, because of the danger of falling off”’ (The New York Times, Apr 2008). Stronger borders The issue of mobility observed above is interesting in that the stronger border regimes put in place after the closure of Sangatte are seemingly not perceived to be working. By drawing attention to distance, time and ease of movement, many of the newspaper articles cited above suggest that if ‘they’ have already crossed continents, why should the British border in its current state pose a significant problem. On the one hand immigrants and asylum seekers are still attracted to the UK, and on the other hand, the border that is supposed to deny them access, or the very least prevent them from gaining illegal entry, is perceived not to be working. France, it seems, also perceives this to be the case: ‘France has called on Britain to toughen up its act against the tide of illegal migrants crossing the Channel. During a crisis visit to Calais, France’s hardline new immigration minister Eric Besson criticised his London counterparts. He claimed that lax security in the Channel Tunnel and at ferry ports was encouraging thousands to try to enter Britain illegally, causing huge problems for the French’ (The Mail, Jan 2009). Eric Besson, French immigration minister: ‘I will meet with British officials in the coming days and I intend to make the ferries and channel tunnel watertight to illegal immigrants. Our British partners must commit themselves more actively in the reinforcement of checks and security at Calais, in their own interests and ours’ (The Mail, Jan 2009). However in May 2009 BBC news reported on the ‘strength’ of technology being employed at the Calais border: ‘Some of the latest pieces of hi-tech kit to help in the fight against illegal immigration are being used by the UK Border Agency at the Eurotunnel terminal just outside Calais in France. Whether it’s as straightforward as scanning a passport or using a microphone so sensitive it can detect a person’s heartbeat the team there will use it […] Rachel Bramley is one of the officials who help with the searches. She said: “Obviously getting within the load, if there’re a lot of them, you do get quite a lot of adrenalin because it can be quite scary. It is satisfying when you actually catch them but you do feel a bit sorry for them, especially if there are children involved but at the end of the day we’re just here to do our job”’ (BBC News, May 2009). To compliment the border, local French police have been taking an increasingly hard line and many in the press have commented on this: Around 300 French officers cordoned off a wooded area known as “the jungle”, home to hundreds of migrants, mostly from Iraq, Afghanistan and Eritrea. They seized 150 people there and 33 at motorway rest stops outside the city […] The three-hour raid came two days before Eric Besson, the immigration minister, was due to visit Calais for talks on the situation following complaints from local politicians, who say they can no longer bear the brunt of the problem alone […] A police spokesman said: “It’s an attempt to dismantle people trafficking networks. It’s an operation to destabilise the networks and try to find the smugglers,” he said (Telegraph, Apr 2009). The New York Times, a year earlier, interviewed a local police officer: ‘One officer, who would not give his name, said the riot police in the region had two missions: to protect France against terrorism and “to deal with clandestine immigration”(The New York Times, Apr 2008). In April 2008 charities negotiated ‘calm-zones’ near the port in order to distribute food and advice without harassment from the police. However, despite the implantation of a stronger border, put in place after the closure of Sangatte, it was deemed more had to be done, given the extent of the situation in Calais and the perception of a weak, and unintentionally porous, UK border: ‘During an Anglo/French summit in Evian, Gordon Brown announced a £15 million fund for new technology to search vehicles and goods heading for Britain. A pilot scheme will be trialled at the port of Calais, before the system is extended to Boulogne, Dunkirk and the Channel Tunnel terminal at Coquelles. In return for the Prime Minister’s pledge, Nicolas Sarkozy, the French President, announced that France would step up the removal of illegal immigrants to their home countries […] Phil Woolas, the immigration minister, added: “We have one of the strongest borders in the world, and today’s agreement with our French counterparts has made it even more secure’ (Telegraph, Jul 2009). This agreement coincided with various reports in March 2009 concerning a proposed holding centre within Calais docks. More specifically it would be situated within the UK control zone and thus ‘inside Britain’ in terms of immigration law and allow for cross-channel asylum seekers to be sent back to their countries of origin more easily. The holding centre is a response to the fact that migrants are usually caught in around the dock area, only to be released to try again the following night. The UK newspaper, The Independent, sums up the situation in an article titled ‘The Calais ‘Guantanamo’: ‘The holding centre would potentially allow London and Paris to use the ambiguous status of the British “control zone” at Calais to send the migrants home. If agreed, the centre is likely to attract the scrutiny of civil liberties and human rights groups. The creation of an “offshore, on-shore” holding centre, which helps London and Paris cut through the thickets of asylum law, may invite parallels with Guantanamo Bay. Although the idea would be to hold the asylum-seekers for only a short time in humane conditions, the immigrants would have fallen into a legal limbo of their own making […] [British Immigration minister, Phil Woolas] said Britain and France were discussing a new “detention centre” in Calais where illegal immigrants would be held “after passing through British immigration controls” within the Calais docks. They would be sent back to their home countries on charter flights’ (The Independent, March 2009). Under the proposals when someone enters the control zone they are effectively under UK jurisdiction although are on French soil. The Independent states: ‘The negotiations are believed to focus on the ambiguous bi-national status of this “British” zone in the Calais docks, the first “British” toehold in Calais for 500 years’ (The Independent, March 2009). The introduction of a holding centre in Calais would ‘change the rules of the game’-create a grey area-insomuch as ‘illegals’ could be sent home without them falling under British or French law, or alternatively it may ‘encourage’ migrants en route to the UK, to stay in France and claim asylum or be sent home. Summary This section has described the situation in Calais after the closure of Sangatte in 2002. In many respects the situation has worsened as migrants have continued to turn up in Calais by way of getting to the UK and, in this way, Calais has become synonymous with asylum seekers, refugees and illegal immigration. Many makeshift refugee camps have been set up around the Calais area that continue to pose a problem for the French and UK authorities. The various refugee camps, particularly ‘The Jungle’, have become infamous in the UK media in particular, being portrayed as dangerous places situated not far away, geographically and temporally near, just on the other side of the border. Again the border is made visible. On the one hand the border needs to deter and stop those who want to cross illegally, while on the other hand there are clear humanitarian issues that need to be dealt with. It is unclear as to whether the two can be resolved together. While for many the border is not trusted, deemed unsatisfactorily porous by many, increasing border security fuels the humanitarian problem. In this way the French and the British are constantly at loggerheads about what to do at the border. The Borderworkers As the previous two sections of this report suggest, there has been massive interest into what was previously Sangatte and what are now the various refugee camps in and around Calais. Much of the media and academic attention has concentrated on the camps operating as undesirable staging posts for illegal attempts to enter the UK, or issues of migration and immigration in relation to Calais and the UK, or the humanitarian crisis occurring within Calais. The aim of this section, however, is to outline and examine the role of the aid agencies and charities that actively work on the ground to aid the migrants in their plight, in relation to the French/UK border present in Calais. In this way the French/UK border has not only become more prominent in and around Calais for reasons already outlined, but it has also become more dynamic, in the sense that non-state actors are undertaking bordering activity. While the state powers of France and Britain struggle to really conceptualise the border in Calais, often reacting to highly politicised and sensationalised events portrayed in and by the media and political opposition parties, the non-state borderworkers have a clearer sense of their focus and role within the bordering activity in Calais. The aim of this final section is to uncover the individuals, agencies and groups working on the ground in Calais that are helping the migrants in various ways. The help on offer ranges from simply providing food and basic shelter to the people living in the camps, to other groups that offer legal advice outlining what rights the migrants have in France as well as Britain should they make it across the English Channel. The section will attempt to place this activity within the context of the French/UK border as well as the borderwork project in general. The beginning of this section will outline the groups active within Calais and the surrounding area. It should be acknowledged, however, that many of these groups have very little promotional presence, and often have basic websites. Association Salam According to their website, the Association Salam is a French organisation set up directly in the wake left by the closure of the Red Cross Centre near Sangatte. They also have a permanent address in Calais: House For All, 81 Boulevard Jacquard, 62100 Calais. Their website states: ‘On November 5th, 2002, the French government ordered the closure of the Red Cross Centre at Sangatte which accommodated migrants present in Calais. Most of them find themselves thrown onto the street on the eve of winter. Volunteers gather to organize the distribution of food and clothing and decide after some time to give the effort a legal basis by forming the association SALAM. Today SALAM is a strong association of more than 200 members whose resources come from dues, donations and grants’ (Salam Website (translated) http://www.associationsalam.org ). Moreover, according to their website, the group state their aims thus: To bring a humanitarian aid to the migrants (care, hygiene, food, clothing). To inform and support their administrative needs in order to request asylum. To inform and influence the public opinion on the situation of the migrants on Calais. To fight all the forms of racism and discrimination. To take action in favour of those whose country of origin is in difficulty. To give judicial support to members of the association. (Salam Website (translated) http://www.associationsalam.org ). The association produces numerous documents and press releases concerning their work and liaison with the French and city authorities. The following press release from their website provides an interesting example of their stance as well as their thinking. Originating from May 2007 it concerns negotiations for the reception of migrants entering Calais: The SALAM Association is pleased to see an interest in the inhumane living conditions faced by migrants in France and especially in Calais. However, the Association SALAM cannot accept the proposals made. Indeed, solidarity requires us to refuse to distribute items including meals outside unless volunteers would be safe. It is therefore essential to have: A dining hall with a capacity of about one hundred people as has been agreed. A courtyard of about 200 m. On the other hand, the dubious location of the land proposed by the city, hidden to the public, cannot satisfy us. The attitude of the police concerns us and we cannot agree to provide extra provisions for the migrants. It seems to us particularly unfair to exclude them even more from the city and therefore deny them access to trade with the population. For these reasons, it is essential for us to implement this project in the current official place of distribution: quai de la Moselle, or on a nearby site. We must therefore return to the project with: A kitchen to make hot meals Two employees that will gradually enable volunteers to find their place on the ground. (Salam Website (translated) http://www.associationsalam.org ). Collectif de Soutien d’Urgence aux Refugies (C’SUR) (Collective of emergency Support for Refugees) Judging from their website C’SUR provides information about, and publicises the plight of migrants living on the streets, or indeed camps, in and around Calais. At the time of writing it seemed that their website was transition and was being redesigned. They actively seek donations from the public and provide an extensive list of migrant requirements. Their website states: ‘Each day, refugees from Calais and the surrounding area need to feed and clothe themselves with dignity, and they need your kind help. In the cold and rainy month of March 2009 the poor need blankets, comfortable shoes, pants, parkas, hats, gloves, scarves, and hygiene products. In summary, we need everything that could be suitable for young men, living outside in this area at this time of the year’ (C’SUR Website (translated). Available from: http://www.csur62.com ). Land of Wandering Association/France Terre d’Asile (France Ground of Asylum) The Land of Wandering Association and France Terre d’Asile seem to be connected organisations. Each having separate web presences the former, existing as a link on C’SUR’s website, state on their website: We, the undersigned citizens and organizations, that refuse assistance to migrants is considered a crime. We are outraged by the release on listening, intimidation and arrests of volunteers. We support and will support all those who are or will be harassed by the authorities to have reached out to men and women innocent, abandoned in our ditches by European states. We call for the establishment of a new immigration policy, a policy with a human face, anxious for the dignity and freedoms of everyone. The drama of the post-Sangatte has lasted too long (Land of Wandering Association Website (English version) http://terreerrance.wordpress.com ). Like C’SUR they publicise the plight of the migrants living in and around Calais as well as requesting clothes and other donations from the public. France Terre d’Asile (France Ground of Asylum) on the other hand are a major campaign group within France established in 1971 to promote and defend the right to asylum. They are involved in mediation with the French government, as well as acting on the ground, and currently have around 467 employees. On their website they state: ‘The association assists all persons in migration law, particularly those that meet the definitions of “refugee” and “stateless” specified by international conventions, including the first article of the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 completed by the first article of the Protocol in New York from 31 January 1967 and the New York Convention of 30 August 1961, and those not granted refugee or stateless status’ (France Terre d’Asile Website (translated). Available from: http://www.france-terre-asile.org ). Furthermore, they state their aims as being the following: Promote, to the general public, all activities conducive to the development of asylum and migration law. To this end, it establishes all the useful contacts and develops relationships with national and international partners. To initiate and support any action on behalf of refugees. In particular, it participates in the reception and protection of asylum seekers and stateless persons, recognized refugees, beneficiaries and their families on French territory. To promote the integration of migrants, including those corrected, beneficiaries of family reunification, in terms of access to employment, housing and learning French. Greet, assist and protect unaccompanied foreign minors. Develop and participate in all activities and training in France and abroad for international protection and the reception of migrants. Participate in the support and reintegration in the country of origin for persons who wish to return voluntarily. (France Terre d’Asile Website (translated) http://www.france-terre-asile.org ). In terms of Calais France Terre d’Asile is active on the ground trying to persuade migrants to seek asylum in France. To this end the organisation was featured in a report by the UK broadsheet The Times in article titled ‘Asylum seekers in makeshift jungle camp in France seek British ‘Eldorado’: ‘In the month since the refugee body started its operation, only 120 asylum claims have been lodged — from about 1,000 people sleeping rough or squatting in the area. Yesterday Marie-Ange Lescure, a UNHCR consultant, was present at the bleak quay where the sandwiches are given out, along with an interpreter and Radoslaw Ficek, of France Tere D’Asile, the French refugee group. “If you have been in danger in your countries of origin then you can seek protection here,” said Mr Ficek as several dozen Afghans gathered around him. When he asked who might be interested in a life in France, no one stepped forward. One of the men carefully tore a UNHCR information sheet into small pieces and threw it into a bin. “The smugglers have been telling these people throughout their journeys that