question
stringlengths 18
1.2k
| facts
stringlengths 44
500k
| answer
stringlengths 1
147
|
|---|---|---|
What was the middle name of the character 'Arthur Fonzarelli' from the t.v. series 'Happy Days'? | Happy Days
Happy Days
1 9 7 4 - 1 9 8 4 (USA)
256 x 30 minute episodes
Happy Days revolved around the Cunningham family in the latter days of the 1950s in small-town Milwaukee - the heart of middle-class America.
Howard Cunningham ran the local hardware store and attended club meetings at the Leopard Lodge, while Marion (like all good TV Mums) spent her time in the kitchen.
Their son, Richie, hung out at Arnold's Drive-in with his pals Ralph Malph and Potsie, trying to be as cool as the coolest greaser in town, Arthur Herbert Fonzarelli - aka The Fonz or just plain old Fonzie.
Richie's sister, Joanie, tagged along whenever she wasn't at her friend Jenny Piccolo's house. The Cunningham's also originally had an older son, Chuck, but he mysteriously disappeared after the first season.
When the series started, Richie and his pals were using fake ID's to sneak into bars and struggling to find dates. By the time the show ended, their teenage problems had given way to decidedly adult topics like marriage and children.
The Fonz soon became the sitcom's central character and one of the most beloved TV personalities of all time.
The character of Arthur Fonzarelli was so popular, there was talk of changing the title to Fonzie's Happy Days. ABC also wanted to give the Fonz his very own sitcom. They resisted both ideas as they did not want to ruin the carefully crafted chemistry of the hit show.
But the public and the network demanded more. So ABC answered the call with two Happy Days spin-offs.
First came Laverne and Shirley . Fonzie's friends Laverne De Fazio and Shirley Feeney first appeared in a 1975 Happy Days episode. In 1976 they were given their own show.
Two years later, in February 1978, Happy Days was used as a launching pad for Robin Williams' space alien character, Mork. That year, Williams was starring in the sitcom Mork and Mindy .
The young stars of Happy Days grew up during the show's ten and a half year run and so did their characters. Richie and his pals graduated from high school, then attended the University of Wisconsin.
The adult Potsie never realised his teenage dream of becoming a singing star and ended up working at Mr. Cunningham's hardware store.
When actors Ron Howard and Donny Most left the series in 1980, Richie and Ralph Malph joined the army and were shipped off to Greenland.
Even the Fonz gradually lost his rebellious image. In the show's final years, he became co-owner of Arnold's, manager of Bronco's Auto Repairs, and an Auto-shop teacher at Jefferson High.
To add new life to the aging sitcom, the writers added new people to the Cunningham's world. A new rebel moved to town, Fonzie's cousin Chachi Arcola. Ted McGinley also joined the cast in 1980 as Roger Phillips, Mrs. Cunningham's nephew and a teacher at Jefferson High. Joanie's friend Jenny Piccolo, who had never been seen onscreen before, became a regular that same year.
In 1982, Joanie stopped resisting Chachi's amorous advances and the two of them moved off to Chicago. Joanie Loves Chachi was the third Happy Days spin off and the only one that wasn't a hit. Joanie and Chachi returned to Milwaukee and Happy Days one year later.
Happy Days survived until mid-1984 - an astonishing ten and a half years.
In 1980, the Smithsonian Museum of American History honoured the series' role in America's popular-culture history by putting one of the Fonz's leather jackets on display.
By 1984, it was obvious the new characters had failed to hold on to the show's once-loyal viewers. NBC's The A Team was consistently beating Happy Days in the ratings. So the series was ended on 12 July 1984. Joanie and Chachi were married in the very last episode.
This show was a big part of my teenage years. I would rush home from high school on my bike, pour myself a glass of Coke or ten and settle down in front of the TV. My favourite episodes were the ones featuring Suzi Quatro as Leather Tuscadero.
Unfortunately the show gradually lost its 1950s look until everyone had permed hair and it seemed the cast had been magically transported to the 1970s.
TRIVIA
Happy Days began life as a 1972 episode of Love, American Style called 'Love and the Happy Day'.
The theme originally used for the show was Rock Around The Clock by Bill Haley . This was eventually replaced by the purpose-built theme Happy Days.
Micky Dolenz of The Monkees auditioned for the role of Fonzie. The character was originally to be named Arthur Maschiarelli (the real surname of creator Garry Marshall) and nicknamed "Mash." ABC made Marshall change the character's name because it might remind people of M*A*S*H (1972) which aired on a rival network.
Fonzie rode at least two different bikes on the show. The initial model, ridden in the earlier episodes, is the subject of some dispute among bike buffs. It was most likely a Harley Sportster (Winkler himself merely refers to the early bike as a "hog," but adds that it was so big all he could do was lean against it). The bike ridden in the later episodes was a Triumph.
Richie Cunningham
| Herbert Art Gallery and Museum |
Which country issues a 1Euro coin showing the famous drawing 'The Vitruvian Man'? | Happy Days
Happy Days
1 9 7 4 - 1 9 8 4 (USA)
256 x 30 minute episodes
Happy Days revolved around the Cunningham family in the latter days of the 1950s in small-town Milwaukee - the heart of middle-class America.
Howard Cunningham ran the local hardware store and attended club meetings at the Leopard Lodge, while Marion (like all good TV Mums) spent her time in the kitchen.
Their son, Richie, hung out at Arnold's Drive-in with his pals Ralph Malph and Potsie, trying to be as cool as the coolest greaser in town, Arthur Herbert Fonzarelli - aka The Fonz or just plain old Fonzie.
Richie's sister, Joanie, tagged along whenever she wasn't at her friend Jenny Piccolo's house. The Cunningham's also originally had an older son, Chuck, but he mysteriously disappeared after the first season.
When the series started, Richie and his pals were using fake ID's to sneak into bars and struggling to find dates. By the time the show ended, their teenage problems had given way to decidedly adult topics like marriage and children.
The Fonz soon became the sitcom's central character and one of the most beloved TV personalities of all time.
The character of Arthur Fonzarelli was so popular, there was talk of changing the title to Fonzie's Happy Days. ABC also wanted to give the Fonz his very own sitcom. They resisted both ideas as they did not want to ruin the carefully crafted chemistry of the hit show.
But the public and the network demanded more. So ABC answered the call with two Happy Days spin-offs.
First came Laverne and Shirley . Fonzie's friends Laverne De Fazio and Shirley Feeney first appeared in a 1975 Happy Days episode. In 1976 they were given their own show.
Two years later, in February 1978, Happy Days was used as a launching pad for Robin Williams' space alien character, Mork. That year, Williams was starring in the sitcom Mork and Mindy .
The young stars of Happy Days grew up during the show's ten and a half year run and so did their characters. Richie and his pals graduated from high school, then attended the University of Wisconsin.
The adult Potsie never realised his teenage dream of becoming a singing star and ended up working at Mr. Cunningham's hardware store.
When actors Ron Howard and Donny Most left the series in 1980, Richie and Ralph Malph joined the army and were shipped off to Greenland.
Even the Fonz gradually lost his rebellious image. In the show's final years, he became co-owner of Arnold's, manager of Bronco's Auto Repairs, and an Auto-shop teacher at Jefferson High.
To add new life to the aging sitcom, the writers added new people to the Cunningham's world. A new rebel moved to town, Fonzie's cousin Chachi Arcola. Ted McGinley also joined the cast in 1980 as Roger Phillips, Mrs. Cunningham's nephew and a teacher at Jefferson High. Joanie's friend Jenny Piccolo, who had never been seen onscreen before, became a regular that same year.
In 1982, Joanie stopped resisting Chachi's amorous advances and the two of them moved off to Chicago. Joanie Loves Chachi was the third Happy Days spin off and the only one that wasn't a hit. Joanie and Chachi returned to Milwaukee and Happy Days one year later.
Happy Days survived until mid-1984 - an astonishing ten and a half years.
In 1980, the Smithsonian Museum of American History honoured the series' role in America's popular-culture history by putting one of the Fonz's leather jackets on display.
By 1984, it was obvious the new characters had failed to hold on to the show's once-loyal viewers. NBC's The A Team was consistently beating Happy Days in the ratings. So the series was ended on 12 July 1984. Joanie and Chachi were married in the very last episode.
This show was a big part of my teenage years. I would rush home from high school on my bike, pour myself a glass of Coke or ten and settle down in front of the TV. My favourite episodes were the ones featuring Suzi Quatro as Leather Tuscadero.
Unfortunately the show gradually lost its 1950s look until everyone had permed hair and it seemed the cast had been magically transported to the 1970s.
TRIVIA
Happy Days began life as a 1972 episode of Love, American Style called 'Love and the Happy Day'.
The theme originally used for the show was Rock Around The Clock by Bill Haley . This was eventually replaced by the purpose-built theme Happy Days.
Micky Dolenz of The Monkees auditioned for the role of Fonzie. The character was originally to be named Arthur Maschiarelli (the real surname of creator Garry Marshall) and nicknamed "Mash." ABC made Marshall change the character's name because it might remind people of M*A*S*H (1972) which aired on a rival network.
Fonzie rode at least two different bikes on the show. The initial model, ridden in the earlier episodes, is the subject of some dispute among bike buffs. It was most likely a Harley Sportster (Winkler himself merely refers to the early bike as a "hog," but adds that it was so big all he could do was lean against it). The bike ridden in the later episodes was a Triumph.
Richie Cunningham
| i don't know |
For her role in which film did Jane Darwell win the 'Oscar' for Best Supporting Actress in 1940 when aged 61? | Greatest Films of 1940
The Bank Dick (1940) , 73 minutes, D: Eddie Cline
A great classic W. C. Fields comedy, with wonderful sight gags and one-liners. Fields (in his last major film role) credited himself as screenwriter Mahatma Kane Jeeves (similar to "My hat, my cane, Jeeves!"). A drunken, unemployed no-account, henpecked husband in Lompoc, California (pronounced Lompoke) - Egbert Souse (W. C. Fields) (pronounced "Soo-zay") - inadvertently foiled a bank robbery in town, and was rewarded for his accidental heroism with an in-bank position as a guard (or "dick"-detective) by grateful bank president Mr. Skinner (Pierre Watkin). Egbert's most frequent visits were to the Black Pussy Cat Cafe for stiff drinks. Egbert was conned by J. Frothingham Waterbury (Russell Hicks) to fund a flimsy mining operation, Beefsteak Mines. He convinced bank clerk Og Oggilby (Grady Sutton) - his future son-in-law, the dim-witted fiancee of his daughter Myrtle (Una Merkel), to embezzle $500. And then he had to avoid having auditing bank examiner J. Pinkerton Snoopington (Franklin Pangborn) discover his crime by slipping him a drink. Hilarious, bumbling antics ensue, concluding with another bank robbery and a classic car chase sequence, with Egbert taken as hostage.
Dance, Girl, Dance (1940), 90 minutes, D: Dorothy Arzner
An early feminist-minded film, and a critical and commercial box-office failure, from pioneering butch-lesbian Dorothy Arzner (and regarded as her best) - one of the few female Hollywood directors at the time, and featuring one of Lucille Ball's better film roles. Not to be confused with the 1933 film of the same name. This backstage musical was taglined: "Heartbreak Behind Gayety of a Girly-Girl Show!" and pitted the two dichotomous female leads against each other - a good girl vs. bad girl representing two opposite styles of dance (burlesque and ballet). Aspiring 'serious' but poor ballerina Judy O'Brien (young Maureen O’Hara in her third Hollywood film), an Irish redhead, and her outrageous, gold-digging, ambitious friend Bubbles (Lucille Ball) were introduced as two chorus girls stranded in Akron, Ohio before they traveled separately back to New York City to find work. Bubbles (renamed "Tiger" Lily White) became a cheap burlesque stripper in a live show, while Judy struggled in dance school with her Russian dance teacher/mentor Madame Lydia Basilova (Maria Ouspenskaya). With a cruel and cutthroat gesture, Bubbles hired the desperate Judy to dance ballet immediately after her own act, knowledgeable that "stooge" Judy would be greeted with hostile jeers, boos, and laughter from the voyeuristic dirty-old-man audience, and would - of course - demand an encore by Bubbles (who only stripped to a hula skirt and bra!). Besides an on-stage catfight, the film's most remarkable sequence was Judy's celebrated lecture-speech delivered at the climax to the males of a jeering burlesque audience who were mocking her classical dance act.
Fantasia (1940) , 120 minutes, D: Ben Sharpsteen and Disney
An innovative and revolutionary animated classic from Walt Disney (his third feature animation), combining classical music masterpieces with imaginative visuals, presented with conductor Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra. It was the first commercial American film to use stereophonic sound as well as the first and only film recorded in pioneering Fantasound. An updated version was created almost 60 years later, Fantasia/2000 (1999) - the first feature length animated film to be presented in IMAX, with additional animated interpretations of classical works, including Beethoven's "Symphony No. 5," Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue," Saint-Saëns' "Carnival of Animals," and Stravinsky's "The Firebird Suite." The eight animation sequences in this film, corresponding to classical music selections, were colorful, impressive, free-flowing, abstract, and often surrealistic pieces. They included the most famous of all: Paul Dukas' "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" with Mickey Mouse (in a comeback role) as the title character - the wizard's disobedient assistant battling brooms carrying endless buckets of water. Also Bach's "Toccata and Fugue in D Minor," Tchaikovsky's "Nutcracker Suite" with sugar plum fairies and dancing mushrooms, prehistoric dinosaurs and volcanoes in Stravinsky's "Rite of Spring," Beethoven's "Pastoral Symphony" with mythical Greek centaurs, cupids, and fauns, Ponchielli's delightful "Dance of the Hours" with dancing hippo ballerinas, crocodiles, ostriches, and elephants, and Mussorgsky's darkly apocalyptic "Night on Bald Mountain" with evil creatures.
Foreign Correspondent (1940) , 120 minutes, D: Alfred Hitchcock
A thrilling and suspenseful espionage masterpiece from Alfred Hitchcock, his second American film. A naive American police reporter, Johnny Jones/Huntley Haverstock (Joel McCrea), the foreign correspondent of the title (loosely based upon real-life reporter Ed Murrow), was sent to Europe in 1939 just prior to World War II, to cover the unfolding story. He met peace activist Stephen Fisher (Herbert Marshall), fell for his attractive daughter Carol (Laraine Day), accidentally became involved chasing spies, and began to suspect that Fisher was part of a Nazi spy ring (masquerading as an international peace organization). Memorable scenes included the faked Amsterdam assassination scene of Dutch diplomat Van Meer (Albert Bassermann) in a crowded sea of umbrellas, the mysterious Dutch windmills (Nazi hideouts), a murder attempt in Westminster Cathedral Tower, and a spectacular trans-Atlantic ocean plane crash. The film concluded with a memorable radio speech/plea for neutrality-leaning America to join the war effort.
The Grapes of Wrath (1940) , 128 minutes, D: John Ford
A powerful, classic socio-dramatic masterpiece, adapted from John Steinbeck's 1939 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, reputedly with Henry Fonda's greatest film role. It was the epic, but heartbreaking story of the perilous, Depression-Era migration of a drought-stricken, Oklahoma Dust Bowl family to the promised land of California, seeking migrant farm work during the fruit harvest. Cinematography by Gregg Toland duplicated images immortalized by documentary photographer Dorothea Lange. When they reached California, they were met with violence, prejudice, and fear, moving from one squalid campsite to the next, and being mistreated as migrant laborers. With magnificent performances of the family members who were poor but honest people struggling for dignity and a better way of life, especially the idealistic son Tom Joad (Henry Fonda) and his loving matriarchal Ma Joad (Jane Darwell) (with her famed "We're the people" monologue).
The Great Dictator (1940), 127 minutes, D: Charles Chaplin
Charles Chaplin's first full talking feature film in which he delivered spoken lines - a full 13 years after the advent of sound in the movies. The film was a slapstick political satire on world conditions and fascism at the start of World War II, and it was soon detested by Hitler's Third Reich. Chaplin played a dual role: as a poor and kind, unnamed Jewish ghetto barber with amnesia, and as a Hitler look-alike, the ruthless tyrannical dictator Adenoid Hynkel of the European country of Tomania - a persecutor of Jews. The criss-crossing stories of the barber and the dictator eventually ended in a case of mistaken identities. The barber won the admiration of pretty neighbor girl Hannah (Chaplin's ex-wife Paulette Goddard). Hynkel's rival was Mussolini-like Benzino Napaloni (Jack Oakie) of the neighboring country of Bacteria. With the funny pudding-coin scene, the memorable scene of Hynkel dancing ("pas de deux") with an inflated world globe balloon to the tune of the Overture of Richard Wagner's Lohengrin, and a comedic cream-cake fight between Hynkel and Napaloni and their competition in adjoining, ascending barber chairs. The film concluded with a lengthy and impassioned humanistic monologue by the barber (impersonating Hynkel) about hope and human rights, and the end of tyranny.
The Great McGinty (1940), 81 minutes, D: Preston Sturges
The classic film (aka The Biography of a Bumb) that debuted the talents of screwball comedy director and screenwriter Preston Sturges (with an Oscar-winning original script). A witty, satirical, and cynical look at corrupt American politics and society, told with a stock cast of comical characters. In flashback, a banana republic bartender, Dan McGinty (Brian Donlevy) told the story of his rise from obscurity to the state governor's mansion as the result of a crooked election and lots of dirty tricks. Starting out as a dumb and homeless hobo in Chicago, he was admired by the Boss (Akim Tamiroff), head of the political machine, for his feisty nature and for stuffing the ballot box with phony votes. By playing the game crookedly, he was appointed collector of protection money, alderman, and through charm and more appointments, became mayor and eventually governor (the Great McGinty). Along the way, when he cleaned up his act and became honest - there were reverse consequences. He married his divorcee secretary Catherine (Muriel Angelus) - and then fell in love with her and her ready-made family of two children, developed a social conscience, and lost it all. He suffered a political demise when he tried to go straight, fight corruption and promote real reform as governor - opposed by the Boss - and had to flee the country. [Note: Brian Donlevy and Akim Tamiroff reprised their roles as Governor McGinty and The Boss in Preston Sturges' The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (1944).]
His Girl Friday (1940) , 91 minutes, D: Howard Hawks
One of the earliest and best of Howard Hawks' madcap comedies with fast pacing, whirlwind, rapid-fire dialogue, and sped-up action. Remade as director Billy Wilder's The Front Page (1974) with Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau, and as director Ted Kotcheff's Switching Channels (1988) within a television news environment. A funny and witty remake of the 1929 Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur stage play hit The Front Page (and the subsequent The Front Page (1931)), but switching gender roles so that the reporter was played by a woman. Newspaper reporter Hildy Johnson (Rosalind Russell) wanted to leave the paper, find a more domestic and less frantic life style, and marry a mild-mannered, stuffy mama's boy insurance agent Bruce Baldwin (Ralph Bellamy). But her suave, scheming newspaper editor Walter Burns (Cary Grant), her ex-husband, wanted to keep his star reporter. When a hot-breaking escaped convict/manhunt story developed and she was called upon to cover the story and write the front-page headline scoop, he attempted to win her back in a battle of the sexes.
Kitty Foyle (1940), 105 minutes, D: Sam Wood
RKO's acclaimed romantic melodrama (a classic "chick flick"), subtitled "The Natural History of a Woman," featured dancer Ginger Rogers in her first serious acting role in one of the best "women's pictures" of the 40s. A touching and poignant love story/soap opera, told mostly in flashback. Adapted from a screenplay, based on Christopher Morley's popular novel (which contained more racy material, including explicit sexuality and an abortion). An ambitious, attractive white-collar working girl-secretary, Kitty Foyle (Best Actress-winning Ginger Rogers) found herself in a love triangle with a noble, but poor, idealistic and struggling doctor Mark Eisen (James Craig), and her wealthy, still-married philandering ex-husband, rich Philadelphia socialite Wynnewood 'Wyn' Strafford VI (Dennis Morgan) whom she was strangely drawn to. Her reflections on her choice of beaux (wealth vs. poverty) were told through flashback. The film also used a technique of a 'mirror-image' conscience to show two sides of Kitty's personality (the rational vs. the emotional and impulsive) during her dilemma. Caught in a difficult love triangle, she had to choose in the final scene: (1) should she go with Wyn who was on the dock ready to sail for South America?, or (2) should she join Mark at the hospital? She decided to marry Mark after she said to herself: "You're no longer a little girl, you're a grown woman now." She left a note with the doorman regarding her choice of life's path: ("...I'm going to be married tonight -- (to taxi driver: "St. Timothy's Hospital")).
Knute Rockne All American (1940) , 96 minutes, D: Lloyd Bacon
A sentimental, inspirational sports biography-drama of Notre Dame's legendary and dedicated football coach, who became known for rousing pep talks to his players, exhorting them to greatness. One of the best sports movies of all-time. The film began with Knute Rockne's (Pat O'Brien) boyhood, his schooling and football days at Notre Dame, graduation, marriage to Bonnie Skiles (Gale Page), and the start of his coaching career for the Fighting Irish. The film contained actual newsreel footage of Notre Dame football games, and was most-remembered for Rockne's stirring words to his team during half-time in a game against Army to "go out there with all they got and win just one for the Gipper" - to play in memory of superb ND grid-iron half-back player George Gipp (Ronald Reagan) who died at the early age of 25 from a "disease" - pneumonia (and complications from strep throat). The film concluded with the tragic plane crash in 1931 that took 43 year-old Rockne's life, and his funeral with a eulogy by university president, Father Callahan (Donald Crisp).
The Letter (1940) , 95 minutes, D: William Wyler
A superb melodrama from Warner Bros., adapted from the W. Somerset Maugham play. The story was filmed once before as the silent The Letter (1929) with Jeanne Eagels, and remade as The Unfaithful (1947), starring Ann Sheridan. Director Wyler was again paired with Bette Davis, after their success with Jezebel (1938). On the grounds of a Malayan rubber plantation one evening, bored and restless wife Leslie Crosbie (Bette Davis) shot and point-blank killed old family friend Geoffrey Hammond (David Newell) on the porch and front steps of her home with her husband's gun - in the striking opening scene. She explained to her husband Robert (Herbert Marshall) (who was away on business at the time of the murder) and their hired respected lawyer Howard Joyce (James Stephenson), with cold calculation and manipulation, that it was self-defense to protect her honor. Her husband faithfully believed her. She claimed that Hammond, who was married to an Eurasian - Mrs. Hammond (Gale Sondergaard), had tried to rape her. She was to stand trial in Singapore for murder. [Note: In fact, she killed him because as her lover, he threatened to leave her to take another partner.] During the proceedings, clerk Ong Chi Seng (Victor Sen Yung) presented Joyce with a copy of an incriminating letter written from Leslie to Geoffrey on the day of the shooting, desperately asking to see him. The letter was in the possession of Hammond's widow, who blackmailed them by offering to sell it for $10,000 (Robert's savings). Leslie tearfully admitted her affair with Hammond. The letter had to be retrieved personally in a dramatic scene. During the subsequent court trial, Leslie was found innocent of murder charges, because the incriminating evidence wasn't produced. Stephenson told the jury it was "a simple, uncomplicated case" - after she again claimed she shot Hammond in self-defense. However, on the night of the acquittal, Leslie suffered a fateful retribution in the conclusion, when she was knifed in the dark by Mrs. Hammond. According to the Hays Code, she had to pay and be punished for her indiscretion.
The Long Voyage Home (1940), 105 minutes, D: John Ford
Adapted from four short, one-act plays by Eugene O'Neill that were condensed into one screenplay. This was Ford's first war film - and first WWII film (he later directed They Were Expendable (1945)). Set in pre-World War II year of 1939. In a series of vignettes, the gripping film took a look at the lives and loves, hopes, dreams, and comradeship of working-class Merchant Marine seamen. Their British freighter, the S.S. Glencairn, was transporting dynamite in a dangerous mission-convoy from America to England, and was threatened by bad weather at sea, German U-boats and strafing plane attacks, the death of beloved crew member Yank (Ward Bond), and suspicions of treason against Smitty (Ian Hunter), one of the sailors. With effective performances by John Wayne as young Swedish sailor and farm-boy Ole Olsen returning home to his mother's farm-home, and Thomas Mitchell as fellow seamate Aloysius Driscoll. Included atmospheric, high-contrast, black and white cinematography by the famous Gregg Toland. An epilogue ended the film: "So men like Ole come and go, and the Driscolls live and die, and the Yanks and Smittys leave their memories - but for the others the Long Voyage never ends."
The Mark of Zorro (1940), 93 minutes, D: Rouben Mamoulian
A swashbuckling adventure story from 20th Century Fox, a remake of the 1920 silent classic with Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. - capitalizing on the adventure tale craze following the success of The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938). Also the Zorro tale was made into Republic Pictures serials (for example, Zorro Rides Again (1937) and Zorro's Fighting Legion (1939)), a late 1950s TV series (by Walt Disney) starring Guy Williams, and later The Mask of Zorro (1998) with Antonio Banderas. Cavalry officer Diego de Vega (Tyrone Power), the son of an early 19th century California aristocrat Don Alejandro Vega (Montagu Love), returned home after an education in Spain. He found power had been usurped from his father by corrupt oppressors led by Don Luis Quintero (J. Edward Bromberg) and his tax-collecting henchman led by Capt. Esteban Pasquale (Basil Rathbone). Pasquale was also having an affair with Quintero's greedy wife Inez (Gale Sondergaard). By day, nobleman-aristocrat Diego was considered a carefree and harmless fop, but at night he donned a black outfit, a mask and a sword, and rode to avenge the tyrants, carving the letter Z signifying his name: Zorro. The film included some of the best dueling scenes in cinematic history, between Zorro and Capt. Pasquale. In the end, the cruel regime was overthrown, and Zorro's father was reinstated as governor or Alcalde (leader of the community). Zorro's love interest was provided by Quintero's pretty daughter Lolita (Linda Darnell).
The Mortal Storm (1940), 100 minutes, D: Frank Borzage
A propagandistic MGM melodrama that was a flop at the box-office. It was based upon Phyllis Bottome's best-selling, pre-war 1938 novel, about ideological differences dividing up a family. The strong anti-fascist and anti-Semite message of the anti-Nazi film (one of the first Hollywood films of its kind, released a few months before Chaplin’s The Great Dictator) caused it to be banned by the Aryan supremacist Nazis in Germany, led by Hitler's propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels. It told about the "non-Aryan" (or Jewish) Roth family living idyllically and peacefully in the early 1930s in a small fictional Alpine village in Southern Germany - and the repercussions after Adolf Hitler came to power as Chancellor in the Third Reich in 1933 and Nazism slowly pervaded the country. The family was led by outspoken, respected 60 year-old teacher of biology Viktor Roth (Frank Morgan) at a Bavarian educational institution. Pretty daughter Freya Roth (Margaret Sullavan) was courted by young fascist Fritz Marberg (Robert Young), one of her father's students, but then rejected him in favor of more sensitive rival Martin Brietner (James Stewart), a long-time family friend, and Roth's protege as a pacifist veterinary student. Two Roth stepsons, Otto (Robert Stack) and Erich (William T. Orr), both supported the rise of Hitler and the Hitler Youth Organization, causing more friction and a rift in the family. When Professor Roth opposed the Nazi doctrines about racial segregation and a master race of Aryans, he was removed from his position, arrested and sent to a concentration camp, where he died under mysterious circumstances. In the grim conclusion, Martin aided Freya in an attempt to escape from Germany by crossing the border into Austria - by skiing through an Austrian Alps pass, where they were spotted by a Nazi platoon patrol led by Fritz. Although they were able to cross the border successfully, Freya was mortally wounded and died in Martin's arms.
My Favorite Wife (1940), 88 minutes, D: Garson Kanin
One of the classic marital screwball comedies of all time - an attempt to repeat the success of director Leo McCarey's The Awful Truth (1937) (featuring the same two stars and producer McCarey). It was the second of three films which paired Cary Grant and Irene Dunne, followed by Penny Serenade (1941). It was to be remade as Something’s Gotta Give (1962) with Marilyn Monroe (who died before completion), and officially remade as Move Over, Darling (1963) with Doris Day and James Garner. Taglined: "The funniest, fastest honeymoon ever screened!" with all the characteristics of screwball comedy - fast paced dialogue, absurd and wacky circumstances, and some slapstick. Ellen Arden (Irene Dunne), the wife of a young attorney was shipwrecked on a South Seas voyage during a typhoon and presumed lost. In reality, she was alive, marooned on a desert island with another survivor, a handsome young scientist Stephen Burkett (Randolph Scott). Declared legally dead after seven years, she happened to arrive back on the day of her husband Nick Arden's (Cary Grant) remarriage to Bianca (Gail Patrick) and their honeymoon night. He was stunned by her reappearance - what was he to do, and what about the other man who may have compromised her?
Our Town (1940), 90 minutes, D: Sam Wood
An innovative film presentation of Thornton Wilder's 1938 Pulitzer Prize-winning play, a much-loved classic, dramatic story of human life, love, tragedy and conflict, set in the simple, small New England town of Grover's Corners, New Hampshire. The story was told in three sequences depicting the years before WWI (1901, 1904, and 1913). With a great musical score by composer Aaron Copland, and production design by William Cameron Menzies. In contrast to the play that was performed without scenery and only a few props, the film included realistic scenery. The film was given down-home commentary by the omniscient Narrator or Stage Manager, drugstore owner Mr. Morgan (Frank Craven), who profiled the lives of the town's residents. It centered around young teenaged Emily Webb (Martha Scott), the hard-working daughter of the town's newspaper editor Mr. Webb (Guy Kibbee), who fell in love with high-school student George Gibbs (William Holden), son of the local doctor, Dr. Gibbs (Thomas Mitchell). They courted each other over a period of time and eventually married , but she was lost during childbirth for her second child. In a ghostly afterlife existence, Emily was given special permission to go back and re-live just one day of her life - the day of her 16th birthday (her 12th birthday in the play), and learned how little the quiet, everyday, fleeting moments of life were precious - and under-appreciated. In the twist ending epilogue (a severe modification from the play's original downbeat ending), Emily woke up from the temporary coma resulting from childbirth - and realized the film's third episode was just a dream.
The Philadelphia Story (1940) , 112 minutes, D: George Cukor
A classic romantic comedy, a witty adaptation of Phillip Barry's Broadway hit. Hepburn financed the play (with financial help from Howard Hughes) that she starred in (with Joseph Cotten and Van Heflin) in 1939-1940, then picked the director, screenwriter, and other co-stars for the movie. Remade as a musical, High Society (1956) with Grace Kelly, Frank Sinatra and Bing Crosby. Set among the upper class society in Philadelphia, a spoiled, wealthy heiress, Tracy Lord (Katharine Hepburn) was about to be married to a stuffy executive, millionaire George Kittredge (John Howard). She divorced her dashing first husband C. K. Dexter Haven (Cary Grant) because he drank excessively and was irresponsible. He still loved her and showed up in attendance. So did Spy Magazine's tabloid reporter Macauley "Mike" Connor (Best Actor-winning James Stewart) and a photographer. Dexter was there to prevent them from publishing a scandalous expose about the womanizing reputation of Tracy's father Seth (John Halliday), his ex-in-law. Things got complicated when the inquisitive, cynical Connor fell in love with Tracy and taught her what love was.
Pinocchio (1940) , 87 minutes, D: Ben Sharpsteen and Hamilton Luske and Disney
Walt Disney's second full-length animated feature film, a brilliant classic based on the story by Collodi, was a masterful, animated achievement. Released the same year as Disney's Fantasia (1940). The tale was told by a chirpy cricket named Jiminy Cricket (voice of Cliff Edwards), who served as the narrator and guiding conscience of the story. The plot was about a lonely, poor, toy shop woodcutter Geppetto (voice of Christian Rub) who created an inquisitive marionette wooden boy named Pinocchio (voice of Dick Jones). His wish that Pinocchio would become a real boy (earlier, Jiminy had sung Oscar-winning Best Song "When You Wish Upon a Star") was made true by a blue fairy, although the boy was still made of wood. If he proved himself to be brave and unselfish (challenged by life's coming-of-age dangers), he would be changed into a real flesh-and-blood boy. Pinocchio quickly ran afoul by associating with bad company, including the unforgettable characters of two devious crooks (J. Worthington Foulfellow (a fox) and a cat), the evil stage showman/puppet master Stromboli, and influential juvenile delinquent Lampwick on Pleasure Island where temptations were everywhere. With some truly frightening sequences, including Lampwick's transformation into a donkey, and scary Monstro the whale.
Pride and Prejudice (1940), 117 minutes, D: Robert Z. Leonard
Adapted from Jane Austen's novel, with a screenplay partially written by author Aldous Huxley. This MGM film was a dramatic, witty comedy of manners and morals. Remade many times, especially Joe Wright's Pride & Prejudice (2005) with Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen. Early 19th century English (pre-Victorian) parents, the Bennets (Edmund Gwenn and Mary Boland) were looking to marry off their five eligible daughters - opinionated Elizabeth (Greer Garson), lovely and gentle Jane (Maureen O'Sullivan), Lydia (Ann Rutherford), Kitty (Heather Angel), and Mary (Marsha Hunt). Fortunes looked favorable when some eligible young men stayed at a neighboring country house. Each girl had her own peculiarities - flirtatious, silly, serious, bookish, plain, lovely, and gentle. A difficult, contrary romance developed between arrogant but handsome Mr. Darcy (Laurence Olivier) and the overly spirited, and independent Miss Elizabeth. At first, she rejected him for his prideful nature, then changed her mind and admitted her own pride hindered their relationship.
Rebecca (1940) , 130 minutes, D: Alfred Hitchcock
Adapted from British writer Daphne du Maurier's 1938 novel of gothic romance and mystery, a compelling and intriguing romance-mystery with intense psychological suspense. This was Alfred Hitchcock's debut American film - a winning Best Picture. Following a rapid courtship, a shy, naive young woman became the second Mrs. de Winter (Joan Fontaine) by marrying a dashing, but brooding British nobleman 'Maxim' de Winter (Laurence Olivier). The new wife was taken to live at his huge Manderley mansion-estate, where she was haunted by the memory and shadow of her husband's beautiful first wife, Rebecca, who died under mysterious circumstances. The icy-cold, creepy housekeeper Mrs. Danvers (Judith Anderson) taunted and frightened her, as did the other servants, while she heard about how adored the dead woman remained. The untold secrets of the past were slowly unraveled, when the remnants of Rebecca's intentionally-sunken boat wash ashore, and Mr. de Winter confessed that Rebecca tormented him. The ending revealed important findings: (1) Rebecca was not pregnant with another man's child, but terminally ill with cancer, (2) Rebecca intended to goad Maxim into killing her, (3) When Maxim wouldn't kill her as she wished, she planned to commit suicide, but fell and hit her head on some boat tackle in the beach house. (4) Maxim covered up her accidental death by putting her in a boat and deliberately sinking it. The second Mrs. de Winter was finally free from her fear and uneasiness when Mrs. Danvers suicidally burned down the estate - and consumed (literally) the haunting memories of the past.
Santa Fe Trail (1940), 110 minutes, D: Michael Curtiz
An action-filled, but historically-inaccurate adventure tale from WB Studios, a misnamed Western. This was the seventh of nine movies co-starring the romantic coupling of Olivia de Havilland and Errol Flynn. The film followed the military life of the future great Confederate general, Virginian Jeb Stuart (Errol Flynn). He began his military career as a West Point student, where he had a strong friendship with George Armstrong Custer (Ronald Reagan) (completely inaccurate historically), and other future military leaders. There, a rival cadet Rader (Van Heflin), who supported fanatical abolitionist activities, was dismissed for agitation - their paths would cross again later. Cavalry officer Jeb was assigned to a Kansas post (Ft. Leavenworth) with other Point graduates, to keep the peace (due to a war over whether Kansas would be slave or free) and quell any uprisings. On the train to Kansas, Stuart met and began a romance with 'Kit Carson' Holliday (Olivia de Havilland), whom he would eventually marry. The film ended with Stuart capturing fanatical abolitionist John Brown (Raymond Massey) at Harper's Ferry arsenal at the Maryland-Virginia border, leading to lunatic agitator's hanging.
The Sea Hawk (1940), 109 minutes, D: Michael Curtiz
An exciting and spirited swashbuckler (with great swordplay and sea battles), one of the best of its kind, adapted from the 1915 novel by Rafael Sabatini. [Note: Sabatini was also the author of the 1921 novel Scaramouche which was made into an MGM film in 1952 with Stewart Granger).] With a tremendous score by Erich Wolfgang Korngold. This film reprisal solidified the image of star Errol Flynn as a dashing action character (after his appearance in Michael Curtiz' earlier film Captain Blood (1935), also from another Sabatini novel written in 1922). Set in the 16th century, Queen Elizabeth I of England (Flora Robson) suspected that Spanish King Phillip II (Montagu Love) and his crafty ambassador Don José Alvarez de Cordoba (Claude Rains) were planning to spread their influence over the continent. The Spaniards were getting ready to launch a naval attack with their armada against England. The Queen secretly commissioned swashbuckling privateer, British sea captain Geoffrey Thorpe (Errol Flynn), "the Sea Hawk," to raid Spanish settlements and ships. While threatening the Spanish, the beautiful daughter of the ambassador Doña Maria (Brenda Marshall) fell in love with buccaneer pirate Thorpe. He and his crew were ambushed and imprisoned by Spanish forces. With Maria's aid, he escaped slavery aboard a Spanish galleon slave ship, and helped alert the Queen to the impending Armada attack.
The Shop Around the Corner (1940), 97 minutes, D: Ernst Lubitsch
A brilliant and charming romantic comedy about everyday people in a "shop around the corner," with all the right elements (deception and mistaken identities in a love-hate relationship) to create the right "Lubitsch touch." Remade as a musical, In the Good Old Summertime (1949) with Judy Garland and Van Johnson, as the 1963 Broadway play She Loves Me that was also a BBC-TV movie in 1978, as well as the updated You've Got Mail (1998) with Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan. A Budapest notions/gift shop head sales clerk, bookish bachelor Alfred Kralik (James Stewart) and newly-hired shopgirl Klara Novak (Margaret Sullavan) mutually disliked each other and bickered constantly. They were unaware that they were each other's anonymous pen pals writing each other very literate correspondence. On paper, they were romantically compatible, and corresponded with affectionate "lonely-hearts" letters. On the same night that the two pen pals agreed to meet, Alfred was fired by his employer Hugo Matuschek (Frank Morgan), wrongly suspected of having an affair with his wife. Alfred sought solace with his pen-pal sweetheart in a cafe, in a memorable sequence, but didn't reveal his identity to her as pen-pal until later, stringing her along. In the end, Alfred was rehired, and he finally revealed his identity to Klara.
The Thief of Bagdad (1940, UK), 106 minutes, D: Ludwig Berger, Michael Powell and Tim Whelan, produced by Alexander Korda
Subtitled: An Arabian Fantasy. A remake of the magical 1924 silent film, and remade as The Thief of Bagdad (1961, It.) with Steve Reeves. Disney’s animated Aladdin (1992) heavily borrowed from this version. One of the best, most enchanting fantasies ever made - with an Arabian Nights theme, including spectacular special effects (a mechanical horse, a huge spider, an All-Seeing Eye (ruby jewel), the 6-armed Silver Maid statue, etc.), amazing Technicolor photography, a memorable musical score, and wonderful performances. The film's story began, in flashback, told by an elderly and deposed blind King Ahmad (John Justin) of the city of Bagdad, now a beggar. He explained how he was tricked out of his kingdom by an oppressive, evil magician-sorcerer named Jaffar (Conrad Veidt), his treacherous Grand Vizier. A mischievous young urchin named Abu (Sabu), who was thrown in a dungeon for theft, helped the good-hearted, prince Ahmad escape. In the city of Basra, he fell in love (at first sight) with the sultan's daughter, the Princess (June Duprez). Unfortunately, the two were captured - Ahmad was blinded, while Abu was magically turned into Ahmad's seeing-eye dog by a black magician. The two were promised they would be restored if they rescued the Princess. In the end, they save Ahmad's kingdom and throne and his love. Abu and Ahmad were helped by a giant yet jovial genie Djinni (Rex Ingram) who emerged in black smoke from a bottle, and a magical flying carpet.
Waterloo Bridge (1940), 109 minutes, D: Mervyn LeRoy
A classic, sentimental, romantic tearjerker, Vivien Leigh's first film following her success in Gone With The Wind (1939). Middle-aged British colonel Roy Cronin (Robert Taylor) paced on the famous Waterloo Bridge in the city of London during World War II, and in flashback, remembered when he was a handsome Army Captain ready to depart for the trenches in World War I. He fell in love with naive young ballerina Myra Lester (Vivien Leigh), but was called off to war and their plans to wed were postponed. Bidding him farewell at the Waterloo train station, she abandoned her dance performance and was fired from the ballet company. Desperate, Myra soon descended into poverty, became destitute, and turned to prostitution, walking the Waterloo Bridge for clients. She falsely learned that Roy had been killed in the war, but in a memorable scene, accidentally mt him when he returned, while she was soliciting business from returning soldiers. During their reunion, Myra didn't reveal her occupation to him. They renewed their romance and lives, but she became distraught and suicidal, feeling degraded by her indiscretions and deception, and fearing that her secrets would resurface and prevent them from marrying. In the downbeat conclusion, Myra walked in front of a truck.
The Westerner (1940), 100 minutes, D: William Wyler
An entertaining western saga, with Walter Brennan (who won a record-setting third Academy Award for his supporting role) and Gary Cooper. The story was told in the era of vicious range wars between cattlemen and homesteaders in the post-Civil War period. Included an impressive Gregg Toland-filmed prairie fire sequence. Drifter cowboy and saddle tramp Cole Hardin (Gary Cooper), on his way through Texas to California, rode into a town (named Langtry) run by notorious, self-appointed, despotic hanging Judge Roy Bean (Walter Brennan), who called himself "the Law west of the Pecos." Hardin was falsely accused of stealing a horse after buying a horse from a horse thief and was taken before the infamous justice of the peace for a mock trial, and sentenced to hang. He talked his way out of being hanged by convincing the judge of his friendship with the judge's obsessive idol, English stage star Lily Langtry (Lilian Bond). Later, he gave the judge a lock of her hair, convincing him it was real. Hardin ended up defending homesteaders on the opposite side from the judge in a bloody and violent range war and land dispute. In the final showdown scene, Hardin confronted the judge in a gas-lit opera theatre in Ft. Davis, Texas with guns drawn before a Langtry performance.
| The Grapes of Wrath |
Which country issues 1 and 2 Euro coins showing a tree, drawn by artist Joaquim Jiminez, symbolising life, continuity and growth? | Most obscure Oscar winners?
Follow DL on
Most obscure Oscar winners?
Actor: Paul Lukas / Watch on the Rhine%0D Actress: Simone Signoret / Room at the Top%0D S. Actor: Ben Johnson / The Last Picture Show%0D S. Actress: Josephine Hull / Harvey
by Anonymous
Sorry, those were all on separate lines when I typed it up.
by Anonymous
You need to space them, OP.
by Anonymous
I can think of one who should be obscure...
by Anonymous
Marsha Gay Hardon or whatever her name was
by Anonymous
reply 4
07/26/2011
[italic]Of those still alive (who won within the last 30 years):[/italic]%0D %0D 1984 Best Actor: F. Murray Abraham%0D %0D 1989 Best Supporting Actress: Brenda Fricker%0D %0D 1995 Best Supporting Actress: Mira Sorvino%0D %0D 2001 Best Supporting Actor: Jim Broadbent%0D %0D 2007 Best Actress: Marion Cotillard
by Anonymous
Only an illiterate would call Simone Signoret obscure.
by Anonymous
reply 6
07/26/2011
Simone Signoret is not all that obscure. She was quite famous in Europe. Globally, she's probably less obscure than someone like, say, Louise Fletcher.
by Anonymous
reply 7
07/26/2011
None of those are obscure, r5.%0D %0D How about the late Dr. Haing S. Ngor, who had no other acting experience when he won best supporting actor for the Killing Fields in 1984. He was murdered in L.A. in 1996.
by Anonymous
07/26/2011
Most obscure two-time Oscar winner: Luise Rainer.
Even here in her native Germany nobody ever talks about here, even though she's still alive at 101 (and afaik the only German actor to have ever won an Oscar, much less two).
by Anonymous
reply 10
07/26/2011
Jim Broadbent and Marion Cotillard are definitely not obscure. I supposed Cotillard was before she won, but now she's got a good career going (Public Enemies, Nine, Midnight in Paris, Contagion).
by Anonymous
Oh, and Inception. I don't know how I could forget that of all things.
by Anonymous
Ronald Colman in A Double Life (Ronald Colman is not obscure, but the movie is)
by Anonymous
reply 15
07/26/2011
r14, I couldn't give you five thousand shits about the Superbowl or sports in general. We're movie lovers having a fun discussion, if you don't care, be gone!
by Anonymous
reply 16
07/26/2011
Oh, and of OP's list, I'd consider only Josephine Hull to be obscure.%0D %0D Simone Signoret was a major international star.
by Anonymous
reply 17
07/26/2011
R9, Luise Rainer was given a party when she turned 100 last year and Robert Osbourne of TCM interviewed her.
by Anonymous
reply 18
07/26/2011
Fricker is pretty obscure, as she's done almost no work of any note in the US since she won her Oscar, as has been barely visible outside of Ireland and the UK, doing mostly television work (including the soap Casualty).%0D %0D Cotillard, not so much. She's been regularly featured in American movies since she won her Oscar including a little film called Inception, that grossed a couple of hundred million dollars last year. If that's obscure, then I want some of that.
by Anonymous
reply 19
07/26/2011
OP, Paul Lukas is a great choice for this thread. I couldn't identify him in a lineup and I don't even know if he won for Best or Best Supporting. I've never seen Watch on the Rhine and don't want to even though I'm a huge Bette Davis fan. And I couldn't name another one of his films.
by Anonymous
reply 20
07/26/2011
Wasn't Emil Jannings another German Oscar winner?%0D %0D And wasn't Luise Rainer originally from Vienna, Austria and not Germany?
by Anonymous
reply 21
07/26/2011
Emil Jannings became a favorite of the Nazis and made films supporting the Nazi cause during WWII. He won an Oscar for two silent films; he tried a comeback after the war, but his association with the Nazis nixed that.
by Anonymous
To people who seek those movies out and watch them they're not "obscure."
There was just a thread about how forgotten BURT LANCASTER is.
George Arliss was very well known in his time and was a big star at Warner Brothers in the 1930s. Marie Dressler was a big star at MGM in the 1930's. Most of the winners were prominent in their time and often had distinguished careers or were notable one shots.
This thread is another rehash of The Oscar history, a perennial fixation here.
by Anonymous
reply 29
07/26/2011
"George Arliss was very well known in his time and was a big star at Warner Brothers in the 1930s"%0D %0D %0D %0D He is forgotten, and these days is unknown to 99% of the general public. %0D %0D %0D %0D You don't seem to understand what the word "obscure" means
by Anonymous
reply 30
07/26/2011
I could pick Hugh Griffith out of a line-up, but I didn't realize he'd won an Oscar. When I was a kid, I thought [italic]How to Steal a Million[/italic] was just fabulous, and I still have a soft spot for it. That's the movie I associate him with.
by Anonymous
reply 31
07/26/2011
wow I would never think of Barry Fitzgerald as obscure, but then again I loved "And Then There Were None"
I guess he is obscure. :(
by Anonymous
R34 is not ignorant, he's just an asshole.
by Anonymous
reply 38
07/27/2011
I think you presume too much, R35/R36 in saying that I (OP) or R24 are ignorant of film history. Where did either of us say we didn't know the actors in question? The point of the thread was to list performers not widely remembered these days, or Oscar-winning performances that have sort of faded from the public's memory in recent decades. %0D %0D Simone Signoret may have been an international film star in the fifties, but I bet if you showed her picture to a hundred people today, less than ten would know who she was or that she won an Oscar. %0D %0D Then there's someone like Jack Albertson on R24's list. Many people probably remember him from TV, but I bet quite a few would be surprised that he once won an Oscar.%0D %0D Some, such as Josephine Hull and Katina Paxinou, may be considered obscure because they made relatively few films during their careers.
by Anonymous
reply 39
07/27/2011
Jim Broadbent had a starring role in a Harry Potter film. You can't be an important part of the largest franchise in movie history and be obscure.
by Anonymous
reply 40
07/27/2011
OMG r24 Jack Albertson was hardly obscure. He was the man to Chico and Shelley Winter's husband inThe Poseodon Adventure and Lee Grant was very famous in her day.
by Anonymous
reply 41
07/27/2011
some obscure nominees:%0D %0D Lynn Carlin, Faces%0D Joscele Legarde, Hawaii%0D Margaret Avery, The Color Purple%0D
by Anonymous
reply 42
07/27/2011
Yes, r40 - Jim Broadbent is very well known in the UK for TV roles and he was also in the latest Mike Leigh film. He is not 'obscure' except to the insular.
I certainly wouldn't consider Simone Signoret obscure, either. Anyone with even a scrap of real cultural education will have seen Les diaboliques. Room at the Top, I will agree, is less well-known, but at the time it was a successful adaptation of a hugely popular novel.
Luise Rainer...well, she did some 100th birthday talks here in London last year and they were well attended so she can't be that obscure if she is being honoured in that way.
OP, I think you need to understand the difference between obscure (which would cover things that were left-field even for their day) and forgotten (which covers movies and stars people nowadays are too ignorant to watch or learn about).
And before anyone bitches at me, no, I am not an old person, I just shun the ignorance of my generation.
by Anonymous
reply 43
07/27/2011
This is one of the worst threads I've ever seen. OP's Achilles tendon deserves to be cut.
by Anonymous
reply 44
07/27/2011
R21, when Rainer arrived at Hollywood in 1935, after the Nazis took over Germany, it was preferable to be presented as a Viennese rather than as a Kraut. (The ironic fact off course was that Rainer was a German Jew who had to flee out of her home country).
by Anonymous
Haing S. Ngor OWNS this thread.
by Anonymous
reply 51
07/27/2011
Jane Darwell's win is considered one of the best ever in that category. Also, her performance in The Grapes of Wrath the film itself are iconic. Not obscure at all.
by Anonymous
reply 52
07/27/2011
I would also include Jennifer Jones on that list,who ironically won Best Actress the same year Paul Lukas won Best Actor. The majority of films that defined her career were made between 1943(The Song Of Bernadette,for which she won her Oscar for,was essentially her major screen debut)and 1955,culimating with Love Is A Many Splendored Thing. Besides being married to David O'Selznick the producer of Gone With The Wind she apparently had a lot of emotional problems. When Selznick died,she resumed what was left of her career,acting in a few campy B movies before marrying billionaire Norton Simon. Her last major film role was in The Towering Inferno.%0D %0D When she passed away in 2009,some people had already thought she died. These days I don't anyone-beside a few film buffs,remember much about her.
by Anonymous
reply 53
07/27/2011
[quote]Geezus Christ. Never underestimate Datalounge pretension. They have no idea which teams played in the last Superbowl--much less who was on those teams-- but they will argue to the death that Brenda Fricker and Marion Cotillard are household names.%0D %0D Oh fuck off, you retard. It's called having different interests--the only person who introduced the notion of one being better or more worthy a field of interest is you.%0D %0D Now go watch some football and keep telling yourself it throws everyone off the scent.
by Anonymous
reply 54
07/27/2011
Ronald Colman is most definitely obscure R15. The majority of people would probably confuse him with Ronald Reagan if you said his name aloud.
by Anonymous
It's Super Bowl not Superbowl.
by Anonymous
reply 58
07/27/2011
Perhaps being remembered for your Oscar win is ultimately dependent on winning for a well-respected classic film?%0D %0D So many of these purportedly "obscure" actors: Marie Dressler, Ronald Colman, Barry Fitzgerald, Warner Baxter, Jennifer Jones and George Arliss were hugely popular stars in their day. %0D %0D And of course, in the first several decades of Oscar history the supporting awards almost exclusively went to character actors, not stars. Studios would not permit their leading contract players to even be nominated in those categories.
by Anonymous
reply 59
07/27/2011
Ben Johnson was not obscure. In fact the opposite, at least in the hey day of the A list western. In some places he was a legend. He was the champion of doing his own stunts. Mostly because there were no stuntmen around who would ride as well as he could.
He was the "real deal" cowboy and an ex stuntman who was probably the best rider who ever got on a horse in movies and was in over 300. He was also the epitome of the "natural" actor. He was one of the most well known of the John Ford stock company. Ford saw something in him as as a stuntman and got him acting.
Had stunning roles in She wore a yellow ribbon and Shane and the Wild Bunch. Go watch Wagon Master to see how good he was, and gorgeous. He was well known for 20 years before he got the oscar. Often cited as proof some of the old time western actors really could act. As in every one who ever worked with him knew he was that good.
He got the role in the last picture show because some years earlier on a Ford film a young Peter Bogdonovitch had been trying to meet John Ford and could not get past the guards. Johnson took pity on him and introduced him to Ford. Bogdonovitch apparently said as a thank you he would get him an oscar. To Johnson's amusement.
Bogdonovitch became quite friendly with Ford. When he offered the role to Johnson in the Last Picture Show, Johnson refused because of the language so Bogdonovitch got Ford to add the pressure. Johnson was not game to say no to Ford and when doubling his fee did not get him out of it, he did the role.
And got the oscar.
reply 60
07/27/2011
Louise Fletcher (in spite of the fact that I so often confuse her with the much more famous Ellen Burstyn)
F. Murray Abraham (Paul Lukas is not quite as obscure in my mind, although this may be a result of my so often confusing him with Paul Henreid)
Dr. Haing S. Ngor and Harold Russell (tie, both non-professionals who won oscars for fine performances in movies about wars that they lived through)
But I think you are right about Josephine Hull (although can anyone name another Lila Kedrova role beside Mme. Hortense in Zorba? The only other time I remember ever seeing her was in the same role on stage)
Marion Cotillard is, as Simone Signoret was, OP, a beloved and popular film star as well as being a great acress.
by Anonymous
| i don't know |
Which hymn, written by Eleanor Farjeon, 1881-1965, was the inspiration for a 'top ten' hit of 1972? | 1000+ images about Cat Stevens on Pinterest | Snakes, Postcards and Philosophy
Forward
1972 "Morning Has Broken," a popular 7 well-known Christian hymn first published in 1931. words by English author Eleanor Farjeon & set to a traditional Gaelic tune known as "Bunessan" It is often sung in children's services. English pop musician & folk singer Cat Stevens included a version on his 1971 album Teaser and the Firecat. The song became identified with Stevens when it reached number six on the US pop chart and number one on the US easy listening chart in 1972."
See More
| Morning Has Broken |
St. John's, the oldest city of English-speaking North America, is the capital of which Canadian province? | Dr Robert Muller - 1960s Psychedelic Hippie Culture and Music: April 2008
Dr Robert Muller - 1960s Psychedelic Hippie Culture and Music
Welcome to the Hippie Music and Culture site! This site looks at a whole lot of 1960s culture as well as reviewing the classic psychedelic, jazz-rock and blues inspired music of the 1960s and 1970s.
Saturday, April 26, 2008
Cat Stevens Meets Harry Chapin?
The Cat's Not in the Cradle! by DA Jack Hayford
Let's get this straight. Cat Stevens did not write or record "Cat's In The Cradle" despite listings to the contrary on the web and the perhaps natural popular misconception. "Cat's In the Cradle" was written by the late great performing songwriter/activist Harry Chapin. (Actually, the words to the song were written by Chapin's wife, now widow, Sandy Chapin.) Harry Chapin died in a car crash on the Long Island (N.Y.) Expressway in 1981. He was only 38 years old.
I saw Harry Chapin in concert in the 1970s while in college at the University of Florida. The show was held up for almost an hour because Chapin had not yet arrived. When he finally took the stage, he apologized for the delay and explained that his flight into Tampa had been delayed. He had rented a car, he said, and driven from the Tampa Airport to Gainesville in less than an hour and a half. It's well over 125 miles from Tampa International to Gainesville! Man, he was "flying" in that "Taxi." ("Taxi" of course is perhaps Chapin's most famous song.)
Like Harry Chapin, Cat Stevens wrote and recorded some of the greatest songs ever, including, "Wild World," "Moonshadow" and the multiple-time mega hit, "The First Cut Is The Deepest." He has also been covered by some of the most popular artists of our time: Dolly Parton, Rod Stewart, Sheryl Crow ... to name just a few.
Stevens has also frequently been credited with writing "Morning Has Broken" which he recorded on Tea For The Tillerman and with which he is closely identified. "Morning Has Broken" is actually a Christian hymn with lyrics written by Eleanor Farjeon (1881–1965).
Cat Stevens was born in London as Steven Demetri Georgiou in 1948. He took the name Cat Stevens in the late '60s and, after becoming a convert to Islam in the 1970s, he changed his name again, to Yusuf Islam.
Like the late Chapin, Cat Stevens is also known as an out-spoken peace advocate. In fact, his song "Peace Train" has become something of a peace anthem.
The lives and songs of Chapin and Stevens have paralleled to some degree, and they are indeed similar in their folksy, poetic, politically conscious, singer-songwriter styles.
Cat Stevens was back in 2006 with a new album, An Other Cup, under his Islamic name, Yusuf Islam. It met with mixed, but generally luke-warm reviews.
DA Jack Hayford is the editor of the popular music reference website, Events-in-Music.com . Mr. Hayford is also the Program Director and co-founder of DurangoSong.com , the online home of the ten-plus-year old Durango Songwriters Expo, a premier annual educational and inspirational event for aspiring songwriters.
Three Great Guitarists and their Gibsons - Richards, Page and Hendrix
The Greatest Gibson Guitarists by Lyndon Ogden
The three greatest Gibson players are in my humble or someone who acquires fame through nothing but bad behavior. A legend is someone with a body of listenable work that transcends publicity and whose work spans the ages.
My three top guitarists are -
Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones has used a variety of Gibson's throughout his career; he's favoured Les Pauls and ES models, but has also occasionally been seen with assorted other models, including reverse and nonreverse Firebirds, a Flying V, an SG, an L6S and a Melody Maker. Richards obtained a 1959 sunburst Les Paul in 1964.The guitar, outfitted with a Bigsby tailpiece, was the first "star owned" Les Paul in Britain and served as one of the guitarist's main instruments through 1966. It went up for auction in 2004 from Christie's Auction House in England with a starting price of $400,000 but remained unsold.In the mid-60s Richards also acquired a 1954 Les Paul Gold Top and a number of 1957 Les Paul Customs; one of the latter, hand-painted with psychedelic patterns by Richards himself, was one of his main stage and studio guitars from 1968 through the end of the Stones' 1970 European tour. Throughout the 1970s Richards continued to use various Gibson's on stage and in promo videos; on the Stones' 1972-73 tours he made extensive use of a second 1959 sunburst Les Paul and a 1954 Les Paul Custom (featured on the cover of the 1975 Gibson catalog). From 1973 through 1978 the guitarist also used a 1958 cherry red Les Paul Junior, replacing it in 1979 with the 1959 TV yellow Les Paul Junior that he's used regularly on stage ever since. Since 1997 an ebony ES-355 has been among his favourite stage guitars, along with a white ES-345 that he unveiled in 2006; in rehearsal and studio photos and footage he's also frequently seen with an ES-350 and ES-175D. Hummingbirds have been among his preferred acoustic models since 1965.
Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin uses a 1958 Les Paul Standard ("Number 1"), a 1959 Les Paul Standard ("Number 2", a gift from Joe Walsh), a 1973 Les Paul Standard, an EDS-1275, a 1977 RD Artist, an ES5 Switchmaster, a Goldtop Premium Les Paul and a 1991 Custom Shop Les Paul (built to be an exact replica of "Number 1" and re-nicknamed "Number 3"). Page also owned a modified 1960 Les Paul Custom "Black Beauty" with a Bigsby Tailpiece and a 3-pickup configuration, a gift from Keith Richards. This guitar was stolen in 1970 and never recovered. For acoustics Page used a Hummingbird, a J-200 and an A-2 mandolin. Gibson has released a Jimmy Page Signature Model Les Paul replicating the features of "Number 2".
Jimi Hendrix of The Jimi Hendrix Experience while generally regarded as an iconic Stratocaster player, Hendrix used several Gibson models including an SG Custom, Flying V, Les Paul Special and a Les Paul Custom. Gibson also gave him two guitars in 1970, a custom Flying V and an ES-345. Both of these guitars were left handed models. Gibson has released a Flying V model replicating his 1967 Flying V including the psychedelic floral design which Hendrix himself had hand painted on the original.
Lots more Gibson Guitar related stuff at my website.
Lyndon is a collector of vintage guitars. His website is where you will find articles, information and useful links about vintage guitars.
The Beatles Videos
The Beatles Videos by Eugene Brenner
Due to their phenomenal popularity, the Beatles were photographed and filmed for almost every moment they spent in the public eye. In the 1960s, moving images were still recorded mostly on black and white film. So even though today we may say "videos" as a catch-all term, most of the Beatles' output was film. In the 1960s, it was news photographers who covered a Beatle press conference or interview, much like they would a news event.
There are hundreds of these short Beatles videos available for view on the internet. They reveal personalities that captured the hearts of young people throughout the world. (Even the USSR had its teenage Beatle fans. Record albums were bought on the black market and hid from public view and listened to quietly in darkened bedrooms). Paul was cute and charming, George was quiet and earnest, John was acerbic and impassioned, and Ringo was, well, Ringo.
The Beatles filmed "A Hard Day's Night" in 1964 at the height of Beatlemania. Directed by Richard Lester, the movie was filmed in black and white, not for aesthetic reasons but because it was cheaper. It did add to the quasi-documentary style of the film. It purported to chronicle a hectic day in the life of the Beatles, sprinting away from chasing fans and preparing to perform on television. Fans delighted in the zany comedy and the big theater sound of the many new songs. Critics were enthralled with the film's kinetic energy and the Beatle's wit and charm. Many compared the boys' antics to the Marx Brothers.
"Help" was filmed in 1965, this one in color. This was the first time that many fans saw their idols in color! The plot revolved around Ringo, a sacrificial ring and the evil cult intent upon snatching the ring from Ringo. Also directed by Richard Lester, this film is decidedly different from "A Hard Day's Night." There are no chasing fans and little time is spent with the individual Beatle characters. The early film was almost claustrophobic in its sets; this one features exotic outdoor locals including Salisbury Plain near Stonehenge, the Swiss Alps and the Bahamas. The Beatle wit came through loud and clear as in a scene where the John and Paul try to convince Ringo to cut off his finger to remove the stuck exotic ring. Paul quips, "You don't miss your tonsils do yer?"
Most critics thought the second Beatles film not as good as the first. The Beatles said subsequently that they felt they had little control over the film and were getting high a great bit of the time. The movie does have its charms, the new songs are of high quality and the color adds to the exotic locals.
Much later in 1970, the movie "Let It Be" was released. This started as a "get back to basics" chronicle with the band recording and performing songs live in the studio without the added overdubbing and effects so popular at the time (like the Beatles own "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"). The result was a dispirited film chronicling the decay of a once indomitable musical force. We see Yoko Ono sitting balefully in a corner behind John. Ringo seems bored as he's not needed in most recording sessions. George is peeved at a nagging Paul and tells him sarcastically, "I'll play what you want me to play..."
It wasn't until the 1980s that Beatles movies began to appear in VHS video. The copious "Beatles Anthology" documentary series was released in 1995. This video benefited from input and interviews with the remaining Beatles. The floodgates really opened up in the new century as DVDs became the dominant video medium. Documentaries made up the majority of the new titles, films about every facet of the Beatles' career from those who knew them and those who did not. Quality runs the gamut from very interesting and well done to those with vacuous content and poor editing.
The Beatles have left a rich video legacy. If you are a fan, it is a treasure trove. If the Beatles were way before your time, you can learn what all the commotion was about.
Gene Brenner provides a Beatles Video site with searches by album or individual artist. He is webmaster of a company that offers unique MySpace preppy layouts . He also buys and sells websites which makes him knowledgeable in several disciplines.
A Biography of Martin Luther King Jr
Biography of Martin Luther King by Richard Pettinger
Martin Luther King Jr was one of the most prominent advocates of the Civil Rights movement during the 1960s. In contrast to some civil rights activists Martin Luther King generally promoted a non-violent strategy of social change. (This policy of non-violent resistance drew inspiration from similar campaigns by M. Gandhi in India’s Independence struggle. For his efforts he was awarded the Nobel Peace prize in 1964).
Early Life
Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in Atlanta on 15 January 1929. Both his father and grandfather were pastors in an African-American Baptist church, King would also later follow them into the ministry. M. Luther King attended Morehouse College in Atlanta, (segregated schooling) and then went to study at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania and Boston University. It was at University that King became more aware of the civil rights struggle and he took the opportunity to study Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violent strategy for social change. In 1953 King married Coretta Scott, who herself had many artistic and intellectual talents. The following year King became pastor at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
A defining moment in the civil rights struggle was to a large degree instigated by M. Luther King who was the president of the Montgomery Improvement Association. It began on 5 December 1955, when Rosa Parks a civil rights activist refused to given up her seat breaking the strict segregation on Montgomery's buses. King inspired black residents to launch a bus boycott which lasted well into 1956, this gained substantial media coverage and in Dec of the following year the United States Supreme Court declared the segregation unconstitutional and the buses were desegregated.
Civil Rights Movement.
Following the success of this action the civil rights movement gained strength. King and other ministers founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957. There was often disagreement about how to proceed with different groups pursuing different strategies. This split would become more significant in the 1960 with substantial disagreements with groups such as Black Power and Malcom X’ Black Nationalist groups.
Speeches of Martin Luther King Jr
Martin Luther King was one of the world’s greatest orators. His deep and powerful voice was able to captivate audiences. His speeches caused him to become one of the most well known civil rights leaders. In 1963 he was named as Time’s man of the Year. It was in August of 1963 that King delivered his famous and iconic “I have a Dream Speech”. The speech was given at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. during the 250,000 march for civil rights.
Last Years
However his opposition to the Vietnam War in the later part of the 1960s caused friction and strained relations with the Johnson administration. It also led the FBI to seek to undermine King’s leadership. In April 1968 Martin Luther King delivered his final address "I've Been to the Mountaintop" whilst supporting striking sanitation workers in Memphis, The next day, 4 April 1968, King was assassinated. To this day, King remains a potent symbol of the African American civil rights movement. His speeches offer a striking exposition of some of the ideals of the civil rights movement.
Edgar Winter: The Raunchiest Alto Sax Of Them All
By John Ferreira
One of my favorite all time musicians is Edgar Winter. He's one of a very few alto sax players that inspired my playing as a tenor saxophonist. He's one of those guys that get's a really good, big raunchy rock & roll sound on the alto sax. When people talk about rock & roll sax it's almost always referring to a tenor player, but Edgar just screams and wails as bad as any rockin' tenor.
I've talked to people that knew of Edgar Winter and didn't even realize he was a saxophonist. Truth is he's so multi talented he doesn't even need to pick up his horn. The guy sings and plays keyboards just as well. Some of his big hit songs from the 70's like "Free Ride" and "Just Hangin Around" didn't even have sax in them so it's understandable how that could get by the casual fan.
Remember his big hit "Frankenstein"? Didn't sing in this instrumental but displayed his amazing talents on the timbale solo, synthesizer solo, and sax section solo. The same year Frankenstein came out Edgar Winter & The White Trash put out a live album called Roadwork. This album is great on so many levels. Besides the band leader on vocals, piano, and alto sax, there was another great singer named Jerry Lacroix who also played sax (tenor) and Jon Smith who played most of the rockin' tenor sax solos.
While the Frankenstein record was being played on all FM radio stations in North America the Roadwork album came out and was completely different. White Trash played R&B, rootsy rock & roll, gospel, and funk flavored tunes. You couldn't pigeon hole these guys like you could every other artist that was on the radio in those days, I guess thats why I like them so much, they really were different.
A little later in 1974 The Edgar Winter Group released "Shocktreatment", a rockin' album full of great pop songs. A good example of Edgar's sax sound is on a great Dan Hartman song "Easy Street". Hartman was a talented songwriter and the bass player in this group's line up. This Edgar Winter alto sax solo is nothing short of perfect!
Johnny Ferreira is an award winning saxophonist, international touring and recording artist. Advocator of saxophone music that rocks, jumps, and swings. For more information, music, and articles including audio samples visit http://johnnyferreira.com/
Who Sang Spirit In The Sky?
By DA Jack Hayford
Yet another generation of music lovers has been introduced to an "oldie but goodie." Gatorade's newest sports drink, Tiger, named for golfing great Tiger Woods, is promoted via a "Moonshot" video which depicts the world's greatest golfer (in a space suit) lacing a drive off the surface of the moon to the tune of the late 60's classic (released in 1969) "Spirit In The Sky."
"Spirit In The Sky" is the song that puts folk-rocker Norman Greenbaum in the "one-hit-wonder" category of popular music (it peaked in March of 1970 at #3). It has endured despite Greenbaum's short and uneven career in record-making. (Greenbaum was known for unusual songs with odd titles such as "Canned Ham." But hey, this was THE 70s!)
Although "Spirit In The Sky" is not considered a gospel song in the traditional sense, clearly the subject is going to the great beyond...if you "have a friend in Jesus." A strikingly traditional religious sentiment for the period.
"Spirit In The Sky" was prominently featured in the 1995 Ron Howard directed blockbuster Apollo 13 starring Tom Hanks. It was also notably recorded by alt-country rockers The Kentucky Headhunters and, more recently, by British pop singer Gareth Gates.
Spirit In The Sky Lyrics
(Words and Music by Norman Greenbaum)
When I die and they lay me to rest
Gonna go to the place that's the best
When I lay me down to die
Goin' up to the spirit in the sky
Goin' up to the spirit in the sky
That's where I'm gonna go when I die
When I die and they lay me to rest
Gonna go to the place that's the best
Prepare yourself you know it's a must
Gotta have a friend in Jesus
So you know that when you die
He's gonna recommend you
To the spirit in the sky
Gonna recommend you
To the spirit in the sky
That's where you're gonna go when you die
When you die and they lay you to rest
You're gonna go to the place that's the best
Never been a sinner I never sinned
I got a friend in Jesus
So you know that when I die
He's gonna set me up with
The spirit in the sky
Oh set me up with the spirit in the sky
That's where I'm gonna go when I die
When I die and they lay me to rest
I'm gonna go to the place that's the best
Go to the place that's the best
DA Jack Hayford is the editor of the popular music reference website, Events-in-Music.com , which features a special section on #1 Songs. Mr. Hayford is also the Program Director and co-founder of DurangoSong.com , the online home of the ten-plus-year old Durango Songwriters Expo, a premier annual educational and inspirational event for aspiring songwriters.
By Kurt Naulaerts
In the history of the guitar blues there have been some great players and fortunately many of those great players are still with us today. Whether you prefer smooth guitar blues or whether you like to have your guitar blues smash you in the face there have been players to oblige you and to entertain you for over a century now. Here is a quick look at some guitar blues players that have made an impact.
BB King
BB King has been playing guitar blues for over 60 years and is one of the standards that people use when they talk about guitar blues players. He has recorded with such great bands as U2 and is best known for his trademark hollow body electric guitar he calls Lucille. He was originally called the Beale Street Blues Boy but before his first record came out the record company shortened it to BB and used his real last name of King to create the name BB King. In over 60 years BB King has played his smooth style of blues all over the world.
Eric Clapton
Known simply as "Slow Hand", Eric Clapton is a self taught guitar prodigy who got his start in the famous 1960's hard rock blues band Cream. After Cream disbanded he went on to form such acts as Derrick And The Dominoes but Clapton was always displaying his trademark slow hand smooth guitar blues style somewhere in the world. Recently Cream was reunited for a few shows and it is unknown whether or not they will stay together but even without a reunited Cream Eric Clapton has still left his mark as one of the greatest guitar blues players ever.
Robert Johnson
It is difficult to talk about guitar blues players without talking about the man that greats such as Jimi Hendrix and Muddy Waters cite as one of their prime influences. Robert Johnson was born in 1911 and died in 1938 but in between there he recorded and released at least a half dozen or more records that survive today as an example of the talent and vision that Johnson had. He lived the blues and, by some accounts, died because of the blues and Robert Johnson is the place where most blues is said to have come from.
Jimi Hendrix
For some reason Jimi Hendrix is never given his due as the master guitar blues player that he was because many people cannot see past his use of sound and energy on the electric guitar. But everything Jimi did was based in the blues and many of his more popular songs are simply blues songs done Jimi's way and there is nothing wrong with that.
Kurt Naulaerts can assist you in case you want to learn to play guitar. Download online guitar lessons for beginners at http://www.your-free-online-report.com/
A Tribute to Syd Barrett
By Harry Rackers
In August 2006 a sixty year old, bald, stocky bachelor with a face at once stern and sensitive died of diabetes. He was living on his own in his home-town: the genteel city of Cambridge, England, world widely known for its university, which, in the UK, is rivaled only by the equally venerable one in Oxford.
His name was Syd Barret. Or was it? No. His name was Roger Keith Barret, known as Rog to the few people he bothered to see, mostly his family. Syd Barrett is the name the world will remember him by. He was a living legend. Now he is a dead legend.
Let me outline the birth of this legend in a few words. Do you know the magnolia? What makes its beauty so special is not only its features, but also that it blooms very early, and very short. In those seminal years of pop/rock music, the mid sixties, Barrett’s songs and music shared the same properties. As founding father and undisputed leader of a band called Pink Floyd, Syd Barrett was a pivotal figure in the emerging psychedelic scene in London, and, via his records, the rest of the world.
It was a time when the world, in the words of Keith Richards, suddenly turned from black and white into Technicolor. And Syd Barrett was a most colourful being indeed, to the ear, to the eye and to the mind in equal measures. Brought up quite liberally, with well to do parents, and a particularly doting mother, young Syd was as gifted as he was attractive, and a humorous, impish fellow at that. Experimenting with a few things almost no one had heard of in these days, like LSD –until the sixties mainly used by the CIA as sort of a truth serum drug- and the ancient Chinese Book of Changes, the I Ching, his main occupations were painting and music. Painting came first, the music and songs that would make him famous came second in those early days.
In the music industry many things had changed in the slipstream of the Beatles fame. Musicians were no longer puppets on a string of shady, cynically-minded Tin Pan Alley-types, churning out product for whoever laid the money down. There was a new playfulness and originality in the music of the Beatles and also a completely un-self-conscious integrity, mainly brought about by the fact that the Beatles wrote their own songs, and became a role model for that. It was the Kennedy era. People were in some ways starting to be encouraged by the authorities to think for themselves and not to do simply what the same authorities expected them to do, which, of course, implies a paradox with a vengeance, but, lucky for those times, it took a while for us all to realize.
Back to our story. So the Beatle phenomenon became a trailblazer for a whole gamut of gifted young bands, all into writing their own material: The Rolling Stones, The Kinks, and The Who, who does not know their names.
Barrett’s Pink Floyd rose to fame a few years after the first batch of post Beatles bands. And in those heady days a few years made an enormous difference. Swinging London was already turning psychedelic and of that era Barrett was, is, and always will be one of the finest relics. It all went by so fast…
Syd Barrett was an almost devout non-believer in discipline, and had a frame of mind and body not heavy duty enough for the rough life of a rock star. Within two blasting years his behaviour had become so erratic that he could not rationally function anymore in the band that was his brainchild. Forgetting guitars everywhere, sometimes refusing to speak to anyone, standing on stage like a statue, playing just one chord. Roger Waters, Rick Wright and Nick Mason had to incorporate guitarist David Gilmour, a good friend of the whole band, and already a highly rated session player.
A short while the band was a five some, David Gilmour delivering the sonic good, and Syd Barrett as a sort of far-out ornament. Then the idea was that he would be the home staying genius, with the other boys on the road a la Brian Wilson, but it al expired, Syd being so deranged that he temporarily became an inmate of the Terrapin Asylum, after which followed a few years in London, living in various trippy bohemian settings. During that time he did manage to create two albums that are still enjoyed by quite a few good ears: “The Madcap Laughs” and “Barrett’s” quirky, very asymmetrical songs with strangely evocative lyrics about almost nothing/everything, after which he stopped making music altogether. He ended up where he started, in Cambridge, living with his mother, and after her death on his own, picking up painting again and writing a history of art for his own enjoyment, without the slightest idea to let others read it, let alone publicize it.
All his life he had the status of a cult hero, also because his old band, Pink Floyd, became hugely successful in the line-up with David Gilmour, and the standard bearers of, let’s say, adult rock: always competent, creative, even poetic, skilfully performed on state of the art hardware, but with the elusive x-factor, which makes things creep under your skin, considerably reduced.
A short career and a long retirement. He regained his inner balance sufficiently to live as a quiet, withdrawn, strange but not crazy citizen, sustained by the royalties of his compositions on Pink Floyd’s and his own records. According to his family he could even be said to live with his very own brand of satisfaction. Syd Barrett will always be remembered as one of the most enigmatic characters in the pantheon of modern Western popular music.
Harry Rackers writes for http://www.blogger.com/<>"> http://www.stroompje.nlyou%20could%20find%20more%20info%20on%20pop%20stars%20at "
Posted by Dr Robert Muller at
A Tribute to Eric Clapton
By Andrew Conway
When you think about music, what do you think of first? Which aspects of music are important which are essential, and which ones can you take or leave? You be the judge. Sometimes the most important aspects of a subject are not immediately obvious. Keep reading to get the complete picture.
Eric Clapton was born March 30th, 1945 in Ripley England, U.K. He was the illegitimate son of Patricia Molly Clapton and Edward Fryer, a Canadian soldier stationed in England. Patricia left Eric in the custody of his grandparents, Rose and Jack Clapp. Patricia moved to Germany where she eventually married another Canadian soldier named Frank McDonald. Eric was raised believing that his grandparents were his parents and his mother was his sister. At the tender age of nine the truth was reveled to him by his grandmother.
His formal education consisted of being expelled from the Kingston College of art at the ripe old age of seventeen for playing guitar in class. He then took a job as a manual laborer and spent most of his free time playing the electric guitar. Clapton eventually joined a number of British blues bands, including the Roosters and Casey Jones, and rose to fame as a member of the Yardbirds
Eric withdrew from the spotlight in the early seventies. Trying to overcome an addition he took the advice of Peter Townsend and underwent an effective electro-acupuncture treatment. He was fully rehabilitated and then landed a role in the rock opera-Tommy Unfortunately the 1980's brought Eric sliding deeper and deeper into a serious drinking problem even thou this period of his life brought some of his most successful albums--Another Ticket (1981), Money and Cigarettes (1983), Behind the Sun (1985), August (1986), Journeyman (1989)
In the following decade he again suffered another personal tragedy when guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan and Clapton road crew members Colin Smythe and Nigel Browne - all close friends of Clapton's - were killed in a helicopter crash. A few months after this tragedy, fate was going to deal him another blow when his own son, Conner, fell forty-nine stories from Del Santo's Manhattan high-rise apartment to his death. Clapton channeled his shattering grief into writing the 1992 Grammy-winning tribute to his son, "Tears in Heaven." Another album, "From The Cradle", came out in 1994 and marked his return to the raw blue standards. In 1997 he was honored with the Record of the year and best male pop vocal performance grammys for "Change the world".
And in the next coming years,success just seemed to follow him no matter where he went. The only triple inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, he is often described as an authentic musical genius, but at what a personal price? There's no doubt that the topic of music can be fascinating. If you still have unanswered questions about music, you may find what you're looking for in the next article.
Andrew Conway is an avid author, writer and a classic movie buff. If you love watching movies, classic sitcom's or just listening to great music, then visit:
A Tribute to Simon and Garfunkel
By Andrew Conway
The most successful folk-rock duo of the 1960s, Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel crafted a series of memorable hit albums and singles featuring their choirboy harmonies, ringing acoustic and electric guitars, and Simon's acute, finely wrought songwriting.
They met in elementary school in 1953, when they both appeared in the school play Alice in Wonderland.They formed the group Tom and Jerry in 1957, and had their first taste of success with the minor hit "Hey Schoolgirl." The duo split up, and Simon continued to struggle to make it in the music business as a songwriter and occasional performer, sometimes using the names of Jerry Landis or Tico and the
Triumphs.
When they re-teamed, it was as a folk duo, though Simon's pop roots would serve the act well in their material's synthesis of folk and pop influences. Signing to Columbia, they recorded an initially unsuccessful acoustic debut (as Simon and Garfunkel, not Tom and Jerry) in 1964, Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M. They again went their separate ways, Simon moving to England, where he played the folk circuit and
recorded an obscure solo album.
Then with the help of Tom Wilson they reunited and made a serious go at a recording career, Simon returning from the U.K. to the U.S. In 1966 and 1967 they were regular visitors to the pop charts with some of the best folk-rock of the era, including "Homeward Bound," "I Am a Rock," and "A Hazy Shade of Winter."
Their final studio album, Bridge Over Troubled Waters, was an enormous hit, topping the charts for ten weeks, and containing four hit singles (the title track, "The Boxer," "Cecilia," and "El Condor Pasa"). A 1981 concert in New York's Central Park attracted half a million fans, and was commemorated with a live album; they also toured in the early '80s, but a planned studio session was cancelled.
Simon and Garfunkel were among the most popular recording artists of the 1960s, and are best known for their songs "The Sound of Mrs Robinson" [The Theme Song Of The Graduate], "Bridge over Troubled Water" and "The Boxer." They have received several Grammys and are inductees of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Long Island Music Hall of Fame (2007). In 2004, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked Simon and Garfunkel #40 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.
Andrew Conway is an author, a musician, and aclassic movie buff. If you love watching movies orjust listening to great music, then visit: http://www.ultimate-free-downloads.com/mp3.html
A Biography of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
By R J A Pettinger
"Transcendental Meditation opens the awareness to the infinite reservoir of energy, creativity and intelligence that lies deep within everyone" - Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi is one of the foremost teachers of meditation. Since he began teaching meditation in 1955 his transcendental meditation movement has been practiced by an estimated 5 million people worldwide.
Mahesh Prasad Varma (later changed to Maharishi Mahesh) was born in Madhya Pradesh, India on January 12th 1917. He was born to the Kshetriya (warrior caste) Maharishi Mahesh Yogi was born on January 12th, 1917 to a Kshetriya caste Hindu family living in the small village of Chichli near Jabalpur, in the central region of India.
After completing a masters degree in Physics from Allahabad university in 1940 he felt increasingly attracted to the spiritual life. He joined the Jyotirmath and became a disciple of Swami Brahmananda Saraswati. After studying meditation under the guidance of the Shankaracharya for 12 years in 1953 he travelled to Uttarkashi in the Himalayas. Here he entered into a meditation retreat, enabling him to deepen his meditation experience. In 1955 he decided he should teach meditation to the world and so began teaching traditional meditation techniques. He also assumed the title “Maharishi” which means great sage and is quite common amongst Indian Gurus. In 1957 he founded his first organisation the Spiritual Regeneration Movement. There have been many related organisations, they tend to get grouped under the heading of transcendental meditation movement.
Transcendental Meditation Movement
The growth in the transcendental movement was rapid, especially in the 1960s when the counter culture made meditation and eastern spirituality more appealing and in the public eye. Many high profile celebrities were attracted to the movement these included the Beach Boys, singer-songwriter Donovan, Clint Eastwood and David Lynch. The most high profile were the Beatles who spent time on a retreat in the late 1960s After a while, with the exception of George Harrison they became disillusioned with the Maharishi and left. George Harrison maintained an interest in meditation throughout his life and helped proved the TM movement with a meeting place in England.
The Maharishi has sought to identify different stages of consciousness. In particular he has sought to demonstrate that if groups of people sincerely meditate in the same area it can have an effect of creating a more peaceful and prosperous effect. He gave this the term the Maharishi effect. Since September 11th 2001 he has often stated that combined efforts of meditation are important for the progress of the world’s spiritual unfoldment.
The Maharishi rarely appears in public but he does issue weekly podcasts in which he offers messages on meditation to his followers. However he has encouraged his students to become registered TM meditation teachers. There are an estimated 1,000 TM - siddhi meditation teachers. Unlike traditional Indian approach to spirituality. Transcendental meditation classes do require a significant monetary fee.
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi is credited as the author of at least 14 books. The most important books are the Science of Being and the Art of Living: Transcendental Meditation and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad-Gita.
More biographies of Spiritual Teachers at Biography online.
The strange story of Timothy Leary, Dennis Hopper and Barbara Silkstone
By Barbara Silkstone
What are you afraid of? What scares you silly? Rats? Snakes? Politicians? Me … I’ve always been terrified of Dennis Hopper. He is a character actor who specialized in playing psychotic motorcycle gang members. I still vividly remember a scene where Hopper mashed over some dude with his bike. Dennis Hopper permanently freaked me out.
And now I begin my tale: It was day one of my interviewing adventure which would become my book: 527 NAKED MEN AND ONE WOMAN – The Adventures of a Love Investigator. My best friend, Sal had scribbled a list of eight men to start my interviewing caper. It was up to me to make them want to be interviewed. From this starter-set list I chose one name – Dr. Timothy Leary. I’ve always been the type that jumps into the deep end first. I figured it’s the best way to learn. Leary was a professor who lectured in psychology at Harvard and explored psychedelic experiences and experiments; he espoused free-love and was the spirit of the 60’s.
Leary was arrested and jailed by G. Gordon Liddy, escaped prison, was re-arrested and ultimately released. He then went on tour with Liddy, as by then they were both ex-cons with a story to tell. He campaigned for governor of California, against Ronald Regan. He hung out with an incredible array of names from the Beatles to Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver. I arrived at Leary’s house which was located up the road from the Beverly Hills Hotel.
Tim was in the final year of his life - death danced naked before him; and yet he was full of piss and vinegar. And this was to be my first ever interview with anyone. Leary complimented me on my courage for taking on this daunting task. “The dehumanizing by males of women and children is the key issue.” He lit a cigarette with shaky hands. “It’s the number one cause of suffering, illness and genocide. It is the pervasive, taken for granted, ever-present brutalization of women and children by men.” His mind darted like a mouse picking up crumbs of memory, nibbling on them and then moving on. I dared not interrupt for fear of his anger, it turned on a whisker. Someone took our photo as we sat together. I wished in my heart, I had known him when he was younger. He was a pistol. His memories are strings I must untangle.
Anger loops to pleasant memories, to passion and back to anger, and then tears. “In the 1920’s when I was born, it was a completely different age. I was an only child and my mother was totally my friend and supporter. And I caused her much pain. She wanted me to be a dentist and live next door. Instead I ended up escaping from prison.” He cried. I waited. “It caused her a great deal of pain because when she would meet with the women who were her friends they would talk about their children. She could never mention my name. And that hurt her a lot. We’re talking about women who were in their 70’s at the time I was in prison. You didn’t talk about things like that back then.
And it seems so tragic now that all those older women were fascinated by me and my life and my mother couldn’t mention it. It robbed her of a high hope of her life because she was proud of me in a way. Now it breaks my heart.” Hours later, I am ready to leave after an emotionally exhausting day. “Please come back,” he begs. I promise to return. It is now my third visit to Leary’s home. I carry bags of fresh fruit and juices for his health. “Put those things in the refrigerator and then get over here,” he barks. Leary’s refrigerator is covered with photos held in place by magnets.
They are all pictures of people he cared for - most of the photos are of twentieth century folk heroes. I am mesmerized. The photos, set so informally, bring these legends to life. And then I do a triple take. Yikes! There’s a recent photo of Leary and me, and under the same magnet is a photo of Dennis Hopper and Leary. My knees buckle. Is this a sign? If so what does it mean? This is not funny, God! I spent the rest of the day with one eye on the door. Timothy Leary died the following year and his ashes were sent into space aboard a Pegasus rocket. I have never heard from Dennis Hopper.
Barbara Silkstone is a freelance writer and self-appointed Love Investigator. For six long years she traveled the country interviewing men ages 18 to 80. The guys poured out their most intimate secrets to Silkstone. She is still recovering from the interviews.
ALBUM REVIEW: Neil Young - Living With War
Hello everyone.
Even though this is a much more recent release, I thought it may be of interest to all the 1970s Neil Young fans.
Neil Young Living With War Rock Music CD Review by: Clyde Lee Dennis
The exceptionally talented Rock artist Neil Young has released him CD entitled Living With War. I am very confident and happy to announce that I believe Neil Young fans, and Rock fans alike will be pleased with this one. With the release of Living With War Neil Young’s artistic excellence is on full display as Young has once again delivered a brilliant collection of tracks that could very well be him best work to date.
I wish it weren’t the case but, it’s not everyday that I get a CD from an artist that I can just pop in and comfortably listen to from beginning to end. There is usually a song or two that I just can’t force myself to get through. Not at all the case with Living With War. Every track is enjoyable and was pretty easy for me to listen to from start to finish. It seems a rare day indeed that I get a CD from an artist that I can truthfully say does not have a bad track in the bunch. I'm more than happy to announce that’s exactly what I must say about this one. There simply is NOT a bad one in the bunch. No fillers here at all.
Neil Young possesses the characteristic of being able to win you over with him talent alone. The kind of artist I frankly just flat out enjoy listening to. One of the refreshingly nice things about this CD is the way all of the participating artists seem to be really enjoying themselves. Combine that with the overall presentation and you’ve got one of Neil Young’s most impressive releases ever. Overall Living With War is excellent from beginning to end. One of those CDs that after a few listens the songs are just etched into your memory. A must have for the Rock fan. Really sensational from beginning to end.
While this entire album is really very good the truly standout tunes are track 1 - After The Garden, track 6 - Flags Of Freedom, and track 10 - America The Beautiful. My SmoothLee Bonus Pick, and the one that got Sore [...as in "Stuck On REpeat"] is track 9 - Roger And Out. This is a great track! Living With War Release Notes: Neil Young originally released Living With War on May 8, 2006 on the Reprise label. CD Track List Follows: 1. After The Garden 2. Living With War 3. Restless Consumer 4. Shock And Awe 5. Families 6. Flags Of Freedom 7. Let's Impeach The President 8. Lookin' For A Leader 9. Roger And Out 10. America The Beautiful
Personnel: Neil Young (vocals); Tommy Bray (trumpet); Rick Rosas (bass instrument); Chad Cromwell (drums).
About The Author
Clyde Lee Dennis a life long music enthusiast, writes CD reviews and is also the Food and Dining Editor at http://seattle.enewsbriefs.com/ covering topics like Seattle Restaurants and more. Visit Seattle eNewsBriefs for the latest Seattle News.
Article location at Article City:
Frank Zappa Does Smoke on the Water?
By Michael Russell
In this article we're going to tell the true behind the scenes story of one of the most famous songs in rock history that was actually the result of an incident at a concert.
Everyone knows the song "Smoke On The Water". Every kid who ever picked up a guitar for the first time plunked out that four chord blues riff. For many kids, it's the only thing they were ever able to play. And many of these kids think they know the story of how that song was recorded. Yes, there was a fire, a bad one. But what most, if not all of them, don't realize is that the fire that broke out that day was during a Frank Zappa and the Mothers Of Invention concert.
The date was December 7, 1971. It was thirty years after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Maybe that should have been an omen. Certainly this was not an insignificant date in history. Anyway, Deep Purple, the band who recorded "Smoke On The Water" was setting up their camp in Montreux, Switzerland to record their next album. They were going to use a mobile recording studio to do this which they rented from The Rolling Stones, known as their Rolling Stones Mobile Studio. They set up at the Montreux Entertainment Complex which was part of their casino. This is referred to as the "gambling house" in the lyrics of the song.
Well, on the eve of their recording session Frank Zappa and The Mothers Of Invention were performing live in concert at the casino's theater. They were to perform a number of their popular songs including the epic "The Nancy and Mary Music”, "Sharleena”, "Duke Of Prunes”, and "Hungry Freaks Daddy". Frank Zappa was strange to say the least. However, before they could really get into the meat of their performance a fire broke out during the concert. It was said to have been caused by a Swiss fan shooting a flare gun at the ceiling, as was stated in the "some stupid with a flare gun" line that ultimately destroyed the entire casino complex, along with all of Frank Zappa and The Mother's equipment.
The smoke on the water that was talked about in the song was the smoke from the fire that spread over all of Lake Geneva. From their hotel across the way from the casino, the members of Deep Purple watched the fire burn and the smoke cover the lake. In the lyrics they mention a "funky Claude" running in and out. This was actually the director of the Montreux Jazz Festival running in and out of the casino trying to get people to safety.
The aftermath of all this was that Deep Purple had no place to record and Frank Zappa and the Mothers were part of the most famous concert in history to get cancelled mid way through. Deep Purple eventually found another place to record, using a near empty Montreux Grand Hotel. They converted its hallways into a makeshift recording studio. As for Frank Zappa, the concert was cancelled and never rescheduled. But he had become a part of history that little kids with electric guitars will be thankful for, for a very long time.
Michael Russell
By Carlos Cabezas López
‘A criminal is not a criminal by birth but made by the world’. This holds true in the case of Charles Manson. Born on 12th November 1934 to an unwed teenage mother in Cincinnati, Charles never knew his biological father. His mother later married William Manson who gave Charles his last name. His mother was a thief who sold him off for a pitcher of beer.
When all other kids his age were in school with the security of loving parents, Charles was moving from one reform school to another. His mother put him in a foster home as her alcoholic ways and prostitution could not afford to provide for Charles. When Charles ran back to her from the home she rejected him and threw him out on the streets. This was a turning point in Charles’s life. He started to steal and at 19 years of age car thefts kept him in and out of jail for a while. He was very intelligent and sharp and psychiatrists judged that he possessed a high I.Q. Once out of jail he married 17-year-old Rosalie Jean Willis in 1955, and wished to move to California and start a new life. But it was not to be. He stole a car soon after marriage and was arrested. On giving birth to a son, Willis ran away with a truck driver.
With personal life in shambles law enforcement agencies tried to rehabilitate him. Psychiatrists said Manson showed marked degree of rejection, instability and psychic trauma. He was unpredictable and showed signs of assaultive tendencies. In spite of his age he was criminally sophisticated. In 1960 he was arrested again for soliciting prostitution and got a jail term of 10 years. Here he met Alvin Karpis the famous bank robber from whom he learned music and to play the guitar. He wanted to become a famous musician like Beatles. Had that happened, crime rate in America could have been considerably reduced. While in prison or on probation, he had stolen cars, pimped inmates, raped another inmate and forged federal checks. By the age of 33 he had spent more than half his life in prison.
Charles Manson had a ‘family’ of hippies made up of like minded people like him. He was bisexual and his women worshipped him. All these girls had sexual relations with him. He told them that "they belong to themselves and not to him". One of the girls Susan Atkins said that she would do anything for Charles. She killed Actress Sharon Tate and said that ‘it was the most exciting sexual experience of her life’. The gruesome killings chilled and paralyzed America in 1969.
The Manson Family was responsible for several murders, known collectively as the Tate-LaBianca murders. The motive behind the murders was that he was rejected by the music industry and wanted revenge. So he asked some members of his family to go to the house of record producer Terry Melcher and kill whoever was on the premises. They entered the compound of Roland Polanski, the famous Hollywood Director and his wife Sharon Tate who was eight months pregnant.
Before entering the house they first shot dead Steve Parent, an 18 year old who was the friend of the gardener because he had seen the intruders while getting into his car. Frykowski and Folger, who were staying in the house until Polanski's return from London, were able to escape from the living room but succumbed in the lawn. Frykowski was stabbed fifty-one times, shot twice, and pistol-whipped over a dozen times. This was allegedly inspired by the Beatles song "Piggies". Folger was stabbed 28 times by Krenwinkel after being tackled on the lawn.
Inside the house intruders asked if anyone had money, and, in replying that she did, Abigail Folger, heiress to the Folgers Coffee Company, was led to her bedroom to empty her purse. She was led back to the living room where the four occupants of the house were tied together. Jay Sebring, a noted hairstylist and friend of the Polańskis was visiting, and when he attempted to defend Tate, he was shot by Watson, who then kicked him several times in the face.
Tate, eight months pregnant, begged for the life of her unborn child and was rebuffed by Atkins, who coldly replied, "Look bitch, I have no mercy for you" before stabbing the actress sixteen times. The killing of wealthy super market executive and his wife, the La Bianca couple, is another cold blooded murder by Charles Manson and his ‘family’. On this occasion Manson himself went along to show his accomplices how to perform the ‘act’. He tied the couples and then instructed Watson, Krenwinkel and Leslie Van Houten to stab them. Watson killed Mr. La Bianca while the girls stabbed his wife even after she died. They carved out the word ‘WAR’ upon her chest and left the fork embedded in her body. With her blood on a piece of paper the words ‘rise’ and ‘death to pigs’ were written. On the wall was ‘Healter Skelter’ misspelled from the Beatles song Helter Skelter. Manson also killed high school music teacher Gary Hinman because he apparently owed him some money.
Manson is now languishing in jail in California and probably for the rest of his life. He is known to shock people especially when in media glare. He is eligible for parole in 2007.
By Carlos Cabezas López ( http://www.casoabierto.com/Cronica-Negra/Cronica-Negra-Internacional/charlesmansonenglishversion.html )
The author is the editor of the digital Journal Caso Abierto. You can can read more articles like this on Caso Abierto at http://www.casoabierto.com/
The Influence of Donovan on The Beatles
By Andreas Walstad
Many Beatles fans are unaware of the great impact British folk-singer and guitarist Donovan (Donovan Philips Leitch) had on the Beatles and their music in 1968.
Donovan was a friend of the Beatles, and when the group traveled to Rishikesh in India to study Transcendental Meditation in February 1968, Donovan came along. There were several other westerners present at the Rishikesh camp too, including Mike Love of the Beach Boys. Many of the songs that would later feature on the Beatles' 1968 album entitled The Beatles - also known as The White Album because of its white cover - emerged during the group's stay in India. One reason for this was the fact that Donovan was there. Between the meditation classes, he taught John, Paul and George a special finger-picking guitar style which can be traced on many of the songs on The White Album.
Take Paul McCartney's Blackbird, for example. It was written in India, and it's a prime example of how Donovan's guitar-technique was applied by the Beatles. Listen how elegantly Paul picks the strings and how the guitar pattern supports the lead vocal brilliantly. Acoustic guitars had arguably not sounded quite as sophisticated as that on previous Beatles recordings, perhaps with a few exceptions, such as Paul's I've Just Seen A Face from 1965 and Lennon's Girl from 1966. The Beatles had often used the acoustic to play rhythm guitar - which of course worked brilliantly - but the Donovan finger-picking style added yet another dimension their music.
Another of Paul's songs, Mother Nature's Son, also took shape in India. Also here Donovan's influence is obvious. The lyrics, meanwhile, are said to have been influenced by a lecture given by meditation guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, a central figure at the camp. Paul was of course not the only Beatle who was inspired by Donovan's guitar technique. Just listen to the songs Julia and Dear Prudence, both penned by John Lennon.
Dear Prudence is actually about a specific incident that occurred at the Rishikesh meditation camp. The song is really about Prudence Farrow, sister of actress Mia Farrow, who also stayed at Rishikesh. Prudence, however, preferred to meditate in solitude in her chalet. In the end Lennon and George Harrison had to convince her to come out and join the others: Dear Prudence, won't you come out and play?
Other songs written or inspired by the stay in India were Lennon's The Continuing Story Of Bungalow Bill and Sexy Sadie, plus McCartney's Why Don't We Do It In The Road and Wild Honey Pie. Sexy Sadie was originally called Maharishi after Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the meditation guru. After having stayed in India for a while, Lennon lost trust in Maharishi, apparently because of a rumor that the guru had made sexual advances to a female member of the course. The Continuing Story Of Bungalow Bill was about college graduate named Richard Cooke III who visited the Rishikesh community because his mother Nancy was staying there. They did indeed go tiger hunting, just like the song suggests.
Paul McCartney later said he got the idea to Why Don't We Do It In The Road? in India, where he had seen two monkeys copulating in the road. Wild Honey Pie was a sing along that also emerged in Rishikesh. The first Beatle to leave India was Ringo, who returned to London in early March. McCartney soon followed, while Lennon and Harrison left in April.
Andreas Walstad is a journalist and the author of http://www.thebeatlesonline.com/
You can read about all the songs the Beatles released on my website: http://www.thebeatlesonline.com/pages/beatles_songs.htm
By Dave Nuzzo
This is the second in a series of Rock and Roll features I'm writing for this site. I'm a rock and roller and I love blues so this column is a way for me to feature a different album that I like from those genres every month. In the future I hope to be able to have other people write similar columns about genres they're interested in. If you're interested, feel free to contact me about contributing.
In 1970, with amazing results, two of the best guitarists of the day came together, although only briefly. Only one short year later one would be dead, the other removed from the music scene, but that brief moment, the “perfect storm” collaboration, is forever immortalized in a single song: “Layla”. The band was called Derek and the Dominos, the album, Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs, and the guitarists were Eric Clapton, and Duane Allman. Always aware of this album and in particular “Layla” the song, I only recently came to appreciate it in its entirety.
Groundbreaking blues and rock and roll, this album can easily be considered one of the greatest rock and roll albums of all time, but other than the title track it is somewhat unknown. I chose this album for this month's rock and roll feature simply because I feel this album is timeless. Was it a “Perfect Storm” type of scenario that brought together such talent and produced such amazing results? Maybe... No matter the cause though, they truly do not make music like this anymore.
The title of this album, Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs, can be both confusing and extremely accurate depending on your viewpoint. These certainly are not traditional love songs. They all do deal with “love” topics but more often than not its heartbreak. In a way, yes they are love songs, but if you're expecting sappy romantic love songs you might want to look elsewhere. The music itself is less about the psychedelic than other late 60s early 70s albums, like Clapton's work with Cream. Instead its a straights forward, blues rock explosion that ranges from foot stomping rock and roll to the purest blues. There is also a lot of the earthiness that would become more prominent on Clapton's own 461 Ocean Boulevard album released in '74.
The “Layla” album was supposedly fueled by Clapton's unrequited love for his friend George Harrison's wife, and the topics and emotional content of the writing make this easy to believe. There are few rock and roll albums that can rival the emotional power of these songs. Its easy to see the turmoil that existed in Clapton's life when these were written purely by their emotional content. The “Layla Sessions” were plagued by heavy drug use and it would be shortly after this album that Clapton would retreat from the musical spotlight to deal with his own heroin addiction. All of these factors seem to have contributed to something of a unique musical event that would only happen once. To top it off, the album features not just one great guitarist, but two.
Duane Allman, session guitarist and famous for his own band, The Allman Brothers with his brother Greg, came to the recording session late in the game but after hearing the album, its almost impossible to picture these heart wrenching songs without Allman's spine tingling slide work. Duane Allman would be killed in a motorcycle accident only one year later and although his guitar work with his own band is equally impressive, there is something about his collaboration with Clapton that just seems magical. The rock and roll world is lucky to have had such a collaboration recorded for future generations to enjoy, especially because of Allman's untimely death.
Songs like “Bell Bottom Blues”, “Have You Ever Loved a Woman” and a unique take on Jimi Hendrix's “Little Wing”, are incredibly emotionally heavy, but not dramatic. These songs come off as very real. The blues aspect of these songs makes them far easier to relate to. While other singers might have these songs come off as whiny or overly dramatic, when Clapton sings them his soul comes through perfectly. “Anyday” and “Why Does Love Have to be So Sad” are also album highlights with a more rock and roll feel while still maintaining the same intensity in the vocals making for a very broad album musically.
It is hard not to get caught up in the music and when the title track's first guitar riff is played, it serves as the perfect summary for the album as a whole. Like the closing song of a live show, “Layla” is the perfect encore to an amazing album, and then the subtle “Thorn Tree in the Garden serves as a quiet folksy reminder of everything that came before. Although not necessarily a conceptual album, this is definitely a complete work and it works much better as a whole. Although “Layla” is a fantastic song, it seems to have more of an impact when serving as the rock and roll closer to this soul baring roller coaster of an album.
In a way, its a good thing that there only was one Derek and the Dominos album. Who knows if a follow up album could be anything but a disappointment or if the tumultuous times that spawned the first album would have caused the band members to self destructing, had they tried to make a second.
Most people who know something about rock and roll have heard “Layla”, most known Eric Clapton and a good portion probably know Duane Allman as well, but they don't know the whole story. Until you pick up this album (or better yet the 20th anniversary edition with 3 disks of material from outtake to blues jams), you're missing out on not only one of the best rock and roll albums of all times, but on an emotional pinnacle that was almost like a rock and roll perfect storm never to be repeated.
Sometimes the best art can come out of the worst times.
References include http://www.allmusic.com/ for dates and some biographical information, and my own music collection.
D.A.N (Dave Nuzzo). is the owner, editor and primary writer for an online magazine called The Sights and Sounds from the Fifth Column , a new publication dedicated to new ideas in all facets of society. It deals with topics ranging from music and art to politics and world events all while upholding ideas of freedom of speech, free thinking, creativity and human rights. This site is also dedicated to serving as a public forum for artist, musicians, writers or regular people to showcase their creative work ranging from traditional artwork, through writing and music to more recent digital media. It is the hope that the larger audience of this publication will help some of these lesser known artists or ideas reach the public.
Sights and Sounds of the Fifth Column, found at http://www.fifthcolumnmagazine.com/
ALBUM REVIEW: Carlos Santana and Mahavishnu John McLaughlin - Love, Devotion, Surrender
By Clyde Lee Dennis
The talented Carlos Santana CD entitled Love Devotion Surrender is an exceptional album. Here Carlos Santana’s artistic excellence is on full display as Santana has once again delivered a brilliant collection of tracks that could very well be his best work to date.
Carlos Santana has been a heavy hitter in the Rock genre for quite some time now and Love Devotion Surrender is an excellent illustration as to why. One of the nicer things about a CD like this is when the talent is this rich even if Rock isn’t your favorite genre you still can’t help but appreciate the greatness of the artist. Listen and I think you’ll agree that the song choices are excellent, the production is outstanding and Carlos Santana is clearly in top form.
While the entire CD is really very good some of my favorites are track 3 - The Life Divine, track 4 - Let Us Go Into The House Of The Lord, and track 7 - Naima. My Bonus Pick, and the one that got Sore [... as in "Stuck On REpeat"] is track 1 - A Love Supreme. What a nice track!
CD Track List Follows:
By H. Tim Sevets
The beat movement has been misunderstood for years. For one thing, it was larger than many commentators credit it with being. The Portable Beat Reader helps set the record straight in this regard, with its generous sampling of a remarkably large number of poets, authors and essayists who may credibly be placed squarely within the beat tradition.
Certainly, it contains generous helpings of Allen Ginsburg, William Burroughs, Jack Kerouac, Kenneth Rexroth. Gary Snyder and other leading lights of this all-too-short-lived phenomenon. But there are many lesser knowns as well, including several individuals who were a bit younger than the founding beats but who served to transmit the authentic beat spirit into the 1960s and beyond.
On this note, The Portable Beat Reader really shines at demonstrating the lasting influence that the beat movement had on American art and culture. That influence rippled down the years, surviving, growing and evolving long after the movement itself had disappeared with the aging and deaths of its progenitors, as well as its parodying in the comic-grist image of the "beatnik."
This magnificent collection was edited by Ann Charters, who has nurtured a lifetime fascination with the beats. This fascination even led at one point to a job working with Jack Kerouac to complete a bibliography of his work. Following Kerouac's death she wrote the first of his biographies.
In addition to editing The Portable Beat Reader, Charters contributed an excellent introduction that sets the beats in the context of their time as well as in the context of the stream of American nonconformist and rebellious intellectualism.
The Portable Beat Reader will stand as the definitive collection of beat writings for many years to come, if not forever.
The Portable Beat Reader is published by Penguin Books of New York, London and elsewhere; ISBN # 0-14-015102-8.
H. Tim Sevets is books editor for the Solid Gold Info Writers Consortium , where he specializes in objective reviews of the top money-making reports available over the Web. Recently, he reviewed an e-book that claims to show how to make money by tearing up old books and magazines and selling them on eBay. Read his opinion at http://www.solid-gold.info/tear-up-old-books-sell-ebay.html .
The Legendary Roy Buchanan
By Dave Nuzzo
Although I'm very passionate about my music, my guitar playing and blues, I don't in any way consider myself an expert on any of these topics. I'm always open to new artists and a lot of artists that have received high praise from other musicians I simply haven't had the chance to listen to yet.
This will explain to some why I had never listened to Roy Buchanan till recently.
When you read as much about music, guitars, guitarists and guitar playing as I do there are certain names that continue to pop up as major players in the guitar world. People like Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page, Jeff Beck, Billy Gibbons, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Peter Greene etc. Most of these people I had heard of and typically I've listened to their music for years as have many people. Probably everyone familiar with rock and roll has heard of Eric Clapton and Jimi Hendrix and people who know classic rock can easily recognize Jimmy Page from Led Zeppelin. One name though, Roy Buchanan, kept popping up, and I could never pinpoint his music, or why some of the people I consider guitar legends, referred to him as one of their influences.
That is until recently...
While I was reading about rock and roll and preparing for the launch of The Soul of Rock 'n' Roll, I happened across a video of none other than Roy Buchanan playing “Hey Joe,” a song that was more well known because of the Jimi Hendrix version. I knew and loved the Hendrix version and having remembered hearing about Roy Buchanan so much I was intrigued. I watched the video and suddenly I had a new guitar idol.
This blues guitarist so expertly wrenched notes from his guitar that it sent shivers up my spine. Using a volume knob technique to create an almost violin like effect along with typical blues guitar techniques, and a whole lot of emotion, Mr. Roy Buchanan took the song I had only known because of Hendrix and created a slow blues, absolutely heart wrenching version unlike anything I had ever heard. It was raw, real and authentic that I was immediately blown away. I watched every video of Roy Buchanan I could find that night.
Roy's playing seemed to come primarily out of emotion like blues, but with a noticeable technical expertise that was exciting but not showy. Plus, when he would work the volume knob on his guitar, he could actually make it sound like the guitar was crying. Well this works as an exciting technique, but it also allowed him to create very vocal sounding solos that had swells, dynamics and emphasis, just like a vocal soloist would use and that added so much soul to the solo.
When it comes to music, I'm impressed not so much by technical expertise on an instrument (although that can impress me too), but more so how well that musician can convey the emotions of the song, add to them and enhance the overall mood. Anyone can learn to play blindingly fast with a million notes, but when someone can make their soul speak through the instrument, thats what it is really all about. With his crying guitar and tonal range from smooth, round and transparent to bitingly sharp and gritty, Roy took these songs from slow and sad to hard edged an soulful at will. Truly a master of expression on guitar.
As I read more about Roy Buchanan I discovered that except amongst guitarists, specifically blues guitarists, his music is generally overlooked. That seems like such a shame. For me, music is about emotion, what it makes me feel and how well I can related to those feelings. This is why I gravitated towards blues as I grew older. Blues is probably the most emotion based genre of music there is as it's primary focus is often heartbreak, a very emotional subject. The best musicians in any genre can convey their feelings and their soul through their music. Roy Buchanan was definitely one of the best at this in my book. His playing has had such an impact on how I play guitar that I only wish I could have found his music sooner. It has really inspired me to try and put every ounce of myself and my soul into my playing.
Maybe the music of Roy Buchanan is not for everyone as not everyone is into blues or guitar playing but for those of you who are into both and haven't yet checked out the work of Roy Buchanan, you should. His blues is more earthy, and rustic that some of the famous Chicago blues players (B.B. King, Buddy Guy) and has a hint of jazz, but his passion is just as evident and the guitar playing is magical.
Some artists never received the recognition they truly deserve but if an artist can inspire others, than they are successful and because of how he has inspired other musicians, myself included, I think Roy Buchanan deserves a little more recognition. I hope more people are as inspired by Roy Buchanan's music as I am.
D.A.N (Dave Nuzzo), is the Owner/Editor of The Soul of Rock 'n' Roll, a music and rock 'n' roll oriented blog. The Soul of Rock 'n' Roll was design to promote the music that he likes, listens to and is passionate about. He discusses everything from Folk to Heavy Metal with the emphasis on Classic Rock, but also talks about the impact rock 'n' roll has on society, unknown bands, and playing music. If you're interested in reading more rock 'n' roll articles from D.A.N., check out The Soul of Rock 'n' Roll.
By Andy Jackson
I think I probably started listening to Pink Floyd because I used to chill with some dudes who smoked weed and used to play Floyd a lot and I found the music is really good to listen to when you are stoned. Pink Floyd are a kind of psychedelic rock cross breed and their lyrics are quite deep and philosophical.
Pink Floyd formed in Cambridge, England in the early 1960's and were originally called Tea Set but one night while they were playing at a gig there was a band with the same name so Syd Barrett came up with the name The Pink Floyd Sound which was named after two blues singers (Pink Anderson an Floyd Council). The group switched between their two names for a while until finally Pink Floyd won over.
Floyd were made up originally of David Gilmour, Rick wright, Nick Mason, Syd Barrett, Roger Waters and Bob Klose. Bob Klose actually left the group before Pink Floyd had recorded any albums and David Gilmour came in to replace Barrett after his decline. In the early years Syd Barrett was the "leader" of the group and wrote most of the early songs.
The first of Pink Floyd's albums was The Piper At The Gates Of Dawn and was released in 1967 and is considered one of the best debut albums by any group. The album contained many new technologies and the use of electronics such as the use of stereo panning, electric keyboards and echo effects.
Pink Floyd toured with Jimi Hendrix in the early 1970's which helped them to rise in popularity and with that rise came the decline of Syd who had been taking a lot of "psychedelic" drugs and pushed him into a mental deterioration. It was around this time that David Gilmour joined the band to take the place of Syd who it is reported would just be standing still and staring into space during rehearsals and some of their performances and it is said this is due to his constant taking of LSD. Eventually the other members of the group slowly stopped taking Syd along to their concerts and his last performance was in 1968 when they played at Hastings Pier. Syd Barrett died on July 7th, 2006 after spending years in seclusion.
After Syd had formally left Pink Floyd, David Gilmour, Roger Waters and Rick Wright started to take on the role of writing the lyrics and songs between them and A Saucerful Of Secrets was released in late 1968. Following this album they started to become more popular and were recruited to write the music for the film More. After this they released many further albums (Ummagumma, Atom Heart Mother, Meddle, Obscured By Clouds, Dark Side Of The Moon, Wish You Were Here, Animals and The Wall).
In 1985 Roger Waters left Pink Floyd and started to pursue his own solo career. There were some disagreements over the use of the "Pink Floyd" name when David Gilmour and Nick Mason continued to use the name and started recording a new album in 1986. The disagreements were finally settled out of court and the album was released (A Momentary Lapse Of Reason). There were several other albums released which were Delicate Sound Of Thunder and The Division Bell.