England is a paradise,” said Ms Lescure. “They say that as soon as you arrive in Dover there will be many people offering you a job; that you will be able to study during the day, work at night and send money back home. And they say there is no point in staying in France.” (The Times, 3rd July 2009). Gisti (Groupe d’information et de soutien des immigrés- Group information and of support of immigrants) Gitsi was formed in 1972 from a meeting between welfare groups, militant associations in regular contact with foreign populations, and lawyers. They publish documents on matters of immigration including legal advice, as well as publish a quarterly journal aimed at a wide audience covering French and European migration policies. Gitsi, along with others, produced a report on Sangatte when it was operational, the following of which provides a flavour: The conclusion of our investigation is the same as everyone else who experiences Sangatte. The unanimous opinion of the prefect, the state prosecutor, the administrator of the camp and the local charity groups points to a situation that is a humanitarian disaster with a legal facade. The presence of thousands of undocumented foreigners is tolerated by keeping them undocumented. France (and other European countries) do not want to resolve the following contradictions: Foreigners passing through Boulogne and Calais are virtually all genuinely fleeing repression. International law protects their flight and allows them to seek refuge abroad where they must seek official protection, under the Geneva Convention on refugees and the European Convention on human rights. By closing their borders in line with European Union policy, EU countries are blocking any permanent immigration of people, including those fleeing persecution. Since foreigners determined to emigrate eventually succeed, closing borders just makes them dependent on immigration racketeers and other crooks who take advantage of the border-closure policy. Such violation of international refugee protection law means that instead of constructively cooperating on a European-wide scale, such countries compete to defend themselves by pushing their deportees onto their neighbours after failing to stop them entering in the first place. This inability to take into account both the situation and present law leads to simple camps being opened for refugees. In Sangatte, and also in Melilla, Ceuta and anywhere that geography gives refugees a greater chance of fleeing. (Taken from Gitsi website (translated). Available from: http://www.gisti.org/spip.php?article663 ). Gitsi is also a member of the ‘Migreurop network’ comprising of 40 member organisations formally constituted as an association under French law in 2005. The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) The UNHCR originally left Calais in 2002 when the French government closed Sangatte. However it has since been present in Calais regularly sending staff from its Paris office on a weekly basis. They are, however, about to have a more perminant presence once again: ‘UNHCR plans to open a full-time presence from the beginning of July in the northern French port, which it left in 2002 after the authorities closed Sangatte reception centre. UNHCR staff have been staying in Calais for three or four days a week since early June, working with aid partner France Terre d’Asile to inform the people about a wide range of issues. They explain asylum in France and how to apply for it; organize information sessions with British aid agencies about conditions in the United Kingdom and asylum policies there; and give data on France, Britain and countries through which migrants transit to get here’. Francisco Galindo-Velez, UNHCR representative in France: ‘We have come here to help the migrants and asylum seekers to make an informed decision’ Monique Delannoy, local aid agency worker: ‘They no longer have any link to their country of origin, they need to know what is happening in order to decide their future’. (Taken from the UNHCR Website. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi bin/texis/vtx/search?page=search&docid=4a3914c86&query=Calais) Other organisations/activity The situation in Calais is also reflected through the ‘No Borders’ campaign which has branches all over the UK. On the 23-20 June 2009, along with other European organisations they held a Calais ‘No Border’ in the town. A statement taken from their website outlines their motives: ‘The Calais border is an important focal point for the struggle between those who would see an end to all migration into the EU (by enforcing ever crueler borders control regimes) and those trying to break down the barriers between peoples, the borders that prevent the freedom of movement for all, not just the privileged few. The Calais No Border camp is an exciting joint venture between French activists and migrant support groups and the UK No Borders Network. It aims to highlight the realities of the situation in Calais and Northern France; to build links with the migrant communities; to help build links between migrants support groups and lastly, but not least, to challenge the authorities on the ground, to protest against increased repression of migrants and local activists alike’ (Taken from No Borders North East website. Available from: http://nobordersnortheast.wordpress.com/2009/04/09/calais-no-border-camp-23-29-june/ ) They also hold meetings in different areas of the UK, for example Oxford and Bristol, the latter of which held a photo exhibition entitled ‘The Struggle for Calais’ highlighting the plight of migrants as well as the imposition of stricter border regimes. Elsewhere the BBC has reported on a group in Kent who call themselves ‘the Kent Committee to Defend Asylum Seekers’. Written in 2005 the article states: ‘Kent campaigners are gathering food and clothing for homeless asylum seekers living on the streets of Calais. Representatives of the Kent Committee to Defend Asylum Seekers visited the port this weekend, to see the work already being done by French humanitarian volunteers, who say hundreds of Kurds and Afghans have been left on the streets by the closure of the Red Cross Centre at Sangatte. John Flaig from the Kent group says there could soon be a repeat of last week’s sit-in by a hundred illegal immigrants at a derelict church hall’ (BBC News, Nov 2002). The New York Times has been particularly active in reporting on the situation in Calais, including the work of aid agencies: ‘Bakers donate unsold pastries; high school students serve Middle Eastern dishes prepared by women from the Maghreb region of northern Africa; retirees drive 70 miles from Arras to peel 330 pounds of potatoes every weekend. Doctors of the World [the USA arm of ‘Medecins du Monde’ and now called ‘Healthright International’] runs a clinic; a Catholic charity provides showers; a disused church has been transformed into a giant wardrobe of donated clothes. Nan Suel, a worker at Secours Catholique: ‘It shouldn’t be up to charities to look after them […] regionally we close our eyes, France closes its eyes, internationally people close their eyes’ (New York Times, Apr 2008). Summary The situation on the ground in Calais, particularly in relation to the border, is complex. There are numerous organisations working in and around the Calais area aiding the refugees, and each one having a particular agenda ranging from abolishing borders altogether to clear humanitarian perspectives. All the perspectives, of course, overlap. The ability of the UK and French governments to control the border is being complemented by the organisations which take it upon themselves to outline the ‘grey’ areas in much of the bordering policy. Moreover, the organisations help the migrants against the hard line taken by France in terms of tough policing and restrictive laws, and the imposition of stronger borders and control zones which continue to be put in place by the UK. Concluding Remarks The bordering activity present in Calais occurs on different levels. The first section outlined the issues surrounding the opening of the Red Cross Centre at Sangatte and its subsequent closure. It was argued that the centre became the subject of contestation between the French and UK governments, fuelled by media and opposition political parties in the UK. Interestingly Eurotunnel lobbied hard to get the centre closed arguing it was spending millions on security and lost revenues. In a deal between the two governments, Sangatte closed and new, stronger, borders were put in place including ‘juxtaposed’ borders – the UK passport control to be present France, and French passport control being present in the UK – as well as new advanced forms of screening, searching and detecting. The implication of this increased awareness of Calais was an increased awareness of the border in what was a traditional port town. Following the closure of Sangatte the situation deteriorated in the sense that migrants continued to head for Calais because of its position as a leading port and transport hub, and the many opportunities that this affords in terms of travel to the UK. The only option available to the migrants was to set up camps in and around Calais that could be used for shelter when not actively trying to enter Britain. The camps subsequently became infamous in the UK press, and used to outline the supposed weakness of the UK border even though it was arguably as ‘secure’ as it ever had been. Indeed even the French government took this position, presumably as a response to criticism suggesting that they were being extremely heavy handed towards the migrants and were at a loss to find any solutions to the problem. Another argument levelled at the French suggested that they failed to inform the migrants of their possible rights to stay and seek asylum in France. Interestingly, many of the media reports concerning the camps, particularly ‘The Jungle’, focused on their close geographic and temporal proximity to the UK. What has not received much attention is the role of organisations active on the ground within Calais and its surrounding area. They seem to work against the French/UK state apparatus thus cancelling out, counter balancing or inhibiting bordering objectives and policy outcomes. Therefore the borderwork that is ongoing within the Calais area takes place on different levels. On the one hand the border is being strengthened and changed in the sense that is being modified to selectively scrutinise mobility through juxtaposition and the implication of detection technologies across Calais. On the other hand the border is not simply and traditionally being imposed by the French and UK governments upon those seeking to illegally cross it. There are new actors involved in the bordering process in Calais, the actions of which help to change the border in a way that may be detrimental or undesirable to the UK and French governments – the supposed dominant actors. These new actors – borderworkers – do not simply highlight the humanitarian fall-out from the state bordering practices, but are also active on the ground, at the border and beyond it. The evolution of these new non-state borderworkers at the Calais border has altered it beyond recognition in traditional border terms. Once a traditional and seemingly fixed border has, for better, or for worse, become a dynamic and very visible border as a result of the borderwork taking place. Appendix House of Lords – European Union – Thirty-Seventh Report (5th November 2002). Available from: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/ldselect/ldeucom/187/18713.htm. Accessed on 1st July 2009. Summary of Sangatte Research “Foreigners in transit at the Sangatte Centre” 1. This research was conducted in 2001/02 at the Sangatte Centre by a French sociologist, Smaïn Laacher and a colleague and completed in June 2002. 2. The study was based on questionnaires administered to 284 residents by the “mediateurs” at the Centre, and on 50 interviews with residents and 20 with Red Cross staff. 3. The sample used for the study (reflecting the population of the Centre at the time) was composed predominantly of Afghanis, Iraqis (Kurds) and Iranians. 4. The main characteristics of the people sampled were that they were: Mostly male (only 14 women) Young (average age 25: 22 for Afghanis, 27 for Iraqis) Single (but 83 were married, with a total of 204 children) Relatively well-educated (only 20 per cent had no secondary education; 15 per cent had achieved qualifications equivalent to the baccalaureate and 26 per cent had gone beyond that). 5. Other significant factors were that: Most had travelled individually rather than in groups Most had left their countries because of war or political persecution (only seven percent because of unemployment) Half had been asked to migrate by their family For most (80 per cent) the journey had taken over a month and for half over three months The average cost was $6000; 53 people had paid over $10,000, ten of them over $15,000 (the Afghanis had paid considerably more than the Iraqis) For most the payment had already been made in full. Reasons for coming to the United Kingdom 6. The report contains a lengthy section examining the reasons why those in the sample were determined to go to the United Kingdom. Most (62 per cent) said they had a specific destination in mind when they left their own country, although the great majority knew little or nothing about it. Of those who said they had chosen their country of destination most (58 per cent) had chosen the United Kingdom. 7. Speaking English made little difference to the choice of destination. The only factor that correlated significantly with the choice of the United Kingdom was the presence of friends or relatives in the United Kingdom, although even this was not a determining factor. Nor was it just a matter of family ties: it was often because a family member in the United Kingdom had paid for the journey. 8. The authors of the report believe that the most important determining factors in choice of destination are the experience of the journey itself (not least at Sangatte), including information from smugglers, and the reception accorded in the countries through which they have passed rather than a fine calculation of asylum procedures in different countries or of levels of benefit. Most of those in the sample had travelled through Turkey, Greece, Italy and France often (it was said) being subjected to (decreasingly) unpleasant experiences by the authorities in each. The United Kingdom was the end of the line and the only country which they had not experienced. At the same time the United Kingdom was regarded as meeting an asylum seeker’s basic needs (primarily accommodation but also access to work) more promptly and in a more dignified way than France. There was a lot of feedback to Sangatte from people who had made it to the United Kingdom. 9. Most of the sample would stay in the United Kingdom if they succeeded in getting there. A small proportion (12 per cent) wanted to move on to the USA or Canada. Only a quarter would stay in France, if they failed to get to the United Kingdom. Sangatte 10. The authors do not believe that Sangatte is a magnet to people in countries of origin. The great majority of the sample had not heard of Sangatte until they were en route and over half not until they reached France. 11. The authors believe that closure of the Centre, would have the opposite effect to that intended, leading to the reappearance of asylum seekers in the Channel ports in larger numbers than before. But they are concerned that it could be changed into a detention centre. They recommend: Changing the reception arrangements	Sangatte
Angelos Epithemiou ex-burger-van proprietor, replaced what quirky drumming baby character on a popular UK TV comedy quiz show?	French to open a second refugee camp \| Daily Mail Online French to open a second refugee camp by MICHAEL CLARKE, Daily Mail A second refugee camp will open near a Channel port by Christmas, the French admitted yesterday. It is intended to relieve pressure on the notorious Sangatte centre at Calais, which has become a staging post for migrants trying to reach Britain. The new centre, in a disused holiday complex, is certain to encourage more to try to sneak into this country, pushing up the soaring cost of asylum seekers. The plan, confirmed by the interior ministry in Paris, also breaks a promise given to Home Secretary David Blunkett only two months ago. After a showdown, the French had refused demands to close Sangatte but pledged that no more camps would be opened in northern France. Channel Tunnel operator Eurotunnel believes up to 30,000 illegal immigrants have tried to reach the UK after passing through Sangatte. Many have staged raids in groups of up to 200 to try to overwhelm security and board trains bound for Britain. A block of apartments in the resort of Cayeux-sur-Mer has been earmarked by the Red Cross for the new base for migrants. Last night a police spokesman there said: 'It will almost be easier to get to Britain from Cayeux than from Calais, because we do not have the security here to deal with large numbers of immigrants.' The five-storey building normally holds 80 holidaymakers but double that number of refugees could be housed there. The overcrowded Sangatte hostel holds 850 people, including a growing number of Afghans. Cayeux is 60 miles from Calais but close to Dieppe, which has regular ferries to Britain. The town even has its own port, which could provide a base for the growing number of desperate attempts to reach the UK by refugees using small boats and even inflatable dinghies and lilos. The police spokesman added: ' Anyone can take out a small boat from here almost unnoticed, or get a train or bus to Dieppe for less than £10.' Cayeux's mayor Yvonne Perruchot said the 2,800 people in the town opposed the scheme. 'We do not want our community turned into a mini-Calais with all the violence and criminal gangs associated with the smuggling of immigrants,' she added. 'We will oppose the government at every opportunity we get.' French newspaper reports said ministers planned to house only families with children in Cayeux during the winter. But a town council spokesman added: 'We don't believe it. Once immigrants know they can get a bed and a hot meal, they'll be flooding in. 'If they don't want asylum-seekers to try to get across the Channel, why build hostels on the north coast?' Last night, the Home Office was mystified by the French U-turn. Sources close to Mr Blunkett said the British Embassy in Paris had been assured by the French government 'at the highest level' that reports of a new centre were groundless. An interior ministry spokesman said, however: 'It is a sensitive issue but I can say Cayeux is in the pipeline.' The Tories said the plan must be stopped. 'We need to know what levers Mr Blunkett intends to pull to get this unfortunate decision reversed,' said home affairs spokesman Oliver Letwin. Last week, more than 200 Afghans and Iranians were arrested at the mouth of the Channel Tunnel but scores more managed to board UK-bound trains. This year, more than 3,500 stowaways have been caught arriving on trains. On Tuesday, a group of 20 Afghans waved to police in Kent when they emerged from the tunnel clinging to a train. Yesterday the Mail reported how 58 Afghans and an Iraqi emerged from a freight container near Folkestone, the biggest single group of migrants. The increase in immigrants last night prompted French operator SNCF to cut the number of trains it runs through the tunnel by a third. Pressure on Sangatte is likely to rise as the number of refugees fleeing the bombing of Afghanistan rises. Thousands have already left and many are expected to make their way to Sangatte and try to come to Britain. The expected surge comes as immigration officers come under increased pressure to catch terrorists trying to sneak into Britain. The investigation into the terror attacks revealed immigration records were in chaos and resources have been devoted to checks at major airports.	i don't know
If an atom were the size of a football pitch its nucleus would be approximately the size of a?	The Atom - Wikiversity The Atom Atoms[ edit ] A Brief Introduction to The Atom[ edit ] The word "atom" comes from the Greek "atomos" (named by Democritus) which means "indivisible" as it was thought in ancient times that atoms were the fundamental "units" of nature- they could not be split up into smaller constituents. However, now we know that atoms are not indivisible and that they are comprised of 3 sub-atomic particles known as protons, neutrons and electrons; where the protons and neutrons are comprised of even smaller fundamental particles called quarks and electrons are a type of fundamental particle in a group known as leptons- this is to do with particle physics, however, and so is not too relevant in this section. Atoms are tiny constituents of matter (of molecules of compounds) which make up the entirety of the matter world we can see- all the stars, planets, nebulae etc. They consist of 3 main sub-atomic particles known as protons, neutrons and electrons; as mentioned earlier. Together, these 3 particles identify an element. The number of protons the nucleus of an atom contains gives its atomic number (z) on the periodic table- for example, the element Hydrogen has just one proton in its nucleus (giving z = 1) and 0 neutrons. The number of protons + the number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus gives the mass number (Ar) of the element/atom: A {\displaystyle z=N_{e}} The Atomic Structure[ edit ] Atoms are comprised of mainly "empty space"- i.e. most of the space of an atom is a vaccuum. The protons and neutrons exist in the centre of the atom in the atomic nuclei- which is highly dense due to the compactness of the protons and neutrons- whereas the electrons exist in quantised energy levels surrounding the nucleus. Note: It is a common misconception that electrons orbit the nucleus, there is uncertainty in their pattern of movement and so we say that they move in quantised energy levels surrounding the nucleus. If you're interested, we cannot know whether electrons orbit the nucleus due to Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle which states that "we cannot know the exact position and momentum of a particle at any one time", or written mathematically: Δ 2 {\displaystyle \Delta x\Delta p\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}} Anyway, the size of an atom is often measured in nanometres (10-9 m) or even smaller. Even though they are so small, the whole atom is huge compared to the size of the nucleus situated at the centre of the atom, this analogy is a good one to use to put the size into context: If you were to expand an atom out to the size of Wembley Football Stadium, then the nucleus would be the size of a garden pea on the centre spot of the football pitch. This puts the structure of an atom into context and clearly shows that the nucleus of an atom is extremely dense seeing that, on average 99.9% of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus of the atom. The Nucleus and Relative Masses[ edit ] All the bound protons and neutrons in an atom make up a tiny atomic nucleus, and are collectively called nucleons. The radius of a nucleus is approximately equal to 1.07 n {\displaystyle \displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{k}A_{n}=N_{p}+N_{n}} Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons, called the atomic number. Within a single element, the number of neutrons may vary, determining the isotope of that element. The total number of protons and neutrons determine the nuclide. The number of neutrons relative to the protons determines the stability of the nucleus, with certain isotopes undergoing radioactive decay. The neutron and the proton are different types of fermions. The Pauli exclusion principle is a quantum mechanical effect that prohibits identical fermions, such as multiple protons, from occupying the same quantum physical state at the same time. Thus every proton in the nucleus must occupy a different state, with its own energy level, and the same rule applies to all of the neutrons. This prohibition does not apply to a proton and neutron occupying the same quantum state. For atoms with low atomic numbers, a nucleus that has a different number of protons than neutrons can potentially drop to a lower energy state through a radioactive decay that causes the number of protons and neutrons to more closely match. As a result, atoms with roughly matching numbers of protons and neutrons are more stable against decay. However, with increasing atomic number, the mutual repulsion of the protons requires an increasing proportion of neutrons to maintain the stability of the nucleus, which modifies this trend. The relative masses of the sub-atomic particles in an atom are as follows: Proton = Ar = 1, Neutron = Ar = 1, Electron = Ar = 1 1870 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1870}}} As the relative mass of an electron is so small, it is often ignored in calculations concerning the mass of an atom and the periodic table masses. The relative charges of the sub-atomic particles of an atom are also given here: Proton = C = +1, Neutron = C = 0, Electron = C = -1. As the neutron has a neutral charge it is ignored in ionic charge and oxidation/reduction calculations. As an aside, the protons and neutrons obtain their charges from the charges on the fundamental particles known as quarks- specifically of the flavours "up" and "down" quarks: Up Quarks have an electric charge C	Football
What is the name of the trimmed tree trunk tossed in competition in the Highland Games?	How Big is the Solar System? Email: [email protected] This is a classic exercise for visualizing just how BIG our Solar System really is. Both the relative size and spacing of the planets are demonstrated in this outdoor exercise, using a mere peppercorn to represent the size of the Earth. Guy Ottewell has kindly given permission for this electronic presentation of The Thousand-Yard Model; his exercise is presented in its original form, indexed with a few anchors to help you find you way around the large file. We also include a catalog describing several Ottewell publications. Image of the planets courtesy of NASA . Introduction Can you picture the dimensions of the solar system? Probably not, for they are of an order so amazing that it is difficult either to realize or to show them. You may have seen a diagram of the Sun and planets, in a book. Or you may have seen a revolving model of the kind called an orrery (because the first was built for an Earl of Orrery in 1715). But even the largest of such models--such as those that cover the ceilings of the Hayden Planetarium in New York and the Morehead Planetarium at Chapel Hill-are far too small. They omit the three outermost planets, yet still cannot show the remaining ones far enough apart. The fact is that the planets are mighty small and the distances between them are almost ridiculously large. To make any representation whose scale is true for the planets sizes and distances, we must go outdoors. The following exercise could be called a Model, a Walk or a Happening. I have done it more than twenty times with groups of varied ages (once we were televised) or with a single friend; and others, such as elementary-school teachers, have carried it out with these instructions. Since it is simple, it may seem suitable for children only. It can, indeed, be done with children down to the age of seven. Yet it can also be done with a class consisting of professors of astronomy. It will not waste their time. They will discover that what they thought they knew, they now apprehend. To take another extreme, the most uncontrollable high-school students or the most blase college students unfailingly switch on their full attention after the first few paces of the excursion. There is one other party that may profitably take the planet-walk, and that is yourself, alone. Reading the following description is no substitute: you must go out and take the steps and look at the distances, if the awe is to set in. Jupiter -a chestnut or a pecan, diameter 0.90 inch Saturn -a hazelnut or an acorn, diameter 0.70 inch Uranus -a peanut or coffeebean, diameter 0.30 inch Neptune -a second peanut or coffeebean Pluto - a third pinhead (or smaller, since Pluto is the smallest planet) You may suspect it is easier to search out pebbles of the right sizes. But the advantage of distinct objects such as peanuts is that their rough sizes are remembered along with them. It does not matter if the peanut is not exactly .3 inch long; nor that it is not spherical. A standard bowling ball happens to be just 8 inches wide, and makes a nice massive Sun, so I couldn't resist putting it in the picture. But it may not be easy to find and certainly isn't easy to carry around. There are plenty of inflatable balls which are near enough in size. The three pins must be stuck through pieces of card, otherwise their heads will be virtually invisible. If you like, you can fasten the other planets onto labeled cards too. Begin by spilling the objects out on a table and setting them in a row. Here is the moment to remind everyone of the number of planets -9- and their order--MVEMJSUNP. (This mvemonic could be made slightly more pronounceable by inserting the asteroids in their place between Mars and Jupiter: MVEMAJSUNP.) The first astonishment is the contrast between the great round looming Sun and the tiny planets. (And note a proof of the difference between reading and seeing: if it were not for the picture, the figures such as "8 inches" and ".08 inch" would create little impression.) Look at the second peppercorn--our "huge" Earth--up beside the truly huge curve of the Sun. Having set out the objects with which the model is to be made, the next thing is to ask: "How much space do we need to make it?" Children may think that the table-top will suffice, or a fraction of it, or merely moving the objects apart a little. Adults think in terms of the room or a fraction of the room, or perhaps the corridor outside. To arrive at the answer, we have to introduce scale. This peppercorn is the Earth we live on. The Earth is eight thousand miles wide! The peppercorn is eight hundredths of an inch wide. What about the Sun? It is eight hundred thousand miles wide. The ball representing it is eight inches wide. So, one inch in the model represents a hundred thousand miles in reality. This means that one yard (36 inches) represents 3,600,000 miles. Take a pace: this distance across the floor is an enormous space-journey called "three million six hundred thousand miles." Now, what is the distance between the Earth and the Sun? It is 93 million miles. In the model, this will be 26 yards. This still may not mean much till you get one of the class to start at the side of the room and take 26 paces. He comes up against the opposite wall at about 15! Clearly, it will be necessary to go outside. Hand the Sun and the planets to members of the class, making sure that each knows the name of the object he or she is carrying, so as to be able to produce it when called upon. You can make some play with the assigning of the objects to the "gods" who are to be their bearers. Selecting a blond Sun, a hyperactive Mercury, a comely Venus, a redhaired or pugnacious Mars, a ponderous or regal Jupiter, a ring- wearing Saturn a blue-eyed Uranus, a swimming-champion Neptune, a far-out Pluto can enliven the proceedings and teach a few scraps of mytholgy or planetology. It is unfortunate that only Venus and Earth (the Moon) are female (most of the goddesses have given their names to asteroids instead). You will have found in advance a spot from which you can walk a thousand yards in something like a straight line. This may not be easy. Straightness of the course is not essential; nor do you have to be able to see one end of it from the other. You may have to "fold" it back on itself. It should be a unit that will make a good story afterwards like "All the way from the flagpole to the Japanese garden!" Put the Sun ball down, and march away as follows. (After the first few planets, you will want to appoint someone else to do the actual pacing-call this person the "Spacecraft" or "Pacecraft"-so that you are free to talk.) 10 paces. Call out "Mercury, where are you?" and have the Mercury-bearer put down his card and pinhead, weighting them with a pebble if necessary. Another 9 paces. Venus puts down her peppercorn. Another 7 paces. Earth Already the thing seems beyond belief. Mercury is supposed to be so close to the Sun that it is merely a scorched rock, and we never see it except in the Sun's glare at dawn or dusk-yet here it is, utterly lost in space! As for the Earth, who can believe that the Sun could warm us if we are that far from it? The correctness of the scale can be proved to skeptics (of a certain maturity) on the spot. The apparent size of the Sun ball, 26 paces away, is now the same as that of the real Sun-half a degree or arc, or half the width of your little finger held at arm's length. (If both the size of an object and its distance have been scaled down by the same factor, then the angle it subtends must remain the same.) Another 14 paces. Mars Now come the gasps, at the first substantially larger leap: Another 95 paces to Jupiter Here is the "giant planet"-but it is a chestnut, more than a city block from its nearest neighbor in space! From now on, amazement itself cannot keep pace, as the intervals grow extravagantly: Another 112 paces. Saturn Another 281 paces. Neptune Another 242 paces. Pluto You have marched more than half a mile! (The distance in the model adds up to 1,019 paces. A mile is 1,760 yards.) To do this, to look back toward the Sun ball, which is no longer visible even with binoculars, and to look down at the pinhead Pluto, is to feel the terrifying wonder of space. That is the outline of the Thousand-Yard Model. But be warned that if you do it once you may be asked to do it again. Children are fascinated by it enough to recount it to other children; they write "stories" which get printed in the school paper; teachers from other schools call you up and ask you to demonstrate it. So the outline can bear variation and elaboration. There are different things you can remark on during the pacings from one planet to the next, and there are extra pieces of information that can easily be grafted on. These lead forward, in fact, to the wider reaches of the universe, and make the planet walk a convenient introduction to a course in astronomy. But omit them if you are dealing with children young enough to be confused, or if you yourself would prefer to avoid mental vertigo. I recommend that you stop reading at this point, carry out the walk once, and then read the further notes. Establishing the scale While you are talking and introducing the idea of the model, it may be helpful (depending on the age of the audience) to build up on a blackboard something like this: real in model Earth's width 8,000 miles 8/100 inch Sun's width 800,000 miles 8 inches therefore scale is 100,000 miles 1 inch therefore 3,600,000 miles 36 inches or 1 yard and Sun-Earth distance 93,000,000 miles 26 yards Follow-up Having come to the end of the walk, you may turn your class around and retrace your steps. Re-counting the numbers gives a second chance to learn them, and looking for the little objects re-emphasizes how lost they are in space. It works well, in this sense: everyone pays attention to the last few counts- "240...241...242"-wondering whether Neptune will come into view. But it does not work well if the peanut cannot be found, which is all too likely; so you should, if you plan to do this, place the objects on cards, or set markers beside them (large stones, or flags such as the pennants used on bicycles). Also, the Sun ball perhaps cannot be left by itself at the beginning of the walk-it might be carried off by a covetous person if not by the wind-so send someone back for it when the walk has progressed as far as Mars. (I once, having no eight-inch ball, made a colored paper icosahedron, and had to give chase for afar when I saw someone appropriating it. On the return from another walk, I met a man holding his mouth while his worried companion said "Did you bite it?"