Roger Waters finally returned to the band in 2005 when they played together again at the London Live 8 concert. Pink Floyd have inspired many of todays groups and artists, such as Phil Collins & Genesis, Radiohead, Nine Inch Nails and Yes, and their music is a prominent feature of the musical by Tom Stoppard called Rock 'n' Roll which premiered at the Royal Court Theater, London in 2006.
Some of their most popular songs are: Interstellar Overdrive, A Saucerful Of Secrets, Careful With That Axe, Eugene, Brain Damage, The Great Gig In The Sky, Another Brick In The Wall (Part 2), Comfortably Numb, The Final Cut, Learning To Fly, Money and Wish You Were Here.
My Top 10 Pink Floyd Songs are:
01. The Thin Ice
A Bit About Hippies
By Robert Fuller
The creatively coined term “hippie” comes from the word “hip” and is jazz slang for the word “hipster”, which was coined during the 1940’s. As years passed, “hippie” was used to refer to many different people or groups of people. However, the term had a long history, and was only accepted as a common and usual word in 1967.
No matter who it refers to, however, the term “hippie” remains true to its original meaning. It refers to a person or a group who belongs to a certain social environment that sprang in the United States during the 1960’s. As the term continued to increase its popularity, the number of people who fit the description also grew considerably larger. Along with other movements, the “hippies” of the past became a counterculture, an entirely complete lifestyle that ruled the lives of its members in every aspect.
What the hippies lived for was to counter the dominant culture in the society with another culture that was somewhat more liberal. Their main purpose was to go against the realms of the society that is in place by rejecting it. Hippies were mostly on the opposing side of what had already established. They opposed nearly everything that is accepted by the society. Their oppositions were not negative. They were against nuclear weapons and wars. Their main doctrine revolved around love, peace, and freedom of self-expression,
Hippies believed that there was more to life than what the norms state. This is why they opposed restrictions above all else. And in the spirit of opposition, they, in turn, promoted what the society is opposed to and what was dominant in the world. Examples of what they advocated were the liberal use of what they called “psychedelic drugs” and freedom of sexual expressions as well.
They also rallied for the environment, and most hippies were vegetarian. As an entire culture, they also had their own ways of expressing themselves through music and art. They maximized the use of these cultural tools in expressing what they believed in. Since they are also pro-peace, they do not engage in violence in demonstrating their views. Instead, they used other ways to be radical and to make their mark and be heard.
Two of the well-known forms of expressions that the hippies used are music and their clothing style. The hippie music, which revolved mostly around what was called “psychedelic rock” was one of the most popular ways of how these hippies lured people into their radical society. Their music also became popular.
Their clothing styles and the way they carried themselves, however, were more radical than their music. The hippies kept their hair long, regardless of gender. In breaking societal norms, they also chose to forego some of what people usually regard as necessities. Some hippies go braless and some go barefoot. They liked to use bright, bold colors to express freedom. They showed their independence through the unhindered use of colors and unusual clothes.
The hippies were the advocates of the bell-bottom pants, long flowing skirts, and peasant blouses. Another clothing trend that claimed popularity, not only during their time, but up to the present as well, are the tie-dyed t-shirts they used. To avoid supporting the corporate society, hippies liked designing and making their own clothes. The same is true with the tie-dyed theme. Tie-dyed shirts can easily be made at home, and they always come out differently every time. The colors would mix differently, and the patterns would be unique for each shirt.
As the society embraced the other hippie trends such as bell-bottom pants, long skirts, and peasant blouses, the tie-dyed shirts still stand out as truly hippie. It is still, up until now, closely associated to being a hippie. Tie-dyes shirts still remain a distinct symbol of being part of the hippie counterculture.
However, no matter how commercialized the hippie fashion statement may get, in truth, it is still closely linked with hippie values.
Haight Ashbury 40 Years On
By Michael Ernest
Haight Ashbury is now the second most popular tourist attraction in San Francisco according to the city's hotel and visitor's bureau. Thus, it was not surprising most of the news reports on the 40th Anniversary of the Summer of Love made mention of the Haight turning into a place where the 1960s have become commercialized by t-shirt and poster shops or theme rooms at the historic Red Vic Bed and Breakfast.
While that might have been the easy angle to take for out of town reporters to take, in reality the Haight has always been known for being a shopping district. Even when the Psychedelic Shop opened in 1966, the first of its kind, it received complaints from those who thought mercantilism and hippie-dom should not co-exist. As for tourism, it began a year later when Grey Line ran two buses a day to the Haight for outsiders to see the hippies.
There are a couple hours in the morning when Haight Street is truly peaceful. The street is swept clean around 7 a.m. each day, giving it a chastity that lasts only until the shoppers arrive and the vagabonds make their way down from the park. As the day goes on, the atmosphere often becomes unpredictable, one turning the corner onto it not knowing what the mood of the street will be. The mood can change depending upon what element is present, be them street musicians, hobos or at times an even more colorful lot just being crazy in their own way.
Back when Jerry Garcia was still alive, one could always tell when the Dead were in town because the number of hippies would increase, the VW vans they camped in parked along the street. At times now, one can sense the type and quality and of the drugs around, although those contributing to the sketchier feel are often outsiders, coming to peddle their wares on the odd weekend afternoon, and not the usual suspects from the neighborhood.
Mornings, however, are almost always serene. Most stores don't open until 10:30 or 11 a.m., making the sidewalks easy to navigate and the coffee shops and breakfast places relatively empty. There are the occasional stray tourists, usually early-risers on east coast time who, despite their careful vacation planning, are not aware of the fact the stores open late.
It is shopping, tourism just being a contributor, that dominates the Haight Street economy. Still a favorite spot for those who prefer thrift store chic or vintage wear, the Haight's commercial strip boasts 48 clothing stores in just six blocks. There are a sprinkling of smaller chains - Daljeets, Crossroads, American Apparel - but many are tinier businesses. Among them are six that sell only used clothing, four that sell Tibetan accoutrement; three dealing in skate and surf wear; two exclusively dealing in lingerie; and two in hip hop threads.
Not counting the nine head shops, there are only three other stores that cater exclusively to the t-shirt or hippy crowd. Shoe stores, varying from sneakers to Dominatrix boots, are the newest trend on the street, having risen to six in all. For the most part, business is good. Buffalo Exchange's Haight Street store, for instance, is the largest money maker in its chain despite also having the highest theft rate.
Mixed in with the clothing stores are 16 restaurants not counting the seven coffee shops; nine bars; five tattoo parlors; four hair salons; three independent book stores, including an anarchist bookshop; two fabric outlets, one being an arts supply place; and several small markets and miscellaneous stores for the locals. To serve musicians, the Haight Ashbury Music Center remains a staple, having first opened its doors in 1972, its storefront a favorite for street musicians as well.
For those buying music, there are three record stores, two dealing largely in LPs, and Ameoba, which converted an old bowling alley into one of the largest record stores in the city. For movie buffs there is the historic Red Vic Movie House showing a combination of off-beat, artistic and commercial films, as well as the independent video store, Into Video.
What there is not on the street is a pharmacy. There was one once, a locally owned establishment that cried David to Long's Goliath when that chain store tried to move in at the corner of Haight and Cole. One night while still under renovation, someone broke in and burned the place down. Long's, realizing it was unwelcome, gave up the effort. Although the locally-owned pharmacy has since closed and the demand for a replacement is high, the drug store chains still won't come near the Haight.
The anti-chain feeling was at a particular peak at that time because in the mid-1980s, both The Gap and Benny and Jerry's offered above market rents to secure opposite corners of Haight and Ashbury Streets creating a rent shockwave up and down Haight Street. For several years afterward turnover of the small start-up businesses was high.
While Ben and Jerry's sold ice cream, something it is hard not to like, and became accepted as time passed, The Gap over the years did not fare as well with the locals, or shoppers for that matter. People did not come to the Haight in search of yuppie clothing and it proved the worst performing store in the company's chain, the illustrious address serving mainly as a corporate advertisement. The neighborhood collectively cheered when it finally closed in early 2007, the company also growing fatigued by a relentless graffiti campaign waged on its windows by various taggers over 20 years.
That spirit is just one element that remains from 40 years ago when the Haight was a community that shunned the rest of the world, if not thumbed its noses up at it, and lived by its own rules. While not bearing much resemblance to its 1960s days, the Haight has not changed that significantly in the last 25 years or so. One can still find hippies, druggies, artists and teenage runaways as well as well as families, professionals and students. The latter group gives the Haight a younger feel than other San Francisco neighborhoods, the result of both the UCSF medical school and the University of San Francisco being walking distance. San Francisco State, which in the 60s was also located nearby, is now just a bus ride away.
One of the more significant changes to the neighborhood has been the lack of affordable housing, something that once attracted people to the Haight but is now a scarcity everywhere in San Francisco. Much is made recently of the city being inhabited by rich people but, as any visitor can easily attest, poverty is widespread in San Francisco. There has been a effort by the upper classes to try to hide this fact, which result partly from practices they support, but when one has to make at least $11 an hour just to pay rent on a one-bedroom apartment let alone other living expenses, it shouldn't be surprising that some just drop out altogether and choose homelessness.
While overcrowding of apartments is not on the scale it was in the 1960s when the city's health department used to run sweeps of Haight Ashbury homes overrun with hippies, it is still not uncommon to meet a student who lives in a walk-in closet, living rooms being an especial luxury in many shared spaces. The cost of living also forces many to dumpster dive outside markets for fruit and vegetables, if not for clothing and furniture, America's college kids not all being privileged.
While gentrification is changing parts of San Francisco, the Haight still remains is a neighborhood with its character intact though. It is hard to live there for any extent of time and not get to know the shopkeepers, one's neighbors or even the panhandlers. With all the activity on the usually bustling street, it is still easy to recognize who lives there, who does business there or who is there to make trouble.
Those who move there seem to get caught up in the vibe of the place, either unable or unwilling to change it. Although some have tried, in the spirit of those who gave the neighborhood its identity in the 1960s, it refuses to be governed by one group - not the merchants, not the hippies, not the yuppies, not the hobos nor the druggies, and certainly not the anti-drug crusaders. All seemed destined to co-exist with no one group having an advantage. Perhaps that is why misfits and people looking to reinvent themselves are still attracted to the Haight. Just as during the Summer of Love, from the first week one arrives, they are as much a part of the neighborhood as anyone else.
Michael Ernest is a journalist living in Haight Ashbury http://www.wiredgypsy.com/
Here's a longer biography of Jimi Hendrix
By Joe Guse
If ever there was a guitar player who redefined this instrument for anyone who has ever played it before or since, it would be Jimi Hendrix. Jimi's exceptionally creative, powerful, psychedelic licks helped him reach a musical standard that has never been duplicated, and in his four short years as a recording star he established himself as a musical legend without equal. His performances at the Monterrey Pop Festival which established him as a star, and later at Woodstock were some of the most awe-inspiring in the history of live music, and history will remember Jimi Hendrix as one of the most influential albeit enigmatic and mysterious musicians who ever graced the stage.
Jimi Hendrix was born John Allen Hendrix on November 29, 1942 to James (Al) Hendrix and Lucille Jeter in Seattle, Washington. Jimmy's father Al, who would be his primary parental force throughout Jimi's life, was in the Army when Jimi was born. Fearing that Al would go AWOL to go see his newborn son, the army placed Al in the stockade on "general principle" where he stayed for over a month until the army saw fit to release him.
Back in Seattle Jimi's mother Lucille quickly grew tired of being a single parent and virtually abandoned Jimi during his first few years of life. Jimi, then known as Johnny, first lived with Lucille's family, but was then placed with a woman named Mrs. Walls who took Johnny in and cared for him.
Al was finally released from the Army in 1945 when Jimi was three years old. Upon arriving back in the United States, Al regained custody of Johnny and promptly named him James after himself. Originally Jimi was known as "Buster" by his family, but at the age of 6 everyone began calling young James "Jimi" which would stick with him for the rest of his short life. Between the ages of 3 and 6 Al raised Jimi with the assistance of Lucille's Sister Dolores, and Jimi became very close to her children who were being raised in the same home.
When Jimi was 6, his mother briefly came back into Jimi's life when Al and Lucille attempted a reconciliation. Because there was little work in Seattle at the time, Al joined the Merchant Marines, and while he was away Lucille returned to her old carefree lifestyle, and was kicked out of the housing the Hendrix's were residing in for having inappropriate male visitors. Upon his return from the Merchant Marines, Al and the family reunited, and Lucille eventually had another son Leon in 1948, who had Asian features and was clearly not Al Hendrix's son. Lucille eventually had another son Joey by still a different father, and Al eventually divorced Lucille in 1950 as a result of her lack of stability.
Over the next few years Al raised Jimi and Leon with the help of his relatives, and Jimi briefly had another maternal figure "Edna" enter his life, who he grew close to but who was eventually forced to leave the Hendrix home to make room for other relatives. Lucille popped in and out of Jimi's life during his formative years, and would make extravagant promises to Jimi that she would not follow through on. On February 2, 1958, following many years of hard drinking and frivolity, Lucille passed away at the age of 32 which deeply saddened Jimi.
In his teen years Al Hendrix bought Jimi his first electric guitar which Jimi became so attached to that he slept with it on a nightly basis. Jimi was eventually recruited by a man named James Thomas, and Jimi then became a member of James Thomas and the Tomcats. During this same time frame, Jimi, who had grown disinterested in school, dropped out of Garfield High, and also got in trouble for being in a stolen car. Jimi eventually joined the Army during this period, and decided he wanted to be a paratrooper in the Screaming Eagles like his father before him.
Jimi met Billy Cox while in the Army and the two of them had a great deal in common including musical tastes. While in the army they begin to play a little together, and they formed a friendship and partnership that would later be rekindled when Jimi formed the band Band Of Gypsies.
Following his stint in the Army, Jimi moved down south and began playing the "Chitlin" circuit where he used the stage names "Maurice James" and "Jimmie James" and had some success as a guitar player. Jimi would even play backup on a Supremes record, and in 1964 he played with the Isley Brothers who were also very popular at the time. It was during this period when Jimi met Little Richard, who was a bit of a narcissist, and felt that Jimi's guitar playing upstaged him and took the focus off him which he felt was a necessary component of the act.
Jimi eventually split with Little Richard and moved to New York City where he at first had little success. After spending some time in Harlem, Jimi settled into the Greenwich Village neighborhood, where he formed a new band called Jimmy James and the Blue Flames. Jimi's unique improvisational style alienated a number of his fans, while others thought they were witnessing the birth of a genius. One of these people was Chas Chandler, who formerly played base for a band called the Animals who knew when he saw Jimi that he had discovered an amazing new talent. Chas convinced Jimi that he would have more success in England than in the United States, and in 1966 Jimi packed his bags and left the US to live in London.
While in London Jimi met Mitch Mitchell and Noel Redding, and the three of them formed the band The Jimi Hendrix Experience and begin touring around England. Jimi dazzled the English crowd, who were alternately shocked and amazed by Jimi, and he was described in the English papers as "The Wild Man of Borneo" which was a kind of racial slur against Jimi's heritage. The group was very successful, and their first album Are You Experienced produced the songs Hey Joe and Purple Haze which were both big hits on the English rock charts.
Jimi's breakthrough performance came upon his return to the Unites States at the Monterrey Pop Festival where his use of distortion and feedback on the guitar helped him create a sound previously unheard by American audiences. With the crowd already in a frenzy over his performance, Jimi set his guitar on fire at the end of his set, which further electrified the crowd and created a buzz about Jimi Hendrix that would propel him to the top of the music world.
One important ally Jimi made during this time was Brian Jones from the Rolling Stones, who introduced Jimi at Monterrey and was one of Jim's first important fans in the world of music. Following his performance at Monterrey, Brian introduced to Jimi to a lot of important people in California, which culminated in The Jimi Hendrix Experience being signed to go on tour with the Monkees who were one of the top drawing bands in the world at this time.
Jimi's wild style and sexually explicit actions on stage were not well suited to the Monkees crowd, and soon this tour dissolved and The Jimi Hendrix Experience began touring on their own. Over the next two years the band became hugely successful, and in addition to Hey Joe and Purple Haze, produced songs such as Castles Made of Sand, and Bob Dylan's All Along the Watchtower, which were all big hits for the band. The band eventually produced three hit albums, Are You Experienced, Axis: Bold as Love, and Electric Ladyland which all were huge successes. The band was not without its difficulties however, as Jimi and Noel Redding had difficulties agreeing on several issues related to the band, and in the summer of 1969 the band broke up despite the fact that they were at the peak of their commercial success.
Some speculated that Jimi broke up The Jimi Hendrix Experience because both of his bandmates were white, and that he was receiving pressure from the Black Panthers to make a statement about Black solidarity. Although Jimi did have an association with the Panthers in the 1960's, he used the standard "creative differences" approach to explain the band's breakup. But in any case it was apparent that he was hurt by all of the negative press he received following this incident.
Following the breakup of The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi began heavily using drugs, and a major turning point came in his life when he was arrested on May 3, 1969 at the Toronto airport for possession of Heroin and Marijuana. Jimi adamantly claimed the drugs were not his, but was rightfully disturbed at the prospect of facing seven years in prison, and thought a great deal about his legacy following his arrest. Jimi was eventually cleared of these charges, but still faced a great deal of inner turmoil as a result of this experience.
In the summer of that year, Jimi put together a group of musicians to play with him at Woodstock, and his performance there was one that helped cement his legend as one of the truly inspired live performers in the history of music. His Star-Spangled Banner on guitar was a huge hit with the fans, and would later become one of the featured scenes in the Woodstock film recordings that were produced at the festival. Later that year Jimi would also play at England's answer to Woodstock, called The Isle of White Festival, where he also dazzled and amazed his English fans, many of who had been with him from the beginning.
At the end of his life, Jimi reunited with his old army buddy Billy Cox, and they formed the Band of Gypsies, which would be Jimi's final group. This group had some success, but Jimi was beginning to become fatigued from years of working almost constantly, his continuing drug use, and the anxiety he felt arising from battles with his management, and earnings in the millions that he could not account for.
In September of that year, as the group was touring Europe, Jimi Hendrix was found dead on his hotel room floor as a result of an overdose of sleeping pills that caused him to choke on his own vomit. Jimi's death was highly controversial however, as some claim he was mishandled by paramedics which caused him to eventually suffocate on the way to the hospital. Jimi's death has been thoroughly investigated and researched, and despite all of the claims, a coroner's report confirms that Jimi had been dead for some time when he was eventually found on the morning of September 18th.
The legacy of Jimi Hendrix endures, and many still consider him to be the most unique guitar player that ever lived. His estate has made millions of dollars following his death, most of which was originally hidden from his father by unscrupulous managers of Jimi's affairs. Al Hendrix and his family eventually won back Jimi's legacy with the help of Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, and Allen would eventually go on to build a Jimi Hendrix museum called the Experience Music project, which is a major tourist attraction in Seattle Washington.
Analysis: Gender Role Preparation perceived through Gender Guiding Lines and Role Models
Though his interactions with his father, Jimi learned the values of hard work and perseverance that would guide him throughout his life and career. Although Jimi was occasionally portrayed as a spaced-out wild man under the influence of LSD, he was in fact an extremely hard worker who produced an amazing amount of material in his short career.
Jimi's father also instilled in Jimi the value of perseverance. Through all of his struggles with his wife Lucille, job difficulties, prejudice, etc, Al Hendrix continued to soldier on and raise his boy Jimi, and this lesson was not lost on his young son. This value of perseverance was so strong in Jimi that he practiced his guitar so often and so much that he eventually became a virtuoso. With no ability to read music and no real training, Jimi still managed to teach himself to play the guitar with his right hand despite the fact that he was born left-handed.
All of these obstacles must have made the guitar very difficult for Jimi to learn, but through watching his father Jimi learned a man never gives up, and he therefore continued to work tirelessly at learning to play his guitar.
Jimi's female gender guiding line was much more complex. Although Jimi loved his mother, she disappeared often in his life, and Jimi was well aware of her infidelities towards his father. Later in his life Jimi's interactions with women appeared to be unstable, and his fear of commitment with women may very well have arisen from watching his mother's irresponsible behavior.
Jimi's mistrust of women is interesting to consider with regard to one of the women he was the closest to named Devon Wilson. Devon was a former prostitute, heavy drug user, and party girl who had also been romantically linked to Mick Jagger during the late 1960's. Devon lived with Jimi at his New Your apartment, handled many of Jimi's affairs, and was even the subject of one of Jimi's songs called Dolly Dagger. Like Jimi's mother Lucille, Devon would often disappear for days at a time and then come back when she was done with her extended binge. The fact that, despite Jimi's access to so many women, he trusted a clearly irresponsible woman like Devon Wilson to get closest to him, seems to suggest that he may have chosen her because her behavior was so much like his mother's growing up.
Interpersonal Style perceived through Experience of Family Atmosphere
On the subject of Jimi's mother, she and Al fought often while Jimi was growing up, and the Hendrix household was often filled with storm and strife when Lucille was around. Watching his mother and father fight so often appeared to affect Jimi's own relationships with women, as he was on several occasions verbally and even physically violent with women during periods of confrontation.
Jimi also lived in a number of different homes and places growing up, and in this capacity learned not to get too close to people as they may abandon you at any time. One poignant story Jimi himself related involved meeting his father for the first time at the age of three and taking the train from Berkeley to Seattle. Jimi recalled how much he wanted to return to the only "family" he had ever really known, and how odd it was to be taken on a train by some strange man he had never met. This sense of instability was reinforced often throughout Jimi's life, as a number of people would be significant in his life for a couple of years and then simply disappear, and this appears to have affected Jimi's ability to trust and get close to people.
Because Jimi was unable to achieve a sense of stability, he developed a shy and introverted personality that caused him a great deal of loneliness. Jimi dealt with painful feelings through artistic expression, and the ultimate capacity of his talent may have been a reflection of the intensity of his painful feelings.
Personal Code of Conduct Perceived through Acceptance / Rejection of Family Values
The family values in the Hendrix household involved obedience to authority and a healthy respect for one's elders, and although Jimi had respect for his father, he came to distrust authority in his own life. There are many different versions of Jimi's life with Al Hendrix, many of which paint a picture of a very unhappy home life where Al constantly reminded his children of the sacrifices he had to make for his children.
In Al's own autobiography My Son Jimmy (1999) he talked about how Jimi used to escape responsibility for his actions by blaming misdeeds on an imaginary friend named "Sessy" who Jimmy would evoke when he felt he had disappointed Al. It certainly must have been difficult for Al to raise Jimi by himself, and given the economic climate in Seattle at that time, there's no doubt that Al must have had to make some great sacrifices for Jimi. Perhaps Jimi's creation of an imaginary friend was a psychological defense against Al's disappointment, which seemed to be yet another factor in Jimi's unhappy childhood.
Another family value that Jimi seemed to reject concerned the family's views on religion. Although Jimi was raised by a church-going family who believed in worship, Jimi came to believe that his music was a form of great spiritual expression. Jimi rejected the stifling versions of Christianity he learned as a young man, and instead felt music was the way he could connect to the mystical and spiritual side of life.
Music also offered an escape for Jimi from his problems, and was certainly a positive adaptation for him to an unhappy childhood. Jimi often described how music would compose itself in his head, and his unparalleled talent in music may have been a result of this intense desire to escape his emotionally painful cognitions.
Perspective on the World perceived through Experience of Psychological Birth Order
As the first born son in the Hendrix household and the only son sired by his father Al, Jimi developed a sense that he was particularly special when he was a young man. Although Jimi's younger brother Leon spent a great deal of time with Jimi and his father growing up, he was also often shipped to another family during difficult times. The fact that Jimi was always the one that remained with his father must have made him feel like the "chosen" one much of the time, and he appeared to develop a sense that he was something special. This is not an uncommon reaction from a first born child, as they often receive more attention than their siblings do when they are born, as they become literally the center of their parent's universe.
For Jimi this situation did not unfold exactly like this, as his first three years were filled with a great deal of moving around that must have confused and frightened him at such a fragile age. The two women that adopted Jimi in these years both referred to his "specialness" however, so one can assume this was something he felt that was further reinforced when Al eventually came and got him following his release from the Army.
Jimi's biographers (Hendrix 1999) discuss how it was clear to Jimi that his younger brother Leon had a different father than him, and although Al certainly loved and cared for Leon, he must have felt some resentment from having to raise another man's child. Jimi therefore was the "favorite" growing up, and developed a sense of his own uniqueness that instilled in him a great deal of confidence in his abilities.
This confidence was especially relevant in the early stages of Jimi's career, where audiences often disliked and were unable to understand his unique style of music. Although many artists would have become discouraged in this situation, Jimi was convinced of his own talent, and much of this resolve appears to have its roots in Jimi's early childhood experiences.
Self Assessment Perceived through Genetic Possibilities
Jimi Hendrix came from a talented family with a long history of performing in front of groups. Jimi's grandmother was an entertainer who traveled and worked as a singer and performer before her son Al was born, and even prior to this generation music was a strong part of the Hendrix tradition. Jimi's father Al and his uncle Leon both showed musical talent at a very young age, and both of them could play the piano, sing, and also dance at a young age, and often did so growing up. Jimi therefore appeared to have a predisposition to music that was inherited from the talented Hendrix family.
Jimi developed a stutter at a young age however, and was not confident as a singer and a dancer like the rest of his family. Therefore when Jimi did find a musical instrument to play, it appears that he compensated for his stutter by practicing a great deal on the guitar in an attempt to belong with his otherwise musical family.
Jimi also felt a strong identification with his family's Cherokee heritage. The extent of Jimi's Indian blood has been misrepresented often in several biographies that mention the subject. Jimi's father Al (Hendrix 1999) eventually clarified that Jimi's great grandmother was a full-blooded Cherokee, but Jimi did feel a strong identification with this portion of his ancestry.
Al Hendrix explained that when Jimi and the other children played games like Cowboys and Indians when Jimi was a kid, Jimi always wanted to be the Indian as it helped link him with a part of his Heritage. Jimi created a great deal of art as a child that depicted the Indians conquering the cavalry, and he even discussed later as an adult how he felt a sense of power that came from his Indian blood.
In considering this idea it is fascinating to examine the lyrics from one of Jimi's big hits, Castles Made of Sand - "A little Indian brave who before he was ten, played war games in The woods with his Indian friends, and he built a dream that when he Grew up, he would be a fearless warrior Indian Chief. Many moons passed and more the dream grew strong, until tomorrow He would sing his first war song, And fight his first battle, but something went wrong, Surprise attack killed him in his sleep that night."
Reading the lyrics to this song which Jimi wrote, one can't help but wonder how much it reflected both Jimi's dreams as well as his disappointments. In many ways this song demonstrated the conditions of Jimi's life, as, despite having "conquered" the music world, he still was very anxious about his life circumstances as a result of his arrest and also the large amounts of money he was missing. Much like the little Indian in the story, Jimi had been blindsided by events in his life, and this song seems to reveal the depths of his unhappiness.
Openings for Advancement perceived through Environmental Opportunities
One important adaptation Jimi made as a young man concerned the first guitar he ever received which Al purchased for Jimi for the price of 5 dollars. Jimi, who was born left-handed but learned to do most things right-handed, changed the strings around on this right-handed guitar and instead played it left-handed which was an adaptation that would eventually have a direct impact on his future musical genius. Jimi learned that by manipulating the instrument like this he could get different sounds out of it, and later as an adult he played his guitars both upside down and backwards which helped him carve out his own unique sound that no one else was readily able to replicate. Because Jimi made this adaptation at such a young age and practiced so excessively, his technique became something that was uniquely his.
Another early experience that shaped the young Jimi Hendrix was seeing an Elvis Presley concert while he was growing up in Seattle. Jimi became fascinated by Elvis's showmanship, and much of his early artwork produced flattering pictures of the King. Although Jimi was somewhat shy throughout his life, on stage he truly had no inhibitions, and at least some of this he learned from watching Elvis when he was a young man. The impact of seeing Elvis live seemed to awaken in Jimi a sense of the heights a person could reach through playing music, and this rare opportunity was for Jimi a tipping point that helped give birth to his eventual persona as a stage performer.
Range of Social Interest perceived through Other Particularities
One barometer of a person's mental health can be observed by examining their relationships and interest in the welfare of other human beings. Jimi Hendrix, who appeared to have abandonment issues related to his childhood, and who had also been betrayed by several business associates, therefore seemed to have trouble developing a profound sense of social interest. Although Jimi was often approached about social causes, he seemed to be most comfortable letting his music do his talking for him, and didn't feel as comfortable as an advocate and leader to promote social change as many of his 60's counterparts.
In this capacity it is interesting to consider Jimi's relationship with the Black Panthers as well as the larger issue of racism in the life of Jimi Hendrix. Growing up Jimi watched his father experience a great deal of racism related to finding jobs, etc. and this must have affected the young Jimi a great deal, as a lot of his early artwork depicts struggles for equality and justice. Jimi also experienced racism following his release from the Army when he went to play the "Chitlin" circuit in the Southern United States, where there was clearly different treatment for white and black musicians.
Jimi was eventually discovered a white man Chas Chandler, and found fame and acceptance with two white musicians who were of course Noel Redding and Mitch Mitchell. Although Jimi found success in the UK with these two men, he was still mocked by the British papers as "the wild man of Borneo" and with other racial epitaphs that appeared to alternatively mock and praise Jimi. Jimi eventually became known for playing "white" music by some of the more extremist black national groups in the United States, and many speculate it was the Black Panthers who pushed Jimi into eventually disbanding the Jimi Hendrix experience to form an all-Black band. Although there are widely varying accounts as to Jimi's relationship with the Panthers, it seems clear that Jimi was heavily conflicted about the issue of race.
In terms of social interest, Jimi's use of escapism through music is also interesting to examine. Music appeared to be the one thing that let him escape painful thoughts and feelings, and it was only when he had to quit playing and deal with other human beings when he seemed to be unhappy. People certainly took terrible advantage of Jimi throughout his life, as he died with only 21,000 thousand dollars in his banking account as a result of people pilfering millions from him over the course of his career. Jimi's lack of social interest therefore appeared to be based on very real experiences with people in the world, as his early home life and professional career were filled with repeated abandonment, disappointments, and betrayals from those that he thought he could depend on.
Jimi also had a great deal of narcissism, much of which contributed to the development of his music, which was also a defining characteristic of his personality. Many people who had experienced the kind of rejection Jimi had at the beginning of his career would have simply returned to playing mainstream music, but Jimi truly believed that his music was something special despite the negative reinforcement he had received from the New York crowds. A narcissist will often believe his or her own way is not only special and unique, but also better than the way anyone else is doing it, and this was very much demonstrated by Jimi's creation of his own music.
Although narcissism is often malignant, many exceptionally talented people demonstrate high levels of this trait in their dealings with others, which was certainly true in the case of Jimi Hendrix. When someone disagrees with or challenges someone who is malignantly narcissistic, their reaction may be extreme irritation, and Jimi's interpersonal relationships seemed to represent this idea. His habitually abusive behavior towards women showed Jimi had a very low tolerance for frustration, and when others, and particularly women disagreed with him, his response to this frustration was very often physical violence.
Jimi's violence towards women may have also arisen in part from his interactions with his mother Lucille, as Jimi never seemed to develop a healthy respect for women throughout his life. His lack of a consistent feminine presence and maternal gender guiding line growing up must have created some anger in Jimi, and hearing his father's descriptions of his mother's life may have also contributed to this dynamic.
Jimi's life was therefore empty of the kind of social interest in others that many felt was a larger part of the idealism of the 1960's.
Although Jimi participated in some of the causes and issues of his times, his involvement was often at the recommendation of those around him. Jimi's lack of trust in other people, which had its roots in childhood patterns, was reinforced often throughout his life, and Jimi overcompensated for his lack of interest in others by developing a truly awe-striking ability that allowed him to escape from the world. Although this talent was extraordinary, it seemed to be in part created through the sublimation of his personal pain, and this left Jimi without a path other than music in which to actively experience joy in his life. Jimi's gift of music to the world was and is a lasting contribution that influenced thousands of musicians both before and after him, but was also in many ways a reaction to a troubled history, and this was the sadness and irony of this truly unique musician.
Joe Guse is a former comedian from Chicago now pursuing a career in Clinical psychology. He is the author of 8 books, and is currently working on a book about the healing power of laughter. Contact Joe at [email protected]
| i don't know |
Which motor cycle company made the 'Daytona' model? | 134 Years of Triumph Motorcycle History
134 Years of Triumph Motorcycle History
1883
Siegfried Bettmann, 20, comes to Coventry, England from Nuremberg, Germany. After a brief period he is employed by Kelly & Co. compiling foreign directories for their publications. After six months, he got a job with the White Sewing Machine Co. as a foreign correspondent and translator. For several months he also worked as the company's sales representative in northern Europe.
1884
S. Bettmann & Co. Import Export Agency started in London, selling bicycles made in Birmingham by Wm. Andrews, but with Bettmann's name on them. They also imported German sewing machines and acquired the agencies of other German manufacturers.
1886
Triumph name replaces Bettmann, a word Bettmann feels is easily understood in most languages. He calls his company 'The Triumph Cycle Company.'
1887
Name registered as New Triumph Co. Ltd., but changed later to Triumph Cycle Co. Ltd. Shares underwritten by the Dunlop Tyre Company to the tune of 45,000 pounds. German engineer Maurice (Mauritz) Johann Schulte, also from Nuremberg and a trained engineer, joins Bettmann as junior partner. He would soon convince Bettmann that Triumph should not sell other companies' products, but should make their own.
1888
Small former ribbon-weaving works factory acquired on Much Park Street in Coventry for Triumph to manufacture its own bicycles. Coventry is centre of Britain's cycle trade. Initial capital of 650 pds comes from Bettmann's parents (500) and Schulte's relatives. Later, Dunlop Tyre would be a major investor in the company.
Bicycle manufacturing started. Company moves headquarters from London to Much Park St., Coventry.
1895
Schulte considers producing Hildebrand & Wolfmuller motorcycles under license, and imports one for testing. He rode it at the Coventry cycle stadium.
1898
Bettmann negotiates to make Beeston Humber motorcycles and motor tricycles, but an agreement is not reached.
1902
First Triumph motorcycle is produced, designed by Schulte, using single-cylinder 2.25 (1.75?) bhp Belgian Minerva engine with automatic inlet valve and battery/coil ignition, fitted onto a bicycle frame (clipped to the downtube). Schulte also experimented with both Fafnir and J. A. Prestwich (JAP) engines.
Even though Triumph started as a company in 1884 (1886 as Triumph), this is the first year of motorcycle manufacturing for Triumph and is the recognized established date of Triumph motorcycles. In 2002, Triumph celebrated its 100th anniversary of continuous production of motorcycles.
1903
Upgraded Minerva engine with present day side-valve layout is used, but the company soon turns to J. A. Prestwich (JAP) engines.
A branch of the company, Orial TWN (Triumph Werke Nuremberg) is established in Germany to manufacture motorcycles there.
Triumph sells 500 motorcycles this year.
1904
JAP engine now used, also second model with 3 bhp Belgian Fafnir engine is made. Decision is made to produce their own motorcycles, not just clip-on to other companies' designs.
1905
First all-Triumph machine produced, also the first all-British motorcycle, designed by Schulte and Works manager Charles Hathaway. Sells for 45 pounds. Uses 3bhp, 300cc (363cc?) side-valve engine. Cruising speed was 30-40 mph, with a top speed 40-50 mph. Production up to 250 per annum (five per week). Engine is the first to have ball bearings on main shaft.
1906
Triumph Engineering Co. Ltd. registered April 23, 1906. Capital was 100 pounds, (increased to 21,000 pounds by February 25, 1936).
Newly-invented Bosch-Simms high-tension (HT) magneto used on all Triumph motorcycles.
Rocking front spring fork with horizontal spring introduced, frame redesigned and a new engine designed. Five hundred machines made this year.
Motorcycle journalist 'Ixion' tests a prototype 1907 machine but it proves flawed and the frame breaks. He later used an upgraded 1907 model to ride 2,058 kms (1,279 miles) in six days.
Frank Hulbert wins the Dashwood hill climb on a prototype 453cc Triumph - the company's first competition success.
1907
More than 1,000 motorcycles are made, with new 450cc 3.5bhp engine.
Triumph riders Jack Marshall and Freddie Hulbert place second and third in the first motorcycle TT race (Isle of Man - a Matchless was the first).
Company moves main production to larger premises on Priory Street and doubles production to 1,000 vehicles. Much Park address still used for service and to produce line of lower-value Gloria cycles and sidecars. Bettmann elected to Coventry City Council.
1908
Variable pulley - high 4:1, low 6:1 - could be changed by dismantling at the roadside, also Triumph's own two-slide patent carburetor introduced. Engine controls are moved to the handlebars. First variable-gearing on Triumph bikes - required the rider to stop and move the belt drive to a different pulley.
Jack Marshall wins single-cylinder class on a Triumph in Isle of Man TT Race and makes fastest lap 42.48mph (68.36kph), with an average of 40.49 mph (65.16kph). Triumph riders also take 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th and 10th places.
Triumph's profits for the year were 22,048 pounds.
1909
Schulte's easy-start "Free-engine" model with multi-plate clutch in rear hub is available (patented by Schulte in 1908, this is Triumph's first bike with a clutch). This meant riders no longer had to run along side the bike to get it started, then jump on! They could just ride away from a stopped position.
Production now up to 3,000 per annum.
Schulte works on a new rear-hub multi-clutch plate for easy starting. Company also does first tests with a vertical twin engine, a 616cc Bercley.
1910
Two models released this year, doubling the lineup! 3.5 bhp, 499cc TT model cataloged with magneto ignition only - coil not even optional.
Albert Catt rides a Triumph 'Tourist Trophy Roadster' just under 2,000 miles (3,038 km) in six days.
Production up to 3,000 vehicles a year.
1911
Although introduced in 1909, and because during the first two years they were limited in availability, the rear hub multi-plate clutch models are now included in the Triumph catalog.
Four 3.5 bhp models are now available: the Roadster, Free-Engine Model, TT Roadster and TT Racer. Top speed was 50-55 mph.
Pedaling gear is dispensed with on most models and replaced by foot pegs.
Ivan Hart-Davies rides a Triumph on his last End-To-End ride, John O'Groats (Scotland) to Land's End, 886 miles, in 29 hours 12 mins., averaging just over 30 mph. Albert Catt rides a Triumph 2,400 (2,557?) miles in six days.
1913
Triumph (Schulte) builds an experimental 600cc vertical twin side-valve engine, with horizontal crankcase joint (horizontally split crankcases would not reappear until the late 1950s).
Model C is the last one offered with a pedal start.
Bettmann is elected Mayor of Coventry 1913-14. As mayor, he established the charitable Prince of Wales Fund. He was also a founding member and former president of the Coventry Chamber of Commerce and president of the Coventry Liberal Association (until 1940).
1914
By 1914, the company was producing 4,000 singles annually. Hathaway is now Triumph's chief designer. The main vehicle is the 550c Type A Roadster, which produced 4 hp and used the reliable Bosch high-tension magneto.
1915
Between 1915 and 1918, production became focused on the Allied war effort. The Model 'H' roadster with chain drive (designed by Schulte and similar to the Type A) was introduced in 1915, 550cc side-valve four-stroke with Sturmey-Archer three-speed gearbox and belt transmission - considered by many to be the first "modern" motorcycle.
Even though the slogan "Trusty Triumph" had been used in triumph advertising as early as 1910, The Model H is the bike that earned that moniker.
More than 30,000 Model H bikes were supplied to Allied forces in World War I (20,000 for UK forces).
1919
After a quarrel, Maurice Schulte leaves company and retires with a generous 15,000 pounds 'golden handshake.' Schulte had apparently argued with Bettmann who was opposed to Schulte's proposal to drop bicycle production and move into car manufacturing. Schulte did not want to stay with two-wheelers, but Bettmann did.
Colonel Claude V. Holbrook joins, and takes over Schulte's role as General Manager. Holbrook, however, agreed with Schulte about car manufacturing and would quickly drop bicycle manufacturing and start car production.
Model D, single-gear version of the H model is rushed into production. Triumph designs a roadster seat with adjustable tension spring to regulate seat firmness.
1920
Based on the model H engine, with new frame, Model 'SD' (Spring Drive), 550cc, offered with large-diameter rear spring shock absorber outboard of clutch and first all-chain transmission through Triumph's own three-speed gearbox.
German branch (TWN) of Triumph now back in business and building own models (variations on British models). An enlarged version of the Junior is offered at 269cc and built under license in the USA and Germany.
Bettmann establishes the charitable Annie Bettmann Foundation.
1921
Rim brakes replaced by internally-expanding drum brakes. 500cc four-valve first Triumph ohv machine, Model 'R' introduced; 20-21bhp, four-valve ohv head with twin valves set at 90 degrees apart. Similar to SD model (below the crankcase mouth), the top half was designed by fuel technologist and engine designer Harry Ricardo (later Sir Harry) and Major Frank Halford (an enthusiastic motorcycle racer at Brooklands who rode a TT Racer). Earns the nickname 'Riccy' from its designer. Uses a machined steel cylinder and an aluminum piston. Only one Riccy finishes in the TT race, coming in 16th. Ricardo was an engineer who developed the modern understanding of engine breathing and combustion processes.
In November, Halford broke the 500cc world hour record at 76.74 mph on a Riccy, along with 50-mile standing start (77.27 mph) and the one-mile British record (87.8 mph). Triumph engineers also build 500cc side-valve for TT races.
1922
Riccy appears in production, but with a cast-iron cylinder, hand shifter, shorter stroke, bicycle-type brakes and Druid front forks, at a cost of 120 pounds. Top speed is 135 kmh (84 mph).
Electric lights and horn offered as options on Triumph bikes.
Maj. Halford breaks the flying mile, 50 mile and one hour record at Brooklands, riding a Riccy. He also broke the 500cc one-hour record at 123.49 km/h (76.74 mph). Walter Brandish on a Triumph Riccy finishes second in the Senior TT.
1923
350cc unit-construction, three-speed Model LS announced - very advanced for its day but it proved unpopular. Has Triumph's first engine-driven oil pump - rider no longer required to pump oil pressure by hand. Bettman buys the premises of the Dawson Car Company at Clay Lane. The Dawson was originally designed by Arthur Anderson (formerly of Singer and Lea-Francis), but was unsuccessful on the market.
First Triumph cars produced: Model 10/20, an open tourer based on the Dawson, with 23.5bhp 1393cc four-cylinder engine designed by Ricardo, hydraulic rear brakes, and produced until 1925. "Junior" increased to 249cc, gets clutch and kickstart.
A 'Riccy' comes in second in the Senior TT race.
1924
Internal expanding brakes are put on chain-driven models. Triumph introduces its own spring front fork and drops the popular Druid fork still used by several other companies. Last year for Ricardo four-valve machines, last year for the "Trusty Triumph" Model H. 346cc LS produced, an advanced three-speed machine that wasn't very popular.
1925
Mass-produced 500cc side-valve Model 'P' with three-speed gearbox and all-chain drive at 42p.17s.6d - least expensive 500cc ever offered. It causes a sensation. Produced at a rate of 1,000 a week. However, the standard of production is low on the P model (including discarding valve guides and an asbestos-rope front brake). Triumph's reputation is tarnished by the low quality and design flaws. Twenty thousand were produced before the improved Mark II (late 1925) restored some of the public confidence in Triumph.
Competitor George Bell, manufacturer of the Banshee, closes shop and joins Triumph.
Junior's ("Baby's") last year.
Triumph production occupies 500,000 sq. ft. and employs 3,000 people to make 25,000-30,000 units a year. Sidecars are also made in-house. Triumph sales depend heavily on export, with catalogues in ten languages (including Japanese).
1927
Production reaches 30,000 machines a year. Triumph's first "modern" motorcycle, 500cc two-valve two-port ohv Model TT developed by Victor Horsman, Brooklands racer/tuner, and later a Liverpool dealer. This supersedes the Riccy model R which is dropped. Horsman's two-valve design would be the basis of Triumph engine design until Val Page's models in 1934. Lineup includes eight models including introductions of Model W and Model P with unusual 274cc engine.
Model 13/35 car produced this year only; 1873 cc, four cylinders. Model 15, 2170cc, four-cylinder car made 1927-1930.
1928
Triumph adopts fashionable saddle tank instead of their traditional flat gas tank, but only on certain models. First move away from traditional green color scheme to black with gold lines or pale blue panels on black.
Motorcycle lines slashed to four models. A two-valve TT sportster is offered.
Super Seven car introduced, 747cc, four cylinder with hydraulic brakes, worm drive, dual connecting rods and three speeds (the early Super series of cars were named according to their horsepower). Triumph would make 17,000 Super Sevens in seven years.
1929
Annual production of 30,000 units a year achieved. Back to eight models, now with saddle tanks.
German branch TWN (Triumph Werke Nurnberg) achieves autonomy, sold off after Wall Street crashes, continues to make motorcycles until 1957, but also made typewriters with Triumph logo.
A 350cc TT model is offered 1929-30 only. 350cc CO provided enclosed OHV gear and a dry-sump pressurized oil system.
Triumph cars competed at the Monte Carlo and Irish TT races.
1930
175cc Model 'X' two-stroke, two-speed at 23p.17s.6d. with lights and leg shields (also called 'Junior'). This is their first all-unit construction motorcycle.
Triumph tries inclined engines in its new lineup. 500cc ohv CTT offered.
Donald Healey finished 7th at the Monte Carlo race in a Triumph Super Seven, the highest place for any British car.
1931
250cc ohv model WO introduced. 343cc NM introduced. Inclined engine designed by Val Page. This year triumph puts the Coventry Climax engine in its cars. Ariel releases its Square Four, designed by Edward Turner. It would continue in production until 1959. Model X reduced to 150cc and joined by new models, including the Silent Scout.
The 1.2 litre side-valve Triumph Scorpion automobile was introduced
Jack Wickes, 16, joins Triumph as print boy.
Britain issues its first Highway Code laws.
1932
Sophisticated 150cc two-stroke (later ohv four-stroke) 'Silent Scout' models, designed by Page, introduced with special cams and followers to reduce clatter. Silent Scouts boast inclined engine. Page also designs 250, 350 and 500cc sizes. Called Model A (548cc - about 600-800 sold) , B (493cc - about 1,000 sold) and BS (S for Sport, high-compression 7:1 model - only about 200 sold).
Britain scraps motorcycle taxation by weight and adopts engine capacity instead.
1933
New range of single cylinder machines designed by Val Page. Page's 'flagship' model 6/1- 25bhp, four-speed 650 vertical twin (designed for sidecar market, it had a 360-degree crankshaft and a helical gear primary drive) proves a commercial failure. Other companies' twins at this time were all V-twins. Single cylinder 500cc CD model has Bowden carb. Engine closures introduced to reduce noise and save cost of polishing hidden parts. Page's design philosophy favors modular engine and bike design, with units sharing the same chassis and other components
Name changed to Triumph Co. Ltd.
1936
Triumph decides to split motorcycle and automobile production into two separate and independent companies in January.
1937
In July, Turner introduces the 500cc Speed Twin, selling at 75 pounds. It takes the motorcycle world by storm and would prove the definitive British bike. This 27bhp parallel-twin model (some say was based on the engine design of the Riley 9 car, which Turner owned) set the trend for motorcycles and its form continued well into the 1980s. It was capable of travelling 90 mph (145kph) and weighed 361 lb. (166kg).
1938
After several tests of motorcycles from numerous manufacturers, the Metropolitan (London) Police choose the Speed Twin for their own use. They buy two dozen initially, and would buy thousands over the next several years.
Bill Johnson and Wilbur Ceder buy British and American Motors, a small motorcycle shop in Pasadena, California. They sell Triumphs, Ariels, BSAs and Indians. They also host their first motorcycle show to give the public a look at the new bikes.
1939
T100, with top speed of 95-100 mph, becomes a popular model in US. Freddie Clarke sets a new 350cc lap record at Brooklands, doing 105.97mph on a Tiger 80, then sets another doing 118.02mph on a bored-out 503cc T100.
World War II declared and within six weeks, 1,400 Triumph motorcycles are requisitioned from the factory for war use.
1940
In January, the British government reduced production demands, allowing Triumph to manufacture bikes for the civilian and export markets again. In March, the French government contracts to buy 500cc side-valve bikes from Triumph. In May, the British government again requisitions bikes, halting civilian production. By July production for the military is up to 300 machines a week.
1941
Work on new factory at the village of Meriden started (reputed to be at the geographic center of Britain).
1942
New factory at Meriden in production mid-year for military, with single-cylinder 350cc ohv 3HW based on pre-war 3H (basically a Tiger 80 but without an air filter, which required major servicing every couple of thousand miles), but improved with enclosed valve gear, etc. Forty thousand built for military during war, out of a total of 49,700 motorcycles produced. Triumph also made aircraft components, track links, steering housings and two-wheeled stretcher carriers.
Turner designs a generator using a Triumph vertical twin engine for the Air Ministry.
1944
Alfred "Rich" Child, Harley-Davidson's Asian sales agent, approaches Triumph to become their exclusive, factory-authorized importer into the USA. Turner and Sangster decide to stick with Johnson as their official distributor.
1945
During the war years, Triumph built 50,000 motorcycles. Large stock of used 3HW and 3SW (side-valve) models bought from War Department for reconditioning and repainting in new colors, sold in Britain for civilian use. In March, four twins and one single are announced, but the single and one twin never see production. The Speed Twin, Tiger 100 and 350cc 3T are made. They are fitted with telescopic forks (replacing the old girder front forks), but are otherwise the same as pre-war models.
Bill Johnson draws up plans for a US nation-wide dealer network and accepts applications for Ariel and triumph franchises. JoMo moves to a new location in Pasadena, investing $85,000 in renovations, including six hydraulic lifts in the service area. JoMo drops it's Indian franchise, but picks up California-made Mustang, Lucas electrical products, Amal carbs, John Bull and Dunlop tires.
1946
Civilian production resumes at Meriden.
All-twin cylinder range announced. Telescopic forks were on all models, with the spring wheel extra. Tiger 85 twin (a sports version of the 3T) and 3H single are announced but not produced.
1948
TR5: 500cc 'Trophy' TR5 - Triumph's first trail bike - is introduced following success in International Six Day Test The engine was originally built by Triumph to power generators for the RAF in WW2: it has aluminum heads and barrels and is light, torquey and powerful. The team won the next four years' contests.
Triumph is making 12,000 bikes a year, 60 per cent of them are exported.
1949
650cc Thunderbird 6T (designed by Turner but made into a workable machine by his drawing-board guru, Jack Wickes) was launched on Sept. 20 with three models racing 500 miles at 90mph (800km at 145kph) for a demonstration at Montlhery. Although basically a revamped, bored-out Speed Twin, 6T is designed to satisfy export (mostly American) market, offered as capable of a full 161 kmh/100 mph. Thunderbird quickly becomes favorite of police forces worldwide. Nacelle headlamp enclosure is put on all models (moving gauges from top of tank - see Thunderbird photo at right). The name came to Turner while on a US tour. He stayed at the Thunderbird Motel in South Carolina.
25hp TR5 model Trophy produced (based on Speed Twin, designed for offroad use, but with excellent highway ability, easy starting and excellent braking). It became the mainstay of the AMC "Class C" racing until 1969. American versions combine components of the T100 and grand Prix Trophy to make a fast desert racer.
Triumph Owners Motorcycle Club founded.
1950
Painted fuel tanks with pressed styling bands and badges are used due to temporary lack of lining capacity. Edward Turner opts for "low-chrome" policy, bans the use of chrome fuel tanks on future models (they weren't used again until the Bonneville Royal Wedding edition in 1981).
Thunderbird in production; the world's first "superbike," it can achieve 100 mph at a reasonable price. Performance improvements come mid-way through year when carb size is increased.
Turner establishes US-based Triumph Corp., in Maryland, a wholly-owned east coast distribution company created to serve eastern US markets. Denis McCormack, 48, is first president. After 1950, more Triumphs would be sold in the USA than in any other country, including Britain.
1951
Sangster sells Triumph to BSA for 2.5 million pounds - the same company to which he sold Ariel in 1939. He joins the BSA Group as member of the board. Turner's holdings in triumph earn him ten percent of the sale.
Harley Davidson complains about Triumph's progress in racing and marketing to the US tariff Commission, demanding a high duty (40%) on all imported motorcycles. They claim Triumph is 'dumping' its machines at artificially low prices. Among their witnesses is former Triumph pioneer dealer, Reggie Pink.
1952
The US Tariff Commission decides against HD's complaint and the hearing gives Triumph added publicity. Harley is charged with restrictive trade practices instead.
Demand for Manx Norton engines to power Formula Three cars left many Manx Featherbed frames available. Designers start putting Triumph engines into the frames, creating 'Tritons.'
1953
Marlon Brando rides his personal motorcycle, a 1952 Triumph Thunderbird, in the movie "The Wild One"
1954
Tiger 110 (T110) announced - very high performance (8.5:1 pistons), sporty version of the Thunderbird (42bhp compared to the Tbird's 34). It's Triumph's fastest motorcycle to date, nicknamed the "Tiger-Bird" in the USA. Swinging arm rear suspension is used on Tigers 100 and 110 (but not the entire line). 200cc Tiger Cub T20 announced (replacing the 150cc Terrier version by 1957), "Tigerized" with a twin seat. The sprung hub, introduced in 1939, ends production (to almost everyone's relief). The 6T gets an alternator, swinging fork suspension and bigger bearings. A 6T/AC model includes AC ignition and lighting. Folding kickstands are standard with all models.
1955
Johnny Allen clocks 193mph (3l0kph) on Bonneville Salt Flats, in a 650cc Triumph powered streamliner.
The TR6 Trophy is produced: 650cc, built to suite AMA desert racing regulations. This is the first true "American" Triumph model. The first models were T110 Sports engines in a TR5 chassis. The top speed was 105 mph.
1959
The introduction of the 46bhp 650cc T120 Bonneville twin, however the model isn't featured in the company's catalogue. It is basically a Tiger 110 twin (42bhp) fitted with splayed inlet ports, single-piece camshaft and twin Amal carbs but no air filters. The Bonneville was destined to become one of the greatest motorcycles of all time. Its name commemorated the world record run and the model was an immediate and long lasting success. However, despite American pressure to release a twin-carb 650, the first model, with its nacelle and heavy mudguards is not popular in America. Tricor wanted a sportier look. A special twin-carb trophy - TR7A - is also released this year.
1961
Steve McQueen rides a TR6 in movie "The Great Escape." Bud Elkins, also on a TR6 is the stuntman that jumps the fence in the movie and did it successfully on the first take.
All models get a modified head angle and floating brake shoe. The TR6SC "Desert Sled" Trophy Special is made for the US market until 1966.
Doug Hele joins Triumph from Norton and takes over the experimental department.
Hele redesigns the Triumph frames for better stability and torsional stiffness.
1963
Tiger 90, high performance 350 3TA introduced, similar to T100S/S. All 650s, (including Bonnies, Tbirds, TR6, Trophy) are built with a new unit construction engine/gear box.
Tina T10, 100cc scooter with automatic transmission introduced (designed by Turner).
The US-only TR6SC, a pure desert racer with straight pipes, was produced: basically a single-carb T120, very fast. 650s all get new coil ignition.
First year for T120 unit construction models.
The Bonnie undergoes numerous and significant upgrades to its engine, gearbox, transmission and frame.
1965
Tiger Cubs are supplied to the French Army, using T20S/H Sports Cub specially adapted.
Prototype triple engine tested in Bonneville chassis. Sturgeon sees the triple as the group's response to large-capacity Japanese bikes. All 650 twins got new forks and a modified rear brake.
The Bonneville Speedmaster T120R and Highway Trophy TR6SR introduced for US market.
1967
The twin carburetor 500cc Tiger 100 Daytona (T100T) is introduced to celebrate their 1966 victory. Gary Nixon wins the Daytona 200 on a Tiger 100.
28,700 Triumphs are sold in the USA, mostly Bonnevilles, but about 30 per cent were Trophies (TR6). This was the peak year for Triumph exports to the USA, selling 24,700 machines for 7.5 million pounds.
Triumph releases T100R Daytona Super Sports, first twin-carb 500cc machine since the pre-unit T5RAD. Also releases T120/R road model.
1968
Late summer announcement of a three-cylinder 750cc Trident T150; 58bhp, 125mph (201kph), designed by Hopwood, Hele and Wickes. It was the first, modern, multi-cylinder production motorcycle. It had a four-speed gearbox. It was nicknamed "Tiger 100-and-a-half." The Trident/BSA Rocket-3 was the first cooperative venture by BSA and Triumph since the companies were amalgamated in 1951.
1970
Tridents take the top three qualifying speeds at Daytona with a highest speed of 165.44 mph. Tridents win the second and third place in the race.
1972
Craig Vetter's triple is put into production in June, a BSA engine with his American styling, but as BSA was in its death throes, the tank badges were changed to Triumph and it was called the X75 Hurricane.
BSA Group merged in July in a government-encouraged "shotgun wedding" with Norton-Villiers as Norton-Villiers-Triumph.
1975
Trident NT160 electric-start model announced. In March, Meriden workers' cooperative started manufacturing of 750cc Bonnies and TR7V Tigers resumes in Meriden
Tiger and Bonnie are made with left-hand shift pedals for US market to meet new American legislation. Right-hand shifts were still available as factory modifications - at extra cost.
1976
Only two models are made this year: T140V and TR7RV, both 750cc, five-speeds. The last batch of T160s are made for the Cardinal Police Service. New models also have to satisfy new and stringent US legislation under the Environmental Protection Agency.
1977
The limited edition Silver Jubilee T140V is made to commemorate Queen Elizabeth's 25 years on the throne. The Silver Jubilee is a T140 Bonnie with cast alloy wheels and special finish.1,000 for UK, 1,000 for the US, and about 400 more made for export later.
1979
Model T140E Bonnie comes in American (small tank and high bars) and European (low bars, large tank, replacing the T140V) models. T140D Special has alloy wheels. Electronic ignition is introduced. The Bonnie wins the "Machine of the Year" award in Britain's Motor Cycle News (MCN).
1980
The British government writes off 8.4 million pounds owed by Triumph, but still leaves company owing two million to Britain's Export Credit Guarantee Dept. Triumph would experiment with several designs, none able to stop the decline.
1983
Production of Bonneville was discontinued at Meriden when the firm went into liquidation in the fall.
John Bloor, a 53-year-old wealthy English property developer and builder, becomes interested in the Meriden factory site for development. He rescues Triumph by buying the name and all manufacturing rights, becoming the sole proprietor of Triumph Motorcycles Limited.
To keep Triumph in continuous production, Bloor licenses Les Harris, of Racing Spares, in Newton Abbott, Devon, to continue to produce the Bonneville in small numbers for five years, 1983-1988.
1984
Meriden factory is demolished, and the site acquired for a housing estate, which still retains a link to Triumph's history by using Bonneville and Daytona in road names.
The first new Triumph engine - a 1200cc four cylinder
1990
Triumph lives again. At the Cologne Motor Cycle Show, six new Triumph models are shown, powered by three- and four-cylinder DOHC engines with high horsepower and torque, all liquid-cooled: Trident 750 and 900; Trophy 900 and 1200; Daytona 750 and 1000. 2,390 machines are sold this year, 974 into the UK.
Triumph's new factory in Hinckley, Leicestershire, is completed on an 11-acre site. The company has around 50 employees, producing about five bikes a day.
1993
This year saw the introduction of in-house painting and plating - a huge investment to back the place of Triumph as a quality product. All engine and frame components were treated to an epoxy powder coat in graphite for Sprint and Trophy, and wrinkle black for Trident and Daytona models. The Sprint and Daytonas were also restyled with lighter rear bodywork and solid colors.
1994
Founding of "Triumph Motorcycles of America" completes the return of Triumph to the largest market in the world. Cascade Moto Classics, in Tigard, Oregon (original location) is awarded a Triumph dealership under the new dealer network.
Triumph re-enters the competition ring with the introduction of the "Speed Triple Challenge Race" in Donnington Park in England. At the Cologne show Triumph launches the much-awaited Thunderbird with its nostalgia styling and detuned (70bhp) engine. The engine castings were also new and the frame substantially modified: a ground-up redesign of the T309 standard to meet a particular set of design objectives, within the limits of modular production.
The Tiger is introduced: a new direction for Triumph and the first use of a plastic tank on a Triumph, plus the most sophisticated suspension on any Triumph ever.
1995
Triumph enters the US market again for the first time since the close of the Meriden Cooperative.
Triumph buys back UK dispatcher Andy Utting's 1992 Trident after 250,000 miles. Although the engine was hardly touched in that time, Utting went through 30 pair of tires, 120 oil changes, 24 sets of brake pads, two speedometer cables and 14 chain and sprocket sets. In exchange, he got a new Daytona 900. The workforce is up to 300 this year and production was around 12,000 units a year.
1997
Total production passes 50,000 this year. More than 11,000 motorcyclists have toured the Hinckley factory since it opened in 1990. Triumph has about 350 employees working two shifts, from 8 a.m. to 11 p.m., producing around 80 bikes a day for 35 countries around the world.
2000
After a 12 year absence from the Triumph line-up, Triumph reintroduces the Bonneville with a re-engineered 790cc 360 degree crank parallel twin.
In the following several years Triumph would also introduce two other motorcycles based on the basic Bonneville that would have a "retro" look to them; the Thruxton, a cafe racing style bike based on the late 1960s style street racers in England; The Scrambler, an enduro style bike based on the street/dirt racing bikes of the mid-late 1960s in the United States.
2002
Along with the 100th Anniversary of Triumph Motorcycles, Triumph also enters the cruiser market hard and heavy in 2002 with the introduction of the Bonneville America (in 2003 the name is shortened to America), a laid back relaxed cruiser with the same motor as the Bonneville (with the exception of a 270 degree crank). In 2003 Triumph introduces a leaner, meaner and sportier version of the America and calls it the Speedmaster. Destined to be all time classics, as they reflect the heritage of past Triumphs, especially the 1937 Speed Twin. Both the Speedmaster and America would continue to be an essential mainstay of Triumph and fierce competition in the American cruiser market as well as world wide.
2004
In 2004 Triumph shocks the motorcycling world with the world's largest production motorcycle, the Rocket III. Like the BSA Rocket 3, 35 years earlier, it features a three cylinder motor. However, this three cylinder is a 2300cc inline three that produces 147 ft. lbs. of torque and 142 bhp. The Rocket III, has set the world land speed record for a production motorcycle over 2000cc reaching it's electronically set limiter of 140.3 mph.
2006
Triumph introduced the Daytona 675. It is 675cc parallel triple that produces 53 ft. lbs. of torque and 123 bhp. The Daytona was named "Motorcycle of The Year" three years in a row in several magazines world wide. as well as being a hit with motorcycle racers as it competes extremely well with other bikes from around the world with minimal adjusting.
2007
Led by the perennial favorites, the Speedmaster and America cruisers, as well as the iconic Bonneville and award-winning Daytona 675 sportsbike, Triumph is the best selling brand of motorcycle in Australia according to 2007 sales figures released by the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries.
2008
Because of world wide government environmental regulations, all parallel twin motors are phased over to fuel injection from carburetors.
2009
Triumph commemorates the 50th anniversary of the Bonneville with a special anniversary model. Only 650 bikes are built (matching the displacement of the original Bonneville in 1959).
Triumph releases their latest incarnation of the Thunderbird (as a 2010 model), a 1600 CC parallel twin cruiser. It is named Motorcycle of the Year by several magazines.
2010
Triumph celebrates the 20 year anniversary of the Hinckley Factory.
Cascade Moto Classics in Beaverton, Oregon receives the award for being the overall best dealer of the last 15 years in North America (1994-2009).
2011
Triumph releases the Tiger 800 and Tiger 800XC to compete against the BMW 800 dual sport motorcycles. Over the next several years, the Triumphs out sell the BMW equivalents 2 to 1.
| St Joseph's College, Geelong |
The bacterium Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent for which childhood disease? | Maisto Triumph Model Motorcycle - YouTube
Maisto Triumph Model Motorcycle
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Uploaded on Apr 9, 2008
A short clip of a Triumph Daytona Model Motorcycle. The model is made by Maisto in 1:18 scale and is available from www.modelcorner.co.uk
Category
| i don't know |
Which book of the Old Testament follows the Pentateuch (ie. is the sixth)? | Enter the Bible - Books: Deuteronomy
AUTHOR: Mark Throntveit, Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament
I. Moses' First Address (1:1-4:43)
Deuteronomy begins with the first of three farewell addresses delivered by Moses before his death and before Israel enters the promised land of Canaan.
A. Historical Retrospective (1:1-3:29)
In this historical retrospective Moses tells the story of Israel's forty-year journey from Mt. Horeb to the plains of Moab east of the Jordan River--touching upon the exodus, the revelation at Mt. Horeb, and Israel's rebellion in the wilderness.
B. The Importance of Obedience (4:1-43)
In this sermon, Moses discusses the importance of observing the law by elaborating upon the significance of the first commandment (the second in Judaism) regarding the exclusive allegiance God demands.
II. Moses' Second Address (4:44-28:68)
In his second of three farewell addresses, Moses discusses what life lived in covenantal relationship with God looks like, focusing on what it means to "love the LORD your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your might" (6:5).
A. Introduction (4:44-5:33)
Two basic elements of God's will for Israel, the theophany at Mt. Horeb and the Ten Commandments, are presented as divinely revealed.
B. The Importance of Loyalty to God (6:1-11:32)
Here we find a selection of sermon fragments on the first commandment (chapter 6), the danger of assimilation with the Canaanites (chapter 7), the peril of prosperity (chapter 8), the temptation of self-righteousness (9:1-10:11), and obedience as a condition for prosperity in the land (10:12-11:32).
C. The Deuteronomic Code (12:1-26:15)
This long section is the heart of Deuteronomy. It presents the laws themselves, but not in the style of a legal code. Rather, it contains detailed excerpts from ancient law together with theological commentary. Chapters 12:1-16:17 are basically concerned with matters of worship; and 16:18-18:22 are generally concerned with the duties of judges, other officials, the king, the Levites, and the prophets; but chapters 19-26 defy schematization.
D. Covenant Renewal (26:16-28:68)
Moses describes a ceremony for renewing the covenant made at Mt. Horeb. The ceremony is to take place at Mt. Ebal near Shechem after crossing the Jordan River (26:16-27:26). Blessings if Israel complies (28:1-14) and curses if they do not (28:15-68) complete the sermon.
III. Moses' Third Speech (29:1-30:20)
Moses' third speech challenges Israel--whether on the verge of the Jordan, in the days of Josiah, or today--to choose between obedience and life and disobedience and death.
A. Historical Review (29:1-29)
The third speech begins with a historical review of God's covenant loyalty to Israel in the past (29:1-9). In verses 10-29, Moses switches from talking about the past to urging the present assembly to remain loyal.
B. Promise of Restoration (30:1-10)
Moses then reassures the people that, should they fail, restoration will follow if they repent. This appears to be an addition to the text, especially addressed to those in exile in the sixth century B.C.E.
C. Exhortation to "Choose Life!" (30:11-20)
The sermon concludes with an assurance that what the Lord requires is neither too difficult nor too far away (vv. 11-14) and a fervent appeal for the people to "Choose life!"-that is, life lived in covenantal relationship with the Lord (vv. 15-20).
IV. Appendix (31:1-34:12)
Deuteronomy concludes with a number of unrelated passages that provide a measure of closure to Deuteronomy as well as the Pentateuch as a whole.
A. Joshua Appointed as Moses' Successor (31:1-8, 14-15, 23)
The crucial transition from Moses to Joshua begins with Moses speaking of his own death and discussing what lies ahead for Israel. God will lead them into the promised land (vv. 1-6). Then he appoints Joshua as his successor (vv. 7-8), an action repeated by God in verses 14-15, 23.
B. The Torah Is Entrusted to the Levites (31:9-13, 24-29)
After committing the law to writing (v. 9a), Moses entrusts it to the Levitical priests (v. 9b), who are charged with its public reading every seventh year at the Festival of Booths (vv. 10-13).
C. The Song of Moses (31:16-32:47)
The first part of the Song of Moses (32:1-25) is presented as a lawsuit brought by God against Israel, accusing them of unfaithfulness (vv. 2-22) and passing sentence (vv. 23-25). The second part (vv. 26-42) depicts God pondering the consequences of this action (vv. 26-27), turning to accuse the nations of misunderstanding (vv. 28-38), and finally declaring a verdict upon these unnamed nations (vv. 39-42).
D. The Blessing of Moses (33:1-29)
Moses' final words are words of blessing for each of the tribes (except Simeon) reminiscent of Jacob's blessing of his sons, who became the tribes of Israel, at the end of Genesis (Genesis 49:2-27). Thus, the blessing serves as a conclusion to the Pentateuch as well as to Deuteronomy.
E. The Death of Moses (32:48-52; 34:1-12)
The death of Moses has been appended by the final redactor of the Pentateuch reporting that Moses was not allowed to enter the promised land (34:1-8) and assuring readers, once again, that Joshua is Moses' divinely appointed successor (34:9). The redactor's closing eulogy lifts up Moses' vigorous physical strength (v. 7) as well as the strength of the Lord that accompanied his encounter with Pharaoh (vv. 10-12).
AUTHOR: Mark Throntveit, Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament
• Canonical setting. Traditionally, Deuteronomy has been seen as the concluding scroll of the Torah or Pentateuch, the so-called five books of Moses (Genesis-Deuteronomy). Its legal materials (chapters 12-26) and narratives about the final days of Moses provide some justification for this view. Since the middle of the twentieth century, however, scholars, following the lead of Martin Noth, have tended to see Deuteronomy as the theological introduction to the historical books of the Old Testament, the Deuteronomistic ("Deuteronomy-like") History that stretches from Joshua through 2 Kings.
• Covenantal shaping. For over fifty years, scholars of both liberal and conservative persuasions have noticed the strong similarity between Deuteronomy and international treaties pervasive in the Hittite culture of the second millennium B.C.E. Such treaties established the relationship between the conquering Hittites and their vassals with this general structure:
1. preamble identifying the two parties
2. historical prologue relating their past relationship
3. stipulations agreed to by the vassal including loyalty and tribute
4. curses and blessings, including sanctions for noncompliance
5. invocation of the gods as witnesses to the treaty
6. provision for public reading of the document
This framework was then applied to the book of Deuteronomy:
1. preamble identifying the two parties (1:1-5)
2. historical prologue relating their past relationship (1:6-3:29)
3. stipulations agreed to by the vassal, including loyalty and tribute (chapters 4-26)
general (4:1-11:32)
4. curses and blessings, including sanctions for noncompliance (chapters 27-30)
5. invocation of the gods as witnesses to the treaty (31:28)
6. provision for public reading of the document (31:9-13)
The current debate centers on the different character of the Neo-Assyrian treaties of the first millennium B.C.E., which lack the historical prologue, only put forth curses for noncompliance, and lack the requirement of the depositing of the treaty in the sanctuaries of both suzerain and vassals. Conservatives tend to favor the second-millennium form and use this as an argument for Mosaic authorship. Liberals tend toward the Neo-Assyrian format. At least the origins of Israel's covenantal theology have been discovered, though what particular form that concept has taken is far from clear.
• Farewell speeches in the Deuteronomistic History. The book of Deuteronomy was probably conceived as a treaty document based upon either the Hittite treaties of the second millennium or the Neo-Assyrian treaties of the first millennium B.C.E. Upon its incorporation into the Deuteronomistic History (DtrH), however, a secondary shaping of the material was imposed upon the text. The different "books" of the DtrH familiar to us (Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings) were originally divided by means of significant speeches, prayers, theological reflections of the editors, or farewell addresses of the major character of the period at the end of their era:
Moses' first speech: Deuteronomy 1:1-4:40
Moses' second speech: Deuteronomy 5:1-28:68
Moses' third speech: Deuteronomy 29:1-31:13
Joshua's farewell address at the settlement of the land: Joshua 23
Theological reflection on the period of the Judges: Judges 2:11-23
Samuel's farewell address at the establishment of the monarchy: 1 Samuel 12
Nathan's dynastic oracle and David's prayer: 2 Samuel 7
David's farewell address: 1 Kings 2
Solomon's prayer at the dedication of the temple: 1 Kings 8:22-53
Theological reflection on the fall of Samaria to Assyria: 2 Kings 17:7-23
Theological reflection on the fall of Judah to Babylon: 2 Kings 25:1-7
• The Deuteronomic Code and the Decalogue. There is a long history of interpretation that sees the Deuteronomic Code in chapters 12-26 as an explication of the Decalogue or Ten Commandments. Philo, a Jewish philosopher in the first century C.E., may have been the first to suggest this, but he was not the last. Both Luther and Calvin in the sixteenth century and several modern interpreters have attempted to find the elusive structure of the laws in Deuteronomy 12-26 by following this intriguing proposition. A common result of their investigations, based upon the Catholic/Lutheran numbering of the commandments, follows:
First Commandment: No other gods, 12:2-13:18
Second Commandment: Misuse of God's name, 14:1-21
Third Commandment: Observe the Sabbath, 14:22-16:17
Fourth Commandment: Honor father and mother, 16:18-18:22
Fifth Commandment: Do not murder, 19:1-22:8
Sixth Commandment: Do not commit adultery, 22:9-23:18
Seventh Commandment: Do not steal, 23:19-24:7
Eighth Commandment: Do not bear false witness, 24:8-25:4
Ninth Commandment: Do not covet neighbor's wife, 25:5-12
Tenth Commandment: Do not covet anything that belongs to your neighbor, 25:13-26:15
There is much to commend this approach. It is certainly logical and provides much needed order to a somewhat jumbled grouping of the legal materials. As the chart makes clear, the specific stipulations can be shown to be elaborations or applications of the statements rather flatly made in the Ten Commandments themselves; these elaborations follow the order of the Decalogue. There are difficulties in the details, however. It seems best to acknowledge that Deuteronomy 12-26 is essentially a more detailed exposition of the general principles of relationship addressed in 5:1-11:32.
• Parallels with other law codes. Scholars have long recognized that much of the legal material in Deuteronomy also appears in the Covenant Code (also called the Book of the Covenant) in Exodus 20:22-23:33 and the Holiness Code in Leviticus 17-26. It is well established that the Book of the Covenant is older than Deuteronomy. The Book of the Covenant reflects an agrarian setting, while the code in Deuteronomy is clearly more urbanized. Deuteronomy adopted the decisive features that made the Book of the Covenant unique from other ancient Near Eastern law codes, expanded them, and couched them as the command of Israel's God to the covenant people.
• Laws unique to Deuteronomy. Comparison of the Deuteronomic Code (Deuteronomy 12-26) with the Book of the Covenant or Covenant Code (Exodus 20:22-23:33) and the Holiness Code (Leviticus 17-26, see above) indicates that only five topics are unique to Deuteronomy: centralization of worship (12:1-32; and elsewhere); apostate towns (13:12-16); kingship (17:14-20); war (20:1-20); and murder by unknown persons (21:1-9).
This is surprisingly few, given the extensive legal materials assembled. The material in chapters 12, 17, and 20 is all germane to the Deuteronomic setting and is the most important. The concern with kingship points to the period of the monarchy as at least one moment in the redactional history of the book. Observations such as these are often used to deny Mosaic authorship.
• Moses as the author of Deuteronomy? Traditionally, Moses has been seen as the author of Deuteronomy, indeed, of the Pentateuch as a whole. Despite references to Moses "writing down in a book the words of this law" (Deuteronomy 31:24; see also 31:9), there are several indications that this is not the case:
References to territories east of the Jordan River as "beyond the Jordan" (Deuteronomy 1:1, 5; 3:8; 4:46) presuppose a vantage point on the west side of the river, but Moses was never on the west side of the river (34:4).
The language of Deuteronomy is very different from the rest of the Pentateuch, yet similar to the seventh-century language of Jeremiah.
The settlement of Canaan is viewed as an accomplished fact (Deuteronomy 2:12).
Chapter 34, the account of the death of Moses, cannot have been written by him.
The argument in Deuteronomy 12 for one central sanctuary is more restrictive than Exodus 20:24-25, which allows multiple altars, yet the central sanctuary is assumed in Leviticus, suggesting an intermediate chronological setting for Deuteronomy that is clearly long after the time of Moses.
The concern for monarchy and regulations concerning the king are from a time long past Moses (for example, Deuteronomy 17:14-20).
The setting of the laws in the Book of the Covenant (Exodus 20:22-23:33) is essentially agrarian, while that of the Deuteronomic Code (Deuteronomy 12-26) is more urban.
• Textual matters. The Masoretic Hebrew Text (approximately 1008 C.E.) of Deuteronomy is excellent. Roughly eighty passages from Deuteronomy of varying length are found in fragments of thirty-two of the Dead Sea Scrolls of Qumran, the most significant being 4QDeuteronomy (about 200 B.C.E.-60 C.E.). These attest to the popularity of Deuteronomy among that community. The Nash Papyrus (second century B.C.E.) provides us with the Ten Commandments (Deuteronomy 5:6-21) and the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4-9) in a version similar to that of the Septuagint or Greek Old Testament (about 300 B.C.E.).
• Title. The Septuagint's (LXX) mistranslation of Deuteronomy 17:18-19, which instructs the king to make "a copy of this law" (that is, the legislation in Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers) is the most likely source of "Deuteronomy." The Greek translation of the Old Testament (LXX) translated this phrase as "this second law," suggesting a different body of legislation. The Hebrew title, "these are the words" (that Moses spoke to Israel before entering the promised land), is a more accurate representation of the contents of Deuteronomy.
• "Today." Deuteronomy frequently employs the term "the day" (hayyom), meaning "this day" or "today," as a way of making these sermons from Moses liturgically present for every hearer/reader (for example, 4:4; 5:1, 3; 11:32). Its most impressive rhetorical occurrence is in the sevenfold repetition found in 26:16, 17, 18; 27:1, 4, 9, and 10.
• Torah. This definitive Hebrew concept is usually translated as "law." This is appropriate, though "teaching," "instruction," or even "revelation" often better capture the nuances of this pervasive Old Testament term that expresses the moral and social teaching of God's revelation to the covenant people. In Deuteronomy, torah often signifies the body of legislation known as the Deuteronomic Code found in chapters 12-26 (4:8; 30:10; 32:46), thus pointing to its character as "law." After Deuteronomy, the entire Pentateuch (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy), with its law codes and the story of God's dealings with Israel, came to be called "The Torah," thus pointing to its character as "teaching" or "revelation."
• "You," singular and plural. The material that frames the law code in chapters 12-26 (1:1-11:32; 26:16-34:12) occasionally shifts back and forth between singular and plural forms of "you." While this is evident in the Hebrew text (and the King James Version) the failure of modern English to distinguish between these forms means this strange occurrence goes unnoticed when one reads the NRSV. In the past, scholarship attributed this variation to different traditions in the history of the growth of the text. These days, while not denying the considerable editorial expansion in these chapters, the variations are usually seen as a feature of Deuteronomy's rhetorical style. For example, by couching the Ten Commandments in the second person singular "you," the Deuteronomist addresses each individual Israelite with the claim of each commandment upon one's life.
• What kind of book is Deuteronomy? Presented as a series of sermons, Deuteronomy differs from the other legal collections of the Pentateuch. Those other traditions are cast in the form of a long speech from God to Moses, which comprises the bulk of the Sinai covenant found in Exodus 21-Numbers 10. Deuteronomy, in contrast, is cast as Moses' speech to the people of Israel before they enter the land of Canaan.
Many see Deuteronomy as a "covenantal document" based upon the pervasive treaties of the ancient Near East in the second millennium. This structuring of the book has been discussed elsewhere in this section.
Others see the basic shape as the "constitution" of Israel, due to its distinctive character as a treaty document with features of a law code. As such, Deuteronomy seeks to protect the most vulnerable segments of the population.
To date, no agreement exists between the suggestions of sermon, covenant document, and constitution. Deuteronomy seems to partake of all these elements.
AUTHOR: Mark Throntveit, Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament
• The ark. Whereas the traditions found in Exodus depict the ark as the place where the tablets of the covenant are housed and, more important, as a symbol of God's presence--since it is God's footstool, and the cherubim above the ark are described as God's throne from which God speaks to Moses (Exodus 25)--Deuteronomy describes the ark only as a chest that houses the tablets (Deuteronomy 10:1-5; 31:26). Further indications of Deuteronomy's rejection of the ark as a symbol of God's presence are its omission of the ark from those texts in Numbers that depict God traveling above the ark in the wilderness (Deuteronomy 1:33, 42; Numbers 10:33-36). Deuteronomy's refusal to limit God's presence to objects such as the ark helps to explain its similar rejection of the temple as God's house and the use of the divine name as indicative of God's presence.
• Ban. The Hebrew word herem ("ban" or "dedicated/devoted" object) refers to anything set apart as belonging to God and therefore disqualified from other use. In the priestly materials it usually has reference to things set apart for use in the cult, and therefore holy. In the Deuteronomic tradition, however, the ban has to do with war. Any spoils or booty attained in military encounters were understood to be devoted to God and therefore not to be used by Israel. In fact, following a victory, everything must be "utterly destroyed" (the verbal root of "ban"; Deuteronomy 2:34; 3:6; 7:2, 13:15, 17; 20:17). The point of this is not to advocate violence, but that Israel is not to profit by means of warfare.
• Blessings and curses. Deuteronomy 28:1-14 describes the blessings that Israel will receive for faithful obedience:
victory in war (vv. 1, 7, 10)
prosperity (vv. 3-6, 8, 11-12)
becoming God's holy people (v. 9)
finding themselves only "the head," "at the top" (vv. 13-14, meaning obscure)
God brought about all of this in the occupation of the land.
Deuteronomy 28:15-68, however, describes the curses that Israel would receive for apostasy:
no prosperity (vv. 17-19)
affliction (vv. 20-22, 27-28, 58-61)
drought (vv. 23-24)
defeat by their enemies (vv. 25, 31-33, 47-57)
population reduction (vv. 62-63)
exile (vv. 32, 36-37, 41-44, 63-68)
God brought about all of these "curses" for Israel at the hands of the Assyrians in 722/721 B.C.E. (2 Kings 17:1-41) and for Judah at the hands of the Babylonians in 587/586 B.C.E. (2 Kings 24:1-25:21).
• Centralized worship. Deuteronomy 12 is important for the later Deuteronomistic editors because of its insistence upon the centralization of worship. When Jeroboam revolted and established the northern kingdom of Israel, he needed to set up shrines in Bethel and Dan as rival sanctuaries to the Jerusalem temple. This became the primary sin that brought condemnation upon all the northern kings in the judgment of the Deuteronomistic editors. The relevant items in Deuteronomy 12 include:
Canaanite places of worship need to be destroyed (vv. 1-4)
after Israel enters the land, God would choose one place to dwell instead of the tabernacle that functioned as a portable shrine in the wilderness (v. 5)
sacrifices, offerings, and gifts may only be brought to this place (vv. 6-7)
sacrifice can only be offered to God here (vv. 10-14)
Within Deuteronomy the emphasis on centralized worship forms the background for the following passages:
the tithe (14:22-29)
the rights of the Levitical priests (18:1-8)
the cities of refuge (19:1-13)
It is important to recognize that no specific city is named in the chapter. If these traditions arose in the north, it is likely that Shechem, the most important shrine in Israel, was meant. When the traditions came south, after the fall of the North (722/721 B.C.E.), the chosen place was identified with Jerusalem.
• Election. Election, God's free choice, is an important aspect of the theology of Deuteronomy. Most important, Israel was regarded as an elect nation, chosen by God (4:37; 7:6-7; 10:15; 14:2). This means that Israel owed its very existence to the gracious initiative of God's prior choice, simply because God loved them, apart from any merit on Israel's part (7:7-8). Besides Israel, God has also freely chosen the king (17:15), the priests (18:5, 21:5), and the place of worship (12:11; 14:24; 16:6; 18:6).
This understanding of God's prior establishment of the relationship militates against the common notion that Deuteronomy is a "legalistic" work in which God rewards Israel for its compliance with the commandments. On the contrary, God chose Israel before Israel had a chance to obey. Israel's response follows God's election and flows out of gratitude (chapter 8). This order is especially clear in Deuteronomy 27:9-10: "O Israel! This very day you have become the people of the LORD your God. Therefore obey the LORD your God, observing his commandments and his statutes that I am commanding you today" (emphasis added).
• High places, pillars, and poles. Due to their affinity with the religion of the Canaanites, these three cultic items were especially abhorrent to the Deuteronomistic editors.
high places (bamoth): sites of Canaanite worship
pillars (masseboth): standing stones, possibly phallic, that symbolized Baal, the Canaanite god of fertility
sacred poles (asheroth): trees that represented the goddess Asherah
• Josiah's reform. Since early-nineteenth century, Josiah's extensive reform of the cult in 621 B.C.E. has been linked to the book of Deuteronomy. Comparison with 2 Kings 23 yields the following verbal correspondences; in most cases, the Deuteronomic citation is representative of terminology that frequently appears:
"keeping his commandments, and his decrees, and his statutes" (2 Kings 23:3; compare Deuteronomy 6:17)
"with all his heart and with all his soul" (2 Kings 23:3; compare Deuteronomy 6:5)
destruction of the Asherah (2 Kings 23:4, 6, 15; compare Deuteronomy 7:5)
"the sun, the moon, the constellations, and all the host of heaven" (2 Kings 23:5; compare Deuteronomy 4:19)
"would make a son or daughter to pass through fire" (2 Kings 23:10; compare Deuteronomy 18:10)
"broke the pillars in pieces" (2 Kings 23:14; compare Deuteronomy 12:3)
"provoking the LORD to anger" (2 Kings 23:19; compare Deuteronomy 4:25)
"mediums, wizards" (2 Kings 23:24; compare Deuteronomy 18:11)
"idols, and all the abominations" (2 Kings 23:24; compare Deuteronomy 29:17)
"My [the LORD's] name shall be there" (2 Kings 23:27; compare Deuteronomy 12:5, 11, 21)
The correspondence between Deuteronomic prohibitions and Josiah's reforms is even more striking:
Against worship of heavenly host (Deuteronomy 17:3; compare 2 Kings 23:4, 5)
Against worship of sun and moon (Deuteronomy 17:3; compare 2 Kings 23:5, 11)
Destroy cultic vessels (altar, pillars, idols, etc.) (Deuteronomy 7:5; 12:3; compare 2 Kings 23:4, 6, 7, 14)
Against cult prostitutes (Deuteronomy 23:17; compare 2 Kings 23:7)
Against worship of Molech/child immolation (Deuteronomy 12:31; 18:10; compare 2 Kings 23:10)
Against worship of Astarte, Chemosh, Milcom (Deuteronomy 12:29-30; compare 2 Kings 23:13)
Destroy high places and shrines (Deuteronomy 12:2; compare 2 Kings 23:13)
Celebrate Passover at the central sanctuary (Deuteronomy 16:6; compare 2 Kings 23:21-23)
Against discernment of the future through the occult (Deuteronomy 18:11; compare 2 Kings 23:24)
• Kingship. Deuteronomy 17:14-20 provides the blueprint for what kingship should look like:
Verses 16-17 regularly appear in the descriptions of Solomon's reign: 1 Kings 4:26; 9:19; 10:14-28; 11:3.
The king is to be faithfully obedient to the prescriptions of the Mosaic legislation (vv. 18-19). Most of the kings of Judah and all of the kings of Israel failed in this regard. Josiah, however, literally complied by ruling according to the precepts of the book of the law discovered in the temple (2 Kings 22:8-23:25).
The continuation of the monarchy as well as the dynastic succession is tied to the king's faithful obedience (v. 20).
• Monotheism. Deuteronomy is often seen as the Bible's charter document for monotheism, the belief that there is only one God. This fundamental belief at the root of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, however, is not quite present in Deuteronomy, since it fails to deny the existence of other gods. Deuteronomy 5:7, "You shall have no other gods before me," implies that there are other gods; the point of the commandment is that they are not to be worshiped alongside or in addition to the Lord.
• The name of God. Deuteronomy's frequent reference to the name of God in phrases like "the name of the LORD your God," "his name," "the name of the LORD," and others, has often been thought to be the means by which God is revealed. But the occurrence of this terminology in Deuteronomy may be an implicit critique of earlier, less sophisticated theological beliefs that God was actually present in Israel's places of worship (see Exodus 25:8, 22; 29:45-46; 40:34-35). Following the division of the kingdom, which denied the northern tribes--where Deuteronomy probably originated--access to the ark, the authors of Deuteronomy intended to show that no earthly structure can "contain" God (see 1 Kings 8:27); what is present is not "God," who dwells in heaven (Deuteronomy 26:15), but God's "name" (12:5).
• The people as one. Deuteronomy never urges the people to become one, because this state of affairs was assumed by the covenantal nature of their relationship to God. A further indication of Israel's assumed unity is the unusual habit of referring to members of the community as "brothers"-a term variously translated in the NRSV (see 1:16; 3:18, 20; 10:9; 15:3, 7, 9, 11; 17:20; 18:15, 18). By so doing, Deuteronomy effectively minimized the tribal differences that had divided the people in the past and fostered a perception among them of a united entity. The emphasis on the "oneness" of God, the unity of the people, and the prescription to worship only in Jerusalem has led to the oft-repeated Deuteronomic dictum of "one people worshiping one God at one central sanctuary."
• Prophecy. Deuteronomy is the only law code that addresses the role and function of prophecy. Contemporary notions of the prediction of future events are especially denounced in 18:9-14 where divination, soothsaying, augury, sorcery, the casting of spells, the consultation of ghosts or spirits, and the seeking of oracles from the dead are declared to be abhorrent practices. Notice that the possibility of such practices is not denied; Saul will later consult a medium who successfully conjures up the spirit of Samuel (1 Samuel 28). Rather, Deuteronomy prohibits such practices. In Deuteronomy the role of the prophet is modeled upon the role of Moses who, at the time the torah was given on Mt. Horeb, was designated as mediator, that is, as the one to explain and apply the torah to the lives of the people. The prophets are Moses' successors in this regard. They are subservient to the regulation of the torah; if their message or behavior should deviate from its prescriptions or lead the people astray, they must forfeit their lives (13:1-5). In addition they are also enjoined to be attentive to new revelations from God (18:18-20).
• Social Justice. One has the feeling that eighth-century prophets like Amos, Micah, Hosea, and Isaiah of Jerusalem would have been delighted with the book of Deuteronomy. In both traditions there is a clear emphasis on the necessity for social justice, particularly with regard to those on the margins of society, debtors, indentured servants, escaped slaves, Levites, the poor, widows, orphans, women, foreigners, even animals and convicted criminals. This is especially clear in the following passages:
care for the Levite (12:18-19;14:28-29)
the sabbatical year with its release of debts (15:1-18)
care for Levites, sojourners, orphans, and widows (16:11, 14)
exemption from military service for various reasons (20:5-8)
moral duties toward the neighbor (22:1-4; 23:24-25)
care for animals (22:6-7, 10)
asylum for escaped slaves; restrictions on prostitution (23:15-18)
financial ethics (24:10-22)
corporal punishment; humane treatment of animals (25:1-4)
Such extensive humanitarian activity on behalf of those in need is based on Israel's own past experience (10:19; 15:15). All this is to be implemented through fair and impartial judges and a legal system designed to uphold the social fabric of the community (16:19-20).
• True prophecy. The importance of the Deuteronomic test of true prophecy (18:15-22) for the Deuteronomistic editors lies in its conformity to the facts of real life and history. The exiles wondered if God was reliable in the face of the apparent failure of God's promise to David. The book of Kings, especially, seeks to reassure the people that God remains true to God's word. The exile was not a failure on God's part, but rather a parade example that God would do what God had said: "The LORD sent against him bands of the Chaldeans, bands of the Arameans, bands of the Moabites, and bands of the Ammonites; he sent them against Judah to destroy it, according to the word of the LORD that he spoke by his servants the prophets" (2 Kings 24:2, emphasis added). Numerous other places could be cited in support of the fulfillment of prophecy in these terms, including 1 Kings 13:1-2, 5, 21-22, 26, 32; 15:29; 2 Kings 1:17; 7:1; 9:26, 36; 10:17.
• Why did the Canaanites have to be exterminated? Deuteronomy's call for the extermination of the Canaanites (Deuteronomy 20:17) troubles readers. The logic of this position is as follows:
since God promised the land of Canaan to Israel (1:8, 35; 6:10), and
since Canaanite sin means they have lost all claim to the land (9:5), and
since the odds are very good that Israel will fall into apostasy (4:3-4), and
since the golden thread running through Deuteronomy is a demand for total loyalty to God and God alone, rejecting other gods (5:7; 17:2-7),
therefore, the fear of Israel falling away from God into apostasy is the driving force behind the injunction to exterminate the Canaanites.
But the injunctions may be idealized preaching rather than historical reminiscence. It makes no sense to have commands forbidding intermarriage and making treaties with the Canaanites (7:2b-5) following the demand to "utterly destroy them" (7:2a). Historically, the Canaanites were, in fact, never exterminated.
| Joshua |
What word is used in betting slang for odds of 2/1 (two to one)? | scripture
scripture
Please check the reference to make sure it is correct.
The book you have entered was not recognized.
View all books of the Bible
THE PENTATEUCH
The Pentateuch (Greek for “five books”) designates the first five books of the Jewish and Christian Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy). Jewish tradition calls the five books Torah (Teaching, Law) because of the centrality of the Sinai covenant and legislation mediated through Moses.
The unity of the Pentateuch comes from the single story it tells. God creates the world and destines human beings for the blessings of progeny and land possession ( Gn 1 – 3 ). As the human race expands, its evil conduct provokes God to send the flood to wipe out all but righteous Noah’s family. After the flood, the world is repopulated from his three sons, Ham, Shem, and Japheth ( Gn 4 – 9 ). From them are descended the seventy nations of the civilized world whose offense this time (building a city rather than taking their assigned lands, Gn 10 – 11 ) provokes God to elect one family from the rest. Abraham and his wife, Sarah, landless and childless, are promised a child and the land of Canaan. Amid trials and fresh promises, a son (Isaac) is born to them and Abraham takes title to a sliver of Canaanite land, a kind of down payment for later possession ( Gn 12 – 25 ). Gn 25 – 36 tells how their descendant Jacob becomes the father of twelve sons (because of which he is called “Israel”), and Gn 37 – 50 tells how the rejected brother Joseph saves the family from famine and brings them to Egypt.
In Egypt, a pharaoh who knew not Joseph subjects “the seventy sons of Jacob” (“the Hebrews”) to hard labor, keeping them from their land and destroying their male progeny ( Ex 1 ). Moses is commissioned to lead the people out of Egypt to their own land ( Ex 2 – 6 ). In ten plagues, the Lord defeats Pharaoh. Free at last, the Hebrews leave Egypt and journey to Mount Sinai ( Ex 7 – 18 ), where they enter into a covenant to be the people of the Lord and be shaped by the Ten Commandments and other laws ( Ex 19 – 24 ). Though the people commit apostasy when Moses goes back to the mountain for the plans of the dwelling (tabernacle), Moses’ intercession prevents the abrogation of the covenant by God ( Ex 32 – 34 ). A principle has been established, however: even the people’s apostasy need not end their relationship with God. The book ends with the cloud and the glory taking possession of the tent of meeting ( Ex 36:34 – 38 ). “The sons of Israel” in Ex 1:1 are the actual sons of Jacob/Israel the patriarch, but at the end of the book they are the nation Israel, for all the elements of nationhood in antiquity have been granted: a god (and temple), a leader, a land, and an authoritative tradition.
Israel remains at the holy mountain for almost a year. The entire block of material from Ex 19:1 to Nm 10:11 is situated at Sinai. The rituals of Leviticus and Numbers are delivered to Moses at the holy mountain, showing that Israel’s worship was instituted by God and part of the very fabric of the people’s life. Priestly material in the Book of Exodus (chaps. 25 – 31 , 35 – 40 ) describes the basic institutions of Israelite worship (the tabernacle, its furniture, and priestly vestments). Leviticus, aptly called in rabbinic tradition the Priests’ Manual, lays down the role of priests to teach Israel the distinction between clean and unclean and to see to their holiness. In Nm 10:11 – 22:1 , the journey is resumed, this time from Sinai through the wilderness to Transjordan; Nm 22:2 – 36:13 tells of events and laws in the plains of Moab.
The final book of the Pentateuch, Deuteronomy, consists of four speeches by Moses to the people who have arrived at the plains of Moab, ready to conquer the land: 1:1 – 4:43 ; 4:44 – 28:68 ; 29:1 – 32:52 ; 33:1 – 34:12 . Each speech is introduced by the formula “This is the law/words/blessing.”
The Priestly editor used literary formulas. The formula “These are the generations (the wording can vary) of…” occurs five times in the primordial history ( Gn 2:4a ; 5:1 ; 6:9 ; 10:1 ; 11:10 ) and five times in the ancestral history ( 11:27 ; 25:12 ; 25:19 ; 36:1 [v. 9 is secondary]; 37:2 ). In Exodus and Numbers the formula (with slight variations) “They departed from (place name) and encamped at (place name)” occurs in two groups of six: A. Ex 12:37a ; 13:20 ; 14:1 – 2 ; 15:22a ; 16:1 ; 17:1a ; and B. 19:2 ; Nm 10:12 ; 20:1a ; 20:22 ; 21:10 – 11 ; 22:1 .
Who wrote the Pentateuch, and when? Up to the seventeenth century, the virtually unanimous answer of Jews and Christians was “Moses.” Moses wrote the Pentateuch as David wrote the Psalter and Solomon wrote the wisdom literature. Though scholars had noted inconsistencies (compare Ishmael’s age in Gn 16:16 and 21:5 , 14 ) and duplications ( Gn 12 , 20 , and 26 ), they assumed Mosaic authorship because of the prevalent theory of inspiration: God inspired authors while they wrote. With the rise of historical criticism, scholars began to use the doublets and inconsistencies as clues to different authors and traditions.
By the late nineteenth century, one theory of the sources of the Pentateuch had been worked out that proved acceptable in its main lines to the majority of scholars (apart from Christian and Jewish conservatives) then and now. It can be quickly sketched. In the premonarchic period of the Judges (ca. 1220–1020 B.C.), the twelve tribes had an oral form of their story from creation to the taking of the land. With the beginnings of monarchy in the late eleventh and tenth centuries, the oral material was written down, being known as the Yahwist account (from its use of the divine name Yhwh). Its abbreviation, “J,” comes from the German spelling of the divine name. In the following century, another account took shape in the Northern Kingdom (called E after its use of Elohim as a divine name); some believe the E source is simply a supplement to J. After the fall of the Northern Kingdom in 722/721 B.C., the E version was taken to Jerusalem where it was combined with the J version to produce J-E. During the exile (conventionally dated 587–539 B.C.) or thereafter, an editor recast J-E to make it relevant for the exiled population. This editor is conventionally known as P (= Priestly) because of the chronological and ritual interests apparent in the work. P can also designate archival material and chronological notices. The audience for the Priestly edition no longer lived in the land and was deeply concerned about its survival and its claim on the land.
Deuteronomy (= D) stands alone in style, genre (preaching rather than narrative), and content. How did it come to be the fifth book of the Pentateuch? The J-E narrative actually ends in Numbers, when Israel arrives at the plains of Moab. Many scholars believe that Deuteronomy was secondarily attached to Numbers by moving the account of Moses’ death from its original place in the J-E version in Numbers to the end of Deuteronomy (chap. 34 ). Deuteronomy was attached to Genesis–Numbers to link it to another great work, the Deuteronomistic History (Joshua to Kings). Deuteronomy is now the fifth book of the Pentateuch and the first book of the Deuteronomistic History.
In the last three decades, the above consensus on the composition of the Pentateuch has come under attack. Some critics are extremely skeptical about the historical value of the so-called early traditions, and a few doubt there ever was a preexilic monarchy of any substance. For such scholars, the Pentateuch is a retrojection from the fourth or third centuries B.C. Other scholars postulate a different sequence of sources, or understand the sources differently.
How should a modern religiously minded person read the Pentateuch? First, readers have before them the most significant thing, the text of the Pentateuch. It is accurately preserved, reasonably well understood, and capable of touching audiences of every age. Take and read! Second, the controversies are about the sources of the Pentateuch, especially their antiquity and character. Many details will never be known, for the evidence is scanty. Indeed, the origin of many great literary works is obscure.
The Pentateuch witnesses to a coherent story that begins with the creation of the world and ends with Israel taking its land. The same story is in the historical Ps 44 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 105 , 114 , and 149 , and in the confessions Dt 26:5 – 9 , Jos 24:2 – 13 , and 1 Sm 12:7 – 13 . Though the narrative enthralls and entertains, as all great literature does, it is well to remember that it is a theopolitical charter as well, meant to establish how and why descendants of the patriarchs are a uniquely holy people among the world’s nations.
The destruction of the Jerusalem Temple and deportation of Israelites in the sixth century B.C. seemed to invalidate the charter, for Israel no longer possessed its land in any real sense. The last chapter of the ancient narrative—Israel dwelling securely in its land—no longer held true. The story had to be reinterpreted, and the Priestly editor is often credited with doing so. A preface ( Gn 1 ) was added, emphasizing God’s intent that human beings continue in existence through their progeny and possess their own land. Good news, surely, to a devastated people wondering whether they would survive and repossess their ancestral land. The ending of the old story was changed to depict Israel at the threshold of the promised land (the plains of Moab) rather than in it. Henceforth, Israel would be a people oriented toward the land rather than possessing it. The revised ending could not be more suitable for Jews and Christians alike. Both peoples can imagine themselves on the threshold of the promised land, listening to the word of God in order to be able to enter it in the future. For Christians particularly, the Pentateuch portrays the pilgrim people waiting for the full realization of the kingdom of God.
| i don't know |
In which country is Cabo (Cape) Verde (now Cap Vert)? | Cape Verde Gets New Name: 5 Things to Know About How Maps Change
Cape Verde Gets New Name: 5 Things to Know About How Maps Change
National Geographic's chief geographer gives us a behind-the-scenes look at his job.
View Images
The former Cape Verde is now known as the República de Cabo Verde, or simply Cabo Verde.
PHOTOGRAPH BY FINBARR O'REILLY, REUTERS/CORBIS
We're not in Cape Verde anymore.
Related Content
The country, made up of ten islands about 350 miles (570 kilometers) off the coast of western Africa , is getting an identity makeover and reverting back to its original Portuguese name: the Republic of Cabo Verde, or República de Cabo Verde, the UN announced on October 24.
Portuguese explorers came upon the peninsula now called Cap-Vert , the westernmost peninsula in Africa and a Sengalese port, in 1444; they christened it Cabo Verde, which means "green cape." They then used the same name for the islands to the west, which became the country of Cabo Verde.
Centuries ago, the country anglicized its name to Cape Verde.
This got us wondering: How are maps changed? We talked to National Geographic's director of editorial and research for maps and chief geographer, Juan José Valdés , and learned five things you should know about the shifting world of maps.
1. Who's in charge of maps, anyway?
There isn't really an international agency of mapmaking.
"When mapping the world, cartographers are faced with one of two options: to map de jure [by law] or de facto [in reality]," Valdés said. "Because of differences in national mapping policies, to date there does not exist an international governing body that sets such map standards."
This means that each cartographic organization is in charge of creating maps that are as factually accurate as possible. For National Geographic, the policy is to follow the de facto approach and create maps mirroring reality rather than politics.
Which leads us to our next fact:
2. Cartographers map reality.
When asked how many times a year his department alters maps, Valdés laughed.
"Oof!" he exclaimed. "It's hard to say. We make changes as they happen."
Maps are a snapshot in time, according to Valdés.
"We map reality, what's currently existing on the ground," he said. If anything changes—whether it be borders of a country or a shrinking coastline or the addition of cities and states—maps become instantly outdated.
"We make changes as they happen," Valdés said. That means maps are current only as of their publishing. "Something is always happening," he said, whether it be elevations or minute boundary delineations.
Valdés added: "Assume nothing. The world is constantly changing."
Case in point: The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan made some towns around the Fukushima nuclear plant ghost towns. With no population in these cities for the time being, should they be marked? (See pictures inside Fukushima .)
"Large-format maps of Japan will portray the towns," Valdés said. "They will be identified with an open town spot accompanied by a general map note addressing [their] current status."
3. Map changes aren't as simple as deleting old borders and names.
Changing official maps isn't as easy as altering a border or retyping the name of a country, Valdés said.
Changing a country's name, for instance, can be done immediately online and will show up on the next printing of the official map, he said.
But some changes require more work, particularly for places like disputed borders or bodies of water claimed by multiple entities.
"If it's a change with a sensitive area, then we have to do extensive research," Valdés said. "What is the national government policy [on the area's cartography]? Who's administering [the area]?
"We contact experts and the country for views and opinions. And then we go through a map policy committee" at National Geographic that examines the area in question and determines whether (and if so, how) a change should be made.
4. Naming a place is tricky.
Valdés notes that politics also comes into play in rerouting a line or renaming a place like Cabo Verde.
What about different versions, when one group might find one preferential but another might find it insulting? In the case of Mumbai , which is the regional name for the city that was called Bombay as a vestige of British colonialism, National Geographic style is to use both: Mumbai (Bombay).
Or what about historical names that have since been changed to modern and/or local names? Maps show Constantinople's change to Istanbul and Saigon's new identity as Ho Chi Minh City .
Consider also the case of places that are recognized by some governments and not recognized by others. The classic example is the Palestinian territories: Placing the Palestinian territories on a map angers some groups; not identifying the Palestinian territories as a state angers others.
"It's not always easily done," Valdés said.
5. Being a cartographer means also being a detective.
You might think the chief geographer at National Geographic stares at maps all day, but much of his job involves tracking the news.
Not every map change is a publicized event, and even if it is, it may remain highly localized, which means Valdés spends much of his time "sleuthing" for the latest news in cartography.
"Had it not been for a two-paragraph article in an obscure Spanish news site in the fall of 2010, we would not have been aware of the creation of two new Cuban provinces on New Year's Day in 2011 ," Valdés recalled.
Cabo Verde's name change, however, was well publicized and has given Valdés plenty of time to update the Society's official atlases.
"We've just started updating our maps," Valdés said. "The very first one cleared five minutes ago."
Follow Tanya Basu on Twitter .
Comment on This Story
| Senegal |
Which 20th century artist's works include 'Christ Of St. John Of The Cross' and 'Metamorphosis Of Narcissus'? | Cabo Verde | history - geography | Britannica.com
Cabo Verde
Alternative Titles: Cape Verde, Republic of Cape Verde, República de Cabo Verde
Cabo Verde
national anthem of Cabo Verde
Official name
República de Cabo Verde (Republic of Cabo1 Verde)
Form of government
multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [722])
Head of state
Prime Minister: Ulisses Correia e Silva
Capital
Literacy: percentage of population age 15 and over literate
Male: (2015) 87.6%
GNI per capita (U.S.$)
(2014) 3,520
1In English, previously called Republic of Cape Verde; official name was changed in October of 2013.
2Six members elected to represent Cabo Verdeans living abroad.
3Cabo Verdean Creole (Crioulo) is the national language.
Cabo Verde, also called Cape Verde, country comprising a group of islands that lie 385 miles (620 km) off the west coast of Africa. Praia , on Santiago , is the capital.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Praia, capital of Cabo Verde.
Walter Imber
Cabo Verde is named for the westernmost cape of Africa, Cape Verde (French: Cap Vert), which is located in nearby Senegal and is the nearest point on the continent. The largest port in the islands is located at Mindelo , on São Vicente . Its deepwater harbour accommodates sizable vessels and has been used as a fueling station since the 19th century.
Land
Cabo Verde consists of nine inhabited islands, one uninhabited island , and various islets, located between 14°30′ and 17°30′ N and between 22°30′ and 25°30′ W. The archipelago is divided into the Barlavento (Windward) group to the north and the Sotavento (Leeward) group to the south. The Barlavento Islands include Santo Antão , São Vicente , Santa Luzia (which is uninhabited), São Nicolau , Sal , and Boa Vista , together with the islets of Raso and Branco. The Sotavento Islands include Maio , Santiago , Fogo , and Brava and the three islets called the Rombos—Grande, Luís Carneiro, and Cima.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Relief, drainage, and soils
The terrain of the Cabo Verde islands varies from the geologically older, flatter islands in the east and the newer, more mountainous islands in the west. The eastern islands of Boa Vista , Maio, and Sal, for example, have been heavily eroded by the wind over time and are very sandy and flat. The others are very rocky, jagged, and mountainous. Fogo (“Fire”) Island’s active volcano , Pico, rises 9,281 feet (2,829 metres) and is the highest point of the archipelago. On the northern island of Santo Antão, Tope de Coroa reaches 6,493 feet (1,979 meters).
Connect with Britannica
Jorge Barbosa
On most of the larger islands, elevations are great enough to generate precipitation on the windward slopes; grasses and some pine plantations are found in these relatively moist locations. The leeward slopes, however, exhibit a characteristic rain-shadow effect that produces desert conditions, and the sparse shrub cover almost disappears. The shrubs remaining in these areas are mostly thorny or bitter; some are toxic. Agriculture is practiced either in a limited way at high elevations or by intense terracing of the sharp-cut valleys. Some xerophilous (desert-type) plants are found rooted in the brackish subsoil of Maio, Sal, and Boa Vista.
The scarcity of water limits the number of land turtles in the archipelago, but two species of sea turtles lay their eggs on the sandy shores of the uninhabited islets. There are many geckos and lizards and several species of skinks , including a rare and endangered giant skink. There are a number of species of butterflies, but none is endemic , and all the species are of African origin.
There are more than 100 known species of birds, of which only a portion, including four species of petrels and two of shearwaters , breed regularly. Other bird species include the greater flamingo, the frigate bird and the buzzard (both nearly extinct), the Egyptian vulture, the Cape Verde Islands kite, and the red-billed tropic bird. Several other birds are represented by local species, of which the kingfisher is among the most conspicuous . The only truly endemic species, however, are the cane warbler and the Raso lark, which is restricted to Raso, one of the smallest uninhabited islets. The rest of the birds are overseas migrants. Remarkably, gulls and terns do not breed on the islands.
Mammals of Cabo Verde include the feral goats found on Fogo, the descendants of domestic goats that were taken to the islands. The islands’ rodent population probably originated with rodents carried on early ships. Monkeys, introduced from the African continent, are also present on the islands. The long-eared bat is the only indigenous mammal.
People
Ethnic groups
The overwhelming majority of the population of Cabo Verde is of mixed European and African descent and is often referred to as mestiço or Crioulo. There is also a sizable African minority, which includes the Fulani (Fulbe), the Balante, and the Mandyako peoples. A small population of European origin includes those of Portuguese descent (especially from the Algarve , a historical province, and the Azores islands), as well as those of Italian, French, and English descent. There is also a substantial number that traces its roots to Sephardic Jews who were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula in the 15th and 16th centuries during the Inquisition and were among the islands’ early settlers, or to other groups of Jews—mainly tradesmen—who arrived in the 19th century from Morocco .
Languages
Although Portuguese is the official language and is used in formal situations, Crioulo , one of the oldest of the Portuguese creole languages, is by far the most widely spoken. The different dialects of Crioulo that exist on the islands may be broadly divided into Sotavento and Barlavento groups. There has been a struggle to legitimate and regularize Crioulo orthography in a dictionary and in schools.
Religion
The majority of the population is Roman Catholic , but a flourishing Protestant mission is based in Praia with a publishing venture in Fogo. In practice, Catholicism is often enriched with African elements. The celebration of saints’ days, for example, may be accompanied by drumming, processionals, masks, and dancing in African styles, particularly on Santiago. Although many Cabo Verdeans can trace Jewish ancestry, virtually none are practicing.
Settlement patterns
The proportion of Cabo Verdeans living in rural areas has declined consistently since the mid-20th century. By the early 2000s, the majority of the population was urban and concentrated particularly in the centres of Praia and Mindelo. Some two-fifths of the population remained rural, living in small villages and individual households in remote fertile valleys or in coastal towns and villages.
Mindelo, Cabo Verde.
Lka
Demographic trends
Cabo Verde’s population-growth rate is below both the regional and world averages. A steady emigration of young males seeking employment abroad and one of the lowest birth rates in sub-Saharan Africa have been responsible for dampening Cabo Verde’s population growth. Life expectancy on average exceeds the regional and global averages for both genders. On the whole, the Cabo Verdean population is relatively young, with some two-fifths of the population under 15 years of age.
The group of diasporic Cabo Verdeans throughout the world exceeds the national population. The pattern of out-migration is very old, with many Cabo Verdeans having left the islands as a result of the slave trade or to work as seamen on whaling and sealing ships or serve as migrant labourers in either New England (where many attracted by whaling would settle) or the islands of Sao Tome and Principe . During the period of Portuguese colonialism, many Cabo Verdeans served throughout Lusophone Africa as middle-level colonial officials and workers. Many Cabo Verdeans work as merchant mariners or longshoremen in the major diasporic communities in Dakar , Senegal, southeastern New England, Rotterdam , and Lisbon . Some Cabo Verdean women have sought employment as domestic workers in countries such as Italy , Portugal, and Spain .
Economy
After independence, the government played a central role in Cabo Verde’s economy and created several state-owned businesses, which ultimately was a limiting factor in the country’s economic growth. Dramatic changes to the Cabo Verdean economic structure, especially from the mid-1990s, have since guided the country toward a market economy. As a result of these reforms, the number of state-owned businesses declined significantly; numerous interests such as utilities companies, banks, tourism-sector entities, and other enterprises had been privatized by the early 2000s.
Cabo Verde’s service-oriented economy is centred on commerce, trade, transport, and public services. The revenue from the country’s international airports, emigrants’ remittances, and, increasingly, tourism are all important and have enabled the balance of payments to stay generally positive despite imports’ far exceeding exports.
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Agriculture in Cabo Verde is limited by the severe and recurrent droughts that affect the islands. The harsh conditions have long posed serious challenges to agricultural pursuits, resulting in irregular crop output and periodic bouts of large-scale famine. Poor grazing practices for sheep and goats and little effort toward reforestation and water conservation under the centuries of Portuguese colonialism only aggravated this poor ecological condition. The postcolonial governments have made a major effort to plant drought-resistant acacia trees and build dikes, retaining dams, and terracing in order to curb intense water erosion, improve water retention in the subsoil, and improve and expand the limited areas available for subsistence and small-scale commercial farming.
Crops grown for local consumption include corn (maize), sugarcane, castor beans, broad beans, potatoes, and peanuts (groundnuts). There is a heavy reliance on imported foodstuffs, however, and the importation of food has long been an absolute necessity. Although Cabo Verde’s fishing capabilities are not fully exploited, fish is important for both domestic consumption and export, and both tuna and lobster are caught.