-incredibly, he had picked up one of the peppercorns! The other edible planets are, of course, prey for passers-by. Hazards like these may be regarded as our model's counterparts of such cosmic menaces as supernovae and black holes.) On each card, the child who recovers it may write briefly the place where it was-"At 5th Street," "At John Cabonie's house"... Then, back in the classroom, the objects as kept in a row on a shelf, as a reminder of the walk. Or they may be hung on strings from a rafter. Since pecans, pinheads, peanuts, and especially peppercorns cannot always be readily found when another demonstration is called for, I keep at least one hand, in one of the small canisters in which 35-millimeter film is sold. Looking at the real things Anyone you take on this planet-walk may finish it with a desire to set eyes on the planets themselves. So it is best to be able to do it at a date when you can say: "Look up there after dark and you will see [Jupiter, for instance]." Thus on the first nights of 1990, when darkness falls, Jupiter will be the brightest "star" high in the east of the sky, and Venus will be the brightest one setting in the west. For any other specific times, consult the Astronomical Calendar, the magazines Sky & Telescope or Astronomy, or a local college science department, planetarium, or amateur astronomer. Orbits Point out that the nine planets do not stay in a straight line. They stay about the same distances from the Sun, but circle around it (counterclockwise as seen from the north). They go around at various speeds. The inner planets not only have smaller circles to travel but move faster. Thus, Mercury goes around in about 3 months; the Earth, in a year; and Pluto in about 250 years. The circling movements mean that the planets spend most of their time much farther apart even than they appear in out straight-line model. The distance between two planets can be up to the sum of their distances from the sun, instead of the difference. Jupiter and Saturn, for instance, can be as close as 95 paces as in the model, or up to 382 paces apart at times when they are on opposite sides of the orbits.This is the case in the years around 1970,1990, and 2010. (Jupiter overtakes Saturn about every 20th year.) Think of the spacecraft Pioneer 11, which actually covered this immense distance. Launched from Earth in April of 1973, it looped around Jupiter in December 1974, and arched back all the way over the solar system, on its way to visit Saturn also. This journey is so long-the distance back from Jupiter plus the even greater distance out to Saturn-that the spacecraft did not reach Saturn till September 1979. During the Thousand- Yard walk is the dramatic time to tell people about this, and let them reflect on the refinement with which the spacecraft had to be aimed around the south pole of Jupiter in just such a way that it might five years later drop between Saturn (this acorn) and its rings. The Spacing of the Planets Schematic pictures often show the planets on parade at about equal distances- much as when you first arrayed them on the table. This, as we have seen is unrealistic: the intervals are very unequal. There are these features to point out: In general, the intervals get strikingly larger as we go outward. But they increase very irregularly. No need to dwell on this unless someone asks, but for instance the first three jumps actually get smaller; after that they increase, but neither in an arithmetical progression (like 1, 2, 3, 4...) nor in a geometrical progression (like 2, 3, 8, 16...). A more complicated regularity has been discerned; it is known as "Bode's law," but is only a rough rule rather than a law. If Mercury is 4 units of distance from the Sun, the Venus is 4+3, the Earth 4+6, Mars 4+12. Then Jupiter is 4+48 and Saturn more roughly 4+96. The most obvious exception to this "law" is the gap between Mars and Jupiter. This was where your class swooned, on hearing that the next distance to be the suddenly larger leap of 95 paces (more than twice as as the total distance walked up till then). This gap marks the boundary between the inner and outer solar systems. The inner solar system contains the four small, hard, "terrestrial" (Earth-like) planet; the outer solar system contains the four large, fluid, "Jovian" (Jupiter-like) planets, with the exception of Pluto. If,instead, there were a planet in the gap, Bode's law would be more regular. Indeed, this is where most of the asteroids are, so they may be fragments of a planet which broke up or which was never able to forms. Mercury is not on ninth but only one hundredth of the way out to Pluto. The Earth is only a little more than one forteith of the way out to Pluto. Where is the half-way point in the journey out to Pluto? Most people would guess Jupiter or Saturn. But the surprising answer is Uranus. (It is 496 yards in our model.) So, if you need to fold the walk back on itself, because of not having space to walk a thousand yards, Uranus is the point at which to turn. The Outer Planets Throughout most of human history, only six planets have been known: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. (Most of the time nobody knew what planets are or that the Earth is a planet.) Then, in the last three centuries, three new planets were discovered. Uranus, though theoretically visible to the naked eyer on fine nights if you know just where to look, was not noticed till 1718; Neptune was discovered by careful calculation and search in 1846; and Pluto in a similar way, but not till 1930 after a quarter of a century of meticulous search, for even in large telescopes it is lost among countless thousands of equally faint stars. And anyone who takes our planet-walk will say: "No wonder!" Pluto's Oddity Pluto not only is smaller than the other eight planets, but is smaller than the Moon and half a dozen other satellites of planets. It is, as we have seen, the exception to the rule that the inner planets are small (and rocky) and the outer planets large (and gaseous). It is also exceptional in its orbit, which somewhat messes up our model. It is true that Pluto's average distance from the Sun is about 3,666,000,000 miles (1,019 paces in our model). But its orbit, instead of being nearly circular like those of the other planets, is very eccentric or elliptical: part of it is much nearer in toward the Sun and part much farther out. At present Pluto is on the inward part. In fact, it is nearer in than Neptune! This is so from 1979 until 1999, when Pluto will again cross outward over Neptune's orbit. Thus a true statement is that Pluto is usually the outermost known planet (but for just these ten years out of 250 Neptune is) and that the distance in our model from the Sun to the outermost planet is about a thousand yards on average (but it should really vary from only Neptune's 777 yards in these ten years, to as much as 1,275 yards when Pluto is at the outermost part of it orbit). The other planets circulate in the same plane as the Earth, at least nearly enough that we can represent this by the plane of the ground. But Pluto's orbit is inclined to this general plane by the fairly large angle of 17 degrees. This means that part of the huge orbit lies far above (north of) ours and part far below. At present Pluto is still well to the north side. So if you want to mention this, you can tell the last planet-carrying child to walk 242 paces and then climb a tree-"just kidding..." (Actually the tree should be 200 yards high! And there are parts of the orbit where Pluto should be up an even higher tree or down a very deep hole in the ground.) Angular Size When Mars, moving rapidly along its relatively nearby orbit, passes in front of Jupiter or Saturn, and we look at these planets through a telescope, we are surprised to find that the disk of Mars looks much the smaller. Jupiter looks three times as wide as Mars, though it it eight times farther away! The planet-walk will have impressed you with the great distance from Mars onward to Jupiter, and thus will give this observation its surprising quality. However, the planet-walk also gives you the means to visualize the reason. The farther away two objects are, the less the distance between them counts, and the more it is a matter of their own actual sizes. Or, put another way, angular size decreases slower and slower with distance. The Sun Vs. the Planets, and Jupiter Vs. the Rest When we first laid the row of objects out on the table, there was an extreme contrast between the Sun and the rest. The word "size" is vague, since it could mean width (diameter), volume, or mass (amount of matter). In volume, the Sun is 600 times greater than all the planets put together. As compared with the small but rather dense Earth, the Sun is 109 times greater in width; 1,300,00 times greater in volume; and 330,000 times greater in mass. Within the planets themselves, there is quite a contrast between Jupiter and the rest. Jupiter contains almost three times as much matter as all the other planets together-even though Saturn comes a good second to it in width. This is partly because Saturn is the least dense of all the planets (it would float on water, if there was an ocean big enough). But it is also an illust- ration of the difference between the kins of "size." If you multiply a planet's width by, say, 3, you mutltiply its cross-sectional area by 9, and its volume by 27. Thus a relatively small difference between the widths of Saturn and Jupiter means a much larger difference between their capacity. This, too, is easier to understand when you look at the solid objects representing them. The Moon The Moon is, on our scale, 2.4 inches from the Earth. You can, on reaching the position for the Earth, pause and put down a Moon beside it. This Moon will have to be another pinhead (theoretically between the sizes of Mercury and Pluto). Look down on this distance, the length of your thumb; the greatest distance that Man has yet leaped from him home planet. Reflect on the manned mission to Mars now being suggested (14 yards in our model) or the trips proposed in science fiction: to Jupiter as in the film 2001 Space Odyssey (109 yards); to the nearest star (four thousand miles in our model); to the Andromeda Galaxy (half a million times farther again). The Emptiness of Space The planet walk is an antidote to the "scientific" school of astrologers, who suggest that the planets disturb particles in our bodies. When one can visual- ize how remote these planets are, it is easy to understand that the nearest of them, Venus, when nearest to us, has the same gravitational or tidal effect as a truck 14 miles away, or a high-rise building 300 miles away. During the walk, the immense distances between the planets and the Sun may make people incredulous that the planets can truly feel the gravitational influence of the Sun at all, let alone be so much in its control that they orbit faith- fully around it forever. After all, if our model is to scale, then this peppercorn, representing the Earth, must experience a similar gravitational pull from that far-off ball, representing the Sun. Does it? It certainly shows no inclination to fall toward the ball, and has no need to stave off such a fall by orbitting around the ball! The peppercorn does feel the gravitational pull of the ball. The difference is that there is so much other matter in the environment of the model, which is not present in the environment of the things being modeled: the sidewalk, the the pillars of the arcade you are walking along, the grass and trees, your feet and above all the air pressing down and the total mass of the Earth underneath. These are all so huge that the atraction of the ball, without becoming any less, becomes by comparison a negligible influence in the distance. If there were, in interplanetary space, any object corresponding to even one of these things - say, a four-million-mile slab of rock, corresponding to the paving-stone on which the peppercorn is lying - then the Sun's influence on the Earth would become negligible. It is only because space is so empty that the Sun is the nearest important gravitational influence on the Earth. Greater Distances The solar system does not really end with Pluto. Besides the planets, there is a thin haze of dust (some of it bunched into comets). Any of this dust that is nearer to the Sun than to any other star may be in the gravitational hold of the Sun and so counts as part of the solar system. So the outermost of such dust may be half way to the nearest star. On the scale of our model, Pluto is a thousand yards or rather more than a half a mile out. But this true limit of the solar system is two thousand miles out. A thousand miles, in our mode, is the distance called a light-year (in reality, about six million million miles). The distance to the nearest star, Proxima Centauri, is 4.2 such light-years. The human mind can never conceive this thing called a light-year, which is the currency of our small-talk about the universe. (It is probable that we cannot directly conceive any distances above about 600 yards, which is where we sub- consciously place the horizon). But through the model we move as far toward conceiving it as we ever can. I, at least, have seemed to have some respect for the term, light-year; and to have some sense of what I mean when I use it-since I made the sensory approach to it through this model. The rest of the stars in our galaxy are probably on the order of four to ten light-years apart from each other, as we are from our nearest neighbor. This is a stunning thought when (having done the Thousand-Yard exercise) you go out at night and look at the Milky Way. It is a haze of light so delicate that it can no longer be seen from inside our light-ridden cities. It consists of the bulk of the stars in our galaxy, piled up in the distance, so numerous and so faint that we cannot see them separately. Yet they are all the same kind of distance from each other as we are from the nearest of them. That is to say, if we could hop to any one of them, cavernous black space would open out around us,and the Sun itself would become part of that same dense far-off wall of stars, the Milky Way! Giant stars Most of the stars that populate space are smaller than the Sun, and certain exotic kinds are smaller than Mercury or the Moon. But others are incredibly larger. Thus a "giant" star such as Arcturus, about 25 times wider than the Sun, would have to be represented in our model by a ball 6 yards across. Rigel, a "super- giant" 50 times wider that the Sun, would be a ball 11 yards across-the size of a whole classroom. If we stood it in place of the Sun, it would reach most of the way out to the first planet, Mercury. Red supergiants are larger still: Antares, 700 times wider that the Sun, would be about 160 yards across, so that Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars would be orbiting deep inside it! Betelgeuse is thought to vary from about 550 to 1000 times the width of the Sun, so that if substituted for the Sun it would be a colossal ball of 260 yards with Jupiter barely clearing its surface. (One more, the dark companion of the star Epsilon Aurigae, used to be regarded as the largest star known, 2800 times wider than the Sun-large enough to swallow the solar system to well beyond Saturn. But it is more likely some kind of cloud.) Yet these monsters, like all stars, are so far away that they appear to us as points with no width at all. (The Sun itself, in its "red giant" phase, will swell up like this and put an end to us-about 4,000,000,000 years from now.) If you mention these facts during the walk, you are likely to stir up curiosity as to where these humongous stars can be seen. The Astronomical Calendar will show where, and also whether they can be seen at all at the necessary season. Epsilon Aurigae is almost circupolar, so it is visible at all seasons. It is the top of the little triangle of stars just down-right from Capella. Here again is an example of how much better it is to have done the Thousand-Yard Walk before anything else. I have often, while showing people the sky, drawn their attention to Epsilon Aurigae and told them they might be looking at the largest star; it has a certain interest, of course, but it has no such impact as when they have previously seen, the Sun Ball and the 247 paces to Saturn. Globular Clusters Globular clusters are awesome balls of up to a million stars, in a space perhaps 150 light-years across. In photographs such a cluster looks like a swarm of luminous bees, ever thicker toward the core, which appears a solid unresolved white. It seems as if the stars must be almost touching and the space among them must be white hot, burning with light. And in fact these stars are 25,000 times more densely packed than normal. Yet this means that they still average about a tenth of a light-year apart-in our model a mere hundred miles from each other instead of four thousand. Even these densest aggregates of stars are mostly empty space. Planetary Model of the Atom Since the discoveries of Rutherford and Bohr about 1911, we have thought of the atom by means of the "planetary model"; a "Sun" (the nucleus) orbited by smaller "planets" (electrons). But there are great differences. Leaving aside the entirely distinct natures of the bodies and the orbits, there is a difference in relative sizes: the spaces within the atom are even larger a hundred times larger-than the spaces within the solar system! The distance from the Sun out to Mercury is about 45 Sun-widths. But the distance from the nucleus out to the nearest electron-orbit it on the order of 5,000 nucleus-widths. (There are nuclei of various sizes.) So, if our model were to represent the atom instead of the solar system, the "Sun" (nucleus) would have to be a ball 100 times smaller (the size of a peppercorn) and the "planets" (electrons) far too small to be visible; either that, or we would have to spread the objects 100 times farther apart. Truly, the universe is mostly empty space, with very rarely encountered stars and planets. Yet even the matter of which those stars and planets-and people- are made is far emptier space, with far more rarely encountered particles. Lesson One - How to Begin an Astronomy Course What do you begin an astronomy course with? A first taste of the constellations? Celestial co-ordinates? Physics? History? I have found that the point never fails to come, either in these lessons or in later ones, where I am glad I can say (or wish I could say): "You remember how in the planet-walk we saw that..." I conclude that this should be the first lesson, the aperitif, or at most the second. Tell the students: "Astronomy is an outdoor subject, and even though it's now daytine" (or, "is cloudy") "we're going right outside for our first exercise!" It will wake them up, make them think you are a lively teacher, leave them with a sense of expecting future lessons to be fun too (so that- don't be alarmed!-they will actually classify the rest of the course as fun even if some of it isn't). Other models Since devising the thousand-yard model, I have learned of similar ones by other people. The idea, after all, is obvious; what is crucial to its workability is the choice of scale. Sir John Herschel, a wonderful scientist and son of Sir Williiam Herchel who discovered Uranus, proposed in his book Outlines of Astronomy (1849) a model of the solar system using peas, oranges, plums and the like. The scale he chose was too large, so that from the Sun to Pluto would have been 3 miles. In the World Book is depicted another model, with the Sun reduced to the size of a quarter, so that the solar system fits within a baseball stadium. Here the scale is too small: the lesser planets would be almost invisible, and could not be represented by objects more memorable than variously sized grains of sand. At least one modern education film shows a teacher making a model, with a weather-balloon as the Sun and steel globes of various sizes as the planets. Here again the objects are not memorable and the scale is too large. The Sun and Earth have to be at opposite ends of a football-field; after that the making of the model ends, and we are told that Jupiter would be 4 more football-fields away, etc. Any model whose scale is much larger than that of the Thousand-Yard Model (such as Herschel's and the film's) results in distances of a mile or more, which people cannot be asked to walk during a lesson. Any model whose scale is smaller (such as those of orreries, ceiling models, the World Book, and all pictures) results in planets too small to see (unless the scale is falsified). In both cases, therefore, the model remains something to be contemplated only in the head. And it is the real doing and seeing that are indispensable to the effect. Head and pupil If, instead of taking people for a walk, you are merely talking to them, it can be useful to say that if the Sun is shrunk to the size of your head, then the Earth will be the size of the pupil of your eye. These have about the same width as the eight-inch ball and the peppercorn. Light-time Light travels 186,283 miles (or 299,793 kilometers) per second. It could travel, for instance, 7 1/2 times around the Earth in one second. A "light-year" is the distance light travels in a year, and similarly we can call the distance light travels in a second a "light second," etc. in model Moon to Earth 1.28 light-seconds 2.4 inches Sun to Earth 8.3 light-minutes 26 yards Sun to Jupiter 43.27 light-minutes 132 yards Sun to Pluto 5 1/2 light-hours 1019 yards Sun to Proxima Centauri 4.22 light-years 4000 miles Tabulation Our scale is 1: 6,336,000,000. This means that: 1 inch represents 100,000 miles 1 foot " 1,200,000 " 1 yard " 3,600.000 " 1 mile " 6,336,000,000 " 928 miles " 5,880,000,000,000 miles or light-year To carry out the exercise with a group, and to be able to answer questions promptly; you may make a copy of this tabular summary and take it with you. (Another way, especially if you do the exercise several times, it to memorize the successive numbers of paces-10, 9, 7, 14, 95, 112, 249, 281, 242. I do it by means of a private mnemonic with letters for numbers, but that is another subject.) in the model miles yards inches diameter of Sun 800,000 8.0 (ball) distance from Sun to Mercury 36,000,000 10 diameter of Mercury 3,000 0.03 (pinhead) distance from orbit of Mercury to Venus 31,000,000 9 diameter of Venus 7,500 0.08 (peppercorn) distance from orbit of Venus to Earth 26,000,000 7 diameter of Earth 8,000 0.08 (peppercorn) distance from orbit of Earth to Mars 49,000,000 14 diameter of Mars 4,000 0.04 (pinhead) distance from orbit of Mars to Jupiter 342,000,000 95 diameter of Jupiter 90,000 0.90 (chestnut) distance from orbit of Jupiter to Saturn 403,000,000 112 diameter of Saturn 75,000 0.75 (filbert) distance from orbit of Saturn to Uranus 896,000,000 249 diameter of Uranus 32,000 0.30 (peanut) distance from orbit of Uranus to Neptune 1,011,000,000 281 diameter of Neptune 30,000 0.30 (peanut) distance from orbit of Neptune to Pluto 872,000,000 242 diameter of Pluto 1,400 0.01 (pinhead) total of distances 3,666,000,000 1,019 distance from Earth to Moon 240,000 2.40 diameter of Moon 2,000 0.02 (pinhead) In my earlier versions the total distance in the model happened to come out at exactly 1,000 yards. This had no real signifcance, but was convenient since it made the complete model easy to remember. Unfortunately it was based on some- what incorrect distances for the planets from Mars outward. Mile orginally meant "thousand paces" (Latin mille passuum) but grew to be 1,760 yards. Metric version One day presumably the metric system will complete its hold on the English speaking countries as it has on most of the others. To me that will be a sad day because the lumpish term kilometer can never subsitute for the fine old monosyllable mile. But, in case this planet-walk is still in use, it will need a decimal translation. Our basic unit of the yard will have to be translated into the meter. A yard, in origin a pace (a fairly long one), is 36 inches; a meter, in origin 1/40,000,000 of the circumference of the Earth, is 39.27 inches, so we are fairly lucky. The Pacer's legs should stretch a bit more. For our scale, instead of 1: 6,336,000,000, we'll choose the rounder number of 1: 6,000,000,000. Thus, in pacing between the planets, 1 meter (pace) represents 6,000,000 kilometers. In the sizes of the bodies, 1 centimeter represents 60,000 kilometers. in the model km m cm diameter of Sun 1,400,000 23 (ball) distance from Sun to Mercury 58,000,000 10 diameter of Mercury 5,000 0.08 (pinhead) distance from orbit of Merury to Venus 50,000,000 8 diameter of Venus 12,000 0.20 (peppercorn) distance from orbit of Venus to Earth 41,000,000 7 diameter of Earth 13,000 0.20 (peppercorn) distance from orbit of Earth to Mars 78,000,000 13 diameter of Mars 7,000 0.10 (pinhead) distance from orbit of Mars to Jupiter 550,000,000 92 diameter of Jupiter 143,000 2.40 (chestnut) distance from orbit of Jupiter to Saturn 649,000,000 108 diameter of Saturn 120,00 2.00 (filbert) distance from orbit of Saturn to Uranus 1,443,000,000 240 diameter of Uranus 51,000 0.90 (peanut) distance from orbit of Uranus to Neptune 1,627,000,000 271 diameter of Neptune 49,000 0.80 (peanut) distance from orbit of Neptune to Pluto 1,404,000,000 234 diameter of Pluto 2,300 0.04 (pinhead) total of distances 5,900,000,000 983 distance from Earth to Moon 384,000 6.40 diameter of Moon 3,500 0.06 (pinhead) This makes the total walk slightly less than a kiloneter (1000 meters). You can call it "about a kilometer." Then a light-year (9,460,530,000,000 kilometers) because in the model 1,600 kilometers, and the nearest star, at 4.22 light-years, is about 6,700 kilometers away. You may learn about other publications by Guy Ottewell in this catalog. Daniel Washburn, working with the NOAO Educational Outreach Office and supported by NASA through the Arizona Space Grant Consortium, contributed greatly to this World Wide Web presentation of the Thousand Yard Model.	i don't know
Who wrote the poem 'Jabberwocky', which originally featured in one of his novels?	JABBERWOCKY POEM ANALYSIS \| JABBERWOCKY POEM ANALYSIS JABBERWOCKY POEM ANALYSIS Jabberwocky Poem Analysis jabberwocky “Jabberwocky” is a poem of non-sense verse written by Lewis Carroll, originally featured as a part of his novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1872). The book tells of Alice’s travels within the back-to-front world through a looking glass. Jabberwocky (Czech: Žvahlav aneb šatičky slaměného Huberta) is a 1971 experimental animated short film from Czechoslovakia. The film was written and directed by Jan Švankmajer, based loosely on the poem Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll. nonsensical language (according to Lewis Carroll) Invented or meaningless language; nonsense analysis The process of separating something into its constituent elements a form of literary criticism in which the structure of a piece of writing is analyzed an investigation of the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole Detailed examination of the elements or structure of something, typically as a basis for discussion or interpretation the abstract separation of a whole into its constituent parts in order to study the parts and their relations The identification and measurement of the chemical constituents of a substance or specimen poem a composition written in metrical feet forming rhythmical lines A piece of writing that partakes of the nature of both speech and song that is nearly always rhythmical, usually metaphorical, and often exhibits such formal elements as meter, rhyme, and stanzaic structure Something that arouses strong emotions because of its beauty (poet) a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry) (poetic) of or relating to poetry; “poetic works”; “a poetic romance” jabberwocky poem analysis – Jabberwocky Jabberwocky Michael Palin, Deborah Fallender. The comic story of a medieval peasant who mistakenly becomes a town hero. 1977/color/100 min/R/fullscreen. By the late 1970s, Monty Python’s resident animator and occasional performer, Terry Gilliam, was ready to direct a feature film on his own (he codirected Monty Python and the Holy Grail two years earlier). Returning to the medieval muck and monstrosities that served as a backdrop for Holy Grail, Gilliam chose a darker satire for this erratic but funny outing. The result was a witty, modernist fable about an unprepared hero (Michael Palin) pushed through a heroic journey by uncontrollable forces of destiny, propelling him into a duel with a fearsome, man-eating dragon called Jabberwock. Raunchy, irreverent, and borderline cynical, Jabberwocky reveals a lot of Gilliam’s flaws as a first-time solo filmmaker, but it also serves as a map of his obsessions and extravagant sense of art direction–elements of his artistry that certainly flourished in subsequent works. –Tom Keogh JabberWocky class Armored Car The Jabberwocky class armored car. The rear wheels are protected from enemy small-arms fire. ‘Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe. “Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun The frumious Bandersnatch!” “And hast thou slain the Jabberwock? Come to my arms, my beamish boy! O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!” He chortled in his joy. ’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe. ~Lewis Caroll, 1872 Jabberwocky Der Jabberwocky aus "American McGee’s Alice". Moment, sah der in Spiel nicht komplett anders aus? jabberwocky poem analysis The collected poems of Lewis Carroll, newly edited and published in a beautiful clothbound edition designed by Coralie Bickford-Smith “Twas brillig, and the slithy toves / Did gyre and gimble in the wabe” wrote Lewis Carroll in his wonderfully playful poem of nonsense verse, “Jabberwocky.” This new edition collects together the marvelous range of Carroll’s poetry, including nonsense verse, parodies, burlesques, and more. This beautifully designed clothbound edition is edited with a new introduction by Gillian Beer and includes, alongside the title piece, such enduringly wonderful pieces as “The Walrus and the Carpenter,” “The Mock Turtle’s Song,” “Father William” and many more.	Lewis Carroll
A philtre (in US-English, philter) - pronounced 'filter' - is a potion for what?	Lewis Carroll "Jabberwocky" Poem animation - YouTube Lewis Carroll "Jabberwocky" Poem animation Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Feb 8, 2011 Here's a virtual movie of the great Lewis Carroll reading his best loved poem "Jabberwocky" "Jabberwocky" is a poem of nonsense verse written by Lewis Carroll, originally featured as a part of his novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1872). The book tells of Alice's travels within the back-to-front world through a looking glass. The Poem is read definitively by Justin Brett. While talking with the white king and queen (chess pieces) she finds a book written in a strange language that she can't read. Understanding that she is travelling in an inverted world, she sees it is mirror-writing. Finding a mirror and holding it up to a poem on one of the pages, she reads out the reflection of "Jabberwocky". She finds it as puzzling as the odd land she has walked into, which we later discover is a dreamscape.[1] It is considered to be one of the greatest nonsense poems written in the English language.[2][3] The playful, whimsical poem became a source of nonsense words and neologisms such as 'galumphing', 'chortle'—and 'Jabberwocky' itself. The poem was written during Lewis Carroll's stay with relatives at Whitburn, near Sunderland, although the first stanza was written in Croft on Tees, close to nearby Darlington, where Carroll lived as a boy.[4] The story may have been inspired by the local Sunderland area legend of the Lambton Worm, as explored in the books A Town Like Alice's by Michael Bute (1997 Heritage Publications, Sunderland) and "Alice in Sunderland" by Brian Talbot. Roger Lancelyn Green suggested in the Times Literary Supplement (1 March 1957), and later in The Lewis Carroll Handbook (1962), that the rest of the poem may have been inspired by an old German ballad, "The Shepherd of the Giant Mountains". In this epic poem, "a young shepherd slays a monstrous Griffin". The poem was translated into English by Lewis Carroll's relative Menella Bute Smedley in 1846, many years before the appearance of the Alice books.[5] The inspiration for the Jabberwock may also have come from a specific tree in the gardens of Christ Church, Oxford, where Carroll was a mathematician. Its ancient twisted branches may have reminded him of tentacles or the hundred-headed Hydra of Greek mythology.[citation needed] English computer scientist and historian Sean B. Palmer also suggests a possible Shakespearean source for the monster.[citation needed] The first stanza of the poem originally appeared in Mischmasch, a periodical that Carroll wrote and illustrated himself for the amusement of his family. It was entitled "Stanza of Anglo-Saxon Poetry." John Tenniel reluctantly agreed to illustrate the book in 1871 and his are still the defining images of the poem. The illustration of the Jabberwock may reflect the contemporary Victorian obsession with natural history and the fast-evolving sciences of palaeontology and geology. Stephen Prickett notes that in the context of Darwin and Mantell's publications and vast exhibitions of dinosaurs, such as those at the Crystal Palace from 1845, it is unsurprising that Tenniel gave the Jabberwock "the leathery wings of a pterodactyl and the long scaly neck and tail of a sauropod." Charles Lutwidge Dodgson ; 27 January 1832 -- 14 January 1898), better known by the pseudonym Lewis Carroll (/ˈkærəl/, KA-rəl), was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer. His most famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky", all examples of the genre of literary nonsense. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic, and fantasy, and there are societies dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life in many parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and New Zealand. Kind Regards All rights are reserved on this video recording copyright Jim Clark 2011 Jabberwocky....... 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe: All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe. "Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun The frumious Bandersnatch!" He took his vorpal blade in hand; Long time the manxome foe he sought- So rested he by the Tumtum tree, And stood a while in thought And, as in uffish thought he stood, The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame, Came whiffling through the tulgey wood, And burbled as it came! One, two! One, two! And through and through The vorpal blade went snicker-snack! He left it dead, and with its head He went galumphing back. "And hast thou slain the Jabberwock? Come to my arms, my beamish boy! O frabjous day! Callooh, Callay!" He chortled in his joy. 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe: All mimsy were the borogroves, And the mome raths outgrabe. Category	i don't know