Use of firewood as a source of fuel has placed a strain on Cabo Verde’s woodland resources. While the use of wood fuel continued to increase in the late 20th century, the level of forested area on the islands was simultaneously on the increase because of governmental reforestation efforts. At the beginning of the 21st century, about one-fifth of Cabo Verde was forested.
Resources and power
Cabo Verde has few natural resources. Supplies of sand, limestone, puzzolane (a cement or plaster additive), and salt are of some commercial and utilitarian value. The very limited water supply is a grave liability, and there are no domestic sources of energy except firewood, wind, and sunlight. The country on the whole relies on imported petroleum fuel; on the local level, most domestic energy needs are met by the use of firewood, although the resulting demand placed upon these resources poses an environmental threat. Experimental approaches toward energy supply are under investigation, and the potential of Cabo Verde’s renewable energy resources has been recognized.
Manufacturing
Only a few small-scale industries exist in Cabo Verde. These include sewing, textiles, ceramics, mining, timber, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Tuna fish canning takes place in some areas, and the processing of frozen seafood such as lobster has been profitable.
Finance
Banco de Cabo Verde is the central bank and issues the Cabo Verdean currency, the escudo . There are several foreign banks and a stock exchange. The privatization in the late 1990s of a number of financial enterprises, such as banking and insurance institutions, accompanied a broader initiative to privatize state holdings in other economic sectors that was already under way.
Trade
Fish, salt, puzzolane, rum, animal hides, bananas, and coffee are exported, but none in very large quantities. As Cabo Verde is heavily dependent on imported food, its principal imports include cereals, fruits and vegetables, beverages, and other foodstuffs. Fuel and building materials are also important. Portugal and Spain are the country’s most important trade partners, although it also maintains significant trade linkages with other countries, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and the United States.
Services
Services account for a substantial proportion of the gross domestic product . The draw of nautical sports such as sailing and fishing and the attraction of the islands’ biodiversity have contributed to an increase in tourism to the islands, particularly by European visitors.
Labour and taxation
Industrial activity, including construction, employs a significant proportion of the labour force. In spite of the fact that Cabo Verde is not self-sufficient in food production, more than one-fifth of the labour force is devoted to agricultural pursuits. High unemployment is one of the major factors driving the country’s emigration pattern.
The constitution guarantees workers the right of association, and the country’s unions are grouped under two umbrella organizations, the Council of Free Labor Unions and the National Union of Cabo Verde Workers. Although labourers are also nominally guaranteed the right to strike, government interference has been noted. Unions are also permitted to forge international connections, and some are affiliated with organizations abroad.
Tax revenues account for a significant proportion of the Cabo Verdean budget. Of these, consumption taxes and taxes on income and profits provide the most sizable contributions.
Transportation and telecommunications
The majority of roads in Cabo Verde are paved, and there are no railways. All the inhabited islands have airports. There is international air service to destinations such as Lisbon, Boston, Rome, Paris, Brazil , and points in western Africa . Within the islands, regular ferries and planes provide local service. There is a small national shipping line and a national airline, Transportes Aéreos de Cabo Verde. Porto Grande, the country’s primary port, is located at Mindelo, on São Vicente; other ports include those located at Praia, on Santiago, and Palmeira, on Sal.
Telephone service in Cabo Verde is generally good, and cellular telephone use is expanding. Compared with the regional average, the proportion of available personal computers relative to the population is quite high, and cybercafes can be found in larger towns and cities.
Government and society
Constitutional framework
Cabo Verde is a multiparty republic. A constitution, promulgated in 1992 and subsequently revised, established the president as head of state. The president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term, renewable once. The president, in consultation with the popularly elected National Assembly , appoints the prime minister, who serves as the head of government. The prime minister then recommends members of the National Assembly to the president for appointment to the Council of Ministers.
Local government
On the local level, Cabo Verde is divided into concelhos (municipalities). While some islands constitute their own municipality , others, such as São Vicente , Fogo, and Santo Antão, are divided into several. Local administration takes place under an assembly, which is elected to proportionally represent the residents of the administrative unit, and a collegial executive body.
Justice
The Supreme Court of Justice is the highest court and oversees a network of courts at the local level. It consists of a minimum of five judges—one appointed by the president, one elected by the National Assembly, and the remainder appointed by the Supreme Council of Magistrates. Other courts include a Court of Audit, which monitors the legality of public expenditure, military courts, and fiscal and customs courts. The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the constitution.
Political process
The president and the National Assembly—and, at the local level of government, councils—are all elected by universal adult suffrage. The constitution does not limit eligibility to civil service positions or elected office, and a number of women have held posts in the National Assembly and cabinet.
After independence in 1975, the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cabo Verde (Partido Africano para a Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde; PAIGC) was the ruling party of both Cabo Verde and Guinea-Bissau . Following a political split between the two countries in 1980, the Cabo Verdean branch of the party, the African Party for the Independence of Cabo Verde (Partido Africano da Independência de Cabo Verde; PAICV), was the sole legal political party in the country until dissent within the PAICV led to the formation of the Movement for Democracy (Movimento para a Democracia; MpD), which won the democratic elections of 1990.
Security
Cabo Verde’s security apparatus includes an army, which is by far its largest division, as well a coast guard and an air force. Service in the armed forces is determined by selective conscription. General law enforcement falls under the domain of the Public Order Police.
Health and welfare
Major health problems include infant diarrhea and upper respiratory infection caused by poor hygiene, particularly the lack of piped and treated water. Maternal and child health programs have been instituted and include widespread campaigns of inoculation against childhood diseases. As a result, infant mortality in Cabo Verde is among the very lowest in the region. Cabo Verde has a relatively low prevalence of HIV/ AIDS . Cholera has been known to occur periodically, limited cases of malaria have been noted in Santiago, and leprosy appears from time to time. Dressing stations with a rotating circuit doctor operate in remote areas. Clinics and health posts are operated at the local level with regional hospitals. There are central hospitals in the towns of Mindelo and Praia.
Water for public consumption is supplied either by precipitation, from storage cisterns or deep wells, or, in the larger towns, by desalinization facilities. Some groundwater sources are sulfurous; others, mainly on São Vicente and Boa Vista, are slightly salty because of the low water tables.
Education
According to official policy, compulsory primary education begins at age six or seven and lasts for six years. It is followed by secondary schooling, which is divided into two phases of three and two years, respectively. Universities located in Cabo Verde include the Jean Piaget University of Cabo Verde (2001) and the University of Cabo Verde (2006). There are also institutes for teaching and nurse training and for engineering and maritime technology.
Although approximately two-thirds of Cabo Verdeans were illiterate at independence, literacy was greatly improved in the decades that followed. By the early 2000s almost four-fifths of the population was literate, although there was an appreciable disparity between male and female literacy levels.
Page 1 of 2
| i don't know |
In which country in 2004 was the 'Orange Revolution'? | Ukrainians overthrow dictatorship (Orange Revolution), 2004 | Global Nonviolent Action Database
Ukrainians overthrow dictatorship (Orange Revolution), 2004
View Location on Map
Goals:
The campaign began in response to the fraudulent presidential elections and the campaigners demanded new, fair, and fraud-free elections. With new fair elections the campaigners expected presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko to win.
Presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko and Politician Yulia Tymoshenko.
Partners:
Foreign governments and NGOs provided monetary support for the campaigners
Involvement of social elites:
Foreign government leaders supported negotiations and provide monetary support for the campaigners.
Joining/exiting order of social groups
Groups in 1st Segment:
Groups in 6th Segment:
Additional notes on joining/exiting order:
The joining order of groups and elites is not known. Leaders and Partners participated from the very beginning. More and more Ukrainians joined the protests every day.
Segment Length:
Opponent, Opponent Responses, and Violence
Opponents:
The government of President Kuchma, who supported the election of Viktor Yanukovych and initiated the election fraud that the campaigners were protesting.
Nonviolent responses of opponent:
None known
Repressive Violence:
None known. President Kuchma had ordered 10,000 troops, stationed outside Kiev, to attack the demonstrators, but the Ukrainian intelligence services defied Kuchma's orders and prevented the attack.
Success Outcome
Success in achieving specific demands/goals:
6 points out of 6 points
Survival:
1 point out of 1 points
Growth:
3 points out of 3 points
Total points:
10 out of 10 points
Notes on outcomes:
The campaigners were successful in gaining an open and fair run-off vote in which Yushchenko was determined as the next president of Ukraine.
The campaign grew to cover other parts of the country and nearly one million protesters in the streets of Kiev at some points.
The October 31, 2004, presidential elections in Ukraine pitted popular opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko against Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych. The incumbent president, Leonid Kuchma, had personally chosen Yanukovych as his successor, but their political party was losing popular support. Yushchenko, supported by a united opposition, was expected to win the election. However, the October 31 election yielded no winner, with each candidate receiving about 40% of the votes. At this point most opposition groups, such as the student group Pora, already suspected fraud. Pora set up a protest camp immediately, but other groups awaited the run-off vote.
This run-off vote took place on November 21, 2004, and official results from Kuchma’s government showed that Yanukovych had won by 3%. Exit polls, on the other hand, showed Yushchenko winning by 11%. For the supporters of Yushchenko and his opposition coalition, this was a clear sign of election fraud. This perception was supported by evidence of ballot manipulation.
Yushchenko’s supporters took to the streets in large-scale protest beginning on November 22, determined to defend their right to free elections and to instate the rightful winner. These demonstrators congregated in the Maidan, Kiev’s main square. The next day 500,000 people in Kiev marched to the parliament building. These demonstrators formed a sea of orange, the color of Yushchenko’s campaign, by wearing orange ribbons and carrying orange flags.
Several other cities also refused to recognize the results of the election, believing Yushchenko to be the true winner. Yushchenko, in a largely symbolic act, entered parliament and took the presidential oath.
Prime Minister Yanukovych’s supporters also held demonstrations, especially in the south and east. Miners that favored Yanukovych made their way to Kiev, but they were largely outnumbered by the pro-Yushchenko demonstrators. Furthermore, on November 24, the Central Election Commission announced Yanukovych as the winner, sparking even greater anger from the pro-Yushchenko groups.
Despite the confrontational nature and huge size of demonstrations, the pro-Yushchenko campaigners were determinedly nonviolent, with organizers like Pora having been influenced by the writings of Gene Sharp. The campaigners were also influenced by the previous nonviolent Colour Revolutions in Serbia (see “ Serbians overthrow Milosevic (Bulldozer Revolution), 2000 ”) and Georgia (see “ Georgians overthrow a dictator (Rose Revolution), 2003 ”).
The Yushchenko supporters continued their mass demonstrations in Kiev, with numbers nearing one million people. Demonstrators from outside Kiev also came to the capital to join in the protests. In order to support the presence in Kiev of demonstrators from around the country, the campaigners took over public buildings, offered private homes, and set up open kitchens. Protestors also occupied the Maidan and set-up tents to continue the spirit of protest day and night. The demonstrators gave flowers to the soldiers that surrounded the Maidan and played music for them. The Maidan became a site for speeches and musical entertainment in conjunction with the political protest. And each morning and night, a multi-denominational religious service was held in the square.
Citizens in other parts of the country also held local protests, demonstrations, and strikes. As the campaign grew, Yushchenko set up the Committee of National Salvation and called for a national strike until the true results of the election were honored.
On November 28, a high up government official (either the Interior Minister or the Chief of Staff) ordered troops to move in on the demonstrators. The higher ranks of soldiers refused the orders, however, and the attack never took place.
On December 1, the parliament joined the side of the campaigners, passing a vote of no-confidence in Prime Minister Yanukovych ‘s government. On December 3, the Supreme Court followed suit, announcing that the election was fraudulent and Yanukovych’s “victory” could not be recognized. Following this decision, parliament set up a new run-off election for December 26.
After negotiations that lasted until December 8, Yanukovych and Kuchma agreed to a new run-off vote, when Yuschenko and the parliament agreed to measures that would limit the future president’s power.
On December 26, 2004, observers from around the world monitored the elections in order to prevent fraud. When all votes had been counted—this time without manipulation—Yushchenko won, 52% to Yanukovych’s 44%. The “Orange Revolution” by Ukrainians was successful.
Research Notes
Influences:
| Ukraine |
Which European city is served by 'Arlanda Airport'? | Orange Revolution
Orange Revolution
Ukraine
's "Orange Revolution" of 2004-2005 was a series of protests and political events that took place throughout the country in response to allegations of massive corruption, voter intimidation and direct electoral fraud during the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election.
The protests were prompted by reports from numerous domestic and foreign observers and the widespread public perception that the results of the run-off vote of November 21, 2004 between leading candidates Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych were rigged in favor of Yanukovych. The run-off was mandated by Ukrainian law due to the official results of the presidential vote held on October 31,
2004, in
which no candidate carried more than 50% of the cast ballots. The winner of the run-off would become
Ukraine
's third president since its 1991 independence following the demise of the
Soviet Union
.
The orange ribbon became a symbol of the Ukrainian Orange Revolution. Ribbons are a common symbol of a non-violent protest.Orange was adopted by the protesters as the official color of the movement since it was the election campaign color of the main opposition candidate, Viktor Yushchenko. The symbol of solidarity with Yushchenko's movement in
Ukraine
was an orange ribbon or a flag bearing the "ï؟½ï؟½ï؟½! ï؟½ï؟½ï؟½ï؟½ï؟½ï؟½!" ("Yes! Yushchenko!") slogan. Millions of Ukrainians demonstrated daily in Kyiv, which was the center of the revolution where a large 24-hour tent city was set up by Yushchenko's supporters , and this action was highlighted by a series of nationwide protests, sit-ins, and general strikes organized by the opposition. This was all following the disputed results of the November 21 run-off election.
Due in large part to the oppositionï؟½s efforts, the results of the original run-off were annulled and a second run-off election was ordered by
Ukraine
's Supreme Court for December 26, 2004. Under intense international scrutiny, the official results of the second run-off proved to be virtually problem-free, legally valid and clearly in Yushchenko's favor. He was declared the official winner and was inaugurated into office as the third President of Ukraine on January 23, 2005. The Orange Revolution reached its successful and peaceful victory.
| i don't know |
Which childhood disease commonly presents with painful enlargement of the parotid salivary glands? | Salivary Gland Problems: Infections, Swelling, and Treatment
Salivary Gland Problems
Treatment for Salivary Gland Problems
Your salivary glands make as much as a quart of saliva each day. Saliva is important to lubricate your mouth , help with swallowing, protect your teeth against bacteria, and aid in the digestion of food. The three major pairs of salivary glands are:
parotid glands on the insides of the cheeks
submandibular glands at the floor of the mouth
sublingual glands under the tongue
There are also several hundred minor salivary glands throughout the mouth and throat. Saliva drains into the mouth through small tubes called ducts.
When there is a problem with the salivary glands or ducts, you may have symptoms such as salivary gland swelling , dry mouth , pain , fever , and foul-tasting drainage into the mouth.
Causes of Salivary Gland Problems
Many different problems can interfere with the function of the salivary glands or block the ducts so they can't drain saliva. The following are some of the more common salivary gland problems :
Salivary stones, or sialoliths. The most common cause of swollen salivary glands , salivary stones are buildups of crystallized saliva deposits. Sometimes salivary stones can block the flow of saliva. When saliva can't exit through the ducts, it backs up into the gland, causing pain and swelling. Pain is usually off and on, is felt in one gland, and gets progressively worse. Unless the blockage is cleared, the gland is likely to become infected.
Salivary gland infection , or sialadenitis. Bacterial infection of the salivary gland, most commonly the parotid gland, may result when the duct into the mouth is blocked. Sialadenitis creates a painful lump in the gland, and foul-tasting pus drains into the mouth.
Sialadenitis is more common in older adults with salivary stones, but it can also happen in babies during the first few weeks after birth. If not treated, salivary gland infections can cause severe pain, high fevers , and abscess (pus collection).
Infections. Viral infections such as mumps , flu , and others can cause swelling of the salivary glands. Swelling happens in parotid glands on both sides of the face, giving the appearance of "chipmunk cheeks."
Salivary gland swelling is commonly associated with mumps , happening in about 30% to 40% of mumps infections. It usually begins approximately 48 hours after the start of other symptoms such as fever and headache .
Continued
Other viral illnesses that cause salivary gland swelling include the Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ), cytomegalovirus ( CMV ), Coxsackievirus , and the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ).
Bacterial infections generally cause one-sided salivary gland swelling. Other symptoms such as fever and pain will accompany the swelling. The bacteria are typically those found normally in the mouth, as well as staph bacteria. These infections most often affect the parotid gland. Dehydration and malnutrition raise the risk of getting a bacterial infection.
Cysts. Cysts can develop in the salivary glands if injuries, infections, tumors, or salivary stones block the flow of saliva.Some babies are born with cysts in the parotid gland due to a problem with the development of the ears . It can appear as a blister or soft, raised area. Cysts may interfere with eating and speaking.
Tumors. Several different types of tumors can affect the salivary glands. They can be cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign). The two most common tumors are pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin's tumor.
Pleomorphic adenomas most commonly affect the parotid glands, but can also affect the submandibular gland and minor salivary glands. The tumor is usually painless and grows slowly. Pleomorphic adenomas are benign (noncancerous) and are more common in women than men.
Warthin's tumor is also benign and affects the parotid gland. Warthin's tumor can grow on both sides of the face and affects more men than women.
While most salivary gland tumors are benign, some can be cancerous. Malignant tumors include mucoepidermoid carcinoma , adenocystic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma , low-grade polymorphous adenocarcinoma, and malignant mixed tumor.
Sjögren's syndrome . This is a chronic autoimmune disease in which cells of a person's immune system attack the salivary and other moisture-producing glands, leading to dry mouth and eyes .
About half of people with Sjögren's syndrome also have enlargement of the salivary glands on both sides of the mouth, which is usually painless.
Treatment for Salivary Gland Problems
Treatment for salivary gland problems depends on the cause.
For stones and other blockages of the ducts, treatment often begins with measures such as manual removal of stones, warm compresses, or sour candies to increase the flow of saliva. If simple measures don't relieve the problem, surgery may be required to remove the blockage and/or the affected gland.
Surgery is usually required to remove benign and malignant tumors. Some benign tumors are treated with radiation to keep them from coming back. Some cancerous tumors require radiation and chemotherapy . Surgery may also be needed to treat large cysts.
Other problems may be treated with medications . For example, bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics . Medications can also be prescribed for dry mouth.
WebMD Medical Reference Reviewed by Michael Friedman, DDS on November 29, 2015
Sources
| MUMPS |
Which Irish folk band had UK 'top twenty' hits in 1967 with 'Seven Drunken Nights' and 'Black Velvet Band'? | Salivary Glands
Salivary Glands
Where are your salivary glands?
The glands are found in and around your mouth and throat. We call the major salivary glands the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands.
They all secrete saliva into your mouth, the parotid through tubes that drain saliva, called salivary ducts, near your upper teeth, submandibular under your tongue, and the sublingual through many ducts in the floor of your mouth.
Besides these glands, there are many tiny glands called minor salivary glands located in your lips, inner cheek area (buccal mucosa) and extensively in other linings of your mouth and throat. Salivary glands produce the saliva used to moisten your mouth, initiate digestion and help protect your teeth from decay.
As a good health measure, it is important to drink lots of liquids daily. Dehydration is a risk factor for salivary gland disease.
What causes salivary gland problems?
Salivary gland problems that cause clinical symptoms include:
Obstruction: Obstruction to the flow of saliva most commonly occurs in the parotid and submandibular glands, usually because stones have formed. Symptoms typically occur when eating. Saliva production starts to flow, but cannot exit the ductal system, leading to swelling of the involved gland and significant pain, sometimes with an infection. Unless stones totally obstruct saliva flow, the major glands will swell during eating and then gradually subside after eating, only to enlarge again at the next meal. Infection can develop in the pool of blocked saliva, leading to more severe pain and swelling in the glands. If untreated for a long time, the glands may become abscessed.
It is possible for the duct system of the major salivary glands that connects the glands to the mouth to be abnormal. These ducts can develop small constrictions, which decrease salivary flow, leading to infection and obstructive symptoms.
Infection: The most common salivary gland infection in children is mumps, which involves the parotid glands. While this is most common in children who have not been immunized, it can occur in adults. However, if an adult has swelling in the area of the parotid gland only on one side, it is more likely due to an obstruction or a tumor.
Infections also occur because of ductal obstruction or sluggish flow of saliva because the mouth has abundant bacteria.
You may have a secondary infection of salivary glands from nearby lymph nodes. These lymph nodes are the structures in the upper neck that often become tender during a common sore throat. In fact, many of these lymph nodes are actually located on, within and deep in the substance of the parotid gland or near the submandibular glands. When these lymph nodes enlarge through infection, you may have a red, painful swelling in the area of the parotid or submandibular glands. Lymph nodes also enlarge due to tumors and inflammation.
Tumors: Primary benign and malignant salivary gland tumors usually show up as painless enlargements of these glands. Tumors rarely involve more than one gland and are detected as a growth in the parotid, submandibular area, on the palate, floor of mouth, cheeks or lips. An otolaryngologist – head and neck surgeon should check these enlargements.
Malignant tumors of the major salivary glands can grow quickly, may be painful, and can cause loss of movement of part or all of the affected side of the face. These symptoms should be immediately investigated.
Other Disorders: Salivary gland enlargement also occurs in autoimmune diseases such as HIV and Sjögren's syndrome, where the body's immune system attacks the salivary glands causing significant inflammation. Dry mouth or dry eyes are common. This may occur with other systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Diabetes may cause enlargement of the salivary glands, especially the parotid glands. Alcoholics may have salivary gland swelling, usually on both sides.
How does your doctor make the diagnosis?
Diagnosis of salivary gland disease depends on the careful taking of your history, a physical examination and laboratory tests.
If your doctor suspects an obstruction of the major salivary glands, it may be necessary to anesthetize the opening of the salivary ducts in the mouth, and probe and dilate the duct to help an obstructive stone pass. Before these procedures, dental x-rays may show where the calcified stones are located.
If a mass is found in the salivary gland, it is helpful to obtain a CT scan or a MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Sometimes, a fine needle aspiration biopsy in the doctor's office is helpful. Rarely, dye will be injected through the parotid duct before an x-ray of the gland is taken (a sialogram).
A lip biopsy of minor salivary glands may be needed to identify certain autoimmune diseases.
How Is salivary gland disease treated?
Treatment of salivary diseases falls into two categories: medical and surgical. Selection of treatment depends on the nature of the problem. If it is due to systemic diseases (diseases that involve the whole body, not one isolated area), then the underlying problem must be treated. This may require consulting with other specialists. If the disease process relates to salivary gland obstruction and subsequent infection, your doctor will recommend increased fluid intake and may prescribe antibiotics. Sometimes an instrument will be used to open blocked ducts.
If a mass has developed within the salivary gland, removal of the mass may be recommended. Most masses in the parotid gland area are benign (non-cancerous). When surgery is necessary, great care must be taken to avoid damage to the facial nerve within this gland that moves the muscles face including the mouth and eye. When malignant masses are in the parotid gland, it may be possible to surgically remove them and preserve most of the facial nerve. Radiation treatment is often recommended after surgery. This is typically administered four to six weeks after the surgical procedure to allow adequate healing before irradiation.
The same general principles apply to masses in the submandibular area or in the minor salivary glands within the mouth and upper throat. Benign diseases are best treated by conservative measures or surgery, whereas malignant diseases may require surgery and postoperative irradiation. If the lump in the vicinity of a salivary gland is a lymph node that has become enlarged due to cancer from another site, then obviously a different treatment plan will be needed. An otolaryngologist – head and neck surgeon can effectively direct treatment.
Removal of a salivary gland does not produce a dry mouth, called xerostomia. However, radiation therapy to the mouth can cause the unpleasant symptoms associated with reduced salivary flow. Your doctor can prescribe medication or other conservative treatments that may reduce the dryness in these instances.
Salivary gland diseases are due to many different causes. These diseases are treated both medically and surgically. Treatment is readily managed by an otolaryngologist – head and neck surgeon with experience in this area.
© 2016 The Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery
Menorah Medical Center Office • 5701 W. 119th Street, Suite 425 • Overland Park, Kansas 66209
(913) 663-5100 • Fax (913) 663-3354
Research Medical Center Office • 2330 East Meyer Blvd., Suite T104 • Kansas City, Missouri 64132
(816) 333-6996 • Fax (816) 333-7061
| i don't know |
What disease was declared extinct by the World Health Organisation in 1980? | WHO | Smallpox
Smallpox
WHO/C. Black
Smallpox is an acute contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family. It was one of the world's most devastating diseases known to humanity. The last known natural case was in Somalia in 1977. It was declared eradicated in 1980 following a global immunization campaign led by the World Health Organization.
Smallpox is transmitted from person to person via infective droplets during close contact with infected symptomatic people.
WHO Secretariat
WHO
Smallpox is a devastating disease caused by the variola virus. In 1980, following an historic global campaign of surveillance and vaccination, the World Health Assembly declared smallpox eradicated – the only infectious disease to achieve this distinction.
The Smallpox Eradication Programme - SEP (1966-1980)
WHO
The period since eradication has been defined by a lengthy and complex debate focussed on the destruction of the last remaining stocks of live variola virus. In 1996, at the 49th WHA, Member States decided to have this stock destroyed in June 1999, only to allow for temporary retention for further research in subsequent years.
More about post-eradication of smallpox
WHO
The World Health Assembly has passed resolutions (WHA52.10) (WHA 55.15) authorizing temporary retention of the existing stocks of variola virus for the purpose of further essential research. The research is overseen by the Advisory Committee for Variola Virus Research that meets on an annual basis.
Variola virus research
WHO
After human-to-human transmission of smallpox had been interrupted the likelihood of reintroduction or re-emergence of smallpox was negligible. Nevertheless an Emergency Smallpox Vaccine Stockpile was created to ensure that smallpox vaccine is immediately available should there be a need.
Read more on vaccines
WHO
WHO assists countries in diagnosing suspected smallpox cases by directing them to the most appropriate and convenient laboratory for the analysis of samples, using the network of WHO Collaborating Centres as well as other laboratories that form part of the Emerging and Dangerous Pathogens Laboratory Network (EDPLN).
Diagnostics Laboratory Network
WHO
Preparedness to deal with any kind of smallpox event requires global and national attention. Additional steps for enhancing WHO Member State preparedness includes the strengthening of laboratory capacities for diagnostics for the detection of variola virus; expansion of expertise in the area of laboratory biosafety and biosecurity; and strengthening of national-level biosafety regulations in all countries.
Read more on preparedness
WHO
The WHO Smallpox Secretariat, based in WHO’s Headquarters, manages the Smallpox Vaccine Emergency Stockpile, coordinates the research activities and the biosafety and biosecurity inspections of the repositories and reports to WHO’s Governing Bodies.
| Smallpox |
'Russell Hybrids' are a type of which common garden flower? | here - mentalclinic2
here
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS HERE
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS : B :התשובה הנכונה היא
Edward Jenner (1749) אדורד ג'נר
Jenner was an English physician and pupil of John Hunter, a pioneer in comparative anatomy and morphology. Jenner's invaluable experiments, beginning in 1796 with the vaccination of eight-year-old James Phipps, proved that cowpox provided immunity against smallpox. His discovery was instrumental in ridding many areas of the world of a dread disease and laid the foundations of modern immunology as a science Edward Jenner (May 17, 1749 - January 26, 1823) was an English country doctor who studied nature and his natural surroundings since his childhood and practiced medicine in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England. He is famous for his discovery of the smallpox vaccine .
Prior to Jenner's discovery, smallpox was greatly feared at the time, as one in three of those who contracted the disease died, and those who survived were badly disfigured.
Fascinated by the old wives tale that milkmaids could not get smallpox, he theorized that the pus in the blisters which milkmaids received from cowpox, a weak version of smallpox, protected the milkmaids from smallpox.
In 1796, Jenner tested his theory by injecting the cowpox blister pus of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid, on James Phipps, a young boy. When Nelmes had milked a cow called Blossom she developed cowpox blisters.
Jenner repeately injected Phipps with cowpox pus over several days, gradually increasing the dosage. He then injected Phipps with smallpox and the boy became ill. However, after a few days he made a full recovery with no side effects.
The medical world of London could not accept that a country doctor had made such an important discovery and Jenner was humiliated when he brought his findings to the public. Eventually his discovery was accepted and became so successful that in 1840 the British government banned all other smallpox treatments. Jenner never patented his vaccine.
In 1980, the World Health Organisation declared smallpox an extinct disease.
A small museum housing the horns of the cow Blossom now exists in his home town. The word vaccination comes from the Latin vaccinia, cowpox, from vacca, cow. A statue of Jenner is in Hyde Park.
www.dr-stier.co.il ד"ר שאול סטיר
| i don't know |
On board a sailing vessel, what are 'sheets'? | Appendix:Glossary of nautical terms - Wiktionary
Appendix:Glossary of nautical terms
This is a glossary of nautical terms; some remain current, many date from the 17th-19th century.
Contents:
A[ edit ]
above board - On or above the deck, in plain view, not hiding anything.
act of pardon / act of grace - A letter from a state or power authorising action by a privateer . Also see letter of marque .
abaft - Towards the stern, relative to some object ("abaft the fore hatch")
abaft the beam - A relative bearing of greater than 90 degrees from the bow. e.g. "two points abaft the port beam."
abandon ship - An imperative to leave the vessel immediately, usually in the face of some imminent danger.
abeam - 'On the beam', a relative bearing at right angles to the centerline of the ship's keel .
Abel Brown - A sea song (shanty) about a young sailor trying to sleep with a maiden. [1] .
aboard - On or in a vessel. - Close aboard means near a ship.
absentee pennant - Special pennant flown to indicate absence of commanding officer, admiral, his chief of staff, or officer whose flag is flying (division, squadron, or flotilla commander).
accommodation ladder - A portable flight of steps down a ship's side.
admiralty - a high naval authority in charge of a state's Navy or a major territorial component. In the Royal Navy (UK) the Board of Admiralty, executing the office of the Lord High Admiral, promulgates Naval law in the form of Queen's (or King's) Regulations and Admiralty Instructions.
admiralty law - Body of law that deals with maritime cases. In UK administered by the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division of the High Court of Justice.
adrift - Afloat and unattached in any way to the shore or seabed. It may also imply that a vessel is not anchored and not under control, therefore goes where the wind and current take her, (Loose from moorings, or out of place).
advance note - A note for one month's wages issued to sailors on their signing a ship's articles.
aft - Towards the stern (of the vessel)
afternoon watch - The 1200-1600 watch.
aground - Resting on or touching the ground or bottom.
ahead - Forward of the bow.
ahoy - A cry to draw attention. Term used to hail a boat or a ship, as "Boat ahoy!"
aid to navigation - (ATON) Any device external to a vessel or aircraft specifically intended to assist navigators in determining their position or safe course, or to warn them of dangers or obstructions to navigation.
all hands - Entire ship's company, both officers and enlisted personnel.
all night in - Having no night watches.
aloft - Above the ship's uppermost solid structure; overhead or high above.
Alongside - By the side of a ship or pier.
amidships (or midships ) - In the middle portion of ship, along the line of the keel.
anchor - An object designed to prevent or slow the drift of a ship, attached to the ship by a line or chain; typically a metal , hook like, object designed to grip the bottom under the body of water.
anchorage - A suitable place for a ship to anchor. Area of a port or harbor.
anchor's aweigh - Said of an anchor when just clear of the bottom.
anchor ball - Black shape hoisted in forepart of a ship to show that ship is anchored in a fairway.
anchor buoy - A small buoy secured by a light line to anchor to indicate position of anchor on bottom.
anchor cable - Wire or line running between anchor and ship.
anchor chain - Heavy stud-linked chain running between anchor and ship.
anchor detail - Group of men who handle ground tackle when the ship is anchoring or getting underway.
anchor light - White light displayed by a ship at anchor. Two such lights are displayed by a ship over 150 feet in length.
anchor watch - Making sure that the anchor is holding and the vessel is not drifting. Important during rough weather and at night. Most marine GPS units have an Anchor Watch alarm capability.
arc of visibility - The portion of the horizon over which a lighted aid to navigation is visible from seaward.
armament - A ship's weapons.
articles of war - Regulations governing the military and naval forces of UK and USA ; read to every ship's company on commissioning and at specified intervals during the commission.
ashore - On the beach, shore or land.
astern - Toward the stern; an object or vessel that is abaft another vessel or object.
ASW - Anti-submarine warfare.
B[ edit ]
back and fill - To use the advantage of the tide being with you when the wind is not.
backstays - Long lines or cables, reaching from the rear of the vessel to the mast heads, used to support the mast.
baggywrinkle - A soft covering for cables (or any other obstructions) that prevents sail chafing from occurring.
bank - A large area of elevated sea floor.
bar - Large mass of sand or earth, formed by the surge of the sea. They are mostly found at the entrances of great rivers or havens, and often render navigation extremely dangerous, but confer tranquility once inside. See also: Touch and go, grounding. Alfred Lord Tenneyson's poem 'Crossing the bar' an allegory for death.
bar pilot - A bar pilot guides ships over the dangerous sandbars at the mouth of rivers and bays.
beacon - A lighted or unlighted fixed aid to navigation attached directly to the earth’s surface. (Lights and daybeacons both constitute beacons.)
beam - The beam of a ship is its width at the widest point, or a point alongside the ship at the mid-point of its length.
bear - Large squared off stone used for scraping clean the deck of a sailing man-of-war.
bear down - Turn away from the wind, often with reference to a transit.
bearing - The horizontal direction of a line of sight between two objects on the surface of the earth.
before the mast - Literally, the area of a ship before the foremast (the forecastle). Most often used to describe men whose living quarters are located here, officers being housed behind (abaft) the mast and enlisted men before the mast. This was because the midships area where the officers were berthed is more stable, being closer to the center of gravity, and thus more comfortable. It is less subject to the up and down movement resulting from the ship's pitching.
belaying pins - Bars of iron or hard wood to which running rigging may be secured, or belayed.
berth - A bed on a boat, or a space in a port or harbour where a vessel can be tied up.
between the Devil and the deep blue sea - See Devil seam.
bilged on her anchor - A ship that has run upon her own anchor.
bimini - Weather-resistant fabric stretched over a stainless steel frame, fastened above the cockpit of a sailboat or flybridge of a power yacht which serves as a rain or sun shade.
bimmy - A punitive instrument
binnacle - The stand on which the ship's compass is mounted.
binnacle list - A ship's sick list. The list of men unable to report for duty was given to the officer or mate of the watch by the ship's surgeon. The list was kept at the binnacle.
bitt, plural bitts - Posts mounted on the ship's bow, merely comprising two wooden uprights supporting a crossbar, for fastening ropes or cables; also used on various ships to tie boys over for painful (posterior) discipline, more informally then kissing the gunner's daughter .
bitter end - The anchor cable is tied to the bitts, when the cable is fully paid out, the bitter end has been reached. The last part of a rope or cable.
bloody - An intensive derived from the substantive 'blood', a name applied to the Bucks, Scrowers, and Mohocks of the seventeenth centuries.
Blue Peter - A blue and white flag hoisted at the foretrucks of ships about to sail.
boat - A craft or vessel designed to float on, and provide transport over, water.
boatswain or bosun - A non-commissioned officer responsible for the sails, ropes and boats on a ship who issues "piped" commands to seamen.
bollard - From 'bol' or 'bole', the round trunk of a tree. A substantial vertical pillar to which lines may be made fast. Generally on the quayside rather than the ship.
Bombay runner - Large cockroach.
Bonded Jacky - A type of tobacco or sweet cake.
booby - A type of bird that has little fear and therefore is particularly easy to catch, hence booby prize.
booby hatch - A sliding hatch or cover.
boom - A spar used to extend the foot of a sail.
booms - Masts or yards, lying on board in reserve.
boom vang (vang) - A sail control that lets one apply downward tension on the boom, countering the upward tension provided by the mainsail . The boom vang adds an element of control to mainsail shape when the mainsheet is let out enough that it no longer pulls the boom down. Boom vang tension helps control leech twist, a primary component of sail power.
buoy - A floating object of defined shape and color, which is anchored at a given position and serves as an aid to navigation.
bow - The front of a ship.
bow-chaser, chase or chase-piece - A long gun with a relatively small bore, placed in the bow-port to fire directly ahead. Used especially while chasing an enemy vessel to damage its sails and rigging. (quoted from A Sea of Words)
bowline - A type of knot, producing a strong loop of a fixed size, topologically similar to a sheet bend. Also a rope attached to the side of a sail to pull it towards the bow (for keeping the windward edge of the sail steady).
bowse - To pull or hoist.
bowsprit - A spar projecting from the bow used as an anchor for the forestay and other rigging.
boy seaman - a young sailor, still in training
brail - To furl or truss a sail by pulling it in towards the mast, or the ropes used to do so.
brake - The handle of the pump, by which it is worked.
brass monkeys or brass monkey weather - Very cold weather. The origin is unknown, though various folk etymologies exist.
bridge - A structure above the weather deck, extending the full width of the vessel, which houses a command centre, itself called by association, the bridge.
bring to - Cause a ship to be stationary by arranging the sails.
broaching-to - A sudden movement in navigation, when the ship, while scudding before the wind, accidentally turns her leeward side to windward, also use to describe the point when water starts to come over the gunwhale due to this turn.
buffer - The chief bosun's mate (in the Royal Navy), responsible for discipline.
bulkhead - An upright wall within the hull of a ship.
Bull of Barney - A beast mentioned in an obscene sea proverb.
bulwark - The extension of the ship's side above the level of the weather deck.
bumboat - A private boat selling goods.
bumpkin - An iron bar (projecting out-board from a ship's side) to which the lower and topsail brace blocks are sometimes hooked. Chains supporting/stabilising the bowsprit.
bunked - One's afflicted disposition after being talked to by a driveling idiot.
buntline - One of the lines tied to the bottom of a square sail and used to haul it up to the yard when furling.
bunting tosser - A signalman who prepares and flys flag hoists .
buoyed up - Lifted by a buoy, especially a cable that has been lifted to prevent it from trailing on the bottom.
by and large - By means into the wind, while large means with the wind. By and large is used to indicate all possible situations "the ship handles well both by and large".
by the board - Anything that has gone overboard.
E[ edit ]
earrings - Small lines, by which the uppermost corners of the largest sails are secured to the yardarms.
embayed - The condition where a sailing vessel is confined between two capes or headlands, typically where the wind is blowing directly onshore.
extremis – (also known as “in extremis”) the point under International Rules of the Road ( Navigation Rules ) at which the privileged (or stand-on) vessel on collision course with a burdened (or give-way) vessel determines it must maneuver to avoid a collision. Prior to extremis, the privileged vessel must maintain course and speed and the burdened vessel must maneuver to avoid collision.
F[ edit ]
fathom - A unit of length equal to 6 feet, roughly measured as the distance between a man's outstretched hands.
fender - An air or foam filled bumper used in boating to keep boats from banging into docks or each other.
figurehead - symbolic image at the head of a traditional sailing ship or early steamer.
fireship - A ship loaded with flammable materials and explosives and sailed into an enemy port or fleet either already burning or ready to be set alight by its crew (who would then abandon it) in order to collide with and set fire to enemy ships.
first rate - The classification for the largest sailing warships of the 17th through 19th centuries. They had 3 masts, 850+ crew and 100+ guns.
fish - 1. To repair a mast or spar with a fillet of wood. 2. To secure an anchor on the side of the ship for sea (otherwise known as "catting".)
first lieutenant - In the Royal Navy, the senior lieutenant on board; responsible to the commander for the domestic affairs of the ship's company. Also known as 'Jimmy the One' or 'Number One'. Removes his cap when visiting the mess decks as token of respect for the privacy of the crew in those quarters. Officer i/c cables on the forecastle .
first mate - The Second in command of a ship
flag hoist - A number of signal flags strung together to convey a message, e.g. 'England expects...'.
flank - The maximum speed of a ship. Faster than "full speed".
flatback -A Great Lakes slang term for a vessel without any self unloading equipment.
fluke - The wedge-shaped part of an anchor's arms that digs into the bottom.
fly-by-night - A large sail used only for sailing downwind, requiring little attention.
foot - The bottom of a sail.
footloose - If the foot of a sail is not secured properly, it is footloose, blowing around in the wind.
footrope - Each yard on a square rigged sailing ship is equipped with a footrope for sailors to stand on while setting or stowing the sails
forecastle - A partial deck, above the upper deck and at the head of the vessel; traditionally the sailors' living quarters.
founder - To fill with water and sink → Wiktionary
fore - Towards the bow (of the vessel).
foremast jack - An enlisted sailor, one who is housed before the foremast.
forestays - Long lines or cables, reaching from the front of the vessel to the mast heads, used to support the mast.
freeboard - The height of a ship's hull (excluding superstructure) above the waterline. The vertical distance from the current waterline to the lowest point on the highest continuous watertight deck. This usually varies from one part to another.
furl - To roll or wrap a sail around the mast or spar to which it is attached.
G[ edit ]
gaff - The spar that holds the upper edge of a sail. Also a long hook with a sharp point to haul fish in.
galley - the kitchen of the ship
garbled - Garbling was the (illegal) practice of mixing cargo with garbage.
global positioning system - (GPS) A satellite based radionavigation system providing continuous worldwide coverage. It provides navigation, position, and timing information to air, marine, and land users.
grapeshot - Small balls of lead fired from a cannon , similar to shotgun shot on a larger scale. Used to hurt people, rather than cause structural damage.
grog - Watered-down Pusser's rum - half a gill with equal part of water issued to all seamen over twenty. (CPOs and POs were issued with neat rum) From the British Admiral Vernon who, in 1740, ordered the men's ration of rum to be watered down. He was called "Old Grogram" because he often wore a grogram coat), and the watered rum came to be called 'grog'. Often used (illegally) as currency in exchange for favours in quantities prescribed as 'sippers' and 'gulpers'. Additional issues of grog were made on the command ' splice the mainbrace ' for celebrations or as a reward for performing especially onerous duties. The RN discontinued the practice of issuing rum in 1970.
groggy - Drunk from having consumed a lot of grog.
gunner's daughter - see Kissing the G.'s D.
gunwale - Upper edge of the hull.
H[ edit ]
halyard or Halliard - Originally, ropes used for hoisting a spar with a sail attached; today, a line used to raise the head of any sail.
hammock - Canvas sheets, slung from the deckhead in messdecks , in which seamen slept. "Lash up and stow" a piped command to tie up hammocks and stow them (typically) in racks inboard of the ship's side to protect crew from splinters from shot and provide a ready means of preventing flooding caused by damage.
hand bomber - A ship whose boilers are fueled by coal shoveled in by hand.
hand over fist - To climb steadily upwards, from the motion of a sailor climbing shrouds on a sailing ship (originally "hand over hand").
hank - A fastener attached to the luff of the headsail that attaches the headsail to the forestay . Typical designs include a bronze or plastic hook with a spring-operated gate, or a strip of cloth webbing with a snap fastener.
harbor - A harbor or harbour, or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored. Harbours can be man-made or natural.
haul wind - To point the ship so as to be heading in the same direction as the wind, to maximise speed.
hawse-hole - A hole in a ship's bow for a cable, such as for an anchor, to pass through.
hawsepiper - An informal maritime industry term used to refer to a merchant ship’s officer who began his or her career as an unlicensed merchant seaman and did not attend a traditional maritime college/academy to earn the officer license.
head - The toilet or latrine of a vessel, which for sailing ships projected from the bows
head of navigation - A term used to describe the farthest point above the mouth of a river that can be navigated by ships.
headsail - Any sail flown in front of the most forward mast .
heave - A vessel's transient up-and-down motion.
heaving to - To stop a sailing vessel by lashing the helm in opposition to the sails. The vessel will gradually drift to leeward, the speed of the drift depending on the vessel's design.
heave down - Turn a ship on its side (for cleaning).
helmsman - A person who steers a ship
hogging or hog - The distortion of the hull where the ends of the keel are lower than the center.
hold - In earlier use, below the orlop deck, the lower part of the interior of a ship's hull, especially when considered as storage space, as for cargo. In later merchant vessels it extended up through the decks to the underside of the weather deck.
holiday - A gap in the coverage of newly applied paint, slush, tar or other preservative.
holystone - A chunk of sandstone used to scrub the decks. The name comes from both the kneeling position sailors adopt to scrub the deck (reminiscent of genuflection for prayer), and the stone itself (which resembled a Bible in shape and size).
horn - A sound signal which uses electricity or compressed air to vibrate a disc diaphragm.
horse - Attachment of sheets to deck of vessel ('Main-sheet horse).
hounds - Attachments of stays to masts.
hull - The shell and framework of the basic flotation-oriented part of a ship
hydrofoil - A boat with wing-like foils mounted on struts below the hull.
I[ edit ]
icing - A serious hazard where cold temperatures (below about -10°C) combined with high wind speed (typically force 8 or above on the Beaufort scale) result in spray blown off the sea freezing immediately on contact with the ship
in the offing - In the water visible from on board a ship, now used to mean something imminent.
in transit – When one object is directly in front of the other, they are said to be `in transit'. Used in sailing as a navigation aid, especially in ports when the 'transit-line' from two 'leading lights' is used to guide vessels along the safe channel to port.
J[ edit ]
Jack - Either a flag, or a sailor. Typically the flag was talked about as if it were a member of the crew.
Jacklines or Jack Stays - Lines, often steel wire with a plastic jacket, from the bow to the stern on both port and starboard. The Jack Lines are used to clip on the safety harness to secure the crew to the vessel while giving them the freedom to walk on the deck.
Jack Tar - A sailor dressed in 'square rig' - (now) with square collar - (formerly) with tarred pigtail.
jib - A triangular staysail at the front of a ship.
K[ edit ]
killick - A small anchor. A fouled killick is the substantive badge of non-commissioned officers in the RN. Seamen promoted to the first step in the promotion ladder are called 'Killick'. The badge signifies that here is an Able Seaman skilled to cope with the awkward job of dealing with a fouled anchor.
keel - The central structural basis of the hull
keelhauling - Maritime punishment: to punish by dragging under the keel of a ship.
kelson - The timber immediately above the keel of a wooden ship.
kissing the gunner's daughter - bend over the barrel of a gun for punitive spanking with a cane or cat
know the ropes - A sailor who 'knows the ropes' is familiar with the miles of cordage and ropes involved in running a ship.
L[ edit ]
ladder - On board a ship, all "stairs" are called ladders, except for literal staircases aboard passenger ships. Most "stairs" on a ship are narrow and nearly vertical, hence the name. Believed to be from the Anglo-Saxon word hiaeder, meaning ladder.
Laker -Great Lakes slang for a vessel who spends all its time on the 5 Great Lakes.
Land lubber - A person unfamiliar with being on the sea.
lanyard - A rope that ties something off.
larboard - The left side of the ship (archaic, see port)- cf. starboard .
large - See By and large.
lateral System - A system of aids to navigation in which characteristics of buoys and beacons indicate the sides of the channel or route relative to a conventional direction of buoyage (usually upstream).
lay - To come and go, used in giving orders to the crew, such as "lay forward" or "lay aloft". To direct the course of vessel. Also, to twist the strands of a rope together.
lay down - To lay a ship down is to begin construction in a shipyard .
league - A unit of length, normally equal to three nautical miles .
leech - The aft or trailing edge of a fore-and-aft sail; the leeward edge of a spinnaker; a vertical edge of a square sail. The leech is susceptible to twist, which is controlled by the boom vang and mainsheet.
lee side - The side of a ship sheltered from the wind (cf. weather side).
lee shore - A shore downwind of a ship. A ship which cannot sail well to windward risks being blown onto a lee shore and grounded.
leeway - The amount that a ship is blown leeward by the wind. See also weatherly.
leeward - In the direction that the wind is blowing towards.
let go and haul - An order indicating that the ship is in line with the wind.
let the cat out of the bag - To break bad news (the "cat o' nine tails" being taken out of the bag by the bosun was bad news, announcing a flogging).
letter of marque and reprisal - A warrant granted to a privateer condoning specific acts of piracy against a target as a redress for grievances.
lifeboat - A small steel or wood boat located near the stern of a vessel. Used to get the crew to saftey if something happens to the mothership.
line - the correct nautical term for the majority of the cordage or "ropes" used on a vessel. A line will always have a more specific name, such as mizzen topsail halyard , which describes its use.
liner - Ship of The Line: a major warship capable of taking its place in the main (battle) line of fighting ships. Hence modern term for most prestigious passenger vessel: liner.
list - The vessel's angle of lean or tilt to one side, in the direction called roll.
Loaded to the gunwales - Literally, having cargo loaded as high as the ship's rail; also means extremely drunk.
loggerhead - An iron ball attached to a long handle, used for driving caulking into seams and (occasionally) in a fight. Hence: 'at loggerheads'.
lubber's line - A vertical line inside a compass case indicating the direction of the ship's head.
luff - 1. The foreward edge of a sail. 2. To head a sailing vessel more towards the direction of the wind.
luffing 1. When a sailing vessel is steered more to windward . 2. Loosening a sheet past optimal trim. 3. The flapping of the sail(s) which results.
lying ahull - Waiting out a storm by dousing all sails and simply letting the boat drift.
N[ edit ]
navigation rules - Regulations that provide guidance on how to avoid collision and also used to assign blame when a collision does occur.
nipper - Short rope used to bind a cable to the "messenger" (a moving line propelled by the capstan) so that the cable is dragged along too (Used because the cable is too large to be wrapped round the capstan itself). During the raising of an anchor the nippers were attached and detached from the (endless) messenger by the ship's boys. Hence the term for small boys: 'nippers'.
no room to swing a cat - The entire ship's company was expected to witness floggings, assembled on deck. If it was very crowded, the bosun might not have room to swing the 'cat o' nine tails' (the whip).
P[ edit ]
painter - A rope attached to the bow of a boat for tethering it to a mooring, wharf. dock, etc.
parrel - A movable loop, used to fasten the yard to its respective mast.
part brass rags - Fall out with a friend. From the days when cleaning materials were shared between sailors.
pay - Fill a seam (with caulking or pitch); see 'The Devil to Pay', or to lubricate the running rigging: 'pay' with slush (qv) or protect from the weather by covering with slush.
paymaster - The officer responsible for all money matters in RN ships including the paying and provisioning of the crew, all stores, tools and spare parts.
pilot - Navigator. A specially knowledgeable person qualified to navigate a vessel through difficult waters, e.g harbour pilot etc.
pipe (Bos'n's) - or a Bos'n's Call - A whistle used by Boatswains (bosuns or bos'ns) to issue commands. Consisting of a metal tube which directs the breath over an aperture on the top of a hollow ball to produce high pitched notes. The pitch of the notes can be changed by partly covering the aperture with the finger of the hand in which the pipe is held. The shape of the instrument is similar to that of a smoking pipe.
pipe down - A signal on the bosun's pipe to signal the end of the day, requiring lights (and smoking pipes) to be extinguished and silence from the crew.
piping the side - A salute on the bos'n's pipe(s) performed in the company of the deck watch on the starboard side of the quarterdeck or at the head of the gangway, to welcome or bid farewell to the ship's captain , senior officers and honoured visitors.
pitch - A vessel's motion, rotating about the beam axis, so the bow pitches up and down.
pontoon - A flat-bottomed vessel used as a ferry or a barge or float moored alongside a jetty or a ship to facilitate boarding.
poop deck - A high deck on the aft superstructure of a ship.
pooped - 1. Swamped by a high, following sea. 2. Exhausted.
port - Towards the left-hand side of the ship facing forward (formerly Larboard). Denoted with a red light at night.
press gang - Formed body of personnel from a ship of the Royal Navy (either a ship seeking personnel for its own crew or from a 'press tender' seeking men for a number of ships) that would identify and force (press) men, usually merchant sailors into service on naval ships usually against their will.
preventer (Gybe preventer, Jibe preventer) - A sail control line originating at some point on the boom leading to a fixed point on the boat's deck or rail (usually a cleat or pad eye) used to prevent an accidental jibe while sailing downwind.
privateer - A privately-owned ship authorised by a national power (by means of a Letter of Marque ) to conduct hostilities against an enemy. Also called a private man of war.
prow - a poetical alternative term for bows.
pusser - Purser, the one who is buys, stores and sells all stores on board RN ships, including victuals, rum and tobacco. originally a private merchant, latterly a warrant officer.
Q[ edit ]
Queen's King's]] Regulations - The standing orders governing the Royal Navy of UK issued in the name of the current monarch .
R[ edit ]
radar - An electronic system designed to transmit radio signals and receive reflected images of those signals from a "target" in order to determine the bearing and distance to the "target".
radar reflector - A special fixture fitted to a vessel or incorporated into the design of certain aids to navigation to enhance their ability to reflect radar energy. In general, these fixtures will materially improve the visibility for use by vessels with radar.
range lights - Two lights associated to form a range (a line formed by the extension of a line connecting two charted points) which often, but not necessarily, indicates the channel centerline. The front range light is the lower of the two, and nearer to the mariner using the range. The rear light is higher and further from the mariner.
ratlines - Rope ladders permanently rigged from bulwarks and tops to the mast to enable access to top masts and yards . Also serve to provide lateral stability to the masts.
reach - A point of sail from about 60° to about 160° off the wind. Reaching consists of "close reaching" (about 60° to 80°), "beam reaching" (about 90°) and "broad reaching" (about 120° to 160°)
reduced cat - A light version on the cat o'nine tails for use on boys; also called "boys' pussy".
reef
1. reef : To temporarily reduce the area of a sail exposed to the wind, usually to guard against adverse effects of strong wind or to slow the vessel.
2. reef : Rock or coral, possibly only revealed at low tide, shallow enough that the vessel will at least touch if not go aground.
reef points - Small lengths of cord attached to a sail, used to secure the excess fabric after reefing.
reef-bands - Long pieces of rough canvas sewed across the sails to give them additional strength.
reef-tackles - Ropes employed in the operation of reefing.
Rigging - The system of masts and lines on ships and other sailing vessels.
roll - A vessel's motion rotating from side to side, about the fore-aft axis. List (qv) is a lasting tilt in the roll direction.
rolling-tackle - A number of pulleys, engaged to confine the yard to the weather side of the mast; this tackle is much used in a rough sea.
the ropes' refers to the lines in the rigging.
rope's end A summary punishment device.
rummage sale - A sale of damaged cargo (from French arrimage).
running rigging - Rigging used to manipulate sails, spars, etc. in order to control the movement of the ship. Cf. standing rigging.
T[ edit ]
tailshaft - a kind of metallic shafting (a rod of metal) to hold the propeller and connected to the power engine. When the tailshaft is moved, the propeller may also be moved for propulsion.
taken aback - An inattentive helmsmen might allow the dangerous situation to arise where the wind is blowing into the sails 'backwards', causing a sudden (and possibly dangerous) shift in the position of the sails.
taking the wind out of his sails - To sail in a way that steals the wind from another ship. cf. overbear.
tally - The operation of hauling aft the sheets, or drawing them in the direction of the ship's stern.
teazer - A rope used as a punitive device.
three sheets to the wind - On a three-masted ship, having the sheets of the three lower courses loose will result in the ship meandering aimlessly downwind. Also, a sailor who has drunk strong spirits beyond his capacity.
timoneer - From the French timonnier, is a name given, on particular occasions, to the steersman of a ship.
toe the line or Toe the mark - At parade, sailors and soldiers were required to stand in line, their toes in line with a seam of the deck.
togey - A rope used as a punitive device
topsail - The second sail (counting from the bottom) up a mast. These may be either square sails or fore-and-aft ones, in which case they often "fill in" between the mast and the gaff of the sail below.
topmast - The second section of the mast above the deck; formerly the upper mast, later surmounted by the topgallant mast; carrying the topsails.
topgallant - the mast or sails above the tops.
touch and go - The bottom of the ship touching the bottom, but not grounding.
towing - The operation of drawing a vessel forward by means of long lines.
travellers - Small fittings that slide on a rod or line. The most common use is for the inboard end of the mainsheet; a more esoteric form of traveller consists of "slight iron rings, encircling the backstays, which are used for hoisting the top-gallant yards, and confining them to the backstays".
traffic separation scheme - Shipping corridors marked by buoys which separate incoming from outgoing vessels. Improperly called Sea Lanes.
trick - A period of time spent at the wheel ("my trick's over").
turtling - When a sailboat (in particular a dinghy) capsizes to a point where the mast is pointed straight down and the hull is on the surface resembling a turtle shell.
U[ edit ]
under the weather - Serving a watch on the weather side of the ship, exposed to wind and spray.
underway - A vessel that is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.
upper-yardmen - Specially selected personnel destined for high office.
W[ edit ]
wales - A number of strong and thick planks running length-wise along the ship, covering the lower part of the ship's side.
watch - A period of time during which a part of the crew is on duty. Changes of watch are marked by strokes on the ship's bell.
| Rope |
Which family of birds has species called Little, Caspian and Fairy? | Glossary
Glossary
Glossary of Sailing Terms
- Provided by Bosun Michael so's all you lubbers'll know what us Salts is talkin' about: (Note: If you can't find it here, check out the BIG GLOSSARY ) (And if you can�t find it there, try the Nautical Dictionary, Glossary and Terms Directory - put together by Mike MacKenzie)
Marine LED shop � Best price and free shipping for LED Boat lights and Marine LED lighting
A
Abaft - Toward the rear (stern) of the boat. Behind.
Abeam - At right angles to the keel of the boat, but not on the boat.
Aboard - On or within the boat.
Above Deck - On the deck (not over it - see ALOFT)
Abreast - Side by side; by the side of.
Adrift - Loose, not on moorings or towline.
Aft - Toward the stern of the boat.
Aground - Touching or fast to the bottom.
Ahead - In a forward direction.
Aids To Navigation - Artificial objects to supplement natural landmarks indicating safe and unsafe waters.
Alee - Away from the direction of the wind. Opposite of windward.
Aloft - Above the deck of the boat.
Amidships - In or toward the center of the boat.
Anchorage - A place suitable for anchoring in relation to the wind, seas and bottom.
Astern - In back of the boat, opposite of ahead.
Athwartships - At right angles to the centerline of the boat; rowboat seats are generally athwart ships.
Aweigh - The position of anchor as it is raised clear of the bottom.
Avast- Command meaning "stop what you're doing"
B
Backstay - A wire support for the mast, usually running from the stern to the head of the mast.
Baggywrinkle - Clumps of frayed rope that protect the sails from chafing against the lines.
Bale - A fitting on the end of a spar, such as the boom, to which a line may be led.
Ballast Weight - usually metal, placed low in a boat to provide stability.
Barber Hauler - A line attached to the jib or jib sheet, used to adjust the angle of sheeting by pulling the sheet toward the centerline of the boat.
Batten Down - Secure hatches and loose objects both within the hull and on deck.
Battens - Flexible strips of wood or plastic, most commonly used in the mainsail to support the
aft portion, or roach, so that it will not curl.
Beam - The greatest width of the boat.
Bearing - The direction of an object expressed either as a true bearing as shown on the chart, or as a bearing relative to the heading of the boat.
Belay- To temporarily secure a line to a cleat, or as a command "disregard the last order"
Below - Beneath the deck.
Bight - The part of the rope or line, between the end and the standing part, on which a knot is formed.
Bilge - A rounding of the hull along the length of the boat where the bottom meets the side.
Bilge Boards - Similar to centerboards, and used to prevent lee way.
Bilgeboards - are on either side of the centerline at the bilges.
Binnacle - A support for the compass, raising it to a convenient position.
Bitter End - The last part of a rope or chain. The inboard end of the anchor rode.
Board boat - A small boat, usually mono rig. May have a shallow cockpit well. Typically has almost no freeboard.
Boat - A fairly indefinite term. A waterborne vehicle smaller than a ship. One definition is a small craft carried aboard a ship. A submarine
Boat Hook - A short shaft with a fitting at one end shaped to facilitate use in putting a line over a piling, recovering an object dropped overboard, or in pushing or fending off.
Bobstay - Wire Stay underneath the bowsprit; helps to counteract the upward pull exerted by the forestay.
Boom Crutch - Support for the boom, holding it up and out of the way when the boat is anchored or moored. Unlike a gallows frame, a crutch is stowed when boat is
sailing.
Boom - free swinging spar attached to the foot of the sail with forward end pivoting on the mast.
Boom Crutch - Support for the boom, holding it up and out of the way when the boat is anchored or moored. Unlike a gallows frame, a crutch is stowed when boat is
sailing.
Boom Vang - A system used to hold the boom down, particularly when boat is sailing downwind, so that the mainsail area facing the wind is kept to a maximum. Frequently extends from the boom to a location near the base of the mast. Usually tackle- or lever-operated.
Boomkin (bumpkin)- Short spar extending aft from the transom. Used to anchor the backstay or the sheets from the mizzen on a yawl or ketch.
Boot Top - A painted stripe that indicates the waterline.
Bow - The forward part of a boat.
Bowline - Knot used to form a temporary loop in a line
Bow Line - A docking line leading from the bow.
Bowsprit - A short spar extending forward from the bow. Normally used to anchor the forestay.
Brale - Partially furling sails to lessen wind resistance or partially unfurling sails to make them ready for instant use. On a square sail this is accomplished with leech and clew lines. See "Scandalize"
Bridge - The location from which a vessel is steered and its speed controlled. "Control Station" is really a more appropriate term for small craft.
Bridge Deck - The transverse partition between the cockpit and the cabin.
Bridle - A short length of wire with a line attached at the midpoint. A bridle is used to distribute the load of the attached line. Often used as boom travelers and for spinnaker down hauls.
Brightwork - Varnished woodwork and/or polished metal.
Bulkhead - An interior partition commonly used to stiffen the hull. May be watertight.
Bullseye - A round eye through which a line is led, usually in order to change the direction of pull.
Bulwark - A vertical extension above deck level designed to keep water out of and sailors in the boat
Bunk - Sleeping Berth
Buoy - An anchored float used for marking a position on the water or a hazard or a shoal and for mooring.
Burdened Vessel - That vessel which, according to the applicable Navigation Rules, must give way to the privileged vessel. The term has been superseded by the term "give-way".
C
Cabin - A compartment for passengers or crew.
Cap - A piece of trim, usually wood, used to cover and often decorate a portion of the boat, i.e., caprail.
Capsize - To turn over.
Capstan - drum like part of the windlass used for winding in rope, cables, or chain connected to cargo or anchors
Cast Off - To let go.
Catamaran - A twin-hulled boat, with hulls side by side.
Centerboard - A board lowered through a slot in the centerline of he hull to reduce sideways skidding or leeway. Unlike a daggerboard, which lifts vertically, a centerboard pivots around a pin, usually located in the forward top corner, and swings up and aft.
Chafing Gear - Tubing or cloth wrapping used to protect a line from chafing on a rough surface.
Chain plate - The fitting used to attach stays to the hull.
Charley Noble - Galley stove pipe
Chart - A map for use by navigators.
Chine - The intersection of the bottom and sides of a flat or v-bottomed boat.
Chine- A line, running along the side of the boat, where the bottom forms an angle to the side. Not found on
round-bottom boats.
Chock - A fitting through which anchor or mooring lines are led. Usually U-shaped to reduce chafe.
Cleat - A fitting to which lines are made fast. The classic cleat to which lines are belayed is approximately anvil-shaped.
Clew - For a triangular sail, the aftmost corner.
Clove Hitch - A knot for temporarily fastening a line to a spar or piling.
Coach Roof - Also trunk. The cabin roof, raised above the deck to provide headroom in the cabin.
Coaming - A vertical extension above the deck to prevent water from entering the cockpit. May be broadened to provide a base for winches.
Cockpit - An opening in the deck from which the boat is handled.
Coil - To lay a line down in circular turns.
Companionway - The main entrance to the cabin, usually including the steps down into the cabin.
Counter - At the stern of the boat, that portion of the hull emerging from below the water, and extending to the transom. Apr to be long in older designs, and short in more recent boats.
Course - The direction in which a boat is steered.
Coxswain - Sailor in charge of and steering a small boat
Crosstrees - Horizontal members attached to the mast acting as spreaders for the shrouds
Cuddy - A small shelter cabin in a boat.
Cunningham - A mainsail control device, using a line to pull down the mainsail a short distance from the luff to the tack. Flattens the sail.
Current - The horizontal movement of water.
D
Daggerboard - A board dropped vertically through the hull to prevent leeway. May be completely removed for beaching or for sailing downwind.
Danger Zone - The area encompassed from dead ahead of your boat to just abaft your starboard beam. You must stand clear of any boat in the "danger zone".
Davits - Small cranes used to raise or lower small boats and light items from deck to water level.
Dead Ahead - Directly ahead.
Dead Astern - Directly aft.
Dead-Eyes - Blocks in the shroud rigging used to adjust tension
Deadlight - Either a cover clamped over a porthole to protect it in heavy weather or a fixed light set into the deck or cabin roof to provide light below.
Dead Reckoning - also Ded Reckoning. Sometimes believed to be an abbreviation of Deduced Reckoning
Deck - A permanent covering over a compartment, hull or any part thereof.
Dinghy - A small open boat. A dinghy is often used as a tender for a larger craft.
Displacement - The weight of water displaced by a floating vessel, thus, a boat's weight.
Displacement Hull - A type of hull that plows through the water, displacing a weight of water equal to its own weight, even when more power is added.
Ditty Bag - Small bag used for carrying and stowing small personal items or kits
Dock - A protected water area in which vessels are moored.The term is often used to denote a pier or a wharf.
Dolphin - A group of piles driven close together and bound with wire cables into a single structure.
Dodger - A screen, usually fabric, erected to protect the cockpit from spray and wind.
Downhaul - A line used to pull a spar, such as the spinnaker pole, or a sail, particularly the mainsail, down.
Draft - The depth of water a boat draws.
Dry Sailing - When boats, especially smaller racers, are kept on shore instead of being left anchored or moored, they are dry sailed. The practice prevents marine growth
on the hull and the absorption of moisture into it.
E
Ebb - A receding current.
F
Fairlead - A fitting used to alter the direction of a working line, such as a bullseye, turning block, or anchor chock.
Fathom - Six feet.
Fender - A cushion, placed between boats, or between a boat and a pier, to prevent damage.
Fid - Tool used by riggers in splicing line
Figure Eight Knot - A knot in the form of a figure eight, placed in the end of a line to prevent the line from passing through a grommet or a block.
Flare - The outward curve of a vessel's sides near the bow. Or A distress signal.
Flood - A incoming current.
Fluke - The palm of an anchor.
Fo'c'sle An abbreviation of forecastle. Refers to that portion of the cabin which is farthest forward. In square-riggers often used as quarters for the crew.
Following Sea - An overtaking sea that comes from astern.
Foot - For a triangular sail, the bottom edge.
Fore And Aft - In a line parallel to the keel.
Foremast - vertical spar most forward
Forepeak - The compartment farthest forward in the bow of the boat. Often used for anchor or sail stowage. In larger ships the crews quarters
Foresail - lowest square sail on the foremast
Forestay - Wire, sometimes rod, support for the mast, running from the bowsprit or foredeck to a point at or near the top of the mast.
Foretriangle The triangle formed by the forestay, mast, and fore deck.
Forward - Toward the bow of the boat.
Fouled - Any piece of equipment that is jammed or entangled, or dirtied.
Fractional Rig - A design in which the forestay does not go to the very top of the mast, but instead to a point 3/4~ 7/8's, etc., of the way up the mast.
Frames - Ribs that form the shape of the hull
Freeboard - The distance between the deck and the waterline. Most often it will vary along the length of the boat. (see: Shear)
G
Gaff - a free swinging spar attached to the top edge of a sail
Galley - The kitchen area of a boat.
Gangway - The area of a ship's side where people board and disembark.
Garboard - Used in conjunction with strake. Refers to the planks, or strakes, on either side of and adjacent to the keel.
Give-Way Vessel - A term used to describe the vessel which must yield in meeting, crossing, or overtaking situations.
Give Way Together - Command used by Coxswain in larger rowing boats
Gollywobbler - A full, quadrilateral sail used in light air on schooners. It is flown high, between the fore and main mast, and is also known as a fisherman's staysail.
Gooseneck - The fitting that connects the boom to the mast.
Grab Rails - Hand-hold fittings mounted on cabin tops and sides for personal safety when moving around the boat.
Ground Tackle - A collective term for the anchor and its associated gear.
Gunter Rig - Similar to a gaff rig, except that the spar forming the "gaff" is hoisted to an almost vertical position, extending well above the mast.
Gunwale - Most generally, the upper edge of the side of a boat.
Guy - A line used to control the end of a spar. A spinnaker pole, for example, has one end attached to the mast, while the free end is moved back and forth with a guy.
H
Halyards - Lines used to hoist or lower sails or flags.
Halyards - lines used to haul up the sail and the wooden spars (boom and gaff) that hold the sails in place.
Hard Chine - An abrupt intersection between the hull side and the hull bottom of a boat so constructed.
Hatch - an opening in the deck for entering below.
Head - For a triangular sail, the top corner. Also a marine toilet.
Headfoil - a grooved rod fitted over the forestay to provide support for luff of the sail or help support the forestay
Head Knocker - A block with a jam cleat, located on the boom and used to control the main sheet on small boats.
Heading - The direction in which a vessel's bow points at any given time.
Headsails - Any sail forward of the foremast.
Headway - Forward motion of boat opposite to sternway
Helm - The wheel or tiller controlling the rudder.
Helmsman - Sailor who steers the boat.
Hiking Stick - An extension of the tiller that enables the helms man to sit at a distance from it.
Hitch - A knot used to secure a rope to another object or to another rope, or to form a loop or a noose in a rope.
Hold - A compartment below deck in a vessel, used solely for carrying cargo.
Hull - The main body of a vessel.
I
Inboard - More toward the center of a vessel; inside; an engine fitted inside a boat.
Inspection port - A watertight covering, usually small, that may be removed so the interior of the hull can be inspected or water removed.
J
Jacobs Ladder - A rope ladder, lowered from the deck, as when pilots or passengers come aboard.
Jetty - A structure, usually masonry, projecting out from the shore; a jetty may protect a harbor entrance.
Jettison - To throw overboard.
Jib - A triangular foresail in front of the foremast.
Jiffy reefing - A fast method of reefing. Lines pull down the luff and the leech of the sail, reducing its area.
Jumper Stay - A short stay supporting the top forward portion of the mast. The stay runs from the top of the mast forward over a short jumper strut, then down to the mast, usually at the level of the spreaders.
Jumbo - The larger of the headsails.
K
Keel -the timber at the very bottom of the hull to which frames are attached.
Keelson - A structural member above and parallel to the keel.
Kick-up- Describes a rudder or centerboard that rotates back and up when an obstacle is encountered. Useful when a boat is to be beached.
Knockabout - A type of schooner without a bowsprit.
Knot - A measure of speed equal to one nautical mile (6076 feet) per hour.
Knot - A fastening made by interweaving rope to form a stopper, to enclose or bind an object, to form a loop or a noose, to tie a small rope to an object, or to tie the ends of two small ropes together.
L
Lapper - A foresail which extends back of and overlapping the mast, such as a 110% genoa jib.
Latitude - The distance north or south of the equator measured and expressed in degrees.
Lazarette - A storage space in a boat's stern area.
Lazy Jack - Light lines from the topping lift to the boom, forming a cradle into which the mainsail may be lowered.
Lead - Refers to the direction in which a line goes. A boom vang, for example, may "lead to the cockpit."
Leech - The aft edge of a triangular sail.
Leech Line - A line running through the leech of the sail, used to tighten it.
Lee - The side sheltered from the wind.
Leeward - The direction away from the wind. Opposite of Windward.
Leeway - The sideways movement of the boat caused by either wind or current.
Lee Boards - Pivoting boards on either side of a boat which serve the same function as a centerboard. The board to leeward is dropped, the board to windward is kept up.
Lines - Rope or cordage used for various purposes aboard a boat.
Log - A record of courses or operation. Also, a device to measure speed.
Longitude - The distance in degrees east or west of the meridian at
Loose-Footed - Describes a mainsail attached to the boom at the tack and clew, but not along the length of it's foot.
Lubber Line - A mark or permanent line on a compass indicating the direction forward parallel to the keel when properly installed
Luff - The forward edge of a triangular sail. In a mainsail the luff is that portion that is closest to the mast.
Luff or Luffing - when the vessel is brought too far into the wind the trailing edge or Leech of the sail begins to shiver or shake.
M
Mainmast - the tallest mast of the ship; on a schooner, the mast furthest aft.
Mainsail - The lowest square sail on the mainmast.
Marline - A light twine size line which has been tarred.
Marline Selling - A tool for opening the strands of a rope while splicing.
Mast - Main vertical spar used to support sails and their running rigging and in turn is supported by standing rigging
Mast Step - Fitting or construction into which the base of the mast is placed.
Masthead Rig - A design in which the forestay runs to the peak of the mast.
Mechanical advantage (or purchase) - A mechanical method of increasing an applied force. Disregarding the effects of friction, if a force of 100 pounds applied to a
tackle is magnified to a force of 400 pounds, the purchase or mechanical advantage is said to be
four to one, or 4: 1.
Midship - Approximately in the location equally distant from the bow and stern.
Mizzen - A fore and aft sail flown on the mizzenmast.
Monkey Deck - A false deck built over a permanent deck. Often used in the bow of larger sailing ships, forward of the anchor windlass and provides a working
platform around the portion of the bowsprit as it attaches to the ship.
Mooring - An arrangement for securing a boat to a mooring buoy or a pier.
N
Nautical Mile - One minute of latitude; approximately 6076 feet - about 1/8 longer than the statute mile of 5280 feet.
Navigation - The art and science of conducting a boat safely from one point
to another.
Navigation Regulations (or COLREGS) - The regulations governing the movement of vessels in relation to each other, generally called steering and sailing rules.
O
Oar - Device used to propel small boats by rowing
Outboard - Toward or beyond the boat's sides. A detachable engine mounted on a boat's stern.
Outhaul - Usually a line or tackle, an outhaul is used to pull the clew of the mainsail towards the end of the boom, thus tightening the foot of the sail.
Overhaul - Straightening out misaligned or partially fouled sails and rigging
Overboard - Over the side or out of the boat.
P
Pay Out: - to feed line over the side of the boat, hand over hand.
Pedestal - A vertical post in the cockpit used to elevate the steering wheel into a convenient position
Pier - A loading platform extending at an angle from the shore.
Pile - A wood, metal or concrete pole driven into the bottom. Craft may be made fast to a pile; it may be used to support a pier (see PILING) or a float.
Piling - Support, protection for wharves, piers etc.; constructed of piles (see PILE)
Pilothouse - a small cabin on the deck of the ship that protects the steering wheel and the crewman steering.
Planking - wood boards that cover the frames outside the hull.
Piloting - Navigation by use of visible references, the depth of the water, etc.
Planing - A boat is said to be planing when it is essentially moving over the top of the water rather than through the water.
Planing Hull - A type of hull shaped to glide easily across the water at high speed.
Port - The left side of a boat looking forward. A harbor.
Priveledged Vessel - A vessel which, according to the applicable Navigation Rule, has right-of-way (this term has been superseded by the term "stand-on").
Pulpit - A metal framework on deck at the bow or stern. Provides a safety railing and serves as an attachment for the lifelines.
Pushpit - pulpit located on the stern.
Q
Quarter - The sides of a boat aft of amidships.
Quartering Sea - Sea coming on a boat's quarter.
Queen topsail - small stay sail located between the foremast and mainmast.
R
Rake - The fore or aft angle of the mast. Can be deliberately induced (by adjustment of the standing rigging) to flatten sails, balance steering, etc. Normally slightly aft.
Reef points - A horizontal line of light lines on a sail which may be tied to the boom, reducing the area of the sail during heavy winds.
Rigging: - the lines that hold up the masts and move the sails (standing and running rigging).
Roach - The curved portion of a sail extending past a straight line drawn between two corners. In a mainsail, the roach extends past the line of the leech between
the head and the clew and is often supported by battens.
Rocker - The upward curvature of the keel towards the bow and stern.
Rode - The anchor line and/or chain.
Rope - In general, cordage as it is purchased at the store. When it comes aboard a vessel and is put to use it becomes line.
Roller reefing - Reduces the area of a sail by rolling it around a stay, the mast, or the boom. Most common on headsails.
Rub-rail - Also rubbing strake or rub strake. An applied or thickened member at the rail, running the length of the boat; serves to protect the hull when alongside a
pier or another boat.
Rudder - A vertical plate or board for steering a boat.
Run - To allow a line to feed freely.
Running Backstay: Also runner, or preventive backstay. A stay that supports the mast from aft, usually from the quarter rather than the stern. When the boat is sailing downwind, the runner on the leeward side of the mainsail must be released so as not to interfere with the sail.
Running rigging -The adjustable portion of the rigging, used to control sails and equipment.
Running Lights - Lights required to be shown on boats underway between sundown and sunup.
S
Sail - a piece of cloth that catches or directs the wind and so powers a vessel.
Sailing Rig - the equipment used to sail a bost, including sails, booms and gaffs, lines and blocks.
Scandalize - On a gaff rig the sail is made loose footed, the clew is brought forward along the boom and the sail cloth is drawn up in folds along the gaff and mast. From this position the sail is instantly available for use.
Schooner - Sailing ships with at least 2 masts (foremast and mainmast) with the mainmast being the taller. Word derives from the term "schoon/scoon" meaning to move
smoothly and quickly. ( a 3-masted vessel is called a "tern").
Scope - Technically, the ratio of length of anchor rode in use to the vertical distance from the bow of the vessel to the bottom of the water. Usually six to seven to one
for calm weather and more scope in storm conditions.
Screw - A boat's propeller.
Scupper - Drain in cockpit, coaming, or toe-rail allowing water to drain out and overboard. When in toe rail, properly known as "freeing port"
Scuttle- A round window in the side or deck of a boat that may be opened to admit light and air, and closed tightly when required.
Seat Locker - A storage locker located under a cockpit seat.
Sea Cock - A through hull valve, a shut off on a plumbing or drain pipe between the vessel's interior and the sea.
Seat locker - A storage locker located under a cockpit seat.
Self-bailing cockpit - A watertight cockpit with scuppers, drains, or bailers that remove water.
Self-tacking - Normally applied to a sail that requires no adjustment other than sheeting when boat is tacked
Seamanship - All the arts and skills of boat handling, ranging from maintenance and repairs to piloting, sail handling, marlinespike work, and rigging.
Sea Room - A safe distance from the shore or other hazards.
Seaworthy - A boat or a boat's gear able to meet the usual sea conditions.
Secure - To make fast.
Set - Direction toward which the current is flowing.
Sheer The line of the upper deck when viewed from the side. Normal sheer curves up towards the bow and stern,
Reverse sheer curves down towards the bow and stern. Compound sheer, curving up at the front of the boat and down at the stern, and straight sheer are uncommon.
Sheer Strake - The topmost planking in the sides, often thicker than other planking.
Sheets: -Lines used to control the position of a sail.
Shrouds Lateral supports for the mast, usually of wire or metal rod.
Ship - A larger vessel usually thought of as being used for ocean travel. A vessel able to carry a "boat" on board.
Shroud: - a line or wire running from the top of the mast to the spreaders, then attatching to the side of the vessel.
Skeg: For sailboats, usually refers to a structural support to which the rudder is fastened.
Slab Reefing - Also points reefing, and sometimes jiffy reefing. Reduces the area of the mainsail by partially lowering the sail and resecuring the new foot by tying
it to the boom with points, or light lines attached to the sail.
Slack - Not fastened; loose. Also, to loosen.
Sole - The floor of the cockpit or cabin.
Sounding - A measurement of the depth of water.
Spar - a pole or a beam.
Spar Poles - most often of wood, aluminum or carbon fiber, used as supports, such as the mast, boom, or spinnaker pole.
Spinnaker - A large, triangular sail, most often symmetrical, flown from the mast in front of all other sails and the forestay. Used sailing downwind.
Spirit - The spar that supports the peak of a spritsail.
Splashboard - A raised portion of the hull forward of the cockpit intended to prevent water entering.
Spreaders - Also crosstrees. Short horizontal struts extending from the mast to the sides of the boat, changing the upward angle of the shrouds.
Spring Line - A pivot line used in docking, undocking, or to prevent the boat from moving forward or astern while made fast to a dock.
Spritsail - A four-sided fore and aft sail set on the mast, and supported by a spar from the mast diagonally to the peak of the sail.
Standing rigging - Permanent rigging used to support the spars. May be adjusted during racing, in some classes.
Stay - a line or wire from the mast to the bow or stern of a ship, for support of the mast (fore, back, running, and triadic stays).
Staysail - A sail that is set on a stay, and not on a yard or a mast.
Stem - the timber at the very front of the bow.
Strake - On wooden boats, a line of planking running from the bow to the stern along the hull.
Squall - A sudden, violent wind often accompanied by rain.
Square Knot - A knot used to join two lines of similar size. Also called a reef knot.
Standing Part - That part of a line which is made fast.The main part of a line as distinguished from the bight and the end.
Stand-On Vessel - That vessel which has right-of-way during a meeting, crossing, or overtaking situation.
Starboard - The right side of a boat when looking forward.
Stem - The most forward vertical structural member in the bow.
Stern - The after part of the boat.
Stern Line - A docking line leading from the stern.
Stow - To put an item in its proper place.
Strake: On wooden boats, a line of planking running from the bow to the stern along the hull.
Swamp - To fill with water, but not settle to the bottom.
Sweat And Tail - Sweat is the act of hauling a halyard to raise a sail or spar done by pulling all slack outward and then downward. Tail is controlling, coiling, and securing the runnning end of the halyard.
T
Tabernacle - A hinged mast step located on deck. Since it is hinged, the mast may be lowered easily.
Tack - On a triangular sail, the bottom forward corner. Also, to turn the bow of the boat through the wind so the wind exerts pressure on the opposite side of the
sail.
Taffrail - The rail at the stern of the boat.
Tang - A fitting, often of sheet metal, used to attach standing rigging to a spar, or to the hull.
Thwart - A transverse structural member in the cockpit. In small boats, often used as a seat.
Thwartships - At right angles to the centerline of the boat.
Tide - The periodic rise and fall of water level in the oceans.
Tiller - A bar or handle for turning a boat's rudder or an outboard motor.
Toe-rail - A low rail, often slotted, along the side of the boat. Slots allow drainage and the attachment of blocks.
Topmast - a second spar carried at the top of the fore or main mast, used to fly more sail.
Topping lift - A line or wire rope used to support the boom when a boat is anchored or moored.
Topsides - The sides of a vessel between the waterline and the deck; sometimes referring to onto or above the deck.
Trampoline - The fabric support that serves for seating between the hulls of a catamaran.
Transom - The flat, or sometimes curved terminating structure of the hull at the stern of a boat.
Trapeze - Wire gear enabling a crewmember to place all of his weight outboard of the hull, thus helping to keep the boat level.
Traveler - A fitting across the boat to which sheets are led. In many boats the traveler may be adjusted from side to side so that the angle of the sheets can be changed to suit conditions.
Trim - Fore and aft balance of a boat.
Twing - Similar to a Barber hauler, a twing adjusts the angle of sheeting.
U
Underway - Vessel in motion, not moored or aground
V
Vang - A device, usually with mechanical advantage, used to pull the boom down, flattening the sail.
Ventilator - Construction designed to lead air below decks. May have a cowl, which can be angled into or away from the wind; and may be constructed with baffles, so that water is not allowed below, as in Dorade ventilator.
V bottom - A hull with the bottom section in the shape of a "V".
W
Wake - Moving waves, track or path that a boat leaves behind it, when moving across the waters.
Warp - Heavier lines (rope or wire) used for mooring, anchoring and towing. May also be used to indicate moving (warping) a boat into position by pulling on a warp.
Waterline - A line painted on a hull which shows the point to which a boat sinks when it is properly trimmed (see BOOT TOP).
Way - Movement of a vessel through the water such as headway, sternway or leeway.
Wheel - device used for steering a boat.
Widow-maker - a term for the bowsprit (many sailors lost their lives falling off the bowsprit while tending sails).
Whisker Pole - A short spar, normally kept stowed, which may be used to push the clew of a jib away from the boat when the boat is running downwind.
Window - A transparent portion of a jib or mainsail.
Windward - Toward the direction from which the wind is coming.
Wishbone - A boom composed of two separate curved pieces, one on either side of the sail. With this rig, sails are usually self tending and loose-footed.
Y
Yacht - A pleasure vessel, a pleasure boat; in American usage the idea of size and luxury is conveyed, either sail or power.
Yankee - a fore-sail flying above and forward of the jib, usually seen on bowsprit vessels.
Yaw - To swing or steer off course, as when running with a quartering sea.
Yawl - Boat: smaller powered boat used to provide steerage-way when not under sail. Rig: two masts, aft one is smaller (shorter) and located astern of rudder post.
since 01/10/08
| i don't know |
Which famous architect designed Liverpool’s Anglican Cathedral? | BBC - History - British History in depth: The Cathedrals of Britain
On This Day
The Cathedrals of Britain
The history of Britain and the aspirations of her Christian communities can be traced in the glorious excesses of the cathedrals. From Norman grandeur to the modern interpretations found in Liverpool and Coventry, explore the changing styles of the cathedrals in our midst.
On this page
Print this page
Centuries of style
The cathedrals of Britain span the millennium - from the cathedrals dating from the 1100s to the modern cathedrals found in Liverpool and Coventry. They display a wide array of architectural styles from Early English Gothic, to the majesty of the Renaissance at St Paul's and the sixties modernism of Liverpool's Roman Catholic Cathedral. In the Middle Ages and up to the Reformation in the 1500s, the Church enjoyed enormous power and wealth, and cathedrals are eloquent symbols of its dominant place in British society.
Cathedrals in the Middle Ages weren't the quiet, reverential places of worship we know today.
Cathedrals in the Middle Ages weren't the quiet, reverential places of worship we know today. In Lincoln, for example, the central nave or aisle was where pilgrims chatted and shared news; there would have been an elaborately carved stone screen to separate the ordinary people in the nave from the priests and monks worshipping and singing in the choir.
Cathedrals were elaborate and brightly coloured before much of the interior decoration and original medieval art was destroyed during the Reformation and the Civil War. During the Civil War, cathedrals were used as garrisons, prisons and even stables. Now only traces remain of the vibrant colours that were often whitewashed out of existence.
Top
Cathedral floorplan
Many of the cathedrals in Britain are orientated east to west. The nave is situated in the west end of the cathedral where people would come to pray. For that reason, it is the long hall of the cathedral. (The nave is 5 on the diagram below.)
The choir (11) is at the east end of the cathedral. It is here that the high altar (13) is generally found. The clergy traditionally prayed here and an elaborately carved screen was often built to separate them from the general public in the nave. This part of the cathedral is often called the 'quire' - the 19th century spelling of 'choir'. St Paul's in London still uses this spelling.
The north and south transepts (7, 9) separate the choir from the nave. This means that the layout of cathedrals usually forms the shape of a cross. Side altars are found in the transepts as well as the tombs of important people. The central tower or dome (8) of the cathedral is found at the centre of this 'cross'. These high towers are supported by piers or pillars. At Salisbury Cathedral, it is possible to see that the piers have been slightly bent out of shape by the weight of the tower.
The tombs of past bishops and famous saints are often found in side chapels (2, 3). In the later Middle Ages, the wealthy would pay for private chapels to be built where their families could say mass in private.
Top
Salisbury Cathedral
Salisbury Cathedral is one of twenty cathedrals that were built after the Battle of Hastings in 1066 when William the Conqueror seized control of England and Wales. It is built in the Early English Gothic style and has a simple layout in the shape of a cross.
This cathedral is built of 70 thousand tons of stone with over three thousand tons of timber for the roof which was covered with 450 tons of lead. Much of the stone came from nearby quarries. At this time, cathedral construction was at the cutting edge of building technology, and errors of judgement led to the collapse of the central towers at both Winchester and Lincoln. With foundations only four feet deep, Salisbury was lucky to escape this when the imposing spire was added. However, the columns of the central crossing are now bowed by around ten inches.
St Paul's Cathedral
St Paul's was the first British cathedral to be built for the Anglican faith at the end of the 1600s. It is therefore ironic that its famous architect, Sir Christopher Wren, borrowed heavily from the Catholic Renaissance by adopting such features as the dome and Corinthian columns.
The original St Paul's Cathedral was built on the same site in 604 by Bishop Mellitus. The Vikings burnt it down in 962 and it was rebuilt in the Gothic style. This was begun in 1087 and completed two centuries later in 1310. This cathedral was then destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. Wren's masterpiece was started in 1675 and took 35 years to complete. Unlike many of the medieval masons, whose cathedrals took centuries to complete, Wren was able to see it finished. It cost £700,000 - about £53 million today. On the inner dome, there are frescoes of scenes from the life of St Paul. These were painted by Sir James Thornhill and can be seen from the Whispering Gallery. Wren died at 91 and his tomb is marked by a black marble slab in the St Paul's crypt.
St Michael's of Coventry
The Gothic cathedral, St Michael's of Coventry, was destroyed on the night of 14th November 1940 when some 500 tons of high explosives and 40,000 fire bombs were dropped on the city. All that remained of the old cathedral was the spire and the building's shell.
The new cathedral was built next to the old in the 1950s and the early 1960s. The architect Basil Spencer had won the competition with his radical departure from the Gothic original. He recalled that when the plans for the new steel and concrete cathedral were revealed in the press, he received hundreds of letters the next morning. "80 percent were rude and the remaining 20 percent were very rude." In a 1974 interview, he recalls that the project took up ten years of his life, and when it was finished, it left a terrible vacuum. Whilst medieval cathedrals took centuries, the new Coventry Cathedral took just six years to build. The one-and-a-half ton metal spire was flown in by helicopter and, according to contemporary news footage, took just eight minutes to install.
Top
Winchester Cathedral
Winchester Cathedral © Winchester Cathedral stands on a site that has been a place of Christian worship for over a thousand years. In the 1000s, the old Minster was destroyed to make way for the new cathedral. This is one of the largest medieval churches in the world thanks to a nave of over 160 metres long and provides a fitting home for the Bishops of Winchester, some of whom weren't just the wealthiest men in England but in Europe as well. The Bishops' power and affluence is indicated by the many grand memorial chapels in the cathedral which house their tombs. Among these luminaries are Stephen Gardiner who officiated at the wedding between Mary Tudor and Phillip of Spain in 1554 and Henry Beaufort, half brother to Henry IV and banker to Henry V.
For centuries, Winchester was a place of pilgrimage. It was the last resting place of Saint Swithun who lived in the 9th century. After his death, his bones were said to heal the sick and pilgrims flocked to the cathedral in their thousands. Stalls were set up to sell relics and clay models of the parts of the body that required healing. These were then placed in the shrine in the hope of a miracle cure.
Winchester Cathedral's power and influence came to an end with the Reformation in the 1500s...
Winchester Cathedral boasts some of the finest medieval wood carving in Britain, if not Europe. In the 13th century England's greatest carpenter, William Lyngewode, spent four years decorating the cathedral's stalls. Another outstanding example of its medieval art is the Great Screen. It was erected in the 1400s but the original statues with their vivid colours didn't survive England's religious upheavals. Now, only the whitewashed backdrop of the original screen remains while the current statues are Victorian.
Events have taken their toll on the cathedral. The West Window was smashed by the Roundheads during the English Civil War in the 1600s. The locals pieced it together but in a rather haphazard way, and it has the appearance of a rather abstract art work. The cathedral is also home to the beautifully decorated Winchester Bible, the best example of a 12th century bible in the country. Winchester Cathedral's power and influence came to an end with the Reformation in the 1500s and the Dissolution of the Monasteries during Henry VIII's reign. The scale of the Church's power can be imagined when it is considered that it controlled one third of the country's wealth before Henry VIII stripped it of much of its lands and privileges.
Top
Wells Cathedral
Wells Cathedral © Wells Cathedral was built entirely in the Gothic style in the late 1100s and serves the smallest city in England. One of the major glories of this cathedral is the West Front. It was begun in 1215 and, on its completion, boasted the largest collection of figurative statues in the western world at that time. It depicts the history of the world as told in the Bible, and shows Christ flanked by angels above statues of the disciples and kings as well as martyrs and confessors. The West Front is flanked by two towers.
Chapter House ceiling, Wells Cathedral © The West Front is now bare stone but in its medieval heyday, this would have been brilliantly painted with strong bold colours. Sound was also part of the religious spectacle. Within the cathedral is a special gallery where the choristers sang hymns to the people gathered outside. The sound was channelled to the outside thanks to a series of carefully hidden holes in the West Front. The singing would have occured on religious occasions such as Palm Sunday.
The original central tower of Wells Cathedral was damaged by an earthquake in the 13th century. The rebuilding took some 60 years to complete but, after just 20 years, cracks began to appear. In order to save the tower from collapse, the master mason, William Joy, built the 'scissor arches' that can still be seen in the main part of the cathedral and the hidden buttresses in the upper part of the church building.
700 years later, it is safe to say that these measures have been successful in preserving the tower for posterity. The cathedral boasts some of the finest medieval stained glass to be found in England which, miraculously, survived the Reformation and the Civil War. The 'Jesse' or 'Golden Window' dates back to 1340 and, thanks to its height, avoided the stones of the mob. The window traces the ancestry of Christ through Mary to Jesse, the father of King David, in the shape of a genealogical tree.
Top
St Magnus Cathedral
St Magnus Cathedral, Orkney © St Magnus, the most northerly cathedral of Britain, towers over the town of Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands. Work on the cathedral began in 1137; many of the masons came from Durham whose cathedral was also under construction. It was founded by Earl Rognvald in the memory of his relative St Magnus, who had been murdered by his cousin Hakon, co-ruler of the Orkneys. Hakon is depicted in a stained glass window in the north transept which dates from the 19th century. In 1980, local children contributed a whole series of paintings to show the events in his life and the brutal murder.
Although St Magnus Cathedral is small compared to other cathedrals in Britain, it has a number of distinctive features. One of these is the use of 'polychrome' work: the technique of using different coloured stones to form patterns in the stonework. At St Magnus local red stone and a yellow sandstone, probably from the nearby island of Eday, is arranged in a chequered pattern effect around the window arches. The red stone was dug from a nearby quarry just a few miles from Kirkwall on a piece of land known as the Head of Holland.
St Magnus is also renowned for being the only cathedral in Britain with a dungeon - Marwick's Hole. The origins of the name have been associated with a romantic story. In the 1600s, Jane Forsyth was accused of witchcraft and sentenced to be burned at the stake. She was rescued from the dungeon the night before this was due to be carried out by her lover and they went off to live in Manchester, then a distant place.
St Magnus Cathedral © The most poignant memorial in the cathedral is dedicated to the memory of the hundreds of sailors who died when the British ship Royal Oak was sunk by a German U-boat just a few months after the declaration of war in 1939. Charlotte Omand, from Orkney, remembered that Kirkwall was shocked by the sinking and that the air stank of oil for days afterwards. Now, once a week, a single page of the memorial book in the cathedral is turned as a reminder of the loss of life.
St Magnus is unique among British cathedrals for its use of the Norwegian style of bell ringing known as 'clocking'. Just one bellringer can operate the bells by hand and using footpedals. This custom is proof of the strong Viking influence found on these islands and in Kirkwall itself, a cathedral city of just 7,000 people.
Top
Lincoln Cathedral
Lincoln Cathedral © Taller than the Egyptian Pyramids, Lincoln Cathedral is an imposing tribute to medieval British architecture. It has been through a series of building disasters and mishaps in its near 1000 years of existence. The first mishap came in the 12th century, less than 100 years after the cathedral was built. A fire swept through the cathedral, and the wooden roof was replaced by a stone vault. However this was, in turn, destroyed a few decades later when a major earthquake destroyed much of the building. Bishop Hugh, who was later canonised as a saint, then had the cathedral rebuilt in the Gothic style. The next disaster was in the 13th century when the central tower collapsed and, in the 16th century, the wooden spire was blown down in a gale.
St Hugh's life was pivotal to the history of Lincoln Cathedral. In his lifetime, he was known as pious man who tended to the sick and worked on rebuilding the cathedral. One famous story recounts how he befriended a swan which became very protective of the Bishop and hissed at people who came too near. The swan's place in the legend of the cathedral is assured, for it is depicted twice in the cathedral's stained glass windows. On St Hugh's death, large crowds came to pay their respects and his shrine became a place of pilgrimage. A modern sculpture was placed there in 1986 to mark the 800th anniversary of his enthronement as Bishop in 1186.
Little remains of the vivid colour that would have transformed the cathedral's bare stone into glorious spectacle.
As with many of the cathedrals in Britain, much of the medieval art was destroyed during the Civil War. Little remains of the vivid colour that would have transformed the cathedral's bare stone into glorious spectacle. Many of the statues had their heads pulled off when an 18th century restorer accidentally put the heads of the male bishops onto the bodies of the female statues. One statue of a tumbler from around 1330 did survive because of its inaccessible location: legend has it that a tumbler could only offer the Virgin Mary his tumbling skills as a gesture of devotion, hence his place high on the cathedral walls. Another famous statue is the imp which peers down, ready to pounce should anyone stray from the God-fearing path.
There are warnings all over the cathedral for those who may feel tempted to transgress. The 13th century doorway shows the faithful ascending to heaven whilst hairy devils drag the damned into the mouth of hell - a visual warning in an age when the vast majority of the people were illiterate and few copies of the Bible were in existence.
Top
Liverpool's cathedrals
Liverpool's Anglican Cathedral © Liverpool's skyline is dominated by two imposing cathedrals. Liverpool's Anglican Cathedral is the largest cathedral in Britain and the fifth largest in the world. The Roman Catholic Cathedral is known as the Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King and was built after World War Two in a futuristic design by Frederick Gibberd.
The construction of the Anglican Cathedral began in 1904 to a design by Giles Gilbert Scott, a Victorian designer famous for red telephone boxes and the now defunct Battersea Power Station. Giles Scott came from a family of architects: his grandfather had designed the Albert Memorial in Hyde Park, London, and his father, George, was a leading exponent of the Gothic Revival in Britain. Giles Scott was just 21 when his entry won a design competition for Liverpool's Anglican Cathedral, and he can be seen in the bottom left of the Layman's Window, wearing a blue coat. Sadly, he died in 1960 and so did not see the cathedral finally consecrated.
Liverpool is home to many faiths but the Catholic and Protestant faiths have traditionally dominated the city. Around the turn of the century, there was an unstated competition between the leaders of the two communities who both attempted to have the larger, more impressive cathedral. Money problems dogged each side's ambitious plans, and the Anglican Cathedral was only consecrated in 1978.
The Roman Catholic Cathedral was to have been even more impressive thanks to a design by Sir Edwin Lutyen. Work started in 1933 but the crypt is all that remains of this grand vision before World War Two and budget deficits halted building work. Lutyen's plan was thrown out and a competition was hosted in 1960 to find a newer, cheaper design. Sir Frederick Gibberd's pioneering design won, and work began in 1962. The cathedral was consecrated just five years later.
The Lantern Tower has crowning pinnacles to help make the cathedral stand out against the Liverpool skyline. These are over 52 feet high and feature diagonal struts to strengthen them against the wind. Within the cathedral, the High Altar is at the centre of the circular design. The interior is bathed in many colours, primarily blue as befits a cathedral with more coloured glass than any other in Europe.
| Giles Gilbert Scott |
Which Stockport brewery produces Hatters Mild, Old Stockport Bitter, Frederic’s and Old Tom? | The landmark buildings that never were - BBC News
BBC News
The landmark buildings that never were
24 July 2012
Read more about sharing.
Close share panel
The recently opened Shard is already a familiar landmark on the London skyline, but how might the UK's urban landscapes look if some of the most architecturally ambitious plans of past centuries had been fully realised?
Economic and social factors across the ages meant that some of the grandest designs of renowned architects such as Lutyens and Inigo Jones were never completed.
Here are five ambitious building projects that never made it off the drawing-board.
Liverpool's Catholic Cathedral
The famed architect Sir Edwin Lutyens was commissioned in 1929 to build a new Catholic cathedral in Liverpool. The building he planned was monumental.
"It would have been 60ft (18m) higher than St Peter's in Rome, it would have been twice the height of St Paul's in London," says Anthony O'Brien, Dean of Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, which now stands on the original site.
Lutyens' aim was to build a vast brick and granite cathedral topped with a 510ft (155m) dome. The cathedral was to be perched on a high point in the city, its vantage point and sheer size would have dominated the skyline.
"Right from the beginning, Liverpool Cathedral seemed incredibly ambitious. Lutyens was always intensely competitive in his work," says Jane Ridley, biographer and great-granddaughter of the architect.
House of God
Sir Edwin Lutyens, proposed architect of Liverpool's Catholic Cathedral was Anglican
Liverpool's Anglican Cathedral designed in 1903 by Giles Gilbert Scott - a Catholic
Foundation stone of Lutyens' plan laid in 1933 but building never finished
Lutyens also designed large sections of Delhi
Lutyens died New Year's Day 1944
A campaign was launched among the city's Catholic community to raise funds.
"In order to finance the building, the parishioners were asked to donate any old gold or jewellery that would contribute to the cost of the building," says Geraldine Judge, a church community worker in Liverpool.
Work began in 1933 with the building of the crypt. That's as far as it got.
"The crypt is complete. It is a great Lutyens building in its own right. It is staggeringly big. It is like walking into a colossal Edwardian railway terminus," says broadcaster Jonathan Glancey.
Why didn't it happen?
The cost was always prohibitive, but work halted with the outbreak of World War II and as the conflict progressed Lutyens lost enthusiasm.
The grand project ran out of steam after his death in January 1944.
Edinburgh's grand classical avenue
South Bridge in central Edinburgh is a traffic-heavy road packed with discount shops - a far cry from plans drawn up in the 1780s for a grand, classical avenue that would have provided a welcoming entrance to one of the great cities of the Age of Enlightenment .
South Bridge
Plans followed construction of Edinburgh's North Bridge in 1772
Bridge required to cross a ravine
Designed by Robert Adam, charged £1200 for his design but only received £900
Adam died in 1792
Architect Robert Kay went on to complete South Bridge
Designed by Robert Adam, a giant of 18th Century architecture, the avenue would have included assembly rooms, tea-rooms, colonnades and town-houses.
The avenue was never fully realised but parts of the project were built.
Adam's Register House shows the architect's vision for an "Enlightenment Edinburgh" says historian Nicholas Phillipson.
"There was a sense that Edinburgh would change. There was a shortage of houses and of public buildings. The city had lost its parliament and aristocratic elite. Where would Edinburgh go?" says Phillipson.
Adam's vision was to create one of the most beautiful streets in Europe - on a par with Renaissance palaces of northern Italy.
Why didn't it happen?
Although he was a renowned architect, Adam had a reputation for over-spending.
"Adam charged £1200 for his designs alone, so I dread to think how much it would have cost to produce the finished article," says Frances Sands, curator at the Soane Museum.
Find out more
Listen to architect Jonathan Glancey's journey through Unbuilt Britain on BBC Radio 4 at 13:45 BST each day this week
Catch up with episode one on Liverpool Cathedral on iPlayer via the link (UK only)
Adam was asked to build South Bridge but ended up redesigning parts of the city, says Sands.
"It was a little unrealistic to think anyone would have the money to pay for this scheme, but that is characteristic of Adam, who did rather get carried away," says Sands.
Edinburgh's city fathers knew they could get a cheaper scheme, says Iain Gordon Brown of Edinburgh World Heritage .
"They wanted utility, rather than grandeur. They wanted something functional. They wanted a viaduct with houses and shops which could be let to provide rates.
"Adam's scheme was not built but the pattern of it survives, elements of the plan are evident in Edinburgh today in Hunter Square and Blair Street, preserving the ghost of what might have been," says Brown.
Inigo Jones's Whitehall palace
Imagine a monarch's residence in central London that would dwarf Buckingham Palace.
It was almost a reality and perhaps the most ambitious design never built.
Whitehall Palace - to replace the earlier complex of the same name - was the dream of Inigo Jones, the first English architect to design in the Classical style.
Jones's plan aimed to create a huge palace covering the area now known as Downing Street, Horse Guards Parade, Whitehall and large swathes of St James' Park.
James I was keen to bankroll Jones's grand scheme. The first part - Banqueting House - was built in 1622 and still stands on Whitehall. Other fragments survive under Downing Street, says Simon Thurley of English Heritage.
"This was the first building in England in which the rules of Classical architecture were properly understood and it was far bigger than the then-standing Tudor Whitehall palace.
"James I was incredibly ambitious for London and the monarchy architecturally," says Thurley.
"The Banqueting House hall is big enough to be a bus garage, you could get eight double-decker London buses into it and that was less than 5% of what Jones wanted to build."
Why didn't it happen?
In the early days of his reign, James I's son and successor - Charles I - was keen to continue the project but struggled to raise funds.
Whitehall Palace
Palace on the site from 13th Century
First parts of Jones's renewal commissioned by King James I
Inigo Jones submitted further plans in 1638
Jones's design covered much of what is now Whitehall and St James' Park
Much of Tudor-era palace destroyed by fires in 1690s
Henry VIII's covered tennis courts survived and now form part of Cabinet Office building
"The king was always fighting with parliament about funds, which was what eventually caused the English Civil War of 1642, so [this] was probably a doomed project from the very start," says historian Michael Leitman.
"What is astonishing is that Charles I was trying to get this palace built in the lead-up to the Civil War, when everything was collapsing around his ears," says Thurley.
"He was captured and locked up in Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight and still called Inigo Jones to visit him. Together they designed this palace."
Charles I was later beheaded under the orders of Oliver Cromwell in January 1649.
He died in front of Banqueting House.
London's pyramid of death
Today, Primrose Hill in north London is a park offering views of the city.
But in 1829, with a squeeze on burial space in the capital, architect Thomas Willson planned a pyramid mausoleum to hold up to five million bodies.
Willson, born in 1780 and trained at the Royal Academy, wanted the pyramid to be 94-storeys high and cover a site of 18 acres, (7000 sq m).
"It was supposed to be compact, hygienic and ornamental," says Catharine Arnold, an expert on London's dead.
"Willson hoped people would come to admire this huge pyramid from far and wide, picnicking on Primrose Hill and enjoying this splendid monument. But it would be rather like a giant car-park of the dead," says Arnold.
The pyramid-design caught the public's mood for Egyptiana - the height of fashion at the time. Winding walks, similar to today's Guggenheim Museum in New York, were planned to transport the bodies through the pyramid's catacombs to their final resting places.
Why didn't it happen?
"It would have been monumental, but grotesque - a literal Valhalla," says author Simon Jenkins.
"Public opinion stopped it. The arguments for leaving the site wild won the day and Primrose Hill became one of London's most popular parks."
Pyramid Mausoleum
Planned to ease London's lack of burial space
Designed by early Victorian architect Thomas Willson to hold 5m bodies
The pyramid was to be 94-storeys high
Projected completion cost of £2,500 in 1829
Willson claimed the pyramid would make £10m profit when full, but there was suspicion among the authorities that his figures did not add up.
There was also concern that the weight of the bricks may have crushed Primrose Hill. And the public mood turned against necropolises - cities of the dead - as garden-style cemeteries became the norm.
With the building of Highgate cemetery in 1829, the pyramid scheme was finally shelved.
McCaig's tower, Oban, Scotland
McCaig's Tower stands on a hillside overlooking Oban in Argyll, Scotland.
Planned by local businessman John Stuart McCaig as a Scottish version of the Coliseum in Rome, many now refer to it as McCaig's Folly.
Situated on two acres of ground, 230ft (70m) above sea-level, it was designed by McCaig himself. Work began in 1896 - at a cost of about £6000 - but it was never completed.
McCaig's Tower
Coliseum-style construction designed and funded by John Stuart McCaig in 1896
Intended as a monument to the McCaig family
Proposed cost estimated at £6000
Views from the tower across to Inner Hebrides
Tower part never built and build finally shelved in 1915
It's a Gothic unfinished coliseum above a small Scottish highland port. It's very strange," says Johnny Roger of the Glasgow School of Art.
"It's a personal vanity project. McCaig was going to fill this coliseum with statues of himself and his family, not heroes of Scotland's past."
But the politically radical McCaig was also a great philanthropist, and he also wanted to provide work for local stonemasons and artisans at a time of great unemployment.
Why didn't it happen?
McCaig died in 1902 and building stopped.
McCaig left about £60,000 - £6m today - in his will, and instructions that the tower be completed by local workmen.
His sister did not want to finish the building and successfully appealed the legacy. The judge, some believe, opposed McCaig politically and ruled against the tower on the grounds that the public would have no right of access.
"The criticism levelled at McCaig was that he had done nothing for the community. That was transparently not so and the only explanation must have been political - that the judges did not approve of his politics," says Michael Moss, historian at the University of Glasgow.
Further court rulings in 1915 halted the project and the coliseum, without its tower, stands incomplete.
| i don't know |
Which car manufacturer produced models called the Laurel, Maxima and Scarab? | Nissan Canada | Cars, SUVs, Trucks | Auto123
New Nissan Cars
Nissan Canada
Nissan is a Japanese manufacturer that sells a complete range of cars and trucks, from subcompact to full-size pickups. Through the years, the company has developed a habit of developing niche vehicles, and one of the first to mass-produce a modern, 100% electric car.
Read More
Following a series of acquisitions, the company entered the vehicle manufacturing business by establishing the Nissan Motor Company in 1933. The first model is the four-seater Datsun 12 Phaeton, followed in subsequent years by the 14 Roadster, the 15 Phaeton and Roadster, the 16 Sedan, the 17 Sedan, the 1937 Nissan Van and the 1938 Nissan Passenger Car.
After WWII, business started to pick up again, and Nissan first post-war car was the 1947 Standard Sedan Type DA. Deluxe Sedan Type DB and Thrift Sedan Type DS followed in subsequent years. The ‘50s also marked the launches of the Datsun Sports Type DC convertible, the Datsun 110, 210 and 211 sedans as well as the A20 Cablight truck. An agreement with English automaker Austin led to producing the A40 Somerset Saloon and A50 Cambridge Saloon in Japan.
The now-famous Skyline was originally developed and introduced in 1957 by the Prince Motor Company, who merged with Nissan in 1966. Prince also produced the Skyline coupe and convertible as well as the Skyway wagon, and at the same time, the Datsun 310 Bluebird appeared. The Cedric Custom, introduced in 1960, was developed using manufacturing techniques acquired with the collaboration with Austin.
The 1958 Datsun 1200 is the company’s first car sold in USA. The Nissan Motor Company USA was established in 1960.
Another historic name was born in 1962; the Fairlady roadster won the first Japan Grand Prix race in 1963. Other new models in the ‘60s includes the SPL 210, the 6-cylinder S40 Gloria sedan, the Datsun 320 and 520 trucks, the Datsun A120, A220 Cablight and A320 Cabstar trucks, the Nissan Silvia coupe, the Datsun B10 Sunny, the Datsun 510 and the Datsun C30 Laurel.
Meanwhile, the 1965 Prince R380 sports car established 5 world speed records and the Nissan R380 Type II notched 7 international speed records. 1968 also welcomed the Skyline GT-R, a moniker that still stands today as Nissan’s high-performance flagship.
1970 is also a milestone in Nissan’s history with the launch of the Datsun 240Z. The 520 and 720 pickups, 310, 710, 810, 200SX and 280ZX also followed in that decade. In 1973, Nissan celebrated its 1-millionth vehicle sold in America.
In the ‘80s, the Datsun brand was eventually replaced by Nissan on all North American vehicles, and models such as the Micra, the Sentra, the Pulsar, the Hardbody pickup, the Stanza, the Maxima, the Multi, the Pathfinder and the 240SX and the 300ZX appeared.
The following decade also brought a few new models, such as the Axxess and Quest minivans, the NX coupe, the Altima, the Hustler and Frontier pickups as well redesigned versions of well-established products. Nissan also busy launching their standalone luxury division called Infiniti. In 1999, Nissan formed an alliance with French automaker Renault.
After the year 2000, Nissan introduced bigger trucks to the American market, such as the full-size Titan pickup, the X-Trail, Xterra and Armada SUVs, the Rogue and Murano crossovers as well as the 350Z, more versions of the Altima and the subcompact Versa. Global sales for Nissan reached the 4-million mark in 2010.
Nissan’s current line-up of vehicles includes the Versa, the subcompact cube, the 100% electric Leaf, the compact Sentra, the mid-size Altima coupe, sedan and Hybrid, the Maxima, the Juke, Rogue and Murano crossovers, the Xterra, Pathfinder and Armada SUVs, the Quest minivan, the Frontier and Titan pickups, the NV commercial truck as well as the 370Z and GT-R sports cars.
| Datsun |
Which perfume company produces the fragrance Angel? | Nissan Motor Company Cars timeline | World History Project
Nissan Motor Company Cars timeline
1950
The Nissan Safari is a four-wheel drive vehicle manufactured by Nissan in Japan since 1980. Outside of Japan, it is known as the Nissan Patrol—a... Read more
1957
The popular and economical Datsun/Nissan compact pickup truck was produced in Japan from 1955 and imported to the United States, Australia,... Read more
1959
The Gloria (Japanese: 日産・グロリア) is a large luxury car made from 1959 by the Prince Motor Company, and later by Nissan Motors since its merger with... Read more
1959
The Datsun Sports (called Fairlady in the home market), was a series of roadsters produced by Nissan in the 1960s. The series was a predecessor to... Read more
1965
The Nissan Homy was built and sold by the Prince Motor Company before the merger of Nissan in 1965 and the Homy was the first vehicle to be... Read more
1965
The Nissan President is a Japanese luxury limousine introduced by Nissan in the 1960s and sold only in the Japanese market. It is a luxury sedan... Read more
1968
The Nissan Laurel was introduced by Nissan in 1968 as the new luxury model to slot above the 1968 Bluebird 510 & with the same sense of luxury... Read more
1968
The Nissan R381 was a racing car developed by Nissan Motors in 1968 for use in the Japanese Grand Prix. It was the successor to the Nissan R380-II,... Read more
1969
The Nissan R382 was a racing car built in 1969 by Nissan Motors for competition in the Japanese Grand Prix. Built to the Group 7 motorsports... Read more
1970
The Nissan R383 was a race car built in 1970 by Nissan Motors that was planned for use in the 1970 Japanese Grand Prix. Replacing the Nissan R382,... Read more
1971
Before the Stanza, there was the (Japanese: Nissan Violet), a sister car to the Nissan Sunny, which sold outside Japan under Nissan's Datsun marque... Read more
1973
The Nissan Caravan is a van designed by Nissan for use as a fleet vehicle or cargo van. Outside Japan the car was sold as either Nissan Urvan or... Read more
1974
The SX name refers to several models of automobile sold by Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. around the world. Beginning in 1974, the "200SX" badging was... Read more
1976
The Nissan Maxima is a full-size car manufactured by Nissan, marketed as the "four-door sports car". The Maxima debuted in 1976 as an upscale... Read more
1976
The Nissan Bluebird is a compact- to medium-sized car launched in 1957. The nameplate still exists today on the Nissan Pulsar-based Nissan Bluebird... Read more
1977
The Nissan Stanza started out in Japan as the Nissan Violet in 1973, and then was split into two other models in 1977 called the second generation... Read more
1978
The Nissan Pulsar was a compact car/small family car produced by the Japanese automaker Nissan from 1978, when it debuted as a subcompact car, to... Read more
1978
The final rear-wheel-drive Sunny from model year 1978 to 1982 featured numerous variants, including a fastback station wagon as well as more... Read more
1979
The Nissan Gazelle is a compact three-door hatchback produced by Nissan, based on the Nissan S platform. It was produced for the Japanese and... Read more
1980
The Nissan Leopard is a line of luxury sports cars built by Japanese carmaker Nissan. The Leopard began life in 1980 and was discontinued in 1999.... Read more
1982
The Nissan March (マーチ Māchi?) (known outside Asia as the Nissan Micra) is a supermini produced by the Japanese automaker Nissan since 1982. Since... Read more
1982
The Nissan Sentrawas compact car produced by automaker Nissan Motors and is generally a rebadged export version of the Japanese Nissan Sunny. The... Read more
1982
The Nissan Prairie, introduced in Japan in 1981 and Europe in 1982, was a car from Japanese manufacturer Nissan. It was also known as the Multi in... Read more
1983
The Z31 chassis designation was first introduced in 1983 as a 1984 Datsun/Nissan 300ZX. This continued until 1985 when Nissan standardized their... Read more
1984
| i don't know |
In which film did Jane Fonda play a hooker to win the 1971 Best Actress Oscar? | Klute (1971) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
A small-town detective searching for a missing man has only one lead: a connection with a New York prostitute.