Which type of clay takes its name from the Italian for 'baked earth'?	What is Terracotta? (with pictures) What is Terracotta? Last Modified Date: 17 January 2017 Copyright Protected: Top 10 amazing movie makeup transformations Terracotta is a ceramic material that has been used for building construction and decorative arts since ancient times in cultures around the world. The name literally means "baked earth," is it made from natural clay, which gives it a characteristic reddish-brown color. The color varies slightly depending on the clay used. Terracotta may be glazed for extra durability or to provide color. It is a waterproof and very sturdy material, and many ancient sculptures made from it are still in excellent shape. This ceramic was widely used in the decorative arts of ancient China, perhaps most famously in the tomb soldiers of 2nd century BCE emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Terracotta vases and other sculptures are known from ancient Egypt, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, West Africa, and Central and North America. Pipe made from it was also one of the oldest materials used in plumbing. Ad Though terracotta largely fell out of use in Europe during the Middle Ages, its use in building and sculpture revived in the Renaissance, and it has remained an important material into the modern era. Construction methods improved over the ages, as terracotta was once baked in the sun, later dried among ashes in the oven, and finally kiln -fired. While it was used to make roof tiles and bricks in the ancient world, it became more versatile as a building material during the Renaissance, when it features in the ornate decorations of buildings in the newly developed Gothic style. Terracotta was also a popular material for artistic sculpture in the Renaissance. The Gothic revival style of architecture in the 19th century likewise made heavy use of terracotta, and the material became increasingly used for structural elements such as walls. Its durability and resistance to both fire and water make it an ideal building material. It is also lighter than stone, and modern methods allow it to be glazed in a wide variety of colors, including finishes that resemble stone or metal patina. Terracotta is a relatively inexpensive material, and glazing increases its durability and helps it retain its original look. Terracotta remains a popular material in the decorative arts as well, particularly pottery and sculpture. Unglazed, it is ideal for planters, as it is semi-permeable to air and water. It is also amenable to sculpting into rather elaborate designs. Ad anon336549 Post 7 Ancient terracotta vases that were an egg or egg-derived shape and unglazed were and are ideal for water containment and the building of homes because it is permeable. This allows the water in the containers and air in the home to breathe and continue to renew itself. Over the last century and a half, we have discovered wheat grain in 2000 year old Egyptian terracotta amphorae that still retains its ability to germinate. Therefore it wasn't just used because it was easy to procure but because it allows water and air to act in its natural way without destroying it and thereby creating bacterium. The wheat grain being a validation of this ancient technique. anon258190 Post 6 Mission tiles were not formed over one's thigh. That seems to be a legend. Since most roof tiles are 20-24" long, good luck finding a thigh that long -- especially of the native Americans. anon31072 Post 4 Terracotta fires at a lower temperature. It was developed earlier because it did not require the same advanced firing methods as stoneware and porcelain (which is just stoneware with all of the non-white ingredients removed). The reason it can be fired at a lower temperature is its high iron content. The iron melts early and assists the silica in melting and also gives the clay it's reddish color. anon14273 Post 3 Oddly, wiseGEEK did not offer any explanation as to why terracotta tiles, when used as roofing material in the southwest united states, are curved. Typically, the curve radius approximates 1/4 to 1/3 cylinder. A curved terracotta shingle is stronger than a flat one, and individual tiles can be made to interlock with other tiles when inverted. The characteristic curve was formed by draping wet terracotta across one's thigh and patting it to its final curved shape. The finished product was then baked in the sun, or kiln-fired. This is the typical California "Spanish Mission" style of terracotta tile as used as roofing material. Most of the mission buildings, constructed over 200 years ago, still have their original terracotta roofing intact. pixiedust Post 2 Anon3570 - Terracotta is a type of clay. So terra cotta tiles are a subset of clay tiles. Actually terracotta tiles are ceramic tiles which are tiles made of red or terracotta clay. Porcelain tiles are tiles made from light colored clay (like white, grey, or light brown clay). anon3670	Terracotta
In rugby union, which position is known only by the number on the shirt?	ARTDISTRICTS Magazine » Features » Aimee Pérez: Mapping the Heart Aimee Pérez: Mapping the Heart And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground. Literally, dust from the ground. (Genesis 2:7 Commentaries. Ver. V. asah; LXX., Xdorirw) By Janet Batet Terracotta (”baked earth”) is one of the earliest forms of expression in the history of civilization. Used as burial offerings, votive statuettes, architectural elements, toys, domestic ornaments or just utilitarian objects, clay has been at the core of human life since time immemorial. Widely used in ancient art (China, Greece, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Mesoamerica and West Africa, among others), the art of terracotta always reflects a very specific, intimate relationship between material and creator. The intrinsic flexibility of the clay along with its exclusion from the tendentious “noble material” classification favor a much more spontaneous connection. “Mapping The Heart,” on view at CGAF Gallery, is an expression of it. Born in Havana in 1955, Aimee Pérez’s childhood was populated by mythical passages of “campesinos” (peasants), fishermen, güijes1 and orishas. This vast spiritual universe become the core of her baggage when in 1967, at the age of 12, she left Cuba with her family and settled in Miami. Aimee Pérez at her studio in Bird Road Art District, Miami. Photos: Cindy Farache. Since then, her inclination towards art, which until then had been a childhood passion, became a sort of catharsis and, above all, the ideal way to express her inner psyche and thoughts and reconnect with others. “Mastering the art of clay has been essential for me,” Pérez said. “I feel drawn to an intimate relationship with the art because my pieces are directly connected to my life. They are the result of my own displacement experience and of being a woman, and they are somehow an incarnation of my grandmother, my mother and my own life experience. My work uses various types of clays fired at high or low temperatures and surfaced with oxide washes, slips, terra sigillata, engobes and glazes.” Her direct, hands-on experience with renowned Mexican sculptor José Sacal, who introduced her to clay work using the 3D technique in 1997, was essential to her development. Her residence in Mexico (1989-1998) meant also for the artist the discovery of the Olmec culture, and specifically the Olmec figurines mainly made in terracotta. Pérez’s body of work can be followed by tracking her main series of works, including “Figureheads,” “Origins” and “Raku.” Aimee Pérez, Discerning Heart, 2016, mixed media, 5’ x 10” x 10.” The “Figureheads” series (Orisha, 2012) and (Ibeyies, 2013) allows the artist to explore the human psyche. Using a natural scale and focused on facial expressions, these compelling pieces foster a very intimate personal dialogue between the public and the artwork. Meanwhile, her “Origins” series (The Others, 2014) and (The Theater of Life, 2015), most often conceived as group compositions, is directly linked to the artist’s favored archetypes and paradoxical truisms. The “Raku” series takes its name from the well-known technique that in Japanese means “enjoyment,” incorporating the accidents of the complex baking method into the creation process. Aimee’s “Raku” pieces (Taking a Look at Myself, 2012) and (The Bank, 2015) are powerful and charming, sharing an inner mystery and touching delicacy. Aimee Pérez, The Others, 2014, ceramic, 26’ x 13” x 9.” Following her deep dives into the inner self and confidence of the intimate relationship with one of mankind’s most ancient forms of expression, Pérez’s personal quest into her own soul becomes an open door through which we can study ourselves. “Aimee Pérez: Mapping The Heart” is on view from Saturday, May 7th through June 1st. CGAF Gallery is located at 3015 Grand Ave, Coconut Grove, FL 33133. Notes 1. The güije is a legendary character from the Cuban countryside. It is said he lives in a pond and enjoys playing pranks. He can be mischievous and tricky. Janet Batet is an art critic, essayist and curator based in Miami.	i don't know
Wenlock and Mandeville are the mascots of which sporting event?	Sporting Event Mascots Home > Events > Mascots Sporting Event Mascots Sporting teams have had mascots for a long time. The promotion of mascots for major sporting events such as the Olympic Games has grown in recent years, to become a major source of publicity and revenue raising through merchandising. Mascots are characters often created based on an animal unique to the host country or city. They are getting more complex, and usually have a story and even a moral to tell. And they are not limited to only one mascot per event - the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympic Games has four and Beijing Olympic Games had five! The mascots of major events will be found labeled on anything and everything. Not only will they be seen in the traditional form as a costumed character, they will will be seen in cartoon form in programs, posters and websites. In the case of the latest mascot for the 2012 Olympic Games, the characters Wenlock and Mandeville feature in a cartoon animated story of their creation and their adventures.	2012 Summer Olympics
Israel Zangwill wrote the 1892 novel 'Children of the ...' what, depicting Jewish life in London?	Olympic Mascots \| Rainbow Productions FAQs OLYMPIC MASCOT COSTUMES At Rainbow Productions, we have manufactured and managed appearances for a range of official Olympic mascot costumes, from the 2012 Olympic ‘Wenlock & Mandaville’ & team GB’s ‘Pride the lion’, to the Athens 2004 Olympic mascots ‘Athena & Phevos’. Wenlock Mascot with Usain Bolt Pride the Lion - Team GB Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics Phevos & Athena - Athens 2004 "We are delighted to welcome Rainbow Productions to our licensee family. They have already worked with us over the last year to help us drive our vision to inspire young people to choose sport and we look forward to working with them between now and Games-time…" - LOCOG Head of Licensing - on Rainbow Productions becoming a London 2012 licensee 2012 OLYMPIC MASCOTS - WENLOCK AND MANDEVILLE Wenlock, the official Olympic mascot, and Mandeville, the Paralympic mascot, made over a thousand personal appearances to schools, stadia openings, in-store activities and Olympic Torch Relay dates, through to attending Games time events in front of spectators and broadcast to millions worldwide. Wenlock School Visit Wenlock with Olympic Rings -Cardiff Wenlock in buggy in Olympic Park Wenlock with Usain Bolt Union Jack Wenlock Mascot OFFICIAL MASCOTS FOR TEAM GB - LONDON 2012 Pride the Lion was unveiled by the British Olympic Association as the Official Team GB mascot for the 2012 Olympic Games. Pride the Lion attended events across the United Kingdom, from his first public appearance during the Gold Challenge Olympic Stadium event which took place on April 1 2012, to being pictured with members of Team GB and the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. Pride - H. Glover & H. Stanning Pride the Lion & Kate Middleton Pride the Lion - Torch Relay Pride the Lion - Team GB Mascot MORE EXAMPLES OF OLYMPIC MASCOTS We were also commissioned to manufacture and manage appearances for a number of other past Olympic mascots, including the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics, Special Olympics Catalunya 2010 & Athens 2004 Olympics. Puerto Rican Guanin London 2012 bid - K. Holmes Statue Sochi 2014 Winter Olympic Mascots Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics	i don't know
Who succeeded John Major as leader of the UK Conservative Party in 1997?	John Major (politician) facts, information, pictures \| Encyclopedia.com articles about John Major (politician) COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc. John Major The youngest British prime minister of the 20th century, John Major (born 1943) succeeded Margaret Thatcher as leader of the Conservative Party and political head of the United Kingdom in 1990, a post he held until 1997. John Major had a highly unusual background for a Conservative Party leader. Born on March 29, 1943, in the middle-class London suburb of Merton, he was the son of Gwendolyn and Thomas Major. Thomas Major, 66 when his son was born, was a colorful man who had a remarkably varied career as a circus acrobat, vaudevillian, mercenary, and manufacturer of garden ornaments. When John Major was very young, the family lived in comfortable circumstances, and he attended Rutlish Grammar School, a state-run school for bright children. When Major was 11, however, the family moved to Brixton, the so-called "South Bronx of London," after Thomas Major's business suffered financial reverses. Young Major disliked the authoritarian atmosphere of school and left at 16 to find work. His first job was a clerical position, which he soon left to pursue a more lucrative career as a construction laborer. Shortly after this change he was laid off and spent several months on the dole. These months were a formative experience for Major, who became a Conservative after deciding that socialistic paternalism only perpetuated poverty. At 18 Major found another clerical position, and this time he started a career. Through his native intelligence and hard work he rapidly made his way through the ranks of the Standard Chartered bank, eventually becoming assistant to the bank's chairman. In the mid-1960s Major went to Nigeria, where he performed community service work and where he acquired a heart-felt hatred of racism. Upon his return Major continued working at the bank and, after determining that he "wanted to be inside the goldfish bowl rather than outside, longingly looking in," he began to take an active role in politics, at first at the local level. He served as a member of the Lambeth Borough Council from 1968 to 1971 and was chairman of the council's housing committee from 1970 to 1971. It was during this time that he met a quiet, opera-loving, young campaign worker, Norma Johnson, a home economics teacher. They married in 1970, which was, Major later said, "the best decision of my life." Major made two unsuccessful attempts to win a parliamentary seat in 1974 and eventually succeeded in 1979, becoming the Conservative member for Huntingdonshire in east central England. John Major in Parliament Major's parliamentary career progressed steadily from committee work to parliamentary private secretary in the early 1980s. In 1983 he became an assistant government whip and in 1984 a full-fledged whip, a position which helped him to understand the interests and concerns of backbenchers as well as providing him with much greater visibility to all members of Parliament. It was in this capacity that he first came prominently to Margaret Thatcher's attention. At a dinner party he held his own against her in a heated argument about economic policy. Thatcher was impressed (Major later stated that Thatcher "doesn't like wimps"), and thereafter served as Major's patron. Major was soon appointed undersecretary of social security (1985-1986) and social security secretary (1986-1987), where he was noted for his compassionate concern for the elderly. From 1987 to 1989 he served as chief secretary to the treasury, the effective deputy chancellor of the exchequer. In this position, serving under the brilliant but controversial Nigel Lawson, Major was able to emulate his father's acrobatic skills by holding a firm line on government spending without making enemies of his more senior colleagues. Like his mentor Thatcher a devotee of a strict monetary policy, he said, "Public expenditure must be restricted. People must understand that if they have jam today, they may not be able to afford butter tomorrow." In July 1989 Major's career took a quantum leap when, during a Cabinet reshuffle, Margaret Thatcher appointed him foreign secretary. The appointment attracted a great deal of attention—and no little surprise. Major professed himself to be "totally astonished," and political observers were stunned that the young and wholly inexperienced Major had been placed in one of the top positions in the British government. Many attributed the appointment to Thatcher's desire to move Major's predecessor, Sir Geoffrey Howe, to a less visible position, and most realized that it was a great tribute to Thatcher's confidence in Major. Nonetheless, Major did not much enjoy his stay at the Foreign Office, where his informal style offended traditionalist civil servants and diplomats and where he found the work unfamiliar and uncongenial. He had very little time to make his mark in foreign affairs because, as the result of another Cabinet reshuffle, he was appointed chancellor of the exchequer in October 1989. As a former banker and deputy chancellor, Major had strong credentials for the job, which was, said his wife Norma, "the job he's always wanted." The circumstances surrounding Major's appointment, however, were not auspicious. He replaced the confrontational Nigel Lawson, whose strong differences with Thatcher over the issue of the European Community's impending economic union had caused internal divisions in the party. Also, the economy, racked by