Director:
Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence
From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence.
a list of 38 titles
created 26 Apr 2012
a list of 25 titles
created 09 Oct 2013
a list of 45 titles
created 29 Mar 2014
a list of 23 titles
created 10 Aug 2015
a list of 41 titles
created 09 Oct 2015
Search for " Klute " on Amazon.com
Connect with IMDb
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Won 1 Oscar. Another 8 wins & 5 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
An ambitious reporter gets in way-over-his-head trouble while investigating a senator's assassination which leads to a vast conspiracy involving a multinational corporation behind every event in the world's headlines.
Director: Alan J. Pakula
A woman whose husband is fighting in Vietnam falls in love with another man who suffered a paralyzing combat injury there.
Director: Hal Ashby
Los Angeles private detective Harry Moseby is hired by a client to find her runaway teenage daughter and he stumbles upon a case of murder and artifact smuggling.
Director: Arthur Penn
The lives of a disparate group of contestants intertwine in an inhumanely grueling dance marathon.
Director: Sydney Pollack
A reporter finds what appears to be a cover-up of safety hazards at a nuclear power plant.
Director: James Bridges
Edit
Storyline
Six months after the disappearance of Tuscarora, PA businessman Tom Gruneman, his boss, Peter Cable, and his wife, Holly Gruneman, hire Tom's best friend, private detective John Klute to find out what happened to Tom, as the police have been unable to do so, and despite John having no expertise in missing persons cases. The only lead is a typewritten obscene letter Tom purportedly sent to Manhattan actress/model/call girl Bree Daniel, who admits to having received such letters from someone, and since having received several obscene telephone calls as well. The suggestion/belief is that Tom was one of Bree's past johns, although she has no recollection of him when shown his photograph. Bree tricking is more a compulsion than a financial need. In their initial encounters, John and Bree do whatever they can to exert their psychological dominance over the other, especially as Bree initially refused to even speak to him. Despite their less than friendly start, they embark on a personal ... Written by Huggo
| Klute |
Astrakhan is a port in the delta of which river? | Jane Fonda said her biggest regret was not sleeping with Che Guevara | Daily Mail Online
comments
One day, at the height of her fame in the mid-Seventies, Jane Fonda turned up on the doorstep of her ex-husband, Roger Vadim. She was lugging a bulging sack.
Vadim’s glamorous new girlfriend let her in, thrilled to meet the movie icon at last. But her excitement soon turned to disbelief. The star of Julia, Klute and The China Syndrome had come to do her laundry.
Why? Because her second husband, Tom Hayden, a Left-wing activist with a bulbous nose and acne-scarred cheeks, had forbidden her to have either a washing machine or dishwasher. Far too bourgeois.
Jane Fonda had a turbulent marriage to her second husband
Not only that, but he’d made her sell her comfortable house in Los Angeles and buy a shabby two-bedroom shack in Santa Monica that smelled of mildew, where the couple shared a mattress on the floor. She couldn’t even wear her Cartier wristwatch any more, because Hayden disliked any show of possessions. So she’d replaced it with a cheaper Timex.
Many of Jane Fonda’s friends looked on in disbelief as she once again subjugated herself to a man. Instead of procuring women for threesomes — as she had in her marriage to Vadim — she was now working herself to a frazzle to raise millions for her husband’s political campaigns.
Hayden had a grandiose fantasy of becoming President of the United States — and Jane was determined to make him famous. To that end, stories about ‘Tom and Jane’ would appear in the Press — it was never ‘Jane and Tom’ because Hayden insisted on his name coming first.
Once, when she did something that displeased him — she was receiving too much attention — he encouraged her to discuss her short-comings in front of him and other friends. And Jane meekly obliged.
To the despair of her brother Peter and daughter Vanessa, who both loathed Hayden, she allowed herself to be belittled for years. ‘I simply didn’t think my ideas or feelings were as important or credible as his,’ she confessed later.
So why did Jane Fonda abase herself to a man whom so many of those close to her despised?
RELATED ARTICLES
Share this article
Share
The key lay in Hayden’s sterling Left-wing credentials, which she’d failed to acquire herself. Indeed, as a fledgling revolutionary, she’d made one ghastly blunder after another.
After deciding to leave Vadim, she’d cast around for a worthy cause. It was Marlon Brando who pointed her towards the American Native Indians, who were complaining of discrimination. He also told her to check out the Black Panthers, who believed in combating police persecution with violence and revolutionary fervour.
Jane was immediately eager to speak out for both. Fired with zeal, she flew to San Francisco to support the takeover of Alcatraz, a former federal prison that the American Native Indians wanted to turn into a cultural centre.
Squatting in a corner of the prison yard, she smoked pot with some Sioux Indian leaders, who were frankly bewildered at having a movie star in their midst.
Later, she joined another Indian protest that involved scaling the fences of a fort. The soldiers stopped to ogle the star — braless under her T-shirt — before firing tear gas into the demonstrators.
The next day, Jane staged a Press conference. Unfortunately, this caused a good deal of resentment among the Indian leaders, who couldn’t get a word in edgeways.
Turbulent: Tom Hayden did a number of things during his relationship with Jane Fonda but she stayed with him because of left-wing credentials
Far from helping, Fonda was creating problems; furthermore, they didn’t want to be identified with a star who seemed out to get publicity for herself. Finally, an Indian leader quietly informed her that she couldn’t be their spokesman — she simply didn’t know enough about the long history of white oppression.
It was hardly a promising start to Jane’s rebirth as a radical. Still, there was always the Black Panthers.
For them, she opened her chequebook, paying a $2,000 phone bill, lending them her credit card and posting bail for Panthers who’d been arrested. The Panthers promptly charged a car to her Visa card — then lost both the car and the card. One of them skipped town after she’d stumped up $50,000 bail money. When she heard the Panthers were calling her a ‘white honky bitch’ behind her back and spreading false rumours that she was sleeping with their leader, she called it a day.
What next? Convinced she’d found a new mentor, Jane started pursuing a married political activist who was working with soldiers against the Vietnam war. Within weeks, Frank Gardner, 27, was her lover and giving her a crash course in the issues.
In March 1970, she embarked on a lengthy tour of army bases and Indian reservations with a French friend, Elisabeth Vailland, in a rented station wagon. Jane’s 18-month-old daughter, Vanessa, was deposited with her father, Roger Vadim.
Abandoned in favour of a cause that would consume her mother for years, Vanessa never forgave her. ‘She’ll be angry about it until I die,’ Jane admitted later. Vanessa ended up calling her father ‘Maman’ — French for ‘Mother’. Later, she’d say: ‘Vadim was my mother — even he said that.’
As for Jane, she was constantly being arrested for trespassing on army bases. By mid-1970, she was nearly broke, having spent thousands financing her trips and her many causes. ‘It’s sort of relaxing to be poor,’ she told friends.
It was chiefly to replenish her coffers that she agreed to star as the call girl Bree Daniels in the 1971 film Klute, which won her an Oscar. She also started sleeping with her co-star Donald Sutherland, who fell madly in love with her.
Together, they took a political vaudeville show called FTA — slang for ‘f*** the army’ — across the country. By then, both were under surveillance, so they often talked in code.
FBI agents opened her post, tapped her phone and even planted a false story that she wanted to kill the President. Her FBI files later extended to 22,000 pages.
Of course, Jane didn’t help her case by declaring publicly that what Vietnam really needed was a ‘victory for the Vietcong’ — the Communist army fighting the U.S. government over South Vietnam.
Protest: Fonda often went braless to distract soldiers but her protests actually created problems and at one stage she was told by Indians she could not be their spokesman
Another of her ideas was to dress protesters as dead Vietcong fighters — in white make-up and black leotards — to demonstrate on the lawn of comedian Bob Hope, who had been entertaining U.S. troops.
Eventually, Jane split from Sutherland, saying she was moving into a different phase of her life and she couldn’t share it with one man. There were soon rumours that she was having liaisons with various activists.
She supposedly confided during a feminist consciousness-raising session, ‘My biggest regret is I never got to f*** Che Guevara.’
By mid 1971, her tour of Left-wing politics, with its endless marches and violent arguments, had left her drained. At this point, Tom Hayden — in baggy trousers, his hair in long plaits — entered her life. Already a hero of the Left, he’d participated in a violent student strike at Columbia University in 1968 and helped plan the riots at the Democratic Convention in Chicago that summer.
When he came backstage after she’d delivered an anti-war speech, she felt an ‘electric charge’. She raced home and told a friend she’d met the man with whom she was going to spend the rest of her life.
A week later, hayden drove to Jane’s house to show her a slide show he’d put together in Indochina. As he screened pictures of Asian prostitutes who’d had plastic surgery to look ‘Americanised’, he lambasted the ‘superficial’ sexiness that Jane had once exemplified in the film Barbarella, directed by Vadim.
Agreeing with him, she began to cry. Within days, they were lovers.
The couple named their son Troi after a Vietcong martyr who attempted to assassinate U.S. Defence Sectretary Robert McNamara - before wisely changing it to Troy
From the start, she was consumed with anxiety that he might think her elitist — not least because she had a swimming pool. Later, he admitted that he saw her as ‘a rich person out of touch with reality’.
For Jane, the idea of doing something meaningful with Hayden gave her a sense of renewed purpose.
‘She sat at Tom’s feet, literally,’ remembers fellow pacifist David Dellinger. ‘She looked up to him like he was some sort of god.’
With Hayden’s support, she decided to travel alone to North Vietnam in July 1972 to collect evidence that the U.S. was deliberately bombing the river dykes. Horrified by the devastation, she asked her Vietnamese hosts if she could go on radio to make an appeal to U.S. bomber pilots.
She was next taken to visit an air defence installation on the outskirts of Hanoi. There, she was asked to climb onto the seat of an anti-aircraft gun — which she did without thinking. As soon as she’d hopped off, she exclaimed: ‘Oh my God. It’s going to look like I was trying to shoot down U.S. planes!’
It was too late: the picture went round the world. When she arrived back in the U.S. — in coolie hat and Vietnamese pyjamas — she was greeted with cries of ‘Hanoi Jane’ and accused of being a traitor.
‘What is a traitor? What is a patriot?’ was her angry retort. ‘I cried every day when I was in Vietnam. I cried for the Vietnamese and I cried for the Americans, too.’
William Manchester, editor of the New Hampshire Union Leader newspaper, called for her to be tried for sedition and shot. A Congressman suggested her tongue be cut off. Jane decided the trip to North Vietnam had changed her life.
One night, she stood naked in their bedroom and told Hayden she wanted to have a child. She said that in North Vietnam she’d met women who’d been in labour during the air strikes. As the bombs fell, they’d cry: ‘Nixon, we fight you with all the joys of a woman in childbirth!’
Jane thought if she and Hayden had a child, it would express solidarity with Vietnam. First, however, they decided to get married. The smell of pot was heavy in their living room as they exchanged vows. Outside, Hell’s Angels — friends of her brother — encircled the house because Jane had been receiving death threats.
Their little house was often under siege. Jane had to put wire over the windows because people threw things at them, especially rotten eggs. When the pressures got too great, she’d smoke a joint in the attic — because Hayden wouldn’t allow smoking in the house.
When their son was born in 1973 they named him Troi, after Nguyen Van Troi, a Vietcong ‘martyr’ who tried to assassinate U.S. Defence Secretary Robert McNamara. Later, they wisely changed it to Troy.
After the birth, Jane had an increasingly difficult time with Hayden. Not only was he drinking heavily, but — as Jane’s friend, the actor Peter Boyle, comments: ‘He was f***ing jealous of how famous she was.’ Anxious to please Hayden, she gave him $500,000 to fund his campaign to become a Senator in 1975 — but he lost.
Max Palevsky, who co-produced her movie Fun With Dick And Jane, says: ‘Tom was using Jane shamelessly. I couldn’t understand how she could be so stupid. Hayden was often publicly contemptuous of her.’ In Hayden’s presence, she’d act like an obedient little girl. Away from him, though, she was making some of her best movies, including Coming Home, a love story about a paralysed Vietnam veteran, which won three Academy Awards.
Vietnam visit: Fonda travelled to the country in 1972 and made a huge mistake when she sat on an anti-aircraft gun but realised too late
When Hayden saw it, however, he snarled ‘nice try’ to Jane and stalked out of the viewing room. She was devastated.
Knowing he needed vast sums for his next electoral campaign, Jane looked for a way to earn more money. She launched an exercise studio called Workout in 1982 that spawned a $20 million fitness empire. More than $1 million of her profits went into his ‘war-chest’, and she poured $17 million into his Campaign for Economic Democracy, which he’d founded to promote progressive causes.
Yet Hayden was dour and negative around Jane, and it was rumoured he was sleeping around.
Deeply unhappy, Jane had an affair. ‘I never spoke of this to Tom, nor did I know that he himself was seeking solace elsewhere,’ she says. ‘We simply continued in our unusual, seemingly successful partnership. I’d say: “I think we should see a therapist,” and he’d say no, and I’d fall silent.’
Even when he won a seat in the Californian state assembly, nothing changed. ‘Tom hated, loathed, despised the Workout,’ says Jane’s step-daughter Nathalie. ‘Now Jane was not only a movie star — she was a one-woman conglomerate, an icon. Tom couldn’t take it.
‘He started drinking more and continued to play around. Jane closed her eyes to it.’
While he was reportedly seeing actresses Margot Kidder and Morgan Fairchild, his wife had another affair — this time with Sven Nykvist, Ingmar Bergman’s cinematographer. It didn’t last.
In the mid-Eighties, she was at her lowest ebb. Hayden had ridiculed her at a big benefit dinner and told people he resented being called Mr Jane Fonda. He was also spending a lot of time with Vicky Rideout, a sexy political speechwriter 20 years Jane’s junior.
On the night his wife turned 51, Hayden told her he was in love with another woman. A friend who was staying with them says Jane threw him out after discovering he’d brought Rideout back to their own bedroom. Gathering all of his belongings into large plastic bags, she tossed them out of a window.
Deeply depressed, she pedalled on her exercise bike for five hours. ‘The physical pain is nothing compared to what I am feeling emotionally. I’m breaking apart,’ she said at the time.
In fact, Hanoi Jane was soon to undergo her third radical makeover — as a trophy wife. Yet again, she would subjugate herself to a man, but this time he was a Right-wing billionaire who would lavish on her every luxury she’d once rejected.
Adapted from Jane Fonda by Patricia Bosworth, to be published on October 1 by The Robson Press at £18.99. © 2011 Patricia Bosworth. To order a copy for £16.99 (incl p&p) call 0843 382 0000.
| i don't know |
In which sport are the Subaltern’s Cup and the Tyro Cup awarded? | Captains v Subalterns Polo match « Team Army
Location: Team Army » News archive » Captains v Subalterns Polo match
Team Army was honoured to sponsor the Captains v Subalterns Cup again this year. This Cup is the second oldest polo cup in the world having first been instituted by The 9/12th Lancers playing at Hounslow in 1896.
This year (as last year) the polo tournament was held at Tedworth House in Wiltshire and attracted 20 teams from all three services. We were lucky with the weather as it stayed dry and warm all day. Play was outstanding at times, especially in the Division 1 and Division 2 Finals. Results are as follows:
Div 1:
| Polo |
Which country, with an eastern Mediterranean coastline, produces the red win Chateau Musar? | CSPA Cups and Past Winners | Combined Services Polo Association
CSPA Cups and Past Winners
INTER-REGIMENTAL FINAL
THE Inter-Regimental competition is one of the oldest polo tournaments in the world. It was cavalry regiments, based at the cavalry school at Netheravon (six miles west of Tidworth in Wiltshire), who played polo when it was first introduced to this country in 1871. In those days the grounds were rough and uneven, unlike the beautiful lawns Tidworth has today. In 1922 a concerted effort was made to provide proper playing fields within the grounds of the Tedworth House Estate in Tidworth. The Brigade Commander of the day, Brigadier Bertie Fisher, with the help of the 12th Royal Lancers, 14th/20th King’s Hussars, 15th/19th King’s Royal Hussars and the 17th/21st Lancers built the main polo ground.
Click for past winners.
RUNDLE CUP
THE annual Navy and Army Cup was first played in Malta in 1909. It was instigated by Sir Leslie Rundle, Governor of Malta, and supported by the then Prince George of Wales, later to become King George VI. The Royal Navy won the first cup and the Army won the last time the match was played in Malta back in 1966. The Navy won the first recorded match in the UK in 1976; the team thenincluded Lt HRH The Prince of Wales. Outstanding scores include a hat-trick by the Navy in 1994–96, but the honours are now about even.
Click for past winners.
CHAPPLE CUP
EVERY year the CSPA competes in a three-match test series for the Chapple Cup usually against a touring overseas team, including the USA, Pakistan and AbuDhabi. The first game is for the Sudan Cup at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, the second for the Indian Cavalry Officers’ Association Trophy at Tidworth Polo Club and the final match for theUnited Services Cup at Guards Polo Club. Two points are awarded for a win and one point for a draw. In the event of a tie, the last match will decide the result. The Chapple Cup was first awarded in 1998 in recognition of Field Marshal Sir John Chapple’s contribution to Services’ Polo as the CSPA President.
Click for past winners.
UNITED SERVICES CUP
THIS cup has been around since 1906 although nobody is quite sure what it was originally presented for. In recent years it was given to the winner of the final played between Inter-Regimental Germany and Inter-Regimental UK. When this ceased to exist – after the Inter-Regimental Germany died out – the United Services Cup was re-designated as the first trophy of the Chapple Cup Series (played between the CSPA and the annual visiting touring team). As a matter of interest this is the CSPA’s most valuable cup and, if you look carefully, this most beautiful rosebowl is almost identical to the cup given to the winner of the men’s Australian Tennis Open.
Click for past winners.
INDIAN CAVALRY OFFICERS ASSOCIATION TROPHY
IN 1988, at their annual dinner at the Cavalry and Guards Club, a silver statuette of a mounted Indian Cavalryman was presented by the Indian Cavalry Officers’ Association to guest of honour Lieutenant Colonel S. Jameson, Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, chairman of Tidworth Polo Club. It was agreed that this trophy would be contested each year on Rundle Cup at Tidworth by a visiting international team against a Combined Services Polo Association team.
Click for past winners.
ALDERSHOT CUP
The Aldershot Cup is at Tidworth Polo Club on loan from CSPA and is used for internal Club Tournaments.
PQ SADDLE
THE much-coveted PQ Saddle award. It is presented to a member of the Combined Services who has significantly contributed to the work of the CSPA.
Click for past winners.
PRINGLE TROPHY
THE Pringle Trophy is awarded to the player from either team in the Inter-Regimental Final who plays best to his handicap. It is named after Major Jack Pringle 8th KRIH and IH in recognition of his great contribution to Army polo, in particular for encouraging young players into the sport.
| i don't know |
Which town is the administrative headquarters of Clackmannanshire District Council? | Planning & Building Standards | ClacksWeb
Planning & Building Standards
get up-to-the-minute news and information
Home / Planning & Building Standards
Development Management Development & Environment Bulletin Mobile Phone Mast Roll-out Plan Modernised Planning Service Online Planning Information System Performance Information Planning Appeals Planning Applications, Decisions and Permission Planning Committee Meetings Submit a Planning Application
A to Z of services
� Copyright 2016 Clackmannanshire Council
Kilncraigs, Alloa, Clackmannanshire, FK10 1EB
Tel: 01259 450000
| Alloa |
Which country, a member of the EU, produces the rich dessert wine Commandaria? | Planning & Building Standards | ClacksWeb
Planning & Building Standards
get up-to-the-minute news and information
Home / Planning & Building Standards
Development Management Development & Environment Bulletin Mobile Phone Mast Roll-out Plan Modernised Planning Service Online Planning Information System Performance Information Planning Appeals Planning Applications, Decisions and Permission Planning Committee Meetings Submit a Planning Application
A to Z of services
� Copyright 2016 Clackmannanshire Council
Kilncraigs, Alloa, Clackmannanshire, FK10 1EB
Tel: 01259 450000
| i don't know |
In which sport are the Corbel Cup and Prince Ranier Cup awarded? | Sports News and Highlights, 1958
Sports News and Highlights
Herb Elliott, Australian distance runner who set world records for the mile and 1,500 meters, was named Outstanding Male Athlete of 1958 by an East-West European sports editors' panel on December 12 and in an Associated Press poll reported on December 24.
Automobile Racing
Jimmy Bryan won the 500-mile Memorial Day race at the Indianapolis Speedway on May 30, driving a Belond Special at an average speed of 133.791 miles per hour. Pat O'Connor was killed in a 13-car crash in the first lap.
[All Automobile Racing Highlights]
Baseball
The 1958 Major League season was marked by the National League's abandonment of New York, with the New York Giants moving to San Francisco, California, and the Brooklyn Dodgers moving to Los Angeles, California.
On January 28, Brooklyn Dodgers catcher Roy Campanella was seriously injured in an auto accident in Glen Cove, New York. The accident left him paralyzed from the neck down.
On February 27, New York Yankees center fielder Mickey Mantle signed a contract worth an estimated $72,000 to $75,000.
The Washington Senators defeated the Boston Red Sox 5-2 in the first Major League game of the 1958 season in Washington on April 14.
The New York Yankees, leading the American League by 12-1/2 games, clinched their ninth pennant in 10 years under Manager Casy Stengel with their first two victories in Kansas City, Missouri, on September 14. The Milwaukee Braves, 5-1/2 games ahead of the Pittsburgh Pirates, clinched their 2nd consecutive National League pennant on September 21 by winning in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The Yankees beat the Braves 4 games to 3 to win the World Series, October 1-9.
[All Baseball Highlights]
Basketball
The National Basketball Coaches Association All-American Team, announced on March 12, included Wilt Chamberlain of Kansas, Oscar Robertson of Cincinnati, Elgin Baylor of Seattle, Guy Rodgers of Temple, and Don Hennen of Pittsburgh.
Kentucky won the National Collegiate Athletic Association Basketball Tournament in Louisville, Kentucky, on March 23 with an 84-to-72 victory over Seattle.
[All Basketball Highlights]
Bicycle Racing
Charley Gaul won the Tour de France, which finished at the Parc des Princes Velodrome in Paris on July 19. Gaul's winning time was 116 hours 59 minutes 5 seconds. Although the race usually starts and finishes in Paris, this year it started in Brussels, Belgium, scene of the World's Fair.
Ercole Baldini won the Professional Road Title at Rheims, France, on August 31.
Michel Rousseau won the World's Professional Sprint Championship at Paris, France, on September 7.
Roger Rivi�re, who in 1957 set a new one-hour unpaced record of 29 miles 276 yards, bettered his mark to a distance of 29 miles 938 yards at the Vigorelli Velodrome in Milan, Italy, on September 23.
Billiards
Willie Mosconi retained his crown as World Pocket Billiard Champion and Harold Worst held his title as World Three-Cushion Billiards Champion, as 1958 saw no professional championship matches or national tournaments in either sport.
Boat Racing
An outboard motorboat speed record of 107.821 miles per hour was set on June 7 on Lake Washington, Seattle, Washington, by Hugh Entrop, in his 12�-foot boat. The previous record of 100.3 miles per hour had been set by Massimo di Priolo in 1956.
The Hawaii Kai III, Jack Regas driving, won the Gold Cup Speedboat Race on Lake Washington on August 10.
Donald Campbell, driving his jet-propelled Bluebird K7, set a world boat speed record of 248.62 miles per hour on Lake Coniston, England, on November 10.
Bowling
The 72-day American Bowling Congress Tournament in Syracuse, New York, which ended on June 6, attracted 5,434 five-man teams, 8,712 doubles teams, 17,402 singles entrants, and 15,184 all-events competitors. The Falstaff Beer team of St. Louis, Missouri, won the men's team event with a score of 3,210 (including a tournament record single-game score of 1,226) and the team all-events title with a new tournament record of 9,608 pins. Bill Tucker and James Vrenick won the doubles event with 1,414. Ed Shay was voted the tournament's most spectacular performer; his championship singles score of 733 included the 15th perfect game in ABC tournament history. Al Faragalli scored 2,043 for the individual all-events crown and Tom Hennessey averaged 209.15 pins as he swept seven matches to win the ABC Masters title.
Chicago, Illinois's, Allgauer Restaurants took the team championship at the 42nd annual Women's International Bowling Congress tournament in San Francisco, California, with a total score of 2,972. Mae Ploegam, who was instrumental in the Allgauer victory, also won the all-events crown with 1,828. Ruth Hertel took the singles crown with 622 and Jean Schultz and Tess Johns won the doubles with 1,173.
Ed Lubanski won the men's bowling title and Charlotte Grubic won the women's title in the World Individual Match-Game Tournament in Chicago, Illinois, on December 12.
Don Carter and Marion Ladewig were named Bowlers of the Year by the Bowling Writers Association of America.
Boxing
"Sugar Ray" Robinson, weighing 159-3/4 pounds, won the world middleweight championship for the fifth time by scoring a 2-to-1 decision over Carmen Basilio, 153 pounds, in 15 rounds in Chicago, Illinois, on March 25.
[All Boxing Highlights]
Equestrian
The German equestrian team won the Prix des Nations on November 11 and the over-all jumping title in the National Horse Show, held in New York, New York, November 4-11.
Fencing
The U.S.S.R. outscored France, Hungary, and Italy to capture the Prince Rainier Trophy in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the first world championships held on the American continent. The Soviets won the women's team, the women's individual foil with Valentina Kisseleva, and the saber individual with Iakov Rylskii. They lost the foil team to France on a count of touches, after tying in matches and bouts. Italy won the �p�e team, Hungary retained the saber team crown, Great Britain's H. William Hoskyns won the individual �p�e, and Italy's Giancarlo Bergamini won the foil individual..
Football
The West beat the East in the Pro Bowl National Football League All-Star Game in Los Angeles, California, on January 12.
The Baltimore Colts won the National Football League championship on December 28 by beating the New York Giants 23-17 in "sudden death" overtime at Baltimore, Maryland.
Army halfback Pete Dawkins was awarded both the Maxwell and Heisman Memorial trophies. Teammate Billy Cannon was voted "Back of the Year."
Gymnastics
The Deutscher Turner Bund, a West German gymnastics team, toured the United States in 1958.
The Amateur Athletic Union championship competition, held in San Fernando, California, on May 9 and 10, was won by the Los Angeles Turners.
The United States was represented in gymnastics at the World Games in Moscow, Russia, July 6-10, by a men's team only. Members of the team were Abe Grossfeld and Don Tonry, both from the University of Illinois; Armando Vega, Pennsylvania State University; John Beckner, Arthur Shurlock, and Larry Banner, all of the Los Angeles Turners.
Glenn Wilson, Don Tonry, Abe Grossfeld, Leonard Harris, and Armando Vega gave gymnastics exhibitions in Afghanistan, Turkey, and Iran from August 23 through September 10 on a tour sponsored by the U.S. State Department.
Horse Racing
Eddie Arcaro brought in the 4,000th winner of his career as a jockey, at Santa Anita, on February 20.
Tim Tam, Ismael Valenzuela up, won the $160,500 Kentucky Derby on May 3.
Cavan, Pete Anderson up, won the Belmont Stakes on June 7.
[All Horse Racing Highlights]
Ice Hockey
The Montreal Canadiens, after winning the National Hockey League title for the tenth time, won their third straight Stanley Cup by defeating the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2, April 8-20.
Gordie Howe, Detroit Red Wings, was named Most Valuable Player of the National Hockey League.
[All Ice Hockey Highlights]
Polo
The Meadow Brook polo team (Long Island, New York) won the U.S. 20-goal tournament in Jericho, New York, on July 13.
Rowing
Cambridge defeated Oxford in London, England, on April 5 in their 104th crew rowing meet since 1841; it was the 58th victory in the series for Cambridge.
The University of Washington rowing crew defeated the Leningrad Trud crew (Henley Regatta winners, July 5) in a race at Moscow, Russia, on July 19.
Skiing
In the World Championship Ski Meet at Bad Gastein, Austria, Toni Sailer of Austria won the men's giant slalom, the downhill run, and the Alpine combined title.
[All Skiing Highlights]
Soccer
On February 8, a plane carrying the Manchester United soccer team crashed on a take-off in Germany. Although seven of its players were killed and several more were seriously injured, Manchester United continued to the final of the English Cup, which it lost to the Bolton Wanderers, 2-0. The Wanderers subsequently fell to Milan of Italy, who in turn were defeated by Real Madrid of Spain in the European Cup.
Sixteen nations met in Sweden in June to compete for the 1958 World Championship. Brazil defeated Sweden, 5-2, in the final; France took third place with a 6-3 victory over the defending champions from Germany.
Softball
For the first time in history the world championships for both men and women were won by the same sponsor. Raybestos of Stratford, Connecticut, whose Cardinals defeated the McDonald Scots of Lake Charles, Louisiana, for the men's title, completed the feat when their Brackettes defeated the defending champion Rockets of Fresno, California, for the women's title.
Speed Skating
At the National Outdoor Speed Skating Championship held at Lake Como, St. Paul, Minnesota, in January, Jean Omelenchuk won four of the five top events in the senior women's division and Gene Sandvig won three of the seven events in the senior men's division.
[All Speed Skating Highlights]
Swimming
Forty-one new world records were confirmed by the F�d�ratio Internationale de Natation Amateur, the world governing body of amateur swimming.
Fifteen-year-old Jon Konrads set seven of those new world records -- 220-yard free-style, 2:03.2; 400-meter and 440-yard free-style, 4:21.8; 800-meter and 800-yard free-style, 9:14.5; 1,500-meter and 1,650-yard free-style, 17:28.7.
Sylvia Ruuska tied a record when she won four titles at the Women's National AAU Outdoor Championships -- the 400- and 1,500-meter free-style, 200-meter butterfly, and 400-meter individual medley, the latter with a world record time of 5:43.7.
The Santa Clara (California) Swim Club retained its national AAU outdoor team swimming title in Topeka, Kansas, on August 1-3.
The University of Michigan won the 35th annual National Collegiate swimming championships.
In October Greta Andersen became the first person to make a round-trip swim of California's 22-mile Catalina Channel.
Track and Field
The National AAU Championships held at Bakersfield, California, June 20-21, produced three world records, one tied world mark, an American record, and a total of ten championship records.
The Soviet Union and the United States met in a two-day track and field match in Moscow, Russia, on July 27-28.
Herb Elliott ran the mile in the world record time of 3 minutes 54.5 seconds in Dublin, Ireland, on August 6.
[All Track and Field Highlights]
Wrestling
A group of eight Russian wrestling champions came to the United States in the spring. They faced a picked American team in matches in Norman, Stillwater, and Tulsa, Oklahoma, and in New York City, New York. Terry McCann, the U.S. 125�-pound Amateur Athletic Union Champion, defeated Vladimir Arsenyan three times and tied him once. Bill Kerslake, the Amateur Athletic Union heavyweight champion, tied Otar Kandeleki three times. None of the other six American wrestlers fared well against their Russian opponents.
Oklahoma State University won its 20th National Collegiate Wrestling Championship on March 29.
The National A.A.U. Wrestling Championships were held in San Francisco, California,in April. Tsukukisa Torikura of Japan, victor in the 114�-pound class was named outstanding wrestler of the meet.
Yachting
In the 17th attempt to take the America's Cup away from the United States, the British Yacht Club's Sceptre was soundly defeated in four straight races by the New York Yacht Club's Columbia off Newport, Rhodes Island, September 20-26. The Columbia won by margins ranging from 7 minutes 5 seconds to 11 minutes 42 seconds in time and up to 1-1/2 miles in distance.
| Fencing |
Which town is the administrative headquarters of Angus District Council? | Sports News and Highlights, 1958
Sports News and Highlights
Herb Elliott, Australian distance runner who set world records for the mile and 1,500 meters, was named Outstanding Male Athlete of 1958 by an East-West European sports editors' panel on December 12 and in an Associated Press poll reported on December 24.
Automobile Racing
Jimmy Bryan won the 500-mile Memorial Day race at the Indianapolis Speedway on May 30, driving a Belond Special at an average speed of 133.791 miles per hour. Pat O'Connor was killed in a 13-car crash in the first lap.
[All Automobile Racing Highlights]
Baseball
The 1958 Major League season was marked by the National League's abandonment of New York, with the New York Giants moving to San Francisco, California, and the Brooklyn Dodgers moving to Los Angeles, California.
On January 28, Brooklyn Dodgers catcher Roy Campanella was seriously injured in an auto accident in Glen Cove, New York. The accident left him paralyzed from the neck down.
On February 27, New York Yankees center fielder Mickey Mantle signed a contract worth an estimated $72,000 to $75,000.
The Washington Senators defeated the Boston Red Sox 5-2 in the first Major League game of the 1958 season in Washington on April 14.
The New York Yankees, leading the American League by 12-1/2 games, clinched their ninth pennant in 10 years under Manager Casy Stengel with their first two victories in Kansas City, Missouri, on September 14. The Milwaukee Braves, 5-1/2 games ahead of the Pittsburgh Pirates, clinched their 2nd consecutive National League pennant on September 21 by winning in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The Yankees beat the Braves 4 games to 3 to win the World Series, October 1-9.
[All Baseball Highlights]
Basketball
The National Basketball Coaches Association All-American Team, announced on March 12, included Wilt Chamberlain of Kansas, Oscar Robertson of Cincinnati, Elgin Baylor of Seattle, Guy Rodgers of Temple, and Don Hennen of Pittsburgh.
Kentucky won the National Collegiate Athletic Association Basketball Tournament in Louisville, Kentucky, on March 23 with an 84-to-72 victory over Seattle.
[All Basketball Highlights]
Bicycle Racing
Charley Gaul won the Tour de France, which finished at the Parc des Princes Velodrome in Paris on July 19. Gaul's winning time was 116 hours 59 minutes 5 seconds. Although the race usually starts and finishes in Paris, this year it started in Brussels, Belgium, scene of the World's Fair.
Ercole Baldini won the Professional Road Title at Rheims, France, on August 31.
Michel Rousseau won the World's Professional Sprint Championship at Paris, France, on September 7.
Roger Rivi�re, who in 1957 set a new one-hour unpaced record of 29 miles 276 yards, bettered his mark to a distance of 29 miles 938 yards at the Vigorelli Velodrome in Milan, Italy, on September 23.
Billiards
Willie Mosconi retained his crown as World Pocket Billiard Champion and Harold Worst held his title as World Three-Cushion Billiards Champion, as 1958 saw no professional championship matches or national tournaments in either sport.
Boat Racing
An outboard motorboat speed record of 107.821 miles per hour was set on June 7 on Lake Washington, Seattle, Washington, by Hugh Entrop, in his 12�-foot boat. The previous record of 100.3 miles per hour had been set by Massimo di Priolo in 1956.
The Hawaii Kai III, Jack Regas driving, won the Gold Cup Speedboat Race on Lake Washington on August 10.
Donald Campbell, driving his jet-propelled Bluebird K7, set a world boat speed record of 248.62 miles per hour on Lake Coniston, England, on November 10.
Bowling
The 72-day American Bowling Congress Tournament in Syracuse, New York, which ended on June 6, attracted 5,434 five-man teams, 8,712 doubles teams, 17,402 singles entrants, and 15,184 all-events competitors. The Falstaff Beer team of St. Louis, Missouri, won the men's team event with a score of 3,210 (including a tournament record single-game score of 1,226) and the team all-events title with a new tournament record of 9,608 pins. Bill Tucker and James Vrenick won the doubles event with 1,414. Ed Shay was voted the tournament's most spectacular performer; his championship singles score of 733 included the 15th perfect game in ABC tournament history. Al Faragalli scored 2,043 for the individual all-events crown and Tom Hennessey averaged 209.15 pins as he swept seven matches to win the ABC Masters title.
Chicago, Illinois's, Allgauer Restaurants took the team championship at the 42nd annual Women's International Bowling Congress tournament in San Francisco, California, with a total score of 2,972. Mae Ploegam, who was instrumental in the Allgauer victory, also won the all-events crown with 1,828. Ruth Hertel took the singles crown with 622 and Jean Schultz and Tess Johns won the doubles with 1,173.
Ed Lubanski won the men's bowling title and Charlotte Grubic won the women's title in the World Individual Match-Game Tournament in Chicago, Illinois, on December 12.
Don Carter and Marion Ladewig were named Bowlers of the Year by the Bowling Writers Association of America.
Boxing
"Sugar Ray" Robinson, weighing 159-3/4 pounds, won the world middleweight championship for the fifth time by scoring a 2-to-1 decision over Carmen Basilio, 153 pounds, in 15 rounds in Chicago, Illinois, on March 25.
[All Boxing Highlights]
Equestrian
The German equestrian team won the Prix des Nations on November 11 and the over-all jumping title in the National Horse Show, held in New York, New York, November 4-11.
Fencing
The U.S.S.R. outscored France, Hungary, and Italy to capture the Prince Rainier Trophy in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the first world championships held on the American continent. The Soviets won the women's team, the women's individual foil with Valentina Kisseleva, and the saber individual with Iakov Rylskii. They lost the foil team to France on a count of touches, after tying in matches and bouts. Italy won the �p�e team, Hungary retained the saber team crown, Great Britain's H. William Hoskyns won the individual �p�e, and Italy's Giancarlo Bergamini won the foil individual..
Football
The West beat the East in the Pro Bowl National Football League All-Star Game in Los Angeles, California, on January 12.
The Baltimore Colts won the National Football League championship on December 28 by beating the New York Giants 23-17 in "sudden death" overtime at Baltimore, Maryland.
Army halfback Pete Dawkins was awarded both the Maxwell and Heisman Memorial trophies. Teammate Billy Cannon was voted "Back of the Year."
Gymnastics
The Deutscher Turner Bund, a West German gymnastics team, toured the United States in 1958.
The Amateur Athletic Union championship competition, held in San Fernando, California, on May 9 and 10, was won by the Los Angeles Turners.
The United States was represented in gymnastics at the World Games in Moscow, Russia, July 6-10, by a men's team only. Members of the team were Abe Grossfeld and Don Tonry, both from the University of Illinois; Armando Vega, Pennsylvania State University; John Beckner, Arthur Shurlock, and Larry Banner, all of the Los Angeles Turners.
Glenn Wilson, Don Tonry, Abe Grossfeld, Leonard Harris, and Armando Vega gave gymnastics exhibitions in Afghanistan, Turkey, and Iran from August 23 through September 10 on a tour sponsored by the U.S. State Department.
Horse Racing
Eddie Arcaro brought in the 4,000th winner of his career as a jockey, at Santa Anita, on February 20.
Tim Tam, Ismael Valenzuela up, won the $160,500 Kentucky Derby on May 3.
Cavan, Pete Anderson up, won the Belmont Stakes on June 7.
[All Horse Racing Highlights]
Ice Hockey
The Montreal Canadiens, after winning the National Hockey League title for the tenth time, won their third straight Stanley Cup by defeating the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2, April 8-20.
Gordie Howe, Detroit Red Wings, was named Most Valuable Player of the National Hockey League.
[All Ice Hockey Highlights]
Polo
The Meadow Brook polo team (Long Island, New York) won the U.S. 20-goal tournament in Jericho, New York, on July 13.
Rowing
Cambridge defeated Oxford in London, England, on April 5 in their 104th crew rowing meet since 1841; it was the 58th victory in the series for Cambridge.
The University of Washington rowing crew defeated the Leningrad Trud crew (Henley Regatta winners, July 5) in a race at Moscow, Russia, on July 19.
Skiing
In the World Championship Ski Meet at Bad Gastein, Austria, Toni Sailer of Austria won the men's giant slalom, the downhill run, and the Alpine combined title.
[All Skiing Highlights]
Soccer
On February 8, a plane carrying the Manchester United soccer team crashed on a take-off in Germany. Although seven of its players were killed and several more were seriously injured, Manchester United continued to the final of the English Cup, which it lost to the Bolton Wanderers, 2-0. The Wanderers subsequently fell to Milan of Italy, who in turn were defeated by Real Madrid of Spain in the European Cup.
Sixteen nations met in Sweden in June to compete for the 1958 World Championship. Brazil defeated Sweden, 5-2, in the final; France took third place with a 6-3 victory over the defending champions from Germany.
Softball
For the first time in history the world championships for both men and women were won by the same sponsor. Raybestos of Stratford, Connecticut, whose Cardinals defeated the McDonald Scots of Lake Charles, Louisiana, for the men's title, completed the feat when their Brackettes defeated the defending champion Rockets of Fresno, California, for the women's title.
Speed Skating
At the National Outdoor Speed Skating Championship held at Lake Como, St. Paul, Minnesota, in January, Jean Omelenchuk won four of the five top events in the senior women's division and Gene Sandvig won three of the seven events in the senior men's division.
[All Speed Skating Highlights]
Swimming
Forty-one new world records were confirmed by the F�d�ratio Internationale de Natation Amateur, the world governing body of amateur swimming.
Fifteen-year-old Jon Konrads set seven of those new world records -- 220-yard free-style, 2:03.2; 400-meter and 440-yard free-style, 4:21.8; 800-meter and 800-yard free-style, 9:14.5; 1,500-meter and 1,650-yard free-style, 17:28.7.
Sylvia Ruuska tied a record when she won four titles at the Women's National AAU Outdoor Championships -- the 400- and 1,500-meter free-style, 200-meter butterfly, and 400-meter individual medley, the latter with a world record time of 5:43.7.
The Santa Clara (California) Swim Club retained its national AAU outdoor team swimming title in Topeka, Kansas, on August 1-3.
The University of Michigan won the 35th annual National Collegiate swimming championships.
In October Greta Andersen became the first person to make a round-trip swim of California's 22-mile Catalina Channel.
Track and Field
The National AAU Championships held at Bakersfield, California, June 20-21, produced three world records, one tied world mark, an American record, and a total of ten championship records.
The Soviet Union and the United States met in a two-day track and field match in Moscow, Russia, on July 27-28.
Herb Elliott ran the mile in the world record time of 3 minutes 54.5 seconds in Dublin, Ireland, on August 6.
[All Track and Field Highlights]
Wrestling
A group of eight Russian wrestling champions came to the United States in the spring. They faced a picked American team in matches in Norman, Stillwater, and Tulsa, Oklahoma, and in New York City, New York. Terry McCann, the U.S. 125�-pound Amateur Athletic Union Champion, defeated Vladimir Arsenyan three times and tied him once. Bill Kerslake, the Amateur Athletic Union heavyweight champion, tied Otar Kandeleki three times. None of the other six American wrestlers fared well against their Russian opponents.
Oklahoma State University won its 20th National Collegiate Wrestling Championship on March 29.
The National A.A.U. Wrestling Championships were held in San Francisco, California,in April. Tsukukisa Torikura of Japan, victor in the 114�-pound class was named outstanding wrestler of the meet.
Yachting
In the 17th attempt to take the America's Cup away from the United States, the British Yacht Club's Sceptre was soundly defeated in four straight races by the New York Yacht Club's Columbia off Newport, Rhodes Island, September 20-26. The Columbia won by margins ranging from 7 minutes 5 seconds to 11 minutes 42 seconds in time and up to 1-1/2 miles in distance.
| i don't know |
Berengaria, the wife of Richard I of England, came from which European Kingdom, now part of Spain? | Berenguela de Navarra, Reina consorte de Inglaterra (c.1167 - 1230) - Genealogy
Berenguela de Navarra, Reina consorte de Inglaterra
Lithuanian: Berengarija Navarietė, Anglijos Karalienė
Birthdate:
in Abbey de Espans, Sarthe, France
Place of Burial:
Abbey de Espans, Sarthe, France
Immediate Family:
Queen consort of England, Queen of England (without ever visited England)
Managed by:
Circa 1167 - Pampeluna, Navarra, Spain
Death:
Dec 23 1230 - Abbey de Espans, Sarthe, France
Father:
Sancho Vi Rey De Navarra. 1150 1194
Siblings:
Blanca De Navarra, Sancho De Navarra
Husband:
After Dec 23 1230 - Abbey de Espans, Sarthe Francia
Parents:
Sancho Vi (El Sabio) Rey De Navarra, Sancha Rey De Navarra I (nacida Alfonso)
Siblings:
...Navarra, Ramiro Sánchez De Navarra Infante De Navarra Y Obispo De Pamplona, Constanza Sánchez De Navarra, Blanca, Champagne (nacida Sánch...
Husband:
Circa 1167 - Pampeluna, Navarra, Spain
Death:
Dec 23 1230 - Abbey de Espans, Sarthe, France
Parents:
...e Sage King Of Navarre The /wise/ Le Sage "the Wise" Called The Wise (El Sabio) Sancho Vi (The Wise) De Navarra, Sancha Of Nava...
Siblings:
...d The Strong (El Fuerte In Spanish Santxo Azkarra In Basque) Or The Prudent. His Retirement At The End Of His Life Has Given Rise To The ...
Circa 1167 - Pampeluna, Navarra, Spain
Death:
Dec 23 1230 - Abbey de Espans, Sarthe, France
Husband:
...;the Lion Hearted" King Of England,ricardo I "corazón De León",richard D'angleterre,richard The Lionheart,coeur De Li...
Son:
About Berengaria of Navarre, Queen consort of England
from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Berengaria of Navarre (Spanish: Berenguela, French: Bérengère; c. 1165-1170 – 23 December 1230) was Queen of the English as the wife of King Richard I of England. She was the eldest daughter of King Sancho VI of Navarre and Sancha of Castile.
Marriage
Berengaria married Richard I of England on 12 May 1191 and was crowned the same day by the Archbishop of Bordeaux and Bishops of Evreux and Bayonne. As is the case with many of the medieval queens consort of the Kingdom of England, relatively little is known of her life. It seems that she and Richard did in fact meet once, years before their marriage, and writers of the time liked to claim that there was an attraction between them at that time. Richard had been betrothed many years earlier to Princess Alys, sister of King Philip II of France. Alys, however, may have been the mistress of Richard's own father, King Henry II, and some said the mother of Henry's illegitimate child; a marriage between Richard and Alys would therefore be technically impossible for religious reasons of affinity. Richard terminated his betrothal to Alys in 1190 while at Messina.
He had Berengaria brought to him by his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Since Richard was already on the Third Crusade, having wasted no time in setting off after his coronation, the two women had a long and difficult journey to catch up with him. They arrived in Sicily during Lent (when the marriage could not take place) in 1191 and were joined by Richard's sister Joan, the widowed Queen of Sicily. En route to the Holy Land, the ship carrying Berengaria and Joan went aground off the coast of Cyprus, and they were threatened by the island's ruler, Isaac Comnenus. Richard came to their rescue, captured the island, overthrew Comnenus, and married Berengaria in the Chapel of St. George at Limassol.
Queen consort
Whether the marriage was ever even consummated is a matter for conjecture. In any case, Richard certainly took his new wife with him for the first part of the crusade. They returned separately, but Richard was captured and imprisoned. Berengaria remained in Europe, attempting to raise money for his ransom. After his release, Richard returned to England and was not joined by his wife. The marriage was childless, and Berengaria was thought to be barren.
When Richard returned to England, he had to regain all the territory that had either been lost by his brother John or taken by King Philip of France. His focus was on his kingdom, not his queen. Richard was ordered by Pope Celestine III to reunite with Berengaria and to show fidelity to her in future. Richard obeyed and took Berengaria to church every week thereafter. When he died in 1199, she was greatly distressed, perhaps more so at being deliberately overlooked as Queen of England and Cyprus. Some historians believe that Berengaria honestly loved her husband, while Richard's feelings for her were merely formal, as the marriage was a political rather than a romantic union.
Queen dowager
Berengaria never visited England during King Richard's lifetime; during the entirety of their marriage, Richard spent less than six months in England. There is evidence, however, that she may have done so in the years following his death. The traditional description of her as "the only English queen never to set foot in the country" would still be literally true, as she did not visit England during the time she was Richard's consort. She certainly sent envoys to England several times, mainly to inquire about the pension she was due as dowager queen and Richard's widow, which King John failed to pay. Although Queen Eleanor intervened and Pope Innocent III threatened him with an interdict if he did not pay Berengaria what was due, King John still owed her more than £4000 when he died. During the reign of his son Henry III of England, however, her payments were made as they were supposed to be.
Berengaria eventually settled in Le Mans, one of her dower properties. She was a benefactress of the abbey of L'Epau, entered the conventual life, and was buried in the abbey. A skeleton thought to be hers was discovered in 1960 during the restoration of the abbey.
Berengaria of Navarre, Queen consort of England's Timeline
1167
| Navarre |
In which city is the opera Turandot set? | King Richard I Plantagenet King Of England / Berengaria Princess Of Navarre
Name: Isabel Born: Died: Husband: Llewellyn Prince Of Wales
SOURCES
1). royalfam.ged 2). ROYAL92.GED Gedcom file 4). June Ferguson s Royalty GED 5). royalfam.ged 6). ROYAL92.GED Gedcom file 7). ROYAL92.GED Gedcom file
NOTES
1). Richard I September 8, 1157 April 6, 1199 was King of England from 1189 to 1199. He was often referred to as Richard the Lionheart, Coeur de Lion and Oc et No by the French, and Melek Ric by the Saracens his name in Arabic used to frighten children King Rick will get you if you dont watch out! . He was considered a hero in his day and has often been portrayed as one in works of literature. He became known as an ambitious man. Early Life The third of King Henry II s legitimate sons, Richard was never expected to accede to the throne. He was, however, the favourite son of his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Although born in Oxford, England, he soon came to know France as his home. When his parents effectively separated, he remained in Eleanor s care, and was invested with her duchy of Aquitaine in 1168, and of Poitiers in 1172. This was his consolation prize for the fact that his eldest brother, Henry the Young King, was simultaneously crowned as his father s successor. Richard and his other brother, Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, thus learned how to defend their property while still teenagers. As well as being an educated man, able to compose poetry in French and Proven�al, Richard was also a magnificent physical specimen his height is estimated at six feet four inches tall and gloried in military activity. From an early age he appeared to have significant political and military abilities, became noted for his chivalry and courage, and soon was able to control the unruly nobles of his territory. As with all the true born sons of Henry II, Richard had limited respect for his father and lacked foresight and a sense of responsibility. In 1170, his elder brother Henry the Young King was crowned king of England as Henry III. Historians know him as Henry the Young King so as not to confuse him with the later king of this name who was his nephew. In 1173, Richard joined his brothers, Henry and Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, in a revolt against their father. They were planning to dethrone their father and leave the Young King as the only king of England. Henry II invaded Aquitaine twice. At the age of seventeen, Richard was the last of the brothers to hold out against Henry though, in the end, he refused to fight him face to face and humbly begged his pardon. In 1174, after the end of the failed revolt, Richard gave a new oath of subservience to his father. After his failure Richard concentrated on putting down internal revolts by the dissatisfied nobles of Aquitaine, especially the territory of Gascony. The increasing cruelty of his reign led to a major revolt of Gascony in 1183. Richard had a terrible reputation, including reports of various rapes and murders. The rebels hoped to dethrone Richard and asked his brothers Henry and Geoffrey to help them succeed. Their father feared that the war between his three sons could lead to the destruction of his kingdom. He led the part of his army that served in his French territories in support of Richard. The Young King s death on June 11, 1183, ended the revolt, and Richard remained on his throne. Young Henry s death left Richard as the eldest surviving son and the natural heir when the old King died. However, there was some uncertainty over King Henry s intentions. When Geoffrey also died, Richard was the only realistic possibility, his youngest brother, John, being too weak and inexperienced to be considered as an alternative. From the Young King s death Richard was considered though not officially proclaimed heir to the joint thrones of England, Normandy and Anjou. In 1188 Henry II planned to concede Aquitaine to his youngest son John Lackland, later King John of England. In opposition to his father s plans, Richard allied himself with King Philip II of France, the son of Eleanors ex husband Louis VII by his third wife, Adela of Blois. In exchange for Philip s help against his father, Richard promised to concede his rights to both Normandy and Anjou to Philip. Richard gave an oath of subservience to Philip in November of the same year. In 1189 Richard attempted to take the throne of England for himself by joining Philips expedition against his father. They were victorious. Henry, with John s consent, agreed to name Richard his heir. On July 6, 1189 Henry died in Chinon, and Richard succeeded him as King of England, Duke of Normandy, and Count of Anjou. He was officially crowned duke on July 20 and king in Westminster on September 3, 1189. Reign As a result of an incident during Richard s coronation celebrations, religious and political persecution of the Jews took place throughout the country. Richard has been criticised for doing little for England, siphoning the kingdom s resources by appointing Jewish moneylenders to support his tirades away on Crusade in the Holy Land. Richard had one major reason for discontent with his father. Henry had appropriated Princess Alice not the same Alice as Richard s half sister , the daughter of the French king and Richard s betrothed, as his mistress. This made a marriage between Richard and Alice technically impossible at least in the eyes of the church, but Henry, not wishing to cause a diplomatic incident, prevaricated and did not confess to his misdeed. As for Richard, he was discouraged from renouncing Alice because she was Philip s sister. It is Richard s early friendship with Philip which has led to the suggestion that he may have been homosexual, but the historical evidence for this is scant. Whether or not he and Philip were lovers, they quickly became enemies and, within a few years, were at one another s throats. Leaving the country in the hands of various officials he designated including his mother, at times , Richard spent only a small fraction of his reign in England, being far more concerned with his possessions in what is now France and his battles in Palestine. He had grown up on the Continent, and had never seen any need to learn the English language. Soon after his accession to the throne, he decided to join the Third Crusade, inspired by the loss of Jerusalem to the infidels under the command of Saladin. Afraid that, during his absence, the French might usurp his territories, Richard tried to persuade Philip to join the Crusade as well. Philip agreed and both gave their crusader oaths on the same date. Richard did not concern himself with the future of England. He wanted to engage in an adventure that would cause the troubadours to immortalise his name, as well as guaranteeing him a place in heaven. The evidence suggests that he had deep spiritual needs, and he swore an oath to renounce his past wickedness in order to show himself worthy to take the cross. He started to raise a new English crusader army, though most of his warriors were Normans, and supplied it with weapons. He spent most of his father s treasury, raised taxes, and even agreed to free King William I of Scotland from his oath of subservience to Richard in exchange for 10,000 marks. To raise even more money he sold official positions, rights, and lands to those interested in them. He finally succeeded in raising a huge army and navy. After repositioning the part of his army he left behind so that it would guard his French possessions, Richard finally started his expedition to the Holy Land in 1190. Richard appointed as regents Hugh, Bishop of Durham, and William de Mandeville, who soon died and was replaced by Richard s chancellor William Longchamp. Richard s brother John was not satisfied by this decision and started scheming against William. The Struggle for Sicily In September 1190 both Richard and Philip arrived in Sicily. In 1189 King William II of Sicily had died. His heir was his aunt Constance, later Queen Constance of Sicily, who was married to Emperor Henry VI. But immediately after William s death, William s cousin, Tancred, rebelled, seized control of the island and was crowned early in 1190 as King Tancred I of Sicily. He was favored by the people and the pope but had problems with the island s nobles. Richards arrival caused even more problems. Tancred had imprisoned William s widow, Queen Joan, who was Richard s sister, and did not give her the money she had inherited according to William s will. Richard demanded that his sister be released and given her inheritance. Meanwhile the presence of two foreign armies caused unrest among the people. In October, the people of Messina revolted, demanding that the foreigners leave the island. Richard attacked Messina and captured it on October 4, 1190. After looting and burning the city Richard established his base in it. He remained there until March 1191 when Tancred finally agreed to sign a treaty. The treaty was signed during the same month by Richard, Philip and Tancred. According to the treaty s main terms Joan was to be released, receiving her inheritance along with the dowry her father had given to the deceased William. Richard and Philip recognized Tancred as legal King of Sicily and vowed to keep the peace between all three of their kingdoms. Richard officially proclaimed his nephew, the son of Geoffrey, Arthur of Brittany, as his heir, and Tancred promised to later marry one of his daughters to Arthur when he came of age Arthur was only four years old at the time . After signing the treaty Richard and Philip left Sicily. The treaty undermined England s relationships with the Holy Roman Empire and caused the revolt of Richard s brother John, who hoped to be proclaimed heir instead of their nephew. Although his revolt failed, John continued to scheme against his brother after this point. Richard on the Third Crusade During April Richard stopped on the Byzantine island of Rhodes to avoid the stormy weather. He left in May but a new storm drove Richard s fleet to Cyprus. On May 6, 1191, Richard s fleet arrived in the port of Lemesos now Limassol . Richard captured the city. When the island s despot Isaac Dukas Comnenus arrived to stop the Crusaders he discovered he was too late, and retired to Kolossi. Richard called Isaac to negotiations but Isaac broke his oath of hospitality and started demanding Richard s departure. Richard ordered his cavalry to follow him in a battle against Isaac s army in Tremetusia. The few Roman Catholics of the island joined Richard s army and so did the island s nobles who were dissatisfied with Isaac s seven years of tyrannical rule. Though Isaac and his men fought bravely, Richard s army was bigger and better equipped, assuring his victory. Isaac continued to resist from the castles of Pentadactylos but after the siege of his castle of Kantaras he finally surrendered. Richard became the new ruler of Cyprus. Richard looted the island and massacred those trying to resist him. Meanwhile, Richard was finally able to marry the woman to whom he was engaged, who had been brought by his mother to join him on the crusade route. His marriage to Princess Berengaria of Navarre, first born daughter of King Sancho VI of Navarre, was held in Limassol on May 12, 1191. It was attended by his sister Joan, whom Richard had brought from Sicily. There were no children from the marriage opinions vary as to whether it was ever a love match. The unfortunate Berengaria had almost as much difficulty in making the journey home as her husband did, and did not see England until after his death. Richard and most of his army left Cyprus for the Holy Land early in June. In his absence Cyprus would be governed by Richard Kamvill. Richard arrived at Acre in June 1191, in time to relieve the siege of the city by Saladin. Deserted by Philip and having fallen out with Duke Leopold V of Austria, he suddenly found himself without allies. Richard s tactics ensured success at the siege of Acre and on the subsequent march south, Saladin s men being unable to harass the Crusader army into an impulsive action which might not have gone their way. However, the desertion of the French king had been a major blow, from which they could not hope to recover. Realising that he had no hope of holding Jerusalem even if he took it, Richard sadly ordered a retreat. Despite being only a few miles from the city, he refused, thereafter, to set eyes on it, since God had ordained that he should not be the one to conquer it. He had finally realised that his return home could be postponed no longer, since both Philip and John were taking advantage of his absence to make themselves more powerful. Having planned to leave Conrad of Montferrat as King of Jerusalem and Cyprus in the hands of his own prot�g�, Guy of Lusignan, Richard was dealt another blow when Conrad was assassinated before he could be crowned. His replacement was Richard s own nephew, Henry I of Champagne. Captivity and Return On his return to Europe in the autumn of 1192, Richard was captured by Duke Leopold � whom he had publicly insulted in the course of the crusade � and was handed over as a prisoner to the Emperor Henry VI after being held captive at D�rnstein. Although the circumstances of his captivity were not severe, he was frustrated by his inability to travel freely. The imprisonment gave rise to the legend of Blondel. On payment of a ransom of 150,000 marks, which left England destitute for years, he was released and returned to England in 1194. Once again repenting of his sins, he underwent a second coronation. Nevertheless, he spent the remainder of his reign attempting to regain the territory he had lost in France. After his departure in May 1194, he never returned to England. Overall Assessment There is no doubt that Richard had many admirable qualities, as well as many bad ones. He was a military mastermind, and politically astute in many ways � yet incredibly foolish in others, and unwilling to give way to public opinion. He was capable of great humility as well as great arrogance. He loved his family, but behaved ruthlessly to his enemies. He was revered by his most worthy rival, Saladin, and respected by the Emperor Henry, but hated by many who had been his friends, especially King Philip. He was often careless of his own safety the wound which killed him need not have been inflicted at all if he had been properly armoured. Almost the same thing had happened, ten years earlier when, while feuding with his father, he had encountered William Marshal while unarmed and had to beg for his life. Richard s existence had been one whole series of contradictions. Although he had neglected his wife and had to be commanded by priests to be faithful to her, she was distraught at the news of his death. During his absence, his brother John had come close to seizing the throne Richard forgave him, and even named him as his heir in place of Arthur, who was growing into an unpleasant youth. With his 77 year old mother at his side, Richard died on April 6 1199 from the after effects of an arrow wound received during the siege of Chalus in France and was buried next to his father at Fontevraud Abbey near Chinon and Saumur, France. It is said that he summoned Pierre Basile, the crossbowman who had delivered the fatal wound to his bedside, and was so impressed with the man s refusal to be cowed that he pardoned him. Richard was succeeded by his brother John as king of England. However, his French territories initially rejected John as a successor, preferring his nephew Arthur of Brittany, the son of their late brother Geoffrey, whose claim was technically better than John s. Folklore The tales of Robin Hood are traditionally set during the reign of Richard I. However, the only certainty about Robin Hood is that he lived some time during the 12th and or 13th centuries. It was not until much later that a connection came to be made between the two men. The typical usage of the link is that the major political goal of Robin s war is to restore Richard to the throne after Prince John usurped it.
2). Berengaria Spanish Berenguela, French B�reng�re c. 1165 70 December 23, 1230 , daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre, married Richard I of England on May 12, 1191. Like so many of England s medieval queen consorts, relatively little is known of her life. It seems that she and Richard had met once, years before their marriage, and contemporary writers liked to claim that there was an attraction between them at that time. Richard was already betrothed to Princess Alice, sister of King Philip II of France. Alice, however, had become the mistress of Richard s own father, King Henry II, and a marriage between Richard and Alice was therefore technically impossible for religious reasons. He had Berengaria brought to him by his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Since Richard was already on crusade, having wasted no time in setting off after his coronation, the two women had a long and difficult journey to catch up with him. They arrived in Sicily during Lent when they could not marry in 1191 and were joined by Richard s sister, the widowed Joanna. En route to the Holy Land, the ship carrying Berengaria and Joanna went aground off the coast of Cyprus, and they were threatened by the island s ruler, Isaac Comnenus. Richard came to their rescue, captured the island, overthrew Comnenus, and married Berengaria in the Chapel of St. George at Limassol. Whether the marriage was ever even consummated is a matter for conjecture. Richard had a terrible reputation with women and had a bastard son, Philip d. 1211 , but he took his new wife with him for the first part of the crusade. They returned separately, but Richard was captured and imprisoned. Berengaria remained in Europe, attempting to raise money for his ransom. Although, after his release, Richard returned to England and showed some degree of regret for his earlier conduct, he was not joined by his wife. The fact that the marriage was childless is inconclusive, but it is certainly true that Richard had to be ordered by a priest to reunite with Berengaria and to show fidelity to her in future, and the language he used is the main evidence cited for the proposition that Richard had been engaged in homosexual activities. Nevertheless, when he died in 1199, she was greatly distressed, perhaps more so at being deliberately overlooked in the general rush to get to his deathbed. Image crusade.JPG Berengaria had never visited England during King Richards lifetime Richard, already married, only spent three months in England this was in his second coronation and never returned to England , but there is evidence that she may have done so in the years following his death. The traditional description of her as the only English queen never to set foot in the country would still be literally true, as she did not visit England during the time she was Richards consort. However, she certainly sent envoys to England several times, mainly to inquire about the pension she was due as dowager queen and Richard s widow that King John was not paying her. Although Queen Eleanor intervened, and Pope Innocent III threatened him with an interdict if he did not pay Berengaria what was due, King John owed her more than �4000 when he died, but during his son s reign her payments were made as they were supposed to be. Berengaria eventually settled in Le Mans, one of her dower properties. She was a benefactress of the abbey of L Epau, entered the conventual life, and was buried in the abbey, but her remains were later moved to the Cathedral of St. Julien in Le Mans. The story of Richard and Berengaria s marriage is fictionalized in the 1935 film The Crusades starring Loretta Young and Henry Wilcoxon, and was a prominent feature of the 1960s British television series, Richard the Lionheart, but both versions were highly romanticised and are not reliable sources of information about the queen.
If you want me to let you know when I change the website, please signup here (no more then once a quarter!)
| i don't know |
Which Persian tentmaker, astronomer, calendar reformer and poet lived from about 1050 to about 1123? | Quizlet Lists | CourseNotes
Quizlet Lists
Title : AP World History First Semester
Description :
All 483 key terms from Chapters one to chapters 22.
Term Count : 483
110819410
Australopithecus
definition: genus of human ancestors that lived in Africa, now extinct significance: earliest human ancestor, provides insight into early human development
0
110819411
Homo Erectus
definition: human ancestor that had upright skeletons, stronger builds than the Australopithecus, but smaller brains then H. Sapiens significance: larger brain allowed for more movement, along with more successful living
1
110819412
Homo Sapeins
definition: current humans, larger brains allowed for more success than the H. Erectus significance: developed modern tools and systems that are still used today
2
110819413
Paleolithic Age
definition: "old stone age," beginning of stone tools for convince, associated with foraging culture significance: tools made with stone allowed for easier life and displayed early human ingenuity.
3
110819414
Hunting/Gathering Culture
definition: "foraging," groups follow game and plant in order to survive significance: early survival tactics used to survive along with other tools
4
110819415
Cro-Magnon
definition: early modern humans (h. sapiens sapiens) found in the Old World significance: modern human, similar values to modern day humans
5
110819416
Venus Figurines
definition: figures of women with enhanced sexual characteristics, thought to promote fertility significance: showed that early humans were capable of religion, deep thought, self-reflection
6
110819417
Sympathetic Magic
definition: cave paintings left by Cro-Magnons significance: showed structured religion, belief system, similar significance to Venus Figurines
7
110819418
Neolithic
definition: "new stone age" characterized by polished tools and the agricultural transition significance: led to agriculture and permanent settlement
8
110819419
Agricultural Transition
definition: period of centuries in which humans transitioned from hunter/gathering culture to neolithic agriculture significance: led humans onto a different route, allowed more humans to survive
9
110819420
Metallurgy
definition: metalworking, manipulation of metals into tools or jewelry significance: allowed more useful tools for agriculture and was a specialization made possible by the agricultural transition
10
110819421
Venus Figurines
definition: figures of women with enhanced sexual characteristics, thought to promote fertility significance: showed that early humans were capable of religion, deep thought, self-reflection
11
110819422
Gilgamesh
definition: a legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories, reigned around 5700BCE significance: king of Uruk, led many changes in the reigon
12
110819423
Sargon of Akkad
definition: a conqueror from Akkad, north of Sumer, who conquered all of Mesopotamia to create the first empire significance: created the first empire and forced many city-states to subject
13
110819424
Hammurabi
definition: Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia significance: Created the first code or laws for his land
14
110819425
Nebuchadnezzar
definition: a Babylonian king who conquered Jerusalem and sent Jews into exile significance: cause of the "babylonian captivity," overtook several empires
15
definition: leaded and unified Israel significance: unified Israel, created an empire similar to Sargon
16
110819427
King Solomon
definition: Son of King David, established Jerusalem significance: established Jerusalem, now a holy site for many religions
17
110819428
Moses
definition: prophet who preached about Yahweh significance: led a cultural transformation, broke off from Mesopotamian ideas
18
110819429
Epic of Gilgamesh
definition: collection of works glorifying Gilgamesh significance: showed how contemporaries thought of Gilgamesh, many thought of him as a god or god-like
19
110819430
Mesopotamia
definition: site of the first empire, located between the Tigris and Euphrates significance: first civilization, location of the invention of many ideas and technologies used today
20
definition: set of laws set forth my Hammurabi significance: first laws formally set forth
25
110819436
Lex talionis
definition: law of retaliation "an eye for an eye" significance: created a punishment similar to today, "the punishment fits the crime"
26
110819437
Assyrians
definition: a group of people to take over the Fertile Crescent significance: a violent group that took over much land
27
110819438
New Babylonia
definition: new Babylonian empire after much turmoil significance: leaders in this periods were selectd beacause of their merit
28
110819439
Bronze
definition: an alloy of copper and tin significance: led to stronger tools and weapons, a major advancement in metallurgy
29
110819440
Iron
definition: an alloy made of iron and copper significance: led to cheaper and even stronger tools and weapons over bronze, another advancement in metallurgy
30
110819441
Patriarchy
definition: a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line significance: led to males having many significant roles in the government and household
31
110819442
Cuneiform
definition: an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia significance: a standardized writing system that lead to advances in technology, math, and science
32
110819443
Hebrews
definition: one of the first groups of people to believe in one God significance: led a change in culture, broke away from Mesopotamian beliefs
33
110819444
Palestine
definition: former name of the area that today includes Israel significance: is now a holy site, demonstrates the violent struggle for power in the era
34
definition: area between Indus and Ganges river significance: where the Aryan's first conquered
54
110819465
Ganges River
definition: important river in India, supplied water significance: allowed for development of agriculture and cities in India
55
110819466
Caste
definition: Hindu social rank based on wealth and profession significance: social distinctions made by settling down due to agriculture
56
110819467
Varna
definition: class of which a person was placed into according to Hindu law at birth significance: social distinctions made possible by settling down and religion
57
110819468
Brahmans
definition: first level of Varna, priest class of Indian society significance: social distinctions made possible by settling down and religion
58
110819469
Kshatriyas
definition: second level of Varna, warrior class of Indian society significance: social distinctions made possible by settling down and religion
59
110819470
Vaishyas
definition: third level of Varna, merchant class of Indian society significance: social distinctions made possible by settling down and religion
60
110819471
Shudras
definition: fourth level of Varna, servant class of Indian society significance: social distinctions made possible by settling down and religion
61
110819472
Jati
definition: sub Varna, groups for economic development significance: social distinctions made possible by settling down and religion
62
110819473
Patriarchy
definition: a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line significance: led to males having many significant roles in the government and household
63
110819474
Lawbook of Manu
definition: guidelines formed based on Hindu beliefs significance: set of laws to bring order, first ones to be based on religion
64
110819475
Sati
definition: ritual requiring women to commit suicide at their husband's funeral significance: showed belief in afterlife
65
110819476
Varuna
definition: god thought to view people from the heavens, also god of the sky and creation significance: mixing of the Aryan and Indian cultures
66
definition: group of peoples that contributed to older Vedas significance: theological advancement
68
110819479
Brahman
definition: the Universal spirit of which we are all made significance: demonstrates thought and questions in after-life and creation
69
110819480
Samsara
definition: idea of reincarnation back into suffering significance: demonstrates thought and questions in after-life and creation
70
110819481
Karma
definition: idea that a person's actions determined their incarnation significance: demonstrates thought and questions in after-life and creation
71
110819482
Moksha
definition: idea that a person can break Samsara to join Brahman significance: demonstrates thought and questions in after-life and creation
72
110819483
Land Bridges
definition: exposed land masses that appeared when most of the world was covered in ice, used as passages to new lands significance: allowed migration to other areas of the world
73
110819484
Olmecs
definition: earliest known Mexican civilization, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples significance: first civilization of the area, influenced other civilizations in the region
74
110819485
Maya
definition: civilization in Guatemala and the Yucatán Peninsula, about A.D. 250 to 900 significance: advanced society that led to many technological inventions
75
definition: largest ancient Mayan city in Guatemala significance: demonstrates abilities of Mayan engineering
76
110819487
Chichén Itzá
definition: Mayan kingdom that attempted to bring political stability to the region by forcing other city states to subject to its power and rule significance: attempt to create a unified empire, like Sargon
77
110819488
Popol Vuh
definition: Mayan creation epic, taught that god created humans out of maize and water significance: explanation for most of their sacrificial and gory rituals
78
110819489
Ball game
definition: team sport in Mesoamerica, losers were sacrificed to the gods significance: demonstrated the need for sacrifices in Mayan society
79
110819490
Teotihuacan
definition: a powerful city-state in central Mexico, with over 150000 inhabitants at its peak significance: powerful city with much attraction, may have led to Mayan downfall
80
110819491
Chavín
definition: a culture that thrived in the Andean region from about 900 B.C. to 200 B.C. significance: first culture in the Andes
81
110819492
Mochica
definition: Andean society with much technology but no writing, known for their detailed works of art significance: a major culture in the Andes that influenced the Incas.
82
110819493
Austronesians
definition: people who began to explore and settle islands of the Pacific Ocean basin significance: led to the transfer of technologies from the mainland to smaller islands (like agriculture, etc)
83
definition: Overthrew Qin dynasty, first emperor of Han dynasty significance: founder of a new dynasty
93
110819504
Han Wudi
definition: most prominent and important Han dynasty empire, created public school system significance: public school idea still used today
94
110819505
Wang Mang
definition: Confucian scholar, overthrew Liu family to create Xin Dynasty, tried to help the poor and implement land reforms significance: called a "socialist" emperor, one of the first "socialist" leaders
95
110819506
Confucianism
definition: the teachings of Confucius, emphasized kindness and love significance: collection of teachings of Confucius, still used today, impact throughout history
96
110819507
Ren
definition: Confucian virtue of benevolence, stating that a person will make the correct choice regardless of outcome significance: collection of teachings of Confucius, still used today, impact throughout history
97
110819508
Li
definition: Confucian virtue of reverence significance: collection of teachings of Confucius, still used today, impact throughout history
98
110819509
Xiao
definition: Confucian idea that one should respect parents and ancestors above all others significance: idea used in modern religions in Asia
99
110819510
Daoism
definition: philosophy based from works from Laozi, that one should be pious and humble significance: demonstrates ideas made years ago are still used today
100
110819511
Wu Wei
definition: idea that we should know what to do and when significance: demonstrates ideas made years ago are still used today
101
110819512
Legalism
definition: idea that proposed government and expanding borders over everything else significance: idea led to Chinese development and influence
102
110819513
Qin Dynasty
definition: first Dynasty, built Great Wall, unified China, established standards, constructed canals and roads significance: first Chinese empire
103
110819514
Han Dynasty
definition: Dynasty that increased its power and borders, second to the Qin Dynasty significance: brought more land and power to China
104
110819515
Xiongnu
definition: confederation of nomadic tribes in Central Asia significance: threatened China, in response China created the Great Wall of China
105
definition: production of raw silk by raising silkworms significance: form of domestication
106
110819517
Yellow Turban Uprising
definition: revolt in China over land management disputes in second-century CE significance: led to the downfall of the Xin Dynasty
107
110819518
Chandragupta Maurya
definition: founded India's first empire, was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India significance: founder of India's first empire
108
110819519
Kautalya
definition: Advisor of Chandragupta who wrote ancient political handbook known as the Arthashastra, a manual offering detailed instructions on the uses of power and the principles of government significance: wrote ancient political handbooks, aided future governing empires
109
110819520
Ashoka
definition: grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire significance: spread Buddhism, an influential religion
110
110819521
Kanishka
definition: one of the greatest leaders of the Kushan Empire in India significance: creation of arts and philosophy made possible by Kanishka
111
110819522
Chandra Gupta
definition: the founder and ruler of the Gupta Empire significance: led to the golden age of India
112
110819523
Vardhamana Mahavira
definition: Indian ascetic philosopher and the principal founder of Jainism significance: created Jainism, an influence for Buddhism and Hinduism
113
110819524
Siddhartha Gautama
definition: founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha significance: created Buddhism, an influence for Hinduism and India culture
114
110819525
Kingdom of Magadha
definition: located in the central portion of the Ganges plain, most important state in northeastern India during the Mauryan dynasty significance: led to the Gupta dynasty
115
110819526
Maurya Empire
definition: Indian empire founded by Chandragupta, beginning with his kingdom in northeastern India and spreading to most of northern and central India significance: unified the Indian subcontinent
116
110819527
Bactria
definition: in Northwestern India, and ruled by Greek-speaking descendants of Alexander's campaigns, modern day Afghanistan significance: influenced Indian culture and development
117
110819528
Kushan Empire
definition: located in Northern India/Central Asia, maintained Silk Road significance: one of the first emerging territories from Bactria
118
110819529
Gupta Dynasty
definition: ruling family in India during its golden age, responsible for many achievements in math and science significance: made many achievements in science and math, golden age of India
119
110819530
White Huns
definition: nomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration significance: led to the downfall of the Gupta administration
120
110819531
Caste
definition: a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank or profession or wealth significance: pivotal point in the development of Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism
121
110819532
Jainism
definition: a religion that branched off from Hinduism and was founded by Mahavira; its belief is that everything has a soul, and its purpose was to cleanse the soul, some were extreme aesthetics significance: a religion that influenced both Buddhism and later Hinduism
122
110819533
Buddhism
definition: a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire significance: one of the foundations for Hinduism, an influential religion that still exists today
123
110819534
Nalanda
definition: a famous Buddhist university and monastary located in the eastern Ganges Valley significance: helped in the spread of Buddhism through Asia, one of the first formalized instruction centers
124
110819535
Hinduism
definition: a religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms significance: influential and popular religion of classical India
125
110819536
Homer
definition: ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written down the Iliad and the Odyssey significance: Great Greek poet who is still read today
126
110819537
Solon
definition: Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt significance: great leader of Athens, prevented rebellion
127
110819538
Perciles
definition: led rebuilding of Athens for more than 30 years from 461BCE to 429BCE significance: Leader of the Peloponessian war
128
definition: father of Alexander of Macedon, unified the warring Greek city-states significance: unified Greece
129
110819540
Alexander of Macedon
definition: also known as Alexander the Great, by 331 BCE, controlled Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia; invaded Persian homeland and burned Persepolis; crossed the Indus by 327 significance: Created Bactria which influenced India, helped diffuse Greek ideas
130
110819541
Sappho
definition: Greek poet who wrote about human emotions, lived on island of Lesbos significance: Classic example on the male dominance in Greece
131
110819542
Socrates
definition: philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method significance: influence to Plato, and as a result, Aristotle
132
110819543
Plato
definition: considered the greatest philosopher, student of Socrates, known for his Ideas theory significance: influence to Aristotle
133
110819544
Artistotle
definition: prominent Greek philosopher, noted for his philosophically based thoughts of "science" significance: his ideas were used in the Catholic Church for years by Thomas Aquinas
134
definition: an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies significance: greek playwright
136
110819547
Minoan society
definition: society that inhabited Crete, created an undeciphered script, fell to invaders around 1100 BCE significance: beginnings of Greece, its fall led to poleis
137
110819548
Knossos
definition: prominent ancient town on Crete where Bronze Age culture flourished from about 2000 BC to 1400 BCE significance: "capital" of Minoan society
138
110819549
Linear A
definition: an undeciphered writing system used in Crete in the 17th century BCE significance: showed the intuitive ability of the early Indo-Eurpoeans
139
110819550
Mycenaean society
definition: Greek civilization created by Indo- Europeans that lasted from 1600- 1100 BCE, during which large palaces were made, wars fought, trade established; earthquakes and invaders caused it to finally collapse significance: beginnings of Greece, its fall led to the poleis
140
110819551
Linear B
definition: the modern name for the script, composed of signs and pictures, in which Mycenaean Greeks kept records on tablets of clay significance: shows influence of the Minoans and also demonstrates how society changed through time
141
110819552
Trojan War
definition: war (around 1200 B.C.), in which an army lead by Mycenaean kings attacked the city of Troy in Anatolia (trojan horse!) significance: part of the epic the Illiad, led to the fall of the Myceanean Society
142
110819553
Polis
definition: general Greek city-state, including the city and the land around it significance: brought about Sparta and Athens, two influential and powerful city-states
143
110819554
Sparta
definition: Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts significance: encourage a powerful army that influenced Greece
144
110819555
Athens
definition: powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture significance: encouraged a flexible government that influenced Greece and the world
145
110819556
Persian War
definition: conflict between Persia and Greece; Persia wanted to punish Athens for helping another city-state significance: Led to the Delian league and the fall of Athens
146
110819557
Delian League
definition: alliance of city-states with Athens as leader, made to keep fighting Persia significance: led to the fall of Athens
147
110819558
Peloponnesian War
definition: a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta significance: led to the fall of Athens, and in the end, Sparta
148
110819559
Macedon
definition: ancient kingdom of Philip II and Alexander of Macedon in the southeastern Balkans significance: origin of Philip of Macedon and Alexander the Great
149
110819560
Hellenistic Age
definition: period between the death of Alexander the Great (323 BCE) and the conquest of Egypt by Rome (30 BCE), marked by migrations to the newly conquered areas
150
110819561
Antigonid empire
definition: the area of Macedon and Greece, the smallest of the Hellenistic empires; cities such as Athens and Corinth flourished during the Hellenistic age and cities were overpopulated significance: center of Greece, most influential
151
110819562
Ptolemaic empire
definition: The empire in the Egyptian area after the breakup of Alexander's empire significance: had the Megalopolis of Alexandria, many ports, helped trade
152
110819563
Seleucid empire
definition: the largest kingdom that came of the division of Alexander's empire significance: helped diffuse Greek culture and ideas
153
110819564
Olympic games
definition: one of the panhellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations significance: helped unify the many poleis
154
110819565
Forms or Ideas
definition: term used by Plato to refer to traits in physical objects, ex: manly, beauty, etc. significance: part of the deviation from Socrates
155
110819566
Cult of Dionysus
definition: cult based on Dionysus, had many rituals involving orgies and drinking, later transitioned to a more civilized cult significance: one of the cults that emerged with the Greek religion
156
110819567
Stoicism
defitinion: philosophical system of the Stoics (person who can tolerate pain) following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno significance: philosophical ideas influence Europe
157
110819568
Romulus
definition: Founder of Rome; twin of Remus; killed his own twin brother Remus over disputes on the building of Rome significance: Original founder of Rome
158
110819569
Gracchi Brothers
definition: Tried to equally distribute land but upper classes did not want to give up land; were both assassinated significance: Showed that a republic was not meant for a growing empire, showed that Rome was flawed
159
110819570
Marius
definition: A general that advocated redistribution of land; he took down his political enemies and died the next year significance: Laid the foundation for his successor Sulia
160
110819571
Sulia
definition: Took over after Marius died and posted lists of his enemies ("Enemies of the State") that were to be killed on the spot if found; killed about 10,000 people by the time her died significance: Weakened lower classes and strengthened wealthy
161
110819572
Julius Caesar
definition: Conquered Rome and made himself dictator for life; gave building jobs to those of the lower classes; was stabbed to death by elite class members who found him a tyrant significance: Made a centralized imperial form of government in Rome and its conquered land
162
110819573
Augustus Caesar
definition: Nephew of Julius; original name Octavian; defeated Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; ruled for 45yrs; Senate gave him the name Augustus (divine nature of its holder); developed a monarchy disguised as a republic significance: Organized Rome and stabilized the Roman Empire; Created time of peace in Europe
163
110819574
Cicero
definition: Roman statesman and orator remembered for his mastery of Latin prose significance: helped spread stoicism
164
110819575
Jesus
definition: Teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth significance: prominent figure of Christianity
165
110819576
Paul of Tarsus
definition: Supported Christianity and was put to death for it significance: Helped to spread Christianity and it eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire
166
110819577
Etruscans
definition: People who dominated most of Italy; built successful cities; had many alliances; traded frequently; had bronze, iron, gold, and silver; defeated by Greeks significance: Influenced early Rome
167
110819578
Roman Senate
definition: A council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders significance: Indirectly helped govern the Roman Empire
168
110819579
Punic Wars
definition: Fought between Rome and Carthage over Sicily and Mediterranean trade significance: Rome won and conquered Carthage; annexed possessions like grain, oil, wine, silver, and gold
169
110819580
Twelve tables
definition: The basic law code for citizens of the early republic significance: First of written laws in the Roman Empire
170
110819581
Roman roads
definition: Were built for easy transportation and communication; had curbs; had drainage; were topped with stone; were 2-8 meters (6-26ft) wide depending on the location; had postal stops along the roads significance: Helped link all of the conquered land, vehicle for Christianity
171
110819582
Colosseum
definition: Marble stadium and sports arena that had seating for 50,000 people; had an awning to protect spectators from weather significance: Was a place for Romans to gather and watch different events
172
110819583
Patricians
definition: the wealthy class in Roman society; landowners significance: influenced most of the early decisions in the Roman Senate
173
110819584
Plebeians
definition: Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders significance: cause of most of the civil conflict in Rome
174
110819585
Stoicism
definition: Idea that there are moral laws governing the universe; followers are generally indifferent to pain and pleasure.
175
110819586
Mithraism
definition: ancient Persian religion that was later adapted to values of courage, honor, etc significance: example of Roman adaptation; became popular among solders
176
110819587
Cult of Isis
definition: Was a cult devoted the Egyptian goddess Isis. It allowed both men and women into the cult. They felt she was a protective goddess who neutered her worshipers and helped them coped with the stress. It also offered Salvation significance: Biggest religion of salvation prior to Christianity
177
110819588
Essenes
definition: Religious group which believed the temple of worship was impure significance: Led to Baptism, demonstrated political instability in Rome
178
110819589
Judaism
definition: Monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud significance: led to Christianity
179
110819590
Christianity
definition: Monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior significance: modern religion, considered a "threat" to Rome
180
110819591
New Testament
definition: The collection of books of the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Pauline and other Epistles, and Revelation significance: basis of Christian teachings, proof of Jesus
181
110819592
Sermon on the Mount
definition: The first major discourse delivered by Jesus significance: Summarizes the Christian fate, I have to learn it for catechism class
182
110819593
Latifundia
definition: Farming plantations for the wealthy significance: Wealthy land owners had these and pressured smaller farmers
183
110819594
Pax Romana
definition: "Roman Peace" Augustus created a time of peace that lasted for 2 and 1/2 centuries significance: no more civil conflict in Rome led to increased trade in the empire and travel b etween Mesopotamia and the Atlantic ocean
184
110819595
Mare nostrum
definition: "Our Sea," started to call the Mediterranean the Roman Lake significance: Was used for trade routes
185
110819596
Pater familias
definition: "Father of the Family"; had the authority to arrange marriages, determined duties, and punish; had rights to sell them into slavery and execute them significance: Demonstrated Roman patriarchal society
186
110819597
Zhang Qian
definition: on expedition; sent by Wudi in 139 BC; general and explorer; 13 years later his troops went back nearly wiped out by barbarian attacks and were in captivity for 10 years significance: "father" of the silk road
187
110819598
Han Wudi
definition: most prominent and important Han dynasty empire, created public school system significance: public school idea still used today
188
110819599
Gregory the Wonderworker
definition: a tireless missionary with a reputation for performing miracles and who popularized Christianity in central Anatolia significance: Helped promote Chirstianity, prominent missionary
189
110819600
Mani
definition: self characterized as Apostle of Christ, originally part of judaizing christian community, Book of Mani's life and teachings was found in small book in Egypt, 216-274 significance: Founder of Manichaeism
190
110819601
Diocletian
definition: He was a Roman general turned emperor who introduced reforms significance: Tried to stable the Roman empire, and managed to keep it on its feet for another fifty years
191
110819602
Constantine
definition: Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians significance: allowed the public to practice Christianity
192
110819603
Attila
definition: Leader of the Huns who put pressure on the Roman Empire's borders during the 5th century significance: led to the downfall of Western Rome
193
110819604
Odoacer
definition: A Germanic general who deposed the Roman emperor in 476, marking the fall of the Western Roman Empire significance: sacked the Western Roman Empire
194
110819605
St. Augustine
definition: Scholar that later converted to Christianity, helped explain history and science from a Christian point of view. significance: helped appeal Christianity to the higher classes
195
110819606
Silk roads
definition: a system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods. significance: facilitated the transfer of ideas and cultures
196
110819607
Monsoon system
definition: rainy season in southern Asia when the southwestern monsoon blows, bringing heavy rains significance: facilitated trade in the Indian area
197
110819608
Rhapta
definition: principal commercial center on east African coast, contributed ivory, tortoise shell, and slaves and dominated East African trade significance: principal trading port
198
110819609
Buddhism
definition: a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire significance: influenced Chinese development, helped us monitor progress along the silk road
199
110819610
Hinduism
definition: a religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms significance: prominent Indian religion that spread along the silk road
200
110819611
Christianity
definition: Monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior significance: religion that spread to many parts of the Silk Road
201
110819612
Nestorians
definition: Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions significance: influenced the Asian world
202
110819613
Manichaeism
definition: formed with a combination of Christianity, Zoroastriaism, Buddhism, and Judism significance: sought to explain the ultimate truth
203
110819614
Epidemic
definition: a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease significance: led to the collapse of China and Rome
204
110819615
Yellow Turban
definition: a rebellion in the Han dynasty by peasants that brought down the dynasty because of unequal distribution of land significance: led to the collapse of China
205
110819616
Barracks emperors
definition: generals who seized power, held it briefly, and they lost it when they were displaced by rivals or their own mutinous troops significance: led to turmoil in Rome
206
110819617
Visigoths
definition: member of the western Goths that invaded the Roman Empire in the fourth century A.D. and settled in France and Spain, establishing a monarchy that lasted until the early eighth century significance: led to the collapse of the Western Roman empire
207
110819618
Huns
definition: people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome significance: forced the Visigoths into Rome
208
110819619
Edict of Milan
definition: issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire significance: allowed Christianity to gain ground in Rome
209
110819620
Council of Nicaea
definition: Christian council that met in 325 to determine the question of the trinity; decided on the divinity of all three persons. significance: demonstrated the size of the Christian Church
210
110819621
Procopius
definition: Wrote about the smuggling of silk worms and sericulutre techniques from China significance: Demonstrated Chinese influence
211
110819622
Constantine
definition: Roman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity significance: founder of Constantinople and first leader of Byzantium
212
110819623
Justinian
definition: Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D., initiated an ambitious building program, including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code significance: led the creation of Hagia Sofia and corpus irius civilis
213
110819624
Theodora
definition: the wife of Justinian, originally a prostitute significance: influenced Justinian who influenced the Byzantium empire
214
110819625
Belisarius
definition: Justinian's top general who reconquered much of Africa and tried to reconquer Europe significance: demonstrated attempts to re-conquer the fallen Roman empire
215
110819626
Basil II
definition: Bulgar-slayer, using themes he moved west and destroyed the Bulgars significance: Destroyed Bulgars, demonstrated theme system
216
110819627
Liudprand of Cremona
definition: an ambassador whom Otto sent on a diplomatic mission to Constantinople in 968, insulted Byzantium and its emperor significance: strained relationships between the west and Byzantium
217
110819628
Arius
definition: theologist who didn't accept that Jesus was divine (Arianism) and was outlawed as a heretic significance: demonstrated caesaropapism
218
110819629
Leo III
definition: imposed iconoclasm for fear that they were being worshiped as physical idols significance: imposed iconoclasm
219
110819630
St. Simeon Stylites
definition: popular Pillar saint, influenced the creation of monastaries significance: popular Pillar Saint, influenced the creation of monastaries
220
110819631
St. Basil of Caesarea
definition: urged reforms of monasteries that increased their efficiency significance: helped spread Christianity by increasing efficiency
221
110819632
St. Cyril
definition: first of two popular missionaries that invented the Cyrillic alphabet and used that to explain the Bible significance: invented Cyrillic alphabet, spread Christianity
222
110819633
St. Methodius
definition: second of two popular missionaries that invented the Cyrillic alphabet and used that to explain the Bible significance: invented Cyrillic alphabet, spread Christianity
223
definition: convert to Christianity, despite being a drunkard significance: affirmed Byzantium's rule on Russia
224
110819635
Byzantion
definition: a modest market town turned military and economic center of the Byzantine empire significance: led to the name "Byzantium"
225
110819636
Constantinople
definition: the capital of the eastern Roman Empire and later of the Byzantine Empire significance: The "heart" of Byzantium, once destroyed, so was Byzantium
226
110819637
Caesaropapism
definition: the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters significance: used in Byzantium to decide on several ecclesiastical matters
227
110819638
Hagia Sophia
definition: the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian significance: Demonstrated Byzantine intelligence, also influenced Russia
228
110819639
Corpus iuris civilis
definition: "Body of Civil Law," Justinian's codification of Roman law significance: demonstrated Justinian influence, idea is used today
229
110819640
Greek fire
definition: a mixture used by Byzantine Greeks that was often shot at adversaries that would ignite significance: facilitated battles and victories for Byzantine
230
110819641
Theme
definition: administrative division of the Byzantium empire in which generals would oversee aristocrats to keep the free peasantry strong significance: allowed mobilizations of troops and tax revenue
231
110819642
Bezant
definition: Byzantine gold coin; the standard currency of the Byzantium empire significance: standardized coinage facilitated trade
232
110819643
Hippodrome
definition: the Colosseum of the Byzantian empire where the Greens and Blues were held significance: kept the masses entertained and distracted
233
110819644
Greens and Blues
definition: teams that fought in the Hippodrome and caused major social unrest significance: caused social unrest, but also unity to protest taxes
234
110819645
Arianism
definition: doctrine stating that Jesus was not God but created by God, taught by Arius significance: demonstrated caesaropapism
235
110819646
Iconoclasm
definition: deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually for religious or political motives significance: led to the schism of 1054 and several revolts
236
110819647
Pillar saints
definition: saints that prayed on pillars to demonstrate their aesthetic lifestyle significance: promoted the creation of monasteries
237
110819648
Mount Athos
definition: an autonomous area in northeastern Greece that is the site of several Greek Orthodox monasteries founded in the tenth century significance: prominent monastary
238
110819649
Eastern Orthodox Church
definition: Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe significance: product of the Schism of 1054
239
110819650
Crusades
definition: series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule significance: forty-two
240
110819651
Battle of Manzikert
definition: battle between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuk Turks (Muslims) in 1071, where the Byzantine lost significance: commenced the downfall of Byzantium
241
110819652
Saljuqs
definition: Turkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought with the Byzantine empire, sealed their grain significance: sealed the fate of Byzantium
242
110819653
Ottomans
definition: Turks who had come to Anatolia in the same wave of migrations as the Seljuks significance: sealed the fate of Byzantium
243
110819654
Bulgars
definition: defeated Eastern Romans, took possession of the lower Danube River, set base for Bulgarian kingdom significance: helped the downfall of Byzantium
244
110819655
Cyrillic alphabet
definition: Russian alphabet, brought by Greek Orthodox Christian missionaries who brought Christianity to Russia significance: facilitated teaching and the creation of government in the Slavic area
245
110819656
Kiev
definition: trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century significance: center of Russia, the "world's third Rome"
246
definition: the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632) significance: founder of Islam, a prominent religion
247
110819658
Abu Bakr
definition: companion of 1st Muslim leader after Muhammad, regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful successor significance: First sucessor to Muhammad, set the status-quo for Caliphs
248
110819659
Ali
definition: the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites significance:
249
110819660
Abu al-Abbas
definition: Leader of rebellion in Persia that led to the downfall of the Umayyad significance: led to the downfall of the Umayyad
250
110819661
Harun al-Rashid
definition: fifth and most famous Abbasid Caliph in Iraq significance: Brought the high point of the Abbasid empire, supporting weath
251
definition: Islamic theologian who struggled to fuse Greek and Koranic traditions significance:
252
110819663
Omar Khayyam
definition: Persian poet and mathematician and astronomer whose poetry was popularized by Edward Fitzgerald's translation (1050-1123) significance: Demonstrated Persian influence during the Abbasid empire.
253
110819664
Ibn Rushd
definition: tried to blend Aristotle's and Plato's views with those of Islam- argued that Greek philosophy had the same goal: to find the truth. significance: demonstrated classical influence
254
110819665
Islam
definition: the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran significance: Prominent religion, helped bring unity to large stretches of land
255
definition: a believer or follower of Islam significance: Spread Islamic religion
256
110819667
Dar al-Islam
definition: religious conceptualization of the world as belonging either to Muslim or non-Muslim territory, exists within Islam significance: Allowed for expeditions from other countries to be facilitated
257
110819668
Mecca
definition: City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion significance: Important location in Islam
258
110819669
Quran (Koran)
definition: the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina significance: Basis of the Islamic faith
259
110819670
Hadith
definition: a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companions significance: Established a principle based on Muhammad's life
260
110819671
Medina
definition: a city in western Saudi Arabia to where Muhammad had fled significance: Islamic significance, location where Muhammad was buried, first Mosque
261
110819672
Hijra
definition: The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam significance: Founded Islam
262
110819673
Umma
definition: the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan significance: Provided peace along these lands
263
110819674
Seal of the Prophets
definition: name recognizing Muhammad as the last and greatest prophet significance: Solidified Muhammad's role as a great prophet
264
110819675
Kaaba
definition: a black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine significance: Sacred Muslim site, many pray at the Kaaba several times a day
265
110819676
Five Pillars of Islam
definition: the five basic acts of worship that are central to Islam (Faith, Prayer, Fasting, Alms, Pilgrimage) significance: Foundation of Islam, reinforced by Muhammad
266
110819677
Sharia
definition: the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Muhammed significance: Sharia is still used today, prohibits actions according to Islam, demonstrates Muhammad's influences
267
110819678
Caliph
definition: the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth significance: Center of several debates, the leader of an expansive empire
268
110819679
Umayyad
definition: the dynasty caliphs whose capital was Damascus, one of the largest empires ever significance: Spanned large areas of land that facilitated trade and brought unity
269
110819680
Shia
definition: the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad significance: source of many debates, one of the largest Islamic denominations
270
110819681
Abbasid
definition: The dynasty that came after the Umayyads, devoted their energy to trade, scholorship, and the arts significance: ushered in an era of flourishing of the dar al-Islam
271
110819682
Ulama
definition: Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology significance: Ensured observance of Islamic traditions
272
110819683
Qadis
definition: Muslim judges who carried out the judicial functions of the state significance: Ensured observance of Islamic traditions
273
110819684
Sultan
definition: the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire) significance: true leaders of dar al-Islam, set up a puppet state
274
110819685
Caravanserai
definition: an inn in some Eastern countries with a large courtyard that provides accommodation for caravans significance: facilitated trade by making it easier
275
110819686
Al-Andalus
definition: Arabic name given to a nation in the parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims significance: Demonstrated the expansive realm of Islam
276
110819687
Sufis
definition: a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life significance: most successful missionaries, helped spread
277
110819688
Hajj
definition: the fifth pillar of Islam, a pilgrimage to Mecca significance: A large part of a Muslim's life, symbol of religious unity
278
110819689
Xuanzang
definition: Buddhist monk that illegally visited India; popularized Buddhism in China (629 C.E.) significance: Popularized Buddhism in China
279
110819690
Huang Chao
definition: military commander that led an uprising of Eastern China for almost a decade (875-884) that helped to bring the Tang to a close significance: Weakened the Tang empire, leading to its demise
280
110819691
Du Fu
definition: a famous chinese poet who wrote "spring landscape" and his poems were base on the suffering of his own life significance: Wrote about several changes in Chinese history
281
110819692
Li Bo
definition: Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings. significance: Wrote about Chinese social life during the Song dynasty
282
110819693
Zhu Xi
definition: (1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China significance: demonstrated the influence of Buddhism
283
110819694
Sui
definition: a dynasty (581 to 618) that rebuilt the Great Wall and began canal building, restored centralized rule after war
284
110819695
Grand Canal
definition: an inland waterway 1000 miles long in eastern China built by the Sui dynsaty significance: facilitated trade in China from north to south
285
definition: ancient capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history, today known as Xi'an
287
110819698
Equal field system
definition: inheritance system where 1/5 of the land when to the peasant's descendants and the rest went to the government
288
110819699
Bureaucracy of merit
definition: civil service examinations; based on Confucian education - no longer decided by family lineage significance: Helped to strengthen the imperial government
289
110819700
Middle Kingdom
definition: refers to China because the people believed that their land stood between heaven and Earth significance: rationalized the reason as to why the Chinese ruled over so many
290
110819701
Uighurs
definition: A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia.
291
definition: nomadic people that conquered Khitan, overran northern China, and captured the Song capital
294
110819705
Foot binding
definition: practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller significance: demonstrated Chinese patriarchal society
295
110819706
Dunhuang
definition: A Chinese city on the edge of Taklimaken desert; all silk road routes reached this point significance: Location of a prominent Buddhist monastery, promoted Buddhism
296
110819707
Chan Buddhism
definition: Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society significance: brought Buddhism into China
297
110819708
Neo-Confucianism
definition: term that describesthe resurgence of Confusianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the Tang dynasty significance: demonstrated Buddhist influences
298
110819709
Silla
definition: Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies significance: Stopped Chinese rule in China, helped extend Chinese influence
299
110819710
Vietnam
definition: a southern state below China significance: had fast-ripening Rice, allowed much more food to be produced
300
110819711
Nara Japan
definition: Japanese period (710-794) centered around city of Nara, that was the highest point of Chinese influence significance: demonstrated CHinese influence
301
110819712
Heian period
definition: (794 - 1100) move the capital to Heian; 300 years of developing a new culture; growth of large estates significance: moved away from chinese culutre, began to become more distinct
302
110819713
Tale of Genji
definition: story of Prince Genji and his lovers, written by Lady Murasaki Shikibu at end of 11th century, world's first full novel significance: first novel
303
110819714
Minamoto
definition: Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th century Japan significance: Brought in the medieval period of Japan
304
110819715
Shogun
definition: a hereditary military dictator of Japan significance: established in place of an emperor, fractioned imperial rule
305
110819716
Kamakura
definition: Yorimoto's capital during his shogunate, destroyed in 1331 significance: head of the true power of Japan
306
110819717
Muromachi
definition: later medieval period of Japan that ran from 1336 - 1573 CE; during the two periods, Japan developed a decentralized political order significance: Japan developed a decentralized political order
307
110819718
Samurai
definition: a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy significance: leaders of the military emperor
308
110819719
Bushido
definition: traditional code of the Japanese samurai which stressed courage and loyalty and self-discipline and simple living significance: provided more time for the Samurai to focus on bettering themselves
309
110819720
Seppuku
definition: Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor significance: demonstrated the Samurai's dedication to his profession
310
110819721
Buzurg ibn Shahriyar
definition: A storytelling mariner who came from the emporium of Siraf on the Persian Gulf significance: Demonstrated trade influenced in India
311
110819722
Harsha
definition: 7th century north Indian ruler; built a large state that declined after his death 646 (last true Hindu ruler) significance: unified India temporarily
312
110819723
Mahmud of Ghazni
definition: third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression significance: set back Islam in India
313
110819724
Harihara and Bukka
definition: two brothers dispatched by officials in Delhi to represent the sultan and implement court policies in the sought. Converted from Hinduism to Islam; in 1336 they renounced Islam, returned to Hindu faith, and proclaimed of an established empire, independent empire of Vijayanagar significance: Established a new empire
314
definition: southern India; tried to harmonize all the Hindu writings significance: matured Hinduism
315
110819726
Raminuja
definition: taught in the hands of Vishnu one will win god's grace and live in presence significance: matured Hinduism
316
110819727
Sind
definition: Indus River valley in NW India; conquered in 711; fringe of Islamic world significance: helped spread Islam to India
317
110819728
Sultanate of Delhi
definition: the kingdom established by Mahmud's succesors to spread islam in India significance: spread Islam to India
318
110819729
Chola Kingdom
definition: kingdom situated in the deep south. At its high point, Chola forces conquered Ceylon and parts of southeast Asia, funded by the profits of trade, dominated the sea, did not build a tightly centralized state significance: brought order to Southern India
319
110819730
Vijayanagar
definition: independent empire proclaimed by Harihara and Bukka; "city of victory". Dominate state in southern India until 1565 significance: brought order to Southern India
320
definition: a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity significance: helped integrate immigrants
325
110819736
Vishnu
definition: A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world significance: helped with Cults and Hinduism
326
110819737
Shiva
definition: an important Hindu deity who in the trinity of gods was the Destroyer significance: helped with Cults and Hinduism
327
110819738
Sufis
definition: a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life significance: helped spread Islam
328
110819739
Bhakti
definition: Indian movement that attempted to transcend the differences between Hinduism and Islam significance: helped spread Islam
329
110819740
Funan
definition: Early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E. significance: demonstrated Indian influence
330
110819741
Srivijaya
definition: Southeast Asian kingdom, based on the island of Sumatra that used a powerful navy to dominate trade significance: Used Maritime trade to garner power
331
110819742
Angkor
definition: Southeast Asian Khmer kingdom (889-1432) that was centered around temple cities significance: demonstrated Indian influence
332
110819743
Melaka
definition: the first major center of Islam in Southeast Asia, a port kingdom on the southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula significance: Helped to spread Islam
333
110819744
Clovis
definition: king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy significance: Reunified Europe for some time
334
110819745
Charles Martel
definition: Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe significance: Stopped Muslim expansion
335
110819746
Charlemagne
definition: king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor significance: Symbolized the relationship between the Church and Charlemagne
336
definition: king of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor significance: Drove off Mayagars for good
341
110819752
Pope Gregory I
definition: was most important figure for providing Roman church with sense of direction; "Gregory the Great"; mobilized local resources and organized defense of Rome significance: Defended Rome, brought unity to the Church, stopped independent bishops
342
110819753
St. Benedict of Nursia
definition: Italian monk who created a set of rules for Western monasteries in the 6th century significance: Set rules for which many monastaries based their lives upon
343
110819754
St. Scholastica
definition: twin sister of Benedict; devoted her life to the Church significance: brought the influence of the Rule to nuns
344
110819755
Franks
definition: group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis significance: brought Europe together
345
110819756
Aachen
definition: capital of Charlemagne's empire, c. 800; a city in present-day Germany significance: scholastic town based around Christianity
346
110819757
Missi dominici
definition: official appointed by Charlemagne who investigated if the counties were obeying his rules significance: Ensured a somewhat-centralized rule of the Franks
347
110819758
Magyars
definition: Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary significance: Spread Christianity, caused instability
348
110819759
Vikings
definition: Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries significance: caused Instability
349
definition: the lands ruled by Charlemagne significance: Brought a degree of stability back to Europe
350
110819761
Lords
definition: people of high rank who received land in exchange for their loyalty significance: Political directors of a region in feudalism
351
110819762
Retainers
definition: a servant or attendant, especially one in the household of a person of high rank significance: Helped the Lords rule by providing them with labor
352
110819763
Benefice
definition: a gift given for service performed, usually land significance: enticed retainers, made being a retainer more appeasing
353
110819764
Manor
definition: a large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord significance: Location where lords ruled
354
110819765
Serf
definition: a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord significance: bottom of the Feudal hierarchy, very important as they provided sustenance for the lords
355
110819766
Heavy plow
definition: agricultural invention that allowed people to migrate to colder climates and produce more food significance: Produced more food which allowed for a population growth and urbanization
356
110819767
Papacy
definition: the government of the Roman Catholic Church significance: Brought cultural unity during feudal times in Europe
357
definition: set of responsibilities taken by monasteries significance: spread and kept literature and ideas
358
110819769
Rule of Saint Benedict
definition: basic guide for religious life and discipline in a monastery significance: provided a set of rules to life in Monastaries
359
110819770
Mahmud of Ghazni
definition: third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression significance: stopped progression of Islam
360
110819771
Chinggis Khan
definition: a mongol who united mongol and Turkish tribes, began campaign west, using fear as a tactic significance: Brought unity to asia and Eurasia
361
110819772
Marco Polo
definition: Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324) significance: praised Kublai for his generosity
362
110819773
Khubilai Khan
definition: last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire significance: spread Buddhism through his empire
363
110819774
Tamerlane
definition: Mongolian ruler of Samarkand who led his nomadic hordes to conquer an area from Turkey to Mongolia (1336-1405) significance: Brought control to the power vaccuum
364
definition: Abbasid empire toppled, Baghdad sacked, 1258 significance: Brought unity
379
110819790
Lamaist Buddhism
definition: prominent place for magic and supernatural powers; recognized Mongol leaders as legitimate rulers significance: helped spread buddhism
380
110819791
Uighur Turks
definition: among the most important of the Mongols' allies were these people, who lived mostly in oasis cities along the silk roads; they were literate and often highly educated, and the Mongols needed that significance: Helped the mongols succeed
381
110819792
Bubonic plague
definition: disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism
382
definition: the largest city and former capital of Turkey
384
110819795
Sundiata
definition: the founder of Mali empire, crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes significance: brought prosperity to Ghana
385
110819796
Mansa Musa
definition: Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west Africa significance: Helped promote Islam
386
110819797
Ibn Battuta
definition: Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan significance: documented his travels, providing insight
387
110819798
Ali ibn Muhammad
definition: rebel slave that organized 15,000 Zanj slaves in 869 to revolt from Abbasid; Zanj Revolt was crushed in 883 significance: showed that slaves are important
388
110819799
Griots
definition: Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire significance: Kept history
389
definition: elongated crescent-shaped yellow fruit with soft sweet flesh significance: promoted population growth
390
110819801
stateless society
definition: a society that is based on the authority of kinship groups rather than on a central government significance: brought rudimentary order
391
110819802
Chiefdom
definition: Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links significance: helped ward off invaders
392
110819803
Kingdom of Kongo
definition: Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders significance: set the status quo for kingdoms
393
definition: one of many trading cities on the East African coast significance: demonstrated eastern trading
400
110819811
Zimbabwe
definition: a landlocked republic in south central Africa formerly called Rhodesia significance: Demonstrated Eastern Trading and influence
401
110819812
Age grades
definition: African social distinctions determined by when you were born. People belonging to a certain group had certain expectations. The groups established ties transcending family or clan loyalties. significance: helped to delegate taxes
402
110819813
Zanj revolt
definition: led by Ali ibn-Muhamad; 15,000 slaves revolt for 14 years until it it ceased by Abbasids in 883 significance: demonstrated the influence of slaves
403
110819814
Diviners
definition: individuals who by virtue of their innate abilities or extensive training had the power to mediate between humanity and supernatural beings significance: Basis of African religion
404
110819815
Axum
definition: a town of northern Ethiopia. From the first to the eighth century A.D. it was the capital of an empire that controlled much of northern Ethiopia significance: Christian society in Africa, one of the few
405
110819816
Solomonic dynasty
definition: A string of Ethiopian rulers who claimed descent from David in an attempt to add biblical authority to their rule. significance: helped to add authority to their rule
406
110819817
Toltec
definition: a people who invaded central Mexico and were ruled by a military class; had a capital city of Tula; influenced the Maya; introduced the working of gold and silver; spread the worship of their god Quetzalcoatl; destroyed in the AD 1100s significance: helped set up the region for society
407
110819818
Mexica
definition: founded Tenochtitlan; regarded themselves as chosen people in charge of keeping the world from destruction significance: founded Tenochtitlan and the Aztecs
408
110819819
Huitzilopochtli
definition: Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god significance: Led Aztec religion
409
110819820
Quetzalcoatl
definition: Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes significance: coaxed the Aztecs into helping Cortes
410
110819821
Pueblo
definition: a member of any of about two dozen Native American peoples called pueblos by the Spanish because they live in villages built of adobe and rock significance: demonstrated Spanish influence
411
110819822
Iroquois
definition: New York Indian tribe which significance: built great mounds that are marvels to look at
412
110819823
Inca
definition: a member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s significance: built roads, major society of South America
413
110819824
Tenochtitlan
definition: capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco; population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest; Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. significance: Demonstrated Aztec ingeniuity
414
110819825
Chinampas
definition: Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields significance: led to more agriculture
415
110819826
Quipu
definition: knotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the Inca to keep financial records significance: helped to make up for lack of writing
416
110819827
Cahokia Mound
definition: enormous earthen mound at Cahokia near East St. Louis, Illinois; built by Iroquois people for ceremonies or ritual performance significance: demonstrated Iroquois ingenuity
417
110819828
Marae
definition: Polynesian ceremonial precinct and temple structure; often had several terraced floors significance: demonstrated polynesian culture
418
D: Holy Roman Emperor from 1152 to 1190 S: Expanded the holy roman empire
425
110819836
Hugh Capet
D: King of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996) S: Established a new monarchy
426
110819837
Duke William of Normandy
D: invaded England in 1066, and introduced Norman principles of govt and land tenure to England S: Established a government
427
110819838
King Louis IX
D: King of France (1226-1270), helped consolidate Capetian hold on French monarchy S: helped to consolidate Capetian hold
428
110819839
Eleanor of Aquitaine
D: Queen of France as the wife of Louis VII S: Helped improve the influence of Troubadours
429
D: viking explorer who reached North America around 1000, before Columbus S: Demonstrated Europe ambition
435
110819846
Robert Guiscard
D: led Norman adventures and counquered much of southern Italy against the Muslims S: Reconquered Italy
436
110819847
Roger Guiscard
D: brother of Robert Guiscard, founded a state for himself in Italy and named it Sicily S: displays the effect to which Normans were able to re-conquer Italy
437
110819848
Pope Urban II
D: pope who called for the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims S: Launched crusades
438
110819849
Peter the Hermit
D: french religious leader who led one of the bands of the first crusades S: Launched first crusade for Jerusalem
439
110819850
Saladin
D: (1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem S: Retook Jersualem
440
D: the lands ruled by Charlemagne S: Brought order to Europe
441
110819852
Investiture contest
D: A struggle between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope over who nominates clergymen. The Pope eventually won this struggle. S: Demonstrated church-and-state influence
442
110819853
Capetian dynasty
D: a Frankish dynasty founded by Hugh Capet that ruled from 987 to 1328 S: forty-two
443
110819854
Normans
D: a member of a Viking people who raided and then settled in the French province later known as Normandy, and who invaded England in 1066 S: Brought better govertnment to England
444
110819855
Champagne fairs
D: vast marketplaces in France where merchants from around Europe would gather S: Showed that Europe did have something to trade
445
110819856
Hanseatic League
D: a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas S: Represented European seafarers
446
110819857
Three estates
D: The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders. S: Basis for social organization
447
D: wandering poets; their love songs focused on cherishing and protecting women S: Spread Chivalry
449
110819860
Guilds
D: Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests S: Allowed better workplace environments; like unions
450
110819861
Cathedral schools
D: Bishops and Archbishops organized these types of schools and invited well known scholars to serve as master teachers. Established formal curricula based on writings in Latin. Famous ones at Paris, Chatres, and Bologna. S: Basis for modern Universities
451
110819862
Universities
D: Degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in Latin West from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern universities. S: Basis for modern universities
452
D: journey to a religious site S: spawned tourism industry
457
110819868
Waldensians
D: people who led heretical movements against the church. They appealed to the biblical ideal of simplicity and separation from the world. S: demonstrated movements in the church
458
110819869
Cathars
D: a Christian religious sect in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries S: demonstrated movements in the church
459
110819870
Vinland
D: Scandinavian name for the land explored near present day Newfoundland S: Demonstrated European interests in expansion
460
110819871
Teutonic Knights
D: Order of knights devoted to Christianity and to fighting Muslims and pagans. Most active in Baltic region where they fought Slavs. S: Expanded European rule
461
110819872
Reconquista
D: The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. S: Expanded European rule
462
110819873
Crusades
D: 1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade S: Opened up trade
463
110819874
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.