rising inflation and unemployment, was headed towards recession. Despite these drawbacks, Major quickly established his authority in the Treasury and proved to be a very well-respected and well-liked boss known for his approachability, thoughtfulness, hard work, and careful decision-making. As chancellor Major emphasized his strict anti-inflation policy, characterized by tight controls on government spending and high interest rates. In March 1990 Major passed his first big test as chancellor when he presented the fiscal year 1991 budget. The budget proposed no sweeping changes: high interest rates would remain to combat inflation. Calling for a return to a "culture of thrift," Major sought to stimulate savings by offering special tax-exempt savings plans. More important than the substance of the budget speech, however, was its style. Major self-confidently, skillfully, and clearly presented his budget to Parliament and a large television audience, helping restore confidence in the government and doing his own career no little good. Like many of his Conservative colleagues, Major took a cautious view on the impending European Community's economic union. Though not as anti-Europe as his leader, Major fully understood her fears of the impact of European economic union on British sovereignty, and he had to tread a careful path between Thatcher's manifest disapproval and complying with Britain's obligations to her European partners. Utilizing all his skills as a peacemaker, he slowly eased Britain's path to Europe, entering Britain into the Exchange Rate Mechanism of the European Monetary System in October 1990. Replaces Thatcher as Prime Minister Following a challenge to her leadership from former Cabinet minister Michael Heseltine, Thatcher resigned as prime minister on November 22, 1990. Major quickly emerged as a strong candidate to succeed her: he had the backing of Thatcher and the "Thatcherite" wing of the party, his background in economic affairs provided him with important experience, and he was widely liked. After a brief campaign, in which he was opposed by Heseltine and Foreign Secretary Douglas Hurd, he won the leadership election on November 27, 1990, and became prime minister the next day. As the new prime minister, Major called for party unity and took steps to achieve it by immediately appointing his electoral opponents to Cabinet positions: Heseltine as environment secretary and Hurd again as foreign secretary. His new Cabinet was substantially different from Thatcher's and served to demonstrate that Major was his own man and not, as his critics impugned, "Son of Thatcher." The former poor boy from Brixton also pledged to help build a "society of opportunit…. in which what people fulfill will depend upon their talent, their application and their good fortune." The first problem confronting the new prime minister occurred within the Conservative Party when a black lawyer was selected as the party's parliamentary candidate in Cheltenham. This selection caused some blatantly racist opposition from a small group of local Tories, which Major quickly squelched. But Major also had to face long-term problems whose solutions have eluded both Tory and Labor governments for the past 20 years: integration with Europe and the ailing British economy. Major's chances for success were greater than his predecessor's, however. Although the giant shadow of Thatcher loomed over him, Major was, and, just as important, seemed to be, a "kinder, gentler" person. He had the ability to inspire both respect and liking, could be firm without being strident, could encourage discussion without dominating it, and could be polite without being condescending. He had a quiet, modest, and self-effacing manner which colleagues and opponents alike found congenial. Major was different in other ways as well. He was, as was widely observed, the first world leader not to remember World War II, and his perceptions and expectations set him apart from his elders. In addition, he was viewed by some as a sort of symbol, living proof of Thatcher's Toryism of upward mobility through individual achievement, not through family connections. And unlike Thatcher, Major was no ideologue. Indeed, he was often described by British politics critics as a "grey man" because he was calm, efficient, and a little dull and because it was difficult to pin down his views on controversial matters. Despite his strict views on economic matters, he was not an aggressively right-wing Tory, nor was he a left winger, even though on social issues such as capital punishment and racism he was determinedly liberal. He was, in fact, a centrist, who could gain support from all factions within the party. In mid-1995 Major resigned as the head of the Conservative Party and called for a parliamentary election to establish leadership of the party. With that move, Major became the first British Prime Minister to subject himself to a leadership role while in office. Major won the election on July 4, 1995. In 1997, however, Major lost the election to Labor Party leader Tony Blair and stepped down from the office of prime minister. Further Reading The first book-length biography of John Major was Edward Pearce, The Quiet Rise of John Major (London: 1991); an excellent introduction to Major's background, characteristics as a politician, and prospects can be found in Sheila Rule's "A Meteor in Thatcher's Political Constellation," New York Times (October 27, 1989); for useful information on Norma Major and the Majors' personal life, see Maurice Chittenden's "Purdah Reduces Major's Wife to Tears," London Sunday Times (March 18, 1990); Guy Garcia gives a balanced examination of Major's leadership victory in "A Victory of Major Proportions," Time (December 10, 1990); Craig R. Whitney's article in the New York Times on November 28, 1990, is a good overview of Major's prospects as prime minister, especially regarding the economy; more discussion of Major's prime ministerial prospects is provided by Daniel Pedersen's "The Tory of the Future," Newsweek (December 10, 1990), which additionally presents a thorough analysis of Major's political background; "The Surprising Mr. Major," in The Economist (December 1, 1990), also discusses Major's prospects as prime minister, but from a Conservative perspective; another article in the same issue of The Economist, "John Major: More Than a Tedious Talent," praises Major's achievements and hails his "greyness" as being uniquely suited to British politics and the British national character. □ Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA The Oxford Companion to British History © The Oxford Companion to British History 2002, originally published by Oxford University Press 2002. Major, John (b. 1943). Prime minister. Major entered the House of Commons in 1979 after a career in banking and during the next decade had a meteoric rise to power. His parliamentary career began in the whips' office (1983–5) which clearly left its mark on him, and then in the Department of Health and Social Services (1985–7). He became chief secretary to the Treasury in 1987 but two years later, still a political unknown, was chosen by Mrs Thatcher to replace first Sir Geoffrey Howe as foreign secretary, then Nigel Lawson as chancellor of the Exchequer. Unable to make a mark at the Foreign Office, he made his reputation as chancellor by persuading a reluctant Mrs Thatcher to enter the exchange rate mechanism at a rate of his choosing, which events proved to be too high. In 1990, on Mrs Thatcher's resignation, Major defeated Douglas Hurd and Michael Heseltine for the leadership, attracting support as Thatcher's political heir. As prime minister he stuck to the ERM policy until the pound was forced out of the system in September 1992 by market forces. This disaster cost him much credibility since recovery, when it came, was based on a floating pound and reduced interest rates, the opposite of his campaign platform in 1992, when he had won the general election against the odds. Relations with Europe were at the heart of Major's difficulties as prime minister. The Tory Party was split on the issue, yet in 1992 he agreed to sign the treaty on European unity at Maastricht , which laid down a timetable for a single currency and established majority voting in almost every area of policy. It even foresaw a European army and police force and made all British subjects citizens of a new state, the European Union . The concessions Major gained in the negotiations appeared cosmetic and it was not easy to understand how he could claim to have won ‘game, set and match’. Lady Thatcher opposed ratification, and the treaty was pushed through the House of Commons only by brutal government whipping. Major's popularity, based in part on the contrast he offered to his predecessor, declined sharply. The run on the pound had been extremely expensive and produced record unemployment, record deficits, and record tax increases. A ‘back-to-basics’ initiative, intended to improve the moral climate of the nation, foundered amid Tory scandal and sleaze. The government's policy towards the National Health Service alienated many voters. In 1994 Major attempted to recapture the initiative by tackling the Irish problem, although it involved, contrary to previous assurances, negotiating with the Irish Republican Army . But the declaration that the British government had no ‘selfish, strategic or economic interest’ in Northern Ireland confirmed Ulster's fears of further betrayal, and although a cease-fire brought welcome relief, it did not last. In spite of a considerable economic recovery, Tory divisions over Europe continued to fester, although in 1995 Major beat off a challenge to his leadership from John Redwood, representing the anti-Europe sceptics. Further difficulties were caused by the protracted scare over British beef, which killed its export market and imposed severe financial strains on both government and industry. Major showed little enthusiasm to face the electorate and postponed a general election until the last possible moment. In May 1997 his party suffered a severe defeat and he resigned immediately. Though widely regarded as honest and well-intentioned, and considerably more popular than his party, Major's years as leader were dogged by misfortune and he rarely seemed in advance of events. He retired from his seat at Huntingdon at the general election of 2001. Andrew Sanders Major, John (1943–, British politician) The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright The Columbia University Press John Major, 1943–, British statesman, b. John Major Ball. Raised in a working-class area of London, he was elected to Lambeth borough council (1968–71) and entered Parliament as a Conservative in 1979. He became Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher 's chief secretary to the Treasury in 1987, foreign secretary in 1989, and, later that year, chancellor of the exchequer. A Thatcher loyalist, he became her successor after she withdrew from the 1990 party elections. Diplomatic and respected, even by the opposition, he moderated the Thatcher government's controversial poll tax and its opposition to greater integration into the European Community (now the European Union ). He provided military support to the United States in the Persian Gulf War (1991). In 1992, Major and the Conservatives again defeated Labour in a national election. Despite a political setback in 1992 when his government could no longer support the minimum exchange level of the pound within the exchange-rate mechanism of the European Monetary System , Major was able to win ratification of the Treaty of European Union (Maastricht Treaty) in 1993. In 1994 his government's representatives participated in the negotiation of a cease-fire in Northern Ireland. Although party infighting, policy changes, and scandals eroded his parliamentary and public support, Major was reaffirmed as Conservative party leader in 1995. After the Conservatives were defeated by Tony Blair and Labour in a landslide in 1997, Major resigned as party leader; he retired from Parliament in 2001 See E. Pearce, The Quiet Rise of John Major (1991). Cite this article World Encyclopedia © World Encyclopedia 2005, originally published by Oxford University Press 2005. Major, John (1943– ) British statesman, prime minister (1990–97). Major entered Parliament in 1979. In 1989, Margaret Thatcher unexpectedly made him foreign secretary, then chancellor of the exchequer. Following Mrs Thatcher's resignation, Major emerged as her compromise successor. He moderated the excesses of Thatcherism; such as scrapping the unpopular poll tax . Major lent full military support to the US in the Gulf War (1991) and led the Conservative Party to a surprise victory in the 1992 general election. The catastrophic events of ‘Black Wednesday’ (September 16, 1992) forced Britain to withdraw from the European Monetary System (EMS) and devalue its currency. The issue of Europe dogged the rest of his term and divided the party. Political scandals and sleaze contributed to Tony Blair's landslide victory at the 1997 general election. Major resigned as party leader and was succeeded by William Hague . http://www.number-10.gov.uk Major, John (1469–1550, Scottish theologian and historian) The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright The Columbia University Press John Major, 1469–1550, Scottish theologian and historian. He studied and taught at the Univ. of Paris. His works, all in Latin, were published there. He was one of the most famous teachers of scholastic philosophy of his day, at Paris and later at the Univ. of Glasgow and at St. Salvator's College, St. Andrews. The best known of his works is Historia Majoris Britanniae, tam Angliae quam Scotiae (Paris, 1521; Edinburgh, 1740). His History of Greater Britain, both England and Scotland was the first critical history of Scotland. An English translation by Archibald Constable was published (1892) with a biography by Aeneas J. G. Mackay. Major's name was also spelled Mair. Cite this article	William Hague
The Aswan Dam, which enables controlled use of the Nile flood plain for agriculture, is in which African country?	John Major - Genealogy Genealogy Join the world's largest family tree Gender Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love Build your family tree online Share photos and videos Father of <private> Salter (Major) and <private> Major Brother of <private> Dessoy (Ball) Managed by: Abraham Thomas Major Ball, Gwendoline Minnie Ball (born Coates) Siblings: Thomas Aston Major-Ball, Terry Major Ball, Patricia Dessoy Dessoy (born Ball), <Private> Moss Partner: Abraham Thomas Ball, Gwendolen Minnie Ball (born Coates) Brother: Norma C E Major, Dame (born Johnson) Children: Mar 29 1943 - Merton, Sry Parents: Mar 29 1943 - Merton, Surrey, England Parents: Abraham Thomas BALL, Gwendolyn Minny BALL (born COATES) Siblings: Patricia DESSOY (born BALL), <Private> MAJOR-BALL Wife: Norma Christina Elizabeth MAJOR (born JOHNSON) Children: Oliver J Ball, Caroline White Ball, Caroline Blowers White-ball, Caroline White-ball Residences: Deirdre Ball, Blowers C White-ball Residence: Oliver Ball John Possible relatives: ... Ball, Carolyn B Ball, John O Ball, Bettie Katherine Ball, Patrick Michael Ball, Timothy J Ball, Deirdre Ball, and names of 6 more relati ... Residences: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major Sir John Major, KG, CH, ACIB (born 29 March 1943) is a British Conservative politician, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990–1997. He held the posts of Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer in the cabinet of Margaret Thatcher and was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Huntingdon 1979–2001. Despite Thatcher's "notorious" assertion that "she expected to continue in control as a backseat driver," Major's mild and consensual style was seen as complete contrast to Thatcher's forceful and confrontational manner. Early in his term, he presided over British participation in the First Gulf War (March 1991) and negotiated "Game, Set and Match for Britain"[2] at the Maastricht Treaty (December 1991). Despite the British economy then being in recession he led the Conservatives to a fourth consecutive election victory, winning the most votes in British electoral history in the 1992 general election, albeit with a much reduced majority in the House of Commons. Major's premiership saw the world go through a period of political and military transition after the end of the Cold War. This included the growing importance of the European Union, an issue which was already a source of friction within the Conservative Party owing to its importance in the decline and fall of Margaret Thatcher. Major and his government were responsible for the United Kingdom's exit from the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) after Black Wednesday on 16 September 1992, after which his government never gained a lead in the opinion polls. Despite successes such as the revival of economic growth and the beginnings of the Northern Ireland Peace Process, by the mid-1990s the Conservatives were embroiled in ongoing "sleaze" scandals involving various MPs and even Cabinet Ministers. Criticism of Major's leadership reached such a pitch that he chose to resign, and be re-elected, as party leader in June 1995. By this time the "New" Labour Party was seen as a reformed and fresh alternative under the leadership of Tony Blair, and after eighteen years in office the Conservatives lost the 1997 general election in one of the worst electoral defeats since the Great Reform Act of 1832. After the defeat, Major resigned as the leader of the party, and was succeeded by William Hague. He has since retired from active politics, leaving the House of Commons at the 2001 general election, but continues to be a sought-after speaker. Rt Hon Sir John Major, KG's Timeline 1943	i don't know