464
| Omar Khayyám |
Which perfume company make the fragrance Nu? | Thus I am doubly armed: my death and life|
My bane and antidote are both before me:
This in a moment brings me to an end;
But this informs me I shall never die.
The soul, secure in her existence, smiles
At the drawn dagger and defies the point.
The stars shall fade away, the sun himself
Grow dim with age, and nature sink in years;
But thou shalt flourish in immortal youth
Unhurt amidst the war of elements,
The wreck of matter, and the crush of worlds. �Cato, Joseph Addison, English essayist and statesman, 1672-171
Death should not be seen as the end but as a very effective way to cut down expenses. �Woody Allen, American director, 1835-
Eternal nothingness is fine if you happen to be dressed for it. �Woody Allen
I do not believe in an afterlife, although I am bringing a change of underwear. �Woody Allen
I don�t want to achieve immortality through my work�I want to achieve it through not dying. �Woody Allen
There�re three kinds of death in this world; there�s heart death, there�s brain death, and there�s being off the network. �Guy Almes
...It was from an old friend who thought he was dying. Anyway, he said, "Life and death issues don't come along that often, thank God, so don't treat everything like it's life or death. Go easier. �Thomas Arnold, British historian and educator, 1795-1842
Nothing seems so tragic to one who is old as the death of one who is young, and this proves that life is a good thing. �Zo� Atkins, American playwright, 1886-1958
To save your world, you asked this man to die,
Would this man, could he see you now, ask why? � Epitaph for a Fallen Soldier, Wysten Hugh Auden, English poet and playwright, 1907-1973
They are not dead, our sons who fell in glory,
Who gave their lives for Freedom and for Truth.
We shall grow old, but never their great story,
Never their gallant youth.
In a perpetual springtime set apart,
Their memory forever green shall grow,
In some bright secret meadow of the heart
Where never falls the snow. � In Memoriam, Joseph Auslander
B
You only obligation in any lifetime is to be true to yourself. �Richard David Bach, American writer, 1936-
This--this was what made life: a moment of quiet, the water falling in the fountain, the girl's voice...a moment of captured beauty. He who is truly wise will never permit such moments to escape. �Roger Gilbert Bannister, British runner and politician, first man to break the four-minute mile, 1954-
I cannot sing the old songs, or dream those dreams again. �Charlotte Barnard
To die will be an awfully big adventure. �James Matthew Barie, British playwright, 1860-1937
Even death is unreliable: instead of zero it may be some ghastly hallucination, such as the square of �1. �Samuel Beckett, Irish writer and absurdist playwright, 1906-1989
Grief stricken people do not expect to emerge from the chapel of rest to find grown men skulking in the rhododendrons with tab-ends in their mouths. If the hearse drivers must smoke then facilities should be provided. �Alan Bennett, British playwright, 1934-
What I like about Clive,
Is that he is no longer alive
There is a great deal to be said,
For being dead. �Edmund Clerihew Bentley, British novelist and journalist, 1875-1956
I�m not unwell. I�m fucking dying. �Jeffrey Bernard
Always go to other people�s funerals, otherwise they won�t come to yours. �Lawrence Peter �Yogi� Berra, American Hall of Fame baseball player and manager, 1925-
Behold, this day I go the way of the earth. �Joshua
O, death, where is thy sting?
O, grave, where is thy victory? �I Corinthians 15: 55
The righteous shall be had in everlasting remembrance. �Psalms
I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith. �II Timothy 4: 7
Epitaph: An inscription on a tomb showing that virtues acquired by death have a retroactive effect. �Ambrose Gwinett Bierce, American author and humorist, 1842-1914
There are four kinds or homicide: felonious, excusable, justifiable, and praiseworthy. �Bierce
We are so tired, my heart and I.
Of all things here beneath the sky
Only one thing would please us best-
Endless, unfathomable rest. �Mathilde Blind, French poet and educator, 1841-1896
If a man watches three football games in a row, he should be declared legally dead. �Erma Bombeck, American journalist and humorist, 1927-1996
It is cowardice to commit suicide. �Napoleon Bonaparte, 1817, French military leader and dictator, 1769-1821
Oh, well, whatever happens, there is always death. �Napoleon Bonaparte
How long after you are gone will ripples remain as evidence that you were cast into the pool of life? �Grant M. Bright
I give the fight up; let there be an end,
A privacy, an obscure nook for me,
I want to be forgotten even by God. � Paraclesus, Robert Browning, 1812-1889
It must be so unnerving to be so famous that you know they are going to come in the moment you croak and hang velvet cords across all the doorways and treat everything with reverence. Think of the embarrassment if you left a copy of Reader�s Digest Condensed Books on the bedside table. �Bill Bryson, American author and journalist, 1951
Because I have loved life, I shall have no sorrow to die. �Amelia Josephine Burr
How beautifully leaves grow old. How light and full of color are their last days. �John Burroughs, American naturalist and writer, 1837-1921
Death is only a larger kind of going abroad. �Samuel Butler, British author, 1835-1902
There is nothing, which at once affects a man, so much and so little as his own death. �Samuel Butler
But he, first with a start and then with a wink, said: �There�s another star gone out, I think�. �George Gordon Noel Byron, English poet, 1788-1824
Fare thee well! And if for ever,
Still for ever, fare thee well! �Byron
Gone glimmering through the dream of things that were. �Byron
C
Let there be more joy and laughter in you living. �Eileen Caddy
To live in hearts we leave behind,
Is not to die. � Hallowed Ground, Thomas Campbell, Scottish poet, 1777-1884
Out of Eternity
The new Day is born;
Into Eternity
At night will return. �Carlyl
For three days after death hair and fingernails continue to grow but phone calls taper off. �John William �Johnny� Carson, American comedian and television host, 1925-
He who fears death has already lost the life he covets. �Cato the Elder, aka Cato the Censor, Roman statesman and writer, 234-149 BC
I would rather have men ask, after I am dead, why I have no monument than why I have one. �Marcus Porcius Cato, aka Cato the Younger, Roman orator, writer, philosopher, and statesman, 95-46 BC
There is no remembrance which time does not obliterate, nor pain which death does not terminate. �Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Spanish writer, 1547-1616
In the stars is written the death of every man. Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet, 1340?-1400
All I desire for my own burial is not to be buried alive. �Phillip Dormer Stanhope Chesterfield, English writer and statesman, 1694-1773
I am ready to meet my Maker. Whether my Maker is ready for the great ordeal of meeting me is another question. �Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, British Prime Minister (1940-1945, 1951-1955), 1874-1964
The life of the dead is placed in the memory of the living. �Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher, 106-43 BC
I have a piece of great and sad news to tell you. I am dead. �Jean Cocteau, French surrealist, 1899-1963
Always leave them laughing when you say good-bye. �George Michael Cohan, American singer, songwriter, and playwright, 1878-1942
How lovely are the portals of the night,
When stars come out to watch the daylight die. � Twilight, Thomas Cole, American painter, 1801-1848
I am dying. What an irreparable loss to the world. �Isidore Auguste Marie Fran�ois Comte, French philosopher, founder of positivism, and founder of sociology, 1798-1857
As many live because they are afraid to die as die because they are afraid to live. �Charles Caleb Cotton, English poet and translator, 1630-1687
I read the Times and if my name is not in the obits I proceed to enjoy the day. �Noel Pierce Coward, British actor, playwright, and composer, 1899-1973
What is life? It is the flash of a firefly in the night. It is the breath of a buffalo in the wintertime. It is the little shadow which runs across the grass and loses itself in the sunset. �Crowfoot
D
To be born free is an accident; to live free is a responsibility; to die free is an obligation. �Mrs. Hubbard Davis
We cannot put the face of a person on a stamp unless said person is deceased. My suggestion therefore is that you drop dead. -James Edward Day, American Postmaster General (1961-1963), 1914-1996
He�d make a lovely corpse. �Charles John Huffam Dickens (�Boz�), British writer, 1812-1870
Death be not proud. � Sonnet: Death, John Donne, English metaphysical poet, c. 1572-1631
Never send to know for whom the bell tolls. It tolls for thee. �John Donne
E
Reading the epitaphs, our own salvation lies in resurrecting the dead and burying the living. �Paul Eldridge
Good-bye, proud world, I�m going home;
Thou art not my friend, I am not thine. �Ralph Waldo Emerson, American essayist, poet, and philosopher, 1803-1882
F
He who doesn�t fear death dies only once. �Giovanni Falcone, Italian judge, 1939-1992
It�s a very short trip. While alive, live. �Malcom Forbes, American millionaire and publisher of Forbes (1957-1990), 1919-1990
G
If all else fails, immortality can always be assured by a spectacular error. �John Kenneth Galbraith, Canadian-born American economist, writer, and diplomat, 1908-
Live as you will have wished to live when you are dying. �Christian F. Gilbert
Death? Why this fuss about death? Use you imagination, try to visualize a world without death! Death is the essential condition of life, not an evil. �Charlotte Perkins Anna Gilman, American feminist, writer, and editor, 1860-1935
A useless life is an early death. �Johann Wolfgang von G�ethe, German poet, playwright, and scientist, 1749-1832
He makes a very handsome corpse and becomes his coffin prodigiously. �Oliver Goldsmith, Irish author, poet, and playwright, 1728-1774
Life is a jest, and all things show it.
I thought so once, but now I know it. �John Gray
The paths of glory lead but to the grave. �Thomas Gray, British poet and forerunner of romanticism, 1716-1771
Death is never at a loss for occasions. �Greek Anthology, Book IX
H
Do not seek death. Death will find you. But seek the road which makes a death a fulfillment. �Dag Hjalmar Agn� Carl Hammarskjold, Swedish political leader, United Nations Secretary General (1953-1961), and Nobel Laureate, 1905-1961
You was a good man, and did good things. �Thomas Hardy, English novelist and poet, 1840-1928
Great lives never go out. They go on. �Benjamin Harrison, 23rd US president (1889-1893), 1833-1901
I've seen things you people wouldn't believe. Attack ships on fire off the shoulder of Orion. I watched C-beams glitter in the darkness at Tannhauser Gate. All those moments will be lost in time, like tears in rain. Time to die. �Rutger Oelson Hauer, Dutch actor, 1944-
(In his last days) God will forgive me. It�s his job. �Heinrich Heine, German poet and journalist, 1797-1856
He had decided to live forever or die in the attempt. �Joseph Heller, American author, 1923-1999
From the winter�s gray despair,
From the summer�s golden languor,
Death, the lover of Life,
Frees us forever. �William Ernest Henley, British poet, writer and editor, 1849-1903
Into the night go one and all. �Henley, The Ballad of Dead Actors
Night with her train of stars and her great gift of sleep. �Henley
Only the young die good. �Oliver Herford, American poet and illustrator, 1863-1935
Praise day at night, and life at the end. �George Herbert, English clergyman and metaphysical poet, 1593-1633
Let the world slide, let the world go,
A fig for care, and a fig for woe!
If I can�t pay, why I can owe,
And death makes equal the high and low. �John Heywood, English writer and epigrammatist, 1497?-1580
(Ars longa, vita brevis)
Art is long, life is brief. �Hippocrates (�The Father of Medicine�), Greek physician, 460?-377? BC
Now I am about to take my last voyage, a great leap in the dark. �Thomas Hobbes, English political philosopher, 1588-1679
If Mr. Selwyn calls again, show him up: If I am alive I shall be delighted to see him and if I am dead he would like to see me. �Henry Richard Fox Holland, British politician, 1773-1840
Our dead brothers still live for us and bid us think of life, not death-of life to which in their youth they leant the passion and glory of Spring. As I listen, the great chorus of life and joy begins again, and amid the awful orchestra of seen and unseen powers and destinies of good and evil, our trumpets sound once more a note of daring, hope, and will. �Oliver Wendall Holmes, Jr., American Supreme Court justice (1902-1932), 1841-1938
Be still my heart; thou hast known worse than this. �Homer, Greek epic poet, fl. 850 BC
The tribute of a tear is all I crave. �Homer
Fear of death has been the greatest ally of tyranny past and present. �Sidney Hook, American social commentator and philosopher, 1902-1989
The man who declares that survival at all costs is the end of existence is morally dead, because he�s prepared to sacrifice all others which give life it�s meaning. �Sidney Hook
Death: To stop sinning suddenly. �Elbert Hubbard, American author, 1856-1915
Do not take life too seriously. You will never get out of it alive. �Elbert Hubbard
I
It is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees. �Dolores Ib�rruri G�mez, aka La Pasionaria, Spanish communist leader, 1895-1989
J
To spend life for something which outlasts it. �William James, American psychologist and philosopher, 1842-1910
The ugliest of trades have their moments of enjoyment. If I were a gravedigger, or even a hangman, there are some people I could work for with a great deal of enjoyment. �Douglas William Jerold, English playwright and humorist, 1803-1857
I want to die while you love me,
While yet you hold me fair,
While laughter lies upon my lips,
And lights are in my hair. �Georgia Douglas Johnson
Reflect that life, like every other blessing
Derives its value from its use alone. �Samuel �Dr.� Johnson, English writer and lexicographer, 1709-1784
Life is not long, and too much of it must not pass in idle deliberation how it shall be spent. �Samuel �Dr.� Johnson
The evening of life brings with it its lamp. �Joseph Joubert, French essayist and moralist, 1754-1824
Death is psychologically as important as birth�Shrinking away from it is something unhealthy and abnormal which robs the second half of life of its purpose. �Carl Gustav Jung, January 16, 1961, Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytic psychology, 1875-1961
K
Suicide is not abominable because God prohibits it; God prohibits it because it is abominable. �Immanual Kant , German philosopher, 1724-1804
You have your brush, you have your colors, you paint paradise, then in you go. �Nikos Kazantzakis, Greek writer, 1885-1957
I sent my Soul through the Invisible,
Some letter of that After-life to spell,
And by and by my Soul returned to me,
And answered, �I myself am Heav�n and Hell� �Omar Khayyam, Persian poet, astronomer, and mathematician, 1050?-1123
There was the door to which I found no key;
There was the veil through which I might not see. �Khayyam
And so make life, death and that vast forever
One grand sweet song. � A Farewell, Charles Kingsley, English author and clergyman, 1819-1875
Every soul must taste of death. �Koran
L
(Age nine, wandering through a graveyard), I wonder where all the bad people are buried. �Charles Lamb, English essayist and critic, 1755-1834
I detest life-insurance agents; they always argue that I shall some day die, which is not so. �Stephen Leacock, Canadian humorist and economist, 1869-1944
The first requisite for immortality is death. �Stanislaw Jerzu Lec, Polish aphorist, poet, and satirist, 1909-1966
I don�t jog because when I die, I want to be sick. �Abe Lemmons
There�s nothing wrong with you that reincarnation won�t cure. �Jack E. Leonard
If I am killed I can die but once;
But to live in constant dread of it is to die over and over again. �Abraham Lincoln, 16th US president (1861-1865), 1809-1865
These, too, these, too
I leave to you! �Anne Morrow Spencer Lindbergh, American writer, 1906-2001
Do not come when I am dead
To sit beside a low green mound,
Or bring the first gay daffodils
Because I love them so,
For I shall not be there.
You cannot find me there.
I will look at you from the eyes
Of little children;
I will bend to meet you in the swaying boughs
Of bud-thrilled trees,
And caress you with the passionate sweep
Of storm-filled winds;
I will give you strength in your upward tread
Of everlasting hills
I will cool your tired body in the flow
Of the limpid river;
I will warm your work-glorified hands through the glow
Of the winter fire;
I will soothe you into forgetfulness to the drop, drop
Of the rain on the roof;
I will speak to you out of the rhymes
Of the Masters;
I will dance with you in the lilt
Of the violin, And make your heart leap with the burning cadence
Of the organ;
I will flood your soul with the flaming radiance
Of the sunrise,
And bring you peace in the tender rose and gold
Of the after-sunset.
All these have made me happy:
They are a part of me;
I shall become a part of them. � My Hereafter, Juanita De Long
Be still, sad heart, and cease repining
Behind the clouds the sun is shining;
Thy fate is the common fate of all;
Into each life some rain,
Some days must be dark;
And dreary. � The Rainy Day, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, American poet, 1807-1882
Go forth to meet the shadowy future without fear and with a manly heart. �Longfellow
There is no grief like a grief that does not speak. �Longfellow
(To attendants at his deathbed), Why are you weeping? Did you imagine that I was immortal? �Louis XIV, aka �Louis the Great� or �Louis the Sun King,� French monarch (1643-1715), 1638-1715
Every man of genius is considerably helped by being dead. �Robert Staughton Lynd, American sociologist, 1892-1970
M
Old soldiers never die. They just fade away. �Douglas MacArthur, American general, US Chief of Staff (1930-1935), 1880-1964
It has always seemed to me more artistic, when the curtain falls on the last performance, to accept the inevitable E finita la comedia. It is tempting perhaps, but unrewarding to hang about the green room after final retirement from the stage. �Maurice Harold MacMillian, British Prime Minister (1957-1963), 1894-1986
Time brings not death; it brings but changes. �Douglas Malloch
The dead have nothing except the memory they�ve left. �Ferenc Moln�r, Hungarian humorous writer, 1878-1952
We begin to die as soon as we are born, and the end is linked to the beginning. �Marcus Manilus
If I am ever stuck on a respirator or a life support system, I definitely want to be unplugged, but not until I get down to a size eight. �Henriette Mantel
Hell hath no limits. �Christopher Marlowe, English dramatist and poet, 1564-1539
A little while with grief and laughter,
And then the day will close;
The shadows gather�what comes after
No man knows. �Donald Robert Perry �Don� Marquis, American humorist and journalist, 1878-1937
There is nothing like a morning funeral for sharpening the appetite for lunch. �Arthur James Marshall-Smith, Canadian critic and poet, 1902-1980
Tomorrow life is too late, live now. �Martial, Roman poet and epigrammatist, fl. 1st century BC
Either he�s dead or my watch has stopped. �Groucho Marx (born Julius Marx), American comic actor, 1895-1977
Dying is a very dull, dreary affair, and my advice to you is to have nothing to do with it. �William Somerset Maugham, British author, 1876-196
If, after I depart this vale, you remember me and have thought to please my ghost, forgive some sinner and wink at a homely girl. �Henry Louis Mencken, American satirist essayist, and journalist, 1885-1967
My candle burns bright at both ends;
It will not last the night;
But, ah, my foes, and oh, my friends-
It gives a lovely light. �Edna St. Vincent Millay, American poet, 1892-1950
Time does not bring relief; you all have lied
Who told me time would ease me of my pain!
I miss him in the weeping of the rain;
I want him at the shrinking of the tide;
The old snows melt from every mountain-side,
And last year's leaves are smoke in every lane;
But last year's bitter loving must remain
Heaped on my heart, and my old thoughts abide.
There are a hundred places where I fear
To go, -- so with his memory they brim.
And entering with relief some quiet place
Where never fell his boot or shone his face
I say, "There is no memory of him here!"
And so stand stricken, so remembering him. �Edna St. Vincent Millay
You rotten swines. I told you I�d be deaded. �Spike Milligan, British comedian and humorous writer, 1918-
O death where is thy sting? O grave where is thy victory? Where, indeed? Many a badly stung survivor, faced with the aftermath of some relatives� funeral has woefully conceded that the victory has been won hands down by the funeral establishment-in a disastrously unequal battle. �Jessica Mitford, British-born American activist, author, and muckraker journalist, 1917-1996
Men fear death as if unquestionably the greatest evil, and yet no man knows that it may not be the greatest good. �William Mitford, English historian, 1744-1827
It is well for a man to stop once in a while t think of what sort of collection of mourners he is training for his final event. �Robert T. Morris, American Revolutionary politician, signer of the Declaration of Independence, financier, 1734-1806
God how the dead men
Grin by the wall
Watching the fun
Of the Victory Ball. �Alfred Nayes
Let us stamp the impress of eternity upon our lives. � Eternal Recurrence, Freidrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, German philosopher, 1844-1900
Live that thou may desire to live again. �Nietzsche, Eternal Recurrence
Not by wrath does one kill, but by laughter. �Nietzsche
I do not believe that it will always be popular to wear mourning for our friends, unless we fell a little doubtful about where they went. �Edgar Wilson �Bill� Nye, American humorist, 1850-1896
The muffled drum�s sad roll has beat
The soldiers last tattoo;
No more on life�s parade shall meet
The brave and fallen few.
On fame�s eternal camping ground
Their silent tents are spread,
And glory guards with solemn round,
The bivouac of the dead. �Theodore O�Hara, American Army officer, author, and editor, 1820-1867
Even very young children need to be informed about dying. Explain the concept of death very carefully to your child. This will make threatening him with it much more effective. �Patrick Jake O�Rourke, American humorist and journalist, 1947-
Guns are always the best move for a private suicide. They are more stylish looking than single edged razor blades and natural gas has got so expensive. Drugs are too chancy. You might miscalculate the dosage and just have a good time. �P.J. O�Rourke
Drink and dance and laugh and lie
Love, the reeling midnight through
For tomorrow we shall die!
(But, alas, we never do.) �Dorothy Rothschild Parker, American humorous writer and critic, 1893-1967
He lies below, correct in cypress wood
And entertains the very best worms. �Parker
Many men on the point of an edifying death would be furious if they were suddenly restored to health. �Cesare Pavese, Italian poet, novelist, and translator, 1908-1950
He has gone over to the majority. �Titus Petronius Niger, Roman courtier and satirist, 20-66
Every man meets his Waterloo at last. �Wendell Phillips, American abolitionist, president of the American Antislavery Society (1865-1870), 1811-1884
Fame can never make us lie down contentedly on a deathbed. �Alexander Pope, English satirist, 1688-1744
Here I am, dying of a hundred good symptoms. �Alexander Pope
One lives in the hope of becoming a memory. �Antonio Porchia
I am going to seek a great perhaps; draw the curtain, the farce is played. �Fran�ois Rabelais, attributed, French writer, 1493?-1553?
The pain passes, but the beauty remains. �Pierre August Renoir, French Impressionist painter, 1841-1919
Who never ate his bread in sorrow,
Who never spent the darksome hours|
Weeping, and watching for the morrow-
He knows you not, ye heavenly Powers. �Renoi
The main thing about being a hero is knowing when to die. �William Penn Adair �Will� Rogers, American humorist, writer, and actor, 1879-1935
No man and no force can abolish memory. �Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 33rd US president (1933-1945), 1882-1945
Yea, though I walk through the valley of death I will fear no evil, for I am the meanest son of a bitch in the valley. �Joel Rosenberg
And all the winds go sighing, for sweet things dying. �Christina Georgina Rossetti, English lyric poet, 1830-1894
S
Death is more universal than life. Everyone dies but not everyone lives. �Oliver Wolf Sacks, British neurologist and writer, 1933-
(Of Emerson) Waldo is one of those people who would be enormously improved by death. �Saki, aka H. R. Munro, Scottish author, 1870-1916
The only reason I might go to his funeral is to make absolutely sure he�s dead. �Anthony Sampson, British journalist and author, 1926-
There is no cure for birth and death save to enjoy the interval. �George Santayana, American philosopher and poet, 1863-1952
If I die I�m sorry for all the bad things I did to you. And if I live I�m sorry for all the bad things I�m going to do to you. �Roy Richard Scheider, American actor, 1935-
Martyrdom has always been a proof of the intensity, never the correctness, of a belief. �Arthur Schinitzler, Austrian physicist, dramatist, and novelist, 1862-1931
Is death the last sleep? No, it is the final awakening. �Walter Scott, Scottish novelist and poet, 1771-1832
One crowded hour of glorious life
Is worth an age without a name. �Walter Scott
While we are postponing, life speeds by. �Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Roman writer, philosopher, and statesman, c. 5 BC � c. AD 65
Ah! The clock is always slow;
It�s later than you think �Robert William Service, British-born Canadian poet and novelist, 1874-1958
It�s easy to cry that you�re beaten-and die;
It�s easy to crawfish and crawl;
But to fight and to fight when hope�s out of sight-
Why, that�s the best game of them all �Robert William Service
Master, I�ve done Thy bidding and the light is low in the west
And the long, long shift is over�
Master, I�ve earned it-rest �Robert William Service
For you and I are past our dancing days. � Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare, English playwright and poet, 1564-1616
Farewell fair cruelty. �Shakespeare, Twelfth Night
Sweets to the sweet; farewell. �Shakespeare, Hamlet
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. �Shakespeare, Macbeth
I have touched the highest point of my greatness;
And, from that full meridian of my glory,
I haste now to my setting: I shall fall
Like a bright exhalation in the evening,
And no man see me more. �Shakespeare
I shall laugh myself to death. �Shakespeare
No more; and by a sleep to say we end
The heartache and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to, �tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wished. �Shakespeare
Our revels now are ended. These our actors
As I foretold you, were all spirits, and
Are melted into air, into thin air;
And, like the baseless fabric of this vision,
The cloud-capp�d towers, the gorgeous palaces
The solemn temples, the great globe itself,
Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve
And, like this insubstantial pageant faded,
Leave not a rock behind. We are such stuff
As dreams are made on, and our little life
Is rounded with a sleep. �Shakespeare
Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought. � To a Skylark, Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet, 1792-1822
I read the obituaries every day just for the joy of not seeing my name there. �Neil Simon, American comic playwright, 1927-
Fear not death, for it is your destiny. �Ben Sira
Since we have to speak well of the dead, let�s knock them while they�re alive. �John Sloan, American painter, 1871-1951
Keep not your roses for my dead cold brow
The way is lonely, let me feel them now. � If I Should Die Tonight, Arabella Smith, American poet, 1844-1916
Sure, everyone said, �Socrates, what it the meaning of life?� or, �Socrates, how can I find happiness?�, but did anyone say, �Socrates, hemlock is poisonous�? �Socrates, moments before his death, Greek philosopher, 469-399 BC
Leave the field; thou art victorious. �Publius Papinus Statius, Roman epic poet, 45?-96?
Your days are short here; this is the last of your springs. And now in the serenity and quiet of this lovely place, touch the depths of truth, feel the hem of heaven. You will go away with old good friends. Don�t forget when you leave why you came. �Adlai Ewing Stevenson, American liberal politician, 1900-1965
He�s gone to Heaven, no doubt , but he won�t like God. �Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson, English poet, essayist, and novelist, 1850-1894
Under the wide and starry sky,
Dig the grave and let me lie;
Glad did I live and gladly die,
And I laid me down with a will.
This be the verse you grave for me:
�Here he lies, where he longed to be;
Home is the sailor, home from the sea,
And the hunters home from the hill�. �R.L. Stevenson, Requiem
Death is always a great pity of course but it�s not as though the alternative were immortality. �Thomas Straussler �Tom� Stoppard, British comic playwright, 1937-
Suicide is no more than a trick played on the calendar. �Tom Stoppard
The bitterest tears shed over graves are for words let unsaid and deeds left undone. �Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stowe, American writer, 1811-1896
After enough time has passed, all memories are beautiful. �Johan August Strindberg, Swedish dramatist, 1849-1912
Death�s but an open door,
We move from room to room.
There is on life, no more,
No dying, and no tomb �Joseph Sweeny, aka Gordon Johnstone
T
If one comes to kill you, make haste and kill him first. �The Talmud
The righteous are called living even when they are dead, and the wicked are called dead even when they are living. �The Talmud
When a man appears before the throne of judgement, the first question he will be asked is not, �Have you believed in God?� or �Have prayed and observed the ritual?�-but �Have you dealt honorably with your fellow man?�. �The Talmud
God�s finger touched him, and he slept. � In Memoriam, Alfred Tennyson, English poet, 1809-1892
Do not go gentle into that good night,
Old age should burn and rage at close of day;
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Thou wise men at their end know dark is right,
Because their words had forked no lightening they
Do not go gentle into that good night.
Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright
Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight,
And learn, too late, they grieved it in its way,
Do not go gentle into that good night.
Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight
Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay,
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
And you, my father, there on the sad height,
Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray.
Do not go gentle into that good night.
Rage, rage against the dying of the light. �Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night, Dylan Marlais Thomas, Welsh poet, 1914-1953
Once in Persia reigned a king|
Who upon his signet ring
Graved a maxim true and wise,
Which if held before the eyes
Gave him council at a glance
Fit for every chance and chance
Solemn words, and these are they:
�Even this shall pass away�. �Theodore Tilton, American writer
When I have died
Let there be but rejoicing
For all the sunlit beauties I have known;
Remembrance of friendship,
Of each new joy in radiant overtone!
Let there be but the memory
Of my dreaming,
Of star-domed vistas down the unborn years;
The memory of a faith
I have kept gleaming,
The broken benediction of my tears! � Requiem, Lucia Trent
Be careful of reading health books. You may die of a misprint. �Mark Twain, American writer and humorist, 1835-1910
I admire him. I freely confess it. And when the time comes, I will buy a piece of the rope for a keepsake. �Twain
I am glad the old masters are all dead, and I only wish they had died sooner. �Twain
(Asked for his thoughts on Heaven and Hell) I don�t want to express an opinion�I have friends in both places. �Twain
I refused to attend the funeral, but I wrote a very nice letter explaining that I approved of it. �Twain
Let us endeavor to live that when we come to die even the undertaker will be sorry. �Twain
The report of my death was an exaggeration. -Twain
When I reflect on the number of disagreeable people who I know have gone to a better world, I am moved to lead a different life. �Twain
Whoever has lived long enough to find out what life is, knows how deep a debt of gratitude we owe to Adam, the first great benefactor of our race. He brought death into the world. �Twain
Dear me! I must be turning into a god. �Vespasian, Roman emperor (69-79), 9-79
(Of Capote�s death) Good career move �Gore Vidal, American novelist and critic, 1925-
Death plucks my ears and says, �Live-I am coming!� �Virgil, Roman poet, 70-19 BC
Thus shall you go to the stars. �Virgil
Time passes irrevocably. �Virgil
I should like to lie at your feet and die in your arms. �Fran�ois Marie Arouet Voltaire, French writer and philosopher, 1694-1778
Nothing is more annoying than to be obscurely hanged. �Voltaire
W
Life is better than death, I believe, if only because it is less boring and because it has fresh peaches in it. �Alice Walker, American writer, 1944-
Good fighter and good sportsman, fare thee well
So long! Wherever the fates take you,
To what embittered field, to what quick death,
I know, as I know God, you will be true
To your last breath
To our dear land, where faith and honor dwell; -Edgar Wallace, English novelist
One may live as a conqueror, a king, or a magistrate; but he must die as a man. �Daniel Webster, American statesman and orator, 1782-1852
He who fears death is really afraid of life. �David Weinberg
(To Noel Coward on hearing they were both on a Nazi blacklist), Just think whom we�d have been seen dead with! -Rebecca West, British author, 1892-1983
O Captain! My captain! Our fearful trip
is done!
The ship has weathered every rock,
The prize we sought is won;
The port is near, the bells I hear, the
people all exulting,
while follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring
The ship is anchored safe and sound, its
voyage closed and done,
From fearful trip the victor ship
comes in with object won
I with mournful tread, walk the dock
my Captain lies, fallen, cold and dead
No more for him life�s stormy
conflicts, not victory, nor defeat, no
Charging like ceaseless clouds across
the sky
This dust was once the man,
Gentle, plain, just as resolute
Joyous we to launch out on
Trackless seas,
The clouds already closing in upon me
The voyage balk�d, the cause
disputed, lost
I gild my ships to Thee
This is thy hour, O Soul, thy freeflight
into the wordless,
Away from books, away from art, the
day erased, the lesson done,
Thee fully forth emerging, silent
gazing, pondering the themes thout
lovest best,
Night, sleep, death and the stars
Now obey the cherished secret wish,
Embrace thy friends, leave all in order,
To port and hawsers tie no more
returning
Depart upon thy endless cruise, old sailor
The world, the race, the soul-in-space and
time the universe
All bound as is befitting each-all surely
going somewhere. �Walt Whitman, American poet, author, and editor, 1819-1892
(On hearing the cost of surgery) Ah, well, then, I suppose that I shall have to die beyond my means. �Oscar Fingal O�Flahertie Wills Wilde, Irish poet, playwright, novelist, and critic, 1854-1900
Biography lends to death a new terror. �Wilde
For he that lives more lives than one, more deaths than one must die. �Wilde
One can survive anything nowadays, except death, and live down anything except a good reputation. �Wilde
The wallpaper is killing me. One of us must go. �Wilde
Where there is sorrow there is holy ground. �Wilde
Sandwich: Really, Mr. Wilkes, I don�t know if you�ll die on the gallows or of the pox.
John Wilkes: That depends, my lord, on whether I embrace your principles or your mistress. English political reformer, 1727-1797
From out our crowded calendar
One day we pluck to give;
It is the day the Dying pause
To honor those who live. �Mclandburgh Wilson
Never murder a man when he�s busy committing suicide. �Woodrow Wilson, 28th US president (1913-1921), 1856-1924
Death observes no ceremony. �John Wine
I stayed up all night playing poker with tarot cards; I got a full house and four people died. �Stephen Wright, American comedian
When I die, I�m donating my body to science fiction. �Stephen Wright
He mourns the dead who lives as they desire. � Night Music, Edward Young, English poet, 1683-1765
My child,
In the life ahead of you, keep your capacity for faith and belief, but let your judgement watch what you believe. Keep your love of life, but throw away your fear of death. Life must be loved or it is lost, but it should never be loved too well. �from a letter written by an executed Yugoslav partisan to his unborn child
The secret of life is to appreciate the pleasure of being terribly deceived. -?
And so on and so Forth�
After a year in therapy, my psychiatrist said to me, �Maybe life isn�t for everyone�.
A piece of churchyard fits everybody.
Cowards die many times before their death, the valiant taste of death but once.
Death does not blow a trumpet.
Death is a once in a lifetime experience.
Death takes no bribes.
Do not resent growing old. Many are denied the privilege.
Health is the slowest rate at which you can die.
He hath not lived that lives not after death.
Heroes die.
He that once is born, once must die.
He that would die well must always look for death.
He who dies for virtue does not perish.
I came real close to seeing Elvis, then my shovel broke.
If Dr. Kevorkian got sick and decided to kill himself, would it be bad business if he went to someone else?
If I be hanged, I�ll choose my gallows.
Its not who you kill. It�s what kind of cereal you eat out of their skull.
Never knock on Death�s door. Just ring the bell and run away. He HATES that!
Shrouds have no pockets.
Six feet of earth make all men equal.
Small sorrows speak; great ones are silent.
The good die young-because they see no use in living if you�ve got to be good.
The meek will inherit the earth. The rest of us will go to the stars.
The more you run over a dead cat, the flatter it gets.
There�s no dying by proxy.
The skull of life suddenly shone through its smile.
�Tis better to buy your friends a small bouquet today than a bushel of roses white and red to lay on his coffin after he�s dead.
(Tum enim vitae socia virtos, mortis comes gloria fuisset.)
Then would valor have been your companion in life, and honor your comrade in death.
Heart, have no mercy on this house of bones. Shake it with dancing, break it down with joy.
No man holds mortgage on it, it is your own;
To give, you sell at auction, to destroy.
When you are blind to moonlight on the bed;
When you are deaf to gravel on the pane,
Shall quavering caution from this house instead
Cluck forth at summer mischief in the lane?
All that delightful youth forbears to spend
Molestful age inheirits and the ground
Will have us: therefore while we�re young, my friend-
The Latin�s vulgar but the advice is sound.
Youth, have no pity; leave no farthing here
For age to invest in compromises and fear. �XXIX (1931)
Proverbs, Blessings, and Sayings:
Though silent, they cry aloud. (Dum tacent, clamant.) �Inscription on a monument to Union soldiers in a New Orleans cemetery
Death was afraid of him because he had the heart of a lion. �Arab
If you wish to drown, do not torture yourself with shallow water. �Bulgarian
Who must die must die in the dark, even though he sells candles. �Colombian
The only real equality is in the cemetery. �German
Drink and sing, an inch before us is black night. �Japanese
(Ad finum esto fidelis.)
Be faithful to the end. -Latin
Live your own life, for you will die your own death. �Latin
(Nascentes morimur, findique an origine pendet.)
We start to die when we are born, and the end depends on the beginning. �Latin
Every man goes down to his death bearing in his hands only that which he has given away. �Persian
Be happy while you�re living, for you�re a long time dead. �Scottish
I don�t know. I don�t know. �Pierre Abelard
In spite of it all, I am going to sleep. �Thomas B. Aldrich
The strongest. �Alexander the Great, asked who was to succeed him
A tomb now suffices for him for whom the whole world was not sufficient. �Alexander the Great�s epitaph
What a beautiful day. �Alexander I
Keep the rats away now that I am all greased up. �Pietro Aretino, after receiving extreme unction
Go to the rising star for I am setting. �Marcus Aurelius, asked who was to succeed him
Nothing but death. �Jane Austen, asked is she required anything
B
Oh God, here I go. �Max Baer
What�s the matter, Miller? Do you want to live forever? �Norman Baesell, pilot of Glenn Miller�s plane
Thou tremblest, Bailly
I am cold, my friend. �Jean Sylvain Bailly, mayor of Paris at the start of the Revolution, to a spectator as he approached the guillotine
What is the time? �Barney Barnato, before jumping over the side of a ship
I can�t sleep. �James M. Barrie
What�s the news? �Clarence Walker Barron, publisher of the Wall Street Journal
Let me go, let me go. �Clara Barton
Pity me not: I die as a man of honor ought, in the discharge of my duty. �Pierre du Terrail, Chevalier de Bayard, �the knight without fear and without reproach�, to the Genoese rebel who offered him commiseration
Now comes the mystery. �Henry Ward Beecher
No, thanks for everything. �Max Beerbohm, asked if he�d slept well
Friends applaud; the comedy is over. �Ludwig van Beethoven
But I have to! So little done, so much to do! �Alexander Graham Bell, asked not to hurry his dictation
Everything has one wrong, my girl. �Arnold Bennett
Who�s there? �Billy the Kid, the Pat Garrett, his killer
I should never have switched from Scotch to Martinis. �Humphrey Bogart
O God, have pity on my soul. �Anne Boleyn
I am about to-or I am going to-die. Either expression is used. �Dominique Bouhours, French grammarian
Oh, Lord, forgive the errata! �Andrew Bradford, publisher of Philadelphia�s first newspaper
Oh, I am not going to die, am I? �Charlotte Bronte
No, but don�t keep me waiting longer than necessary. �John Brown, asked on the scaffold if he was tired
�Alternately recorded as�
I am ready any time. Do not keep me waiting.
I have been dying for twenty years, now I am going to live. �John Drummond Brown, or James D. Burns
Hullo. �Rupert Brooke
Beautiful. �Elizabeth Barrett Browning, asked how she felt
Bad. �Hans Guido von Bulow, asked how he was feeling
I don�t feel good. �Luther Burbank
Dear Gerda, I thank you for every day we have been together. �Ferruccio Busoni
I want to sleep now. Shall I sue for mercy? Come, come, no weakness. Let me be a man to the last. �Byron
I am still alive. �Caligula
This is not the end of me. �Henry Campbell-Bannerman
So this is death-well� -Thomas Carlyle
I hope so. �Carnegie, to his wife when she wished him a good night
Adios, compadre! �Kit Carson
Doro, I can�t breath. �Caruso
My friend, I go from a corruptible crown to an incorruptible. Remember. �Charles I, on the scaffold, to Bishop Juxon
I am dying�I haven�t drunk champagne for a long time. �Anton Chekov
The issue now is clear. It is between light and darkness and everyone must choose his side. �G.K. Chesterton
Oh, I am so bored with it all. �Winston Churchill
God, God, won�t somebody give me some more cartridges for a last shot� -Ike Clanton, killed at the O.K. Corral
I have tried so hard to do it right. �Grover Cleveland
Well, let�s forget about it and play High Five. I wish Johnny would come. ��Buffalo Bill� Cody
It�s all over now. �Samuel Colt
My time is come to die. �Confucius
Good night, my darlings. I�ll see you in the morning. �Noel Coward
It doesn�t matter. I figure I licked the Rock anyway. �Bernard Coy, shot attempting to escape Alcatraz
Good-bye, everybody! �Hart Crane, jumping ship
That was a great game of golf, fellers. �Bing Crosby
You sons of bitches. Give my love to my mother. �Francis, �Two Gun� Crowley, sentenced to death by electrocution
I don�t want it. �Marie Curie, offered painkillers
That is surprising since I have been practicing all night. �John Philpot Curran, told he was coughing with �more difficulty�
If you do kindness to your friends, you will be able to injure your enemies. Farewell. �Cyrus the Great
Please excuse me. I cannot take it. �Jefferson Davis, offered medicine
I am not in the least afraid to die. �Charles Darwin
Then to this separation with joy and courage. �Rene Descartes
Xeniades: How do you want to be buried?
Diogenes: Face-downward
Diogenes: Because everything will shortly be turned upside-down
The fog is rising. �Emily Dickinson
I had rather live, but I am not afraid to die. �Benjamin Disraeli
(showing a new pistol to some friends)
Here�s one you�ve never seen before� �Anthony J. Drexel
Death is a law and not a punishment. Three things ought to console us for giving up life: the fiends whom we have lost, the few persons worthy of being loved whom we leave behind us, and finally the memory of our stupidities and the assurance that they are going to stop. �John Baptiste Dubain
Adieu, my friends. I go to my glory! �Isadora Duncan
Well, I fooled them all for five years. �Joseph Duveen, after living beyond all prognoses
E
It is very beautiful over there. �Thomas Alva Edison
Goodbye, General. I�m done. I�m too old. �Col. Henry Egbert, killed during the invasion of Manila
All my possessions for one moment of time. �Elizabeth I
Good-bye, my friend. �Ralph Waldo Emerson, to Bronson Alcott
I am your deathless god, a mortal nevermore. �Empedocles
Now, farewell, remember all my works. �Epicurus
Dear God. �Erasmus
Wonderful, wonderful, this death. �William Etty
There are worse men here than me. �David Evans, surveying the crowd at his execution for murder
I�ve never felt better! �Douglas Fairbanks, Sr.
I'd hate to die twice. It's so boring. -Richard Feynman
This is it, chaps. �Paddy Finucane, RAF Pilot
This is the happiest moment of my life! �Adolf Fischer, on being hanged for participation in the Haymarket Riot
F. Scott Fitzgerald: I�m going to Schawb�s to get some ice cream.
Sheilah Graham: But you might miss the doctor-if it�s something sweet you want, I�ve got some Hershey bars.
Fitzgerald: Good enough, they�ll be fine
I�ve had a hell of a lot of fun and I�ve enjoyed every minute of it. �Errol Flynn
Maman. �Anatole France
That will be all; now I think I�ll go to sleep. �Henry Clay Frick
Why fear death? It is the most beautiful adventure in life. �Charles Frohman, drowned on the Lusitania
Let me go. �Ferdinand Fuch
Yet is still moves. �Galileo
Oh, God. �Gandhi
Ask her to wait a moment. I am almost done. �Carl Freidrich Gauss, informed his wife was dying
C�est bien. �Andre Gide
Courage, my lads! We are as near to heaven by sea as by land. �Humphrey Gilbert, as his ship sank
Let�s do it. �Garry Gilmore, to the firing squad
More light! More light! �Johann Wolfgang von G�ethe
And I shall laugh a bitter laugh! �Nikolai Gogol
It is done. �Horace Greeley
Congestion�stopped. �Joseph Green, checking his own pulse
Maria, hand me my pantaloons, if you please. �Fritz Greene-Halleck, to his siste
Well, if it must be so. �Edvard Grieg
H
I shall look forward to a pleasant time. �John Hancock
I am the extent of about a tenth of a gnat�s eyebrow better. �Joel Chandler Harris
Well, I�ve had a happy life. �William Hazlitt
Cheer up, children, I�m all right. -Franz Joseph Hayden
It is nothing. �Henry IV, stabbed in the heart by religious fanatic Ravaillac
Monks! Monks! Monks! �Henry VIII
Turn up the lights, I don�t want to go home in the dark. �O. Henry
Do you really think so? Well, I will do my best. �Myron T. Herrick, informed by doctors he would be �all right"
And now I am officially dead. �Abram S. Hewitt, removing his oxygen tube
I am about to take my long last voyage, a great leap in the dark. �Thomas Hobbes
Dammit! Put them back on. This is funny. �Doc Holliday, to someone trying to remove his boots
My days are past as a shadow that returns not. �Richard Hooker
I am so happy, so happy. �Gerard Manley Hopkins
I�ll tell that story on the golden floor. �A. E. Houseman, hearing a joke as he lay on his deathbed
And now in keeping with Chanel 40�s policy of always bringing you the best of blood and guts, in living color, you�re about to see another first-an attempted suicide. �Chris Hubbock, shooting herself on air
I strike my flag. �Isaac Hull
I
On the contrary. �Henrik Ibsen, replying to his wife who told him he was looking better
So here it is at last, the distinguished thing. �Henry James
It�s so good to get home! �William James
This is it. I�m going. I�m going. �Al Jolsen
Water! Water! �Joan of Arc
Does anybody understand? �James Joyce
It is enough. �Immanual Kant
Don�t worry. It�s not loaded. -Terry Kath, while playing Russian roulette
I�m not afraid anymore. �George S. Kaufman
Such is life. �Ned Kelly
L
Let it roll! Let it roll! �Jimmy Lee Laine, who died while playing piano
Play the man, Master Ridley; we shall this day light such a candle, by God�s grace in England, as I trust shall never be put out. �Hugh Latimer, to Nicholas Ridley as he burned at the stake for heresy, October 16, 1555
I think its time for the morphine. �D.H. Lawrence
Why not? Yeah. �Timothy Leary
Strike my tent! �Robert E. Lee
I am hot. �Leopold II
Am I still alive? �Julie de Lespinasse
I am happy. God bless you all. �Sinclair Lewis
Tristan! �Franz Liszt
Yes. �Martin Luther, asked if he still held his beliefs
Let�s cool it, brothers. �Malcolm X
Too late for fruit, too soon for flowers. �Walter de la Mare
Do you want to kill me? �John Marsh, to the bandits who killed him
Go on, get out, last words are for fools who haven�t said enough. -Karl Marx
My God, I have hoped in thee; I commit myself to thy hands. �Mary, queen of Scots
I am ready. �Charles Matthews
Dying is a very dull, dreary affair, and my advice to you is to have nothing to do with it. �Somerset Maugham
Don�t worry, be happy. �Baba Meher
Tired, very tired. �Felix Mendelssohn
This is not very tragic. I am happy. �Alice Meynell
My work is done. �John Stuart Mill, told there was no hope of recovery
Why should talk to you? I�ve just been talking to your boss. �Wilson Mizner, to an attendant priest
There is no need to be frightened. �Jean Baptiste Poquelin Moliere
It has all been very interesting. �Mary Wortley Montagu
Joy! �Hannah More
It is the end. Woe is me! �Modest Moussorgsky
Did I not tell you that I was writing this for myself? �Mozart, of his Requiem
But�but�Colonel� -Mussolini, to his assassin
It�s alright, it�s alright. I only want heaven. �Cyrus McCormick
Snooks, will you please turn this way. I like to look at your face. �O. O. McIntyre, to his wife
I believe everything that I have written about immortality. �William Robert Nicoll
O
I am just going outside and may be some time. �Laurence E. G. Oates, member of Scott�s expedition to the South Pole, who, believing himself a burden, left the tent in a blizzard
It would be hard if such friends should part without kissing. � Torlogh O�Carolan, asking for a last whiskey
I knew it. I knew it. Born in a hotel room - and goddamn it - died in a hotel room. �Eugene O�Neill
P
Excuse my dust. �Dorothy Parker�s epitaph
Get my swan costume ready. �Anna Pavlova
Keep firing. �Charles Peguy
See here, William. See here. I don�t want any of your damned lies. How do I look? Am I getting any better? The truth now�All right, William. When you go to church tomorrow-pray for me, too. �Boies Penrose, to his valet
Murder! �Spencer Perceval, as he was assassinated
Stupid country , where they do not even know how to hang. �Pestel, Russian revolutionary, after the rope broke on the fist try
God, I�m bored. �John Philby
Drink to me. �Pablo Picasso
I love you Sarah. For all eternity, I love you. �James K. Polk, to his wife
That is right, I have now done. �Joseph Priestly, making a few corrections to his work
Farewell, my friends. �Pushkin, to his books
I go to seek the great perhaps. �Francois Rabelais, attirbuted
Happy. �Sanzio Raphael
I look like a Moor. �Maurice Ravel, seeing his bandaged head in a mirror
We shall meet again. �Jeanne Recamier
Cut her loose, Doc! �Frederic Remington, informed he would require an appendectomy
I am still progressing. �Pierre Auguste Renoir
Don�t you think I�ll be back? �Rittmeister Manfred Freiherr von Richtofen, aka, The Red Baron, to his mechanic
You can keep the things of bronze and stone and give me one man to remember me once a year. �Damon Runyon
S
Dear World: I am leaving because I am bored. �George Sanders, excerpted from his suicide note
The dream has been short, but it has been fine. �Maurice de Saxe
Peter, take good care of my horse. �Winfield Scott
Did we do it? �Henry Segrave, killed trying to break the water speed record
Sister, you�re trying to keep me alive as an old curiosity. But I�m done, I�m finished. I�m going to die. �George Bernard Shaw, to his nurse
Thy necessity is greater than mine.
I do humbly entreat the Lord with trembling heart that the pangs of death may not be so grievous as to take away my understanding.
I would not change my joy for the empire of the world. �Phillip Sidney, giving his water bottle to another wounded solide
I believe we must adjourn the meeting �Adam Smith
Beautifully done. �Stanley Spencer, to the nurse who had given him an injection
I�ve lots to say to her, not just something. But not now. I�m sure to get it all mixed up! �Stanislavsky, asked if he wished to send his sister a message
Now it has come. �Laurence Sterne
My head, my head! �Robert Louis Stevenson
Make the world better. �Lucy Stone
If this is dying, I don�t think much of it. �Lyton Strachey
I will whatever happens. �Johann Strauss, advised to go to bed
I am dying like a poisoned rat in a hole. I am what I am! I am what I am! �Jonathan Swift
T
Never has death been frightened away by screaming. �Tamburlane, better known to history as Genghis Kahn
I want-I want, oh, you know, I want that stuff of life! �Bayard Taylor
Moose�Indian� -Henry David Thoreau
God bless�God damn� -James Thurber
I feel here that this time they have succeeded. �Leon Trotsky, on the way to the hospital
I did not mean to be killed today. �de Turenne, dying on the field at the Battle of Salzbach
Tell the boys I�m coming home. �Wilbur Underhill
V
Don�t pull down the blinds! I feel fine. I want the sunlight to greet me. �Rudolph Valentino
�Alternately recorded as�
Don�t worry chief, it�ll be alright.
In the name of God, let me die in peace! �Fran�ois Marie Arouet Voltaire, asked if he recognized Christ�s divinity
I still live. �Daniel Webster
Go away�I�m alright. �H.G. Wells, to his nurse
I told you so, dammit! �H.G. Wells� epitaph
I plead the Fifth Amendment. �Walter White, asked what he thought of his daughter�s outfit
I am dying, as I have lived, beyond my means. �Oscar Wilde, calling for champagne
Tell them I�ve had a wonderful life. �Ludwig Wittgenstein
Then I die happy. �James Wolfe, hearing of his victory at Quebec
Y
Splendid, the finale just a little too fast. �Eugene Ysaye, listening to his own Fourth Sonata
The show looks good, the show looks good. �Florence Ziegfeld
I am going�perhaps it is for the best. -?
Films:
Oh, I ain�t worried, Miss. Gave myself up for dead back when we started. �Humphrey Bogart, The African Queen
Closed on Account of a lot of Death. �Alice�s Restaurant
We live in the trenches out there. We fight. We try not to be killed, but sometimes we are-that�s all. �Lew Ayres, All Quiet on the Western Front
When it comes to dying for your country, it�s better not to die at all. -Lew Ayres, All Quiet on the Western Front
Have you tried talking to a corpse? He�s boring. �An American Werewolf in Paris
I was suicidal, as a matter of fact, and would have killed myself, but I was in analysis with a strict Freudian, and, if you kill yourself, they make you pay for the sessions you miss. �Woody Allen, Annie Hall
You�ve got no right to call me a murderer. You have a right to kill me-you have the right to do that-but you have no right to judge me. �Marlon Brando, Apocalypse Now
No, I�m fine. In fact, considering I�ve been dead for 16 years, I�m in remarkable health. -Howard St. John, Born Yesterday
Perhaps it�s better if I live in your heart where the world can�t see me. If I am dead, there�ll be no stain our love. -Greta Garbo, Camille
Is it a crime to want to be remembered?
No. The pharaohs built the pyramids for that reason. �Deborah Kerr, The Chalk Garden
How strangely awake I feel, as if living had just been a long dream-someone else�s dream, now finished at last� -Elizabeth Taylor, Cleopatra
You know, it�s quite possible, Octavian, that when you die, you will die without ever having been alive. -Richard Burton, Cleopatra
There has never been such a silence. �Elizabeth Taylor, Cleopatra
Suicide attempts are Frank�s department. �Grace Kelly, The Country Girl
He�s dead!
Why does this always happen to me! �The Creeper
We�re coming to a tree in the middle of the road. We�re taking it. If you�re killed, I�ll be free. If I�m killed, it doesn�t really matter. If we both die, good riddance. �Bette Davis, Dangerous
They�re murderers. I know the law says they�re not because I�m still alive, but that�s not their fault. -Spencer Tracy, Fury
Now you will never be tired again. Come, Lucia. Come, my dear. �Rex Harrison, The Ghost and Mrs. Muir
You can�t discharge me. I�m my own master for the first time on my life. You can�t discharge me. I�m sick. I�m going to die. Do you understand? I�m going to die and nobody can do anything to me anymore. -Lionel Barrymore, Grand Hotel
Believe me, if a man doesn�t know death, he doesn�t know life. -Lionel Barrymore, Grand Hotel
I�ve got to have more steps. I need more steps. I�ve got to get higher. Higher. -William Powell�s last words, The Great Ziegfeld
I�m an old man. My life is almost over. Here, with the sunset in my face, it thrills me to see these young people marching on. Let us drink to youth-to innocent joyous youth. �Charles Coburn. �The Green Years
You know, you never really feel anybody suffering. You only feel their death. -Art Carney, Harry and Tonto
I do not want to die alone. -Richard Todd, The Hasty Heart
Death ends a life, but it does not end a relationship, which struggles on in the survivor�s mind toward some resolution it may never find. -Gene Hackman, I Never Sang for my Father
Why should we weep for him? Because he�s dead? Because he wept enough for himself during his lifetime? �Gene Kelly, Inherit the Wind
Well, from all I�ve heard about heaven, it seems to be a pretty unbusinesslike place. They could probably use a good man like me. -William Powell, Life with Father
It doesn�t seem a sad death.
Oh, but it�s not, Sister. It happens in the bright daylight, the sun flooding everything in a light of pure gold. �Kirk Douglas, Lust for Life
The drama is done. All have departed away. -Richard Basehart, Moby Dick
Oh, by the way, how was my funeral? -Irene Dunn, My Favorite Wife
Ladies and Gentlemen, I would like at this time to announce that I will be retiring from this program in two weeks time because of poor ratings. Since this show was the only thing going for me I had in my life, I have decided to ill myself. I�m going to blow my brains out right on this program a week from today. �Peter Finch, Networ
I don�t mind being killed, but I resent hearing it from a character whose head comes to a point. -Groucho Marx, A Night in Casablanca
Good-bye. Remember me as someone who made you very happy. I have enjoyed everything. There is only one thing left to enjoy-your river that smiles outside of my window. It is easy to die when the heart is full of gratitude. -Troy Brown, Nothing Sacred
Oh, let me alone. I wish I really could die, go someplace by myself and-and die alone, like an elephant. �Carole Lombard, Nothing Sacred
You�re dead on this waterfront and every waterfront from Boston to New Orleans. You don�t drive a truck or a cab. You don�t push a baggage rack. You don�t work no place. You�re dead. �Lee J. Cobb, On the Waterfront
Be seated. Now I want you to remember that no bastard ever won a war by dying for his country. He won it by making the other poor dumb bastard die for his country. Men, all this stuff you heard about America not wanting to fight, wanting to stay out of the war, is a lot of horse-dung. Americans, traditionally, love to fight. All real Americans love the sting of battle. When you were kids, you all admired the champion marble-shooter, the fastest runner, the big league ballplayer, the toughest boxer. Americans love a winner and will not tolerate a loser. Americans play to win all the time. I wouldn�t give a hoot in hell for as man who lost and laughed. That�s why Americans have never lost�and never will lose-a war, because the very thought of losing is hateful to Americans. �George C. Scott, Patton
Most people die of a sort of creepy common sense and discover too late that the only things one never regrets are one�s mistakes. �George Sanders, The Picture of Dorian Gray
When a man says he has exhausted life, you may be sure life has exhausted him. �George Sanders, The Picture of Dorian Gray
Oh, if you really want to be refined you have to be dead. There�s no one so dignified as a mummy. -Greer Garson, Pride and Prejudice
Where are you going?
What for?
To make a hole in it. �David Tree and Wendy Hiller, Pygmalion
He�ll regret it to his dying day-if ever he lives that long. �Victor McLaglen, The Quiet Man
No face on this one at all. Oh, look. There�s another one smiling. It�s monstrous of them to die smiling. It�s inhuman. �Peter Ustinov, Quo Vadis
Petronius? Dead? By his own hand? I don�t believe it�I shall never forgive him for this. Never. Without my permission? It�s rebellion! It�s blasphemy! �Peter Ustinov, Quo Vadis
You shoulda let �em kill me cause I�m gonna kill you. I�ll catch up with you. I don�t know when, but I�ll catch up. And every time you turn around, expect to see me, because one time you�ll turn around and I�ll be there. I�ll kill you, Matt. �John Wayne, Red River
Take off the red shoes. -Moira Shearer�s dying words, The Red Shoes
My strength justifies me, Mr. Van Weyden-the fact that I can kill you or let you live as I choose, the fact that I control the destinies of all on board this ship, the fact that it is my will and my will alone that rules here. That�s justification enough. �Edward G. Robinson, The Sea Wol
Get busy living or get busy dying. �Morgan Freeman, The Shawshank Redemption
Life is a thief�Life steals everything. -Katherine Hepburn, Suddenly, Last Summer
Cancel my appointments. -Sylvia Sidney�s last words, Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams
Now that was impertinent of him-to die with his rent unpaid. �Basil Rathbone, A Tale of Two Cities
Heathcliff, can you see the crag over there where our castle is? I�ll wait for you until you come. -Merle Oberon�s dying words, Wuthering Heights
| i don't know |
Which organisation was founded by British lawyer Peter Benenson in 1961? | Amnesty International - Facts
Amnesty International
The Nobel Peace Prize 1977
Amnesty International
Founded: 1961 in London, United Kingdom
Role: A worldwide organization for the protection of the rights of prisoners of conscience
Field: human rights
Prize share: 1/1
A Light in the Darkness
Amnesty International is a worldwide human rights organization run by its members. It is independent of all governments and all financial players. It is also independent of political convictions and religious faiths.
Amnesty International uncovers the facts about violations and breaches of human rights. The issues may concern individuals or conditions within a particular state, but the organization also pursues various themes, such as the death penalty. Results are published in special reports. Amnesty's members organize targeted action and campaigns to bring an end to violations.
Amnesty International was founded in 1961 by the British lawyer Peter Benenson. He got the idea for the organization's logo - the lit candle surrounded by barbed wire - from a Chinese proverb,"It is better to light a light than to curse the darkness".
Copyright © The Norwegian Nobel Institute
Share this:
| Amnesty International |
Chomolungma is the local name for which geographical feature? | Amnesty International - 必应
Sign in
Amnesty International
Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty and AI) is a non-governmental organisation focused on human rights with over 7 million members and supporters around the world. The stated objective of the organisation is "to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights, and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated." Amnesty International was founded in London in 1961, following the publication of the article "The Forgotten Prisoners" in The Observer 28 May 1961, by the lawyer Peter Benenson. Amnesty draws attention to human rights abuses and campaigns for compliance with international laws and standards. It wor ... (展开) rks to mobilise public opinion to put pressure on governments that let abuse take place. The organisation was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its "campaign against torture," and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978. In the field of international human rights organisations, Amnesty has the longest history and broadest name recognition, and is believed by many to set standards for the movement as a whole.
1960s
Amnesty International was founded in London in July 1961 by English labour lawyer Peter Benenson. According to his own account, he was travelling in the London Underground on 19 November 1960, when he read that two Portuguese students from Coimbra had been sentenced to seven years of imprisonment in Portugal for allegedly "having drunk a toast to liberty".[a] Researchers have never traced the alleged newspaper article in question.[a] In 1960, Portugal was ruled by the Estado Novo government of António de Oliveira Salazar. The government was authoritarian in nature and strongly anti-communist, suppressing enemies of the state as anti-Portuguese. In his significant newspaper article "The Forgotten Prisoners", Benenson later described his reaction as follows:
"Open your newspaper any day of the week and you will find a story from somewhere of someone being imprisoned, tortured or executed because his opinions or religion are unacceptable to his government ... The newspaper reader feels a sickening sense of impotence. Yet if these feelings of disgust could be united into common action, something effective could be done."
Benenson worked with friend Eric Baker. Baker was a member of the Religious Society of Friends who had been involved in funding the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament as well as becoming head of Quaker Peace and Social Witness, and in his memoirs Benenson described him as "a partner in the launching of the project". In consultation with other writers, academics and lawyers and, in particular, Alec Digges, they wrote via Louis Blom-Cooper to David Astor, editor of The Observer newspaper, who, on 28 May 1961, published Benenson's article "The Forgotten Prisoners". The article brought the reader's attention to those "imprisoned, tortured or executed because his opinions or religion are unacceptable to his government" or, put another way, to violations, by governments, of articles 18 and 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The article described these violations occurring, on a global scale, in the context of restrictions to press freedom, to political oppositions, to timely public trial before impartial courts, and to asylum. It marked the launch of "Appeal for Amnesty, 1961", the aim of which was to mobilise public opinion, quickly and widely, in defence of these individuals, whom Benenson named "Prisoners of Conscience". The "Appeal for Amnesty" was reprinted by a large number of international newspapers. In the same year Benenson had a book published, Persecution 1961, which detailed the cases of nine prisoners of conscience investigated and compiled by Benenson and Baker (Maurice Adin, Ashton Jones, Agostinho Neto, Patrick Duncan, Olga Ivinskaya, Luis Taruc, Constantin Noica, Antonio Amat and Hu Feng). In July 1961 the leadership had decided that the appeal would form the basis of a permanent organisation, Amnesty, with the first meeting taking place in London. Benenson ensured that all three major political parties were represented, enlisting members of parliament from the Labour Party, the Conservative Party, and the Liberal Party. On 30 September 1962, it was officially named 'Amnesty International'. Between the 'Appeal for Amnesty, 1961' and September 1962 the organisation had been known simply as 'Amnesty'.
What started as a short appeal soon became a permanent international movement working to protect those imprisoned for non-violent expression of their views and to secure worldwide recognition of Articles 18 and 19 of the UDHR. From the very beginning, research and campaigning were present in Amnesty International's work. A library was established for information about prisoners of conscience and a network of local groups, called 'THREES' groups, was started. Each group worked on behalf of three prisoners, one from each of the then three main ideological regions of the world: communist, capitalist and developing.
By the mid-1960s Amnesty International's global presence was growing and an International Secretariat and International Executive Committee were established to manage Amnesty International's national organisations, called 'Sections', which had appeared in several countries. The international movement was starting to agree on its core principles and techniques. For example, the issue of whether or not to adopt prisoners who had advocated violence, like Nelson Mandela, brought unanimous agreement that it could not give the name of 'Prisoner of Conscience' to such prisoners. Aside from the work of the library and groups, Amnesty International's activities were expanding to helping prisoners' families, sending observers to trials, making representations to governments, and finding asylum or overseas employment for prisoners. Its activity and influence were also increasing within intergovernmental organisations; it would be awarded consultative status by the United Nations, the Council of Europe and UNESCO before the decade ended.
In 1967 Peter Benenson resigned after an independent inquiry did not support his claims that AI had been infiltrated by British agents. Later he claimed that the Central Intelligence Agency had become involved in Amnesty.
1970s
Leading Amnesty International in the 1970s were key figures Seán MacBride and Martin Ennals. While continuing to work for prisoners of conscience, Amnesty International's purview widened to include "fair trial" and opposition to long detention without trial (UDHR Article 9), and especially to the torture of prisoners (UDHR Article 5). Amnesty International believed that the reasons underlying torture of prisoners by governments, were either to acquire and obtain information or to quell opposition by the use of terror, or both. Also of concern was the export of more sophisticated torture methods, equipment and teaching by the superpowers to "client states", for example by the United States through some activities of the CIA.
Amnesty International drew together reports from countries where torture allegations seemed most persistent and organised an international conference on torture. It sought to influence public opinion to put pressure on national governments by organising a campaign for the "Abolition of Torture" which ran for several years.
Amnesty International's membership increased from 15,000 in 1969 to 200,000 by 1979. This growth in resources enabled an expansion of its program, "outside of the prison walls", to include work on "disappearances", the death penalty and the rights of refugees. A new technique, the "Urgent Action", aimed at mobilising the membership into action rapidly was pioneered. The first was issued on 19 March 1973, on behalf of Luiz Basilio Rossi, a Brazilian academic, arrested for political reasons.
At the intergovernmental level Amnesty International pressed for application of the UN's Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and of existing humanitarian conventions; to secure ratifications of the two UN Covenants on Human Rights in 1976; and was instrumental in obtaining additional instruments and provisions forbidding its practice. Consultative status was granted at the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in 1972.
In 1976 Amnesty's British Section started a series of fund-raising events that came to be known as The Secret Policeman's Balls series. They were staged in London initially as comedy galas featuring what the Daily Telegraph called "the crème de la crème of the British comedy world" including members of comedy troupe Monty Python, and later expanded to also include performances by leading rock musicians. The series was created and developed by Monty Python alumnus John Cleese and entertainment industry executive Martin Lewis working closely with Amnesty staff members Peter Luff (Assistant Director of Amnesty 1974–1978) and subsequently with Peter Walker (Amnesty Fund-Raising Officer 1978–1982). Cleese, Lewis and Luff worked together on the first two shows (1976 and 1977). Cleese, Lewis and Walker worked together on the 1979 and 1981 shows, the first to carry what the Daily Telegraph described as the "rather brilliantly re-christened" Secret Policeman's Ball title.
The organisation was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its "campaign against torture" and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978.
1980s
By 1980 Amnesty International was drawing more criticism from governments. The USSR alleged that Amnesty International conducted espionage, the Moroccan government denounced it as a defender of lawbreakers, and the Argentine government banned Amnesty International's 1983 annual report.
Throughout the 1980s, Amnesty International continued to campaign against torture, and on behalf of prisoners of conscience. New issues emerged, including extrajudicial killings, military, security and police transfers, political killings; and disappearances.
Towards the end of the decade, the growing number of refugees worldwide was a very visible area of Amnesty International's concern. While many of the world's refugees of the time had been displaced by war and famine, in adherence to its mandate, Amnesty International concentrated on those forced to flee because of the human rights violations it was seeking to prevent. It argued that rather than focusing on new restrictions on entry for asylum-seekers, governments were to address the human rights violations which were forcing people into exile.
Apart from a second campaign on torture during the first half of the decade, two major musical events occurred, designed to increase awareness of Amnesty and of human rights (particularly among younger generations) during the mid- to late-1980s. The 1986 Conspiracy of Hope tour, which played five concerts in the US, and culminated in a daylong show, featuring some thirty-odd acts at Giants Stadium, and the 1988 Human Rights Now! world tour. Human Rights Now!, which was timed to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), played a series of concerts on five continents over six weeks. Both tours featured some of the most famous musicians and bands of the day.
Amnesty International Structure
Amnesty International is largely made up of voluntary members, but retains a small number of paid professionals. In countries in which Amnesty International has a strong presence, members are organised as 'sections'. Sections co-ordinate basic Amnesty International activities normally with a significant number of members, some of whom will form into 'groups', and a professional staff. Each have a board of directors. In 2005 there were 52 sections worldwide. 'Structures' are aspiring sections. They also co-ordinate basic activities but have a smaller membership and a limited staff. In countries where no section or structure exists, people can become 'international members'. Two other organisational models exist: 'international networks', which promote specific themes or have a specific identity, and 'affiliated groups', which do the same work as section groups, but in isolation.
The organisations outlined above are represented by the International Council (IC) which is led by the IC Chairperson. Members of sections and structures have the right to appoint one or more representatives to the Council according to the size of their membership. The IC may invite representatives from International Networks and other individuals to meetings, but only representatives from sections and structures have voting rights. The function of the IC is to appoint and hold accountable internal governing bodies and to determine the direction of the movement. The IC convenes every two years.
The International Board (formerly known as the International Executive Committee [IEC]), led by the International Board Chairperson, consists of eight members and the International Treasurer. It is elected by, and accountable to, the IC, and meets at least two times during any one year and in practice meets at least four times a year. The role of the International Board is to take decisions on behalf of Amnesty International, implement the strategy laid out by the IC, and ensure compliance with the organisation's statutes.
The International Secretariat (IS) is responsible for the conduct and daily affairs of Amnesty International under direction from the International Board. It is run by approximately 500 professional staff members and is headed by a Secretary General. The IS operates several work programmes; International Law and Organisations; Research; Campaigns; Mobilisation; and Communications. Its offices have been located in London since its establishment in the mid-1960s.
Amnesty International Sections, 2005
Algeria; Argentina; Australia; Austria; Belgium (Dutch speaking); Belgium (French speaking); Benin; Bermuda; Canada (English speaking); Canada (French speaking); Chile; Côte d'Ivoire; Denmark; Faroe Islands; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Guyana; Hong Kong; Iceland; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Korea (Republic of); Luxembourg; Mauritius; Mexico; Morocco; Nepal; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Peru; Philippines; Poland; Portugal; Puerto Rico; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Taiwan; Togo; Tunisia; United Kingdom; United States of America; Uruguay; Venezuela
Amnesty International Structures, 2005
Belarus; Bolivia; Burkina Faso; Croatia; Curaçao; Czech Republic; Gambia; Hungary; Malaysia; Mali; Moldova; Mongolia; Pakistan; Paraguay; Slovakia; South Africa; Thailand; Turkey; Ukraine; Zambia; Zimbabwe
International Board (formerly known as "IEC") Chairpersons
Seán MacBride, 1965–1974; Dirk Börner, 1974–1977; Thomas Hammarberg, 1977–1979; José Zalaquett, 1979–1982; Suriya Wickremasinghe, 1982–1985; Wolfgang Heinz, 1985–1996; Franca Sciuto, 1986–1989; Peter Duffy, 1989–1991; Annette Fischer, 1991–1992; Ross Daniels, 1993–1997; Susan Waltz, 1996–1998; Mahmoud Ben Romdhane, 1999–2000; Colm O Cuanachain, 2001–2002; Paul Hoffman, 2003–2004; Jaap Jacobson, 2005; Hanna Roberts, 2005–2006; Lilian Gonçalves-Ho Kang You, 2006–2007; Peter Pack, 2007–2011; Pietro Antonioli, 2011–2013; and Nicole Bieske, 2013–present.
Secretaries General
Amnesty International Principles
The core principle of Amnesty International is a focus on prisoners of conscience, those persons imprisoned or prevented from expressing any opinion other than violence. Along with this commitment to opposing repression of freedom of expression, Amnesty International's founding principles included non-intervention on political questions and a robust commitment to gathering facts about the various cases.
One key issue in the principles is in regards to those individuals who may advocate or tacitly support resorting to violence in struggles against repression. AI does not judge whether recourse to violence is justified or not. However, AI does not oppose the political use of violence in itself since The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in its preamble, foresees situations in which people could "be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression". If a prisoner is serving a sentence imposed, after a fair trial, for activities involving violence, AI will not ask the government to release the prisoner.
AI neither supports nor condemns the resort to violence by political opposition groups in itself, just as AI neither supports nor condemns a government policy of using military force in fighting against armed opposition movements. However, AI supports minimum humane standards that should be respected by governments and armed opposition groups alike. When an opposition group tortures or kills its captives, takes hostages, or commits deliberate and arbitrary killings, AI condemns these abuses.[dubious – discuss]
Amnesty International opposes capital punishment in all cases, regardless of the crime committed, the circumstances surrounding the individual or the method of execution.
Amnesty International primarily targets governments, but also reports on non-governmental bodies and private individuals ("non-state actors").
There are six key areas which Amnesty deals with:
Women's, children's, minorities' and indigenous rights
Ending torture
Abolition of the death penalty
Rights of refugees
Rights of prisoners of conscience
Protection of human dignity.
Some specific aims are to: abolish the death penalty, end extra judicial executions and "disappearances," ensure prison conditions meet international human rights standards, ensure prompt and fair trial for all political prisoners, ensure free education to all children worldwide, decriminalise abortion, fight impunity from systems of justice, end the recruitment and use of child soldiers, free all prisoners of conscience, promote economic, social and cultural rights for marginalised communities, protect human rights defenders, promote religious tolerance, protect LGBT rights, stop torture and ill-treatment, stop unlawful killings in armed conflict, uphold the rights of refugees, migrants, and asylum seekers, and protect human dignity.
To further these aims, Amnesty International has developed several techniques to publicise information and mobilise public opinion. The organisation considers as one of its strengths the publication of impartial and accurate reports. Reports are researched by: interviewing victims and officials, observing trials, working with local human rights activists, and monitoring the media. It aims to issue timely press releases and publishes information in newsletters and on web sites. It also sends official missions to countries to make courteous but insistent inquiries.
Campaigns to mobilise public opinion can take the form of individual, country, or thematic campaigns. Many techniques are deployed, such as direct appeals (for example, letter writing), media and publicity work, and public demonstrations. Often, fund-raising is integrated with campaigning.
In situations which require immediate attention, Amnesty International calls on existing urgent action networks or crisis response networks; for all other matters, it calls on its membership. It considers the large size of its human resources to be another of its key strengths.
The role of Amnesty International has an immense impact on getting citizens onboard(sic) with focusing on human rights issues. These groups influence countries and governments to give their people justice with pressure and in man power. An example of Amnesty International's work, which began in the 1960s, is writing letters to free imprisoned people that were put there for non-violent expressions. The group now has power, attends sessions, and became a source of information for the U.N. The increase in participation of non-governmental organisations changes how we live today. Felix Dodds states in a recent document that, "In 1972 there were 39 democratic countries in the world; by 2002, there were 139."[citation needed] This shows that non-governmental organisations make enormous leaps within a short period of time for human rights.
Country focus
Amnesty reports disproportionately on relatively more democratic and open countries, arguing that its intention is not to produce a range of reports which statistically represents the world's human rights abuses, but rather to apply the pressure of public opinion to encourage improvements. The demonstration effect of the behaviour of both key Western governments and major non-Western states is an important factor: as one former Amnesty Secretary-General pointed out, "for many countries and a large number of people, the United States is a model," and according to one Amnesty manager, "large countries influence small countries." In addition, with the end of the Cold War, Amnesty felt that a greater emphasis on human rights in the North was needed to improve its credibility with its Southern critics by demonstrating its willingness to report on human rights issues in a truly global manner.
According to one academic study, as a result of these considerations the frequency of Amnesty's reports is influenced by a number of factors, besides the frequency and severity of human rights abuses. For example, Amnesty reports significantly more (than predicted by human rights abuses) on more economically powerful states; and on countries which receive US military aid, on the basis that this Western complicity in abuses increases the likelihood of public pressure being able to make a difference. In addition, around 1993–94, Amnesty consciously developed its media relations, producing fewer background reports and more press releases, to increase the impact of its reports. Press releases are partly driven by news coverage, to use existing news coverage as leverage to discuss Amnesty's human rights concerns. This increases Amnesty's focus on the countries the media is more interested in.
In 2012, Kristyan Benedict, Amnesty UK's campaign manager, listed several countries as "regimes who abuse peoples' basic universal rights": Burma, Iran, Israel, North Korea and Sudan.
Amnesty's country focus is similar to that of some other comparable NGOs, notably Human Rights Watch: between 1991 and 2000, Amnesty and HRW shared eight of ten countries in their "top ten" (by Amnesty press releases; 7 for Amnesty reports). In addition, six of the 10 countries most reported on by Human Rights Watch in the 1990s also made The Economist's and Newsweek's "most covered" lists during that time.
Amnesty International Funding
Amnesty International is financed largely by fees and donations from its worldwide membership. It says that it does not accept donations from governments or governmental organisations. According to the AI website, "these personal and unaffiliated donations allow AI to maintain full independence from any and all governments, political ideologies, economic interests or religions. We neither seek nor accept any funds for human rights research from governments or political parties and we accept support only from businesses that have been carefully vetted. By way of ethical fundraising leading to donations from individuals, we are able to stand firm and unwavering in our defence of universal and indivisible human rights."
However, AI did receive grants from the UK Department for International Development, the European Commission, the United States State Department. and other governments
AI(USA) was also funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.
Amnesty International Criticism
Main article: Criticism of Amnesty International
Criticism of Amnesty International includes claims of excessive pay for management, underprotection of overseas staff, associating with organisations with a dubious record on human rights protection, selection bias, ideological/foreign policy bias against either non-Western countries or Western-supported countries, and criticism of Amnesty's policies relating to abortion. Governments and their supporters have criticised Amnesty's criticism of their policies, including those of Canada, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Russia and the United States, for what they assert is one-sided reporting or a failure to treat threats to security as a mitigating factor. The actions of these governments—and of other governments critical of Amnesty International—have been the subject of human rights concerns voiced by Amnesty. As of February 2011, Amnesty is engaged in a dispute with the British union Unite over Amnesty allegedly attempting to de-recognize some of its foreign-based workers' rights.
Pay controversy
In February 2011, newspaper stories in the UK revealed that Irene Khan had received a payment of UK£533,103 from Amnesty International following her resignation from the organisation on 31 December 2009, a fact pointed to from Amnesty's records for the 2009–2010 financial year. The sum paid to her was in excess of four times her annual salary of £132,490. The deputy secretary general, Kate Gilmore – who also resigned in December 2009 – received an ex-gratia payment of £320,000. Peter Pack, the chairman of Amnesty's International Executive Committee (IEC), initially stated on 19 February 2011, "The payments to outgoing secretary general Irene Khan shown in the accounts of AI (Amnesty International) Ltd for the year ending 31 March 2010 include payments made as part of a confidential agreement between AI Ltd and Irene Khan." and that "It is a term of this agreement that no further comment on it will be made by either party."
The payment and AI's initial response to its leakage to the press led to considerable outcry. Philip Davies, the Conservative MP for Shipley, decried the payment, telling the Daily Express, "I am sure people making donations to Amnesty, in the belief they are alleviating poverty, never dreamed they were subsidising a fat cat payout. This will disillusion many benefactors." On 21 February Peter Pack issued a further statement, in which he said that the payment was a "unique situation" that was "in the best interest of Amnesty's work" and that there would be no repetition of it. He stated that "the new secretary general, with the full support of the IEC, has initiated a process to review our employment policies and procedures to ensure that such a situation does not happen again." Pack also stated that Amnesty was "fully committed to applying all the resources that we receive from our millions of supporters to the fight for human rights". On 25 February, Pack issued a letter to Amnesty members and staff. In summary, it states that the IEC in 2008 had decided not to prolong Khan's contract for a third term. In the following months, IEC discovered that due to British employment law, it had to choose between the three options of either offering Khan a third term, discontinuing her post and, in their judgement, risking legal consequences, or signing a confidential agreement and issuing a pay compensation.
Amnesty International Notes
a. ^ Anthropologist Linda Rabben refers to the origin of Amnesty as a "creation myth" with a "kernel of truth": "The immediate impetus to form Amnesty did come from Peter Benenson's righteous indignation while reading a newspaper in the London tube on 19 November 1960." Historian Tom Buchanan traced the origins story to a radio broadcast by Peter Benenson in 1962. 4 March 1962 BBC news story did not refer to a "toast to liberty", but Benenson said his tube ride was on 19 December 1960. Buchanan was unable to find the newspaper article about the Portuguese students in The Daily Telegraph for either month. Buchanan found many news stories reporting on the repressive Portuguese political arrests in The Times for November 1960.
^ "History – The Meaning of the Amnesty Candle". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
^ a b "Who we are". Amnesty International. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ a b "About Amnesty International". Amnesty International. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
^ Peter Benenson. "The Forgotten Prisoners", The Observer, 28 May 1961. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
^ a b The Nobel Prize in Peace 1977
^ a b "United Nations Prize in the field of Human Rights" (PDF).
^ a b c d e f g James Ronand, Howard Ramos, Kathleen Rodgers (2005), "Transnational Information Politics: NGO Human Rights Reporting, 1986–2000", International Studies Quarterly (2005) 49, 557–587
^ Childs, Peter; Storry, Mike, eds. (2002). "Amnesty International". Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. London: Routledge. pp.22–23.
^ Elizabeth Keane (2006). An Irish Statesman and Revolutionary: The Nationalist and Internationalist Politics of Sean MacBride. I.B.Tauris. ISBN978-1-84511-125-0.
^ Douglas L. Wheeler, Walter C. Opello (2010). Historical Dictionary of Portugal. p.xxvi. Scarecrow Press, 2010
^ a b Benenson, Peter (28 May 1961). "The forgotten prisoners". The Observer (UK). Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
^ Benenson, P. (1983). Memoir
^ Buchanan, T. (2002). "The Truth Will Set You Free': The Making of Amnesty International". Journal of Contemporary History 37 (4): 575–97. doi:10.1177/00220094020370040501. JSTOR3180761.
^ a b Tracy McVeigh (29 May 2011). "Amnesty International marks 50 years of fighting for free speech | World news | The Observer". London: Guardian.
^ Amnesty International Report 1962. Amnesty International. 1963.
^ "Peter Benenson".
^ Amnesty International Report 1968-69. Amnesty International. 1969.
^ Amnesty International Report 1979. Amnesty International. 1980.
^ a b Monahan, Mark (4 October 2008). "Hot ticket: The Secret Policeman's Ball at the Royal Albert Hall, London". The Daily Telegraph (UK).
^ Amnesty International is accused of espionage Archived 12 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Russell, James M. (2002). "The Ambivalence About The Globalization of Telecommunications: The Story Of Amnesty International, Shell Oil Company And Nigeria". Journal of Human Rights 1.3: 416.
^ "Legal lessons of Pinochet case". BBC News. 2 March 2000. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
^ uncredited (31 January 2000). "Pinochet appeal fails". BBC News. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
^ Amnesty International News Service "Amnesty International 26th International Council Meeting Media briefing", 15 August 2003. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
^ Amnesty International Report 2002. Amnesty International. 2003.
^ "'American Gulag'". The Washington Post. 26 May 2005. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
^ "Bush says Amnesty report 'absurd'". BBC. 31 May 2005. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
^ "endtorture.org International Campaign against Torture" (PDF).
^ Amnesty International Report 2005: the state of the world's human rights. Amnesty International. 2004. ISBN978-1-887204-42-2.
^ "Amnesty International Becomes a Pro-Choice Organization". Archive.newsmax.com. 21 August 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
^ "Women's Rights | Amnesty International USA" (PDF). Amnestyusa.org.
^ "Reports: 'Disastrous' Iraqi humanitarian crisis". CNN. 17 March 2008. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
^ Koutsoukis, Jason (3 July 2009). "Israel used human shields: Amnesty". Melbourne: Fairfax Digital. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
^ "UN must ensure Goldstone inquiry recommendations are implemented". 15 September 2009.
^ Gaza civilians endangered by the military tactics of both sides
^ ""Amnesty chief suspended after attacking group's links to 'Britain's most famous Taliban supporter'", Daily Mail, 9 February 2010, accessed 10 February 2010". Daily Mail (London). 9 February 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
^ "Bright, Martin, "Gita Sahgal: A Statement", ''Spectator'', 7 February 2010, accessed 10 February 2010". Spectator.co.uk. 7 February 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
^ "Joan Smith: Amnesty shouldn't support men like Moazzam Begg; A prisoner of conscience can turn into an apologist for extremism," The Independent, 11 February 2010, accessed 11 February 2010
^ ""Amnesty International on its work with Moazzam Begg and Cageprisoners," 11 February 2010, accessed 11 February 2010". Amnestyusa.org. 11 February 2010. Archived from the original on 24 February 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
^ "Salman Rushdie's statement on Amnesty International", The Sunday Times, 21 February 2010
^ MacShane, Member of British Parliament, Denis (10 February 2010). "Letter To Amnesty International from". Archived from the original on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
^ Phillips, Melanie (14 February 2010). "The human wrongs industry spits out one of its own". The Spectator (UK). Retrieved 23 February 2010.
^ Smith, Joan, "Joan Smith: Amnesty shouldn't support men like Moazzam Begg; A prisoner of conscience can turn into an apologist for extremism", The Independent, 11 February 2010, accessed 17 February 2010
^ Plait, Phil. "Amnesty International loses sight of its original purpose. – Slate Magazine". Slate.com.
^ Bright, Martin, "Amnesty International, Moazzam Begg and the Bravery of Gita Sahgal", The Spectator, 7 February 2010
^ "Misalliance; Amnesty has lent spurious legitimacy to extremists who spurn its values," The Times, 12 February 2010, accessed 17 February 2010
^ Cohen, Nick, "We abhor torture – but that requires paying a price; Spineless judges, third-rate politicians and Amnesty prefer an easy life to fighting for liberty," The Observer, 14 February 2010, 17 February 2010
^ "President Bush cancels visit to Switzerland". Amnesty International. 6 February 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
^ "AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL – 50 years on Vimeo". Vimeo.com. 23 May 2011.
^ Kumar, S. Vijay (11 August 2012). "Amnesty wants U.N. probe into Sri Lanka war crimes". The Hindu (Chennai, India).
^ Wulfhorst, Ellen. "National Guard called to Missouri town roiled by police shooting of teen". Reuters. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Chris Geidner (August 14, 2014). [full citation needed] "Amnesty International Takes "Unprecedented" U.S. Action In Ferguson" Check |url= value (help). Buzzfeed.com. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ [full citation needed] "Some warn that Gov. Jay Nixon's curfew for Ferguson, Mo., may backfire" Check |url= value (help). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Mollie Reilly (August 17, 2014). [full citation needed] "Amnesty International Calls For Investigation Of Ferguson Police Tactics" Check |url= value (help). The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ "Amnesty International Sends Human Rights Delegation to Ferguson, Missouri". Amnesty International. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
^ "STATUTE OF AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL". amnesty.org. Amnesty International.
^ "AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL: FOUNDING, STRUCTURE, AND LOST VISION". ngo-monitor.org. NGO Monitor. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
^ "''About this film'' – Blood Diamond". Amnestyusa.org.
^ Ainsworth, David (2011) Amnesty issues public apology over golden handshakes, Third Sector Online, 1 March (Accessed August 2012)
^ Clarke, Anne Marie (2001). Diplomacy of Conscience: Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms. Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0-691-05743-9.
^ "Ai'S Focus". Amnesty-volunteer.org.
^ http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=20967
^ "Amnesty International defends access to abortion for women at risk". 14 June 2007. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011.
^ "Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity | Amnesty International". Amnesty.org.
^ "Colombia: Amnesty International response to Andrés Ballesteros et al.", AMR 23/006/2007, 21 February 2007. Retrieved on 20 January 2012.
^ Dysch, Marcus (19 July 2012). "Amnesty International defends official accused of anti-Israel bias". Amnesty International. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
^ "Who finances Amnesty International's work?". Amnesty.org. 28 May 1961.
^ [a) http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/FIN40/007/2011/en/bda6d734-96ed-4474-a0a2-fae044f8caa1/fin400072011en.pdf Amnesty International Charity Limited Report and financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2011, Page 8, Paragraph 10]
^ "Amnesty International Limited and Amnesty International Charity Limited Report and financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2007, Page 45, Note 17" (PDF).
^ "Report of Government Foreign Funding, in Hebrew, 2009" (PDF).
^ "Report of Government Foreign Funding, in Hebrew, 2008" (PDF).
^ "Amnesty International 2010 Report,Page 10, Indicator 8" (PDF).
^ "Amnesty International – INGO Accountability Charter Global Compliance Report 2009, Page 3" (PDF).
^ http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/funderprofile.asp?fndid=5210&category=79
^ http://rockpa.org/document.doc?id=14, page 16
^ Bernstein, Dennis (2002). "Interview: Amnesty on Jenin – Dennis Bernstein and Dr. Francis Boyle Discuss the Politics of Human Rights". Covert Action Quarterly. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
^ Crary, David (27 July 2007). "Furor Over Amnesty's Abortion Stance". USA Today. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
^ "Amnesty's credibility problem". Y Net News. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
^ "Response to Open Letter from Amnesty International". Jasonkenney.ca. 9 August 2011.
^ The U.S. and China This Week, U.S.-China Policy Foundation, 16 February 2001. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
^ DR Congo blasts Amnesty International report on repression, The Namibian, 14 January 2000. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
^ Peretz, Martin. "Amnesty International Official Calls Israel A "Scum State"". The New Republic. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
^ "The Cream of The Diplomatic Crop from Ha Noi.", THIÊN LÝ BỬU TÒA. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
^ "Russian official blasts Amnesty International over Chechnya refugees", Human Rights Violations in Chechnya, 22 August 2003. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
^ Press Briefing By Scott McClellan, The White House, 25 May 2005. Retrieved 30 May 2006.
^ AGO. "Amnesty International threatens workers' rights". Unitetheunion.org.
^ a b c d e f g Tania Mason, Charity Commission has 'no jurisdiction' over board member's payment from Amnesty, civilsociety.co.uk, 21 February 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
^ a b c John Chapman, Amnesty boss gets secret £500,000 payout, express.co.uk, 19 February 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
^ Pack, Peter. "A letter to all AI members and staff from the International Executive Committee." (PDF). Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
^ http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards
^ Rabben, Linda (2001). "Amnesty International: Myth and Reality". AGNI (Boston, Massachusetts: Boston University) (54). Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
^ Buchanan, Tom (October 2002). "'The Truth Will Set You Free': The Making of Amnesty International". Journal of Contemporary History 37 (4): 575–597. doi:10.1177/00220094020370040501. JSTOR3180761.
| i don't know |
Which former leader of the Conservative party was MP for Folkestone and Hythe? | Michael Howard - ORG Wiki
Michael Howard
Michael Howard MP (Conservative) former MP for Folkestone & Hythe. Former leader of the Conservative Party.
Issues
Freedom of Information
Signed Early Day Motion 2699 Freedom of Information 10 December 2006
That this House welcomes the finding of the Constitutional Affairs Committee (HC991) that the Freedom of Information Act has `already brought about the release of significant new information and....this information is being used in a constructive and positive way' and the committee's conclusion that it sees `no need to change' the Act's charging arrangements; views with concern reports that the Government is considering changing these arrangements to permit an application fee to be charged for all requests or to allow authorities to refuse, on cost grounds, a significant proportion of requests which they currently must answer; and considers that such changes could undermine the Act's benefits of increased openness, accountability and trust in the work of public authorities.
Links
| Michael Howard |
Which car manufacturer produced the models Beta, Delta and Gamma? | UK Polling Report
MAJORITY: 13797 (25.1%)
Category: Very safe Conservative seat
Geography: South East, Kent. The Shepway council area and one ward from the Ashford council area.
Main population centres: Folkestone, Hythe, New Romney, Lydd, Elham.
Profile: This is the southernmost section of the Kent coastline, including the cinque ports of Hythe and Romsey. As well as the ports of Folkestone and Hythe, the constituency includes the rural villages around them such as Elham, Lyminge, Lympne and Romney Marsh. The constituency is also the site of Dungeoness Power Station, the Channel Tunnel, Saltwood castle (the former home of Lord Deedes and Alan Clark) and Port Lympne Wild Animal Park (founded by the late John Aspinall, who was the Referendum party candidate for the seat in 1997, managing one of the party`s best performances).
Politics: Folkestone and Hythe is a strongly Conservative seat that has been held by the party since its creation in 1950. There was previously a strong Liberal Democrat presence in the seat and during the 2005 general election the seat was targeted by the Liberal Democrats and received several visits from Charles Kennedy in an attempt to unseat the then Conservative leader, Michael Howard. With the collapse of the Liberal Democrats UKIP took second place in 2015, putting up Labour`s former police commissioner candidate Harriet Yeo as their candidate.
Current MP
DAMIAN COLLINS (Conservative) Born 1974, Northampton. Educated at St Mary`s High School and Oxford University. Former Managing director of an advertising company. Contested Northampton North 2005. First elected as MP for Folkestone and Hythe in 2010.
Past Results
*There were boundary changes after 2005
Demographics
2015 Candidates
DAMIAN COLLINS (Conservative) See above.
CLAIRE JEFFREY (Labour) Born Kent. Educated at Folkestone School for Girls and Canterbury Christ Church University. Youth and community worker.
LYNNE BEAUMONT (Liberal Democrat) Shepway councillor 2003-2011 and since 2012.
HARRIET YEO (UKIP) Development manager of an aviation charity, former President of the TSSA. Ashford councillor, originally elected for Labour. Contested Kent Police Commissioner election 2012 for Labour.
MARTIN WHYBROW (Green) Journalist. Kent councillor.
ANDY THOMAS (Socialist Party GB)
ROHEN KAPUR (Young Peoples Party) Retired doctor. Contested Hornsey and Wood Green 2010 as Independent, Corby 2012 by-election as Young People Party.
SETH CRUSE (TUSC)
| i don't know |
Which song was a top 40 hit for both the Bee Gees in 1979 and Steps in 1998? | 4032 Bee Gees and Bee Gees related songs part 1
Lifes goin' nowhere. Somebody help me, yeah.
Im stayin' alive.
# 2.
Ghetto Supastar - That Is What You Are ( Samples Islands In The Stream ) Michel Pras, Ol' Dirty Bastard & Mya Ghetto Superstar ( BRM ) Interscope 06-06-1998 NL # 1 ( 16 weeks ), US # 15 and UK # 2.
The catchy beat and chorus by a then unknown Mya was irresistable, and the addition of Ol' Dirty delivering his famous weird rap flow was a good plus.
# 3.
Saved By The Bell Robin Gibb Robin's Reign & Salvato Dal Campanello ( R ) - Polydor 19-07-1969( NL # 1 ( 16 weeks ) and UK # 2.
Robin Hugh Gibb CBE was born December 22, 1949, in Douglas, Isle of Man, the twin of Maurice Gibb.
-
Thank you Robin Gibb, RJ Gibb, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, 45 RSVP Voices, Cliff Masterson, Giuseppe Raffa, Aled Jones, Isabel Suckling and many others for this fantastic concert.
# 4.
Only One Woman The Marbles Marble-ized ( BRM ) - Polydor 21-09-1968( NL # 3 ( 17 weeks ) and UK # 5.
Their debut release was titled "Only One Woman" and came out during August. Continental Europe and Japan had the pleasure of seeing what the duo looked like as the record was accompanied in a picture sleeve. The song was hit in various countries around the world. In the UK it peaked at No. 5. But it's highest position was in South Africa where it reached the No. 1 spot. YouTube
# 5.
Massachusetts Bee Gees Massachusetts ( BRM ) - Polydor 07-10-1967 NL # 1 ( 15 weeks ), UK # 1 and US # 11.
A big single was "Massachusetts," which launched the trio into superstardom.
# 6.
Spicks And Specks Bee Gees Startrack vol. 13 & Brilliant From Birth ( B ) - Polydor 01-04-1967 NL # 2 ( 15 weeks ).
In September the Bee Gees single "Spicks and Specks" made its first appearance in Sydneys Top 40. It eventually climbed to number 3, spent nearly 5 months on the chart and was named Go-Sets Record of the Year and 2UEs (commercial radio station in Sydney) Best Australian group recording for 1966. It was issued in Britain on 24 February 1967, and became their first European chart entry.
# 7.
Woman In Love Barbra Streisand Guilty ( BR ) - CBS 27-09-1980 NL # 1 ( 14 weeks ), US Billboard # 1 and UK # 1.
She had her biggest selling album in 1980 with Guilty, which was written and produced by Barry Gibb and contained the number one hit "Woman in Love." YouTube
# 8.
Grease Frankie Valli Grease ( B ) - RSO 26-08-1978 NL #1 ( 14 weeks), US # 1 and UK # 3.
In 1978, Frankie Valli scored again with the title track, "Grease", from the best selling soundtrack of the popular movie starring Olivia Newton-John and John Travolta.
# 9.
World I've Gotta Get A Message To You ( BRM ) - Pickwick 23-12-1967 NL # 1 ( 13 weeks ) and UK # 9.
1968 saw two major hits, "World" and "I Gotta Get a Message to You". These are the band's golden years before any of their unforgettable disco hits.
# 10.
Don't Forget To Remember Bee Gees Cucumber Castle ( BM ) - Polydor 30-08-1969 NL # 1 ( 13 weeks ) and UK # 2
1969: The Bee Gees hit the US charts with "I Started A Joke," "First Of May," "Tomorrow Tomorrow" and "Don't Forget To Remember."
11. I've Gotta Get A Message To You Bee Gees I've Gotta Get A Message To You ( BRM ) Pickwick 24-8-1968 NL # 3 ( 13 weeks ), UK # 1and US # 8.
The Bee Gees hit the US charts with "Words" and "Jumbo" and their first US Top 10 hit "I've Gotta Get A Message To You."
12. Night Fever Bee Gees Saturday Night Fever ( BRM ) - RSO 29-04-1978 NL # 3 ( 13 weeks), US # 1and UK # 1.
When 'Stayin' Alive' fell off the peak, its place was taken by '(Love Is) Thicker Than Water' by Andy Gibb, (youngest brother of the Bee Gees family), before 'Night Fever' became the sixth chart-topper in the film. That was replaced by Yvonne Elliman's 'If I Can't Have You', which made seven No. 1s on one soundtrack, a record which is hard to believe.
Four more singles from the movie entered the chart and the Saturday Night Fever album became the biggest selling sound track disc of all time, topping the US album chart for 24 weeks.
13. Grease - megamix ( You're The One That I Want / Greased Lightning / Summer Nights ) John Travolta & Olivia Newton-John Disco 2.1 ( B ) - Polydor 16-02-1991 NL # 3 ( 13 weeks).
John Farrar, who penned ''Hopelessly Devoted to You'' and ''You're the one that I want ''is a long time collaborator of Olivia Newton John and was brought in to showcase her talents.
14. The Singer Sang His Song - Bee Gees Massachusetts ( BRM ) - Polydor 27-04-1968 NL # 2 ( 11 weeks ), US # 57 and UK # 25
15. Jumbo Bee Gees I've Gotta Get A Message To You ( BRM ) - Pickwick 27-04-1968 NL # 2 ( 11 weeks ).
Robert Stigwood their manager remarked of the Bee Gees that he wasnt remotely worried by the failure of Jumbo because the boys had such writing talent that they could go on and on forever.
16. Words Bee Gees Superstarshine vol. 4 ( BRM ) - Polydor 24-02-1968 NL # 1 (- 9 weeks ), US # 15 and UK # 8.
The Bee Gees ruled the Top Forty airwaves with pop classics like "New York Mining Disaster 1941," "Words," and "Lonely Days.
17. Lonely Days Bee Gees 2 Years On ( BRM ) - Polydor 28-11-1970 NL # 3 ( 10 weeks ), US # 3 and UK # 33
18. You Win Again - Bee Gees E.S.P. ( BRM ) - Warner Bros 19-09-1987 NL #5 ( 13 weeks ), UK # 1 and US # 75
The late 80's comeback.
19. Holiday - Bee Gees 1st ( BR ) - Polydor 25-11-1967 NL # 3 ( 10 weeks ) and US # 16.
Colin Petersen was the first non-Gibb brother to become an official member of The Bee Gees. Born in Queensland, Australia, He attended the Humpybong State School at the same time that Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb did, though they seldom crossed paths in any significant way. He was a piano student before turning to the drums, and his main focus initially was jazz. After leaving school he passed through various bands, most notably Steve and the Board, and it was when he crossed paths with {Maurice Gibb} that the latter invited him to sit in on one of the trio's sessions in Sydney. Petersen played on the group's first four albums, from Bee Gees 1st through Odessa. youtube
20. Emotion - Destiny's Child Survivor ( BR ) - Columbia 08-10-2001 NL # 7 ( 14 weeks ), US # 10 and UK # 3.
Destiny's Child rose to become one of the most popular female R&B groups of the late '90s. This cover of Andy Gibb's "Emotion" was also successful.
21. First Of May - Bee Gees Sound Of Love ( BRM ) - Karussell 15-03-1969 NL # 2 ( 8 weeks ), US # 37 and UK # 6.
There were conflicts over the release of "First of May" as a single. Robin thought that "Lamplight" should be the a-side.
22. The Walls Fell Down - The Marbles Marble-ized ( BRM ) - Polydor 29-03-1969 NL # 3 ( 9 weeks ) and UK # 28.
They're characteristic of the Bee Gees' late-'60s style, but given such a bombastic treatment that you can't help wishing that the Bee Gees had done them instead.
23. I Started A Joke - Bee Gees Idea ( BRM ) - Polydor 18-01-1969 NL # 3 (- 9 weeks ) and US # 6.
Die Platte " I Started A Joke" stand 9 Wochen in die Holl�ndische Top 40 von 1969 ! Mit # 3 als Topposition !
24. New York Mining Disaster 1941 Bee Gees Massachusetts ( BR ) - Polydor 03-06-1967 NL # 4 ( 10 weeks ), US # 14 and UK # 12.
Is actually about a disaster elsewhere in the world.
25. Tomorrow Tomorrow - Bee Gees Massachusetts ( BM ) - Polydor 21-06-1969 NL # 3 ( 9 weeks ), US # 54 and UK # 23.
Barry's singing voice in "Tomorrow, Tomorrow" is excellent.
26. Tragedy - Bee Gees Spirits Having Flown ( BRM ) - RSO 24-02-1979 NL # 4 ( 10 weeks ), US # 1 and UK # 1.
The Bee Gees: Barry Gibb (vocals, guitar); Robin Gibb (vocals); Maurice Gibb (bass, background vocals). The brothers' trademark harmonies and irresistible pop hooks were in evidence throughout, making SPIRITS HAVING FLOWN essential for those enamored of mid-period Bee Gees or R&B-flavored '70s pop.
27. All The Love In The World - Dionne Warwick Heartbreaker ( BRM ) - Arista 15-01-1983 NL # 3 ( 8 weeks ) and UK # 10.
"All The Love In The World" is classic Warwick and the Gibbs seem to have a knack for pulling out the personality of singers they produce and write for.
28. Islands In The Stream - Kenny Rogers & Dolly Parton Eyes That See In The Dark ( BRM ) RCA 24-9-1983 NL # 4 ( 9 weeks ), US # 1and UK # 7.
Born in Texas, the fourth of eight children, singer Kenny Rogers grew up in a poor area of Houston where his father worked in a shipyard and his mother in a hospital. His duet, Islands in the Stream, with fellow country singer Dolly Parton was ranked the #1 on CMT 100 greatest country duets of all time. Dolly Rebecca Parton was born on January 19, 1946, one of 12 children of Robert Lee Parton, a tobacco farmer, and Avie Lee Parton (n�e Owens). Dolly grew up on a run-down farm in Locust Ridge, TN. At 12 she was appearing on Knoxville TV, and at 13 she was already recording on a small label and appearing at the Grand Ole Opry. After graduating from high school in Sevier County, Tennessee, in 1964, she moved to Nashville to launch her career as a country singer.
29. To Love Somebody - Jimmy Somerville The Singles Collection 1984/1990 & Earliest Bee Gees With And By Others ( BR ) - London 22-12-1990 NL # 6 ( 10 weeks ) UK # 8.
By the end of the 80s Jimmy had decided to go alone and his solo work continued the musical styles he had previously helped establish.
30. Heartbreaker - Dionne Warwick - Heartbreaker ( BRM ) - Arista 16-10-1982 NL # 5 ( 8 weeks ), US # 10 and UK # 2.
Heartbreaker' is a collection of the most popular songs recorded by the New Jersey-born soul singer, Dionne Warwick. The majority of the tracks included here were both written and produced by Burt Bacharach and Hal David. Nine of the twenty-four tracks featured, reached the top 40 of the UK singles chart.
31. How Deep Is Your Love - Take That We Love The Bee Gees ( BRM ) - RCA 09-03-1996 NL # 6 ( 9 weeks ) and UK #1.
Take That was a boyband that originated in Manchester, England in 1990. The most successful British band since the Beatles.
32. Nights On Broadway - Bee Gees Main Course ( BRM ) - RSO 22-11-1975 NL # 8 ( 10 weeks) and US # 7.
From the first notes of "Nights on Broadway" you feel that you are in the hands of masters!
33. Jive Talkin' - Boogie Box High ( George Michael ) Outrageous ( BRM) - Indisc 22-08-1987 NL # 6 ( 8 weeks ) and UK # 7.
Boogie Box High was a band, a collaboration between George Michael (of Wham!) and Nick Heyward. Jive Talkin' in 1987 was their biggest hit.
34. One Million Years - Robin Gibb Robin's Reign ( R ) - Polydor 13-12-1969 NL # 6 ( 7 weeks ).
Germany #19, Canada #77
35. My World - Bee Gees Superstarshine vol. 4 ( BR ) - Polydor 19-02-1972 NL # 8 ( 9 weeks ), US # 16 and UK # 16.
The Bee Gees hit the US charts with "My World," "Alive," and "Run To Me."
36. I.O. I.O. - Bee Gees - Cucumber Castle ( BM ) - Polydor 04-04-1970 - (NL #9 - 8 weeks)
Chat 16th July 2005:
<jdal> Barry, what does I.O.I.O mean!!
<Barry Gibb> I.O. MEANS I.O.
37. Run To Me - Anita Meyer & Lee Towers Run To Me ( BRM ) - Ariola 11-01-1986 - (NL #9 -8 weeks)
Anita Meyer & Lee Towers: two Dutch artists.
38. To Love Somebody - Cosi Ti Amo - Nina Simone To Love Some Covers ( BR ) - RCA 08-03-1969 - (NL #10 - 7 weeks).
To Love Somebody is truly one her finest releases outside traditional jazz.
39. Juliet - Robin Gibb How Old Are You? ( RM ) - Polydor 07-05-1983 - (NL #11 - 7 weeks)
A vocal that still sounds fantastic.
40. To Love Somebody - Bee Gees 1st ( BR ) - Polydor 29-07-1967 - (NL #13- 8 weeks).
"To Love Somebody", one of their most beautiful songs, was originally written for Otis Redding. He died before he had a chance to record it.
41. How Deep Is Your Love - Bee Gees Saturday Night Fever ( BRM ) - RSO 03-12-1977 - (NL #15 - 10 weeks) US #1
42. Paying The Price Of Love - Bee Gees Size Isn't Everything ( BRM ) - Polydor 28-08-1993 - (NL #19 - 7 weeks)
43. He's A Liar - Bee Gees Living Eyes ( BRM ) - RSO 26-09-1981 - (NL #12 - 7 weeks)
44. Too Much Heaven - Bee Gees Spirits Having Flown ( BRM ) - RSO 02-12-1978 - (NL #14 - 9 weeks) US #1
45. Guilty - Barbra Streisand & Barry Gibb Guilty ( BRM ) - CBS 29-11-1980 - (NL #12 - 6 weeks)
46. Secret Love - Bee Gees High Civilization ( BRM ) - Warner Bros 09-03-1991 - (NL #14 - 7 weeks)
47. I'll Kiss Your Memory - Barry Gibb The Kid's No Good ( B ) - Polydor 04-07-1970 - (NL #14 - 6 weeks).
Official website Barry Gibb: http://barrygibbunplugged.com/
48. Grease, The Dream Mix ( Grease, Sandy, Hopelessly Devoted To You ) Frankie Valli, Olivia Newton-John & John Travolta Lost Mega Mixes & Medleys ( B ) - Polydor 27-04-1991 - (NL #14 - 6 weeks)
49. Alive - Bee Gees To Whom It May Concern ( BM ) - Polydor 16-12-1972 - (NL #15 - 5 weeks)
50. How Can You Mend A Broken Heart - Bee Gees Trafalgar ( BR ) - Polydor 03-07-1971 - (NL #16 - 6 weeks) US #1
51. Stayin' Alive - N'Trance feat. Riccardo da Force Mega Dance 95 The Greatest Dance Hits Of The Year ( BRM ) - Royal 07-10-1995 - (NL #16 -6 weeks) UK #2.
52. Let There Be Love - Bee Gees Idea ( BRM ) - Polydor 07-03-1970 - (NL #16 - 5 weeks)
53. You Should Be Dancing - Bee Gees Children Of The World ( BRM ) - RSO 14-08-1976 - (NL #17 - 6 weeks) US #1
June 26 2006
Music legend Arif Mardin has died Sunday
June 25 of pancreatic cancer in New York.
He was 74.
The major success of his career came in 1974 when he took up production chores for a waning Aussie pop band called The Bee Gees. Mardin produced hits like Jive Talking and You Should Be Dancing, relaunching the bands career and sending them to supergroup status. He collaborated with everyone from Willie Nelson and John Prine to Brook Benton and Bette Midler, as well as Barbra Streisand, Daryl Hall and John Oates, Phil Collins, Anita Baker and George Benson. He also produced jazz for Dianne Reeves and Herbie Mann, and even crossed over into television, film and Broadway.
54. Words - Boyzone - Gotta Get A Message ( BRM ) - Polydor 26-10-1996 - (NL#18-6 weeks) UK #1
55. Tragedy - Steps Step One ( BRM ) - Jive 23-01-1999 - (NL #22 - 9 weeks) UK #1.
Wednesday May 31 2006, the 500th #1: Were finally there - the 500th #1 Single since the Official New Zealand Music Charts were first published on May 2 1975. The honour goes to newcomer Gnarls Barkleys Crazy. Six songs have hit #1 been remade and hit #1 again: Funky Town (Lipps Inc 1980, then Pseudo Echo 1987), Cruisin (Smokey Robinson 1980, then Huey Lewis & Gwyneth Paltrow 2001), Do They Know Its Christmas? (Band Aid 1985, then Band Aid 20 2004), Tragedy (Bee Gees 1979, then Steps 1999), The Tide Is High (Blondie 1981, then Atomic Kitten 2002), Tears On My Pillow (Johnny Nash 1975, then The Parker Project 1991).
56. Desire - Andy Gibb After Dark ( BRM ) - RSO 01-03-1980 - (NL #20 - 6 weeks).
"After Dark" is Andy Gibb's last studio album and all the songs were written or co-written by brother Barry. All ten songs showcase his singing talents. The Gibb brothers all sing together on the top hit "Desire"
57. Love Me Yvonne Elliman Earliest Bee Gees With And By Others ( BR ) - RSO 12-02-1977 - (NL #20 - 6 weeks)..
Yvonne Marianne Elliman (born Honolulu, Hawaii, December 29, 1951 is an American singer.
58. For Whom The Bell Tolls - Bee Gees Size Isn't Everything ( BRM ) - Polydor 28-12-1993 - (NL #20 - 5 weeks)
59. The Woman In You - Bee Gees Staying Alive ( BRM ) - RSO 11-06-1983 - (NL #21 - 6 weeks).
The group was approached about contributing to the soundtrack of a forthcoming movie, called Saturday Night Fever.
60. Ordinary Lives - Bee Gees One ( BRM ) - Warner Bros 29-04-1989 - (NL #23 - 6 weeks)
61. When The Swallows Fly - Bee Gees Idea (BRM) - Polydor 09-10-1971 - (NL #20 - 3 weeks)
62. If I Can't Have You - Kim Wilde Related Covers & Single record In My Life ( BRM ) - MCA 14-08-1993 - (NL #23 - 6 weeks) .
Kim Wilde was born (November 18 1960) in Chiswick, West London. Kim Wilde has enjoyed worldwide sales of more than 6 million albums, and her previous 8 albums have yielded sales of more than 11 million singles.
63. Isra�l - Bee Gees Trafalgar ( B ) - Polydor 20-05-1972 - (NL #22 - 3 weeks).
A lot of passionate truth is told in "Israel"
64. I Just Wanna Be Your Everything - Andy Gibb Andy Gibb / Flowing Rivers ( B ) - Polydor 10-09-1977 - (NL #24 - 5 weeks) US #1.
July, 24 2006: No. 1 Billboard Pop Hit: ``I Just Want to Be Your Everything,`` Andy Gibb. The song is written by Andy`s brother, Barry.
65. Jive Talkin' - Bee Gees Main Course ( BRM ) - RSO 02-08-1975 - (NL #23 - 4 weeks) US #1.
The Bee Gees recast themselves as falsetto-singing disco artists with the number one hit "Jive Talkin" in 1975.