Who played Claus Von Bulow in the 1990 film Reversal of Fortune?	Reversal of Fortune Movie Review (1990) \| Roger Ebert I followed the investigative accounts of the von Bulow case with that special attention I always pay to the troubles of society people. Advertisement With their advantages and connections, they have a better chance of being involved in a stimulating crime. Some of them, it is true, simply stab or shoot one another, but a few go to the trouble of using classic means: poisons and deceptions, subterfuge and wit. With all the lack of subtlety in modern murder, it is heartening to find that a few people still aspire to the perfect crime. Having seen "Reversal of Fortune," the story of Claus von Bulow's two trials on the charge of attempting to murder his wife, I am no closer than before to a clear idea of who did what, or why. That is the charm of the movie. Something terrible happened to Sunny von Bulow on that winter day 11 years ago, and nobody knows exactly what it was. The victim still lingers in a coma. Her husband was convicted of attempted murder, but his conviction was overturned, and there is compelling suspicion that some of the evidence used against him was fishy. Now we have this film, based on a book by Alan J. Dershowitz, the famous Harvard professor who conducted Claus von Bulow's appeal. It is a surprisingly entertaining film - funny, wicked, sharp-tongued and devious. It does not solve the case, nor intend to. I am afraid it only intends to entertain. Because Sunny von Bulow does lie in a coma, I felt at first a little guilty that I enjoyed the film so much. But I am in attendance as a critic, not a priest or prosecutor, and like the other witnesses I can only testify from my own experience. Advertisement The genius of "Reversal of Fortune" is that the story is narrated by Sunny from her sickbed. We hear her voice, wondering aloud at the chain of events caused by that day when she sank into her long sleep. She guides us through the details of the case. She reminisces about the first time she met Claus, about what she felt for him, about how their marriage progressed. She confesses herself as confused as anyone about what happened on her last day of consciousness. "You tell me," she says, and somehow this gives us permission to look at the film in a more genial mood. The opening shot, taken from a helicopter, shows the great mansions of Newport, R.I. They stand like sentinels at the edge of the sea, flaunting their wealth at the waves. In one of those mansions Sunny lived with Claus and the children they had together or previously. How could one not be entertained by living in such a place? And yet Sunny seems to seek the escape of unconsciousness. She abuses pills and alcohol. After brief forays into the world she retreats to her bed. She is not really present for her family; her mind is clouded, and her memory shaky. While her body goes through the motions of smoking and drinking and taking pills, her mind yawns and dozes. Advertisement One day she nearly dies, probably of an overdose, but is rescued in time. A year later, she is not so lucky, and by the time help is summoned she is in a coma. What happened? The maid says she was worried for hours before Claus would let her call for help. Claus says he thought she was sleeping; she had often slumbered deeply before. But how did she end up on the bathroom floor? And what about the insulin? Did Claus administer a near-fatal overdose? Whose insulin was it, anyway? And who found it? The question of the insulin is what finally brings Alan Dershowitz into the appeal, after Claus is found guilty. The evidence was gathered by private investigators hired by Sunny's children, and then turned over to the authorities. Dershowitz decides that the rich simply cannot be permitted to hire their own police and decide among themselves which evidence should be made available. It isn't fair. There are also questions about many other aspects of the case - so many that, if Claus is not innocent, there is at least no way to prove that he is guilty. "Reversal of Fortune" is above all a triumph of tone. The director, Barbet Schroeder , and the writer, Nicholas Kazan , have not made a docudrama or a sermon, but a film about personalities. The most extraordinary personality in the film is Claus von Bulow's, as he is played by Jeremy Irons . He appears as a man with affections and bizarre mannerisms, a man who speaks as if he lifted his words from an arch drawing-room comedy, who smokes a cigarette as if hailing a taxi. Irons is able to suggest, subtly, that some of this over-the-top behavior is the result of fear. Von Bulow cannot modulate his tone, cannot find the right note, because beneath his facade he is quaking. Advertisement And yet he keeps up a brave front. That is one of the best qualities of the film, the way it shows him trying to brazen his way out of an impossible situation. If he wins, he keeps the fortune and the lifestyle. If he loses, he ends his life in prison. The man who can save him is Dershowitz, played by Ron Silver as a hyperkinetic showboat who surrounds himself with students and acolytes, possibly as a protection against the fear of silence. The law students plunge like beavers into their research, triumphantly emerging with new strategies for their leader, who does not like von Bulow much and doubts his innocence, but believes the case raises important legal points. Glenn Close is important too, as Sunny. She appears in some flashbacks as well as narrating the film, and we see the two things we need to notice: her beauty and personality when she's got it together, and the vague lost confusion of her alcoholic and tranquilized daydreams. Advertisement Without nudging us, the film shows us two things. First, why a man might finally be tempted to allow his wife to slip into the oblivion she seems so desperately to desire. Second, how she could have accidentally overdosed in any event. What happened? Who knows? The movie's strength is its ability to tantalize, to turn the case this way and that, so that the light of evidence falls in one way and then another. You tell me. Popular Blog Posts	Jeremy Irons
The name of what ethnic celebration derives from the Aramaic and Hebrew words respectively for son and commandment?	Reversal of Fortune - Microsoft Store Reversal of Fortune 1990 • Drama • 1 h 51 min • English • HD (4) $12.99 Jeremy Irons in his portrayal of aristocrat Claus von Bulow in this true story about two men of vastly different backgrounds who form an uneasy alliance. Buy HD $12.99 From this director Synopsis Academy Award, Emmy and Golden Globe-winner Jeremy Irons won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of the icy aristocrat Claus von Bulow in this stunning true story about two men of vastly different backgrounds who form an uneasy alliance. Emmy-nominee Ron Silver is Alan Dershowitz (whose book the film is based on), the combative lawyer with working class New York roots and a passion for clear-minded justice who decides to defend von Bulow in the attempted murder of his heiress wife, Sunny (Academy Award-nominee, Emmy and Golden Globe-winner Glenn Close) even though he's not sure of von Bulow's innocence. From Academy Award and Golden Globe-nominated director Barbet Schroeder and produced by Edward R. Pressman and Academy Award, Emmy and Golden Globe-winner Oliver Stone and co-starring Annabella Sciorra and Emmy-winner and Golden Globe-nominee Christine Baranski. Actors	i don't know
Which many-times champion golfer is known as the Golden Bear?	The Official Site of Jack Nicklaus, Nicklaus Design, and Nicklaus Golf Balls The Official Site of Jack Nicklaus, Nicklaus Design, and Nicklaus Golf Balls La Gorce Country Club grand reopening Jack Nicklaus joined the members of La Gorce Country Club in Miami Beach on January 5 to officially re-open the renovated and redesigned layout. A national audience got an exclusive look at the work being done on the course last May when the club was highlighted on CBS Sunday Morning’s Design Show. The new layout […] MORE NEWS >> PNC Father/Son Challenge pretournament interview: Jack Nicklaus and Jack Nicklaus II Q. On playing the PNC Father/Son Challenge JACK NICKLAUS: We’ll enjoy it. We’ll have a good time. As long as he plays well, we’ll do well because I can’t play well. I’m … more Situated on 250 acres in the heart of West Palm Beach, Florida, the redesign of Banyan Cay Resort and Golf began Tuesday, November 29, with a groundbreaking ceremony attended … more GOLF TIP OF THE WEEK >> Jack Nicklaus Golf Tip: Set Up ‘At Ease’ for Free Arm Swing You need to minimize tension in all parts of your body at address, but particularly in your arms. That’s impossible unless your shoulders are fully relaxed. Here’s a very simple image, along with a drill, that will produce the desired effect. When a soldier standing stiffly at attention is given the at-ease order, the first thing that happens … Continue >> Search Our Site >>	Jack Nicklaus
The Alpine ski resort of St Moritz is in which country?	The Open 2015: Zach Johnson - 'I'm just a blessed boy' - CNN.com 1 of 21 Photos: Club couture A portrait of William St. Clair of Rosslyn dating from around 1780. He was a member of the Honorable Company of Edinburgh Golfers (formerly known as the Gentleman Golfers of Edinburgh) who drew up the first known Rules of Golf . The military style coat was a familiar sight on the links in that era, Fleming says. "Members of early golf societies in Scotland and England from the early 1700s onwards were quite frequently military men who would often have military style coats -- it was the fashion of the day to wear a button coat," Fleming told CNN. "Different societies had different colors -- red is an R&A color and other societies also wore red, but others wore blue, green, there are instances of yellow (coats). It was symbol of membership. They would have special buttons for different societies, in the same way today that clubs have their own crest on jumpers and jackets, blazers, club ties. They also served a practical purpose -- they were warm and highly visible." Hide Caption 2 of 21 Photos: Club couture Old Tom Morris, photographed around 1880, won the Open Championship four times. Dressed in hard-wearing and warm tweed, Morris, the son of a weaver, is widely regarded as the first professional golfer. "The early Open champions started to be known as pros," explains Fleming. "They won money in competitions and were backed by the gentlemen golfers who would act almost like sponsors. They would bet against one another, put up prize money, trophies." Hide Caption 3 of 21 Photos: Club couture A young King Edward VIII (right) seen here in 1916. Then the Prince of Wales, he was a golf lover and wore "typical golfing dress rather than royal wear," Fleming says. His relaxed choice of clothing extended to wearing Fair Isle sweaters, which he helped popularize. The distinctive, multicolored weave is named after the small island in Shetland off Scotland's northeast coast. When Edward was appointed Captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club in 1922, a crowd of 6,000 onlookers watched him complete the "Drive into Office" (a ceremony on the first tee to mark the start of a new club captain's tenure) wearing a round-neck Fair Isle sweater. "Knitwear became a look of its own and people would wear it outside the golf course -- thanks in part to Scottish knitwear companies like Pringle and Lyle and Scott," Fleming says. Hide Caption 4 of 21 Photos: Club couture U.S. golf star Walter Hagen (left) shakes hands with Britain's Henry Cotton after the American won his fourth and final Open Championship at Muirfield in 1929. Dressed in plus fours, shirts, ties and v-neck sweaters, the pair were a dapper sight on the course. "Walter Hagen loved wearing smart clothing and was known to talk about being a millionaire. He really liked bright colors," Fleming said. Hide Caption 5 of 21 Photos: Club couture Australian golfer Harry Williams sported a particularly fine pair of plus fours, or knickerbockers as they were more commonly known, in 1931. "People always ask about the plus four and the plus two -- the difference is the width of fabric that's left at the knee. Plus fours equals four inches of fabric at the knee," Fleming says. "If you ask people to name the traditional golfing look, it's diamond jumpers and plus fours. They were worn for lots of outdoor pursuits and golfers took to the knickerbockers. Even at the time people debated whether you looked silly!" Hide Caption 6 of 21 Photos: Club couture The late American golfer Payne Stewart revived the fashion for wearing plus fours and plus twos before his tragic death in 1999. "People sometimes turn up at St. Andrews to play the Old Course in plus fours because they want to wear this great outfit. Payne Stewart loved to wear outrageous things," Fleming says. Hide Caption 7 of 21 Photos: Club couture Female golf attire wasn't exactly progressive in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This outfit from circa. 1890 was typical of the heavy garb that women would wear. "They were passionate about the game and careful about how they were perceived. They wanted to keep a good reputation," Fleming says. Hide Caption 8 of 21 Photos: Club couture "A dainty and most becoming garment..." Two decades later and fashions were starting to change, as this advert from 1910 suggests. Hide Caption 9 of 21 Photos: Club couture Four first-round competitors in a Ladies' Scottish Foursomes tournament on the Royal and Ancient Course in June 1928. Women golfers would sometimes wear what was called a "Miss Higgins Hoop." "It was really just a piece of elastic that was moved up to around their knees and designed to keep your skirt from blowing up in the wind -- women had to remain modest. Often what would happen is that they would weight their skirts with wire along the bottom edge rather than having the Miss Higgins Hoop," Fleming says. "During the 1920s and 1930s women's fashion in general changed -- there was less corsetry -- so golf fashion kind of reflects wider fashions." Hide Caption 10 of 21 Photos: Club couture The elegant and striking figure of Gloria Minoprio caused a sensation at the English Ladies' Golf Championship in 1933 when she arrived carrying just one club and wearing trousers -- a first for a women golfer . "She turned up using a one iron and wore an iconic outfit -- a pair of navy trousers quite high-waisted and well-fitting, a roll-neck sweater and a turban, all matching navy colors," Fleming says. "From that period onwards, more golfing women thought, 'Well, maybe I could wear slightly more interesting fashion choices on the golf course.'" Hide Caption 11 of 21 Photos: Club couture Max Faulkner, Open champion in 1951, was a colorful presence on the fairways during the 1950s and 1960s. "He loved to wear bright colors and was known for being quite fun on the course. He was somebody who looked to make use of fashion," Fleming says. Hide Caption 12 of 21 Photos: Club couture Arnold Palmer teeing off at the 1960 Masters tournament. The American's victories at the 1961 and 1962 Open Championship helped revive interest in the sport's oldest and most prestigious trophy. "I would like to be remembered for bringing golf to a worldwide audience," Palmer, who was known for his stylish presence on the course, told CNN in 2012 . "I liked a sharp crease in my slacks, my shoes polished to shine, while my shirts were conservative with a straight collar. It was a style I stuck with for most of my career." Hide Caption 13 of 21 Photos: Club couture Palmer's exploits in the UK inspired a young Jack Nicklaus to compete at the Open Championship. The 18-time major champion is pictured here at St. Andrews' Old Course in 1978, when he would win his third and final Claret Jug. Both Nicklaus, dubbed the "Golden Bear," and Arnold "The King" Palmer would exploit their on-course success with profitable clothing businesses off it. Hide Caption 14 of 21 Photos: Club couture Both Nicklaus and Palmer built successful clothing brands. Nicklaus' distinctive "Golden Bear" logo is known to golfers throughout the world and Palmer, with the help of the sports agent Mark McCormack, settled on an umbrella logo for his wares. "People of that era did become more aware of branding and Jack Nicklaus was an early pioneer in that," Fleming says. Hide Caption 15 of 21 Photos: Club couture The trend of standing out on the links has been given new meaning by former Open champion John Daly in recent years. Although when he posed on St. Andrews' Swilcan Bridge with the Claret Jug in 1995, he wasn't quite so colorfully dressed. Hide Caption 16 of 21 Photos: Club couture Known as "Wild Thing," Daly has cultivated a reputation for wearing exuberant designs, notably his garish trousers. Hide Caption 17 of 21 Photos: Club couture Here's a pair he wore at last year's Open Championship at Hoylake. What will he wear this year? Hide Caption 18 of 21 Photos: Club couture Britain's Ian Poulter has also earned a reputation for his loud clothing as much as his attacking golf. Hide Caption 19 of 21 Photos: Club couture Poulter, seen here playing at New Delhi in 2008, has built a successful clothing business, IJP Design, and is unapologetic about what he wears during tournaments -- even this gold lamé top. "I wear what I want to wear as opposed to wearing what someone else wants me to wear," he told CNN earlier this year. "I'm quite a control freak from that standpoint. I like what I wear, so it's good for me to be able to promote that." Hide Caption 20 of 21 Photos: Club couture Golf fashions may come and go but the historic clubhouse at St Andrews will always be in vogue for golfers. The headquarters of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club and host to this year's Open Championship will once again be the backdrop to some glittering golf and, no doubt, some very colorful clothing. Hide Caption 21 of 21	i don't know

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