66. Eaten Alive - Diana Ross Eaten Alive ( BM ) - Capitol 21-09-1985 - (NL #26 - 5 weeks).
Their songs have been recorded by artists from Elvis Presley to Janis Joplin to Barbra Streisand and Diana Ross, as well as some of the music industrys latest luminaries like Wyclef Jean, Celine Dion, NSYNC and Destinys Child."
67. Run To Me - Bee Gees - To Whom It May Concern ( BRM ) - Polydor 19-08-1972 - (NL #27 - 4 weeks)
68. Alone - Bee Gees Still Waters ( BRM ) - Polydor 29-03-1997 - (NL #35 - 6 weeks)
69. An Everlasting Love - Andy Gibb Shadow Dancing ( B ) - Spectrum 04-11-1978 - (NL #28 - 4 weeks)
70. If I Can't Have You - Yvonne Elliman Night Flight ( BRM ) - RSO 10-06-1978 - (NL #28 - 4 weeks) US #1.
Born December 29, 1951, in Honolulu, Hawaii, Yvonne learned how to play the piano from her father.It was the fourth consecutive number one single (Billboard) to be written by Barry Gibb, breaking the record set by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, who penned three consecutive number ones in 1964.
71. I Can't See Nobody - The Marbles Marble-ized ( BR ) - Polydor 30-08-1969 - (NL #28 - 3 weeks)
72. Immortality C�line Dion Let's Talk About Love ( B ) - Columbia 20-06-1998 - (NL #28 - 3 weeks)
72. Immortality C�line Dion Let's Talk About Love
so this is who I am
and this is all I know
and I must choose to live
for all that I can give
the spark that makes the power grow
and I will stand for my dream if I can
symbol of my faith in who I am
but you are my only
and I must follow on the road that lies ahead
and I won't let my heart control my head
but you are my only
and we don't say good bye
and I know what i've got to be
immortality
73. Don't Wanna Live Inside Myself - Bee Gees Trafalgar ( B ) - Polydor 29-11-1971 - (NL #29 - 2 weeks)
74. Emotion - Samantha Sang Emotion ( BR ) - Private Stock 22-04-1978 - (NL #32 - 4 weeks).
Samantha Sang (born Cheryl Gray, August 5, 1953 in Melbourne, Australia. The single "Emotion" (with back-up vocals by the Bee Gees) became a major hit worldwide. It reached number 3 on the US charts in 1978 and earned Sang a platinum record.
75. E.S.P. - Bee Gees E.S.P. ( BRM ) - Warner Bros 26-12-1987 - (NL #32 - 3 weeks)
Bee Gees: Maurice Gibb (vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards, synthesizer); Barry Gibb (vocals, guitar); Robin Gibb (vocals). Additional personnel: Robbie Kondor (guitar, keyboards); Reb Beach, Reggie Griffin, Nick Moroch (electric guitar); Bob Gay (saxophone); Greg Phillinganes (keyboards); Marcus Miller, Will Lee (bass); Tony Beard (drums); Sammy Figueroa (percussion); Rhett Lawrence, Joe Mardin (programming).
76. Shine Shine - Barry Gibb Now Voyager ( BM George Bitzer ) - Polydor 29-09-1984 - (NL #32 - 3 weeks).
The album was Barry Gibb's first official solo effort away from the Bee Gees. The actual first single, the midtempo "Shine Shine," had an engaging chorus and Caribbean riff that enabled it to slip into the pop Top 40.
77. Love You Inside Out - Bee Gees Spirits Having Flown ( BRM ) - Polygram 05-05-1979 - (NL #35 - 3 weeks) US #1
78. Spirits ( Having Flown ) - Bee Gees Spirits Having Flown ( BRM ) - Polygram 05-04-1980 - (NL #35 - 3 weeks)
79. I.O. I.O. Ay Ay Ay Ajax - Ronald & Peter Beense & Ajax koor ( BRM ) - Bunny 13-05-1995 - (NL #36 - 5 weeks)
Dutch cd single. ( UEFA Champions Leage Final '95 in Wien: Ajax-AC Milan 1-0 )
80. To Love Somebody Michael Bolton Timeless: The Classics ( BR ) - Sony 17-11-1992 - (NL #36 - 3 weeks).
May 1, 2006: Michael Bolton, 52, has been singing, recording and writing songs since the 1960s. Perhaps the most appropriate matchup (and the album's hit single) was The Bee Gees' "To Love Somebody"
81. This Is Where I Came In Bee Gees This Is Where I Came In ( BRM ) - Polydor 17-03-2001- NL Tipparade - UK #18
82. ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water - Andy Gibb Andy Gibb / Flowing Rivers ( BA ) - Polydor 18-03-1978 - NL Tipparade - US #1.
"I Just Want To Be Your Everything" and "(Love Is) Thicker Than Water" reached the number one spot on best selling charts and both were certified gold.
83. ( Our Love ) Don't Throw It All Away - Andy Gibb Shadow Dancing ( BA ) - RSO 06-01-1979 - NL Tipparade - US #9.
Andy Gibb was admitted to the John Radeliffe Hospital in Oxford on Monday for observation after complaining of stomach pains. He died, at the age of 30, the following Thursday, March 10, 1988, from myocarditis (an inflammation of the heart muscle caused by a viral infection)
84. August October - Bee Gees Best (R) - Polydor 31-01-1970 - T August October - Robin Gibb - Robin's Reign / Salvato Dal Campanello ( R ) - Polydor 31-01-1970 - NL Tipparade - UK #45
85. Fanny ( Be Tender With My Love ) - Bee Gees Main Course ( BRM ) - RSO 14-02-1976 - NL Tipparade - US #12
86. I Can't Help It - Andy Gibb & Olivia Newton-John After Dark ( B ) - RSO 19-04-1980 - NL Tipparade - US # 12.
Actress / singer Olivia Newton-John was born on September 26, 1948, in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England. She lived there until she was five years old, and her family relocated to Australia when her father was offered a job as the dean of a college in Melbourne. Andy handles a nice duet, " I Can't Help It", with old family friend, Olivia Newton-John.
87. Living Eyes - Bee Gees Living Eyes ( BRM ) - RSO 14-11-1981 - NL Tipparade - US #45.
In 1981, the group's new LP, Living Eyes, was recorded after an extended lay-off in the wake of four years of hard work.
88. Mr. Natural - Bee Gees Mr. Natural ( BR ) - RSO 20-04-1974 - NL Tipparade - US #93
89. One - Bee Gees One ( BRM ) - Warner Bros 17-06-1989 - NL Tipparade - US #7 UK #71.
A new album in 1989, One, got a good reception around the world and even generated a Top Ten U.S. single in the form of its title track.
90. Railroad - Maurice Gibb I've Gotta Get A Message To You / The Loner ( M ) - Polydor 25-04-1970 - NL Tipparade
January 12, 2003, 12:09 GMT: BBC News: Bee Gees Singer Dies
Bee Gees star Maurice Gibb has died in a Miami hospital at the age of 53.
-
-
-
91. Saw A New Morning - Bee Gees Life In A Tin Can ( BRM ) - RSO 28-04-1973 - NL Tipparade - US94
92. Shadow Dancing - Andy Gibb Shadow Dancing ( BRMA ) - Spectrum 13-05-1978 - NL Tipparade - US #1.
This megaselling album kicks off with the brilliant title track that topped the charts for 8 weeks way back in 1978. This song represents the cream of the disco genre - melodic, passionate and hypnotic.
93. Someone Belonging To Someone - Bee Gees Staying Alive ( BRM ) - RSO 08-10-1983 - NL Tipparade - US #49 UK #49
94. Take The Short Way Home - Dionne Warwick Heartbreaker ( B ) - Arista 23-04-1983 - NL Tipparade - US #41 UK #85
Marie Dionne Warrick was born into a gospel-music family. Warwick topped the adult contemporary charts in 1980 with "No Night So Long," but her next across-the-board hit did not come until she hooked up with the Bee Gees for her 1982 album Heartbreaker.
95. Wouldn't I Be Someone - Bee Gees A Kick In The Head Is Worth Eight In The Pants ( BRM ) - RSO 07-07-1973 - NL Tipparade.
Tales from the Brothers Gibb: A History in Song 1967-1990 is a comprehensive box set composed of A-sides from the Bee Gees' singles, non LP sides, and formerly mono-only tunes in stereo for the first time. There's also some material from the 1973 unreleased album A Kick In The Head Is Worth Eight In The Pants.
96. Only Ladies Play Croquet - Tin Tin Tin Tin ( M ) - Polydor 12-7-1969 - NL Tipparade
Tin Tin were an Aussie four-piece who formed in 1968 and had a strong Bee Gees connection.
97. Chain Reaction - Diana Ross Eaten Alive ( BRM ) - Capitol 23-11-1985 - NL Tipparade - UK #1 US #66.
Diana Ross was born Diane Earle on March 26, 1944 in Michigan where she was raised in the housing projects. I was brought up to have ideals, to believe that anything was possible and that hard work was a part of that." While still in high school in 1959, Diana joined The Primettes with Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard, and Barbara Martin. The quartet signed to Motown Records and became The Supremes (down to a trio after Martin left). Diana Ross & The Supremes elevated Diana to super-stardom throughout 1960s with Diana often taking the lead focus of the trio.
98. Kiss Of Life - Bee Gees Size Isn't Everything ( BRM ) - Polydor 09-04-1994 - NL Tipparade
99. And The Sun Will Shine - Jos� Feliciano Still Covers Run Wild ( BRM ) - RCA 29-11-1969 - NL Tipparade - UK #25.
His style was a combination of folk, rhythm & blues and Latin American. This single release is from his album Souled it is a Bee Gees written song titled "And The Sun Will Shine" that peaks at #25 in the UK in November 1969 but doesnt make the US Top 100 charts. It is his last single to ever chart in the UK.
100. Hold On ( To My Love ) - Jimmy Ruffin Sunrise ( Robin Gibb & Blue Weaver) - RSO 05-04-1980 - NL Tipparade - US #10 UK #7.
He staged an impressive comeback in 1980 on RSO Records with a major pop hit, "Hold On To My Love," that was produced by Robin Gibb of the Bee Gees.
101. More Than A Woman - Tavares Saturday Night Fever / Songbook The Gibb Brothers By Others ( BRM ) - Capitol 27-05-1978 - NL Tipparade - US #32 UK #7.
Tavares' sublime "More Than a Woman", the soul of the 70s.
102. How Deep is Your Love - Brothers In Crime Maxi single ( BRM ) - Dwarf Records 24-06-1995 - NL Tipparade.
Samples taken from the track "How Deep Is Your Love" by the Bee Gees
103. I've Got To Get A Message To You - Percy Sledge Soul Of The Bee Gees ( BRM ) - Atlantic 08-08-1970 - NL Tipparade.
Alabama born Deep Soul singer Percy Sledge had a relatively brief period of intense popularity in the late 60s.
104. Ain't Nothing Gonna Keep From You - Teri De Sario Scatteres Gibbs - Pleasure Train ( B ) - Casablanca 19-08-1978 - NL Tipparade - US #43.
"Ain't Nothing Gonna Keep Me From You" by Teri DeSario is an all-time Disco classic that still knocks everyone over.
105. Blue Angels ( Samples Grease ) - Pras Michel Blue Angels ( Barry Duplessis , Samuel Prazakrel Michel ) - Ruffhouse 07-11-1998 - NL Tipparade - UK #6
106. Eyes That See In The Dark - Kenny Rogers Eyes That See In The Dark ( BM ) - RCA 05-11-1983 - - NL Tipparade - US #79 UK #61.
Kenneth Donald Rogers, born August 21, 1938, in Houston, Texas made an awesome CD....great songs.
107. I Started A Joke - Skibby & King Lover ( BRM ) - Jive 09-12-1995 - NL Tipparade -
108. Marley Purt Drive - Jose Feliciano You Cover Again ( BRM ) - RCA 31-05-1969 - NL Tipparade - US #70.
Jose Feliciano was born blind on 10 September, 1945 in Lares, Puerto Rico. One of eleven boys, his love affair with music began at the age of three. He started to teach himself to play the guitar at age 9 and by the time he was 23, he had won two Grammy Awards, had performed over much of the world, and had recorded in four languages.
109. Experience - Diana Ross & Barry Gibb Eaten Alive ( BRMA ) - Capitol - 14-06-1986 - NL Tipparade - UK #47.
The album titled Eaten Alive (1985) was a dynamic affair with an explosive set of songs all produced by the Gibb brothers Maurice, Robin and Barry as well as the title track also boasting the excellent production and songwriting skills of the genius himself, Michael Jackson (who also wrote the brief liner notes for the back cover of the album).In the U.K, obviously cashing in on the mammoth success of the chart-topping Chain Reaction, a third single was issued. The exotic and mesmerising Experience was a gorgeous ballad courtesy of the Gibb brothers. Experience captured the depth and essence in Ross' unique voice.
110. Holiday - Moulin Rouge Bee Gees Disco Versions Michael Zager ( BR ) - Philips 17-03-1979 - NL Tipparade
111. Emotion - O'G3NE Voice of Holland September/October 2014 - NL Tipparade
# 1 - # 111 were the hitrecords in the Dutch Hitparade Top 40 and in the Dutch Tipparade Top 30.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Part 2: 112 - 2016 and part 3: 2017 - 4034
112. Ellan Vannin ( Traditional ) - Bee Gees - Live In Sydney ( BRM ) - 1999.
Live In Sydney Among the old-as-the-hills Gaelic folk tunes is "Ellan Vannin," which seems to be among the favorites of the Manx folk (many wanted it as the national anthem), and which has been performed by Douglas' (Isle of Man) famous sons, the Bee Gees. A glorious vocal performance for Robin Gibb.
113. Islands In The Stream - Bee Gees - One Night Only - Live ( BRM ) - Polydor 1998
114. One Million Years - Bee Gees - I've Gotta Get A Message To You ( R ) - Pickwick 1969
The surviving members of the Bee Gees , Robin and Barry Gibb, have returned to the stage for the first time since their brother Maurice died three years ago, their publicist said Monday. The pair reunited for a charity concert at the Diplomat Hotel in Miami on Saturday (2/18) to raise money for the Diabetes Research Institute, the Bee Gees ' publicist Paul Bloch said in Los Angeles. The Gibb brothers performed hit Bee Gees ' songs including their signature "Saturday Night Fever" megahits "Staying Alive" and "How Deep is Your Love" and also did a tribute to Maurice. For Playlist and Photo's go to: Barry Gibb.com | Love & Hope Ball - February 18 2006
The Bee Gees receive the honorary Freedom of the Borough - Article posted August, 07 2009
November, 18 2009: The Bee Gees performed on "Dancing with the Stars Results Show" last night, 17 November 2009. Earlier they performed on the BBC's "Strictly Come Dancing" (October, 31 2009). Dancing with the Stars -versus- Strictly Come Dancing Bee Gees video
-
| Tragedy |
According to Oscar Wilde, what was the second biggest disappointment of the average American honeymoon? | Gibb Songs : 1978
Gibb Songs version 2 by Joseph Brennan, copyright 2006—2013
1978
This was the year that Barry Gibb songs dominated the charts. On Billboard magazine’s Hot 100, Barry as a songwriter held the number 1 spot for half the year. His songs were number 1 for 27 weeks out of 37 from December 24, 1977 to September 2, 1978 (listed below). Aside from the top position these songs were high on the charts for a long time. They got incessant airplay and competed with each for chart position. Barry had as many as five songs simultaneously in the top ten and one week in March he had four of the top five spots (‘Night Fever’ at 1, ‘Stayin’ Alive’ at 2, ‘Emotion’ at 3, and ‘(Love Is) Thicker Than Water’ at 5). ‘Emotion’, well remembered, never did make number 1 against this competition.
‘How Deep Is Your Love’ (Oct 1977) — 3 weeks, Dec 24 to Jan 7
. . . 3 weeks off
‘Stayin’ Alive’ (Dec 1977) — 4 weeks, Feb 4 to Feb 25
‘(Love Is) Thicker Than Water’ (Nov 1977) — 2 weeks, Mar 4 to Mar 11
‘Night Fever’ (Feb 1978) — 8 weeks, Mar 18 to May 6
‘If I Can’t Have You’ (Dec 1977) — 1 week, May 13
. . . 4 weeks off
‘Shadow Dancing’ (Apr 1978) — 7 weeks, Jun 17 to Jul 29
. . . 3 weeks off
‘Grease’ (May 1978) — 2 weeks, Aug 26 to Sep 2
New work done in 1978 did not begin to appear until the second half of the year. All this songwriting for films and other artists had left the masses wondering what the Bee Gees themselves would do next. At precisely this pivotal moment the public were given, not the ultimate carefully crafted artistic pièce de résistance that the Bee Gees might have had a chance to create in some other kinder universe, but instead the absurdity of Sgt Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band.
While all the chart madness was going on, starting in March the Bee Gees did begin recording their new album, Barry thinking all the while how he was going to live up to the public’s expectations, and eventually thinking too how they were going to overcome the blot of Sgt Pepper. Whether it was getting to be too much for the weary public must have come to mind, but after all it had been two years since a Bee Gees studio album, so they went ahead. The backlash began in 1979.
songs
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Andy Gibb
A side by Andy Gibb, April 1978; album cut by Andy Gibb, 1978
WHY
album cut by Andy Gibb, 1978
AN EVERLASTING LOVE
album cut by Andy Gibb, 1978
GREASE
A side by Frankie Valli, May 1978; Grease soundtrack, 1978
AIN’T NOTHING GONNA KEEP ME FROM YOU
Barry Gibb
A side by Teri De Sario, July 1978; album cut by Teri De Sario, 1978
TRAGEDY
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
A side by Bee Gees, February 1979; album cut by Bee Gees, 1979
TOO MUCH HEAVEN
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
A side by Bee Gees, November 1978; album cut by Bee Gees, 1979
LOVE YOU INSIDE OUT
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
A side by Bee Gees, April 1979; album cut by Bee Gees, 1979
REACHING OUT
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
album cut by Bee Gees, 1979
SPIRITS (HAVING FLOWN)
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
album cut by Bee Gees, 1979
SEARCH, FIND
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
album cut by Bee Gees, 1979
STOP (THINK AGAIN)
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
album cut by Bee Gees, 1979
LIVING TOGETHER
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
album cut by Bee Gees, 1979
I’M SATISFIED
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
album cut by Bee Gees, 1979; B side by Bee Gees, April 1979
UNTIL
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
B side by Bee Gees, February 1979; album cut by Bee Gees, 1979
DESIRE
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
A side by Andy Gibb, January 1980; album cut by Andy Gibb, 1980
WHERE DO I GO
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Andy Gibb
album cut by Jimmy Ruffin, 1980
THE LOVE INSIDE
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Andy Gibb
album cut by Barbra Streisand, 1980
FOREVER FOREVER
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
album cut by Jimmy Ruffin, 1980
THIS COULD BE GOODBYE
probably Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
reported title. no record
probably Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
reported title. no record
probably Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
demo by Barry. no record
ECSTASY
probably Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
demo by Barry. no record
FEELINGS
probably Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
demo by Barry. no record
THE LOVE THAT WAS LOST
Maurice Gibb
promotional film soundtrack. US copyright March 1979
THE RESCUE OF BONNIE PRINCE WALLY
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
comedy skit (not music). fan club record by Bee Gees, 1978
WHIRLPOOL
Barry Gibb, David English
screenplay (not music). US copyright January 1979
This year’s work included songs for a second Andy album and a new Bee Gees album that was released in 1979. The obvious idea of all four brothers recording together was brought up, and the results were the song ‘Desire’ with Andy on lead vocal, and two other songs credited to all four as writers that were recorded later for other projects, ‘Where Do I Go’ and ‘The Love Inside’. Barry wrote a main title for the RSO film of the musical play Grease and a song for Teri De Sario.
Several other titles are known from leaked demo tapes or rumors. ‘Nobody’ was partly rewritten by Robin as ‘Forever Forever’ and recorded by Jimmy Ruffin. The others as listed would probably have been credited to B R & M Gibb if released.
Maurice’s first outside work in a while was an instrumental piece, ‘The Love That Was Lost’.
There are two non-musical works too. The three brothers did a comedy skit called ‘The Rescue of Bonnie Prince Wally’ for a fan club record. Barry and his friend David English wrote up a 32-page treatment for a movie that was never made, Whirlpool, about drug traffic in Miami. David English, the first president of RSO Records, also acted in films and then began a career producing charity sports and entertainment events. He would do more projects with Barry in the years to come.
recording sessions
orchestra arranged by Albhy Galuten;
also Barry Gibb (‘Shadow Dancing’, ‘An Everlasting Love’,
‘One More Look at the Night’, ‘Good Feeling’);
also Blue Weaver and Barry Gibb (‘Don’t Throw It All Away’)
Paul Harris — keyboards (‘Don’t Throw It All Away’)
Don Felder — guitar (‘I Go for You’)
Jock Bartley — guitar (‘Why’)
Barry Gibb — vocal (‘Shadow Dancing’, ‘Why’, ‘An Everlasting Love’, ‘Don’t Throw It All Away’)
engineer: Karl Richardson; John Blanche, Dennis Hetzendorfer (Criteria); David Gertz (Wally Heider)
producer: Albhy Galuten, Karl Richardson, Barry Gibb
December 1977 to February 1978, Criteria Recording Studios, Miami;
1978, Wally Heider Studio, Los Angeles
Andy’s second album was made under the direction of Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson, mostly while Barry, Robin, and Maurice were off filming Sgt Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band (up to January). Barry again was executive producer, and again he was present during recording of a few of the songs, the ones he wrote or co-wrote.
The recording order is not known. The ones with Barry must be among the later ones, so here the Andy songs are shown first, followed by the songs Barry was involved with.
FOOL FOR A NIGHT
stereo 4:13, lead vocal Andy Gibb
Shadow Dancing, 1978
ONE MORE LOOK AT THE NIGHT
Andy Gibb (1978)
stereo 3:45, lead vocal Andy Gibb
Shadow Dancing, 1978
This is a nice set of songs by Andy, all probably written in the year and a half since he recorded his first album. They are a little less country in style. It is worth listening to these separately from the collaborations with Barry. ‘Melody’ for example has some of the same feeling of longing that Andy put into songs like ‘Starlight’ on Flowing Rivers. They might sound even more authentic played by a young band Andy’s age rather than note-perfect sessionmen.
WHY
Andy Gibb, Barry Gibb (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 4:31, lead vocal Andy Gibb
Shadow Dancing, 1978
Andy said that he wrote the melody for ‘Why’ but asked Barry to write lyrics for it. Barry on backing vocals.
John Sambataro, who sang backing and harmony vocals on the non-Barry songs, plays slide guitar. Later in 1978 he left the Andy Gibb band and went on tour with David Mason (ex-Traffic), and early in 1979 he became lead guitarist for McGuinn, Clark and Hillman, a band playing country rock along the lines of some of Andy’s songs— what might have been! Also on this track was Jock Bartley of the country rock band Firefall, then recording their third album at Criteria. They had their Bee Gees connections: the first two albums had been engineered by Karl Richardson, and Joe Lala was a regular guest musician. And John Sambataro eventually joined Firefall in 1982 and recorded two albums with them.
SHADOW DANCING
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Andy Gibb (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 4:34, lead vocal Andy Gibb
A side, April 1978; Shadow Dancing, 1978
The first song credited to all four brothers. There would be two more over the next few months that were not released until some time later. There was loose talk about Andy appearing on Bee Gees disks and about some sort of arrangement where he would tour and they would record with him, never quite confirmed. Barry sings backing vocals.
AN EVERLASTING LOVE
stereo 4:06, lead vocal Andy Gibb
Shadow Dancing, 1978; A side, July 1978
Barry writing for Andy, and providing a lot of falsetto backing vocals on the mechanically repeating chorus. This is very different from any of Andy’s own songs.
(OUR LOVE) DON’T THROW IT ALL AWAY
Barry Gibb, Blue Weaver (1977)
undated 1978
stereo 4:07, lead vocal Andy Gibb
Shadow Dancing, 1978; A side, September 1978
‘Don’t Throw It All Away’ was the very good song Barry and Blue wrote during the Saturday Night Fever sessions. For this version Barry added a bridge section. Barry sings backing vocals.
Andy wrote six new songs for this album (plus ‘Why’), but once again none of them was chosen as the A side of a single. Andy was now almost twenty— the age Barry was when he wrote ‘Spicks and Specks’ with support from Maurice. Barry’s generosity toward Andy is praiseworthy, but nonetheless, perhaps this should have been the time to promote Andy’s own talents.
Stephen Stills
Stephen Stills — vocal, guitar, percussion
Andy Gibb — vocal
stereo 3:21, lead vocal Frankie Valli
single May 1978; Grease soundtrack, 1978
Barry wrote a title song to order for the Robert Stigwood film of the stage musical Grease. Since it is heard only in the animated opening credits, it did not need to be recorded before filming. It was recorded shortly after filming for Sgt Pepper, which was probably when Barry invited Peter Frampton to the session. The other uncredited musicians were some of those from the Andy Gibb album that was being made around the same time.
Frankie Valli, falsetto lead singer of the immensely popular Four Seasons group of the early 1960s, was a natural choice to sing it. Barry touched up the vocal with his own falsetto. The film director Randal Kleiser did not like ‘Grease’ and the new song ‘You’re the One That I Want’ because they did not fit the fifties style musically or lyrically.
Teri De Sario
orchestra arranged by Albhy Galuten
engineer: Karl Richardson
producer: Barry Gibb, Karl Richardson, Albhy Galuten
around February 1978, Criteria Recording Studios, Miami
AIN’T NOTHING GONNA KEEP ME FROM YOU
Barry Gibb (1977)
stereo 3:50, lead vocal Teri De Sario
single, July 1978; Pleasure Train, 1978
Albhy Galuten heard Teri De Sario in a club, and got Barry involved in recording a song for her. Barry sang backing vocals. song from 1977.
The musicians are again the usual group who did Andy’s sessions, and a few of them continued into the sessions for the new Bee Gees album. George Bitzer from Network appears again. Teri was married to Boneroo Horn player Bill Purse.
Sesame Street Fever
stereo 5:32, lead vocal Cookie Monster
Sesame Street Fever, 1978
Robin made a guest appearance on the children’s television program Sesame Street in 1978, bringing along his four year old daughter to visit the set. He then also contributed vocals to their album Sesame Street Fever. The date is unknown, but would be the first half of 1978. The songs are all by Sesame Street’s resident songwriter Joe Raposo, writer of ‘It Ain’t Easy Being Green’ and many others.
The cover of the album was a parody of the cover of Saturday night fever, with the muppet Grover as the John Travolta figure. On the album Robin turns in a beautiful lead vocal on ‘Trash’ as Oscar the Grouch. He also sings a few lines in ‘Sesame Street Fever’ and speaks briefly at the start of the Sesame Street classic ‘C Is for Cookie’. The muppet character voices were by Frank Oz, Jerry Nelson, Carroll Spinney, and Jim Henson.
Bee Gees
orchestra arranged by Albhy Galuten; concertmasters Gene Orloff (Sound Mixers), Bob Basso (Criteria)
engineer: Karl Richardson; Dennis Hetzendorfer, John Blanche
producer: the Bee Gees, Karl Richardson, Albhy Galuten
March to May, July to November 1978, Criteria Recording Studios, Miami;
Sound Mixers Studio, New York (strings)
The Bee Gees spent much of 1978 on Spirits Having Flown, the most time they had ever spent on one album. Barry said that he felt it had to live up to the sensational success of Saturday Night Fever. This only heightened any tendencies the Bee Gees had toward perfectionism, Barry in particular. No doubt each song has many, many recording dates, as they carefully recorded and re-recorded each nuance, but none of the dates are known. There was a break from about the second week of May to the last week of July.
In retrospect the decision to use Barry’s falsetto on almost every song looks like a mistake. Albhy Galuten said years later that Barry felt his falsetto voice was more expressive and had greater range, so he wanted to use it all the time. The songs on Spirits Having Flown are quite varied in style, but the sameness of the vocals makes them sound more alike than they are. Spirits Having Flown is as varied in musical style as classic older Bee Gees albums. ‘Tragedy’ is the only really ‘disco’ song here.
Albhy recalls Spirits Having Flown as being created primarily by Barry, Albhy, and Karl putting in long days and nights at Criteria. Blue Weaver recalls others being involved! Both agree that Robin was active behind the scenes in songwriting and offering feedback to the recording process, but Maurice contributes probably the least he did on any Bee Gees album. Not only was his alcoholism sapping his creativity, but he was having back pains finally diagnosed in 1980 as caused by a bad disk. In the recording phase Robin and Maurice now mainly played the role of backing and harmony vocalists, and even in that capacity Barry did many of the vocal dubs himself as he went over and over the recorded work. Instrumentally Blue again made great contributions to the arrangements.
TRAGEDY
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 5:03, lead vocal Barry Gibb
A side, February 1979; Spirits Having Flown, 1979
Blue Weaver plays most of ‘Tragedy’, including programming the newly invented sequencers for the bass and drum parts. The so-called disco rhythm is similar to that of the Beatles’ ‘Get Back’ and the song’s halfway status between rock and disco could have been emphasized by a halfway falsetto vocal. Barry spent days just on the sound effect that ends the pause before the last chorus.
TOO MUCH HEAVEN
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 4:55, lead vocal Barry Gibb
A side, November 1978; Spirits Having Flown, 1979
Illustrating the excess of these sessions, ‘Too Much Heaven’ has 27 vocal tracks. Barry on falsetto lead 3 times, falsetto high harmony 3 times, falsetto low harmony 3 times. Barry on natural voice lead 3 times, high harmony 3 times, low harmony 3 times. Barry, Robin and Maurice together on lead 3 times, high harmony 3 times, low harmony 3 times. The horn section from the band Chicago play on the song, in return for the brothers’ appearance on a Chicago song (see below).
LOVE YOU INSIDE OUT
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 4:11, lead vocal Barry Gibb
Spirits Having Flown, 1979; A side, April 1979
A slow funk groove. If the brothers can be believed, they sent off to Robert Stigwood a special version with the alternate line ‘backwards and forwards with my cock hanging out’ (instead of ‘with my heart hanging out’) just to see if he was paying attention. He was.
REACHING OUT
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 4:05, lead vocal Barry Gibb
Spirits Having Flown, 1979
A nice acoustic-guitar ballad, not disco or funk, but with synthesizer and falsetto.
SPIRITS (HAVING FLOWN)
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 5:19, lead vocal Barry Gibb
Spirits Having Flown, 1979
Barry sings much of this in natural voice, breathy style, with noticeable support from Robin and Maurice. Herbie Mann adds a bit of flute in the ending. This would have made an excellent single, on its own merits and as a transition back to natural voice Bee Gees. Its working title was ‘Passing Thought’.
SEARCH, FIND
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 4:13, lead vocal Barry Gibb
Spirits Having Flown, 1979
Uptown rhythm and blues, with horns and a driving rhythm section. It would have fit right in with the Arif Mardin arrangements on Mr Natural. The bass player adds some nice touches. Another natural single that would have broken the disco mold.
STOP (THINK AGAIN)
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 6:40, lead vocal Barry Gibb
Spirits Having Flown, 1979
Calling this a slow ballad makes it sound like a classic Bee Gees song but it has a different sense of pacing, with a little hesitation, maybe Otis Redding in falsetto. The Chicago Horns played on this song.
LIVING TOGETHER
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 4:21, lead vocal Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb
Spirits Having Flown, 1979
Back to funk. On the verses Robin delivers a startlingly feminine-sounding solo falsetto lead for the one and only time. Now listen to the other songs again for possible double leads by Barry and Robin, with Robin using this voice.
I’M SATISFIED
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 3:55, lead vocal Barry Gibb
Spirits Having Flown, 1979; B side, April 1979
Slightly reggae. The verses build in intensity and then fall back into the groove.
UNTIL
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 2:27, lead vocal Barry Gibb
B side, February 1979; Spirits Having Flown, 1979
The least worked-over song of the bunch, something Barry came up with and recorded quickly. It includes some of the highest notes he ever reached.
DESIRE
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb (1978)
undated 1978, 30 May 1979
stereo 4:24, lead vocal Barry Gibb
unreleased
stereo 4:24, lead vocal Andy Gibb
A side, January 1980; After Dark, 1980
Blue Weaver recalls that ‘Desire’ was intended for the Spirits Having Flown album and originally had Barry singing lead. After they spent weeks on it, they dropped it from the album lineup. Andy recorded a new vocal track to it in 1979, but it still had vocal backing tracks by Barry, Robin and Maurice. When it came out as an Andy single in 1980 it was publicized as the first track with all four brothers on it (and it would be the only one). It’s similar to ‘Shadow Dancing’— light disco with not much to say.
Chicago
probably October or November 1978, Criteria Recording Studios, Miami
A PERSONAL MESSAGE FROM THE BEE GEES
talk (1978)
stereo 7:21, voices of Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb
fan club disk, 1979
THE RESCUE OF BONNIE PRINCE WALLY
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 7:53, voices of Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Maurice Gibb, David English
fan club disk, 1979
Members of the fan club got a special disk for Christmas 1978, or a little later. ‘A Personal Message’ is mostly the brothers talking but it includes about a half minute of the three of them singing ‘Silent Night’ with Barry on guitar.
‘The Rescue of Bonnie Prince Wally’ is a very silly skit with funny voices in odd accents and sound effects. The Bee Gees were known privately for doing things like this, often on film, but this is the only one made publicly available. They said they cleaned up the language for this disk.
Osmonds
Merrill Osmond — vocal, possibly bass
Alan Osmond — vocal, possibly guitar
Wayne Osmond — vocal, possibly guitar
Jay Osmond — vocal, possibly drums
Kitty Woodson — vocal (‘Love on the Line’)
Denny Crockett — keyboards
Mike Lewis — sax (‘Steppin’ Out’)
orchestra arranged by Mike Lewis
engineer: Steve Klein
producer: Maurice Gibb, Steve Klein
last quarter of 1978, Kolob Recording Studios, Provo, Utah; Criteria Recording Studios, Miami
Maurice met with the Osmond brothers in Utah at their invitation in July or August of 1978, and took up their offer to produce an album for them toward the end of the year. The Osmonds, a little younger than the Gibb brothers (born 1949-1955), had, like the Gibbs, become well known as television performers in the early 1960s. They were actors in the one-year series The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters and sang its theme song, the model for the Bee Gees’ version in 1964. In the years since, they and younger siblings Donny, Marie, and Jimmy had had occasional chart hits and were still well known figures on television. Donny and Marie had a variety show on the ABC network from 1973 to 1979. During 1978 the press kept reporting on Marie and Andy Gibb spending time together.
Probably the Osmonds expected some of the Bee Gees magic to rub off by working with Maurice, and on the face of it his experience in a successful brother act made it seem logical that he could work well with the Osmonds. However Maurice’s steady drinking made it impossible. His creativity was in eclipse in any case, and in this particular situation he just had little common ground with the Osmonds’ cleaner lifestyle.
The album cover states that all backing tracks and vocals (except ‘Emily’) were recorded at Kolob, and that ‘strings, horns, and additional recording’ were done at Criteria. Those present in Utah report instrumental recording in sessions led mainly by regular Osmond musicians Ike Egan and Denny Crockett. Maurice was uncomfortable in Utah and not productive. His contributions to the project were slight, and he certainly does not sing or play on any of it. The Osmonds themselves sometimes played instruments on record and in live shows, but the credits for this album are vague.
Vocal credits are not given although certainly the four brothers are all singing. Merrill was usually the lead singer and is so credited here. Two Osmond fans kindly pointed out a few songs with lead parts by Wayne. There are still some lame ‘other voice’ credits awaiting help from someone familiar with the brothers’ voices. The LP sleeve credits Kitty Woodson on the duet.
The writer credits as shown here come from US copyright registrations. The album cover credits all songs to the four Osmond brothers except of course ‘Love Ain’t an Easy Thing’ and ‘Rest Your Love on Me’. The copyrights show the addition of Egan and Crockett on some songs, and Jay Osmond missing on some. ‘Love Ain’t an Easy Thing’ was originally heard on Neil Sedaka’s 1974 LP Laughter in the Rain. Barry’s ‘Rest Your Love on Me’ had not yet been released when the Osmonds recorded it.
STEPPIN’ OUT
Alan Osmond, Wayne Osmond, Merrill Osmond (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 3:24, lead vocal Merrill Osmond, other voice
Steppin’ Out, 1979
Alan Osmond, Wayne Osmond, Merrill Osmond, Ike Egan, Denny Crockett (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 3:18, lead vocal Merrill Osmond
Steppin’ Out, 1979
Alan Osmond, Wayne Osmond, Merrill Osmond (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 5:02, lead vocal Merrill Osmond, Wayne Osmond
Steppin’ Out, 1979
Alan Osmond, Wayne Osmond, Merrill Osmond, Ike Egan, Denny Crockett (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 3:27, lead vocal Merrill Osmond
Steppin’ Out, 1979
Alan Osmond, Wayne Osmond, Merrill Osmond, Jay Osmond (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 3:32, lead vocal Merrill Osmond, Wayne Osmond, Kitty Woodson
Steppin’ Out, 1979
Alan Osmond, Wayne Osmond, Merrill Osmond (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 4:33, lead vocal Wayne Osmond
Steppin’ Out, 1979
Alan Osmond, Wayne Osmond, Merrill Osmond, Ike Egan, Denny Crockett (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 4:18, lead vocal Merrill Osmond, other voice
Steppin’ Out, 1979
LOVE AIN’T AN EASY THING
Neil Sedaka, Phil Cody (1974)
undated 1978
stereo 3:38, lead vocal Merrill Osmond
Steppin’ Out, 1979
Alan Osmond, Wayne Osmond, Merrill Osmond, Jay Osmond (1978)
undated 1978
stereo 3:20, lead vocal Merrill Osmond
Steppin’ Out, 1979
REST YOUR LOVE ON ME
Barry Gibb (1976)
stereo 4:15, lead vocal Merrill Osmond
Steppin’ Out, 1979
THE LOVE THAT WAS LOST
Maurice Gibb (1978)
stereo about 6:30, instrumental
film score
Maurice composed ‘The Love that Was Lost’ for a short promotional film for the charity the United Way. His wrote it by playing multiple parts on keyboard, and he sent the tape to Mike Lewis to be scored for orchestra. Mike was the usual arranger for K C and the Sunshine Band, and he arranged the Osmonds album probably shortly before or after this. For the recording of ‘The Love that Was Lost’ Maurice asked Blue Weaver to play piano, and Mike Lewis conducted the orchestra that was hired for the session. Maurice therefore is not on the recording.
selected record releases
US: RSO, February 1978; UK: RSO, February 1978.
A NIGHT FEVER
B DOWN THE ROAD (live 1976)
The Bee Gees’ third and last single from Saturday Night Fever, propelled by the momentum of the other two still on the charts, had the longest run at number 1 on Billboard’s charts, eight weeks. It also went number 1 in Britain. Radio stations were sent a version that faded a minute early at 3:52.
CD: ‘Night Fever’ on Saturday Night Fever; ‘Down the Road’ on Here at Last.
Graham Bonnet : single
UK: Ring O’Records, March 1978.
A WARM RIDE
B 10/12 OBSERVATION
Graham Bonnet recorded the extra Saturday Night Fever song ‘Warm Ride’ and scored a top ten hit in Australia and New Zealand. The British release was one of the last on Ringo Starr’s vanity label Ring O’Records.
Rare Earth : single
A WARM RIDE
B WOULD YOU LIKE TO COME ALONG
This was the American release of ‘Warm Ride’. Rare Earth were a Detroit-based white rock band signed to Motown. Their first records were on the Rare Earth vanity label and as of this single they switched to Prodigal, another Motown-owned label. They performed the song on American Bandstand in June 1978, and issued a six-minute-plus version on a promo disk, but it was not a hit. The band were: Gil Bridges (vocals, flute, sax), Ray Monette (guitar), Mark Olson (vocals, keyboards), Mike Urso (bass), Pete Rivera (drums), Eddie Guzman (percussion).
Andy Gibb : single
A SHADOW DANCING
B TOO MANY LOOKS IN YOUR EYES
Andy Gibb’s third single became his third American number 1. This was the song credited to all four Gibb brothers. Barry sings backing vocals. The B sides were from his first album. This just missed top forty in Britain. Andy was mainly an American sensation.
CD: ‘Shadow Dancing’ on Andy Gibb and Andy Gibb Millennium.
Frankie Valli : single
US: RSO, May 1978; UK: RSO, May 1978.
A GREASE
B GREASE (instrumental)
The title song to Grease was yet another American number 1 for Barry as songwriter, and it made top five in Britain as well. The B side was the instrumental track, and in the US only it had a sax solo by Gary Brown.
The song was also on the soundtrack album Grease and Frankie Valli’s own album Frankie Valli... Is the Word.
CD: Grease.
B 3 I GO FOR YOU
B 4 GOOD FEELING
B 5 WAITING FOR YOU
Andy Gibb’s second album was hugely successful in the marketplace. Musically it continued the uneasy juxtaposition of Barry’s hit songs for Andy and Andy’s own songs, the latter confined mostly to side 2 of the LP. All are again played to a polish by the best session players Barry, Albhy, and Karl could hire.
American release was considerably in advance of that elsewhere, and the next several Andy singles were quite different.
CD: ‘Shadow Dancing’, ‘An Everlasting Love’, and ‘(Our Love) Don’t Throw It All Away’ on Andy Gibb and Andy Gibb Millennium.
Andy Gibb : single
A AN EVERLASTING LOVE
B FLOWING RIVERS
Andy’s fourth American single did not reach number 1 like the first three, but did go top five. Barry sings backing vocals. The B side was again off his first album, not the new one.
CD: ‘An Everlasting Love’ on Andy Gibb; both on Andy Gibb Millennium.
Sgt Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band
US: RSO, July 1978; UK: A & M, July 1978.
A 1 Bee Gees, Nicholas : SGT PEPPERS LONELY HEARTS CLUB BAND
Frampton, Bee Gees : WITH A LITTLE HELP FROM MY FRIENDS
A 2 Farina : HERE COMES THE SUN
A 3 Frampton, Bee Gees : GETTING BETTER
A 4 Steinberg, Stargard : LUCY IN THE SKY WITH DIAMONDS
A 5 Bee Gees, Steinberg, Nicholas, Pleasance, Stargard : I WANT YOU (SHE’S SO HEAVY)
B 1 Nicholas, Frampton, Bee Gees : GOOD MORNING, GOOD MORNING
B 2 Bee Gees, MacIntosh, Wheeler : SHE’S LEAVING HOME
B 3 Nicholas, Steinberg : YOU NEVER GIVE ME YOUR MONEY
B 4 Robin Gibb : OH! DARLING
B 5 Martin : MAXWELL’S SILVER HAMMER
B 6 Bee Gees : POLYTHENE PAM
Frampton, Bee Gees : SHE CAME IN THROUGH THE BATHROOM WINDOW
Bee Gees : NOWHERE MAN
US: RSO, July 1978; UK: RSO, July 1978.
A OH! DARLING
B SHE’S LEAVING HOME
The soundtrack album to Sgt Pepper. One musical number in the film is missing: George Martin’s instrumental medley of Sgt Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band as played by the original Sgt Pepper’s band over the years, recorded under the titles ‘Charleston’, ‘Hoedown’, ‘Swing Dance’, ‘World War II’, and ‘Dying Sequence’. The legacy passed to his grandson Billy Shears, played by Peter Frampton, and his band, played by Barry, Robin, and Maurice.
Following is the order of music in the film itself:
SGT PEPPERS LONELY HEARTS CLUB BAND (instrumentals)
SGT PEPPERS LONELY HEARTS CLUB BAND / WITH A LITTLE HELP FROM MY FRIENDS
FIXING A HOLE
THE LONG AND WINDING ROAD (instrumental)
HERE COMES THE SUN
I WANT YOU (SHE’S SO HEAVY)
GOOD MORNING, GOOD MORNING
POLYTHENE PAM / SHE CAME IN THROUGH THE BATHROOM WINDOW
SGT PEPPERS LONELY HEARTS CLUB BAND (REPRISE)
THE LONG AND WINDING ROAD (I)
MEAN MR MUSTARD
LUCY IN THE SKY WITH DIAMONDS
OH! DARLING
BEING FOR THE BENEFIT OF MR KITE!
WHEN I’M SIXTY-FOUR (instrumental)
YOU NEVER GIVE ME YOUR MONEY
GOT TO GET YOU INTO MY LIFE
WHEN I’M SIXTY-FOUR
GOLDEN SLUMBERS / CARRY THAT WEIGHT
THE LONG AND WINDING ROAD (II)
A DAY IN THE LIFE
GET BACK
SGT PEPPERS LONELY HEARTS CLUB BAND (finale)
Sgt Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band was one of the most inept movie musicals ever made. For one thing Peter Frampton, Barry, Robin, and Maurice were not professional actors. But the entire project was ill-conceived and executed, quite apart from anything involving the Bee Gees, who reportedly asked to back out of it before it was made.
On the strength of the Bee Gees’ success RSO (US) manufactured two million copies of the expensive two-LP set, which had an embossed front cover, special inner sleeves, and a poster. Counterfeiters who had made a tidy profit on Saturday Night Fever managed to get copies of the music and artwork ahead of release and added to the overabundance of product. Sales were terrible. At that time stores were allowed to return unsold albums for credit. Record business insiders said that it was the first album to ‘return platinum’, and that because of the counterfeiting it returned more than it shipped. RSO destroyed hundreds of thousands of copies, and despite that the album was a familiar sight in cutout bins for years to come.
The single of ‘Oh! Darling’ was credited as Robin Gibb. It went top twenty in America, very good considering the circumstances. The only song from the album that sold better was Earth Wind and Fire’s ‘Got to Get You Into My Life’.
In some countries in Europe a second single credited as Barry Gibb was issued, ‘A Day in the Life’ / ‘Nowhere Man’, with the B side lengthened by editing in a repeat section.
CD: Sgt Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band.
Teri De Sario : single
US: Casablanca, July 1978; UK: Casablanca, July 1978.
A AIN’T NOTHING GONNA KEEP ME FROM YOU
B SOMETIME KIND OF THING
Teri De Sario’s single did not reach top forty. Barry wrote and sang backup on the A side. He was not involved with the B side, a recent composition by Miami-based Betty Wright.
Sesame Street Fever
A 2 I WAS A LOVER, A LEADER OF MEN (1965)
A 3 PEACE OF MIND (1964)
A 4 CHERRY RED (1966)
A 5 ALL OF MY LIFE (1966)
B 1 DON’T SAY GOODBYE (1964)
B 2 JINGLE JANGLE (1966)
B 3 TINT OF BLUE (1966)
B 4 BORN A MAN (1966)
Virtually a reissue of the three Rare Precious and Beautiful albums, but on four disks. Monday’s Rain, Take Hold of That Star, and Turn Around, Look at Me each contain the first nine songs respectively of Rare Precious and Beautiful volumes 1, 2, and 3. The fourth album Peace of Mind then contains the last three songs of volume 3, last three of volume 2, and last three of volume 1, in that order. The songs are in the same ‘electronically rechanneled to simulate stereo’ mixes used for Rare Precious and Beautiful, and once again ‘I Was a Lover, a Leader of Men’ appears twice for no particular reason.
Budget label Pickwick can be faulted for needlessly expanding three albums into four, but at least they charged a low price for them, and the LPs were quality pressings. This was the first release in America of all nine songs on Turn Around, Look at Me and the first and third songs on Peace of Mind, something the Pickwick folks probably did not realize since nothing is said about it on the sleeves. (Atco had released only the first two Rare Precious and Beautiful albums.)
The timing of these releases was obviously meant to cash in on the Bee Gees’ success with very different music, and maybe once again the expectations for Sgt Pepper played into it. But if there were going to be reissues at this time, it’s too bad they were not reissues of better albums— most of the Bee Gees catalog was now out of print.
CD: All on Brilliant from Birth.
Bee Gees : Birth of Brilliance
Australia: Infinity, 1978.
A 4 I AM THE WORLD (1966)
A 4 CHERRY RED (1966)
B 4 I WANT HOME (1966)
B 3 MONDAY’S RAIN (1966)
B 1 HOW MANY BIRDS (1966)
B 2 SECOND HAND PEOPLE (1966)
B 4 BORN A MAN (1966)
A 2 SPICKS AND SPECKS (1966)
Released only in Australia, Birth of Brilliance was a landmark collection that fans worldwide gradually became aware of over many years’ time.
All of the songs are in the original mono, without the distortions introduced by being ‘electronically rechanneled’. Ten songs from the Inception / Nostalgia album (1970), recorded in 1966, finally made their début in Australia. ‘Monday’s Rain’ has the vocal track used on the original single, appearing here on LP for the first time anywhere. Lastly the gatefold sleeve has inside several rare photographs of the Bee Gees in Australia, a few of them in color.
The sequence was intended to be roughly chronological assuming as compiler Glenn A Baker did that the Australian Turn Around, Look at Us LP (1967) should be considered the second album and that the Inception / Nostalgia songs come before those from Spicks and Specks. Such was the state of known Bee Gees history as late as this. But the inclusion of five songs by other writers rather than more Gibb originals suggests a greater misunderstanding of what the group were about.
Birth of Brilliance was issued as a 2-CD set in 1994. Near the end of 1998 Festival issued a new and more comprehensive set of the Bee Gees’ Australian recordings confusingly titled Brilliant from Birth. Since it includes all of the songs that were on Birth of Brilliance, it should have replaced it, but for some reason Festival kept both 2-CD sets available for the next several years. Brilliant from Birth is preferable for sound quality and completeness. The LP version of Birth of Brilliance might still be of interest for the photographs on the inner gatefold.
CD: All on Brilliant from Birth.
Andy Gibb : single
Andy Gibb on backing vocals.
Bee Gees : single
US: RSO, November 1978; UK: RSO, November 1978
A TOO MUCH HEAVEN
B REST YOUR LOVE ON ME
The lead single for the new Bee Gees album. It was not a disco song but had plenty of Barry Gibb falsetto. Number 1 in America and top five in Britain. Barry, Robin, and Maurice donated the income from this song to UNICEF, a gift that is still active since the song has been continuously available on the Spirits Having Flown album and on several albums of Bee Gees hits.
‘Rest Your Love on Me’, dating to the Children of the World sessions in 1976, was finally released. It just beat out the Osmonds version recorded under Maurice’s direction not long before but not yet released. In January Andy Gibb and Olivia Newton-John would perform it at the Music for UNICEF show, the first time most people heard it. As a country song it did not fit in with what the Bee Gees were putting on their albums, even though they continued to write the occasional country song, like ‘Where Do I Go’, also left off the forthcoming album.
CD: ‘Too Much Heaven’ on Spirits Having Flown; ‘Rest Your Love on Me’ on Bee Gees Greatest.
| i don't know |
Catherine, wife of King Charles II of England, came from which Portuguese royal house? | Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England | Unofficial Royalty
Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England
by Susan Flantzer
Catherine of Braganza, wife of King Charles II of England; Photo Credit – Wikipedia
Catherine of Braganza (Catarina Henriqueta) was born on November 25, 1638 at the Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa in Vila Viçosa, Portugal. Her parents were João, 8th Duke of Braganza and Luisa de Guzmán . When Catherine was two years old, her father became King João IV of Portugal when the Portuguese Restoration War ended the sixty-year rule of Portugal by the Spanish Habsburgs. Two of Catherine’s brothers became Kings of Portugal: Afonso VI and Pedro II .
The accession of Catherine’s father as King of Portugal brought a great change in the family’s status and Catherine became a potential royal bride for John of Austria (illegitimate son of King Philip IV of Spain), François de Vendôme, duc de Beaufort (illegitimate grandson of King Henry IV of France and cousin to King Louis XIV of France), King Louis XIV of France, and King Charles II of England. She had first been suggested as a bride for King Charles II of England in 1645 during the reign of Charles’ father King Charles I of England and again in 1660 when the monarchy was restored in England. Already there were rumors of Catherine’s inability to have children, but the newly restored King Charles II was eager to have the £300,000 dowry. The marriage contract was signed on June 23, 1661. Catherine set sail for England in April of 1662 and landed at Portsmouth, England on May 13, 1662. On May 21, 1662, King Charles II and Catherine were married in Portsmouth in two ceremonies, a private Catholic one and a public Anglican one. Catherine’s Roman Catholicism made her an unpopular queen.
Despite fathering at least 16 illegitimate children with his mistresses, Charles had no children with Catherine. It is thought that Catherine did have at least three miscarriages. Despite having many mistresses, Charles insisted that Catherine be treated with respect, and sided with her over his mistresses when he felt she was not receiving the respect she was due. After an initial shock at being presented to Charles’ mistress right after her marriage, Catherine maintained a dignified attitude towards her husband’s mistresses and showed many acts of kindness to his illegitimate children. When it became apparent that Catherine would not produce an heir to the throne, it was suggested that Charles divorce his wife and marry a Protestant princess. Charles refused the suggestion.
On February 2, 1685, King Charles II suffered an apparent stroke and died four days later. While Charles was dying, Catherine was ill and sent a message begging his forgiveness for being unable to come to him. Charles replied to her, “Alas, poor woman, it is I who should be begging forgiveness.”
After the death of King Charles II and the accession of Charles’ brother King James II, Catherine continued to live at Somerset House in London. Catherine was present at the 1688 birth of King James II’s son James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales and was his godmother. When rumors began to spread that he was an impostor baby, and had been smuggled into the royal birth chamber in a warming pan, Catherine was one of the witnesses giving evidence of his legitimacy. Catherine remained in England after King James II was overthrown in 1688 by the Glorious Revolution and his daughter and her husband and first cousin took the throne as King William III and Queen Mary II. However, Catherine found that her position with the new monarchs deteriorated and she decided to return to Portugal in 1693.
After living in the homes of noblemen in Lisbon, Portugal for a period of time, Catherine decided to build her own palace, the Palace of Bemposta . Catherine was an important female figure to her nephew, the future King João V of Portugal, after his mother died. When brother, King Pedro II, grew tired of government, Catherine served as his regent.
Catherine died at her Palace of Bemposta in Lisbon, Portugal on December 31, 1705 at the age of 67. She was originally buried at the Jerónimos Monastery in Lisbon, Portugal. On September 29, 1855, Catherine’s remains along with the remains of other family members were re-interred at the Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza in the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora .
Tomb of Catherine of Braganza; Photo source: www.findagrave.com
Learn more about royalty, past and present here and share your thoughts on our forums .
| Braganza |
Which Rogers & Hammerstein musical of 1945 features the songs “June is Busting Out All Over” and “If I Loved You”? | King Charles II of England | Unofficial Royalty
King Charles II of England
by Susan Flantzer
Credit – Wikipedia
King Charles II was born on May 29, 1630 at St. James’ Palace in London. He was the eldest surviving son of King Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France , daughter of King Henri IV of France . Charles was the Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay from birth and was declared Prince of Wales in 1638, but was never formally created Prince of Wales. Charles’ mother was not happy with his appearance. She wrote in a letter: “He is so ugly. I am ashamed, but his size and fatness make up for what he lacks in beauty.”
Charles II as an infant in 1630; Credit – Wikipedia
Charles had eight siblings:
Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay , born and died May 13, 1629
Mary, Princess Royal (1631 – 1660), married William II, Prince of Orange, had one child: William III, Prince of Orange, later King William III of England
King James II (1633 – 1701), married (1) Anne Hyde, had issue including Queen Mary II and Queen Anne; (2) Mary of Modena , had issue including James Francis Edward, The Old Pretender
In 1631, Charles was placed under the care of Mary Sackville, Countess of Dorset, whose husband Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset , was lord chamberlain to Queen Henrietta Maria. His education was overseen by William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle and Brian Duppa, Bishop of Winchester and then later by John Earle, Bishop of Salisbury . The philosopher Thomas Hobbes was Charles’ mathematics teacher.
Charles as Prince of Wales in 1642; Credit – Wikipedia
Charles was still young when the English Civil War broke out between his father King Charles I and the Parliamentarian and Puritan forces. He accompanied his father to the Battle of Edgehill in 1642 and participated in the campaigns of 1645 as commander of the royalist forces in the West Country. When the situation deteriorated in the spring of 1646, Charles was sent out of England and eventually settled in France, where her mother already lived in exile with his sister Henriette and where young first cousin King Louis XIV was on the throne.
In 1648, Charles traveled to The Hague where he lived for a while with his sister Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange . It was in The Hague, that Charles met his first known mistress Lucy Walter . Her son James, who was born on April 9, 1649, was immediately recognized by Charles as his son, and later became James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth .
The execution of King Charles I on January 30, 1649 made Charles the de jure King. In 1650, he landed in Scotland and raised an army of 10.000 men. After being crowned King of Scots at Scone on January 1, 1651, Charles marched the army into England, but suffered an overwhelming defeat at the Battle of Worcester . After being a fugitive for six weeks, Charles escaped England and fled to France. Oliver Cromwell was declared Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland and England remained a Commonwealth and then a Protectorate until 1659.
Charles in exile, painted by Philippe de Champaigne, circa 1653; Credit – Wikipedia
During his years of exile, Charles, a de jure King, had no kingdom and therefore no income. He depended on the payments he received from his mother from the money she received from the French government. On September 3, 1658, Oliver Cromwell died. His son Richard Cromwell ruled only until April 1659 and there was a real possibility for the restoration of the monarchy. On May 1, 1660, Parliament formally invited Charles, as King Charles II, to be the English monarch in what has become known as the Restoration . On May 23, 1660, Charles landed at Dover and on his 30th birthday, May 29, 1660, King Charles II entered London in a procession. Charles was crowned at Westminster Abbey on April 23, 1661, on the feast day of St. George, the patron saint of England.
Coronation portrait by John Michael Wright, circa 1661
Catherine of Braganza , the daughter of King João IV of Portugal , had first been suggested as a bride for Charles in 1645 during the reign of Charles’ father and again in 1660 when the monarchy was restored in England. Already there were rumors of Catherine’s inability to have children, but the newly restored King Charles II was eager to have the £300,000 dowry. The marriage contract was signed on June 23, 1661. Catherine set sail for England in April of 1662 and landed at Portsmouth, England on May 13, 1662. On May 21, 1662, King Charles II and Catherine were married in Portsmouth in two ceremonies, a private Catholic one and a public Anglican one. Catherine’s Roman Catholicism made her an unpopular queen.
Catherine of Braganza; Credit – Wikipedia
Despite fathering at many illegitimate children with his mistresses, Charles had no children with Catherine. It is thought that Catherine did have at least three miscarriages. Despite having many mistresses, Charles insisted that Catherine be treated with respect, and sided with her over his mistresses when he felt she was not receiving the respect she was due. After an initial shock at being presented to Charles’ mistress right after her marriage, Catherine maintained a dignified attitude towards her husband’s mistresses and showed many acts of kindness to his illegitimate children. When it became apparent that Catherine would not produce an heir to the throne, it was suggested that Charles divorce his wife and marry a Protestant princess. Charles refused the suggestion.
King Charles II, Portrait by John Riley, c. 1680–1685; Credit – Wikipedia
On February 2, 1685, King Charles II suffered an apparent stroke and died four days later at the age of 54. Modern analysis of his symptoms seem to indicate he may have died from uremia, a symptom of kidney failure. While Charles was dying, Catherine was ill and sent a message begging his forgiveness for being unable to come to him. Charles replied to her, “Alas, poor woman, it is I who should be begging forgiveness.” Charles asked his brother James to look after his mistresses: “…be well to Portsmouth, and let not poor Nelly starve,” referring to Louise Renée de Penancoet de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth and Nell Gwyn . He also apologized to his courtiers: “I am sorry, gentlemen, for being such a time a-dying.” The night before his death, Charles apparently converted to Roman Catholicism, although it is unclear that his level of consciousness allowed for a true commitment. On the morning of his death, February 6, 1685, Charles received the Last Rites of the Roman Catholic Church from Father John Huddleston . King Charles II was buried at Westminster Abbey using the Church of England rites. He was the last monarch to have an effigy carried at his funeral. The effigy is still displayed at Westminster Abbey.
Wax effigy of Charles II, Westminster Abbey Museum; Photo Credit – http://www.westminster-abbey.org
King Charles II left no legitimate offspring, but he left behind a number of illegitimate children, whom he ennobled and officially recognized. Charles was succeeded by his younger brother King James II of England/King James VII of Scotland, who had converted to Catholicism and was unpopular. James was the last Catholic King of England and was dethroned in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution .
King Charles II is an ancestor through his mistresses of many British aristocrats and of several women who married into the British Royal Family:
Lucy Walter: ancestor of Sarah, Duchess of York and Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester
Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland: ancestor of Diana, Princess of Wales and Sarah, Duchess of York
Louise Renée de Penancoet de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth: ancestor of Diana, Princess of Wales, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall , and Sarah, Duchess of York
Illegitimate Children
| i don't know |
Which song was a top 40 hit for both The Pretenders in 1994 and Girls Aloud in 2004? | The Pretenders - I'll Stand By You - YouTube
The Pretenders - I'll Stand By You
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Published on Apr 1, 2012
Another long time requested song by alecsmiguel back from my previous account "monsterlyinlove"... pls. enjoy!
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
"I'll Stand by You" is a 1994 song recorded by The Pretenders from their sixth studio album, Last of the Independents. Written by Chrissie Hynde in collaboration with the songwriting team of Tom Kelly and Billy Steinberg (who used the melody from Johann Sebastian Bach's Minuet for Lovers), it was the Pretenders' most recent significant hit single, and their last successful single in North America.
The song is a power ballad that pledges love and faithful assistance in times of personal darkness. Since its initial release, "I'll Stand by You" has also become a major hit for British girl group Girls Aloud in 2004 and Carrie Underwood in 2007, both times recorded as a charity single.
"I'll Stand by You" was released as the second single from the album Last of the Independents in 1994, and it reached number 16 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, the top 30 on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 10 in the United Kingdom. It charted higher in the UK and the U.S. than "Night in My Veins", the album's first single.
The "I'll Stand by You" music video was released in 1994 and features Chrissie Hynde caring for an ill man.
The song is available in the form of DLC for the Xbox 360 Game Lips.
Since 2010 the song has been used in an appeal advert for the NSPCC.
Category
| I'll Stand by You |
Which Stoke-on-Trent brewery produces Lifeboat, White Star, Wreckage and Captain Smith beers? | What Will the Neighbours Say?: Amazon.co.uk: Music
Listen Now Buy: £0.99
Sold by Amazon Media EU S.à r.l.. By placing your order, you agree to our Terms of Use .
Product Description
Product Description
Co-written and produced by Brian Higgins and the Xenomania crew, What Will The Neighbours Say? features not only "The Show", "Love Machine", "Jump" and the 2004 Official Children In Need single, "I'll Stand By You" but 10 brand, spanking new tracks from the slinky, bluesy "Deadlines & Diets" to "Graffiti My Soul's" icy core of metal-machine noise to the mighty "Wake Me Up" which wields a synth-pop punch worthy of the B52s.
Review
Pop manager Louis Walsh has been struggling in the latest telly talent contest, X-Factor. He's had the indignity of having to vote out two of his own acts, and it's just possible that his remaining group, G4, might not enjoy chart longevity with their 'experimental' vocal renditions of pop classics.
But at least Louis can take comfort in the fact that one of his other groups, Girls Aloud, have done so well in the last two years that people are beginning to forget that they're 'those girls who won that TV show'. Seven top-three singles later, now is a good time for Cheryl, Nadine, Nicola, Sarah and Kimberley to release their second album, What Will The Neighbours Say?
Things start off extremely well with their summer hit "The Show", a feisty, thumping track with a positively rude bassline. Play it loud enough, and you'll probably feel like you're in an earthquake - in a good way. "The Show" is followed by the upbeat but not particularly tuneful "Love Machine", although it does contain the genius lyric 'I don't wanna change ya / Making you a stranger / I'll only re-arrange ya for now'.
"I'll Stand By You" is their latest chart-topper (buoyed by Children In Need) but it's arguable whether this cover adds much to the Pretenders' original. The album's other single is a cover of the Pointer Sisters' "Jump", featured in the film Love Actually. Twenty years on, this version updates the song nicely with a welcome return of those buzzy synth sounds and gnarly bass noises from "The Show". Good work.
Sadly, after leaving the singles territory, WWTNS? settles into afairly predictable mix of well-produced tunes covering the various pop styles and themes. "Deadlines & Diets" is reminiscent of All Saints' "Never Ever", and then there's the angry, 'rock' track "Wake Me Up" and the pleasant Spice Girls-esque ballad "I SayA Prayer For You".
Like all decent pop albums there are some killer tracks and songs to suit every mood, but it does seem this one's unlikely to go down as a classic. Nevertheless, Girls Aloud are currently British pop royalty, up there with Busted, Blue and the Bedingfields, and What Will the Neighbours Say? proves that in the ultra-fickle world of TV-generated pop, Girls Aloud have real staying power. --David Hooper
| i don't know |
In which city is the opera Tosca set? | On the trail of Tosca in Rome — News — Royal Opera House
By Gavin Plumley (Classical music blogger)
8 June 2011 at 6.59pm | 2 Comments
Martina Serafin as Tosca in Tosca © ROH / Catherine Ashmore 2011
Puccini was a stickler for detail, taking great care to set his operas in exact geographic locations. When he first saw the play La Tosca, by French dramatist Victorien Sardou, in Milan in 1887, he found a golden opportunity to write a very meticulously placed opera. Although a Tuscan by birth, Puccini would have known the Italian capital well – indeed Tosca had its premiere in the city. Sardou set the action of the play in three contrasting settings: the church of Sant’Andrea della Valle; the elaborate Palazzo Farnese nearby; and the commanding Castel Sant’ Angelo over the River Tiber.
These famous buildings survive to this day. So you can go and ‘recreate’ Tosca in your mind (all with the aid of a trusty MP3 player). Since the premiere at the Teatro Constanzi in Rome, many productions have taken Sardou and Puccini at their word by replicating the exact timings and settings of the three acts and, in 1992, a performance was broadcast live from the actual locations. So visiting these sites is a great way to get to know your Tosca.
St Andrew crucified, in Sant’Andrea della valle © ROH 2011
Act I – The Church of Sant’Andrea della Valle
Setting the scene: Tosca opens with the escaped convict Angelotti stumbling into the church of Sant’Andrea della Valle, right in the heart of Rome. He’s looking for the Capella Attavanti (the private chapel of his sister the Marchesa).
On location: Angelotti must have been searching for a while, as there’s no such chapel in the church. The name was Sardou’s invention, but the chapel on which it is based is immediately to the left of the door. Coming in off the teeming main street, the Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, Sant’Andrea really is a quiet haven in the midst of the racket of central Rome.
The Barberini Chapel is the only private space to be hidden behind gates. Sadly, those expecting Cavaradossi’s blonde bombshell of a Madonna peering down at them with her infamous blue eyes will be disappointed. The chapel is rather dark and features more muted religious paintings. Buried in the corner of the church, it doesn’t really benefit from the streaming light of an Italian afternoon (as it must have done on the June day on which Sardou set his play). But the dark recesses in the chapel must have been perfect for Angelotti’s hiding place. And looking down the nave, towards the gruesome painting of St. Andrew’s execution on an inverted cross, you can feel the chill of Scarpia, chief of police, approaching.
Act II – Palazzo Farnese
Setting the scene: Once Scarpia is on to Angelotti’s scent, there’s no stopping him. But rather than pursuing the prisoner through Rome’s cobbled winding streets, he preys on Tosca’s jealousy to unlock the clues. Through Tosca he will crack her lover Cavaradossi, who he’s sure has helped Angelotti to escape. After the scenes in the church, Scarpia retreats to his apartments in the nearby Palazzo Farnese. Tosca, something of a local celebrity, just happens to be performing in the gardens that evening. Situated between the River Tiber and the church, the Palazzo is an enormous Renaissance villa, originally built for the Farnese family, one of the most powerful and influential dynasties of the Renaissance.
On location: For such a grand building, it’s unlikely that a civil servant such as Scarpia (however controlling) would have been gifted apartments in the building. Part designed by Michaelangelo, it had been the home of Cardinals and Queens, rather than policemen. But it’s an evocative edifice, framed by an impressive square. Unfortunately, nowadays, you can’t gain access to the palace unless you have business with the French, as this is where they’ve had their Roman embassy since 1874. Although Mussolini sequestered the property during his time in power, the French were allowed to stay on for the princely rent of 1 Euro a year.
You can get some sense of the atmosphere of Act II when the great doors to the palace open. There are vast courtyards stretching behind its imposing façade. And the gardens that extend at the back it would have been where Tosca sang her festive cantata in Act II (with Scarpia listening from his rooms above). But as the French diplomats leave work, throwing jackets over their shoulders and making their way to local bars just off the Campo de’ Fiori, it’s impossible to think of Scarpia torturing Caravadossi behind its closed doors. Still, on a balmy Roman evening, you can pause and imagine that you hear Tosca’s sublime ‘Vissi d’arte’, just as Scarpia does at the climax of Act II.
Act III – Castel Sant’Angelo
Setting the scene: The opening of the final act of Tosca is one of the most evocative in the repertoire. The pitches of the bells across Rome that can be heard at dawn are entirely accurate, notated on a trip the composer took to the city when he sat on the ramparts of the castle. A Roman poet, one Luigi Zanazzo, wrote the authentic text for the Shepherd Boy’s half-heard song. It makes for a placid opening to a violent finale. Having got his guarantee for Cavaradossi’s release, Tosca kills Scarpia. But the joke is on her; Scarpia has not kept his promise.
Cavaradossi has been imprisoned in the Castel Sant’Angelo. The imposing cylindrical building was first built as a mausoleum for the great Emperor Hadrian, around 135 AD, but it was later used as a Papal prison and is attached to the Vatican by a lengthy series of ramparts. Executions used to take place in the inner courtyard, but productions of Tosca tend to set the action right up on the battlements. The reason being that Tosca, discovering that her lover has actually been killed (rather than the fake execution for which she hoped), soon dispatches herself by leaping to her death from the roof.
On location: Whatever time of day you visit (dawn feels a little merciless on a holiday), the Castel is still an imposing sight, with Peter Anton von Verschaffelt’s 1753 statue of St. Michael slaying Satan (in the figure of a dragon) dominating the skyline. Unlike in Tosca’s time, however, when fields surrounded the Castel, the present-day rush of the cars along the riverbank disturbs anything of the eerie peace that Puccini so brilliantly captures. But with all Rome laid about before her, you still can’t imagine a more dramatic suicide than throwing yourself off this terrifying parapet. ‘O Scarpia, avanti a Dio!’
| Rome |
Which football club replaced Workington in the Football League after th 1977-78 season? | City Opera, With Tosca, Rises From Its Deathbed -- Vulture
James Valenti as Mario Cavaradossi and Kristin Sampson as Tosca in the new City Opera's Tosca.
Photo: Sarah Shatz
Maybe I shouldn’t make too much of this, but New York City Opera is attempting to resurrect itself with an opera about a botched resurrection. NYCO Renaissance, an entity created by the hedge-fund manager Roy Niederhoffer and the director and producer Michael Capasso, recently won the right to take over the defunct company’s name (and debts). Now it hopes that a six-performance run of Puccini’s Tosca can do onstage what its lawyers accomplished in court.
Throwbacks abound. City Opera launched in 1944 with the same Puccini opera. This production re-creates the work’s 1900 premiere in Rome, right down to Tosca’s wide-brimmed hat and walking stick. The original, too, was a throwback, a Beaux-Arts invocation of Napoleonic Rome. This revival, in Jazz at Lincoln Center’s Rose Theater, is a long-simmering nostalgia stew, with hints of Fiorello La Guardia’s New York. (The production makes one unfortunate concession to the passage of time: The top ticket price is $160; in 1944 it was $2.20, or $30 today.)
The first performance reminded me of City Opera on one of its less-than-glorious nights: light on nuance, heavy on the beat, with singing that toggled between exciting and ragged, the whole thing shot through with invigorating sincerity. The baritone Michael Chioldi* held the three acts together from the middle, singing Scarpia’s Act II efflorescence of evil with a gusto that left his fellow cast members sounding pale. Tenor James Valenti had a rich middle register but looked alarmed every time a high note came barreling toward him, making Cavaradossi come off as even more plangent than usual. Soprano Kristin Sampson, perhaps worried that she wouldn’t be heard, sang with more steel than tenderness. (A different cast alternates performances, starting tonight.) Reproducing Adolf Hohenstein’s painted flats from 116 years ago proved a self-defeating conceit, since the result looked antique without being classic.
Still, I appreciate every one of those faults, because I prefer an imperfect beginning to a spectacular one-off. New York is still feeling City Opera’s loss, which no amount of Metropolitan Opera Live in HD screenings or miniature chamber-music dramas can compensate for. We’re missing out on young singers, on grand-but-not-bloated opera, on a nimble sensibility combined with defiant ambition.
And so, in the final minutes, when Tosca kept shaking Cavaradossi’s body in vain, willing him to rise, I hoped along with her. If this were a movie moment, the show would be revelatory and the company’s future foregone. In real life, it’s a tentative first step. Now there’s money to be raised, theaters to rent, casts to wrangle, and an artistic vision to shape. And then there’s the task of winning over all the pessimists who believe that their beloved company was definitely killed off in 2013 and that this new version is just a zombie pretender. When Cavaradossi stays dead, Tosca hops up to the castle parapet to hurl herself into the moat; the new New York City Opera has a steeper climb, hopefully to a happier outcome.
Tosca is at the Rose Theatre at Jazz at Lincoln Center through January 24.
*The reference to Michael Chioldi has been corrected.
Tags:
| i don't know |
Who played the part of Budgie in the 1970’s drama series? | Denim Disco: 1970's TV GOLD - BUDGIE
1970's TV GOLD - BUDGIE
''From the bright busy streets of the Charing Cross Road
To the dark little alleys in old Soho
From the smart noisy clubs where everybody goes
To the dark little streets that nobody knows''
BUDGIE was one of the great BRITISH TV DRAMA series of the 1970's.It was first broadcast in the UK during 1971/72 and has become one of the most fondly remembered TV Shows of the era.The programme showed the gritty reality of everyday life in a way that was rarely touched upon in other TV shows of the day and the passing of time has not lessened the shows impact
The central role of small time crook RONALD 'BUDGIE' BIRD was played by the former teen pop idol ADAM FAITH.Faith had only really dabbled in acting before.He'd performed in a couple of movies in the wake of his chart success and after the pop career tailed off he appeared in some minor theatrical roles. The show was created by two experienced and successful writers:KEITH WATERHOUSE and WILLIS HALL and a few eyebrows were raised when they choose Faith for the lead role
Throughout the series Bird attempts to become a player in the SOHO CRIMINAL UNDERWORLD. He possesses of a fair degree of charm,but a lack of the requisite amount of cunning places him firmly at the bottom of the criminal 'food chain'
Faith played the part with such conviction that the public began to question where RONALD BIRD finished and where ADAM FAITH began.During a 1974 TV interview RUSSEL HARTY said to Faith that he would be ''Frightened to come up against you in a dark alley''.Adam was forced to remind him ''Thats Budgie,thats not me.I can't help what Budgie is''.Another striking character in the programme was the gangster Charlie Endell {played by IAN CUTHBERTSON}.Cuthbertson stood at 6ft4 and also turned in a remarkably believable performance.I doubt if HARTY would have even walked into a room if 'Charlie Endell' had been present!
The show proved to be incredibly popular and soon every 'JACK THE LAD' worth his salt would be attempting to emulate BUDGIE in the fashion stakes.In an early episode Faith wore a short zip up cotton jacket by STIRLING COOPER which had large lapels and patch pockets in contrasting colours. Similar jackets were also manufactured in suede and leather and these became known as 'BUDGIE' jackets.
The 'FEATHERED' haircut he sported in the show {created by KEITH WAINWRIGHT of SMILE} was also widely emulated.Before long the BUDGIE haircut and jacket teamed with FLARED trousers,wide collared shirt and broad STACK HEELED became THE LOOK for working class white males in the UK and made ADAM FAITH the much emulated 'FACE' of STREET FAHION.
BUDGIE was more than just a character in a TV drama show. BUDGIE was no less than THE WIDE BOY JAMES DEAN OF THE TELEVISION SCREEN!
| Adam Faith |
Who carved the tomb of Oscar Wilde at the Pere Lachaise cemetery? | Budgie - The Complete Series Boxset [DVD] [1971]: Amazon.co.uk: Adam Faith, Iain Cuthbertson, Lynn Dalby, June Lewis, John Rhys-Davies, Stella Tanner, Jack Shepherd, Georgina Hale, Derek Newark, George Tovey, Rio Fanning, Margaret Nolan, Keith Waterhouse, Willis Hall: DVD & Blu-ray
£17.99 & FREE UK Delivery on orders dispatched by Amazon over £20. Details Only 14 left in stock (more on the way). Dispatched from and sold by Amazon. Gift-wrap available.
Special Offers and Product Promotions
Enjoy £1.00 credit to spend on movies or TV on Amazon Video when you purchase a DVD or Blu-ray offered by Amazon.co.uk. A maximum of 1 credit per customer applies. UK customers only. Offer ends at 23:59 GMT on Wednesday, December 20, 2017 Here's how (terms and conditions apply)
Find all the best television shows from the other side of the pond in our US TV store and catch the latest shows in our 2014's Hottest TV page.
Product Description
Product Description
All 26 episodes of the 1970s drama starring Adam Faith as petty crook Ron 'Budgie' Bird who constantly finds himself embroiled in petty scams and get rich quick schemes - none of which seem to end in success, and all of which seem to get Budgie in trouble with the police, and with his dodgy underworld boss, Charlie Endell (Iain Cuthbertson). Episodes are: 'Out'; 'Some Mother's Son'; 'Brains'; 'Grandee Hotel'; 'In Deep'; 'Could Do Better'; 'Best Mates'; 'Everybody Loves a Baby'; 'A Pair of Charlies'; 'Fiddler on the Hoof (Part 1)'; 'Fiddler on the Hoof (Part 2)'; 'Sunset Mansions, Or, Whatever Happened to Janey Babe?'; 'And In Again'; 'Dreaming of Thee'; 'And the Lord Taketh Away'; 'Louie the Ring is Dead and Buried in Kensal Green Cemetery'; 'The Jump-Up Boys'; 'Our Story So Far'; 'Do Me a Favour'; 'Glory of Fulham'; '24,000 Ball Point Pens'; 'King For a Day'; 'The Outside Man'; 'The Man Outside'; 'Brief Encounter'; and 'Run Rabbit, Run Rabbit, Run, Run, Run'.
Sponsored Products Related To This Item (What's this?)
| i don't know |
In 1979 Jerry Rawlings led the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council which took control of which African country/ | Jerry Rawlings (Fighter Pilot) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News
Jerry Rawlings
Fighter Pilot and Former Politician
Male
Born Jun 22, 1947
Jerry John Rawlings is a former leader of the Republic of Ghana and the current African Union envoy to Somalia. Rawlings ruled Ghana as a military Leader in 1979 and from 1981 to 1992, and then as the first elected president of the Fourth Republic from 1993 to 2001.… Read More
related links
Growing Democracy: Lessons From Ghana
Huffington Post - Oct 30, 2013
'Co-authored by Katie Smith Milway, writer on sustainable development. Ghana\'s road to democracy has been paved by investments in pro-business policies and access to microcredit, which has helped to build a generation of business owners and broaden the middle class. \nAt a time when several African nations (Egypt, Libya and Tunisia, to name three) are struggling in the transition from dictatorship to democracy, they have much to learn by looking south to another African neighbor, Ghana. ...
Leaders Mourn Death Of Ghana's Bastion Of Democracy
Huffington Post - Aug 10, 2012
'\n ACCRA, Ghana â World leaders joined thousands of Ghanaians on Friday for the funeral of President John Atta Mills, who came to symbolize Ghana\'s maturing democracy in a region long plagued by coups and disputed votes. \n\n Atta Mills, 68, came to power in 2009 after winning the closest election in the country\'s history. The peaceful transition of leadership after that vote was lauded as was the swift and orderly inauguration of the country\'s vice president last month following ...
Dotsonville Community News August 29th, 2011 Clarksville Leaf Chronicle
Google News - Aug 29, 2011
'Ed (Rawhide) Rawlings is served the first banana split by his wife Aline at the annual Dotsonville Community ice cream social, while <mark>Jerry Rawlings</mark> look on. / Jenni Comley Combining the annual back-to-school ice cream party with a yard sale Saturday'
African Leaders Hold Delayed Fundraiser For Famine Voice Of America (Blog)
Google News - Aug 25, 2011
'Former Ghanaian president <mark>Jerry Rawlings</mark>, who is the AU envoy to Somalia, is also present. As many as a dozen African leaders were expected for a meeting that was initially scheduled for early August. It was postponed due to what officials said were ... - -'
Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Jerry Rawlings.
CHILDHOOD
1947 Birth Jerry John Rawlings was born in Accra, Gold Coast, on 22 June 1947, to Victoria Agbotui (born 9 September 1919 in Dzelukope near Keta in what is now the Volta Region of Ghana), and James Ramsey John, a chemist from the United Kingdom, born in Castle Douglas, Scotland, in 1907. … Read More
Rawlings attended Achimota School.<br /><br /> Rawlings is married to Nana Konadu Agyeman. He has three daughters: Ezanetor Rawlings, Yaa Asantewaa Rawlings, Amina Rawlings; and one son, Kimathi Rawlings. Read Less
TWENTIES
1968 21 Years Old In March, 1968, he was posted to Takoradi in the Western Region to continue his studies.
1969 22 Years Old He graduated in January 1969, and was commissioned a Pilot Officer, winning the coveted "Speed Bird Trophy" as the best cadet in flying the Su-7 ground attack supersonic jet aircraft. … Read More
He earned the rank of Flight Lieutenant (Flt. Lt.) in April 1978. During his service with the Ghanaian Air Force, Rawlings perceived a deterioration of discipline and morale, reflecting the corruption of the Supreme Military Council (SMC) at that time. As promotion brought him into contact with the privileged classes and their social values, his view of the injustices in society hardened. He was thus regarded with some unease by the SMC. He read widely and discussed social and political ideas with a growing circle of like-minded friends and colleagues. Read Less
THIRTIES
Show Less
In May 1979, Rawlings, together with six other soldiers were arrested, by the Ghanaian Military for a mutiny labelled as a coup attempt (because the military were in power at the time) on the government of General Fred Akuffo, and Rawlings appeared before a General Court Martial, charged with leading a squad of soldiers on 15 May 1979.
While awaiting his execution, Rawlings was sprung from custody on 4 June 1979 by a group of soldiers. … Read More
He led the insurgent that ousted the Supreme Military Council from office with Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC). On the night of 4 June, lives were lost in both the forces fighting against the military government and those fighting on the side of the insurgency. As one of his first acts in power, Rawlings signed the orders for the execution of a former military president of Ghana who was later executed: Ignatius Kutu Acheampong, and Air Vice-Marshal Yaw Boakye. Four other generalsâKotei, Joy Amedume, Roger Felli, and Utukaâwere also put to death. Rawlings has never denied responsibility for this.<br /><br /> The Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), under the Military Marshal of Rawlings, carried out, what Rawlings described as a much wider "house-cleaning exercise". Meanwhile, following a programme already set in motion before the 4 June insurgency. On 24 September 1979, the AFRC military allowed the governing of the People's National Party (PNP) under Hilla Limann. Read Less
1981 34 Years Old Limann's administration was cut short on 31 December 1981, when Rawlings deposed him in another coup. … Read More
The Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC), composed of both civilian and soldiers, was established with Rawlings as the Chairman. The PNDC, led by Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings began the process of what Rawlings said to be a decentralisation.<br /><br /> Immediately following the overthrow of the Gen. Akufo government, Rawlings and his men embarked on what was termed "house-cleaning". They immediately tried and executed General Akufo, Gen. I. K.Acheampong, and Gen. Afrifa, all former heads of state, who had participated in earlier treasonable coups against former Presidents like Nkrumah. Air Vice Marshal Yaw Boakye, General Utuka, Amedume, Feli and Kotei were also executed for their roles in undermining the image of the military through corrupt acts.<br /><br /> The killings of the Supreme Court justices (Cecilia Koranteng Addo, Frederick Sarkodie, and Kwadjo Agyei Agyepong), military officers Major Sam Acquah and Major Dasana Nantogmah and the killings and disappearance of over 300 other Ghanaians occurred at this time in Ghana's history. Read Less
FORTIES
Show Less
He was re-elected in 1996 for a further four years. … Read More
He currently serves as the African Union envoy to Somalia.<br /><br /> Rawlings attempted a coup d'état on 15 May 1979, leading a group of military personnel in a coup attempt on General Fred Akuffo which resulted in him being arrested, imprisoned and facing a death sentence. However, a speech he gave during his trial resonated with a large section of the public that rose up in his defence. Consequently, on 4 June, soldiers sympathetic to his motivations broke him out of jail, and he led a revolt of both the military and civilians which overthrew General Akuffo and the Supreme Military Council, effectively leaving him in charge. Rawlings and the soldiers around him formed the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) and conducted what it termed "a housecleaning exercise", whose aim was to purge Ghanaian society of all the corruption and social injustices that they perceived to be at the root of their coup d'état. Read Less
…
The AFRC organized an election and it was won by Hilla Limann of the People's National Party (PNP). On 31 December 1981 Rawlings and together with some soldiers and civilians took advantage of new year festivities organized by Limann and overthrew the Limann government, citing economic mismanagement. Rawlings then installed the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) with himself as the Chairman. <br /><br />In 1992, Rawlings retired from the military and set up the National Democratic Congress (NDC). He legalized political parties and organized Presidential and Parliamentary elections, in response to demands for a more democratic process concerning the governing of the country. Rawlings and his party won with 58.3 percent of the vote, with outside observers declaring the voting to be "free and fair". Read Less
In 1996, Rawlings went on to win a second term as President.
FIFTIES
| Ghana |
Which British Prime Minister was born in 1883 and first entered Parliament in 1922 as MP for Limehouse? | BBC NEWS | Africa | The reality of Ghana's independence
Printable version
The reality of Ghana's independence
In his second and final piece, the BBC's reporter in Ghana, Kwaku Sakyi-Addo, looks at what happened to the ambitious dreams at Ghana's independence from Britain 50 years ago in the subsequent decades.
Part One: Independence
The vision of Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana's first president and the man who led the country to independence in 1957, was to make his country a beacon of success in Africa and power the movement towards African nationalism.
Nkrumah was ousted by a coup in 1966 and died in exile in 1972 - but his vision was known to all.
He had had the dream, but the reality was much harder - how to turn this former colonial country into a successful African nation.
Nkrumah's son, Gamal, says that the "euphoria of independence" soon wore off, and his father's message of pan-Africanism increasingly became overlooked.
"Countries became more jealous of national sovereignty," he adds.
"The main goal of the ruling cliques - many of which were military - was to preserve and concentrate power... the seeds of the problems we now associate with the continent - poverty, corruption, the breakdown of public services - were sown in those times."
Military revolt
The leaders of the 1966 military coup against Nkrumah, who had made the country a one-party state and declared himself a Life President, had hoped they could sort out the country's tottering economy.
But once Nkrumah was gone, Ghana's troubles continued to get worse.
There was hardly any electricity, failures all the time, no water. The situation was so volatile it was like lighting a match
Former Ghana president Jerry Rawlings
Eventually, in 1979, a military revolt of a dozen junior officers against their seniors, who they perceived as arrogant and corrupt, brought 32-year-old Jerry John Rawlings came to power.
Rawlings' newly-formed Armed Forces Revolutionary Council executed eight senior officers, including three former heads of state.
Neither a politician nor an intellectual - he was a flight lieutenant in the Ghana Air Force - Rawlings believed he knew what the country needed.
"In effect, 1979 was a reaction to the cumulative events that had been happening in the country," he says.
"There was hardly any electricity, failures all the time, no water. The situation was so volatile it was like lighting a match."
He says the executions were necessary.
"I'm taking responsibility for it all," he says.
"There was no alternative. We had to contain it within the military so it didn't spill into the civil front - if it had it would have been terrible.
"We had no choice but to sacrifice the most senior ones - the commanders."
Coups and violence
Despite Rawlings' acceptance of responsibility for these and subsequent executions, he has never been tried in a court.
And the current 1992 constitution - written during his time as head of state - also contains a clause which prevents anyone being charged for executions which took place under military regimes.
Cocoa farmer William Korampong says life is a desperate struggle
In 1979, Rawlings handed over power to the elected President Dr Hilla Limann - but by 1981 he was seizing it again in another coup.
He instigated what he called "participatory democracy" - a people's revolution - which would keep him in power for two decades.
And he also presided over periods of violence, human rights abuse and disappearances - over 200 people disappeared in the early 1980s, all suspected opponents of Rawlings' regime.
In 1982 there was another attempted coup, which, Rawlings claimed, was funded by Kwame Pianim, who was imprisoned for 10 years.
A country that Nkrumah had envisioned would lead Africa in optimism and change had descended into coups and violence.
"There were times when I openly shed tears for the suffering of my own people," says Charles Palmer-Buckle, the Catholic Archbishop of Accra who sat on Ghana's Truth and Reconciliation Commission for two years.
"It was eye-opening, because I never believed that certain types of atrocities did take place in this country."
When he became the country's first president, Kwame Nkrumah had attempted to keep a lid on Ghana's divisions by minimising them. Being African, he said, was not about being tribal.
But his focus on the "total liberation of Africa" meant he sometimes ignored problems at home.
The economy in particular suffered as Nkrumah failed to look beyond timber to keep it in health.
And when Rawlings was in charge, the economy hit rock bottom. The period is called the "Rawlings necklace" after the way starved Ghanaians' collarbones became visible.
'Dreams of people'
To this day, Ghana's economy still limps along, and a third of our people live on less than a dollar a day.
We were once rich in timber, diamonds and gold and the world's top exporter of cocoa. Not today.
President John Kufuor is generally considered a stable force
"Cocoa is seasonal so we have long periods of poverty," says cocoa farmer William Korampong.
"After paying my debts there is no money to send the children to school or pay for food. Get the government to process cocoa here and not abroad - then there would be more money in our pockets."
Fifty years after independence, it is now that Ghanaian - and African - renewal must begin.
Ghana's head of state in this jubilee year is John Kufuor - generally considered a stable force.
He says Ghana has not achieved the dreams of 1957.
"Perhaps it is an endless journey to pursue the dreams of people," he explains.
"The objective with which we entered independence was to become viable and prosperous.
"But since independence we've had a chequered history... it has taken us a while to come back to the original aspirations.
"We have moved along the track a small way but we have a long way to go."
And his words are echoed by Nkrumah's son Gamal, who says that it is not only Ghana's battle that continues, but Africa's.
"Pan-Africanism never took off as such, but that does not mean it is too late for it to take off," he says.
"Because part of Kwame Nkrumah's popularity today is his call for pan-Africanism, people instinctively know it is the only way forward for the continent."
Part Two of Ghana, Winds Of Change is broadcast on BBC World Service on Monday 5 March at 0930 GMT.
| i don't know |
Which 19th century artist illustrated Oscar Wilde’s “Salome” and Pope’s “Rape of the Lock”? | Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 00361424
Publisher description for Aubrey Beardsley : a slave to beauty / David Colvin.
Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the Library of Congress catalog
Information from electronic data provided by the publisher. May be incomplete or contain other coding.
Aubrey Vincent Beardsley, illustrator and writer, was the most notorious and outstanding artist of the fin de siecle. His disturbing erotic drawings shocked the sensibilities of the Victorians and his friendship and collaboration with Oscar Wilde has secured his place in the pantheon of great artists of the 19th century. Jaques-Emile Blanche's portrait of Bearsley, his face 'like a silver hatchet', is the enduring image of this fabulously talented man who died at the age of just 25. Beardsley's most important illustrations were for Wilde's Salome, Popes The Rape of the Lock, The Lysistrata of Aristophanes and Jonson's Valpone. He was art editor of the hugely influential Yellow Book from which he was dismissed following the arrest of Wilde becoming thereafter the creative editor of the 'Savoy' magazine. He went on to write the highly erotic romance The Story of Venus and Tannhauser which was published in an unexpurgated version as Under the Hill. This extraordinary man created some of the most striking and enduring images of the last one hundred years. His influence on Oscar Wilde and his circle was profound and his achievements in such a short life is one of the great literary and artistic stories of the 19th century.
Library of Congress subject headings for this publication: Beardsley, Aubrey, 1872-1898, Illustrators Great Britain Biography
| Aubrey Beardsley |
Which British Prime Minister was born in 1897 and first entered Parliament in 1923 as MP for Warwick and Leamington? | Aubrey Beardsley: Amazon.it: David Colvin: Libri in altre lingue
Libri in altre lingue
Commento: Usato in maniera gentile. Consegna stimata entro 20 giorni.
Aggiungi al carrello
Passa al retro Passa al fronte
Ascolta Riproduzione in corso... In pausa Stai ascoltando un campione dell'edizione audio udibile.
Copertina rigida, 17 ago 1998
—
Descrizione prodotto
Descrizione del libro
The work and life of Aubrey Beardsley published to tie-in with the centenary of his death, a major exhibition of his work at the V&A and a two hour TV special on his a life.
L'autore
David Colvin is a man of many talents all of which he employs to the full. He lectures in the history of art; designs books for his own press, Cypher; designs costumes for the Mermaid Theatre and National Theatre; contributes photographs to the Architectual Association library and writes, mainly on the literary characters of the 19th century.
Non è necessario possedere un dispositivo Kindle. Scarica una delle app Kindle gratuite per iniziare a leggere i libri Kindle sul tuo smartphone, tablet e computer.
Apple
Per scaricare una app gratuita, inserisci il numero di cellulare.
oppure
Non hai un Kindle? Scopri Kindle , oppure scarica l'applicazione di lettura Kindle GRATUITA.
Dettagli prodotto
Editore: Orion (17 agosto 1998)
Lingua: Inglese
Media recensioni: Recensisci per primo questo articolo
Garanzia e recesso: Se vuoi restituire un prodotto entro 30 giorni dal ricevimento perché hai cambiato idea, consulta la nostra pagina d'aiuto sul Diritto di Recesso . Se hai ricevuto un prodotto difettoso o danneggiato consulta la nostra pagina d'aiuto sulla Garanzia Legale . Per informazioni specifiche sugli acquisti effettuati su Marketplace consulta… Maggiori informazioni la nostra pagina d'aiuto su Resi e rimborsi per articoli Marketplace .
Desideri aggiornare le informazioni del prodotto o lasciare dei feedback sulle immagini ?
Consegne illimitate in 1 giorno
Iscriviti ad Amazon Prime: consegne in 1 giorno senza costi aggiuntivi, accesso anticipato alle Offerte Lampo di Amazon.it e agli eventi di Amazon BuyVIP e spazio di archiviazione per le foto illimitato
Non ci sono ancora recensioni di clienti su Amazon.it
5 stelle
4.0 su 5 stelle Could be better 23 ottobre 2015
Di Richard Collins - Pubblicato su Amazon.com
Formato: Copertina rigida Acquisto verificato
Love Aubrey Beardsley. Sad that he died at such a young age. The book is pretty good, covers a lot of ground about his art, but have plenty of room for improvement too.
5.0 su 5 stelle I love it! 14 novembre 2016
Di Natalie K. Garrett - Pubblicato su Amazon.com
Formato: Copertina rigida Acquisto verificato
Thanks, I love it!
4.0 su 5 stelle Four Stars 16 gennaio 2015
Di Flashbro - Pubblicato su Amazon.com
Formato: Copertina flessibile Acquisto verificato
Good book; I just wish there were more illustrations!
1 di 3 persone hanno trovato utile la seguente recensione
5.0 su 5 stelle Aubrey Beardsley in black and white 9 novembre 2013
Di Victoria Zlotkowski - Pubblicato su Amazon.com
Formato: Copertina flessibile Acquisto verificato
Great art deserves a great book! Fall in love with the delicate and erotic art of Aubrey Beardsley, a must for anybody interested in elegant form!
8 di 8 persone hanno trovato utile la seguente recensione
5.0 su 5 stelle The Perfect Introduction to Beardsley's Life and Work 31 marzo 2004
Di Danielle Bennignus - Pubblicato su Amazon.com
Formato: Copertina flessibile
A quick read, and packed with wonderful photographs and drawings, this book is a great treat for the new Beardsley fan. This book re-opened my eyes to his work, and broadened my horizons, as to who he was, and the life that he led. In other words, it laid the foundation for my further studies of Aubrey Beardsley, and his artistic contribution to the world.
The information is thorough and accurate, and the images are a joy to behold - so much so, in fact, that I purchased a second copy for the sole purpose of cutting out and framing them, for hanging in my drawing studio. Also, the brief nature of the book is helpful, in that it doesn't require the reader to commit, as is necessary for a longer biography. It serves as an ideal introduction. I would strongly recommend it, however, to both those who have just discovered Beardsley, and those who have long loved Beardsley's work.
| i don't know |
Between 1963 and 1975, FRELIMO, a nationalist group, fought for the independence of which African country? | APWorldHistoryWiki - A - African Nations Gain Independence - Struggles in Africa
A - African Nations Gain Independence - Struggles in Africa
Zoe Norris, Baylee Nichols, Kenzie Casement, Brooklyn Arnold
Geograpically Diverse Continent
Africa is the second largest continent in the world. It has tropical rainforests,
savannas, and deserts. It also has fertile coastal strips in North and South
Africa. Most people live around the fertile areas. The land produces enough food
for big populations making it possible for larger colonies to thrive. Africa is known for
having lots of minerals such as gold ore, copper ore, and diamonds. They also
produce crops like coffee and cocoa. These are just some of the main reasons why
European powers wanted to stay in control and do just about anything to maintain them.
Savannas(n.): grasslands with scattered trees
Colonies Demand Independence
Thousands of African people started to demand freedom from the European leaders.
Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, and Leopold Senghor led independence movements in their
countries. In some countries, political pressure was enough to get independence, this method
worked well for British colonies that became Nigeria and Ghana and in most of France's West
African colonies. Unfortunately not all countries were that lucky. In countries such as Algeria and Kenya,
the battle for liberation became violent.
Kwame Nkrumah
Jomo Kenyatta: (1894-1974) Born in a small Kikuyu village, and
educated at a Christian mission. As an adult he quickly became
a very strong nationalist. He became an anticolonial organizer
and fought long and hard for the independence of Kenya.
Checkpoint Question: Why did European powers resist independence for
their African colonies? The European powers wanted the African colonies
resources like rich deposits of minerals, cash crops, and petroleum.
Africans Build New Nations
Some new African nations has peace but others broke out in civil war,
military rule, or corrupt dictators.
Confronting Ethnic Divisons
The European powers had drawn colony lines without regard of the thousands
of ethnic groups. Many nations gained independence with people that had different
religions and languages and were more focused on putting forth their loyalty to their
ethnic groups, not a national government. Because of this, there was a lot of
ethnic and regional conflict.
Many countries had one-party political systems rather than multiparty systems. It was
believed that multiparty systems encouraged disunity. Although, many of the one-party
systems turned into dictatorships. The down side of these particular dictatorships
was that the dictators used their power to enrich themselves, and a certain batch of
lucky people. Because of this, military's often took control. More than half of
African nations faced a coup d'etat. Some of these military leaders wished to improve
awful conditions and restore civilian rule, but that wish was never granted
to the people. Other military leaders became brutal tyrants.
coup d'etat(n.): forcible overthrow of a government
Moving Toward Democracy
As military's often ruled many of the colonies, a democratic government was
desired. In the mean time, Western governments and the World bank required
reforms as a condition for loans. Because of this, some governments made
changes. Many legalized opposition parties and allowed the freedom of speech.
In nations such as Tanzania, Nigeria, and Benin, multiparty elections took place,
removing long-ruling leaders from office.
Election Campaign held in Tanzania
Foreigners Jostle for Influence
Unfortunately, although many African nations gained political freedom, colonial powers
still maintained control of local business. Because of this, many nations remained
dependent economically on their former colonies.
During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union often competed for military
and strategic advantages through alliances with many African countries. The United States
supported Mobutu Sese Seko, a dictator of Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo), and they also
supported Somalia. On the other hand, the Soviet Union supported Ethiopia. Many of the African
countries struck the interest of the superpowers, mostly because they wanted to gain
control of the Red Sea.
Mobutu Seso Seko(n.): 1930-1997, Dictator of Zaire 1965-1997
Red Sea(n.): Vital shipping route connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa
Checkpoint Question: Why have African countries moved toward democracy in recent years?
They did not like their political polocies and didn't think they were fair. Also, United States alliances
let African countries see what a democracy is like.
The Stories of Five African Nations
The new African nations all faced many of the same challenges, although
each nation has a unique history behind how they gained their independence.
Ghana
Ghana was the first African nation south of the Sahara to gain freedom from the British.
In the 1940's Kwame Nkrumah rised to power of an independence movement
by organizing rallies and political speeches against the British. In 1957, Ghana had finally
won their battle. Nkrumah was elected the first president of Ghana and did many things
to change the system they were used to. Nkrumah advocated socialism and nationalized
many businesses. As time went on, the once democracy slowly turned into a dictatorship.
In 1966, Nkrumah overthrown by the first of several military coups in Ghana.
In 1981, a young military officer named Jerry Rawlings stepped forward. He slowly
started to strengthen Ghana's economy, which is largely based on sales of cocoa and gold.
He also restored democracy in Ghana. He then won a free election in 1992 and then lost
to an opponent in 2001.
Jerry J. Rawlings
Stuggle for Independence in Kenya
For thousands of Kenyans, freedom was only granted after a long, agonizing, armed struggle. African
farmers had lost many of their land and jobs to white settlers. The settlers took over much of the
fertile highlands making it difficult for the village of Kikuyu to prosper. The settlers claimed it as their
land but the people of Kikuyu begged to differ. Jomo Kenyatta, the leadingspokesman of the Kikuyu
said "The land is ours. When Europeans came,they kept us back and took our land." Kenyatta
was a nonviolent activist and used nonviolent methods to fight oppressive laws. Although, in the 1950's
more radical leaders stepped forward and turned to guerrilla warfare.These rebels burned farms
and attacked settlers and Africans who were known to have helped or work with the settlers.
The British called theseguerrillas the 'Mau Mau'. To end the violence, British has Kenyatta arrested
and killed thousands of Kikuyu. The rebels were crushed with no leader,but the movement lived on.
Kenyatta became a national hero and in 1963, the year of his release, he was made the
first leader of an independent Kenya. As president, Kenyatta jailed those who opposed him and outlawed
opposition parties.
Throughout the 1800's, France had conquered much of Alergia. Millions of French
people had settled there over time. They were very much determined to keep
the Algerian people from winning independence. Because of this, Algerian nationalists
set up the National Liberation Front. In 1954, this group turned to guerrilla warfare.
The French though, had just recently lost one of their asian colony in Vietnam so they
were very reluctant to lose their Algerian colony. The French sent 500,000 troops to
maintain their possession. The main reason though as to why they wanted to control
Algeria still though was because in the 1950's oil and natural gases had been discovered
there.
freedom lived on, hundreds of thousands of Algerians lost their lives.
Eventually, the public opinions of the French people spoke out and rediculed
the war causing it to end. In the year 1962, Algeria had won its freedom.
In 1965, a coupe had taken over and a long period of military ruled had begun. In the 1960's
and 1970's, Algerians had started a command economy based on oil and gas exports.
In the 1980's the country had then returned to a market economy and in 1992, the
government had allowed free elections and an Islamist party had won most of the votes.
Due to this, the military had rejected the election results and seven long years of civil war
had broke out. Since 1999, the government has stopped the fighting but tense
feelings remain. Critics have accused the government of rigging elections.
command economy(n.): system in which government officials make all basic economic decisions
market economy(n.): an economy that relies on market forces to allocate goods and resources to
determine prices
Islamist Party(n.): People who want government polocies to be based on the teachings of Islam
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The DRC was formerly a Belgian colony that covered a vast region of Central Africa.
At least 1,000,000sq.mi. consist of rain forests and savannas located near the Congo River
basin. The region contains many valuble natural resouces such as diamonds and copper of
Katanga province. In 1960, the Congo urged to declare the colony independent even though
the Congolese were not ready for a self-government system which allowed Belgian people
to maintain control over mining companies and working with poloticians in Katanga. Patrice
Lumumba, the first prime minister of the independent Congo, asked for Soviet help
to fight back agaisnt the Belgian-backed rebels. The United States on the other hand
supported Lumumba's rival, Colonel Joseph Mobutu. Mobutu captured Lumumba
and she was executed shortly after. In 1963, the United Nations ended
the Katanga and in 1965 Mobutu overthrew Congo's government and ruled as a
military dictator. Mobutu's harsh and corrupt rule let poverty and instabilities in
the Congo get worse over time. In 1997, he was exiled and a civil war broke out
for six years. In 2003, ceasefire brought uneasy peace but the country remains
divided between the east and the west, and between many ethinic groups.
Katanga(n.): copper-mining region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Mobutu Seso Seko:
President of the Congofrom 1965 to 1997. He served in the country's army and later became a journalist. Through press contacts, he met several influential politicians and eventually was appointed to high positions. He reigned during the Rwandan genocide and formed an authoritarian regime. He died in exile in 1997.
Nigeria
Nigeria has the highest population count in all of Africa. Its people being to
thousands of ethnic groups, but three of them dominate. The Christian Ibo and
Yoruba people live in the south, and the Muslim Hausa dominate the north. After
WWll, the British gave into the idea of Nigerian independence and the country of
Nigera won independence peacefully in 1960.
In 1961, a discovery of oil in the southeast and raised high hopes for the new nations
economic future. Unfortunately though, due to regional, ethnic, and religious differences
led to many conflicts. In 1966, Nigeria suffered the first of several military coups. The
second coup help 1966 was led by northern Muslim officers which led to a rebellion
in the southeast by the Ibo people, who then declared independence as the Republic
of Biafra. Following the rebellion was a 3 year war. In the end of it all though, Nigeria's
military defeated the Biafran rebels and ended all hoped of Biafra independence.
Throughout the 1970's and 80's, a series of military rulers suppressed opposition and
diverted much of the country's oil earnings for their own good. Opposition to military rule
increased during the 1990's. Finally in 1999, a military government eventually
allowed free elections. After the return to democracy, Nigera's people faced and increase
in crimes. Meanwhile, ethnic and religious divisions gave rise to renewed violence.
Biafran War
Checkpoint Question: How did Biafra and Katanga
reflect the challenges to unity that the new African nations
faced? They were often out powered by a bigger military
rule or colony. Most often, it was a struggle for independence
and took many years of war to win their freedom.
Struggles In Africa
During the 50's and the 60's, many African nations were gaining independence.
However, due to many ethnic diversities, religious beliefs, and languages, their freedom
was hard to maintain under the governments control.
South Africa Struggles for Freedom
The win for freedom in South Africa is very different from any other independence gain
in Africa. They won self-rule from Britain in 1910, however freedom was limited to white
settlers. Although whites only made up 20% of the population, they still controlled the
government. They eventually passed laws that strictly limited the black minority.
Apartheid Divides South Africa
In 1948, the government expanded the existing system of racial segregation, which
created an apartheid . Under apartheid, all South Africans were registered by race.
Black, White, Colored (people of mixed ancestry), and Asian. Apartheid's supporters
claimed that it would allow each race to develop its own culture. It was mainly designed
to control over South Africa. Under apartheid, nonwhites faced many restrictions.
Blacks were treated like foreigners in their own land.
Under the passed laws, they had to get permission to travel. Other laws
banned marriages between races, and required segregated restaurants, beaches, and schools.
Black workers were paid less than whites for the same jobs. Blacks could not own land in
most areas even.
Low wages and inferior schooling condemned most blacks to poverty.
apartheid(n.): separation of the races
Apartheid: was a system of racial segregation enforced through legislation by
the National Party governments, who were the ruling party from 1948 to 1994,
of South Africa, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa
were curtailed and white supremecy and Afrikaner minority rule as maintained. Apartheid
was developed after WWll by the Afrikaner dominated National Party and Broederbond
organizations and was practiced also in South West Africa which was administered by South
Africa under a Leauge of Nationsmandate (revoked in 1966), until it gained independence as Namibia
in 1990.
Fighting For Majority Rule
The African National Congress (ANC) was the main organization that opposed to the apartheid
and led the struggle for majority rule. In the 50's, the ANC organized marches, boycotts, and strikes.
In 1960, police gunned down 69 men, women, and children during a peaceful demonstration
in Sharpeville. The Sharpeville massacre and crackdown pushed the ANC to shift from nonviolent
to armed struggle. Some people like Nelson Mandela went underground. As an ANC leader,
Mandela had first mobilized young South Africans to peacefully resist apartheid laws. As the government
violence grew, Mandela joined ANC militants who called for armed struggle against the white minority
government. In the early 60's, Mandela was arrested, tried, and condemned to life in prision for
treason against the apartheid. While Mandela was in prison he remained a popular leader and powerful
symbol of the struggle for freedom. In the 80's, demands for and end to apartheid and for Mandelas
release increased. Many countries, including the United States, imposed economic sanctions on
South Africa. In 1984, black South African bishop Desmond Tutu won the Nobel Peace Prize
for his nonviolent opposition to apartheid.
Nelson Mandela
ANC(n.): Head leaders to oppose to the apartheid
Sharpeville(n.): Black township
Nelson Mandela(n.): Arrested for treason, encouraged to rebel against apartheid
served as president 1994-1999
Desmond Tutu(n.): Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for nonviolence
Checkpoint Question: What factors finally brought an end to apartheid
in South Africa?
Outside pressures and protests at home convinced president F.W. Klerk to end
the apartheid. He freed Mandela and lifted the ban on the ANC.
South Africa's Neighbors Face Long Conflicts
In Southern Africa, the road to freedom was longer and more violent than
what other nations had to overcome. For many years the apartheid
government of South Africa supported white minority rule in neighboring
Namibia and Zimbabwe. Britain and France gave up their African possessions,
Portugal clung fiercely to its colonies in Angola and Mozambique. In response,
nationalist movements turned to guerrilla warfare. Fighting raged on for 15 years,
until Portugal agreed to withdraw from Africa. In 1975, Angola and Mozambique
celebrated independence.
Independence did not end the fighting, however. Civil wars, fueled by Cold War
rivalries went on for years. South Africa and the United States saw the new nations as
threats because some liberation leaders had ties to Soviet Union or the ANC. The US
and South Africa aided a rebel group fighting the new government of Angola. South
Africa alone aided Mozambique. The fighting didn't stop until 1992, in Mozambqiue
and 2002 in Angola. Although, tensions remained afterwords. Slowly, they have
both begun to rebuild.
Checkpoint Question: Why did fighting continue after Agnola
and Mozambique achieved independence?
Because of the tensions that remained in the air caused by the Cold War
alliances and ties.
After independence, ethnic conflicts plagued several African nations. The causes were
complex. Historic resentments divided ethnically diverse nations. Unjust governments
and regional rivalries fed ethnic violence.
Rwanda and Burundi Face Deadly Divisions
The small nations of Rwanda, in Central Africa, faced one of Africa's deadliest civil wars.
The Rwandan people included two main groups. Hutus were the majority group, but the
minority Tutsis had long dominated Rwanda. Both groups spoke the same language, but
they had different traditions. After independence, tensions between the two groups simmered.
Conditions worsened in the early 1990's. In 1994, extremist Hutu officials urged civilians
to kill their Tutsi and moderate Hutu neighbors. Around 800,000 Tutsis and Hutus were
slaughtered. Another 3,000,000 of Rwanda's 8,000,000 people lost their homes to
destructive mobs. As the death rate rised, the international community failed to act.
After several months of this, France finally sent in troops to stop the madness.
With United Nations assistance, Rwanda set about rebuilding and recovering from the
horrors of genocide.Those accused of genocide faced trials in an international court.
Hutus and Tutsis had to find ways to live peacefully. World leaders pledged to stop any future
genocide wherever it might occur. Their readiness, however, was limited.
The neighboring nation of Burundi had a similar population and history.
As in Rwanda, tensions between Tutsis and Hutus led to civil war during the 90's.
While the fighting did not lead to genocide such as in Rwanda, guerrilla
groups fought for much longer in Burundi. Although several guerrilla groups
signed a peace treaty in 2000, fighting continued in the years followed.
Rwandan Genocide
Hutus(n.):group that forms the majority in Rwanda and Burundi
Tutsis(n.): main minority group in Rwanda and Burundi
Genocide(n.): deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious
or ethnic group
Rwandan Genocide: Over the course of approximately 100 days
through mid-July, over 500,000 people were killed, according to a
Human Rights Watch estimate. Estimates of the death toll have
ranged between 500,000 and 1,000,000 , or as much as 20% of the
country's total population. It was the culmination of longstanding
ethnic competition and tensions between the minority Tutsi, who
had controlled power for centuries, and the majority Hutu peoples,
who had come to power in the rebellion of 1959–62 and overthrown
the Tutsi monarchy.
After independence, Sudan's Arab Muslim north dominated the non-Muslim, non-Arab south.
Arab-led governments enacted laws and policies that discriminated against non-Muslims
and against other ethnic groups. For example, the government tried to impose Islamic law
even in non-Muslim areas. For decades, rebel groups in the south battled northern domination.
War, famine, and droughts caused millions of deaths and forced many more to flee their homes.
However, in 2004, southern rebels signed a peace agreement with Sudan's government.
The southern rebels agreed to stop fighting, and the government agreed to give the south
limited self-government, power in Sudan's national government, and freedom from Islamic Law.
Also in 2004, ethnic conflict had also spread to Sudan's western region of Darfur. This conflict
raised fears of a new genocide. Arab militias, backed by the government, unleashed terror on the
non-Arab Muslim people of Darfur. They burned villages and drove hundreds of thousands of
farmers off the land that fed them and into refugee camps, where they faced the threat of
starvation. The UN, the US, and other nations organized a huge aid effort to help refugees.
Darfur(n.):a region in western Sudan where ethnic conflict threatened to lead to genocide.
| Mozambique |
Which Lerner and Leowe musical of 1958 features the songs “The Night They Invented Champagne” and “I Remember It Well”? | Lecture Delivered by ANC President Jacob Zuma at the Central School of FRELIMO | African National Congress
Lecture Delivered by ANC President Jacob Zuma at the Central School of FRELIMO
30 July 2008, Maputo
"From a history and partnership against colonialism and apartheid -To a future partnership for development and the struggle against poverty".
Secretary General of FRELIMO,
Members of the FRELIMO Central Committee,
Members of the ANC National Executive Committee,
Distinguished guests,
Friends and comrades,
Students,
I am honoured to speak to you, as a group of students and young people of this noble city of Maputo and this generous country Mozambique, the land of Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane and the beloved Samora Machel.
We are here in Mozambique, as the leadership of the ANC on an important mission to visit a revolutionary party of your country FRELIMO, the party which led the Mozambican people to their Independence in 1975.
Our movement the African National Congress (ANC) shares a special and long history of friendship with FRELIMO, which started many decades ago. We are here to strengthen those bonds of friendship and comradeship.
FRELIMO and the ANC share historical ties born out of struggle when in our country we were fighting against apartheid and in your country you were fighting against colonialism against the Portuguese rule; it is a relationship that spans many years. These common objectives united our people in struggles against fascist regimes.
The leaders of our movements, Comrades Oliver Tambo, Eduardo Mondlane, Samora Machel and others met in countries such as Algeria of Ben Bella, and in other African countries and were trained in the same camps of the newly liberated or independent countries, our goals then were to see to it that the liberation of our people was achieved.
It was natural therefore that our leaders and members of both FRELIMO and the ANC shared a common goal to achieve the liberation of their countries. When FRELIMO had its first liberated area, MK soldiers entered Mozambique and stayed in the area.
We remember that ours are the bonds that are not easy to break as they were cemented in blood, the blood of our brothers and sisters, which was shed during the Matola Raid, Niassa and many other areas where both Mozambicans and South Africans lost their lives.
We must jointly build a monument for them in the area where the attack took place so that the memory of those who sacrificed their lives is honoured.
When the Independence of Mozambique was finally achieved in 1975, our people were greatly overjoyed and their hope renewed that indeed the liberation in South Africa will soon dawn.
The liberation of Angola and Mozambique in a space of a year from each other was a great source of hope and inspiration for the oppressed people of South Africa, it made us to intensify our struggle so that we will follow soon in overthrowing the apartheid regime. This was seen and experienced right inside South Africa as young and old people of our country organised many FRELIMO victory celebrations.
Once liberated, Mozambique helped uMkhonto we Sizwe to operate and the ANC to have its offices in this country. Our President Oliver Tambo had a permanent residence and home only in your country. We are eternally grateful to the friendship and love shown to our people and our movement by your Party FRELIMO and our beloved leader at the time Comrade President Samora Machel. When I was asked to speak here to young people of this revolutionary party FRELIMO I was excited, because young people are central for the future and the rejuvenation of any society.
I know that if we share anything with FRELIMO it is our passion for young people, we are both committed to ensuring that young people grow and develop in a peaceful and a secure environment.
Our goal is to see the growth and development of young people to play a meaningful role in their society, in developing it and in turn in developing their own country and ensuring that they live in a prosperous country.
In South Africa we are inspired by what a leader of our people, Moses Kotane who spent many years in this country, once said when speaking to a group of young people like yourselves many years ago, when he said: "A country, a people that does not value and cherish its youth does not deserve its future". And I want to add and echo his sentiment by saying that a youth that does not value and cherish its country and its people also has no future.
Today, our African continent faces many challenges, among them the issue of lack of skills or the flight of the very limited skills that we have in the continent. For us to address this challenge we will need to invest enormous amounts of money to the development of skills and by investing in students and the youth so that they can play an instrumental role in the development of their societies.
With this challenge in mind, the issue of achieving a higher level of education and attaining skills development becomes very critical for our continent. Without skills development our continent cannot achieve the growth levels and development that it aspires to.
It is for this reason that we would like to encourage all of you to concentrate on developing yourselves, to achieve the highest level of education, so that you can contribute meaningfully in your country`s development.
It is our desire to see African youth being developed at a skills level, and most importantly after achieving that level of development to remain in their countries or at least in the continent, so that they can contribute to the well being of our continent.
The issue of brain drain is affecting our continent negatively and it must be avoided at all cost. We would rather you used the skills that you acquire in your on country and continent rather than taking them to already developed nations in Europe and America. This means that part of the education that young people of our countries must receive must be around how to be patriotic and committed to their countries.
Young people must be proud of their countries and their past histories so that they would understand the sacrifices that were made by many of their heroes who contributed in their struggle for liberation.
By so doing you will also be contributing to the protection and defence of the revolution of your own country, we depend on you to defend our revolutions which were achieved at great cost and human sacrifices. We remember the devastating war that affected your country and threatened your revolution and believe that freedom once achieved must be defended at all cost.
Going forward we believe that our two countries must develop and strengthen their partnership, based on mutual bonds of struggle. We must develop from the historic partnership that we had when we fought against apartheid and colonialism, to a future partnership for development, growth and the struggle against poverty.
It is for this reason that our countries still enjoy good relations today. We are close neighbours and live in an economically integrated region, where the porous nature of the borders between us relegates borders to being a formality.
Developments such as the Maputo Corridor and the Libombo Corridor have made communication between our citizens easier. We must build and strengthen our relations based on common solidarity as Africans, our trade, investment and economic relations must be based on respect of each others countries as two distinct states, while also promoting continental cooperation. We must understand that Africa comes from a past where artificial borders were created by the Berlin Conference which was meant to divide us, but now since most of our countries are free and we are united we must not be confined by such artificial borders, the movement of our people from one country to another to share knowledge and skills must be encouraged.
It has always been my wish that we build a bridge over the Rovuma River between Mozambique and Tanzania thus linking the people of East and Southern Africa. Lastly, my message to you as young people is also to deal with the challenge of HIV and AIDS that is devastating our continent, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. You must guard against this disease and ensure that you protect yourselves by applying all precautions that will prevent the spread of HIV and AIDS.
As the youth you are our future and we depend on you being healthy in order to achieve the agenda of a prosperous, politically stable and economically and thriving Africa.
For us to achieve all of these important things we need to politically educate our youth in our political schools.
I thank you.
| i don't know |
Which 17th/18th century Irish political leader was nicknamed “The Liberator”? | Daniel O'Connell - Biography of Irish Statesman
By Robert McNamara
Updated May 31, 2016.
Daniel O'Connell was an Irish patriot who came to exert enormous influence on the relationship between Ireland and its British rulers during the first half of the 19th century. O'Connell, a gifted orator and charismatic figure, rallied the Irish people and helped secure some degree of civil rights for the long-oppressed Catholic population.
Seeking reform and progress through legal means, O'Connell was not really involved in the periodic Irish rebellions of the 19th century. Yet his arguments provided the inspiration for generations of Irish patriots.
O'Connell's signature political achievement was the securing of Catholic Emancipation. His later Repeal Movement , which sought to repeal the Act of Union between Britain and Ireland, was ultimately unsuccessful. But his management of the campaign, which included "Monster Meetings" which drew hundreds of thousands of people, inspired Irish patriots for generations.
It is impossible to overstate the importance of O'Connell to Irish life in the 19th century.
continue reading below our video
10 Facts About the Titanic That You Don't Know
After his death he became a venerated hero both in Ireland and among the Irish who had emigrated to America. In many Irish-American households of the 19th century a lithograph of Daniel O'Connell would hang in a prominent location.
Childhood in Kerry
O’Connell was born on August 6, 1775, in County Kerry, in the west of Ireland. His family was somewhat unusual in that while Catholic, they were considered members of the gentry, and they owned land. The family practiced an ancient tradition of “fosterage,” in which a child of wealthy parents would be raised in the household of a peasant family. This was said to make the child deal with hardships, and other advantages would be that the child would learn the Irish language as well as local traditions and folklore practices.
In his later youth, an uncle nicknamed “Hunting Cap” O’Connell doted on young Daniel, and often took him hunting in the rough hills of Kerry. The hunters used hounds, but as the landscape was too rough for horses, the men and boys would have to run after the hounds. The sport was rough and could be dangerous, but young O’Connell loved it.
Studies in Ireland and France
Following classes taught by a local priest in Kerry, O’Connell was sent to a Catholic school in the city of Cork for two years. As a Catholic, he couldn’t enter the universities in England or Ireland at the time, so his family sent him and his younger brother Maurice to France for further studies.
While in France, the French Revolution broke out. In 1793 O’Connell and his brother were forced to flee the violence. They made their way to London safely, but with little more than the clothes on their backs.
The passing of Catholic Relief Acts in Ireland made it possible for O’Connell to study for the bar, and in the mid-1790s he studied at schools in London and Dublin. In 1798 O’Connell was admitted to the Irish bar.
Radical Attitudes
While a student, O’Connell read widely and absorbed current ideas of the Enlightenment, including such authors as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Thomas Paine. He later became friendly with the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, an eccentric character known for advocating a philosophy of “utilitarianism.” While O’Connell remained a Catholic for the rest of his life, he also always thought of himself as a radical and a reformer.
Revolution of 1798
A revolutionary fervor was sweeping Ireland in the late 1790s, and Irish intellectuals such as Wolfe Tone were dealing with the French in hopes that French involvement could lead to Ireland’s liberation from England. O’Connell, however, having escaped from France, was not inclined to align himself with groups seeking French aid.
When the Irish countryside erupted in rebellions of the United Irishmen in the spring and summer of 1798, O’Connell was not directly involved. His allegiance was actually to the side of law and order, so in that sense he sided with British rule. However, he later said that he wasn’t approving of the British rule of Ireland, but he felt that open revolt would be disastrous.
The 1798 uprising was particularly bloody, and the butchery in Ireland hardened his opposition to violent revolution.
Legal Career of Daniel O'Connell
Marrying a distant cousin in July 1802, O’Connell soon had a young family to support. And though his law practice was successful and constantly growing, he was also always in debt. As O’Connell became one of the most successful lawyers in Ireland, he was known for winning cases with his sharp wit and extensive knowledge of the law.
In the 1820s O’Connell was deeply involved with the Catholic Association, which promoted the political interests of the Catholics in Ireland. The organization was funded by very small donations which any poor farmer could afford. Local priests often urged those in the peasant class to contribute and become involved, and the Catholic Association became a widespread political organization.
Daniel O'Connell Runs for Parliament
In 1828, O'Connell ran for a seat in the British Parliament as the member from County Clare, Ireland. This was controversial as he would be barred from taking his seat if he won, as he was Catholic and Members of Parliament were required to take a Protestant oath.
O'Connell, with the support of poor tenant farmers who often walked miles to vote for him, won the election. As a Catholic Emancipation bill had recently passed, due in large measure to agitation from the Catholic Association, O'Connell was eventually able to take his seat.
As might be expected, O'Connell was a reformer in Parliament, and some called him by the nickname, "The Agitator." His great goal was to repeal the Act of Union, the 1801 law which had dissolved the Irish Parliament and united Ireland with Great Britain. Much to his despair, he was never able to see "Repeal" become a reality.
Monster Meetings
In 1843, O'Connell mounted a great campaign for Repeal of the Act of Union, and held enormous gatherings, called "Monster Meetings," across Ireland. Some of the rallies drew crowds of up to 100,000. The British authorities, of course, were greatly alarmed.
In October 1843 O'Connell planned a huge meeting in Dublin, which British troops were ordered to suppress. With his aversion to violence, O'Connell canceled the meeting. Not only did he lose prestige with some followers, but the British arrested and jailed him for conspiracy against the government.
Return to Parliament
O'Connell returned to his seat in Parliament just as the Great Famine ravaged Ireland. He gave a speech in the House of Commons urging aid for Ireland, and was mocked by the British.
In poor health, O'Connell traveled to Europe in hopes of recuperating, and while en route to Rome he died in Genoa, Italy on May 17, 1847.
He remained a great hero to the Irish people. A grand statue of O'Connell was placed on the main street of Dublin, which was later renamed O'Connell Street in his honor.
| Daniel O'Connell |
In which film did Rod Steiger play a sheriff to win the 1967 Best Actor Oscar? | History Ireland
Published in 18th–19th - Century History , Catholic Emancipation , Features , Features , Issue 4 (Winter 1997) , Volume 5
I am very pleased to have been invited to mark here in the Reform Club the 150th anniversary of the death of Daniel O’Connell. It is an institution, after all, that was not only founded at the time of O’Connell’s greatest prominence by men who were colleagues in his endeavours, but which in its name epitomises his work and his goal. Rather than simply pay tribute to him for the contribution identified in the history books, I sense that this is an occasion to try to flesh out the formal tribute by touching on two issues. First, the extraordinary paradoxes and contradictions in the man himself. Second, the extent to which in his thinking and approach he was significantly ahead of his time.
Robust street politician
In essence, Daniel O’Connell, the robust street politician who prided himself on his ability to overturn a constitution by constitutional means, and drive a legal coach and four through legislation, was a man of paradoxes and contradictions. Closer examination shows us a man whose formation and attitudes were very much those of the eighteenth century—but in many of the causes he advocated or the positions he took, he was ahead of the mid nineteenth century—and could even be described, in some areas, as a man of the twentieth century.
One of the most popular biographies of Daniel O’Connell, by Sean Ó Faoláin, is entitled King of the Beggars. This was a label attached to him by his enemies both to diminish him and to evoke the fear of the mob. He did not discourage the image that label projected.
In fact he and his family were gentlefolk, when that term had a very specific meaning and significance. In that respect he was no different from many or most of those with whom he would have associated here in the Reform Club. The crucial difference was that, whereas his English colleagues and friends had enjoyed family backgrounds of security and stability for several generations, the precarious legal, social, economic and constitutional position of the O’Connells, even in the Liberator’s own lifetime and experience, would have been more intelligible to a Nelson Mandela or a Martin Luther King than to Jane Austen’s Mr Bennett, let alone Mr Darcy.
We can see Daniel O’Connell at one level as the archetypal pious Irish Catholic political leader. But this was a man who during the formative years of his young adult life had been a deist, a reader of Tom Paine and the friend and admirer of deists like Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft. He was to be granted privileges by the Papacy normally reserved to heads of state but his public challenge to, and defiance of, Papal political authority on such issues as the Veto Controversy cast the relationship of Catholic Church and State in Ireland into a very specific mould totally different to that of traditional Catholic countries. He was also such an out and out utilitarian that Jeremy Bentham was happy to describe him as his favourite disciple.
Great verbal violence
He was a man of great verbal violence, and one who had personally killed another man, albeit reluctantly in a highly publicised duel. And yet, he held together a huge, uneducated and passionate following in non-violence over a long and turbulent period. In doing so he established an effective model of non-violent agitation and political action which was to transform the histories of some of the greatest countries in the English-speaking world. An individualist political personality of Colossian proportions, who dominated the politics of his country for thirty years and yet left no party behind him, he is probably as much as anybody else the pioneer and progenitor of the modern mass-membership political party as we know it.
A man of two celebrated causes, Catholic Emancipation and Repeal, which were very specific and self-contained in his own time, we find that he was also the reasoned and consistent radical supporter of other causes in Britain and all over the world, which in some cases are still unfinished business 150 years after his death. We remember him as a great constitutional and legal reformer, basing his case on fundamental principle and the theory of the Rights of Man. But he was at pains to stress that his benchmark was not abstract theory but the practicalities of ‘good government’, meaning the direct impact of government on the daily lives of ordinary people. It is therefore no surprise to find that many of his last letters are preoccupied not with philosophy but with famine relief, not with the theory or the remote strategy but directly with the minutiae of the purchase of food for his own neighbours who were dying in hundreds in south west Kerry.
Background of insecurity
In order to understand Daniel O’Connell, we must understand his background. The O’Connells were not one of the great families of Irish history, nor were they poor in a material sense. They were recognised and described by their Protestant gentry neighbours as ‘gentlemen’. They controlled a considerable acreage of land and were in their own way entrepreneurs. But precisely because they had property and had their heads above the social parapet they were more, not less, at risk. In effect, that property had no constitutional protection. Twice in the previous century their lands had been confiscated and leading members of the family had been killed in action or died in exile. Twice they had painstakingly reconstructed their ancestral holdings, not freehold in their own right but through devious and precarious arrangements with friendly members of the established church. They existed under a system of penal and disabling laws which were designed explicitly either to deny their existence or, if that fiction of non-existence could not be sustained, to punish them for existing and to disable them from citizenship. To invite attention was to invite investigation and to invite investigation was to invite expropriation, for example, through the commonly used device of ‘discovering’ a Protestant heir.
What O’Connell’s Whig colleagues, friends and fellow members of the Reform Club could never have understood in the same gut, visceral manner as O’Connell knew in the depths of his very being, was that no legal security existed for the people among whom he had grown up. This experience was not a matter of myth or ancient family legend. In 1783, when Daniel O’Connell would have been about eight years old, an episode occurred in the environs of Derrynane itself, and for all we know, O’Connell may have been a witness. One source of income for the O’Connells was an ad hoc import/export trade which was not entirely in phase with the customs legislation of the time. Despite the best efforts of the Excise, and due to a felicitous conjunction of the complex maritime topography of the area and their own not inconsiderable ingenuity, they were seldom if ever apprehended in flagrante delicto. This particular occasion was the exception which proved the rule. Apprehended with the fruits of their labours on the beach in Derrynane Harbour by the local Justice of the Peace, the O’Connells accepted the reality of the situation with as much good grace as they could muster, invited the JP to lunch and provided him with their semi-tribal safe-conduct for his return journey.
The local peasantry, who were accustomed to a dividend of the proceeds, did not acquiesce in this civilised and prudent compromise. They set upon Mr Butler, the JP, as he was proceeding across the mountains with the confiscated contraband, and he was lucky to escape—if only barely—with his life. He swore out a summons for conspiracy against the O’Connells, in particular Daniel’s eldest uncle Maurice Huntingcap O’Connell and Daniel’s father, Morgan O’Connell. The O’Connells, then and since, protested their complete innocence. However, no effort was spared to have them arraigned and tried in Dublin—where as Papist nonentities they would have faced hanging. In fact, the case was dealt with summarily by the local Protestant Kerry Grand Jury, who had too many connections of one kind or another with the O’Connells to allow any unfortunate mistake to be made.
Even if, at the age of eight, the young O’Connell had not understood the legal niceties of the situation facing his father and his uncle, could he have been immune from the fear, not just of their death but of social and economic ruin for the entire family? Nor are we talking here about an illiterate peasant boy who knew no better. The O’Connells were as comfortable materially and as well educated, subject to the restrictions of the Penal Laws, as their Protestant peers. But they were not equal in the eyes of the law. It is a vital clue to O’Connell’s make up that he grew up in a social and political environment where the detail of law and its implementation were designed not to be safe or just—and where his entire people were explicitly excluded from the protection of the constitution.
If we look at Daniel O’Connell as an individual and study what he wrote and said, particularly his correspondence, we find that justice was not for him simply a matter of deep emotion. Justice, particularly in so far as it concerned civil rights, was for him a matter of iron and irrevocable logic. Growing up in an environment which never ceased to remind him that everything which he had could be jeopardised by a single false move, educated intellectually in the logic, reason and political philosophy of the eighteenth century, trained as a lawyer in English law with its emphasis on the rights of the subject, confronted on a daily basis with the illogicality that his co-religionists were subjects of the Crown without any of the rights of such subjects—is it any wonder that the energy and dynamism of this remarkable man should have become focused on a single objective: the liberation of his people? Or is it indeed strange that this man should have seen no border or monopoly to injustice and tyranny—and extended his concern to African slaves in America, to the citizens of Spain and Italy, to Indian peasants?
No gap between chieftain and people
Again, unlike many of his Whig reforming friends, material deprivation, poverty and a subsistence economy were not something that he had first seen from a carriage window. O’Connell was brought up in his earliest years under the old Gaelic system of fosterage by which the children of the chieftain were reared in the family of an ordinary farmer. This does not mean that he suffered the extremes of poverty, but the rationale of the custom was to ensure that there would be no gap between chieftain and people. O’Connell’s huge success later as a courtroom barrister was due in part to the fact that linguistically, emotionally and psychologically there was no gap between him and the Gaelic-speaking peasant who stood in front of him. He had shared and continued to share their memories, their thought-modes, their fears and joys, their aspirations. Later still, this closeness to them enabled him to become their political leader, master and guide. He knew their lives, not from the outside but from the inside.
And in this context, let us not forget the material surroundings of that life. Failures of the potato crop, attendant famines and outbreaks of mass diseases like cholera were endemic in Ireland. The famine we now commemorate was merely the worst. O’Connell grew up with the potato—and with the population explosion which occurred throughout the Britain and Ireland during his lifetime but which had a special, fatal significance in Ireland. He was no agrarian or socio-economic reformer and had no solution to the terrible potato-population equation. His economics were those of a man of his time and class and he would not have understood or tolerated any radical questioning of the social order. But he knew the reality at least of rural poverty.
Another paradox in O’Connell is that this great champion of the religious rights of Catholics, a man both pious and devout in religious practice, at least in later life, should have been most vocal and consistent in disagreeing with the Papacy on the issue of the temporal powers of the Church both in Italy and more directly in Ireland. A detailed examination of how this came about demands more time than is allocated to us here, but the most important matter at issue at an early stage in O’Connell’s political career was whether in a situation of Catholic emancipation, where Catholics were granted full civil rights, the State, being of course the British government, should have the right of veto over the appointment of Catholic bishops. Conceding this presented no problem to Rome, which was accustomed to such a right being exercised by Catholic monarchs in most countries on the European mainland.
O’Connell was the first political leader in any major Christian denomination in Europe to espouse at one and the same time the principles of both religious freedom and separation of Church and State. His most famous utterance in this area was in response to a call by Isaac Lyon Goldsmid to aid the cause of Jewish emancipation:
I entirely agree with you on the principle of freedom of conscience, and no man can admit that sacred principle without extending it equally to the Jew as to the Christian.
In March 1831, O’Connell attended a banquet in honour of Polish independence and made a speech, reported in The Times:
He [O’Connell] trusted that the period was not far distant when the Church would be separated from the State, for in every country that appeared to him an adulterous connection.
This stance did not endear O’Connell to the Holy See and it required some diplomacy and blurring of language to effect an entente. For obvious services rendered to Catholics and Catholicism, O’Connell was granted certain privileges in relation to the practice of his religion normally only granted to high nobility and even heads of state. However, one has the impression that Rome was never quite sure what to expect from him. Indeed, his very explicit and frequently expressed views on the separation of Church and State were all the more powerful coming as they did from somebody who otherwise could not have been more Catholic.
‘Sobered and desperate enthusiasm’
But, without doubt, it was O’Connell’s capacity to harness what he called the ‘moral force’ of mass non-violent action which became his lasting legacy and contribution to the emerging Ireland. It was a moral force which generated high apprehension and impact on the political establishment of his time. Robert Peel wrote to Sir Walter Scott in 1829:
I wish you had been present at the Clare election, for no pen but yours could have done justice to that fearful exhibition of sobered and desperate enthusiasm. We were watching the movements of tens of thousands of disciplined fanatics, abstaining from every excess and every indulgence, and concentrating every passion and feeling on one single object.
George J. Shaw-Lefevre, a Gladstonian Liberal MP, wrote in his book, Peel and O’Connell (London 1887):
O’Connell was hated by the governing classes of England. His policy and his success crossed their religious prejudice, their imperial instincts, their amour propre, at every turn. There was no man more universally attacked and abused. He had humiliated their government. The English sense of law and order was revolted by the repeated outbreaks of crime and outrage in Ireland, which they attributed to his agitation. The process of political agitation was then new to Englishmen. Later, they adopted the method without acknowledgement, and without changing their opinion of its great professor. The Reform agitation, and that for the repeal of the Corn Laws, were conducted on the lines invented by O’Connell, and were successful; yet the English people would not forgive him for his Catholic agitation, still less for that in favour of repeal.
Charles Greville, Clerk of the Privy Council and at the centre of British politics for forty years wrote in his famous diary:
History will speak of him as one of the most remarkable men who ever existed;…there never was a man, who without altering his social position in the slightest degree, without obtaining any office or station whatsoever, raised himself to a height of political power which gave him an enormous capacity for good and evil, and made him the most important and most conspicuous man of his time and country. It would not be an easy matter to do him justice.
A weapon of political action of the magnitude of that developed by O’Connell did not spring into effective operation overnight. It required organisation, education, discipline, control and flexibility. O’Connell knew he was walking a tightrope. No political philosopher and with no pretensions to be one, O’Connell became, however, the great pioneer of political empowerment of deprived peoples.
Dev on O’Connell
His commitment to non-violence as a moral force lost favour subsequently with many nationalists and was sidelined in the popular consciousness by events such as the Easter Rising of 1916. It was significant, therefore, that speaking at the official re-opening of Derrynane Abbey on 20 August 1967, Éamon de Valera, then President of Ireland, made a compelling reassessment of O’Connell’s role in the creation of modern Ireland. President de Valera said that his generation of Irish nationalists had not understood O’Connell or the problems he had faced. O’Connell had been criticised for eschewing violence, and had been accused of cowardice when he had called off the monster meeting at Clontarf in October 1843 when that meeting was proclaimed by the authorities. In particular, said de Valera, what his generation had not understood was that ‘Daniel O’Connell had to take people who were degraded and give them confidence in themselves. He had to let these people know that those who pretended they were superior were not superior in any way except that they had superior forces’.
The man we commemorate here tonight was a man of his own age who addressed a specific problem of the human condition as it was in his day. He enabled a people who appeared to have no future to give themselves a future by showing them the power they had in themselves, in their solidarity, in their capacity to be a people.
Archetypal ‘great leader’
At one level, O’Connell was not a democrat. He was no non-directive chairman of committees but the archetypal ‘great leader’ engaged in a constant megaphone courtship with the crowd. He was terrifying to his contemporaries because he seemed to be a puppet master on a colossal scale, manipulating tens of thousands of what Peel described as ‘fanatics’. But this is to misunderstand the nature of his political machine which was based upon open, rule-bound, democratic local units—the forerunner of the modern democratic political party.
But he was also an innovator in another important sense. The very word ‘democracy’ was still, at the end of the eighteenth century, highly suspect, and inextricably linked in most educated minds with the Greek word for a mob. Many of those who led the French Revolution believed in mass democracy but hardly in a democracy based upon a parliament and the rule of law. The franchise in England was slow to be extended even to adult male suffrage, and did not reach women till the second decade of the twentieth century. O’Connell, on the other hand, supported most of the demands of the Chartists including the extension of the suffrage and annual parliaments.
Emerging from a particular experience of deprivation and the suppression and denial of civil rights, and addressing himself to the very specific task of righting that wrong, the accident of his own particular emotional and intellectual formation made it impossible for him to set a border to the righting of injustice. Certainly Daniel O’Connell was the ultimate pragmatic parliamentary politician who never lost the opportunity to put together an alliance or a coalition or to create an obligation which could one day be cashed in the division lobby. Nevertheless the iron logic of his conviction that there was no border to the universality of justice and right meant for him that he had no choice but to stand up and be counted whether it was for Jews in Britain, African slaves in America or the rent-racked peasants of the villages of India.
O’Connell was a Gaelic-speaking Irish Roman Catholic who spent most of his life in conflict with British governments. He was a citizen of Europe which for many of his people and his own family was an alternative to absorption into English polity and culture. In many ways, he was alien to all that for which the British Establishment stood—there is no question that he was a figure of fear and even hatred for the Tory elite. Yet, in that typically Irish paradoxical way, he seized upon the theory of something fundamental to the British way of life and historical tradition, the specifically English concept of the citizen and his rights, and, turning it against the Establishment of his day for a specific ‘local’ purpose, assisted in enriching and enhancing it. He then returned it, refreshed and reinvigorated to the stream from whence it had come. So, as I thank you, on behalf of the Irish people, for your warm recognition of Daniel O’Connell, may I also confirm, on behalf of the Irish people, that in the gallery of your own political and constitutional history, you may continue to have an icon of him on semi-permanent loan.
'
| i don't know |
Which former leader of the Conservative party was MP for Chingford & Woodford Green? | Iain Duncan Smith MP, Chingford and Woodford Green - TheyWorkForYou
TheyWorkForYou
MP, Chingford and Woodford Green
Chingford and Woodford Green Conservative
Iain Duncan Smith campaigned to leave the European Union
Let your MP know how you feel –
Source: BBC
Iain Duncan Smith’s voting in Parliament
Iain Duncan Smith is a Conservative MP, and on the vast majority of issues votes the same way as other Conservative MPs.
However, Iain Duncan Smith sometimes differs from their party colleagues, such as:
Iain Duncan Smith generally voted for a wholly elected House of Lords, while most Conservative MPs generally voted against. Show votes
We have lots more plain English analysis of Iain Duncan Smith’s voting record on issues like health, welfare, taxation and more. Visit Iain Duncan Smith’s full vote analysis page for more.
Iain Duncan Smith has never rebelled against their party in the current parliament.
European Council 2016 19 Dec 2016
When my right hon. Friend was at the Council and reminded the Council leaders of her generous offer to allow EU citizens here in the UK to remain, and for UK citizens to receive the same privilege, did she manage to take Donald Tusk to one side and ask him simply why, when his own Government was keen to agree to that, he turned round and vetoed it?
The Government's Plan for Brexit 7 Dec 2016
The Maastricht treaty and internal negotiations on being in the EU are wholly different from leaving the EU. The strategy for those was about remaining in the EU—all the rest was detail for debate. Here we are debating something strategically quite different: we are departing from the European Union, including the European Court of Justice and various other elements. That means that too...
Conservative MP for Chingford and Woodford Green
Entered the House of Commons on 9 April 1992 — General election
Also represented Chingford
Revenue and Customs: Debt Collection
Other offices held in the past
The Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
(12 May 2010 to 19 Mar 2016)
Leader of Her Majesty's Official Opposition
(12 Sep 2001 to 6 Nov 2003)
Leader of the Conservative Party
(12 Sep 2001 to 6 Nov 2003)
Shadow Secretary of State for Defence
(15 Jun 1999 to 12 Sep 2001)
Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
(11 Jun 1997 to 15 Jun 1999)
Member, Standards and Privileges Committee
(23 Oct 1996 to 21 Mar 1997)
Member, Members' Interests Committee
(24 Mar 1995 to 8 Nov 1995)
Member, Standards in Public Life Committee
(16 Nov 1994 to 8 Nov 1995)
Member, Health Committee
(24 Jan 1994 to 10 Jul 1995)
Member, Administration Committee
(11 Jan 1994 to 21 Mar 1997)
Numerology
Please note that numbers do not measure quality. Also, representatives may do other things not currently covered by this site.
Has spoken in 12 debates in the last year — well below average amongst MPs. See all Iain Duncan Smith’s speeches
Has received answers to 0 written questions in the last year — well below average amongst MPs.
Responsiveness to messages sent via WriteToThem.com in 2015: WriteToThem had possibly bad contact details for this MP.
Has voted in 84.86% of votes in this Parliament with this affiliation — above average amongst MPs.
(From Public Whip)
People have made 51 annotations on this MP’s speeches — well above average amongst MPs.
This MP’s speeches, in Hansard, are readable by an average 16–17 year old, going by the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level score.
Last updated: 19 Dec 2016.
1. Employment and earnings
Payments for speaking engagement received via Speakers Corner (London) Ltd, Unit 31, Highbury Studios, 10 Hornsey Street, London N7 8EL:
31 October 2016 , received £2,000 from Target Jobs, GTI Media Ltd, The Foundation Building, Howbery Park, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA. Hours: 4 hrs. (Registered 24 November 2016 )
31 October 2016, received £2,500 from Scottish Widows Bank, PO BOX 12757, 67 Morrison Street, Edinburgh EH3 8YJ. Hours: 5 hrs. (Registered 24 November 2016)
15 June 2016 , received £1,000 received from YouGov, 50 Featherstone Street, London EC1Y 8RT, for a speaking engagement. Hours: 4 hrs. (Registered 24 November 2016)
Payments for articles in the Sun Newspaper, 1 London Bridge Street, London SE1 9GF:
28 September 2016 , received £700. Hours: 2 hrs. (Registered 24 November 2016)
9 November 2016, received £250. Hours: 1 hr. (Registered 24 November 2016)
2. (b) Any other support not included in Category 2 (a)
Name of donor: St. James’s Company Ltd
Address of donor: 22 Chancery Lane, London WC2A 1LS
Amount of donation or nature and value if donation in kind: The use of a car and driver between 3 May and 12 June 2016. The value of this service totalled £7,175.58.
Date received: 3 May - 12 June 2016
Date accepted: 3 May 2016
Donor status: company, registration 1996942
(Registered 11 July 2016 )
3. Gifts, benefits and hospitality from UK sources
I have accepted honorary life membership of Buck’s Club 1919, 18 Clifford Street, London W15 3RF.
I have accepted honorary life membership of Pratt’s Club as a Special Member, 14 Park Place, London SW1A 1LP.
7. (ii) Other shareholdings, valued at more than £70,000
Share options held in nlyte Software Ltd. No dividend received.
Share options held in Byotrol plc, a hygiene technology company. No dividend received.
| Iain Duncan Smith |
Which family of birds has species called Little, Common and Glaucous? | Men being erased from family life, warns MP - The Christian InstituteThe Christian Institute
Men being erased from family life, warns MP
Men being erased from family life, warns MP
28 May 2008
Marriage and the Family
Fathers are being “airbrushed” out of society, warns a former leader of the Conservative Party.
Iain Duncan Smith says many boys are turning to gang leaders and drug dealers for role models to replace absent fathers.
Girls who have never known the empathetic, unconditional love of a father are also left vulnerable to early, unprotected and often regretted sex, he says.
His comments follow a recent Government move to let doctors provide women with fertility treatment without considering the child’s need for a father.
Mr Duncan Smith, MP for Chingford and Woodford Green, last week tabled an amendment to block the measure. But he was defeated by 292 votes to 217.
Responding to the result in an article for The Times newspaper Mr Duncan Smith described it as “just another case of how, bit by bit, we are airbrushing men and their responsibilities from society.”
He continued: “Too many children are failed because their fathers play no part in their lives; I wonder how long it will be before we finally admit that we need to put men back and rebuild our fractured society.”
More on this topic
| i don't know |
Who commanded the German forces at the Battle of Stalingrad | Battle of Stalingrad - World War II - HISTORY.com
Battle of Stalingrad
A+E Networks
Introduction
The Battle of Stalingrad (July 17, 1942-Feb. 2, 1943), was the successful Soviet defense of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in the U.S.S.R. during World War II. Russians consider it to be the greatest battle of their Great Patriotic War, and most historians consider it to be the greatest battle of the entire conflict. It stopped the German advance into the Soviet Union and marked the turning of the tide of war in favor of the Allies. The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the bloodiest battles in history, with combined military and civilian casualties of nearly 2 million.
Google
The Russians hailed it a “contemporary Cannae,” and the Germans condemned it as a Rattenkrieg (Rat War). Both descriptions were fitting. In the Battle of Stalingrad, Soviet forces surrounded and crushed an entire German army under General Friedrich Paulus, emulating Hannibal’s encirclement and destruction of a Roman army under Aemilius Paulus in 216 B.C. For both sides, Stalingrad became a desperate ordeal of rodentlike scurrying from hole to hole.
This monumental battle is justly considered a turning point in the war on the Eastern Front and one of the most crucial engagements of World War II . The invading Germans saw the conquest of Stalingrad as essential to their campaign in southern Russia, since from this strategic point on the Volga River they could launch further assaults in the Caucasus. The Russians were determined to defend the city as a vital industrial and transportation center. Both Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler understood the symbolic importance of the only city to bear the Soviet dictator’s name.
On September 3, 1942, the German Sixth Army under Paulus reached the outskirts of Stalingrad, expecting to take the city in short order. But the Russians had built up their defenses and continued to bring in reinforcements. A very able general, V. I. Chuikov, took command of the main defending force, the Sixty-second Army, while Marshal Georgii K. Zhukov, Soviet Russia’s greatest general, planned a counteroffensive.
In subsequent days the invaders fought their way into Stalingrad against fierce resistance. This was urban street fighting of the most bitter sort, occasioning tremendous losses on both sides. The blasted ruins of houses and factories began to stink as hot winds carried the smell of decaying corpses into every nook and cranny. By late September the Germans could raise the swastika flag over the Univermag department store in the center of town, but they could not dislodge the Russians from the sprawling industrial quarters along the Volga.
In mid-November, as the stalled invaders were running short of men and munitions, Zhukov launched his counteroffensive to encircle the enemy. At this point the Germans probably could have fought their way out, but Hitler would not allow them to: they were ordered to hold their ground at all costs. Air Marshal Hermann Goring promised to resupply the Sixth Army from the air but proved unable to do so. As winter set in, Field Marshal Erich von Manstein mounted a rescue mission, but it was halted short of its goal, and the freezing and starving Germans in Stalingrad were forbidden to try to reach their would-be rescuers. On February 2, 1943, General Paulus surrendered what remained of his army-some 91,000 men. About 150,000 Germans had died in the fighting.
The Soviet victory at Stalingrad was a great humiliation for Hitler, who had elevated the battle’s importance in German opinion. He now became more distrustful than ever of his generals. Stalin, on the other hand, gained confidence in his military, which followed up Stalingrad with a westward drive and remained largely on the offensive for the rest of the war.
The Reader’s Companion to Military History. Edited by Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker. Copyright © 1996 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
Tags
| Friedrich Paulus |
John Bird and Gordon Roddick founded which magazine in 1991? | The History Place - Defeat of Hitler: Catastrophe at Stalingrad
Catastrophe at Stalingrad
The German Army never fully recovered from the beating it took in Russia around Moscow and elsewhere during the winter of 1941-42 when it suffered over a million casualties. For a time, the entire Eastern Front had teetered on the verge of collapse as division upon division of well-equipped Russians materialized seemingly out of nowhere and attacked.
Reacting to the debacle, Hitler assumed personal day-to-day operational command of the Army, brushing aside some of the world’s finest military experts, the same generals who had invented Blitzkrieg and engineered the lightning-fast victories over Poland and France. In their place, Hitler poured over the maps himself and made vital strategic decisions alone.
One of the men nearest to him throughout much of the war, General Alfred Jodl, Chief of Operations at OKW, reflected on the Führer's style: "If there is anything that clearly demonstrates the revolutionary character of Hitler's method of [military] leadership, it is that he did not concede to his military working staff, the OKW, and within it, the Operations Staff, the role of strategic adviser. All attempts I undertook in this direction failed. Hitler was willing to have a working staff that translated his decisions into orders which he would then issue as Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht, but nothing more...He did not care to hear any other points of view; if they were even hinted at he would break into short-tempered fits of enraged agitation. Remarkable – and, for soldiers, incomprehensible – conflicts developed out of Hitler's almost mystical conviction of his own infallibility as leader of the nation and of the war."
Day-by-day Hitler took on more responsibility, directing the movements of individual divisions a thousand miles from his headquarters, based on information that was probably old by the time it reached him – especially bad news which was usually slow to reach the Führer. Additionally, Hitler had odd work habits, staying up till 4 a.m. or so every day, then sleeping till noon, when he would hold his first military conference of the day, needing to catch up on the morning's events. Other times, he was distracted by unrelated political and Nazi Party events. For example, at the very moment American troops were landing in North Africa, Hitler was away from his headquarters, attending the annual commemoration of the Beer Hall Putsch which had occurred back in 1923.
And there were, for Hitler the commander, some deeper flaws as German Field Marshal Erich von Manstein observed: "He was a man who saw fighting only in terms of the utmost brutality. His way of thinking conformed more to a mental picture of masses of the enemy bleeding to death before our lines than to the conception of a subtle fencer who knows how to make an occasional step backwards in order to lunge for the decisive thrust. For the art of war he substituted a brutal force which, as he saw it, was guaranteed maximum effectiveness by the will-power behind it.... Despite the pains Hitler took to stress his own former status as a frontline soldier, I still never had the feeling that his heart belonged to the fighting troops. Losses, as far as he was concerned, were merely figures which reduced fighting power. They are unlikely to have seriously disturbed him as a human being."
Now, in the late spring of 1942, as the muddy roads and fields finally dried out in Russia, Hitler steered the German Army into the region of southern Russia known as the Caucasus. Moscow would be left as-is for the time being. His new strategy was to grab the expansive oil fields in the Caucasus which fueled Russia’s war machine, and seize Stalingrad, the region’s major rail junction and industrial center, located along the Volga River. Conquering the city named after Soviet leader Josef Stalin, in addition to the oil fields, would be a fatal blow to Russia, Hitler believed.
But from the onset, the problem was a shortage of manpower. There simply were not enough available men of military age in Germany to make up for the losses already experienced in Russia. Therefore Hitler pressed his allies and coerced Nazi satellite states into sending him fresh troops. As a result, the Wehrmacht was boosted by the addition of 52 non-German divisions recruited from allies Italy and Spain and from satellites Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia. Their arrival in Russia made up for the shortage, but also made the German generals uneasy, realizing they were now dangerously reliant on troops with questionable training and skills, whose steadfastness and loyalty under fire remained to be seen.
Despite their concerns, Hitler's offensive, which he named Operation Blue, got off to a good start. Army Group B made steady eastward progress toward Stalingrad while Army Group A headed for the oil fields in the Caucasus. But it was almost too easy. On closer look, German field commanders realized that Russian battle tactics had changed. Instead of stubbornly standing their ground and inviting encirclement, the Red Army had adopted a new strategy, the fighting retreat, to minimize losses and draw the Germans ever deeper into Russia, thereby stretching already-overtaxed supply lines to the breaking point. And it worked. The big Panzer tanks, which burned a gallon of fuel per mile, now had to stop and turn off their motors, just to wait for the fuel trucks to catch up, while the infantry sat around waiting for food and ammunition.
June 1942. At the map table, the Führer speaks--his generals listen. To his left is Friedrich Paulus, a staff officer recently given command of Sixth Army. Below: A German armored column traverses Russia's wide open spaces, pushing toward Stalingrad.
Below: Sixth Army Commander General Friedrich Paulus (right) watches his troops approach the city.
Below: Russian civilians inside Stalingrad dash through the streets amid an intensive aerial and artillery bombardment by the Germans.
By mid-summer, as the two army groups and their 700 tanks inched toward the oil fields and Stalingrad, the worsening supply situation, combined with the Wehrmacht's already limited manpower in the region necessitated a critical decision – which of the two main objectives should be achieved first?
Without hesitation, Hitler decided to go for the oil fields. And so he directed Fourth Panzer Army southward away from Stalingrad to aid First Panzer Army which was already approaching the oil fields. But several days later, upon further reflection, now realizing the Russians had left Stalingrad virtually undefended, the Führer changed his mind and decided to turn Fourth Panzer Army completely around and send it northward, back toward Stalingrad.
But it took some time for Fourth Panzer Army to wheel itself around, thereby giving the Russians sufficient time to set up strong defensive positions south of Stalingrad to obstruct its northward advance. Regardless, Hitler ordered the attack on Stalingrad to proceed, and at the same time, ordered the oil fields to be taken. He had changed his mind again. Both objectives were now to be taken simultaneously.
German field commanders in Russia and members of the Army High Command were utterly dismayed. It seemed like the Moscow nightmare was about to be repeated. It was a reoccurrence of the long-standing, fundamental disagreement they had with Hitler – pick one target and attack it with overwhelming force – whereas Hitler preferred a piecemeal approach toward multiple targets to satisfy his broader ambitions.
Senior strategists urged the Führer to take Stalingrad first using all available resources, then go for the oil fields.
A year earlier, Hitler had ignored their advice regarding Moscow. Now he spurned their advice about Stalingrad, maintaining just as he had a year ago, that the Russian Army would be defeated if only they followed his plan.
Two of his most senior officers, General Halder, Chief of the Army General Staff, and Field Marshal List, Commander of Army Group A in the Caucasus, openly criticized that plan. Hitler responded by sacking both men and took over List's post himself, assuming direct command of all the armies in the Caucasus.
For the main assault on Stalingrad, Hitler chose the pride of the Wehrmacht, its Sixth Army, commanded by General Friedrich Paulus. By mid-September, after rolling through the Russian outer defenses, Sixth Army entered the confines of the city. But this brought big problems. German armored commanders and their troops were used to fighting in Russia's wide open spaces which allowed for effective maneuvering of tanks and motorized infantry. Battle conditions in Stalingrad were exactly the opposite – a maze of city streets and multi-story buildings.
Even worse, Stalingrad was now a pile of rubble. Prior to invading the city, the Germans had tried to weaken Russian resistance via massive aerial and artillery bombardments. But this only created a jumble of blocked streets and broken cement, serving as very good cover for the thousands of Russian infantrymen now waiting to confront the Germans.
Under such conditions the Battle of Stalingrad quickly degenerated into a hand-to-hand street fight in which the Germans paid with blood for every piece of ground they gained. A German lieutenant on the scene wrote: “The street is no longer measured by meters but by corpses…Stalingrad is no longer a town. By day it is an enormous cloud of burning, blinding smoke; it is a vast furnace lit by the reflection of the flames. And when night arrives, one of those scorching, howling, bleeding nights, the dogs plunge into the Volga and swim desperately to gain the other bank. The nights of Stalingrad are a terror for them. Animals flee this hell; the hardest stones cannot bear it for long; only men endure.”
With German casualties piling up at a rate of 20,000 men a day, Hitler pulled divisions from his outer defenses in the region and sent them in one-by-one. Meanwhile, Soviet leader Josef Stalin plunged a million soldiers into the city, telling them: “You can no longer retreat…There is only one road, the road that leads forward. Stalingrad will be saved by you, or wiped out with you.”
Hitler had truly met his match in Stalin – a man like himself who saw fighting only in terms of the utmost brutality.
As November began amid the cold and snow of an early Russian winter, German troops at Stalingrad pressed harder than ever to finish the job. Along the outskirts of the city, they pushed forward to the banks of the Volga River, cutting off all Russian supply routes into Stalingrad. Inside the city, German infantrymen mounted a supreme effort to crush the last pockets of Russian infantry in their midst. To the German people, Hitler confidently announced the city, now ninety percent occupied, would fall at any moment.
And then the Russians struck back.
It began at dawn on Thursday, November 19, 1942, amid a raging blizzard as thirteen Russian armies led by Marshal Georgi Zhukov blasted thinly held German rear positions miles away from the city, attacking simultaneously from the north and south.
By sending so many rear units one-by-one into Stalingrad, Hitler had seriously eroded his outer sectors, leaving them to be held by mostly non-German troops. Marshal Zhukov had observed this and planned the entire counter-offensive to exploit this weakness. Now the worst fears of the German generals were realized as their shaky Romanian, Hungarian and Italian allies swiftly caved in under the weight of the Russian attack. In just three days, Russian troops from the north and south blasted their way through the crumbling lines and linked up, thereby encircling and trapping the entire Sixth Army inside Stalingrad.
September 1942. German troops in Stalingrad warily move forward. Below: Russian soldiers scurry through the smoldering wreckage to confront the invaders.
Below: Russian troops, well-equipped for winter warfare, counter-attack the Germans in force in January 1943.
Below: One of Hitler's elite soldiers, now barely recognizable, is escorted into captivity by a member of the Red Army.
Hitler's new Chief of the Army General Staff, General Kurt Zeitzler, pleaded with the Führer to allow Sixth Army to attempt a breakout. But Hitler just hollered at him, “I won’t go back from the Volga!”
Instead, Hitler's plan was to supply his besieged army, some 20 German divisions, by air drops while relief troops led by Field Marshal Manstein fought their toward Stalingrad from the south.
But the plan was doomed from the start. Despite boasts by Göring that his Luftwaffe could pull it off, the supply planes were mostly grounded by bad weather. And when they did fly, Russian anti-aircraft guns and fighter planes blasted them out of the sky. As a result, only ten-percent of the needed supplies ever reached the troops. Meanwhile, Manstein’s troops only got to within thirty miles of the city and had to pull back or risk being surrounded themselves.
As the weather worsened, thousands of wounded, starving German infantrymen in Stalingrad froze to death amid subzero temperatures. General Zeitzler now pleaded with Hitler to let the remnants of Sixth Army attempt a breakout to the south to possibly link up with Manstein. He told Hitler of the appalling conditions.
But Hitler was unfazed. Stalingrad was to be held at all costs.
By now, the Russians had assembled seven armies to crush the Germans in Stalingrad. But before launching their attack, they offered a last minute chance to avoid the onslaught. On Friday, January 8, 1943, three Russians carrying a white flag presented surrender terms. However, they were reluctantly turned down by General Paulus, acting on Hitler's direct order. As a result, two days later, the Russians blasted the remaining Germans with five thousand artillery guns followed a week later by a massive infantry assault.
Once more the battle degenerated into a hand-to-hand street fight. This time the Russians paid with blood for every piece of ground they regained. But time was running out for Sixth Army. Food and ammunition supplies were critically low and the exhausted troops had been reduced to two narrow pockets in Stalingrad. On January 24th, the Russians offered another chance for surrender. This time Paulus sent a personal plea to Hitler: “Army requests immediate permission to surrender in order to save lives of remaining troops.”
Hitler responded: “Surrender is forbidden. Sixth Army will hold their position to the last man and the last round and by their heroic endurance will make an unforgettable contribution toward the establishment of a defensive front and the salvation of the Western World.”
Hitler followed this by bestowing over a hundred field promotions, hoping it would inspire Paulus and his command staff to go down in a blaze of glory. Paulus himself was elevated to Field Marshal by Hitler, knowing that no German Field Marshal had ever been captured alive.
But Paulus had other ideas. As Russian infantrymen approached Sixth Army’s command bunker, the cellar of a wrecked department store, Field Marshal Paulus and his surviving staff officers simply came out and quietly surrendered, ignoring Hitler’s order that they fight to the last man, as well as his implied desire that they commit suicide rather than capitulate. Thus the Battle of Stalingrad ended on a sullen, anticlimactic note, Sunday, January 31, 1943, ten years and one day after Hitler had come to power in Germany.
Out of an original force of 285,000 soldiers comprising Sixth Army, 165,000 had died in Stalingrad, while some 29,000 wounded had been air lifted out. The 91,000 survivors, including 24 generals and 2,500 officers, hobbled off in the snow to begin years of captivity in Russian POW camps in bitter cold Siberia. Only five thousand would survive the ordeal and return home, as the Russians, aware of how their men were faring in German hands, dished out the same treatment.
Russian casualties at Stalingrad are estimated at a million dead, including nearly all of the men Stalin had committed to fend off the initial attack.
After his surrender, an embittered Paulus turned against Hitler and Nazism. He collaborated with the Russians, forming a National Committee for Free Germany and made radio broadcasts from Moscow urging German troops to give up fighting for Hitler.
The refusal of Paulus to die honorably in battle, or by his own hand had enraged Hitler, who exclaimed: “How can one be so cowardly? I don’t understand it…What is life? Life is the Nation. The individual must die anyway. Beyond the life of the individual is the life of the Nation…So many people have had to die, and then a man like that besmirches the heroism of so many others at the last minute. He could have freed himself from all sorrow and ascended into eternity and national immortality, but he prefers to go to Moscow!”
On Wednesday, February 3, 1943, a special radio announcement informed the German people they had lost the Battle of Stalingrad. The news had a devastating impact on morale, casting an undeniable shadow of doubt on the Führer personally, and the future of Nazi Germany itself. A secret opinion survey taken shortly afterward by the Nazi intelligence service reported: “People ask, above all, why Stalingrad was not evacuated or relieved, and how it is possible, only a few months ago, to describe the military situation as secure? Fearing that an unfavorable end to the war is now possible, many compatriots are seriously thinking about the consequences of defeat.”
For Adolf Hitler and his most fanatical supporters, the military situation, although dire, was only part of the story. They were now fully engaged in another entirely different campaign – one they now considered equal in importance to the war, and here they were succeeding – the Final Solution of the Jewish problem.
Copyright © 2010 The History Place™ All Rights Reserved
| i don't know |
Lonicera is the Latin name for which fragrant climbing plant? | Honeysuckle ( Lonicera )/RHS Gardening
Cultivation notes
There are two types of honeysuckle:
Climbers prefer fertile, humus rich, moist but well-drained soil. Though they will flower best with the top growth in full sun, they are less prone to aphid attack in partial shade.
Grow shrubby honeysuckles in any well-drained soil in full sun or partial shade.
Both types are very easy to grow. They like a mulch around the base of organic matter, such as garden compost or well-rotted manure, to reduce water stress. And top dressing in spring with general fertiliser such as Growmore or fish blood and bone will promote growth and flowering.
See the links below for more general advice on planting and cultivation.
Links
Climbers and shrubs require different treatment to get the best results. The methods are explained below.
Climbers
Honeysuckles flowering on the current season’s growth, such as Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle), do not require regular pruning. Simply control the growth by cutting back any overlong shoots in spring. Also thin out congested growth and remove weak or damaged stems.
Honeysuckles that flower early in the season, on short side shoots on the previous year's growth, such as Lonicera periclymenum (common honeysuckle), should be pruned back by about one-third in late summer immediately after flowering.
Renovate climbers by hard pruning to 60cm (2ft) from the ground in early spring. Thin out vigorous re-growth and tie in the new shots.
Shrubs
Prune deciduous shrubs, such as L. tatarica, after flowering in late spring or summer. Remove old and weak stems to stimulate new from the base. Shorten about one in three older branches, cutting to a new, upright shoot. Renovate by hard pruning to framework of older branches in late winter or early spring.
Trim evergreen shrubs, such as L. nitida and ‘Baggesen’s Gold’ used for hedging, three times between spring and autumn. Renovate by pruning to within 15cm (6in) of the ground in early spring.
Links
Cultivar Selection
Climbers
Lonicera japonica 'Halliana' AGM: An evergreen or semi-evergreen, vigorous climber with dark green leaves and white fragrant flowers from spring to summer. Height: 10m (33ft).
L. henryi: This is an evergreen, vigorous honeysuckle with purplish-red flowers between early and mid-summer, followed by purple-black berries. Height: 10m (33ft).
L. periclymenum 'Graham Thomas' AGM: This deciduous and vigorous honeysuckle bears deliciously fragrant white to yellow flowers in mid and late summer. There are red berries in autumn. Height: 7m (23ft).
L. sempervirens AGM: Bears scarlet flowers in summer and orange-red berries in autumn. This honeysuckle is deciduous. Height: 6m (20ft).
Shrubs
L. nitida ‘Baggesen’s Gold’ AGM: An evergreen shrub with small bright yellow leaves. Good for hedging. Height 3.5m (11½ft). Spread 3m (10ft).
L. pileata: A spreading evergreen plant with small, creamy white flowers and violet-purple berries. Good for ground cover. Height: 60cm (2ft). Spread 2.4m (8ft).
L. fragrantissima: Offers fragrant flowers in late winter and early spring. Needs sheltered position to flower well. Height 2m (6½ft). Spread 3m (10ft).
L. × purpusii ‘Winter Beauty’ AGM: Has fragrant white flowers in late winter and early spring. Height 2m (6½ft). Spread 2.4m (8ft).
Links
| Honeysuckle |
Which football club replaced Barrow in the Football League after the 1971-72 season? | Honeysuckle | Selwo Marina Delfinarium
madreselva03.jpg
Lonicera is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Caprifoliaceae family. Species included in this genus are commonly known as honeysuckle. It is a twining climber, or climbing vine, with fragrant, bell shaped flowers. There are 180 species of honeysuckle.
The term "Lonicera" was first used by Carl Linnaeus (a Swedish botanist) in 1753, as an adaptation of the Latin name "Lonitzer", in honour of the German botanist, Lonitzer, a doctor who practiced in Frankfurt.
| i don't know |
The voice of which character in The Simpsons is provided by Nancy Cartwright? | Nancy Cartwright | Behind The Voice Actors
Trivia & Fun Facts:
Cartwright moved to Hollywood in 1978 and trained alongside voice actor Daws Butler .
Cartwright received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in 1992 and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in the Field of Animation in 1995.
Among favorite roles: Bart Simpson, Ralph Wiggum, Chuckie Finster
Other Recent Popular Titles
| Bart |
In which French fishing port on the Cote d’Azur is Pamplona Beach? | The voice of Bart Simpson unveils his statue at USC School of Cinematic Arts | USC News
The voice of Bart Simpson unveils his statue at USC School of Cinematic Arts
It’s USC or bust as Nancy Cartwright sculpts a bronze replica of the celebrated cartoon character
BY Katherine Vu
May 8, 2015
Nancy Cartwright, right, and School of Cinematic Arts Dean Elizabeth Daley with the Bart Simpson sculpture (USC Photo/Gus Ruelas)
Bart Simpson will forever have a home at the USC School of Cinematic Arts.
Nancy Cartwright, the voice of that iconic TV character on The Simpsons, commemorated the Fox animated comedy’s 25-year run by creating a bronze statue of Bart’s masked alter ego, Bartman, who first appeared in the show’s second season in the episode “Three Men and a Comic Book.”
The statue is now a permanent installation in the Harold Lloyd Lobby in the Steven Spielberg Building.
At the statue’s unveiling on May 8, Dean Elizabeth M. Daley emphasized the school’s long-standing connection with the show.
“The Simpsons already has roots here at SCA, co-created by close friend of the school and Comedy@SCA master class Professor James L. Brooks, and, of course, produced and distributed by Fox. I’m so excited to extend those ties today and thrilled that Nancy chose SCA to be the permanent home of Bart Simpson.”
Underachiever extraordinaire
That excitement was shared by the voice of Bart herself as she took the stage.
“Twenty-five years ago, as you all know, the world was introduced to this underachiever Bart Simpson,” she reminisced. “He was in the fourth grade and he had just flunked his final exam when he blurted out, ‘Who am I kidding? I really am a failure. Now I know how George Washington felt when he surrendered Fort Necessity to the French in 1754!’ And at that moment, with that little bit of trivia, Bart listened to Mrs. Krabappel as she awarded him with an extra point. To which Bart responded, ‘I passed! I passed! I got a D-! I passed!’
I am quite sure that Bart Simpson does not meet the qualifications necessary to go to such a prestigious and trendsetting university as USC.
Nancy Cartwright
“I am quite sure that Bart Simpson does not meet the qualifications necessary to go to such a prestigious and trendsetting university as USC,” Cartwright told the packed crowd in Meldman Family Cinematic Arts Park. “But I also find it deliciously rewarding that USC has welcomed the bust of the Bartman! I am truly touched to introduce him to your campus. And don’t worry, after 25 years, Bart Simpson is still in the fourth grade.”
Cartwright celebrates the unveiling of the sculpture with help from the Trojan Marching Band. (USC Photo/Gus Ruelas)
It’s hard to imagine the ascendant landscape of modern animation without The Simpsons. In its remarkable quarter of a century on the air, it has become a cultural touchstone, referenced and revered in every kind of media. Its writers’ room has been a proving ground for countless comedic minds-turned-TV-powerhouses, such as Greg Daniels (The Office), Mike Scully (Parks and Recreation) and Conan O’Brien. Even today, few shows have been as effective at blending sharp satire, slapstick gags and warm family comedy so seamlessly.
Over the years, the show has won all kind of awards and unique distinctions, from earning more than 31 Emmys to being the first animated show ever to win a Peabody Award to having episodes immortalized and discussed in depth in theological textbooks around the world (see: season four’s episode “Bart Sells His Soul”).
Longtime fans of the series praise the show’s wit and adaptability, while some critics may deride it, with no small amount of irony, as the “Worst. Show. Ever.” — a phrase that one of the show’s hundreds of satirical side characters, Jeff Albertson (aka Comic Book Guy), coined and cemented into the pop culture pantheon.
| i don't know |
How many people sit on a jury in Scotland? | The Modern Scottish Jury in Criminal Trials
The Modern Scottish Jury in Criminal Trials
Listen
2. Introduction
2.1 The jury is a long standing feature of the Scottish criminal justice system. Its origins are unclear, but we know that around the fifteenth century a distinction began to emerge between jurors and witnesses. Baron Hume at the beginning of the 19 th century was able to state that jurors in criminal cases had long sat solely in a judicial capacity. The notion of jury service - that it is a civic duty which citizens should engage in - is deeply embedded. The Scottish Government upholds this principle and seeks to develop it in ways that reflect contemporary society. The jury system that has evolved through legislation and administrative practice in Scotland fulfils its purpose well: it is not a system in disarray. But as with all systems that have developed over time there are some aspects that would benefit from modernisation. It is those aspects that are the focus of this consultation.
2.2 The more serious criminal cases - those heard under 'solemn' procedure in the High Court and the Sheriff Court - culminate in trial by jury. Juries feature most prominently in solemn cases heard in the Sheriff Court where a Sheriff sits with a jury. Approximately 575 sheriff and jury cases take place each year in the Sheriff Court; and some 460 jury cases a year in the High Court. (A small number of civil trials with a jury take place each year in the Court of Session; but such juries are not the subject of this consultation.) The composition of the Scottish criminal jury is very different to that of juries in England and Wales and indeed most of our European Union partners. This is explored further in Chapter 7 .
2.3 The sentencing powers of the High Court are unlimited for common law offences, except where statute sets a maximum sentence for a particular offence. The sentencing powers of the Sheriff Court in solemn trials are limited by statute: the Sheriff can impose a maximum term of imprisonment of 5 years following a jury trial. In Scotland the accused has no right to determine whether they are tried by jury. It is the responsibility of the Lord Advocate or the procurator fiscal to decide whether to prosecute under solemn or summary procedure, although certain offences can only be tried in solemn or summary courts.
2.4 In Scotland the responsibility for organising juries falls to the Scottish Court Service which is an executive agency of the Scottish Government and is responsible for the administration of courts in Scotland. Running the jury system costs some £4 million a year, based on the latest published figures for financial year 2006/2007. In order to select a jury the Sheriff Clerk obtains a list of names drawn randomly from the electoral register, and sends each of them a revisal notice requesting certain details necessary to confirm the current address and to establish an individual's eligibility. A List of Assize containing enough names to supply a court sitting is then selected randomly from those eligible and the clerk of court then cites those jurors to court for the relevant dates. The clerk of court deals with any requests for excusal prior to the date of the trial and the final part of the jigsaw is that a ballot is conducted from those who attend on the day of trial to select 15 jurors for each trial.
2.5 Those who work in the justice system in Scotland are statutorily barred from jury service. They include members of the judiciary, solicitors, police, prison officers, procurator fiscals and court staff. All individuals over the age of 65 are at present ineligible to serve. In addition certain other individuals are disqualified from jury service. They include those who have been sentenced to a period of imprisonment for 5 years or more, those who have served any part of a sentence of imprisonment of 3 months or more or who have been sentenced to probation, community service, or a drug treatment and testing order and who are not deemed rehabilitated in terms of legislation, and any persons who are on bail in connection with criminal proceedings in any part of the United Kingdom and any persons subject to a Restriction of Liberty Order ( RLO ) in Scotland (or the English, Welsh or Northern Irish equivalents). Separately there are occupations whose members are entitled under legislation to "excusal as of right" ( i.e. the right to opt out of jury service, although some individuals choose not to exercise this right). These occupations include members of the armed forces, MP s, MSP s, doctors, dentists, nurses, midwives, pharmacists, vets and the clergy.
2.6 Many of those who are called for jury service each year are not selected for service. Of the 150,000 individuals who are cited for jury service each year, only around 10% of these are selected by ballot to serve on a jury. This is in some part due to the uncertainty of criminal trials proceeding, as the accused has the right to plead guilty at any time, but also a necessary consequence of the requirement to ensure that a jury is fairly and randomly selected from a broadly representative group of citizens. However it also means that many people attend as potential jurors - at some personal inconvenience - only to discover that they are not required.
2.7 Over recent years, and as the number of jury trials proceeding has increased it has become increasingly difficult to ensure a sufficiently large group of potential jurors. Some of those cited do not turn up and cannot be easily traced (reflecting an increasingly mobile population); and many of those who do respond to citation may have pressing personal reasons for seeking to be excused - caring responsibilities, ill-health, long-standing family commitments, bereavement. In certain urban areas in particular, the Scottish Court Service finds it increasingly challenging to maintain a sufficient juror 'pool'. The need to address these difficulties underlies several of the proposals in this paper. It is also important to note that the juror 'pool' itself is drawn from the electoral register, on whose completeness and accuracy the Scottish Court Service depends. This raises a wider issue of electoral representation and the need to minimise the number of those who forego the right to vote and who are alienated from the rights and duties of citizenship. These matters are however beyond the scope of this paper - and action on them is reserved to the UK Government.
2.8 At the same time, the Government recognises that a balance has to be struck between burdens and benefits and between individual privacy and social responsibility: the demands made on individuals to serve on juries have to be matched by, and justified by, the benefits derived for society as a whole in securing a fair trial by peers. A further and compelling consideration for Government inevitably concerns resources. This Government's overriding purpose is to focus government and public services on creating a more successful country, with opportunities for all of Scotland to flourish through increasing sustainable economic growth. Public expenditure, financed by the taxpayer, has to yield outcomes that contribute to this goal. Resources for the jury system are, and will continue to be, limited. It will be vital to ensure that the resources at present in the system are working as hard and effectively as they can to achieve high standards of service and to minimise the loss of individuals' economic contribution.
2.9 This consultation paper distinguishes between firm proposals for change, where the Government are clear they would like to see specific reforms implemented in early course, and broader issues on which the Government has not yet formed a settled view and on which it invites views in order to explore arguments and test opinions. The proposal to raise the upper age limit for jury service is an example of the first; questions around the size of the Scottish jury fall into the second category.
2.10 This consultation will consider:
the upper age limit for jurors;
the lists of occupations whose members are excused jury service as of right or who are ineligible for jury service;
the period of entitlement to excusal as of right following jury citation;
juror compensation;
jury size;
trial without a jury.
Depending on the outcome of this consultation the Scottish Government may decide to legislate on some these measures.
| fifteen |
Who wrote the poem “Home Thoughts From Abroad”? | What Happens If I Am Chosen for Jury Service? - UK Net Guide
What Happens If I Am Chosen for Jury Service?
What You Need to Know
More than 400,000 people are selected for compulsory jury service each year.
Jury service will normally last for two weeks, however, if you become involved in a complex case it could last considerably longer.
You are only exempt from jury service in a limited number of circumstances, such as if you are on probation or suffering mental illness.
A number of professions, including judges and members of the armed forces, are also exempt (read on for the full list).
Your employer doesn’t have to pay you whilst you are on jury service, but you are able to claim back your loss of earnings.
If you are self employed you will have to prove your loss of earnings yourself, using a letter from your accountant, for example.
More than 400,000 people are randomly chosen for jury service in the UK each year – and if you’re one of them, it is more likely than not that you will have to give up at least two weeks of your life to this important civic duty.
Being summoned is not a guarantee that you will end up sitting on a jury, but there are only a few circumstances under which you can be excused. You must have a strong reason, such as academic exams or a pre-booked holiday. However, most excuses will probably only lead to your jury service being deferred.
You’ll only be considered ineligible if you have sat on a jury within the past two years, if you are on bail or have been on probation within the last five years, if you have been sentenced to prison, youth custody or community service in the past ten years, or if you suffer from a mental health problem. If you hold any of the following positions, you would have been exempt in the past, and whilst exemption is no longer automatic you may well have a good case for not being selected;
Judge
Member of the armed forces
Member of the medical profession (including chemist or vet)
Police or probation officer
A form to assess your eligibility will accompany the summons you receive in the post. If you don’t fit into any of the above categories, and you are aged between 18 and 70, then you must attend your local Crown Court at a given date (or you may be required at Civil Court or High Court).
Upon arrival you will join several other people arbitrarily selected from the Electoral Register. You will be instructed on how a court operates, and then 15 people will be randomly picked by court officials and shown into the courtroom. Twelve names will be called out, and if yours is one of them, you must answer “yes” and take your place in the jury box. (If you are in Scotland, you will be one of 15 jurors, not 12.)
You will be sworn in once the case’s lawyers have been given the chance to challenge your selection. (They are unlikely to do so because challenges are rare.)
You will take an oath on the holy book of your religion, or if you do not practice religion, you will be asked to ‘affirm’ – which holds the same significance as an oath.
How Long & Will I Still Get Paid?
The standard length of jury service is about two weeks. The average case lasts only a day or two, so you’ll probably be expected to sit on more than one trial.
If your first case is large and complex (centring on a murder or business fraud, for example), or experiences serious delays, you might have to spend several more weeks as a juror – or perhaps months! (The jurors on the Jubilee Line fraud trial sat for almost two years before the case collapsed in May 2005.)
Your employer does not have to pay you while you are on jury duty, unless there is a clause in your contract that says otherwise. Your employer must, however, allow you time off to perform your service. Refusal will mean that he or she is in contempt of court and could face a fine or even imprisonment.
You can claim for loss of earnings as long as your employer fills in a Certificate of Loss of Earnings, which you must take with you on your first day of court. If you are self-employed you should provide the court with some proof that you have lost earnings – a letter from your accountant, for instance.
All jurors are given a daily subsistence allowance for food and drink and can claim travel expenses and, in some cases, parking. Jurors with children can also claim for childminding expenses.
However there are caps on what you can claim, and, for many people, this can turn jury service into a real financial burden. At present these are the caps on what you can claim back whilst on jury service.
Hours Served per Day
| i don't know |
Which word completes the title of a collection of keyboard music dated 1722 by Johann Sebastian Bach - The Well-Tempered ______? | JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH The Genius of Baroque Music. - ppt download
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH The Genius of Baroque Music.
Published by Buddy Powers Modified about 1 year ago
Embed
Presentation on theme: "JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH The Genius of Baroque Music."— Presentation transcript:
1
2 JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH The Genius of Baroque Music
3 CONTENTS Biography Biography Works Works Music style Music style Legacy
4 BACH´S BIOGRAPHY
5 Johann Sebastian Bach [1] (31 March 1685 – 28 July 1750) was a German composer, organist, harpsichordist, violist, and violinist of the Baroque Period. He enriched many established German styles through his skill in counterpoint, harmonic and motivic organisation, and the adaptation of rhythms, forms, and textures from abroad, particularly from Italy and France. Many of Bach's works are still known today, such as the Brandenburg Concertos, the Mass in B minor, the The Well-Tempered Clavier, and his cantatas, chorales, partitas, passions, and organ works – and his music is revered for its intellectual depth, technical command, and artistic beauty. [1]Baroque PeriodcounterpointmotivicworksBrandenburg ConcertosMass in B minorThe Well-Tempered Claviercantataschoralespartitaspassions
6 He wasn’t very patient or tolerance with incompetents. He liked to do the things in an excellent way, also he was very passionate with his music and a workaholic too. BACH´S PERSONALITY
7 Brandenburg concertos No 3 Violin sonatas
8
9 WORKS Brandenburg concertos Brandenburgconcertos The Well-Tempered Clavier The Well-Tempered Clavier Mass in B minor Mass in B minor
10 The Brandenburg concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach (BWV 1046–1051, original title: Six Concerts à plusieurs instruments) [1] are a collection of six instrumental works presented by Bach to Christian ludwig, margrave of Brandenburg- Schwedt, [2] in 1721 (though probably composed earlier). They are widely regarded as among the finest musical compositions of the Baroque era.Johann Sebastian BachBWV [1]Christian ludwigmargraveBrandenburg Schwedt [2]Baroque era BRANDENBURG CONCERTOS
11 The Well-Tempered Clavier (German: Das Wohltemperierte Klavier), [2] BWV 846–893, is a collection of solo keyboard music composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. He first gave the title to a book of preludes and fugues in all 24 major and minor keys, dated 1722, composed "for the profit and use of musical youth desirous of learning, and especially for the pastime of those already skilled in this study." [2]BWVJohann Sebastian Bachpreludesfuguesmajorminorkeys THE WELL-TEMPERED CLAVIER
12 The Mass in B minor (BWV 232) is a musical setting of the complete Latin Mass by Johann Sebastian Bach. The work was one of Bach's last, not completed until 1749, the year before his death in Much of the Mass consisted of music that Bach had composed earlier :BWVLatinMassJohann Sebastian Bach MASS IN B MINOR
13 Bach's musical style arose from his skill in contrapuntal invention and motivic control, his flair for improvisation, his exposure to North and South German, Italian and French music, and his devotion to the Lutheran liturgy.Lutheran MUSIC STYLE
14 LEGACY
| Clavier |
What is the name of Dan Dare’s Wigan-born batman? | Day 07 Baroque 2 JS Bach Winter 2013 - 1 MUAR 211: Art of Listening Day 07J.
Day 07 Baroque 2 JS Bach Winter 2013
Day 07 Baroque 2 JS Bach Winter 2013 - 1 MUAR 211: Art of...
SCHOOL
View Full Document
1 MUAR 211: Art of Listening Day 07—J. S. Bach Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750): Epigone at the End of an Era • German, Lutheran composer and one of the most influential figures in western music history • Born into a family of musicians, all of whom worked in churches and town bands in the German villages near his birthplace of Eisenach • Orphaned at an early age, J.S. Bach was prepared for the musical profession by his older brother, who was an organist. • Eventually known as a virtuoso organist himself, J.S. Bach frequently adjudicated at organ playing contests, and he was highly regarded as an expert on organ construction and maintenance. • At age 23, J. S. Bach was appointed his first important position: court organist and chamber musician to the Duke of Weimar. • He later worked for five years at the court of the Prince of Anhalt-Cöthen, where he wrote some of his most famous instrumental works, including The Brandenburg Concertos. • Bach composed six “Brandenburg” concertos, five of which have three movements (fast slow—fast), and each for a different ensemble for instrumental soloists with orchestra. Bach sent the manuscripts of these newly composed work to the Margrave of Brandenburg, a nobleman (thus the title), probably in the hope of gaining employment in that court or simply to earn a monetary gift; Bach received neither, as far as we know today. Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 (for Flute, Violin, Harpsichord and Orchestra) Genre = concerto grosso , since the work requires three soloists—flute, violin & harpsichord—plus the orchestral accompaniment. First movement: Allegro [required for Exam #1] http://youtu.be/49IOKnhX0Sk Form of 1 st movement = ritornello form (details provided on page 129 of the textbook). Second movement: Affetuoso [NOT required] http://youtu.be/_Pq_wOvg18U Third movement: Allegro [NOT required] http://youtu.be/yscAvQ88KYY [Note that the third and final movement is also in ritornello form.]
This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version.
View Full Document
2 • It was also during his time working for the Prince of Anhalt-Cöthen that Bach composed one of his most famous collections of keyboard pieces : The Well-Tempered Clavier . Well-Tempered Clavier (German: Das Wohltemperierte Klavier ), BWV 846–893, is a collection of solo keyboard music. He first gave the title to a book of preludes and fugues in all 24 major and minor keys , dated 1722, composed "for the profit and use of musical youth desirous of learning, and especially for the pastime of those already skilled in this study." Bach later compiled a second book of the same kind, dated 1742, but titled it only "Twenty-four Preludes and Fugues." The two books are now usually considered together to comprise The Well- Tempered Clavier and are referred to respectively as Books I and II. The Well-Tempered Clavier is regarded as one of the most influential works in the history of Western classical music. Prelude and Fugue No. 1 in C Major from
This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document.
TERM
Day 06 Student Notes Baroque 1
McGill
Music of the Baroque Era, 1600-1750 1 JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH (1685-1750) Must know his
Day 06 Student Notes Baroque 1
| i don't know |
Which car manufacturer’s logo is a chain of four intersecting circles? | Car brand logos | Logo Design Love
Alfa Romeo
Originally designed by Romano Cattaneo and Giuseppe Merosi, in 1910
The Alfa Romeo company was founded in 1910, and the logo has changed many times since then, but its main items have remained — the red on white cross of Milan, and the serpent from the Visconti family coat of arms. I’ve never been convinced. Mainly because there’s too much detail in the serpent and it becomes lost at small sizes.
Audi
Designed in 1932
Audi’s four ring design was created to symbolise the merger of four individual companies. One of my favourites for it’s simplicity and meaning.
BMW
Designed in 1917
The blue and white panels of the Bavarian flag were placed at the centre of the design. During the late 1920s, the BMW logo was given a new interpretation, that of a rotating propellor. Simple and iconic.
Fiat
Designed by Robilant Associati and the Fiat Style Centre, in 2006
Between 1931 and 1968, a shield emblem decorated Fiats. This logo design recalls the older icon, and the revised version has been made 3D. There’s something about the type that just doesn’t inspire a good feeling. Is that just me?
Ford
Designed by CH Wills, in 1909
The designer, CH Wills, was actually an engineer and draughtsman, working for Henry Ford in the early days. Extremely recognisable through the sheer scale of Ford production. The logo has certainly stood the test of time, but I’m curious as to what other logo designers think of it. Maybe it’s just that I’m not so keen on ovals.
Honda
Here’s a question, who designed the Honda logo?
Jaguar
Designed by The Partners, in 2002
In updating the older Jaguar logo, The Partners altered the logotype and digitally remodelled the leaping Jaguar. I’ve often wondered why the Jaguar is shown leaping from right to left, countering how the eye reads the text from left to right. Perhaps it’s to create a more streamlined end?
Lexus
Designed by Siegel & Gale, in 2002
The name ‘Lexus’ has been attributed to the words ‘luxury’ and ‘elegance’, and this is one that I quite like.
Mercedes-Benz
Designed in 1909
One of the most recognisable logos around. A three-pointed star had been designed by Gottlieb Daimler, to show the ability of his motors for land, air, and sea use. This star first appeared on a DMG model in 1909, so it was chosen for the new logo. The traditional laurel wreath symbol used by Karl Benz was added along with his name to complete the new logo. The logo with a plain ring, as seen today, was not used until 1937. More on Wikipedia .
Mitsubishi
Designed by Yataro Iwasaki, in 1870
I featured the Mitsubishi logo in an earlier post, 15 wonderfully simple logo designs , and it’s a design I greatly admire. ‘Mitsubishi’ is a combination of the words ‘mitsu’ and ‘hishi’. ‘Mitsu’ means three, and ‘hishi’ means water chestnut. Japanese have used the word ‘hishi’ for a long time to denote a rhombus or diamond shape. In speech, Japanese often bend the ‘h’ to sound like a ‘b’ when it occurs in the middle of a word. So they pronounce the combination of ‘mitsu’ and ‘hishi’ as ‘mitsubishi’.
Nissan
Designed by FutureBrand, in 2000
This metallic roundel is part of a successful Nissan revival, and in my opinion, is an improvement on those older designs that can be viewed by scrolling down on this page: Cartype Nissan Logo .
Renault
Designed by Éric de Berranger, in 2004
Interesting typeface info: both the Renault logo and its documentation (technical as well as commercial) had used a specially designed typeface called Renault, developed by British firm Wolff Olins. This type family is said to have been designed not for prestige reasons, but mainly to save costs at a time where the use of typefaces was more costly than it is now. In 2004, French typeface designer Jean-François Porchez was commissioned to design a replacement. This was shown in October of that year and is called Renault Identité. Found on Wikipedia . I have featured Wolff Olins on my other blog: London 2012 olympic logo disaster .
Seat
| Audi |
Which BBC TV drama that ran from 1985 to 1990, set in the fictional town of Tarrant, was filmed on the River Hamble and the Solent? | Car brand logos | Logo Design Love
Alfa Romeo
Originally designed by Romano Cattaneo and Giuseppe Merosi, in 1910
The Alfa Romeo company was founded in 1910, and the logo has changed many times since then, but its main items have remained — the red on white cross of Milan, and the serpent from the Visconti family coat of arms. I’ve never been convinced. Mainly because there’s too much detail in the serpent and it becomes lost at small sizes.
Audi
Designed in 1932
Audi’s four ring design was created to symbolise the merger of four individual companies. One of my favourites for it’s simplicity and meaning.
BMW
Designed in 1917
The blue and white panels of the Bavarian flag were placed at the centre of the design. During the late 1920s, the BMW logo was given a new interpretation, that of a rotating propellor. Simple and iconic.
Fiat
Designed by Robilant Associati and the Fiat Style Centre, in 2006
Between 1931 and 1968, a shield emblem decorated Fiats. This logo design recalls the older icon, and the revised version has been made 3D. There’s something about the type that just doesn’t inspire a good feeling. Is that just me?
Ford
Designed by CH Wills, in 1909
The designer, CH Wills, was actually an engineer and draughtsman, working for Henry Ford in the early days. Extremely recognisable through the sheer scale of Ford production. The logo has certainly stood the test of time, but I’m curious as to what other logo designers think of it. Maybe it’s just that I’m not so keen on ovals.
Honda
Here’s a question, who designed the Honda logo?
Jaguar
Designed by The Partners, in 2002
In updating the older Jaguar logo, The Partners altered the logotype and digitally remodelled the leaping Jaguar. I’ve often wondered why the Jaguar is shown leaping from right to left, countering how the eye reads the text from left to right. Perhaps it’s to create a more streamlined end?
Lexus
Designed by Siegel & Gale, in 2002
The name ‘Lexus’ has been attributed to the words ‘luxury’ and ‘elegance’, and this is one that I quite like.
Mercedes-Benz
Designed in 1909
One of the most recognisable logos around. A three-pointed star had been designed by Gottlieb Daimler, to show the ability of his motors for land, air, and sea use. This star first appeared on a DMG model in 1909, so it was chosen for the new logo. The traditional laurel wreath symbol used by Karl Benz was added along with his name to complete the new logo. The logo with a plain ring, as seen today, was not used until 1937. More on Wikipedia .
Mitsubishi
Designed by Yataro Iwasaki, in 1870
I featured the Mitsubishi logo in an earlier post, 15 wonderfully simple logo designs , and it’s a design I greatly admire. ‘Mitsubishi’ is a combination of the words ‘mitsu’ and ‘hishi’. ‘Mitsu’ means three, and ‘hishi’ means water chestnut. Japanese have used the word ‘hishi’ for a long time to denote a rhombus or diamond shape. In speech, Japanese often bend the ‘h’ to sound like a ‘b’ when it occurs in the middle of a word. So they pronounce the combination of ‘mitsu’ and ‘hishi’ as ‘mitsubishi’.
Nissan
Designed by FutureBrand, in 2000
This metallic roundel is part of a successful Nissan revival, and in my opinion, is an improvement on those older designs that can be viewed by scrolling down on this page: Cartype Nissan Logo .
Renault
Designed by Éric de Berranger, in 2004
Interesting typeface info: both the Renault logo and its documentation (technical as well as commercial) had used a specially designed typeface called Renault, developed by British firm Wolff Olins. This type family is said to have been designed not for prestige reasons, but mainly to save costs at a time where the use of typefaces was more costly than it is now. In 2004, French typeface designer Jean-François Porchez was commissioned to design a replacement. This was shown in October of that year and is called Renault Identité. Found on Wikipedia . I have featured Wolff Olins on my other blog: London 2012 olympic logo disaster .
Seat
| i don't know |
Which ice cream company produces flavours including Cherry Garcia, Cone Sweet Cone and Caramel Chew Chew? | Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream
B Corp
About Ben & Jerry's
From a renovated gas station in Burlington, Vermont, to far-off places with names we sometimes mispronounce, the journey that began in 1978 with 2 guys and the ice cream business they built is as legendary as the ice cream is euphoric.
| Ben & Jerry's |
In which city did Gavrilo Princip assassinate a husband and wife in June 1914? | Visiting Vermont, Part 3 – Ben & Jerry’s | Annie's Eats
Visiting Vermont, Part 3 – Ben & Jerry’s
11.17
2011
I have to admit that other than seeing Shanon and visiting Grafton, visiting the Ben & Jerry’s factory was one of my main reasons for wanting to visit Vermont. I mean, I love ice cream, and Ben & Jerry’s is such a cool, fun-loving company, I was dying to see this place in person. Also, I have always wanted to attempt and hopefully conquer the Vermonster ice cream sundae. (More on this below…) One day we made the trip up to Burlington, Vermont where the factory is located. From the moment we walked up the hill, we knew it was going to be a ton of fun.
Every inch of this place was in line with the fun and kooky ice cream-loving philosophy of this company. It puts an instant smile on your face.
As luck would have it, a tour of the factory was starting just a few minutes after we arrived so we bought tickets (very cheap, something like $5) and got ready to go. While we were waiting, we took a peek at this fun display case with all the different Ben & Jerry’s flavors.
There were no photos allowed for most of the tour itself, but it was way cool. It starts out with a brief and very funny video about how Ben & Jerry started the company, how it grew, and what they are working towards today. Some things I already knew, like the fact that they first learned about ice cream making through a correspondence course on the topic. Some information was new to me, like the fact that their traveling ice cream van caught on fire (!) in Ohio in what turned out to be a happy accident thanks to the publicity they received from it. I also really enjoyed learning about their social mission and what they are doing to achieve those goals. As if I didn’t already love them enough, this took it to another level. After the video, we were escorted to a viewing area where we were able to watch the factory’s inner workings where the ice cream is made, packaged, and stored. All of the equipment for the large scale production of ice cream was explained in a clear and interesting way. It was fascinating to see it in action, and to see the amazing rate at which the pints are produced. Finally we made our way into the flavor room where we were able to sample the day’s flavor, which was triple caramel. I only took one taste because I was hoping to save room for what I was about to attempt…
So, as I mentioned, it has been a goal of mine to eat the Vermonster sundae. I know this seems crazy to, well, almost everyone I talk to, but hey, it’s always been a dream of mine. I didn’t want to attempt the full sized Vermonster on this trip, mainly because I psyched myself out of it, but also because I’m waiting to do it with my best friend Amanda since we share this goal. (We can DO IT!) Instead I decided to try the mini Vermonster but as you can see, it isn’t really mini at all. Four scoops of ice cream, a brownie, a cookie, and two kinds of toppings. For my ice cream scoops I chose half coffee (fine) and half double fudge brownie (really bad decision). Here I am at the beginning, happy and confident.
Here I’m pretending I’m happy, but I’m starting to crack. I had a lot of factors going against me here. First of all, we were sitting outside and it was really cold. We could have gone inside but I didn’t want other people watching this go down and that giant bowl attracts a lot of attention. (Amanda, I will feel better when you’re with me and we can be fools together!) Second, I ate way too much for breakfast that morning. Third, and what I think was my undoing, was choosing the double fudge brownie ice cream. It was so heavy, so rich, and I just couldn’t stomach it. Also, because of the cold and to avoid people watching me, I tried to go way too fast. I really should have paced myself.
We made a last ditch attempt to salvage my quest and moved to the car where it was a little bit warmer. But, this is where I stopped. So close! I probably could have eaten even more but at that point I knew I wasn’t going to make it so I figured it made more sense to stop before I felt horribly sick.
Sadness. (By the way, I was not crying or anything, but had a lovely raging red eyeball after catching pink eye from the kids a few weeks before. I actually still have it. Dislike.)
But, instead of leaving on that sad note, we decided to get out of the car and walk around some more because there was a bit more to see. We walked up the hill and were able to see the factory from behind, with their cute tanks labeled “milk”, “cream” and “sugar”.
Up at the top of the hill was the Flavor Graveyard where, as they put it, they pay respects to some of their dearly departed flavors.
The headstones included the names of the flavors, sometimes a description, and usually the reason that the flavor failed (cost, ingredients, popularity). It was so funny!
And that was it. I am sad I wasn’t able to beat even the mini Vermonster, but I’m glad I had this practice run so I’ll be prepared for next time. And there definitely will be a next time.
I didn’t mention it before, but their gift shop was killer. So much fun stuff, I could have easily browsed for an hour. I got some things for you! You can win a copy of the Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream Cookbook, this fun “pint cozy” (which could probably also serve as another type of cozy), and a container of chocolate fudge brownie lip balm! (To be perfectly honest, I have no idea if this stuff is any good or not but I still haven’t gotten my stomach around to the idea of trying the one I bought for myself.)
To enter the giveaway, please leave a comment on this post telling me your favorite flavor of Ben & Jerry’s ice cream. If you’ve never tried it (gasp!), take a peek at their offerings and tell me what you’d most like to try.
The Rules: One entry per person, U.S. residents only. Commenting will close on Saturday, November 19 at 10:00 am. One winner will be selected at random and announced next week.
Full disclosure: This giveaway is sponsored by yours truly.
I love Chunky Monkey!!
Marsha
I have too many favorites to pick just one, maybe……Cherry Garcia. The book is great and very entertaining to read.
bridget
We went to Ben and Jerry’s once. My favorite flavor is the Red Velvet Cake one. :)
Susie
| i don't know |
Which was the second city to host the modern Olympic Games? | First modern Olympics is held - Apr 06, 1896 - HISTORY.com
First modern Olympics is held
Share this:
First modern Olympics is held
Author
First modern Olympics is held
URL
Publisher
A+E Networks
On April 6, 1896, the first modern Olympic Games are held in Athens, Greece, with athletes from 14 countries participating.
The International Olympic Committee met for the first time in Paris in June 1984 and chose Greece as the site of the inaugural modern Olympiad. The ancient games are believed to have originated in 776 B.C. in Olympia, Greece, where athletes competed in one event: a foot race. Over the years, other events were added, including chariot racing, boxing, wrestling and the pentathlon. Participants, who were all young men from Greek city-states and colonies, often battled it out in the buff, as a way to celebrate the human body, and winners received olive branches. The last ancient Olympics are thought to have taken place in A.D. 393.
At the first modern Olympics, 241 male athletes (and no women) representing 14 nations competed in 43 events. America’s James Connolly became the first modern Olympic champion when he won the triple jump on the opening day of the Games. For his achievement, he was awarded a silver medal and an olive branch. Connolly later finished second in the high-jump event and took third in the long jump.
France, Great Britain, Germany and Greece had the largest number of athletes participating. Nevertheless, the U.S. took home the most first-place finishes (11) of any nation, followed by Greece (10) and Germany (6). All told, America placed first, second or third in 20 events while Greece scored in 46 events and Germany placed in 13 competitions. To the delight of the hometown crowd, Greek runner Spyridon Louis won the marathon. The first Olympiad closed on April 15, 1896.
The second Olympiad was held in Paris in 1900 with 997 athletes (22 of them women) from 24 countries competing in 95 events. The U.S. hosted the Olympics for the first time in 1904, in St. Louis. The third Olympiad marked the first time gold, silver and bronze medals were given out to first, second and third-place finishers.
Starting in 1992, the summer and winter games, which had traditionally been held in the same year every four years, took place two years apart. The Summer Games returned to Athens in 2004, with 10,625 athletes (4,329 women and 6,296 men) from 201 nations participating in 301 events.
Related Videos
| Paris (disambiguation) |
Which European country has provinces called Zeeland, Friesland and Gelderland? | All About The Olympic Games - FAQs for Kids!
Shop
All About The Olympic Games
Learn a little about the Olympic Games, Ancient and Modern, and then test yourself to see what you remember!
The Ancient Olympic Games
When were the first Olympic Games?
The first known Olympic Games was recorded in around 776 BC in Olympia, Greece. They were celebrated until 396 AD.
What events took place in the Ancient Olympic Games?
The Ancient Olympic Games consisted of only one race, the "stade" race, which was the length of the stadium and between 180 and 240 metres long (we don't know for sure). Over the years more running races and other events were added, including boxing, wrestling, chariot racing, long jump, javelin and discus throwing.
Who took part in the Ancient Olympic Games?
Only young men could take part. They had to be free men, and speak Greek. They usually competed nude, and the prize was a crown of olive leaves (a sign of hope and peace).
Were women allowed at the Ancient Olympic Games?
Women were not allowed to take part. Married women were not even allowed to watch!
Now try to fill in this worksheet? What can you remember?
The Modern Olympic Games
Who revived the idea of the Olympic Games?
A French nobleman, Pierre Fredy, the Baron de Coubertin, born in 1863. When he was young, Coubertin was a very keen sportsman. As he grew older he developed a passionate belief that sport could encourage peace throughout the world and bring people from all over the world together.
Coubertin was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games and travelled around the world, spending his own money, trying to persuade people to revive them. Eventually he managed to bring together representatives of many different countries in Paris, in 1894, and the Olympic Movement was begun.
We have notebooking pages you can use here:
When and where were the first modern Olympic Games held?
The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896.
Did women compete in this first modern Olympic Games?
No! Women began to compete in 1900. For many years there were problems for the women athletes about what to wear, because it was considered very rude to show any part of the body or even the shape of the body! Can you imagine trying to run and jump covered from head to foot in clothes?
Who supervises the Olympic Games?
When Baron de Coubertin founded the Olympic Movement he established the International Olympic Committee (the IOC) to supervise it, in 1894. He himself served as its president for 29 years, and there have been 8 presidents since then. There were originally 14 members but the Committee has now grown to over 130 members, all of whom must speak either French or English. Existing members elect new members as required. The IOC is based in Lausanne, Switzerland.
What is the aim of the Olympic Movement?
"The goal of the Olympic Movement is to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practiced without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play."
What is an Olympiad?
An Olympiad is the period of four years which starts with a summer Olympic Games. Each Olympiad is counted with Roman numerals, and the year of the Games cannot be changed (although Games have been skipped out, as in 1916 during the First World War).
Who chooses the next host for the Olympic Games, and how?
Members of the IOC choose the next venue for the Olympic Games, which must be a city rather than a country. So, for example, the next Olympics, in 2016, will be hosted by Rio de Janeiro, rather than Brazil. Any city which wishes to host the Games can put their bid to the IOC. Only one city from each country can bid, and even putting forward a bid takes a huge amount of work and is very expensive. It usually takes many years to prepare, and of course only one city can be successful!
Who selects each country's team of athletes?
Each country has their own National Olympic Committee (NOC). The NOCs represent their countries at the Olympic Games and select their own national teams.
What is the Olympic torch?
Prior to each Games, the Olympic Torch or Flame is lit in Olympia, Greece and brought to the host city by runners carrying the torch in relay.
Make an Olympic Torch
What is the Olympic creed?
"The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well."
Who wins medals?
The athletes or teams who come first, second and third win medals: respectively gold, silver and bronze.
Are the gold medals real gold?
No! They were solid gold until 1912, but are now silver covered with a thin layer of gold.
Make your own Olympic Medals
Why do we have the Olympic rings as the emblem of the Olympic Games?
The five interlocking rings (blue, yellow, black, green, and red respectively) of the emblem was originally designed in 1913 by Pierre de Coubertin, to symbolize the five continents of the world taking part in the Olympic Games (the Americas are viewed as a single continent, and Antarctica is omitted).
What is the Olympic motto?
"Citius, Altius, Fortius.", which is Latin for "Swifter, Higher, Stronger"
Can you answer these questions? What can you remember?
| i don't know |
Three Asian countries will play in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Two are Japan and South Korea. Which is the third | Asia’s Woeful World Cup | The Diplomat
Asia’s Woeful World Cup
It has been a dismal start to the FIFA World Cup for the four squads from Asia.
By Samuel Chi for The Diplomat
June 19, 2014
Does Asia really belong in the World Cup?
That question unfortunately has to be asked after a lackluster first go-around in the 2014 tournament. In a World Cup that has featured unusually offensive soccer, with scoring at nearly three goals per game, the four Asian squads have not kept up.
With every team having played at least one match so far, Asia is the only continent/confederation to have not won a game. Its four teams have managed just five goals in five games, with Iran involved in the only scoreless draw in the openers of all 32 teams.
Enjoying this article? Click here to subscribe for full access. Just $5 a month.
That should probably not come as a surprise as the four Asian Football Confederation (AFC) teams arrived in Brazil as the weakest group, at least according to the FIFA World Ranking . It has four of the six lowest-ranked teams, including Australia right at the bottom at No. 62, and is the only confederation without a team ranked in the top 40.
And it is not as if the Asian teams have gone up against the titans of the sport in every match. Australia played gallantly but was beaten by both Chile and the Netherlands. Japan blew an early lead and lost to Ivory Coast. Both Iran and South Korea played to uninspiring draws, with the Koreans fortunate to score their lone goal on a colossal blunder by the Russian keeper .
This trend is nothing new, however. Since the World Cup expanded to 32 teams in 1998, with Asia guaranteed at least four entries, only one squad has made it past the quarterfinals in four tournaments. A number of AFC teams have been on the wrong end of ghastly blowouts, such as Germany’s 8-0 wipeout of Saudi Arabia in 2002 and North Korea’s 7-0 thumping by Portugal in 2010.
Even Asia’s lone success story in that span has to be considered an aberration. South Korea made it to the semifinals of the 2002 World Cup, finishing fourth after losing to Turkey in the third-place game. But the Koreans co-hosted that World Cup with Japan and played every match on home soil. Their successive wins over Portugal, Italy and Spain were all tainted by officiating decisions that allowed the home side to sail through.
To find a truly remarkable performance in a World Cup by an Asian team, you have to go all the way back to 1966, when North Korea advanced to the quarterfinals of the 16-team tournament after a 1-0 stunner over Italy. The Koreans then actually led 3-0 in that quarterfinal match against Portugal before losing 5-3.
Over the past 20 years, when the rest of the world seemingly were catching up to the European and South American powers, Asia has been largely left behind. While African sides and even the United States have ascended the FIFA World Ranking, AFC teams are basically running in place.
There are a couple of key reasons for this:
1. Tactical deficiency: While the rest of the world has moved on to a more aggressive, possession-oriented attacking style, Asian teams have not adapted. They simply lack the creativity and flair that are integral to a more offensive approach.
Most Asian teams are stuck with stale tactical approaches whether their coaches are home grown or imported. And that goes for their respective domestic leagues as well.
2. Limited talent base: There’s no question that most of the world’s teams are poaching for talent wherever they can find them. The U.S. squad counts six dual-citizens on its roster; European teams – France, Germany, Belgium, and even Switzerland – draw from their large immigrant communities for top players; African teams find expats who were born or lived in Europe to represent them in international competition.
That talent pool simply doesn’t exist for Asian teams as most countries have homogeneous populations. Their expats also don’t tend to play soccer – or any sport for that matter.
3. Soccer just isn’t a priority: Unlike in most parts of the world, soccer is not the most popular sport in many Asian countries. That’s even the case for three of the four AFC representatives as baseball is by far the most popular sport in both Japan and Korea, while in Australia, soccer is a distant third to rugby and Australian rules football.
And in the two most populous Asian countries, soccer is merely a blip. China has made a token appearance in the World Cup, preferring basketball and other Olympic sports. In India, cricket is about the only sport that matters.
These are serious impediments for Asian nations to become superpowers at the World Cup. So don’t expect Asian teams to do much in this tournament, and in the near or even distant future. For some time come, Asia will remain the sick man of soccer.
Topics
| Iran |
The Martians Have Landed in Wigan and Robin Hood and the Bogey-Rolling Contest are monologues written by which performer known as The Bolton Bullfrog? | World Cup Football Country List
The qualifying teams that did not play in the previous World Cup were: Russia , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Colombia , Ecuador , Costa Rica and Iran .
The only team to make its debut in Brazil 2014 was Bosnia and Herzegovina .
Further information about the participation of these countries at the World Cup of Football is available by clicking on the country names below.
| i don't know |
Which author who wrote The Virgin Soldiers died earlier this month aged 83? | Leslie Thomas, writer of The Virgin Soldiers, died aged 83 | Daily Mail Online
'He had a wonderful life, he travelled the world': Writer Leslie Thomas who wrote national service novel The Virgin Soldiers, has died aged 83
Leslie Thomas died at his home with his family aged 83 after a long illness
Books include The Virgin Soldiers and Last Detective, adapted for ITV
The 'immensely popular' writer was awarded an OBE for literature in 2004
Mr Thomas was orphaned and raised in children's home from age 12
He is survived by wife Diana, four children and four grandchildren
| Leslie Thomas |
The Varicella Zoster Virus causes which disease in children? | Leslie Thomas's Photos, Phone, Email, Address
View the profiles of professionals named Leslie Thomas on LinkedIn. There are
25 professionals named Leslie Thomas, who use LinkedIn to exchange ...
View LESLIE THOMAS' professional profile on LinkedIn. LinkedIn is the world's
largest ... Ross Willcocks. Sales Manager at Williams Refrigeration Australia ...
Title: National Sales Manager at Rip Curl Australia; Demographic info: Australia
.... Current: Director Management Consultancy at BLT (Beament Leslie Thomas)
 ...
Title: Research at Westerlund Eco Services; Demographic info: Australia |
Renewables & Environment. Education ... Dr Leslie Thomas QC LLB Hons, Hon
LLD.
View LESLIE THOMAS's professional profile on LinkedIn. ... Not the LESLIE
THOMAS you're looking for? ... Sales Manager at Williams Refrigeration Australia
 ...
Dr. Leslie in Australia ... Dr Leslie Thomas QC LLB Hons, Hon LLD ... Bobby
Shepherd, said, âHuge thanks to our QC Leslie Thomas for his faith in our case
and.
Leslie Hardy in Australia. 25 of 54 profiles See all profiles on LinkedIn » · View
Full Profile .... Leslie Thomas Hardy. Title: Retired United airlines flight attendant
 ...
Leslie Work in Australia. 25 of 33 profiles See all profiles on LinkedIn ». View Full
Profile .... Leslie Thomas at work. Title: --; Demographic info: United States.
View Leslie Thomas' professional profile on LinkedIn. LinkedIn is the world's ...
Location: New South Wales Area, Australia; Industry: Leisure, Travel & Tourism ...
View David Thomas's (Australia) professional profile on LinkedIn. LinkedIn is the
world's largest ... Owner, David Leslie Thomas. Location: Perth Area, Australia ...
Leslie Thomas. Title: Law Offices of Leslie Jones Thomas, P.C.; Demographic
info: United States | Law Practice. Current: Of Counsel at Wilkofsky, Friedman, ...
View Leslie Thomas's professional profile on LinkedIn. LinkedIn is the world's
largest business network, helping professionals like Leslie Thomas discover ...
Thomas Gosling in Australia .... Education, The Australian National University,
Fort Street Boys' High School, Australian National ... LESLIE THOMAS GOSLING.
Alyce in Australia ... Executive Consultant (Strategy & Corporate Development) at
BLT (Beament Leslie Thomas), Researcher at Cresco Consulting Limited,.
Title: Senior Project Coordinator for SMS Client; Demographic info: Australia ...
Beament Leslie Thomas are a leading niche, specialist recruitment company ...
... GamesMaker at London 2012, Consultant at BLT (Beament Leslie Thomas) ...
Past, Contract Administrator/Project Manager at arete Australia, Senior ...
Ristrom in Australia ... Senior Marketing Consultant at KPMG Australia ... Past,
Accounting Manager at Leslie Thomas Schwartz and Postma, Financial Analyst
at ...
Director, Indirect Tax (VAT & Customs) at BLT (Beament Leslie Thomas). location
... as group tax manager; Australian and US Big 4 experience; Australian GST.
Past, Team Leader - Indirect Tax at Australian Taxation Office, Supervisor at ...
Indirect Tax Team Lead at BLT (Beament Leslie Thomas) - [email protected].
Leslie Thomas. Law Offices of Leslie Jones Thomas, P.C.. Location: United
States; Industry: Law Practice. Current, Of Counsel at Wilkofsky, Friedman, Karel
 ...
Better make most of talk back as according to The Australian changes begin in
March and either be no or little chance for callers after the infomercial...
Leslie Thomas Crosby is on Facebook. Join Facebook to connect with Leslie
Thomas Crosby and others you may know. Facebook gives people the power to ...
On this day 1945 - Private Leslie Thomas Starcevich of the 2/43rd Battalion, was
awarded a Victoria Cross. Born in Grass Patch WA, he married Betty Warr...
Leslie Thomas Zevnik. to A4cwsn - Australia/New Zealand. January 25, 2012 ·.
Yes!!!!! I'm here finally!!! Hoot hoot!! Congrats to all the winners!!! Thank you ...
Join Facebook to connect with Peter Leslie Thomas and others you may know. ...
Franchise Council of Australia, North GC Business Lunch Series and Expo, ...
Graeme Leslie Thomas. to News Talk 2UE 954. 1 hr · Campbelltown South,
NSW, Australia ·. Your site says Allan Pearsall keeps you informed and
entertained ...
Graeme Leslie Thomas to Channel 9 · October 29, 2014 · Campbelltown South
, Australia ·. I don't get this station anymore - you put absolute demeaning and ...
Anytime Fitness Australia ... Samantha Phillips, Graeme Leslie Thomas,
Frederick HIll and 4 others like ... Graeme Leslie Thomas Bought the pulse set -
great !
View the profiles of people named Leslie Thomas Crosby on Facebook. ... St
Brendan's College, Yeppoon. Singleton, New South Wales. Australia. < Prev.
Tom Starcevich (1918-1989) was a quietly-spoken Western Australian veteran of
the fighting in Egypt - he was wounded at Tel el Eisa in July 1942 - and New ...
10 Records ... Research genealogy for Leslie Thomas Boyle, as well as other members of the
Boyle family, on Ancestry.com.au.
10 Records ... Research genealogy for Leslie Thomas Hancock of Parramatta, New South ... as
well as other members of the Hancock family, on Ancestry.com.au.
Dover Beach, Leslie Thomas. High Res Cover Image. Summer 1940. Dunkirk
has been evacuated. Dover is inundated with young soldiers, who wearily
wander ...
There are those who will think of this story as a tale from history; to others it will
seem that it happened only yesterday.
Born in Newport, Monmouthshire in 1931, Leslie Thomas is the son of a sailor
who was lost at sea in 1943. His boyhood in an orphanage is evoked in This
Time ...
MB BS 1952 MD 1960 DMRT DRACR FRACR FRACP FAFPHM. Peter Ilbery's
early research into the effects of atomic bomb radiation led to important changes
 ...
Leslie Thomas "Tom" Starcevich VC (5 September 1918 â 17 November 1989)
was .... "The Mallee's First VC" peoplesvoice.gov.au (2001); Starcevich Memorial
 ...
24 Aug 2006 ... Private Leslie Thomas Farren Killed in Action 10 June 1966. A First Angry Shot
Remembered (The Melbourne Herald Sun, page 20) by Sasha ...
Leslie Thomas Starcevich. ... Inquiries regarding the licence and any use of the
publication are welcome to [email protected]. This work has been ...
Ian Leslie Thomas. Racing writer, thoroughbred trainer. Born: October 6, 1939;
Sydney. Died: December 22, 2005; Adelaide. AN Thomas was always a keen.
Private Leslie Thomas Starcevich. Image: 124956A - http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/
... See map: Google Maps. AU. Image Number: AWM 124956A. Post Nominal:.
Frank Inigo Savage simply wants to be alone and the top flat of Kensington
Heights seems just the place. Until the other bizarre and eccentric inhabitants of
the ...
Historians of the Second World War have hitherto omitted to mention that the first
British raid on German-occupied France took place within four months of ...
Download Running Away Audiobook by Leslie Thomas, narrated by ... Get the
Audible Audio Edition of Running Away from the Audible.com.au online audio ...
Johnson, Leslie Thomas (1889â1891) ... University, http://peopleaustralia.anu.
edu.au/biography/johnson-leslie-thomas-22862/text, accessed 31 October 2015.
1 Oct 2015 ... List: KEEP, Leslie Thomas, C.E.,18..-1944 ... parents, Springdale, recently, when
Mr. Leslie Thomas Keep, C.E., son of Mr. Thomas C. 79 words.
Watch Item; Facebook; Twitter; Pinterest; Google Plus; Send to friend · Report.
Design-Tech - Alread, Jason/ Leslie, Thomas/ Whitehead, Rob ...
... Leslie Thomas (disambiguation). Leslie Thomas, OBE (22 March 1931 â 6 May
2014) was a Welsh author best known for his comic novel The Virgin Soldiers.
7 May 2014 ... Only a few good writers are also good talkers. The novelist and journalist Leslie
Thomas, who has died aged 83, was one of them: he could ...
7 May 2014 ... Leslie Thomas was a comic novelist whose bestselling The Virgin Soldiers
detailed privates on parade and in the jungle.
Leslie Thomas has 50 books on Goodreads with 2814 ratings. Leslie Thomas's
most popular book is Dangerous Davies, the Last Detective.
7 May 2014 ... The best-selling author Leslie Thomas, best known for his national service novel
The Virgin Soldiers, dies aged 83.
9 May 2014 ... Leslie Thomas was a former Barnardo's boy who became a Fleet Street journalist
. But he is best known for his riotous autobiographical 1966Â ...
Results 1 - 16 of 709 ... The Loves And Journeys Of Revolving Jones. 6 Feb 1992. by Leslie Thomas ...
Davies The Last Detective. 4 Oct 2001. by Leslie Thomas ...
View the profiles of people named Leslie Thomas on Facebook. Join Facebook
to connect with Leslie Thomas and others you may know. Facebook gives ...
7 May 2014 ... Leslie Thomas, a journalist-turned-author who was awarded an OBE for services
to literature in 2004 (pictured), has died at his home near ...
... in Late French Immersion in Grade 7 for the upcoming school year. Join us
Monday, February 8 at 6pm at Leslie Thomas to learn more about the program.
Items 1 - 43 of 43 ... Below you'll find a Leslie Thomas books list, including published and even
unpublished works. This Leslie Thomas bibliography includes all ...
Written with the characteristic wit and good humour, Leslie Thomas's novel tells
the story of a grown man who runs away from home, and the adventures that ...
7 May 2014 ... Barnardo's boy turned best-selling author Leslie Thomas sold four million copies
and Stand Up Virgin Soldiers was made into a hit film.
Tom Starcevich (1918-1989) was a quietly-spoken Western Australian veteran of
the fighting in Egypt - he was wounded at Tel el Eisa in July 1942 - and New ...
21 May 2014 ... Best-selling writer Leslie Thomas died earlier his month aged 83. Success
brought him fame and riches - all a world away from his youth, ...
Leslie Thomas is the founding Executive and Creative Director of ART WORKS
Projects. She is also an architect, Emmy-award winning art director, and mom.
20 May 2014 ... Leslie Thomas, a top-selling British author who parlayed his experience as a
soldier in Malaya into a darkly comic, wildly popular novel in ...
| i don't know |
Which 88 year old Dame is currently appearing in Blithe Spirit in London? | Lansbury wows London critics at 88 | SBS News
20 Mar 2014 - 10:50am
Lansbury wows London critics at 88
Dame Angela Lansbury, who has returned to the London stage at the age of 88, has received rave reviews for her acting in Noel Coward's play Blithe Spirit.
Source:
0
Angela Lansbury has British critics spellbound with her performance as a dotty mystic in Blithe Spirit on the London stage.
The 88-year-old performer is appearing in the West End for the first time in almost 40 years as medium Madame Arcati in Noel Coward's supernatural farce. She won a Tony for the role on Broadway in 2009.
The Daily Telegraph's Charles Spencer praised Lansbury's "astonishing energy and comic panache" in the production, which is directed by 85-year-old Michael Blakemore.
In The Times on Wednesday, Dominic Maxwell said Lansbury's "amazing precision and vim" were "a master-class in character comedy".
Lansbury, who was born in London, is known worldwide as small-town sleuth Jessica Fletcher in the long-running television series Murder, She Wrote.
She said after Tuesday's opening night that "being back in London felt very natural and terrific".
Lansbury, who was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2014 New Year Honours, toured Australia in 2013 in the play Driving Miss Daisy.
| Angela Lansbury |
Mrs Malaprop is a character in which Sheridan comedy? | Angela Lansbury set to return to London stage after four decade absence | The Independent
Angela Lansbury set to return to London stage after four decade absence
The actress will return to the Gielgud Theatre where she made her debut
Thursday 23 January 2014 17:25 BST
Click to follow
The Independent Culture
Angela Lansbury is set return to the London stage after a hiatus of almost four decades Getty Images
Angela Lansbury is set return to the London stage after a hiatus of almost four decades, to the theatre where her mother made her theatre debut.
The Murder She Wrote star called it an “extraordinary experience” to perform in the Gielgud Theatre in London, where her mother Moyna MacGill first performed almost a century ago.
The 88-year-old will play Madame Arcati in Noel Coward’s Blithe Spirit. She called the role, which won her a Tony award after its Broadway run, “one of the best parts I’ve had in the theatre”.
The last time the actress, who was made a dame in the New Year Honours, performed on stage in the UK was as Gertrude in Hamlet at the National Theatre in 1975. “I can’t believe it’s been 40 years, it doesn’t seem that way.”
Lansbury was born in Poplar, east London, but was evacuated to America during the Second World War at the age of 14.
“It feels like coming home,” she said at the theatre yesterday, adding that even in the US: “I run a real English household. I still have the cans of sardines.”
One complaint, surprisingly, was the tea. “I drink very strong tea, but you can’t find it in London,” she said, putting out a request for the Irish brand of Barry’s Gold Blend Tea.
Lansbury is widely known for her role as Jessica Fletcher in long-running television show Murder She Wrote.
She said a large number of people coming to see her in Blithe Spirit since 2009 were “unquestionably” there because they had seen her on the television. “Those that came seemed to enjoy it.”
Her debut came in the 1944 Gaslight, which was an “enormous break,” followed by National Velvet, and The Picture of Dorian Gray.
“They were followed, unfortunately by a string of the most awful films,” she said. “I was an unknown quantity so they cast me in anything.”
Following that she returned to the theatre before appearing in films such as Bedknobs and Broomsticks and The Mirror Crack’d.
She said of all the people living or dead she would “love to have a cup of tea” with actress Ellen Terry. “She was incredible. She was a homebody and would cook the dinner before going to the theatre. That’s my cup of tea.”
More about:
| i don't know |
Which bird features on the flag of the US state of Louisiana? | State Bird of Louisiana | Brown Pelican
Brown pelican public domain National Park Service photo by Rodney Cammauf: Everglades Wildlife Images .
Official State Bird of Louisiana
The brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) was designated the official state bird of Louisiana in 1966. Early European settlers were impressed with the pelican's generous and nurturing attitude toward their young, and the brown pelican has been a symbol of Louisiana since that time.
Louisiana's official nickname is "The Pelican State" and the brown pelican appears on Louisiana's state flag , state seal , the official state painting (along with many other symbols and icons of Louisiana), and is one of three Louisiana symbols displayed on the U.S. mint's bicentennial quarter .
Facts
The state bird of Louisiana is unique among the world's seven species of pelicans. The brown pelican is found along the ocean shores and not on inland lakes. It is the only dark pelican, and also the only one that plunges from the air into the water to catch its food.
Pesticide use caused Pelicans to stop nesting along the Louisiana coast in 1961, and they completely disappeared by 1966. Louisiana began attempting to re-populate its coastline by transporting Florida fledglings into the state.
The US Fish and Wildlife Service listed the Brown Pelican as an endangered species in 1970, but the Federal Government declared the Brown Pelican "recovered" in Louisiana in 1995 . About 40,000 Brown Pelicans call "The Pelican State" their home today.
| Pelican (disambiguation) |
The 1969 Derby winner Blakeney and the 1973 winner Morston were both named after villages in which English county? | Louisiana State Flag - About the Louisiana Flag, its adoption and history from NETSTATE.COM
Third National Flag of the Confederacy
Courtesy: Georgia Secretary of State
During the Civil War, Louisiana flew the two national flags of the Confederate States of America (CSA).
The First National Flag (Stars and Bars) was used from 1861 to 1863. Concern over the similarity of the Confederate flag to the flag of the United States led to a change in design and the Second National Flag. Difficulty distinguishing the Stars and Bars from the Stars and Stripes from a distance, particularly in battle, was one reason given for the change.
The Second National Flag (Stainless Banner) was used beginning in 1863. As with the Stars and Bars, some saw shortcomings with the Stainless Banner. Though the official specification for the flag detailed in the Flag Act of 1863 described a flag whose length was twice as long as its width, the flag was often shortened to a more traditional dimension. Some have said this was to prevent the white flag for being mistaken for a flag of surrender.
In the late months of the Civil War, on March 4, 1865, CSA President Jefferson Davis signed a bill creating a third design for the Confederate National Flag, but it is not certain how many of these flags were made or if any were actually raised. This third flag's width was designated to be two thirds its length; a more traditional shape than the Stainless Banner. The field remained white but the outer half of the field consisted of a vertical red band.
[ LARGE PRINT [ LARGER PRINT ] [ COLOR ME ]
The Louisiana flag originated from an 1800 design, but was officially adopted by the Louisiana State Legislature on July 1, 1912. It displays the state bird, the Eastern Brown Pelican, from the state seal, in white and gold, on a field of blue. The mother pelican is shown tearing flesh from her own breast to feed her three young. Louisiana's motto, "UNION, JUSTICE & CONFIDENCE" is printed in blue letters on a white and gold banner below the pelicans.
The pelican has been a symbol of Louisiana since the 1800's and, in fact, one of the state's nicknames is "The Pelican State." Early settlers in the area found pelicans to be generous and nurturing birds and it was believed that, when food was scarce, pelicans would tear at their breasts with their beaks to feed some of their blood to their young.
Louisiana Flag Law
The following information was excerpted from the
Louisiana Revised Statutes
RS 49:153
§153. State flag; when to be displayed
A. The official flag of Louisiana shall be that flag now in general use, consisting of a solid blue field with the coat-of-arms of the state, the pelican tearing its breast to feed its young, in white in the center, with a ribbon beneath, also in white, containing in blue the motto of the state, "Union, Justice and Confidence", the whole showing as below. The design of the flag depicting the pelican tearing at its breast to feed its young shall include an appropriate display of three drops of blood.
B. The state flag shall wave from sunrise to sunset every day, over the State Capitol and the public departments and institutions of the state and over the court houses in the several parishes during the sessions of the courts.
C. The state flag shall wave during the regular school hours every day of the school year over the public institutions of learning in the state that are now flying the United States flag and all other public institutions of learning in the state are authorized to fly the state flag.
Amended by Acts 1954, No. 449, §1; Acts 1964, No. 390, §1; Acts 1966, No. 42, §1; Acts 2006, No. 92, §1.
Source: Louisiana State Legislature,
Louisiana Revised Statutes
, (http://www.legis.state.la.us/), August 13, 2007.
Source: State Names, Flags, Seals, Songs, Birds, Flowers, and Other Symbols by George Earlie Shankle. Reprint Services Corp; Revised edition (June 1971).
Additional Information
Louisiana (U.S.) : FOTW "Flags of the World" Web Site.
State Flags : Complete list of state flags with links to large pictures and images suitable for coloring.
Flag Terminology : The parts of a flag and terms associated with its design.
Visit Our Flag Shop : Purchase all kinds of flags and banners, lapel pins, 50 state flag sets, decals, patches, college banners at the Flag Shop.
Purchase Louisiana State Flags : You may purchase quality state flags from the United States Flag Store.
| i don't know |
Who was MP for Makerfield from 1987 to 2010? | Ian McCartney, former MP, Makerfield - TheyWorkForYou
TheyWorkForYou
Consistently voted for university tuition fees Show votes
Consistently voted against increasing the rate of VAT Show votes
Generally voted for more EU integration Show votes
Generally voted for a wholly elected House of Lords Show votes
Generally voted for removing hereditary peers from the House of Lords Show votes
Voted a mixture of for and against encouraging occupational pensions Show votes
We have lots more plain English analysis of Ian McCartney’s voting record on issues like health, welfare, taxation and more. Visit Ian McCartney’s full vote analysis page for more.
Recent appearances
Compensation Act 2006 (Amendment): Schedule 4 — Reservoirs 2 Feb 2010
I will take a maximum of two minutes, Mr. Speaker. I welcome all aspects of the Bill, particularly as one of those who originally gave evidence to Sir Michael Pitt's inquiry and who was interviewed about some of the recommendations that we wanted it to come up with. That inquiry and its recommendations were excellent. As a consequence, the Bill will be welcomed throughout the country as a...
Compensation Act 2006 (Amendment): New Clause 10 — Resilience of critical infrastructure 2 Feb 2010
I thank the Front Benchers for giving me the opportunity to speak. I should tell the Minister that new clause 19 is a probing provision, but in probing I wish to ensure that we make progress on the discussions that I have been trying to have with his Department since October 2008 on this matter. I have been engaged on issues associated with insurance and flooding since the 1980s, both as a...
| Ian McCartney |
Who was the husband of Saint Anne and father of the Virgin Mary? | Ian McCartney, former MP, Makerfield - TheyWorkForYou
TheyWorkForYou
Consistently voted for university tuition fees Show votes
Consistently voted against increasing the rate of VAT Show votes
Generally voted for more EU integration Show votes
Generally voted for a wholly elected House of Lords Show votes
Generally voted for removing hereditary peers from the House of Lords Show votes
Voted a mixture of for and against encouraging occupational pensions Show votes
We have lots more plain English analysis of Ian McCartney’s voting record on issues like health, welfare, taxation and more. Visit Ian McCartney’s full vote analysis page for more.
Recent appearances
Compensation Act 2006 (Amendment): Schedule 4 — Reservoirs 2 Feb 2010
I will take a maximum of two minutes, Mr. Speaker. I welcome all aspects of the Bill, particularly as one of those who originally gave evidence to Sir Michael Pitt's inquiry and who was interviewed about some of the recommendations that we wanted it to come up with. That inquiry and its recommendations were excellent. As a consequence, the Bill will be welcomed throughout the country as a...
Compensation Act 2006 (Amendment): New Clause 10 — Resilience of critical infrastructure 2 Feb 2010
I thank the Front Benchers for giving me the opportunity to speak. I should tell the Minister that new clause 19 is a probing provision, but in probing I wish to ensure that we make progress on the discussions that I have been trying to have with his Department since October 2008 on this matter. I have been engaged on issues associated with insurance and flooding since the 1980s, both as a...
| i don't know |
Which motorway runs from near Preston to Colne? | The M65 Motorway, Lancashire [27 photos] :: Geograph Britain and Ireland
The M65 Motorway, Lancashire
:: Shared Description
The M65 motorway runs for 28 miles, from just south of the major junction of the M6 and M61 motorways near Preston, eastward past Darwen, Blackburn, Accrington, Burnley, Nelson and ends at Colne. One of the original aims of the motorway was to promote the economically declining Calder Valley by connecting it to the motorway network (although a link to the conurbations of Manchester and/or Leeds might have been more appropriate for that purpose).
The first section, connecting Burnley to Brierfield, opened in 1981 with several extensions made over the years until it finally reached the M61 in 1997 when the link from Whitebirk was completed. Much of the 1997 extension was relaid shortly after it opened with a new, quieter tarmac because the amount of road noise had been so great that it prevented birds of prey (mainly owls) from foraging effectively.
The M65 is one of the few motorways in England that is not operated and maintained exclusively by the Highways Agency (the body responsible for the motorways and main trunk roads in England). The section from junction 10, Burnley, to the motorway�s eastern terminus at junction 14, Colne, is operated and maintained by Lancashire County Council.
Find images mentioning the words [ The M65 Motorway, Lancashire ] | ( in ther Browser )
These Shared Descriptions are common to multiple images. For example, you can create a generic description for an object shown in a photo, and reuse the description on all photos of the object. All descriptions are public and shared between contributors, i.e. you can reuse a description created by others, just as they can use yours.
Created: Wed, 9 Apr 2014, Updated: Wed, 9 Apr 2014
The 'Shared Description' text on this page is Copyright 2014 David Dixon , however it is specifically licensed so that contributors can reuse it on their own images without restriction.
| M65 |
In which sport do players use the penhold grip or the shakehand grip? | Shared Ownership Pendle | Part Buy Part Rent Homes | Shared Equity Schemes for Affordable Housing
News Archive
Part buy part rent in Pendle
The longest-running affordable home ownership scheme is 'shared ownership', and this is often referred to as 'part buy part rent' because you literally buy part of a property and then pay rent on the remainder. Thus, the product can be seen as literally offering a stepping stone between renting and buying. When you part rent part buy a home, the share can start from as little as 25% and the rent on the remaining share is usually capped at an affordable amount usually in the region of 2.75%. If you consider that availability of mortgages with a 5% deposit has historically been strong in the shared ownership scheme, you can potentially put down just 5% of 25% of the purchase price and as you may often not have to pay the purchase tax known as stamp duty, it makes the total cash you need typically far lower than buying on the open market. Another strong feature of the part buy scheme in Pendle and elsewhere is that there is an established second hand market of part buy part rent homes. Although most properties are available on a new build basis, over time, these properties can be sold on to new buyers and if the owner has not yet bought 100% of the property they can offer their existing share for sale on a second hand basis in a process known as a 'resale'. Search sharetobuy.com for part buy part rent properties in Pendle and across England .
Shared Equity in Pendle
Shared equity schemes are not to be confused with shared ownership (AKA 'part buy part rent'). With shared equity, you purchase ALL of a property but you receive an equity loan for part of the deposit and this can be quite substantial. For example, with the main government backed homebuy shared equity scheme 'Firstbuy', you take out a mortgage for 75% of the property price, putting down just a 5% deposit. The government and builder each lend you 10% on favourable terms as equity loans. Thus, overall, you put down a 5% deposit but can access mortgages broadly as if you were putting down a 25% deposit. On sharetobuy.com, we present Firstbuy and other shared equity properties as if you are buying an 80% share because this is how most customers understand the product and perhaps the most understandable way of explaining it. Nevertheless, unlike part buy schemes where you are only purchase part of a property (usually from a housing association), with shared equity you are technically purchasing the whole property (usually from a developer, though some housing associations do offer Firstbuy and their own equity loan products). Please note that Firstbuy is similar to the Homebuy Direct equity loans product that preceded it, but there is little Homebuy Direct property remaining. Search sharetobuy.com for Firstbuy properties in Pendle and across England, for sale on a shared equity basis .
Pendle is a local government district and borough of Lancashire, England. It adjoins the Lancashire boroughs of Burnley and Ribble Valley, the North Yorkshire district of Craven and the West Yorkshire districts of Calderdale and the City of Bradford. It has a total population of about 100,000 people.
Nestling in the valleys of Pendle are several lively towns and friendly villages. Colne, a beautifully kept town, winner of the North West In Bloom competition. With the beautiful St Bartholomews Church at its centre, Colne is a great place for a night out with a choice of the Colne Muni, Hippodrome Theatre or the popular Colne Restaurant Quarter.
The town has a number of famous sons, including the heroic bandleader Wallace Hartley who was the famous bandmaster on the Titanic. The Centre of Colne and the beautiful surrounding villages of Trawden and Wycoller can be explored on the Brontes & Browsing Trail, on foot, bike or car. You can also book a guided walking tour called "Colne's Heroes & Villains" or explore the town's fascinating history on the Colne Heritage Trail. Just up the road from Colne is Nelson. Originally the town was made up of two villages called Little and Great Marsden, strangely the town took it's name from a pub!
In Pendle's North East corner, in an area known as West Craven, is the bustling market-town of Barnoldswick. The town boasts a very pretty centre, a great heritage trail called the Stream and Steam Trail, and hosts a lively events programme, including a colourful Town Criers Competition, with criers from all over the country. Stunningly Beautiful, West Craven can be explored on foot on the West Craven Way, or by car or by bike on the Boats & Beams Scenic Car Trail.
Nearby is the picturesque village of Higham, whose famous son was Sir Jonas Moore, the "inventor of time" as we know it – or more precisely Greenwich Mean Time. In addition to traditional farming industries other major employers in the region include Rolls-Royce plc, Silentnight and the Daisy Group, with nearby Blackpool offering traditional British seaside employment.
The area relies strongly on the M6 motorway which runs from north to south, past Lancaster and Preston. Other motorways in the region include the fairly short M55 which connects the city of Preston and the town of Blackpool. The M65 motorway runs from east to west starting in the town of Colne, running through Burnley, Accrington, Blackburn and terminating in Preston. The M61 heads from Preston past Chorley towards Manchester and the trans-Pennine M62, and the M58 crosses the southernmost part of the county from the M6 near Wigan to Liverpool via Skelmersdale.
Other major roads in the county include the east-west A59 between Liverpool in Merseyside and Skipton in North Yorkshire via Ormskirk, Preston and Clitheroe, and the connecting A565 to Southport; the A56 from Ramsbottom to Padiham via Haslingden and from Colne to Skipton; the A585 from Kirkham to Fleetwood; the A666 from the A59 north of Blackburn to Bolton via Darwen; and the A683 from Heysham to Kirkby Lonsdale via Lancaster.
The West Coast Main Line provides direct rail links with London and other major cities, with stations at Preston and Lancaster. East-west connections are carried via the East Lancashire Line between Blackpool and Colne via Lytham, Preston, Blackburn, Accrington and Burnley. The Ribble Valley Line runs from Bolton to Clitheroe via Darwen and Blackburn. There are also connecting lines from Preston to Ormskirk and Bolton, and from Lancaster to Morecambe, Heysham and Skipton.
| i don't know |
Which member of The Pussycat Dolls was born in Hawaii? | Nicole Scherzinger | Biography, News, Photos and Videos | Contactmusic.com
Biography
Nicole Scherzinger (born Nicole Prescovia Elikolani Valiente Scherzinger, 29.6.1978)
Nicole Scherzinger is a lead member of the Pussycat Dolls and is also dating the Formula One champion driver Lewis Hamilton.
Childhood: Nicole Scherzinger was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, to Alfonso Valiente and Rosemary. Her father is of Filipino descent and her mother is of Russian descent. Her parents separated when she was a baby and her maternal family moved to Louisville, Kentucky.
It was in Louisville that Nicole Scherzinger began performing, attending the Youth Performing Arts School at DuPont Manual High School. She was the first runner-up at the 1996 Kentucky State Fair's talent contest. Studying at Wright State University, Scherzinger majored in acting and musical theatre, performing in productions of Show Boat and Chicago.
In 1999, Nicole Scherzinger put her studies on hold in order to sing backing vocals for the rock band Days of the New.
Entertainment Career: Nicole Scherzinger was picked as one of the girl group Eden's Crush when she was on the TV series Popstars, becoming one of the group's main vocalists. Their 2001 single 'Get Over Yourself (Goodbye)' hit number one in the US sales charts and as a result, Eden's Crush supported Jessica Simpson and *NSync on tour. Since the band split, Nicole Scherzinger has stated that she did not enjoy her time in the band, but that it toughened her up and enabled her to be successful in the Pussycat Dolls.
After Eden's Crush disbanded, Nicole Scherzinger released a few solo records, using the stage name Nicole Kea. One of her tracks, 'Breakfast in Bed' was used on the soundtrack to 50 First Dates, starring Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore.
Nicole Scherzinger joined the burlesque troupe the Pussycat Dolls, as they were being re-moulded as recording artists. Scherzinger had previously seen the troupe perform on The Late Show with David Letterman, when Carmen Electra sang 'Big Spender'.
The debut album from Pussycat Dolls was entitled PCD and was released in 2005. The lead single from Pussycat Dolls was 'Don't Cha', which became a global success. Originally, the song had been performed by Tori Alamaze and featured Busta Rhymes. The second single from the album, 'Stickwitu' was the band's second number one in the UK. A follow-up single, 'Beep', featured will.i.am from Black Eyed Peas but did not perform as well as its predecessors.
'Buttons' featured Snoop Dogg and reached number three on the UK singles chart. The sixth single from the album was 'Wait a Minute', which featured Timbaland.
After being selected to open for Black Eyed Peas on tour, Pussycat Dolls were also chosen to support Christina Aguilera, with Rihanna as the opening act in the UK.
Nicole Scherzinger's vocal talent was singled out by many and she went on to record a number of duets with artists such as Will Smith, Shaggy and Diddy.
To expound on her own popularity, Nicole Scherzinger released a debut album, entitled Her Name Is Nicole. She worked with songwriters such as Sean Garrett and Polow da Don and 'Whatever U Like' also featured the rapper T.I. The album also saw Scherzinger work with Gary Lightbody of Snow Patrol, Pharrell Williams, The Neptunes, Sting and Ne-Yo.
The second album from Pussycat Dolls was Doll Domination, in 2008. Following their World Domination Tour, Scherzinger told the press that she planned to work with Lady Gaga and A.R. Rahman. One single from the album, 'Watcha Think About That', featured Missy Elliott.
Their single 'Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)' was featured on the soundtrack to Danny Boyle's Oscar-winning film Slumdog Millionaire.
In January 2010, it was reported that Nicole Scherzinger was working on a second album of solo material, working with the likes of Ne-Yo and Jay Sean. Later that year, Nicole Scherzinger took part in and won the TV reality contest, Dancing with the Stars. Other celebrities in the series included Pamela Anderson, Shannen Doherty, Buzz Aldrin and Aiden Turner.
In July, 2010, Nicole Scherzinger attended the Manchester auditions of the UK talent contest, X Factor as a guest judge with Simon Cowell and Louis Walsh, whilst Dannii Minogue was on maternity leave.
Personal Life: Having previously dated the actor Talan Torriero, Nicole Scherzinger is now dating Lewis Hamilton, the former Formula One world champion driver.
Biography by Contactmusic.com
| Nicole Scherzinger |
Which character in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland recites the poem which begins Twinkle, twinkle, little bat! How I wonder what you’re at! Up above the world you fly, Like a tea tray in the sky? | The Pussycat Dolls Biography - ARTISTdirect Music
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z #
The Pussycat Dolls Biography
“Inside every woman is a Pussycat Doll,” says Robin Antin, the creator of the singing-and-dancing ensemble that has risen from underground cool to major label hot. “It’s about female empowerment, about being confident with who you are. It’s about singing and dancing in front of a mirror by yourself and having fun.”
With their debut album, PCD, set for release by A&M Records on September 13, 2005 (led by the #1 smash “Don’t Cha,” a duet with Busta Rhymes and produced by Cee-Lo), The Pussycat Dolls go beyond being extraordinarily beautiful. With tremendous voices, and after working with today’s top songwriters and producers (including Will.I.Am from the Black Eyed Peas, Timbaland, Rich Harrison, Sean Garrett and Ron Fair), The Pussycat Dolls are ready to stamp their mark on music and on attitudes.
“To me, a Pussycat Doll is fearless but also vulnerable,” says lead singer Nicole Scherzinger. “We’re strong but we like to play too. The line in ‘Don’t Cha’--‘don’t cha wish your girlfriend was hot like me’--is meant to be empowering. The Pussycat Dolls are not about just being hot but also about saying something with real feeling.” From Scherzinger, who earlier scored a Top 10 album and single while in girl group Eden’s Crush, to Jessica Sutta, the one-time captain of the Miami Heat dance troupe; from Carmit Bachar, the “La Vida Loca” girl on Ricky Martin’s world tour, to Ashley Roberts and Kimberly Wyatt, two of the most talented young dancers in Hollywood, and Melody Thornton, a stunning singer chosen from an open audition, these Pussycat Dolls represent the next step for the group whose Sunset Strip performances became the hippest ticket in Hollywood.
The Pussycat Dolls were born in a tiny dance studio in the L.A. garage of actress Christina Applegate, with whom Antin was rooming in the early ‘90s. Antin had appeared in commercials for Coke and 7-Up, and did choreography for music videos for the likes of Smash Mouth, The Offspring and No Doubt. “But I wanted to do something creative and different,” she says.
So Antin invited over a few girlfriends who were also tour/music video dancers and they began to play around with her own choreography, a style endowed with the spirit of famed choreographer Bob Fosse (“Sweet Charity,” “Cabaret”) but also music from Led Zeppelin to punk rock, Siouxsie and The Banshees to Bjork, and fashion as well. Meanwhile Applegate suggested they perform at the Sunset Strip’s renowned Viper Room. Owner Johnny Depp saw them rehearse and reportedly said, “This is why I opened a club.” The Pussycat Dolls, which have seen many members in its evolving lineup since debuting in 1995, became the Thursday night opening act for the next six years.
A turning point came in 2000 when No Doubt’s Gwen Stefani came to a show and said she’d love to do a guest spot, not just to dance but to sing. So did Christina Aguilera. In 2002 it was time to take the show to a bigger venue and so The Pussycat Dolls moved to The Roxy. For two shows a week, for seven weeks, the place was sold out. Other guest performers included Brittany Murphy, Charlize Theron, Nikka Costa, Paris Hilton and Pamela Anderson. All of them appeared without pay, just for the fun of it, including emcee Applegate.
That same year, Antin joined forces with Jimmy Iovine, Chairman, Interscope Geffen A&M, who also envisioned taking them to a higher level.
Their “We Went As Far As We Felt Like Going” was heard in 2004’s Shark Tale, their cover of the standard “Sway” (helmed by Ron Fair, A&M President and producer for Aguilera and the Black Eyed Peas, among others) was heard in 2004’s Shall We Dance? The Pussycat Dolls were also seen in 2003’s Charlie’s Angels: Full Throttle and Pink’s “Trouble” video as well as 2005’s Be Cool. Scherzinger was featured with Will Smith on “If U Can’t Dance (Slide)” on his 2005 Lost And Found album.
Today, there is a Pussycat Dolls line of makeup from Stila and The Pussycat Dolls Lounge opened in April 2005 inside Caesar’s Palace in Las Vegas, featuring a different roster of performers. The future may hold a line of clothing, lingerie, perfume, videogames, TV and movie projects, and other lounges.
Nicole Scherzinger
Nicole Scherzinger is what entertainment industry executives call "a triple threat." This free-spirited artist is not just another pretty face; she can sing, act, AND dance. In a business that has been criticized for placing more emphasis on "image" than "ability" she shatters stereotypes with her blend of exotic beauty, charisma, and undeniable talent.
Scherzinger, who is of Hawaiian-Russian-Filipino descent, knew from a young age that she was destined to become an entertainer; performing is in her blood. Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, as a child she watched her family of entertainers perform Polynesian shows featuring her mother as the lead hula dancer and her grandmother, Tutu, as the singer. At the age of six her family relocated to Louisville, Kentucky. Transitioning from island life was a new challenge for Nicole. "It was difficult at first because I didn't look like everyone else", she recalls, feeling at times like the ugly duckling.
Growing up, Nicole attended performing arts junior and senior high schools. At 14 her first professional play was at the prestigious Actors Theatre of Louisville. While attending Wright State University in Dayton, OH, she majored in theatre and minored in dance, garnering such lead roles as Velma Kelly in "Chicago" and Julie LaVerne in "Show Boat", supporting herself with local modeling jobs.
Nicole then learned the rock band Days Of The New was looking for a female vocalist. Soon after hearing the demos she recorded with lead singer, Travis Meeks, the band's producer Scott Litt called her out to L.A., where she recorded their second album and set out on the road to tour with them.
After touring she returned home to work on her own music. However auditions for WB's talent series "Popstars" had her driving to Chicago, joining an audition line at five a.m. but would soon pay off. Eden's Crush, the girl group that resulted from "Popstars," was a sensation. Its 2001 self-titled debut album went Top 10 and the single "Get Over Yourself" went to #1 on Billboard’s singles chart. In its year-plus together, the band toured with N*Sync and Jessica Simpson.
After Eden's Crush, Nicole explored opportunities in the acting world. Back in LA, she landed acting roles in feature films such as "Chasing Papi" and guest-starred in television series such as "My Wife and Kids."
It wasn't long until she heard that The Pussycat Dolls were looking for singers and as soon as she discovered music industry icons Jimmy Iovine and Ron Fair were attached to the project, the tenacious Scherzinger arranged to drop by one night and delivered a jaw dropping a cappella performance that left both Iovine and Fair dazzled. Nicole not only landed the coveted spot of lead singer for PCD but has also written on their soon-to-be-released album. "The Pussycat Dolls have no boundaries," says Scherzinger. "We continue to stretch and find ourselves in every performance. We do what is truthful for each of us." While it is obvious she has everything it takes to be a career artist, it is Nicole Scherzinger's unbridled passion to express herself musically that intrigues and inspires her growing legion of fans.
Carmit Bachar
Carmit Bachar, the fire-hot redhead, is as talented as she is beautiful. Her mother is of Dutch/Indonesian decent and her father is Israeli. Being a native of Los Angeles and coming from a family of entertainers has led her down the path of working with some of the most successful artists of our time: No Doubt, Beyonce, P. Diddy, Macy Gray and Janet Jackson to name a few. She has numerous feature film and commercial credits - her "bon-bon" was most recognized as Ricky Martin's La Vida Loca girl! Carmit is one of the most respected dancers and choreographers in the business.
Not to be limited to just one genre, she attended Hamilton Academy of Music, in order to hone her sultry voice and piano chops. She was also a rhythmic gymnastics national team member and placed 5th at the '92 Olympic Trials. Carmit has been putting her heart and soul into the Dolls since the underground movement began. "Individual personality makes this group sassy," she says, which is where her nickname 'Foxy' comes from. "You have to be comfortable in your skin and exude confidence."
Born with a cleft lip/palate, Carmit's success has given her the desire to give back to children. She is in the process of founding a non-profit organization, Smile With Me, for the community of cleft children in Los Angeles. Carmit believes in limitless possibility and having overcome her own obstacles, she feels compelled to instill passion and creativity wherever she goes. With her inspirational personality, powerful presence and determination, she is sharing that light with one child at a time.
This Doll's enthusiasm, drive and discipline give her the momentum to succeed in this fast paced world. Get ready for this hottie to blaze the scene!
Ashley Roberts
Phoenix native Roberts started dancing when she was three, singing when she was nine. Her father was a drummer turned car dealer who had played for The Mamas & The Papas; her mother was a Pilates instructor. Four years ago, just out of high school, she headed for L.A. During previous summers she had come to the West Coast to study modern dance. This time, she was in L.A. for good. Since then she’s hooked commercials for Eclipse gum and Joe Boxer clothing, and appeared in a Counting Crows video. And within six months, she was also a Pussycat Doll. “I honestly didn’t know about them but the word of mouth among dancers was awesome.”
Noting that when she sings she has a Marilyn Monroe-type voice, she says her onstage character is “flirtatious but innocent. She’s a fun free spirit. I guess I’m ‘the blonde’ in the group but,” she adds with a smile, “it ain’t natural.”
Jessica Sutta
When she tore the ACL in both knees as a teenager while on stage, Jessica Sutta’s dream of being a prima ballerina ended. But her dreams of being a dancer were just beginning.
Born and raised in Miami, of Irish-Russian-Polish, Catholic-Jewish heritage, she went to the New World School of the Arts at age 14 to study dance. After being injured, she switched to theater, but told herself that she’d dance again. And she did, dancing in the Miami Heat troupe and being named captain her final year, 2001. As an actress, she was featured as a pill-poppin’ Gothic teenager in the drama series “Ocean Ave.,” shot in South Florida for audiences from Sweden to South Africa, and in the film Bully directed by Larry Clark.
In 2002, she moved to L.A. and three months later was on a dance audition for a PSA involving Smokey the Bear when choreographer Antin took notice. “She’s sweet, always positive, and very sensitive,” says Antin, “but on stage she turns it on.”
Tapped for The Pussycat Dolls, with her pale skin and dark hair, Sutta’s persona echoes a Betty Page pin-up. From the moment she joined The Pussycat Dolls, she says, “this is where I always wanted to be. I thought The Pussycat Dolls were genius. I am so blessed to be a part of this group.”
Melody Thornton
Chosen from an open audition talent search, Melody Thornton was a rising young star in hometown Phoenix. She sang backup for local artists and performed the National Anthem for the Arizona Diamondbacks while attending college. Her Mexican maternal grandmother had been a singer for mariachi bands; her African-American paternal grandfather was a blues guitarist and her mother was a Mexican folklore dancer. Being the only Latina and African-American in The Pussycat Dolls means a great deal to her. “I think a lot of the audience can relate to me,” she says, “and that adds to the Dolls.”
The first time she saw The Pussycat Dolls was on Christina Aguilera’s “MTV Diary.” “I loved the concept.” She recorded the show and played it back over and over. When she heard on MTV News that the group was auditioning, she drove to Burbank with her mother and sister. When they arrived at 5 a.m., five people were ahead of her. Thornton went in for the audition and her mother and sister waited across the street in their car for nine hours.
“I tried to mimic the concept to get noticed,” she says, “but that wasn’t easy. I’ve never even had a dance class. But once I sang, I worked it.” Called back with three others, she did choreography for a day and then sang for Iovine. “I wasn’t nervous because I didn’t know who he was,” she says with a laugh. “Besides, I don’t like to appear intimidated. Failure is not an option.” She then sang for Fair, who accompanied her on piano. A week of rehearsals and a Viper Room show later and Melody was welcomed aboard in December 2003.
Kimberly Wyatt
Down-home Southern girl Kimberly Wyatt also happens to be, according to Antin, “the sexiest dancer I have ever seen in my life.” Says Wyatt, “I’m a lot shyer than most of the girls, but my personality onstage is full-out. I really go for it.”
Born in Warrensburg, MO, a tiny farm town near the Ozarks, her father is a trucker and her mother goes on the road with him. Having danced since she was seven, by the time Wyatt was 14 she was earning scholarships to study in New York each summer, from the Joffrey Ballet to the Broadway Dance Center. Graduating high school at 17, she promptly flew to Las Vegas to audition for cruise ship and casino shows. Landing a revue on Royal Caribbean’s Explorer of the Seas, then the largest cruise ship in the world, she was able to visit most of Southern Europe.
In 2001, she moved to L.A., despite an offer from the Hubbard St. Dance Co. in Chicago. “All I knew was that L.A. is where dancers got jobs and L.A. was the dot MapQuest led to. My parents thought, ‘Oh my God, what is she going to turn into out there?’”
In 2003, Antin was the choreographer for a video for Nick Lachey’s solo album when Wyatt auditioned. Antin asked her that night to join The Pussycat Dolls. “I had only seen a poster for them,” Wyatt recalls. “I remember falling in love with the girls. Not many acts let you be sexy and still be about girl power.”
“Small town Middle America is different from the coasts,” she says, “and all the girls come from big cities. I have a different perspective. They love my stories about towns where the fancy clothing store is Wal-Mart.”
The Pussycat Dolls Bio from Discogs
The Pussycat Dolls were an American pop girl group and dance ensemble, founded in Los Angeles, California, by choreographer Robin Antin in 1995 as a burlesque troupe. Shortly after launching their own revue, the troupe became well-known for the number of actresses and models that joined and performed as a Pussycat Doll for a night alongside the group. With this growing amount of media attention, Antin then negotiated a record deal with Interscope Records in 2003, which transformed the group into a music franchise comprising Nicole Scherzinger, Carmit Bachar, Ashley Roberts (2), Jessica Sutta, Melody Thornton, and Kimberly Wyatt. Overseen by Antin, Interscope and various partners, the group was transformed into a global image and commercial brand. The group's debut album, PCD, containing the number-one singles "Don't Cha", "Buttons", and "Stickwitu", launched the girls into mainstream international recognition - but despite this high level of commercial success, the group was plagued by reports of internal conflict due to the overemphasis on Scherzinger, the group's lead member and main vocalist. Bachar's departure from the group preceded the release of their second and final studio album, 2008's Doll Domination, which featured singles "When I Grow Up", "I Hate This Part", and "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)", and by 2010, all members, including Scherzinger, had left the group as well, after announcing a hiatus in early 2009. The Dolls brand diversified into merchandise, reality television programs, a Las Vegas act, product endorsements, spin-off recording groups (Girlicious, Paradiso Girls) and other ventures. In 2009, Billboard ranked the Pussycat Dolls as the 80th most successful musical act of the 2000s, having sold in excess of 54 million records worldwide, positioning them as one of the best-selling girl groups of all time. In 2011, Antin began to assemble a new group, initially designed as a "newer generation" of the Dolls, but by 2013, this group of women had become G.R.L., and had released their own debut single in July of that year.
| i don't know |
The olfactory nerve carries the sensory information for which of the senses? | The Olfactory Nerve (CN I) - Course - Olfaction - TeachMeAnatomy
The Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
Original Author: Kristen Davies
Last Updated: January 12, 2017
Revisions: 24
The olfactory nerve, CN I, is the first cranial nerve. In this article, we shall look at the anatomical course of the nerve, its sensory functions and the causes of its dysfunction.
Overview
The olfactory nerve is the shortest cranial nerve and is the nerve which transmits special sensory information, allowing us to have a sense of smell. It is one of two nerves that do not join with the brainstem, the other being the optic nerve. It is similar to the optic nerve also in its structure, as it has a meningeal covering unlike CN III to XII.
Embryologically it is derived from the otic placode (a thickening of the ectoderm layer), which also give rise to the glial cells which support the nerve.
The olfactory nerve is also capable of regeneration. Olfactory nerves are unmyelinated and covered by Schwann cells.
The nerve consists of two processes:
Peripheral olfactory processes (receptors) in the olfactory mucosa.
Central processes that return the information to the brain.
© 2015-2017 TeachMeAnatomy.com [CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0]
Fig 1.0 – Innervation of the nasal cavity. The olfactory nerve is responsible for the sense of smell. The nasociliary and nasopalatine nerves provide general sensation.
Olfactory Mucosa
The olfactory mucosa is a very important structure as it not only senses smell, but also the more advanced aspects of taste. It is located in the roof of the nasal cavity and is composed of pseudostratified columnar epithelium which contains a number of cells.
Basal cells: Form the new stem cells from which the new olfactory cells can develop.
Sustentacular cells: Tall cells for structural support. These are analogous to the glial cells located in the CNS.
Olfactory receptor cells: bipolar neurons which have two processes, a dendritic process and a central process. The dendritic process projects to the surface of the epithelium, where they project a number of short cilia, the olfactory hairs, into the mucous membrane. These cilia react to odors in the air and stimulate the olfactory cells. The central process (also known as the axon) projects in the opposite direction through the basement membrane.
In addition to the epithelium, there are Bowman’s glands present in the mucosa, which secrete mucus.
Fig 1.1 – The cells of the olfactory epithelium
Anatomical Course
Once the axon penetrates through the basement membrane, it joins other non-myelinated processes to form the fila olfactoria (bundles of olfactory axons). They then enter the cranial cavity through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone – the roof of the nasal cavity.
Olfactory Bulb
Once in the cranial cavity, the fibres enter the olfactory bulb, which lies in the olfactory groove, within the anterior cranial fossa.
© 2015-2017 TeachMeAnatomy.com [CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0]
Fig 1.2 – Initial course of the olfactory nerve fibres.
The olfactory bulb is an ovoid structure which contains specialised neurones, called mitral cells. The olfactory nerve fibres synapse with the mitral cells, forming collections known as synaptic glomeruli. From the glomeruli, second order nerves then pass posteriorly into the olfactory tract.
Olfactory Tract
The olfactory tract runs inferiorly to the frontal lobe. As the tract reaches the anterior perforated substance, it divides into medial and lateral stria:
The lateral stria sends carries the axons to the olfactory area of the cerebral cortex (also known as the primary olfactory cortex).
The medial stria carry the axons across the medial plane of the anterior commissure where they meet the olfactory bulb of the opposite side.
The primary olfactory cortex sends nerve fibres to many other areas of the brain, notably the piriform cortex, the amygdala, olfactory tubercle and the secondary olfactory cortex. These areas are involved in the memory and appreciation of olfactory sensations.
Clinical Relevance: Anosmia
Anosmia is defined as the absence of the sense of smell. It can be temporary, permanent, progressive or congenital.
Temporary anosmia can be caused by infection or by local disorders of the nose.
Permanent anosmia can be caused by head injury, or tumours which occur in the olfactory groove (e.g. meningioma).
Anosmia can also occur as a result of neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease. In these conditions, the anosmia is progressive and precedes motor symptoms but it is not often noticed by the patient.
Anosmia is also a feature of a number of genetic conditions such as Kallmann syndrome (failure to start or finish puberty) and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (defect in cilia causing it to be immobile)
Clinical Relevance: Testing the Olfactory Nerve
Ask the patient if they have noticed any changes in their food taste or sense of smell. Examining the nerve involves testing each nostril in turn, asking the patient to identify a certain smell (i.e. peppermint, coffee).
Rate This Article
| Smell |
Which 1961 Western is the only film directed by Marlon Brando? | Chapter 10 - Taste and Smell
Chapter 10
GUSTATORY AND OLFACTORY SENSES
Taste
It is appropriate that we consider taste and smell together because they are so intertwined in our experience that most people are unaware that most of what they call taste is really an olfactory experience. The sensations evoked by a substance put into the mouth are complex and involve much more than taste. For example, a mouthful of orange soda pop gives one a taste that is a combination of sour and sweet; it is cold; it may sting or tingle a bit if it is carbonated; it evokes a complex touch sensation in the mouth, and it smells fruity or fragrant. The only part of this complex of sensations that is taste in origin, i.e., resulting from receptors on the tongue, palate or pharynx is the sensation of sweetness or sourness. Anyone who has ever had a head cold can attest to the flatness or blandness of his diet during that time. This is due to the fact that access of odorants to olfactory receptors is blocked by the copious secretions of mucus.
Fig. 10-1. The distribution of gustatory papillae, their innervation, and the regions of maximum sensitivity to different submodalities of taste on the human tongue. (Altner H: Physiology of taste. In Schmidt RF [ed]: Fundamentals of Sensory Physiology. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1978)
The gustatory system is much simpler than the olfactory system. Four primary taste submodalities are generally recognized: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. Different regions on the tongue exhibit different maximal sensitivities to the four taste submodalities (Figure 10-1 which also shows the pattern of innervation of the tongue). The tip of the tongue is the most sensitive to sweetness and saltiness. The sensation of sourness is experienced best on the lateral aspects of the tongue, and bitterness is experienced best and perhaps only on the back of the tongue. Next time you put some bitter substance such as tonic water (quinine) into your mouth, you can verify this for yourself.
The chemical senses are difficult to study experimentally because the stimuli that lead to gustatory sensations are not well understood. Sour tastes are evoked by all acids in dilute solutions. Apparently, it is the hydrogen ion that activates taste receptors and leads to a sensation of sourness. Accounting for salty tastes is more difficult. Sodium chloride is the only substance known to evoke a purely salty taste in any concentration that is suprathreshold. With other compounds, having one of the cations, Na+, K+, Li+, Ca2+, and one of the anions, Cl-, Br-, I-, SO42-, NO32-, CO22-, the saltiness varies with concentration. For example, a very dilute solution of KCl tastes sweet and, as the concentration increases, it becomes first bitter, then both bitter and salty, and finally purely salty. Both the anion and the cation are apparently involved in evoking the salty sensation.
The basis for sweet and bitter tastes is not known. Sucrose is a carbohydrate, a disaccharide formed from one molecule each of fructose (a fruit sugar) and glucose. Glucose, fructose, and starch are also carbohydrates. Fructose (grape sugar) is the sweetest; glucose is less sweet than sucrose or fructose; and starch is not sweet at all. Some alcohols are very sweet. For example, xylitol is used as a sweetener in Europe and in some chewing gum in the United States. Saccharin is also sweet (and bitter), but chemically it bears little similarity to either the sugars or the alcohols. The only known commonality for all these substances is that they excite gustatory receptors leading to sensations of sweetness.
The sensation of bitterness is evoked by many vegetable alkaloids, such as quinine, and by some metallic salts. Some people think that our sensitivity to bitterness may be a protective mechanism because many plant poisons are alkaloids and are bitter. However, the sense of bitterness may not be a real deterrent to ingesting bitter substances. Many of the favored foods of gorillas are found to taste bitter to humans. Either gorillas do not taste them as bitter or they are attracted to bitter substances. Interestingly, the substance phenylthiocarbamide tastes bitter to some people, but for others it is nearly tasteless, indicating that different people may have taste receptors with different response characteristics or that they may have different numbers of the same taste receptors.
There are also interactions between taste stimuli or sensations. Sucrose tastes sweeter after caffeine than after water; tartaric acid is more sour after KCl than after water; and caffeine is more bitter after sucrose than after water. After eating miracle fruit (a tropical fruit), even substances that are normally very sour taste sweet. You experience this sort of interaction any morning you eat grapefruit (it tastes very sour) after drinking a glass of sweet pineapple juice.
Taste sensitivity varies widely depending upon the submodality and the substance being tasted. For example, the absolute threshold for detection of sucrose (sweet) is a concentration of 0.02 M, whereas the threshold for sodium chloride is 0.035 M, for hydrochloric acid (sour) is 0.002 M, and for quinine sulfate (bitter) is 0.0000004 M. These absolute thresholds cover five orders of magnitude of concentration difference. Another substance that is sweet, saccharin, has a threshold of 0.00002 M, three orders of magnitude lower than that for sucrose. Taste thresholds for different submodalities are also influenced differentially by changes in temperature. Thus, the sensitivity to NaCl and quinine sulfate decrease with increasing temperature in the range from 17 to 42 °C; sensitivity to HCl is unaffected over the same range; and sensitivity to sweet substances increases. With the exception of sweet substances, none of the submodalities behaves as if it involved a chemical reaction, the rates of which are usually speeded by increasing temperature.
Fig. 10-2. Drawing of a cross section through a taste bud from a foliate papilla of a rabbit indicating the arrangement of receptor cells and the locations of the taste pore, microvilli, and nerve fibers. (Andres KH: Discussion of paper by Murray RG, Murray A: The anatomy and ultrastructure of taste endings. In Welstenholme GEW, Knight J [eds]: Taste and Smell in Vertebrates. London, Churchill, 1970)
Taste anatomy
Gustatory receptor cells are found in the taste buds of fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae located mainly on the tongue. The distribution of the different papillae on the tongue is shown in Figure 10-1. In the intact papilla, about all that can be seen from the surface, even with a scanning electron microscope, is a small hole, the taste pore, through which the sapid substance must pass. Inside is the taste bud, which is composed of elongated sensory cells arranged with other nonsensory cells like the segments of an orange, as shown in Figure 10-2, which is a drawing of a cross-section through a taste bud. The apical portions of the sensory cells have microvilli that project into the region of the taste pore. These microvilli are 2 to 5 µm long and 0.05 to 0.2 µm wide, and function perhaps to increase the surface area of the cell membrane. There are 40 to 60 densely packed and interdigitated taste cells per bud. It is unlikely that substances can get between the densely packed cells down to the sensory nerve fibers, so it must be the cells themselves that respond to chemicals. Diffusion of sapid solutions in the direction of the nerve fibers is also impeded by a substance found between the sensory cells at their apical ends. The location of this substance is shown by the blackened areas in Figure 10-2. Even if a taste substance could get between the cells, it could not get to the nerve fibers that are buried, sometimes completely, in invaginations of the sensory cells. For these reasons, it is unlikely that sapid substances excite the sensory nerves directly, but more likely indirectly through the sensory cells.
It is known that taste sensory cells are amongst the shortest-lived cells in the body. It has been estimated that taste cells live only 250+/-50 hours. The cells are formed from undifferentiated epithelial cells, and their formation is presumably under neural control. (In fact, the taste buds depend upon the intact nerve for existence; cut the nerve they degenerate, allow the nerve to grow back and they reappear.) The taste sensory cells begin on the periphery of the bud and move toward the center in a matter of a few days; then they die. This means there is a constant, rapid turnover in taste cells, implying that the specific sensitivity of the sensory cell is determined by the nerve fibers that innervate it. If it were otherwise, our sense of taste would be constantly changing, whereas taste is relatively stable over time.
Beneath the taste bud there is a plexus of myelinated nerve fibers of 1- to 6-µm diameter that enter the bud. The smaller diameter fibers associate with only one sensory cell, but the larger fibers associate with two or more cells. A given sensory cell may receive contacts from up to 30 nerve fibers. In addition, a given nerve fiber can innervate up to nine separate taste papillae.
Afferent fibers carry impulses from the tongue to the brain stem in the chorda tympani branch of the seventh cranial nerve, the lingual branch of the ninth nerve, and the pharyngeal branches of the tenth nerve. The chorda tympani innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, whereas the lingual innervates the posterior 1/3. The vagus innervates mainly the pharyngeal and laryngeal areas (see Fig. 10-1). In addition to taste signals, these nerves also carry temperature and tactile information from their receptive fields. Taste fibers in these nerves tend to be A-delta fibers with conduction velocities of 2-18 m/sec. There may be pathways for taste fibers other than the three nerves previously mentioned.
In the brain stem, taste nerves relay in the nucleus tractus solitarius where they contact secondary cells that are organized in a roughly topographical manner. These secondary cells then project fibers to the medial part of the ventral thalamus near the somatic face projection from the trigeminal nerve and also to a pontine taste area. The cortical projection sites appear to be in the pre- and postcentral gyri near the face representation and in the insular region.
Figure 10-3. Impulse discharges in a single chorda tympani nerve fiber of a rat. Responses elicited by application to the tongue of 0.1 M NaCl, 0.5 M sucrose, 0.01 N HCl, 0.02 M quinine hydrochloride, 0.02 M sodium saccharin, 40°C water and 20°C water. Spontaneous discharges are shown in the bottom trace. Between traces the tongue was rinsed with 25°C water. (Ogawa H, Sato M, Yamashita S: J. Physiol (Lond) 199:223-240, 1968)
Taste physiology
Taste neurons normally respond to several different kinds of chemicals so that chorda tympani taste fibers typically respond to substances that are salty, bitter, sweet, and sour. That is, they appear to respond to stimuli of two or three or even four different taste submodalities. An example of the discharges evoked in a single taste fiber in the chorda tympani nerve by substances flowing over the tongue is shown in Figure 10-3. This particular nerve cell gives a brisk discharge when NaCl and saccharin flow over the tongue, but it is only minimally, if at all, excited by sucrose, HCl, or quinine. It is also not especially sensitive to changes in the temperature of the fluid bathing the tongue. The question then is: How can we distinguish sweet from sour when our taste receptors respond nonspecifically to taste stimuli?
Figure 10-4. Response profiles of 28 hamster chorda tympani fibers. Stimuli were 0.1 M NaCl, 0.5 M sucrose, 0.01 N HCl, 0.02 M quinine hydrochloride, 20 C water and 40 C water. The response of a single fiber to each stimulus is found by reading up columns indicated by the letters on the abscissa. (OgawaH, Sato M, Yamashita J: J Physiol (Lond) 199:223-240, 1968)
It appears that most taste receptors do not signal single submodalities uniquely, but the submodality, i.e., the quality of the taste, must be determined by the central nervous system from the discharge pattern across the ensemble of sensory nerve fibers. To see this, examine the histograms of Figure 10-4, which are plots of the number of spikes discharged by 28 different chorda tympani nerve fibers in the first five seconds after various solutions were allowed to flow over the tongue of a hamster. This figure should be reminiscent of Figure 4-10 that was "invented" to illustrate an ensemble code. In Figure 10-4, the data plotted are from actual experiments, and they illustrate that taste nerve fibers respond better to one or two of the taste submodalities than to others (1) . Few receptors signal a single submodality uniquely; therefore, submodality must be signaled in the form of the ensemble code.
Figure 10-5. Concentration-response magnitude relationships in three typical chorda tympani fibers of rats. Ordinate indicates the number of impulses discharged by the fiber in the first 5 sec after the substance was applied. Fiber #1 was predominantly sensitive to NaCl, fiber #2 was more sensitive to sucrose than NaCl, and fiber #3 was sensitive to NaCl, quinine, and HCl. (O Ogawa H, Sato M, Yamashita J: J Physiol (Lond) 199:223-240, 1968)
Taste intensity, on the other hand, seems to be signaled in terms of the total number of impulses discharged per second (i.e., the frequency of discharge) in the ensemble of primary taste fibers. Single cells increase their discharge frequencies with increasing concentration of taste substances, as illustrated in Figure 10-5. The graphs indicate the responses of three different chorda tympani fibers to increasing concentrations of taste stimuli. The number of impulses evoked in five sec is plotted against the concentration of the solution (on the abscissa). Fiber #1 was quite sensitive to NaCl, less so to sucrose. However, the discharge of the cell increased steadily as the concentration of either NaCl or sucrose was increased. Fiber #2 was more sensitive to sucrose than NaCl, but it still increased its discharge frequency when either substance was in higher concentration. Fiber #3 was sensitive to NaCl, quinine and HCl, and it showed the same sort of increased response to increasing concentration of any of the three substances. The total number of impulses per second increased in all the fibers, but their relative discharge for each substance was the same.
Figure 10-6. Dependence of subjective intensity of taste sensations (open circles) and of the frequency of discharge in fibers of the chorda tympani nerve (filled circles) upon the concentration of citric acid (red) and sucrose (green) solutions. Log-log plot. The slopes of the lines correspond to the exponents, k, of power functions with k=0.85 and 1.1. (Borg G, Diamant H, Strom L et al: J Physiol (Lond) 192:13-20, 1967)
In an attempt to correlate psychophysical data for taste intensity with neuron responses to stimulus concentration, subjective intensities for citric acid and sucrose were estimated by two human subjects for six different concentrations of each substance and responses of chorda tympani nerve fibers were recorded at the same six concentrations. The results of these two experiments are plotted together on the same log-log plot in Figure 10-6. The magnitudes of taste sensations are plotted as open circles; the magnitudes of neural responses are plotted as filled circles. The plot on the left is for citric acid, that on the right for sucrose. There is remarkable agreement between the psychophysical and neural data, both showing a power function relation between stimulus intensity and response magnitude.
Figure 10-7. Neural representation of a change in taste quality with a change in the concentration of KCl. Six chorda tympani neurons are indicated by the numerals on the abscissa. The responses of these chorda tympani fibers (open symbols) and nucleus tractus solitarius neurons (filled symbols) to two different concentrations of KCl and one of quinine hydrochloride are shown by the six sets of curves. To a human, 0.3 M KCl is salty, 0.2 M KCl is bitter, and 0.01 M QHCl is bitter. (Doetsch GS, Ganchow JJ, Nelson LM et al: Information processing in the taste system of the rat. In Pfaffmann C [ed]: Olfaction and Taste, III. New York, Rockefeller Univ Press, 1969)
However, the problem of intensity coding is not always a simple one. It should be recalled that there is an interaction between quality and intensity (concentration) for some substances, e.g., KCl. For those substances, the response of the cell ensemble to a given concentration should be like the response to another substance that yields the same sensation. That this does occur is shown in Figure 10-7. In this graph are plotted the responses of 12 cells, six in the chorda tympani nerve (lower three curves) and six in the nucleus tractus solitarius (upper three curves). Three solutions were allowed to flow over the tongue. Quinine hydrochloride, QHCl, tastes bitter at any concentration above 4 x 10-7 M. Potassium chloride is bitter at 0.03 M, but it is salty at 0.3 M concentration. The two curves for QHCl and 0.03 M KCl for the chorda tympani nerve are nearly identical as predicted (the substances taste the same), and they are noticeably different from the curve for 0.3 M KCl (that tastes different). This means that this ensemble of six neurons signals the same thing to the CNS about both bitter solutions, but it signals something different to the CNS about the salty solution. The same thing happens in the nucleus tractus solitarius. In fact, the discharges of the second-order neurons are not greatly different from those of first-order neurons except that the discharge frequencies are higher. The same is true of discharges in thalamic third-order neurons. To date, only a few cortical taste neurons have been recorded from, so their response characteristics remain a mystery. This is not for lack of attempts to record taste-related activity in the cortex. It appears that the cortex may not play a major role in gustatory sensation. <
Smell
The identification of primary olfactory submodalities has been attempted many times. The first serious effort at identification was made by Linnaeus, the Swedish botanist, in 1756. Over the years a large number of other classifications of odors have been made, but there is not a general agreement about primary odors in the sense of the primary tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. The human can distinguish the odors of a vast number of different molecules and describes them as aromatic, fragrant, repulsive, ethereal, resinous, spicy, burned, putrid, and so forth. Whether any of these can be considered primary is a point of debate.
Odorous substances have in common that they are either gases or volatile liquids. This is the form in which the odorant reaches the sensory epithelium, either through the nostrils with inspired air or by the back door through the mouth and throat. The receptor structures for olfaction are covered with mucus so that aqueous solubility is an asset to an odorant.
Of all the chemical elements, only 16 seem to play any role in the production of odor sensation. These are hydrogen, carbon, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Only the halogens and ozone, O3, are odorous as elements. There have been many attempts to group odorants in terms of chemical structure, with some recent success. The gross profile of the molecule, i.e., its size and shape, seem to be important. Many people have also emphasized the importance of other physicochemical features, especially the characteristics of functional groups.
The olfactory system is extremely sensitive. For example, ethyl mercaptan can be detected at a concentration of 4 x 10-8 mg per liter of air. However, even at this low concentration, there would be millions of molecules in a single sniff. On the other hand, for certain odorants, a single molecule may be sufficient to excite a single olfactory receptor cell, at least in some animals. Sensitivity is no more constant in the olfactory system than in any other sensory system. It diminishes upon continuous exposure to an odor. This kind of adaptation is familiar to everyone. The smell of fried fish is not even noticed by the cook unless he leaves the kitchen and returns after some time. Odors also interact in rather specific ways. For example, adaptation to the odor of camphor results in a simultaneous increase in the threshold concentration of eucalyptus (eucalyptol) and cloves (eugenol) but not to bitter almonds (benzaldehyde). When two odorants are presented together, they can blend (violets and H2S together yield a blend smell); they can be sensed successively; one odor can mask the other (especially if one is much stronger); or the combination can give no odor at all. The perfume industry is based on these principles.
Figure 10-8. Sagittal section of the human nasal passages, showing the nasal fossae, the location of the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb, and the direction of travel of inspired air (small arrows). (Douek E: The Sense of Smell and Its Abnormalities. Edinburgh, Livingstone, 1974)
Smell anatomy
The olfactory receptors are located in the posterior portion of the nasal cavity in a mucosal area that measures about 5 cm2. The location is shown in Figure 10-8, which is a sagittal section of the human nasal passages. The sensory epithelium sits at the top of the nasal cavity above the superior turbinate bones. It is yellow in color and has no synchronously beating cilia and therefore is distinguishable from the surrounding respiratory epithelia. Within this sensory region are found Bowman's glands that contain most of the yellow pigment and secrete much of the mucus that covers the sensory epithelium in a 10- to 40-m layer. The odorant must dissolve in this mucus layer in order to reach the olfactory receptors.
Figure 10-9. The olfactory mucosa showing arrangement of receptor cells in interconnected rings, one of which is illustrated. Receptor cells are connected together by gap junctions both between spines and less frequently at their apical expansions (two shown) The centers of the rings are apparently filled with supporting cells. (Graziadei PPC: Z Zellforsch 118:449-466, 1971)
The olfactory epithelium contains the receptor cells, as shown in the diagram of Figure 10-9, as well as sustentacular and basal cells. The receptor cells are really bipolar nerve cells and therefore unlike the receptor cells of the eye, ear, and tongue which are specialized epithelial cells. The olfactory receptor cells have their nuclei in the lower 2/3 of the epithelium, but their apical ends project to the surface. The apical ends are slightly enlarged, and they possess numerous cilia that project 50 to 150 m out into the mucus. The location of the receptor sites for odorant molecules on the olfactory receptor cell is unknown. Many people believe they are on the cilia, but the existence of olfactory cells without cilia and the persistence of olfactory sensation after the cilia have been removed argue against this idea. The receptor cells are arranged in interconnected rings, one of which is illustrated in the figure. Gap junctions are thought to connect adjacent receptor cells both between spines and less frequently at their apical expansions. The centers of the rings are apparently filled with supporting cells.
At its basal end, each receptor cell gives rise to an axon that forms a part of the olfactory nerve. Olfactory nerve fibers are unmyelinated and average about 0.2 m in diameter. In the rabbit, the olfactory epithelium contains about 100 million receptor cells, and thus there are about the same number of fibers in the olfactory nerve. In man, the olfactory nerve is short, merely perforating the cribriform plate into the brain cavity and terminating in the olfactory bulb. Olfactory nerve fibers converge onto mitral cells in the bulb, which send their axons (about 100,000 of them) in the olfactory tract to the piriform cortex, the periamygdaloid area, and the olfactory tubercle. The olfactory bulb contains interneurons, the granule cells that mediate a form of lateral inhibition between mitral cells; an active mitral cell inhibits (reduces) activity in its neighbors. There are also centrifugal fibers to the olfactory bulb that primarily mediate inhibition of mitral cell activity. The functions of this connection and of the lateral inhibition are not known.
Unlike other sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex, the olfactory pathway does not relay in the thalamus as we have just seen. However, fibers do leave the olfactory cortical areas and relay in the thalamus on their way to the hypothalamus or other areas where they perhaps play a role in the regulation of the intake of food and other behaviors that depend upon olfactory information.
Figure 10-10. Responses of a single cell in the olfactory epithelium to stimulation with camphor, limonene, carbon disulfide, ethyl butyrate, and musk xylene. (Gesteland RC, Lettvin JY, Pitts WH et al.: Odor specificities of frog's olfactory receptors. In Zotterman Y [ed]: Olfaction and Taste. New York, Macmillan, 1963)
Smell physiology
The coding mechanism for olfactory quality (submodality) has been just as elusive as the identification of the qualities themselves. Microelectrode recordings from the olfactory epithelium yield two sorts of responses to olfactory stimulation. Both can be seen in Figure 10-10. First, there is a slow-wave potential reminiscent of the generator potentials of mechanoreceptors (see Chapter 4 ). However, this potential is much larger than generator potentials recorded extracellularly from single receptors elsewhere. It also does not have a fixed relationship to the time of spike initiation, as can be seen in the figure. This potential probably is the summation of the generator potentials of a number of nearby receptor cells and perhaps potentials generated by supporting cells.
Second, there are the familiar spike discharges in the receptor cell axons or somata. It can be seen from this typical example that receptors are not highly specific in their responses to odorants. This particular cell responded to camphor, limonene, carbon disulfide, ethyl butyrate, and musk xylene, but it was insensitive to nitrobenzene, benzaldehyde, n-butanol and pyridine. In general, each olfactory receptor responds to a variety of odorants, suggesting a very complex ensemble code.
The same sort of behavior has also been seen in mitral cells of the olfactory bulb. Perhaps, like the gustatory system, the olfactory system signals smell quality by the pattern of activity in the ensemble of olfactory receptors. The larger number of odorants compared to taste stimuli makes this hypothesis difficult to test. Studies have shown that odors may be encoded in terms of the position in the epithelium of responding receptors and the relative timing of discharges across the sheet of receptors. Spatial-temporal patterning is the basis of chromatographic separation of molecules; a similar process might be used by the olfactory epithelium in odor discrimination. Compounds with similar smells have been shown to be similar in terms of these two parameters. As yet, the evidence favoring this hypothesis must be viewed as preliminary.
Summary
The sensations of taste are mediated by taste buds located in papillae of the tongue. There are four taste submodalities: sweet, salty, sour and bitter. The four submodalities are not completely independent, but interact in successive tastings. Many taste stimuli (except quinine, sucrose, and NaCl) give different sensations at different concentrations. Taste receptors normally respond to more than one of the taste submodalities; thus, taste quality is probably encoded as an ensemble code. Taste intensity is probably encoded in terms of the total number of impulses (or frequency) discharged in all the fibers sensitive to a particular substance. Substances that taste the same tend to excite taste receptors in a similar way. Olfactory sensations are evoked by volatile substances, but primary submodalities have not been identified. Olfactory receptors respond to a variety of odorants, and thus some kind of ensemble code is likely for this modality as well.
Suggested Reading
1. Amoore JE: Stereochemical theory of olfaction. In Schultz HW, Day EA, Libbey LM [ed]: Chemistry and Physiology of Flavors. Westport, CT, Avi Publishing Co, 1967.
2. Beidler LM [ed]: Handbook of Sensory Physiology. IV. Chemical Senses. 1. Olfaction. New York, Springer, 1971.
3. Beidler LM [ed]: Handbook of Sensory Physiology. IV. Chemical Senses. 2. Taste. New York, Springer, 1971.
4. Mozell MM: The spatiotemporal analysis of odorants at the level of the olfactory receptor sheet. J gen Physiol 50:25-41, 1966.
5. Shepherd GM: Synaptic organization of the mammalian olfactory bulb. Physiol Rev 52:864-917, 1972.
6. Shibuya T, Tucker D: Single unit response of the olfactory receptors in vultures. In Hayashi I [ed]: Olfaction and Taste. II. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1967.
1. The response of a single fiber to each stimulus is found by reading up columns indicated by the letters on the abscissa.
| i don't know |
In Through The Looking Glass which characters recite the poem The Walrus and the Carpenter to Alice? | The Walrus and the Carpenter (characters) | Alice in Wonderland Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
The Walrus and the Carpenter
The Walrus and the Carpenter (characters)
281pages on
For the poem, see The Walrus and the Carpenter .
❖
❖
❖
The Walrus and the Carpenter are a pair of fictional characters from the novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There by Lewis Carroll . They only appear within a poem, that Tweedledee and Tweedledum recite in Chapter Four.
Description
Edit
According to the poem, the Walrus and Carpenter were walking along a beach one night when both sun and moon are visible. They came upon an offshore bed of oysters, four of whom they invited to join them; to the disapproval of the eldest oyster, many more follow them. After walking along the beach (a point is made of the fact that the oysters are all neatly shod despite having no feet), the two titular characters are revealed to be predatory and eat all of the oysters. After hearing the poem, the good-natured Alice attempts to determine which of the two leading characters might be the more sympathetic, but is thwarted by the Tweedles' further interpretation:
"I like the Walrus best," said Alice, "because you see he was a little sorry for the poor oysters."
"He ate more than the Carpenter, though," said Tweedledee. "You see he held his handkerchief in front, so that the Carpenter couldn't count how many he took: contrariwise."
"That was mean!" Alice said indignantly. "Then I like the Carpenter best—-if he didn't eat so many as the Walrus."
"But he ate as many as he could get," said Tweedledum.
This was a puzzler. After a pause, Alice began, "Well! They were both very unpleasant characters—-"
The dramatis personae for Through the Looking-Glass, identifies the Walrus as the Red Queen 's bishop and the Carpenter as the Red Queen's knight. [1]
Other Appearances
| Tweedledum and Tweedledee |
The screenplay of the 1961 horror film The Pit and the Pendulum was based on a short story by which author? | Through the Looking-Glass | Literawiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
[ show ]
Plot
On a snowy day in winter, the little girl Alice is scolding her cat Dinah's black kitten for misbehaving. She also remarks that the kitten has shown an interest in chess games and looks a bit like the red queen from her chess set. Alice starts to fantasize about the Looking-Glass House, the house which she can partially see in the living room mirror. She says that she would like to go through the mirror and see the rest of the house.
Alice picks up the White King. 1871 illustration by John Tenniel.
Alice dreams that the mirror dissolves around her. Passing into the living room of the Looking-Glass House, she finds that the parts of the room that she could not see before are quite different from the room in her own house. The paintings, the clock and the chess pieces are alive. Alice sees that some of the chess pieces, including the White King and Queen and their baby daughter Lily the white pawn, have fallen on the floor and are among the ashes from the fireplace. She picks up and cleans the King and Queen, although they are frightened by the experience because they cannot see or hear her. Alice also tries to read one of the books in the room. She finds that she has to hold it up to a mirror to read the text. She reads the poem " Jabberwocky " but does not really understand it.
Keen to see more of Looking-Glass Land, Alice goes out into the garden. She finds that all of the flowers there can talk, although they have difficulty understanding that she is not a plant like they are. Alice asks the flowers if there are any others like her in the garden. They point out to her that the Red Queen is there. Alice is surprised to find that the Red Queen, who was only a few inches high inside the house, is now taller than she is. The flowers explain that it is a result of the fresh air.
From the top of the hill that she has gone to with the Red Queen, Alice can see that all of Looking-Glass land is a gigantic chessboard. 1902 illustration by Peter Newell.
Diagram of the chess game played in Through the Looking-Glass. Illustration from the 1871 edition.
Alice has difficulty walking towards the hill which the Red Queen has climbed. She eventually reaches her after she turns round and goes back the way she came. From the top of the hill, Alice can see that all of Looking-Glass is an enormous chessboard, the squares being divided by brooks, and that a game of chess is being played on it. When Alice says that she would like to join in the game, the Red Queen tells her that she can take baby Lily's place as a white pawn, adding that she will become a queen if she arrives at the Eighth Square at the end of the board. The Red Queen tells Alice that, since pawns can move two squares on their first move, she will quickly move from the Second Square to the Fourth Square by train, the Fourth Square is home to Tweedledum and Tweedledee, the Fifth Square is mostly water, the Sixth Square belongs to Humpty Dumpty, the Seventh Square is a forest and in the Eighth Square they will have fun as queens together.
Wanting to avoid some elephants which are behaving like bees, Alice decides to walk another way and suddenly finds herself on board a train. The other passengers chastise her for not having a ticket. A gnat appears friendly towards Alice, although it keeps telling Alice that she missed the chance to make some puns. When Alice passes on to the Fourth Square, the train is no longer there but the gnat, now the size of a chicken, remains. It tells Alice about the nearby part of the forest where things have no names and about other insects in Looking-Glass Land, including the rocking-horse-fly, the snap-dragon-fly [1] and the bread-and-butter-fly. When Alice shows that she does not care for one of its jokes, the gnat vanishes away.
Alice enters the part of the forest where things have no name. A young deer is happy to stay close to Alice, until they come back to where things have names. As soon as the deer recognizes that Alice is a human child, it flees in terror. Alice follows signs that point to the homes of Tweedledum and Tweedledee, [2] hoping to ask them the way out of the forest. She sees that the two signs always point the same way, even when there is a fork in the road, and realizes that they both live in the same house.
Alice meets Tweedledum and Tweedledee. 1871 illustration by John Tenniel.
The two brothers Tweedledee and Tweedledum detain Alice longer than she wants. she finds herself dancing with them and they recite the poem " The Walrus and the Carpenter " to her. They point out that the Red King is sleeping nearby. They tell her that she is not real but only a "sort of thing" in the Red King's dream, adding that, if the Red King should wake up, she would vanish. When Tweedledum accuses Tweedledee of breaking his new rattle, the two agree to have a fight. They are both frightened away by a gigantic crow,
The enormous crow's flapping wings create a strong breeze. Alice notices a shawl flying away in the wind before seeing its owner, the White Queen, nearby. Alice fixes the White Queen's messy clothes and hair. The White Queen explains that the people of Looking-Glass Land live backwards, which is why she bleeds and cries out in pain before she pricks her finger and also why one of the King's messengers [3] is currently in prison for a crime that he has not yet committed (and may never commit),
After crossing a brook, Alice finds that the White Queen's voice has changed into a bleat. When she looks again, she sees that the White Queen has gone and that she is in a shop where the shopkeeper is an old sheep. Some time afterwards, the sheep hands Alice two knitting needles. The knitting needles suddenly change into oars and Alice finds herself in a small boat with the sheep. When Alice suddenly finds herself back in the shop again, she tells the sheep that she wants to buy an egg. The sheep places the egg on a shelf at the other end of the shop. As Alice walks towards the egg, She finds that it is getting bigger and that the shop has disappeared. After she jumps over a brook, she finds that the egg has become Humpty Dumpty himself. [4]
Alice meets Humpty Dumpty. 1902 illustration by Peter Newell.
Humpty Dumpty takes an immediate dislike to Alice when she remarks that he looks like an egg. She tries to be friendly by expressing concern that he might fall from the high narrow wall on which he is sitting. However, she angers Humpty Dumpty more when she reveals that she knows that the King has promised to send all his horses and all his men if he should fall, which Humpty Dumpty believed to be a secret. Alice tries to compliment Humpty Dumpty on his clothes but insults him again because she is not sure if he is wearing a belt or a neck tie. Humpty Dumpty explains that it is a tie and it was an un-birthday present, a present which can be given on any day which is not one's birthday, from the White King and Queen. Humpty Dumpty considers himself to be a master of language, saying, "When I use a word, it means just what I want it to mean". He explains the meaning of the first verse of "Jabberwocky" to her, before reciting a poem of his own to her, which ends abruptly. As she walks away, Alice comments on Humpty Dumpty, "Of all the unsatisfactory people I ever met", before she hears a loud crash.
Alice sees thousands of the King's foot soldiers and soldiers on horseback rushing towards where Humpty Dumpty fell. The White King tells Alice that he sent more than four thousand men but did not send his Anglo-Saxon messengers Haigha and Hatta [5] because he needs them for other things. Haigha arrives and tells the King that the Lion and the Unicorn are once again in town and fighting for the crown. [6] The White King finds this very amusing because it is his crown and the winner will not receive it.
Alice, the White King, Haigha, Hatta, the Lion and the Unicorn. 1871 illustration by John Tenniel.
In town, the messenger Hatta, who has recently been released from prison, tells the King how the fight between the Lion and the Unicorn has been going. He is ordered to get some drummers to drum the Lion and the Unicorn out of town. The Lion and the Unicorn take a break from their fight to have some white bread, brown bread and plum cake. The Unicorn is originally shocked at the sight of Alice, saying that he always thought that girls were just "fabulous monsters". The Lion is also puzzled by the sight of Alice, asking if she is "animal - vegetable - or mineral [7] ". Alice is ordered to serve some plum cake but finds that she cannot cut it. She is told to offer it first and cut it afterwards. When she offers the cake, it divides by itself. When the drummers arrive, Alice jumps over a brook to get away.
Alice finds herself in a forest, where a Red Knight says, "Check!" and declares that Alice is his prisoner. A White Knight arrives and announces that he has rescued Alice. The two knights agree to have a fight. It ends when they both land on their heads but the White Knight is declared the winner. The White Knight tells Alice that he will accompany her to the end of the Seventh Square. In spite of claiming to have had "plenty of practice", the Knight is extremely bad at riding and keeps falling off his horse. He carries an array of objects with him, including a beehive, mousetraps, carrots and fire irons. His horse wears anklets to protect its feet from shark bites. The White Knight fancies himself to be an inventor. He claims that his greatest invention was a pudding made of blotting paper, gunpowder and sealing wax. Before leaving Alice, he sings her a song to a tune which he claims to have composed, although Alice knows that not to be true because she recognizes the music.
The White Queen, Queen Alice and the Red Queen. 1871 illustration by John Tenniel.
Passing over the brook into the Eighth Square, Alice finds that she is wearing a crown. The White Queen and the Red Queen suddenly appear. The Red Queen tells Alice that she cannot be a real queen until she has passed an examination. She asks Alice a series of trick questions, although the White Queen ends up getting more confused than Alice and needs to take a nap to recover.
Alice suddenly finds herself in front of a doorway marked "Queen Alice". With some difficulty, she enters the building and finds that a dinner party is being held. The guest are animals, birds and flowers. Alice finds that the food is alive and that it is considered bad manners for her to eat a leg of mutton and a pudding after she has been introduced to them. The Red Queen urges Alice to give a speech, at which point the candles grow enormous, the bottles change into bird-like creatures and many guests jump on the table cloth. Alice angrily throws off the table cloth and looks around for the Red Queen, who she considers responsible for the strange goings on. She finds that the Red Queen has shrunk to the size of a doll. She picks up the Queen and says, "I'll shake you into a kitten".
Waking up, Alice finds that she is holding Dinah's black kitten. She realizes that she has been dreaming but also continues to believe that she was part of the Red King's dream. She is confused as to whose dream it was.
Adaptations
There have been several adaptations of Through the Looking-Glass to other media and even more adaptations of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland which also include characters and themes taken from Through the Looking-Glass.
Adaptations of Through the Looking-Glass alone include Walter lang's 1928 silent film Alice Through a Looking-Glass, a 1966 American TV musical, British TV movies from 1973 and 1998 and a 2008 opera which also draws on the life of Alice Lidell, the girl on whom Lewis Carroll modeled the character of Alice. Animated versions of the story were made in the Soviet Union in 1982 and in Australia in 1987.
The 1933 Hollywood film version of Alice in Wonderland contains many elements from Through the Looking-Glass as well, including an animated version of " The Walrus and the Carpenter ", directed by Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising, and a star turn by W.C. Fields as Humpty Dumpty.
Alice talks to flowers in Disney's 1951 Alice in Wonderland.
Walt Disney's 1951 animated Alice in Wonderland includes several elements taken from Through the looking-Glass, including the concept of "un-birthdays", talking flowers and unusual insects. The characters Tweedledum and Tweedledee appear and recite the poem "The Walrus and the Carpenter". The Cheshire Cat recites the first verse of " Jabberwocky " each time it appears.
Tim Burton's 2010 film Alice in Wonderland also draws on concepts from Through the Looking Glass. The characters Tweedledum and Tweedledee, the White Queen and the Jabberwocky appear. The principal antagonist in the movie, played by Helena-Bonham Carter, is called the Red Queen. [8] A sequel to the movie, directed by James Bobin, was released in 2016. Although it is titled Alice Through the Looking-Glass, the 2016 film, in which an adult Alice searches for the Mad Hatter's family and travels back in time, has very little in common with Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass.
The second half of Irwin Allen's two-part TV movie Alice in Wonderland, first broadcast on CBS in the United States on December 10, 1985, is based on Through the Looking-Glass. In the TV movie, the Jabberwock monster comes alive after Alice reads "Jabberwocky" and pursues her for the rest of the film.
The 1999 British-American TV movie Alice in Wonderland, which aired on NBC in the United States and Channel 4 in the United Kingdom in 1999, features the characters of Tweedledum and Tweedledee, the Red Knight, the White Knight, the sleeping Red King and the poem "The Walrus and the Carpenter".
The 2009 miniseries Alice, which aired on the Syfy channel in the United States, draws on concepts from both Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass.
See also
| i don't know |
Which musical, currently running in London, includes the song Tomorrow is a Latter Day? | The Book of Mormon tickets | Theatre People
The Book of Mormon Tickets
Show:
Are you flexible with this date?
Performance:
31 Coventry Street, London, W1D 6AS
Travel
Bakerloo, Piccadilly
Directions to theatre
(2mins) Take Coventry Street and the theatre is be past the London Trocadero on your right.
Bus
Buses: (Haymarket) 3, 6, 12, 13, 19, 23, 38, 88, 139
Night Buses: (Haymarket) 6, 12, 23, 88, 139, N3, N13, N18, N19, N38, N97, N136, N550, N551
Rail
Leicester Square, Whitcomb Street (1min)
Share
20th Jan 2017 - 29th Apr 2017
Running Time
News
What's it all about?
The Book of Mormon was the winner of four 2014 Olivier Awards including Best New Musical and Best Actor In A Musical.
The Book of Mormon is the biggest Broadway musical smash in recent memory, and now it's repeating its phenomenal success in London, at the Prince of Wales theatre.
Its first year sold out faster than you can say 'Oh my God, they killed Kenny', and it's still red-hot. As such, we encourage you to book promptly if you fancy seeing The Book of Mormon soon.
The show is the brainchild of South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone, with Robert Lopez of Avenue Q. The Book of Mormon won an incredible 9 Tony Awards after opening at New York’s Eugene O’Neill Theatre in March 2011, and its soundtrack is the biggest selling cast album for forty years, reaching No. 3 on the U.S. Billboard chart and picking up the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theatre Album.
Sharply satirical, wildly irreverent, more than a bit rude but somehow sweet and endearing as well, The Book of Mormon gleefully skewers a truckload of sacred cows including organized religion, consumerism and the musical genre itself.
What's the story?
The Book of Mormon tells the story of two earnest young Mormon missionaries, Elder Kevin Price and Elder Arnold Cunningham.
Dispatched to a small town in Uganda to spread the word of the Latter Day Saints, they’re walloped by culture shock and end up in a showdown with a tyrannical warlord.
The duo are forced to confront their own beliefs before they can win the day, not to mention facing off with famine, poverty and AIDS. It may not sound like the stuff of uproarious comedy, but in the hands of spectacularly snarky South Parkers Parker and Stone, that’s exactly what The Book of Mormon is.
Who's in it?
Book Of Mormon creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone are the genius creative duo behind the phenomenally successful, long-running animated TV comedy series South Park. Robert Lopez has previously enjoyed worldwide success as the progenitor of potty-mouthed puppet parody Avenue Q.
Nic Rouleau plays Elder Price. His previous theatre includes: The Book of Mormon (Broadway, Chicago and US Tour), Emmett in Legally Blonde (US Tour) and Woody in Toy Story: The Musical (Disney). Other New York credits include: Homer in Floyd Collins and Jonathan in Alan Menken’s King David (Skirball Center). Regional credits include: Marius in Les Misérables, Hero in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum and Cliff in Cabaret.
Brian Sears plays Elder Cunnigham. His previous theatre includes: on Broadway, Lend Me a Tenor directed by Stanley Tucci, Finian’s Rainbow, Grease and All Shook Up. He’s also performed in US National Tours and regionally throughout the US.
Who is The Book of Mormon suitable for?
Not recommended for children or the easily offended - this is adult stuff, for liberal-minded audiences. But if you love South Park's near-the-knuckle comedy and / or gloriously life-affirming, painfully funny musicals stuffed to the gills with take-home-tunes, then The Book Of Mormon is absolutely essential.
If you're a parent and you're OK with your kids watching South Park, then use your own judgement about letting them see this.
Why book with us?
TheatrePeople.com is your online box office for The Book of Mormon tickets, and your one-stop theatre ticket shop for the best seats in the West End. Count on us to provide great service and great discount deals on theatre tickets for all of the plays, comedies and musicals on the London stage. We hope your trip to The Book of Mormon at the Prince of Wales Theatre is a memorable one, and we look forward to welcoming you to Theatreland.
Special Offers
| Book of Mormon |
Mrs Bardell is the landlady of which Dickens character who she sues for breach of promise? | The Book of Mormon Cast Album Will Get Digital Release May 17; In-Store to Follow in June | Playbill
The Book of Mormon Cast Album Will Get Digital Release May 17; In-Store to Follow in June
By Adam Hetrick
Apr 26, 2011
The original Broadway cast album for The Book of Mormon, penned by "South Park" writers Trey Parker and Matt Stone and Avenue Q's Robert Lopez, will be released digitally May 17 prior to a June 7 in-store arrival.
The 16-track album is currently available for pre-order on the Ghostlight Records website and via iTunes .
The Book of Mormon has book, music and lyrics by Parker, Stone and Lopez. Parker co-directs with Tony Award nominee Casey Nicholaw (The Drowsy Chaperone, Spamalot), who also choreographs. The musical opened to critical raves March 24.
Josh Gad ("The Daily Show with Jon Stewart") and Andrew Rannells (Jersey Boys) star as an unlikely pair of Mormon missionaries who venture from Salt Lake City to AIDS-ravaged Uganda in the hopes of converting villagers with the story of Joseph Smith and the founding of the Mormon Church. The problem is: Only one of them has actually read the book.
The track list for The Book of Mormon follows:
"Hello!"
"You and Me (But Mostly Me)"
"Hasa Diga Eebowai"
"I Am Here for You"
"All-American Prophet"
"I Am Africa"
"Joseph Smith America Moses"
"Tomorrow Is a Latter Day" The cast also features Rory O'Malley (The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee) as Elder McKinley, Nikki M. James (All Shook Up) as Nabalungi and Michael Potts ( Grey Gardens ) as Mafala Hatimbi, as well as Lewis Cleale, Scott Barnhardt, Justin Bohon, Darlesia Cearcy, Kevin Duda, Asmeret Ghebremichael, Brian Tyree Henry, Clark Johnsen, John Eric Parker, Jason Michael Snow, Benjamin Schrader, Michael James Scott , Brian Sears, Lawrence Stallings, Rema Webb, Maia Nkenge Wilson, Tommar Wilson, Graham Bowen, Ta’Rea Campbell, Jared Gertner, Tyson Jennette and Nick Spangler.
Parker and Stone have earned four Emmy Awards and a Peabody Award for "South Park," which is now in its 15th season. Their films include "South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut" (Academy Award nomination for Best Song) and "Team America: World Police."
Lopez co-created Avenue Q , earning 2004 Tony Awards for Best Musical, Best Score and a Grammy Award nomination for Best Cast Album. He has also penned Finding Nemo: The Musical with his wife Kristen Anderson-Lopez .
Today’s Most Popular News:
| i don't know |
Fritz Haber won the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for synthesising which chemical compound? | Famous Scientists - Fritz Haber
Fritz Haber
Fritz Haber was a German chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on synthesising ammonia, important fertilisers and explosives.
Early Years
Fritz Haber was born in Breslau in Germany which today lies in Poland. His family was one of the oldest families in the town. His father was a merchant in the town. Haber’s early years were spent at the Elizabeth classical school. Even during his early school years Haber conducted many chemical experiments.
Haber went on to study chemistry at the University of Hiedelberg under Bunsen and the University of Berlin where he studied under A.W. Hoffman. This was followed by the Technical School at Charlottenburg under Liebermann. After his studies he worked in his father’s chemical business. In 1891 he won a doctorate in organic chemistry.
Research
In 1905 Haber discovered how to fix atmospheric nitrogen, a task that had eluded many scientists till that time. He achieved this by using high pressure and a catalyst. He produced a reaction with nitrogen and hydrogen gas under low temperature and high pressure to produce ammonia. He then used this ammonia to create nitric acid which was put to use in creating fertilisers. It was for this work that he won the Nobel Prize in 1918.
Some of his other research included studies in combustion reactions, separating gold from sea water, electrochemistry and absorption effects. His work played an important role in World War One. He helped in developing the first gas masks and a number of gases that were used in trench warfare during the war.
| Ammonia |
In which film does Dustin Hoffman play Michael Dorsey and Dorothy Michaels? | A Higher Form of Killing: Six Weeks in World War One That Forever Changed the Nature of Warfare by Diana Preston, review: 'authoritative' - Telegraph
A Higher Form of Killing: Six Weeks in World War One That Forever Changed the Nature of Warfare by Diana Preston, review: 'authoritative'
Nigel Jones applauds a lucid study of a pivotal moment in the history of warfare: spring 1915
5
Watershed moment: colour lithograph of a Zeppelin, 1915/16 Photo: Private Collection/ Stapleton Collection/ Bridgeman Art Library
By Nigel Jones
10:00AM GMT 17 Feb 2015
On April 22 1915, French soldiers north of Ypres saw a strange green-yellow cloud form above the German trenches and roll menacingly across no man’s land. As the cloud engulfed them, they experienced a burning sensation in their throats and intolerable choking. Within seconds, men were writhing in their death agonies, vomiting blood and mucus; others simply took to their heels and ran.
Just over a fortnight later, on May 7, a German sailor, Reimund Waisbach, pressed a button on board his submarine, U-20, sending a torpedo streaking across the sea off the Irish coast straight into the Cunard liner Lusitania. After just 18 minutes the great ship sank, taking 1,198 people with her to the seabed.
On May 31, a giant Zeppelin airship, LZ38, commanded by Hauptmann Erich Linnarz, took off from Evere, near German-occupied Brussels, and lumbered across the night sky towards its destination: London. After probing raids on seaside towns, including Dover and Southend, the drastic decision had been taken – despite misgivings from the kaiser, who wanted to spare his Royal relatives – to attack Britain’s capital. The first incendiary bomb crashed through the roof of 16 Alkham Road, Stoke Newington. Miraculously, its occupants, the Lovell family, escaped unharmed, but minutes later, in Cowper Road, Hoxton, three-year-old Elsie Smith was not so lucky: her charred body was found crouched under her bed in her gutted home – London’s first civilian victim of the war.
Diana Preston has rightly identified these three events – the first use of poison gas, the first sinking of an unarmed civilian liner, and the first air raid on a European capital, all within the space of six weeks – as a watershed moment in the history of warfare.
Humankind had taken a fateful step down the slippery slope of inhumanity towards a nightmare world of biological weapons that is with us still.
Related Articles
Catastrophe by Max Hastings
17 Oct 2013
The guilty party, in all three cases, was the autocratic government of Imperial Germany. Its decision to tear up the pre-war Hague conventions, which had tried to “civilise” conflict by banning chemical weapons and deliberate attacks on civilians, is a measure of Germany’s desperate realisation that, having failed to win the war quickly in 1914, it now faced slow economic strangulation by a British naval blockade and inevitable defeat, especially if the United States joined the Allies.
Germany knew that it risked both worldwide condemnation and retaliation in kind by the Allies – who themselves promptly adopted bombing and gassing. But Berlin took the reckless gamble, hoping against hope that the terror of seeing their capital engulfed in flames, their soldiers coughing their lungs up and their shipping sunk by unseen foes would bring Britain to the negotiating table.
The gamble failed. Gas proved an unreliable weapon: too often winds changed, blowing the toxic clouds back on the Germans, and the Allies soon developed reasonably reliable gas masks. Although Zeppelin raids and, later, attacks by Gotha bomber aircraft killed hundreds in London and elsewhere, they did not set the city ablaze or induce mass panic, and improved air defences meant Zeppelins were soon shot down in flames. Worst of all, US outrage over Americans drowned by German unrestricted submarine warfare overcame isolationism and brought Washington into the war.
The chief villain of Preston’s readable and lucid history is a German Jewish chemist named Fritz Haber. A cold genius, seemingly divorced from the moral implications of his work, Haber developed three gases – chlorine, phosgene and mustard – each more lethal than the last. He justified them with the “pragmatic” argument that gas was not as deadly as artillery and that if it shortened the war it would save more lives than it took. His wife, Clara, took a different view. A fellow scientist, having failed to dissuade her husband from pursuing his pet project, she shot herself. Haber declined to attend her funeral.
As the author of a previous book on the Lusitania, Preston is an authority on her subject – showing, for example, that the liner was not carrying explosives, guns or troops, as the guilty Germans alleged as an excuse for their attack. But she also shows how the Allies ruthlessly used the propaganda weapon Germany had placed in their hands.
Her work is littered with unsung heroes and ironies: not least Karl Voegler, a sailor aboard the U-20 who protested against the attack on the defenceless liner and was court-martialled for his pains. As the war ended in 1918, Haber won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in synthesising ammonia – a process on which half the world’s population now depends for food fertilisers.
In 1933, he escaped Nazi persecution by fleeing Hitler, a victim of his mustard gas. And, most ironic of all, the country that offered his family refuge was the very one he had laboured so hard to destroy: Britain.
| i don't know |
The Outside-Half Factory and The Pontypool Front Row were written by which Welsh performer? | WALES - Welsh Rugby Memorabilia from 1900 to present day,
WALES / CYMRU
Welsh rugby memorabilia - you will find on this page a marvellous selection of memorabilia from all eras of Welsh Rugby. From the first Golden era to the 2008 Grand Slam, we've got the lot. Click on the links below or scroll down to see what great items we have on offer.
2012 GRAND SLAM - 2008 GRAND SLAM - 2005 GRAND SLAM - 1900's GOLDEN ERA - BETWEEN THE WARS 1920's & 30's - WARTIME/SERVICES - POST-WAR 40s, 50s & 60s - 1970's GOLDEN ERA - WELSH CENTENARY YEAR - 1980s TO DATE - THE GREAT PLAYERS - GREAT WELSH VICTORIES - GROGGS - CARDIFF ARMS PARK - SCHOOLS & COLLEGES - WELSH RUGBY UNION - CLUBS - REGIONS
Welsh Rugby Book & DVD Gift Pack. This pack contains a 96 page full colour book titled "The Golden Age of Welsh Rugby" and a 100 minute DVD featuring 101 great Welsh Tries. An ideal gift for any Welsh rugby fan. The pack is brand new, unopened in very good condition. RRP �14.99
Ref: PL44-warrbkdv-gift.pack - �12.99
2012 Wales Grand Slam - INDIVIDUAL PROGRAMMES
v Ireland
WALES GRAND SLAM 2005
MAGIC MOMENTS - TURF PAPERWEIGHTS
Rugby Relics are proud to be able to offer the actual turf on which Shane Williams touched down for his try against England and the very piece of grass from which Gavin Henson launched his penalty kick that won the game for Wales. The pitch cut up badly during the game and the Millennium Stadium and Welsh Rugby Union decided a new pitch was needed. To do this the whole pitch needed to be removed and re-laid. These two important pieces of turf were pinpointed by stadium staff and removed from the main pitch on Tuesday 15th of February. We have turned these two pieces of historical turf into a series of limited edition paperweights.
For more information on the Magic Moments - Turf Paperweights - CLICK HERE
�10.00
A Limited Edition print by Jonathan Evans celebrating that wonderful moment when Gavin Henson kicked the winning goal against England to set Wales on their way to the 2005 Triple Crown and Grand Slam.
For further details CLICK HERE
The 2005/6 Rugby Annual for Wales (37th year) - This annual includes details of Wales' Grand Slam, the British Lions tour of New Zealand, Wales tour of North America + other European & Worldwide competitions. As always it is a mine of information, the most comprehensive view of rugby in Wales -
Ref: anwa2005-06 - �7.50
For other editions of the Rugby Annual for Wales including 2006/7 - CLICK HERE
1905 WALES v NEW ZEALAND - WALES TEAM POSTCARD SET
A quality set of 20 A6 size postcards featuring the Welsh team that defeated New Zealand in 1906. The postcards in this set are as follows:
Welsh team, Gwyn Nicholls, Percy Bush, Jack Williams, Rhys Gabe, Arthur Harding, Jehodia Hodges, Dai 'Tarw' Jones, Will Joseph, Teddy Morgan, Willie Llewellyn, Dicky Owen, Cliff Pritchard, Charlie Pritchard, George Travers, Bert Winfield, Sir JDT Llewellyn, Tom Williams, Ack Llewellyn & official programme.
Ref: pcwa1905nzst20 - �25.00
Wales v New Zealand 1905 facsimile programme. This programme was reproduced in 1981. It is the same as the original programme apart from reproduction details on the back page. 8 pages, in very good condition.
Ref: prwanz.1905.rpxb - �35.00
England v Wales Schools 1913 touch judges' flag. This embroidered flag which measures 47cm x 30cm was used in the intermediate (under 16) schools match at Leicester on March 1st 1913. England schools triumphed 17 points to 3, only their 2nd victory over Wales. The flag has some light marks and folding creases, for it's age it is in very good condition. From the collection of a former WRU President, COA provided.
Ref: PL10-mmrfflenwash1913-xc+COA - �195.00
PRE-WAR 1920's & 30's
WALES v FRANCE 1923 - 'RUGBY' The official publication of the French Rugby Union � A post match newspaper containing a match report and photographs of the Wales v France 1923 international at Swansea. This match saw the opening of the new grandstand at St Helens. The paper includes several photos of the game and a match report (text in French). There is some wear causing damage to the spine, some discolouration throughout due to age and some minor tearing to the front cover.
Ref: Ref: ZN12-J1-04-npwafr1923 - �85.00
Wales v England Schools 15th March 1924 touch judges flag. A double sided, genuine embroidered touch judge's flag (no stick), the size is 38 x 25cm (15" x 10"), there are one or two stains and some very small holes. The flag is sold together with a copy of the official programme for this match which Wales won 6 - 3. A great and unique item of memorabilia from the 1920s.
Ref: PC31-mmrfflwaensh24xc - �225.00
Wales v Scotland 7th February 1931 - community singing 4 page leaflet. A selection of Welsh and Scottish songs to be sung at the international match led by the Cardiff City Tramways and Motors Prize Band.
Ref: F78-4-suwasc31 - �24.00
England v Wales 1933 official match programme. - CLICK HERE FOR AVAILABLITY
ENGLAND v WALES 1933 MEMORABILIA COLLECTION - A collection of reproduction memorabilia to celebrate Wales' first win in Twickenham 1933. The items included in the collection are as follows:
Official match programme, signed dinner menu card, East Lower Stand ticket, 12 x 8 reproduction photographs of the Price of Wales meeting Welsh captain Watcyn Thomas, Welsh Team group and a photo of the after match dinner. Also included is the 96 page England v Wales 2010 Twickenham Centenary original (not reproduction) programme which includes a short match report and other interesting historical information and a DVD celebrating the Twickenham centenary and the centenary of the England v Wales match with good 1970s Welsh Golden Era content.
Ref: PL44-tmwa.1933rpmmcl.gp - �35.00
The Greatest Matches
WALES v NEW ZEALAND - CARDIFF ARMS PARK - 21st December 1935
A great victory for Wales at the Arms Park, captained by Claude Davey, the Welsh team inspired by the Wilf Wooler - Cliff Jones combination defeated Jack Manchester's third All Blacks. Only 10 minutes to go, and the men in scarlet were trailing by 12 pts to 10. Hooker Don Tarr suffered a neck injury which meant that Wales had to play out the remainder of the game with 14 men. With six minutes to go, Wooller breaks through the gap, chips the full back, the ball flies high and into the in goal area, but the ball then cruelly bounces back over Wooller's head. Crashing into the straw bales all Wooller could hear was the roar of the crowd as Geoffrey Jones following up took the ball and scored his second try to give Wales a remarkable 13-12 victory.
Wales 13 - New Zealand 12
WARTIME & SERVICES
South Wales v Sir Robert Webber's XV. The official match programme for a 'semi-international rugby match' at Cardiff Arms Park held towards the end of the war. The match was a charity fund raiser for "mobile rest camps" for the soon to be released Japanese prisoners of war. Included amongst these prisoners were Wilf Wooller and Les Spence, two of Cardiff's favourite sons. There is some creasing and small tears to this 4 page programme.
Ref: F78-41-prspwaxb - �75.00
LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS MATCH - CLICK HERE
Wales v France GRAND SLAM 1950 menu signed by 14* members of the successful Welsh team and 2 members of the French team. The official menu card for the after match dinner. The following players from the Welsh team have signed next to their names (Gerwyn Williams, Ken Jones, Jack Matthews, Malcolm Thomas, Billy Cleaver, Rex Willis, Cliff Davies, DM Davies, John Robins, Roy John, RT Evans, Ray Cale, & John Gwilliam), missing players are Lewis Jones & Dai Hayward. The two French autographs are Aristuoy & Merquey.
* Feb 2008 - Lewis Jones signature has been added to the menu on the day he opened the 'Lewis Jones' pub & restaurant in Gorseinon.
The menu is showing signs of wear with the spine partly split.
Ref: F8-11-dmauwafr50 - �225.00
The Players - Gerwyn Williams, Lewis Jones, Alun Thomas, Bleddyn Williams, Horace Phillips, Ken Jones, Malcolm Thomas, Cliff Morgan, Billy Williams, Rex Willis, WO Williams, DM Davies, Rees Stephens, Roy John, Don Hayward, Clem Thomas, John Gwilliam, Alan Forward, Len Blyth,
JBG THOMAS - Editor - 1893-1952 Triple Crown Souvenir, published by the WRU and edited by JBG Thomas. A superb publication containing historical articles and information on all Wales' Triple Crowns up to 1952, there are many team photographs. Articles include "History of the Triple Crown" by JBG Thomas, "Memories of 1893 - 1900 by WJ 'Billy' Bancroft, "Playing in Three Triple Crown Sides" by Rhys Gabe, "Two Great Triple Crown Players - RM 'Dicky'Owen and WJ 'Billy' Trew by Pengragon, "The Game Today and in the Golden Era" by Tommy Vile, "Memories of 1911" by Billy Spiller, "A Great Victory and Narrow Failure in 1935-36" by Wilf Wooller, "1950 - Success at Last" by Billy Cleaver, "Leading Wales to Victory in Modern Times" by John Gwilliam, 48 pages. This is a secondhand copy in excellent condition.
Ref: blwa1952tctrhi-thomas.jbg-xc - �39.00
WALES v NEW ZEALAND - CARDIFF ARMS PARK - 19th December 1953
The All Blacks were hoping to make it 3rd time lucky in the nation's capital. In 1905 & 1935 they had been beaten (the 1924 win by the All Black Invincibles was at Swansea) at the Arms Park, was this to be the one? A Welsh defeat looked ominous when 10 minutes into the second half centre Gareth Griffiths left the field with a badly dislocated shoulder. The All Blacks led 8 - 5 at the time. With 15 minutes remaining against medical advice Griffiths returned, this immediately fired up the home team's forwards who managed to win a penalty which Gwyn Rowlands converted. It was now 8 points a piece. The battle raged and giant Welsh wing forward Clem Thomas found himself hemmed in on the touchline by All Blacks, he hoofed the ball way across field for Olympic sprinter Ken Jones to scoop up the ball and race in for the decisive try. A mighty roar ensued as the 56,000 crowd celebrated another glorious victory over New Zealand's finest.
Wales 13 - New Zealand 8
The official match programme - CLICK HERE FOR AVAILABILITY
HAYDN FORD - "Heads and Tails" - cartoons and pen portraits of well known Welsh Rugby Football Personalities. This is a 28 page booklet published approximately 1956 which contains caricatures of Welsh rugby personalities, the proceeds of the booklet went towards the building of the YMCA in Neath, a stone's throw from the Gnoll. The following personalities appear in this great publication Aberavon - Cliff Ashton, Ross Richards, Cardiff - Gareth Griffiths, Haydn Morris, Bleddyn Williams, Sid Judd, Cliff Morgan, Gordon Wells, Rex Willis, Llanelli - Peter Evans, Alun Thomas, Rhys Williams, Len Davies, Ray Williams, Maesteg - Trevor Lloyd, Neath - Ivor David, Roy John, Courtenay Meredith, Dai Meredith, Brian Sparks, Rees Stephens, WR Thomas, Viv Evans, Newport - Garfield Owen, Onllwyn Brace, Roy Burnett, Ken Jones, Bryn Meredith, Pontypridd - Russell Robins, Swansea - Clem Thomas, Billy Williams, Horace Phillips, Guest Stars - WPC Davies (Harlequins), Jean Prat (Lourdes), Jackie Kyle (NIFC). The booklet is in excellent condition apart from rusty staples. The proceeds from the sale of this booklet were in aid of the Neath YMCA Building Fund,
Ref: PC31-bkwamubi-hf-xc - �25.00
FRANCE v WALES 1957 autographed dinner menu - This superbly illustrated menu is autographed by 28 players and officials, including, Cliff Morgan, Russell Robins, Michel Celaya, Andre Boniface & Michel Vannier, there is a single crease down the centre.
Ref: F52-1-audmfrwa57xc - �190.00
Wales v International XV 1957 - Empire Games Fundraising Match
Signed by TE Davies, C Davies, G Powell, G Wells, CI Morgan, L Williams, BV Meredith, JRG Stephens, RJ Robins of Wales, and RM Bartlett, E Evans, RWD Marques of International XV.
Ref: PC11-auprwa-int57-xb - �75.00
Cliff Morgan Presents "Memorable Moments", a 33.3 rpm gramaphone record containing interviews with Cliff Morgan, Clem Thomas, Bleddyn Williams, Billy Cleaver, Ken Jones. The record includes match commentaries by GV Wynne Jones, Rex Alston & Winston McCarthy. Produced by Cwaliton Records of Pontardawe. The front cover has been signed by Cliff Morgan.
Ref: PC27-rewa-cm - �95.00
v France 13 - 22
(Paris)
Hopes were not high after Wales had embarked on a disastrous tour of South Africa. The new laws which abolished kicking directly into touch from outside the 25 were introduced into the championship for the first time. This brought out the superb attacking skills of fly half David Watkins who had his best season for Wales. The match against Ireland was a Triple Crown decider with the Irish having also beaten Scotland (16-6) and England (5-0). Wales were to lift the 'Crown' with tries from Dewi Bebb & Stuart Watkins and 8 points from the trusty boot of Terry Price.
Illustrated left - Welsh captain Clive Rowlands chaired from the field after hundreds of Welsh fans rushed onto the field at the final whistle at Murrayfield
1965 WALES TRIPLE CROWN PROGRAMME SET
All 3 programmes from the 1965 Triple Crown:
v England, Scotland & Ireland.
The three programmes are in good to very good condition, they are sold together with a team photograph, an information sheet listing match scores and information and a Certificate of Authenticity guaranteeing that the programmes are original.
Ref: wa.1965.triple.crown-prst.3.+ph.ifcd.+COA - �75.00
For individual programmes from this season, please check the Programmes page on this website.
FRAMED 1965 WALES TRIPLE CROWN PROGRAMME SET
All 3 programmes from the 1965 Triple Crown framed, ideal as a gift :
v England, Scotland & Ireland.
The three programmes from the 1965 Triple Crown framed together with a team photo (see illustrations for new photo and info card) & results, a personalised insert is available at no extra charge. This framed set is accompanied by a Certificate of Authenticity guaranteeing that the programmes are original. This item is available to the UK only.
Ref: wa.1965.triple.crown-prst.3.+ph.ifcd-+COA-aifm - �175.00
WALES v ENGLAND 1967 - The official programme for Wales v England 1967 match signed to the front cover by Keith Jarrett, this programme is accompanied by a COA guaranteeing that the autograph is authentic and original.
Ref: auprwaen67-k.jarrett-xb - �39.00
WALES v ENGLAND 1967 - Official 28 page match programme (unsigned) in very good condition.
Ref: prwaen67xb - �15.00
Rugby World Magazine - September 1967. Front cover photo of John Lloyd trying to breach the English defence in the match and a 3 page article by Welsh legend Wilf Wooller titled "The Greatest Game I Ever Saw". This refers to the Wales v England 1967 match. Like Jarrett, Wooller gained his first cap as a teenager in a memorable victory over England. At the age of 19 and still a schoolboy in Rydal School, Colwyn Bay, he played in the first ever Welsh victory at Twickenham in 1933. This article is how he saw the 1967 game.
Ref: mgbr-rw67-09-xb - �12.00
"I Was There" by Max Boyce
Poems, stories & songs from the Welsh Maestro, includes the words to Max Boyce's classics "The Outside half Factory", Asso Asso Yogoshi", "Hymns & Arias", "The Incredible Plan", "9 3". Lavishly illustrated with cartoons by Gren, this book is a classic that went straight in at No2 on the Sunday Times best seller list. If you are Welsh and this book is not in your library you do not want to spend another minute without it.
This copy is a secondhand hardback with illustrated boards in good condition.
1st Edition: 1979
v England 30 - 9
(Cardiff)
This was the start of the second golden era of Welsh rugby, Clive Rowlands took over as coach and regular squad sessions took place at the Afan Lido, Port Talbot. The campaign started brilliantly with the biggest victory at Murrayfield since 1947. This match saw two London Welsh youngsters make their first appearances, Mervyn Davies and JPR Williams. Both were to lead Triple Crown sides over the next decade. The Irish match was a tense affair, Ireland needed to win to secure the triple Crown for themselves but for the 11th time Wales denied the men from the Emerald Isle the crown. Then it was off to France where the French clawed back an 8 point deficit to draw 8 - 8. The final match was a decisive victory over England, Maurice Richards crossing the line four times to equal the Welsh try scoring record.
(Illustration right - Duckham unable to stop Richards scoring his 4th try)
WALES v ENGLAND 1969 - the official programme for Wales v England 1969, the programme is in very good condition.
Ref: prwaen69xb - �25.00
WALES v ENGLAND 1969 - Rugby World and post for June 1969, the cover photo is from the match with 3 + pages of match photos including two of Richards' tries. A short match report is also included. This issue doubles as a pre-tour souvenir for Wales' trip to New Zealand, Australia and Fiji 1969. There are pen pictures and photos of the squad, pre tour views and comments
Ref: mgbr-rw69-06 - �15.00
1969 TRIPLE CROWN - Western Mail - 4 page pre-match (Wales v England) Triple Crown souvenir, photos and articles leading up to the match.
Ref: FAC-npwatc69-wm - �10.00
WALES v ENGLAND 12 Apr 1969 TRIPLE CROWN MATCH FOR WALES SIGNED PROGRAMME, autographed over individual player profiles by 14 of the Welsh team and 6 of the English team. The players who have signed this programme are as follows; Brian Price (Capt), J.P.R Williams, Maurice Richards, Keith Jarrett, John Dawes, Stuart Watkins, Barry John, Gareth Edwards, David Lloyd, Denzil Williams, Brian Thomas, Dai Morris, Mervyn Davies, John Taylor, Bob Hiller, John Spencer, John Pullin, Dave Powell, Peter Larter and Bob Taylor. The programme has a single crease down the centre, generally it is in good condition, it is accompanied by a COA guaranteeing that the autographs are original and authentic.
Ref: aupringp.waen.1969.au20.xb - �129.00
v France 9 - 5
(Paris)
Arguably the greatest Welsh side ever. Containing several players who went on to star in the most successful Lions tour of New Zealand ever and revolutionised rugby football. Captained by master tactician John 'Syd' Dawes the team contained the genius of Barry John, Gareth Edwards & Gerald Davies, a ball winning mobile pack and the rock, JPR in defence. The sensational victory over Scotland in 1971 remains to this day, one of the most inspiring moments in Welsh rugby history while the defeat of France in the last match was one of Wales' classic performances.
The Players - J.P.R. Williams, Gerald Davies, John Dawes, Arthur Lewis, Ian Hall, John .C. Bevan, Barry John, Gareth Edwards, Denzil Williams, Jeff Young, Barry Llewellyn, Mike Roberts, Delme Thomas, Dai Morris, Mervyn Davies, John Taylor.
1971 WALES GRAND SLAM SEASON PROGRAMME SET
All 4 official programmes from the 1971 Grand Slam season in good to very good condition.
v England, Scotland, Ireland & France
Sold together with a team photograph, an information sheet listing match scores etc and a Certificate of Authenticity guaranteeing that the programmes are original.
Ref: wa.1971.grand.slam-prst.4.+ifcd.+COA - �175.00
FRAMED 1971 WALES GRAND SLAM SEASON PROGRAMME SET
All 4 official programmes from the 1971 Grand Slam season framed together with a team photo & results, a personalised insert is available at no extra charge. This framed set is accompanied by a Certificate of Authenticity guaranteeing that the programmes are original. This item is available to the UK only.
Ref: wa.1971.grand.slam-prst.4.aifm.+ifcd.+COA - �275.00
INDIVIDUAL PROGRAMMES from the 1971 Wales Grand Slam
Early 1970s Welsh tracksuit. This tracksuit belonged to the Wales & British Lions scrum half Chico Hopkins. Chico was a member of the Welsh squad 1970 - 1972. He went North soon after playing for Llanelli against the 1972 All Blacks. He was a regular understudy to Gareth Edwards. In his one cap against England in 1970 he turned the game in Wales' favour scoring a try in a fantastic victory at Twickenham, (it was Chico's effort on this day that inspired Max Boyce to write his crowd favourite 'Hymns & Arias'). His one test appearance for the British Lions was also as a replacement for Edwards in the first test at Dunedin in 1971. Again the Maesteg man sparkled as the Lions won a famous victory over the All Blacks and went on to become the first Lions team to win a series in New Zealand.
Ref: PL32-tswa70-chico - �185.00
1972 WALES PROGRAMME SET
All 4 official programmes from the matches played by Wales in 1972. The programmes are in good to very good condition.
v England (12 Jan), Scotland (5 Feb), France (25 Mar) & New Zealand (2 Dec)
The Irish match was cancelled in this year because of the troubles in Northern Ireland.
Ref: prstwa.1972 - �16.00
v France 19 - 13
(Cardiff)
A Grand Slam of records, the team scored 102 points in the championship, Phil Bennett scored 19 in the match against Ireland, equalling Jack Bancroft and Keith Jarrett's records, Gareth Edwards became the highest try scorer for Wales with 18, JPR became the most capped Welsh full back while the victory over Ireland in Dublin was a record score against Ireland. This was an outstanding team led by 'Merve the Swerve'. The victory over France in the last match was a classic, JPR Williams tackle on French wing Gourdon in the final stages ensured Wales were crowned champions.
The Players - J.P.R. Williams, Clive Rees, Gerald Davies, Steve Fenwick, Ray Gravell, J.J. Williams, Phil Bennett, Gareth Edwards, Charlie Faulkner, Bobby Windsor, Graham Price, Allan Martin, Geoff Wheel, Trevor Evans, Terry Cobner, Mervyn Davies, Tommy David.
v Scotland 18 - 9
(Edinburgh)
Wales had to work hard against both England and Ireland for victories. The Triple Crown was secured against Scotland with an incredible piece of Phil Bennett magic. The Welsh skipper scored a rousing try when he finished off a move that had started with JPR Williams in his own half. One of the great tries of the 1970s Golden Era.
GREN'S RUGBY ADDICTS CALENDAR 1977 - 1st EDITION - WELSH RUGBY HUMOUR - A fantastic original 'as new' 1st edition of Gren's calendar. Featuring the International Reject XV. Players include Retaliate First Rees, Bill Igerent & Hamish McFilth. Hilarious.
Ref: PL43-wamm.1977.cf-gren - �19.00
v France 16 - 7
(Cardiff)
Three penalty goals by Phil Bennett got Wales off to a shaky start in the win against England. Gareth Edwards scored his 20th and last try for Wales in the victory over Scotland at Cardiff. The defeat of Ireland ensured that Wales became the first nation to win 3 consecutive triple crowns. The Grand Slam win over France saw both Gareth Edwards and Phil Bennett play their last match for Wales. Both of the seventies superstars played a major part in this final victory, Bennett scoring two tries and a conversion while Edwards dropped a goal, a nine point cushion over a great French XV sealed Wales' final Five Nations Grand Slam.
The Players - J.P.R. Williams, Gerald Davies, Steve Fenwick, Ray Gravell, J.J. Williams, Phil Bennett, Gareth Edwards, Charlie Faulkner, Bobby Windsor, Graham Price, Allan Martin, Geoff Wheel, Jeff Squire, Terry Cobner, Derek Quinnell, Gareth Evans,
1978 GRAND SLAM - FRAMED PRESENTATION
All 4 official programmes from the 1978 Grand Slam, a team photograph and match results framed and glazed.
A personalised insert can be included with this presentation at no extra charge.
Ref: fmprwags78st4 - �165.00
Ireland v Wales 4 Mar 1978, the Triple Crown match at Lansdowne Road, Dublin. Official presentation programme available only to VIPs, committee and players. A printed softback cover with mint programme inside. The match was won 20 - 16 by Wales.
Ref: CC13-prirwa78-xb - �50.00
WALES GRAND SLAM 1978 RETRO / ORIGINAL RED SHOULDER BAG - A holdall / shoulder bag celebrating the Wales Grand Slam in 1978. This is an original bag dating from 1978, it is unused in original packaging that has only been opened to take the photograph. The bag has the results of all 4 matches against England, Scotland, Ireland & France together with their national emblems and a large central 3 feathers. It measures 15" x 11" x 5" ( 38cm x 28cm x 13cm) The printing is identical on both sides.
Ref: PL43-wamm.1978.ktgs-red-xb - �24.00
WALES GRAND SLAM 1978 RETRO / ORIGINAL RED SHOULDER BAG - A holdall / shoulder bag celebrating the Wales Grand Slam in 1978. This is an original bag dating from 1978, it is unused in original packaging that has only been opened to take the photograph. The bag has the results of all 4 matches against England, Scotland, Ireland & France together with their national emblems and a large central 3 feathers. It measures 15" x 11" x 5" ( 38cm x 28cm x 13cm) The printing is identical on both sides.
Ref: PL43-wamm.1978.ktgs-black-xb - �14.00
A fold over card to celebrate the unveiling of a mural at Cardiff Arms Park by Tom Rathmell in 1978. The ceremony was performed by the then Secretary of State of Wales John Morris. Both the Secretary and artist Rathmell have signed the card.
Ref: F19-69-cdwa78 - �25.00
A Welsh players sweater, "Welsh XV" under the three feathers, believed to be from the 1978 tour of Australia. The sweater is a size 40" and is by Royal Thistle, it is probably pure wool but there is a name tag on the label which probably covers the material information. There are one or two marks to the sweater on the two sleeves, these may come out in the wash. From the collection of a former WRU President, COA provided.
Ref: PL5-tpwapy.1978xb - �39.50
WALES - TRIPLE CROWN WINNERS 1976 - 1978 SLATE WALL PLAQUE / HANGING - A slate commemoration plaque celebrating Wales' Triple Triple Crown 1978, Made bt 'Welsh Slatecraft' R-K Products of Newport, the plaque measures 6" (15cm) in diameter and has a leather loop for hanging.
Ref: PL43-wamm.1978.pq-slate-xb - �15.00
v England 27 - 3
(Cardiff)
The 27 - 3 victory over England and the secured the international championship and fourth consecutive Triple Crown for Wales. Who can forget the bloodied JPR Williams leaving the field to be replaced by Clive Griffiths. The Llanelli full back was then instrumental in one another of Cardiff Arms Park's great tries when he put away Elgan Rees for a brilliant try. So ended the second golden era of Welsh Rugby.
All 3 programmes from the 1979 Triple Crown, v Scotland, Ireland & England - all three programmes are in excellent condition
Ref: AS-stwaprtc79 - �20.00
All 3 programmes, team photograph and match results framed and glazed,
Ref: fmpnstwapr79 - �120.00
Wales v Ireland 1979 presentation programme, hard cover biding for the official programme, only available to players and VIPs.
Ref: CC13-pnprwair79xb - �39.00
WALES v IRELAND 1979 touch judges flag. The flag is is of two separate pieces stitched together, the text and logos look to be iron on transfers. Theflag is without the pole and is in very good condition. This was the second match in Wales' 4th consecutive triple crown, Wales were triumphant 24 - 21 in this match.
Ref: TL13-wafl79ir - �195.00
WALES - TRIPLE CROWN CHAMPIONS 1976 - 1979 SILVER COLOURED COMMEMORATIVE BOXED MEDALION - A commemorative medla to celebrate Wales winning their 4 Triple Crown in a row in 1979. The medal may be silver plated or have silver content but we cannot see any evidence of this. The double sided medal has the three feather and triple crown information in English on one side with a Welsh dragon and info in welsh on the reverse. It measures 38mm in diameter with the case measuring 8cm.
Ref: PL43-wamm.1979.md-triple.crown - �15.00
Scotland v Wales 20th January 1979 programme & ticket group - the ticket is creased with a name on the front while the programme is in very good condition.
Ref: PB1-mmgpscwa79xb - �9.00
Welsh Rugby Magazine - May 1979 - 4th Triple Crown Issue. - Front cover photos of JPR , Triple Crown review by GV Wynne Jones, John Reed, John Billot, John O'Shea & Reg Prophit photos from the English match. Caricatures and facsimilie autographs of the Welsh squad inside, Wilf Wooller on the 'Rugby Sin Bin', David Watkins on rugby and professionalism, photos from Schweppes Cup semi finals plus regular features.
Ref: mgwa-wr79-05 - �8.00
"And the Tanker Spent a Comfortable Night", paperback book of poems by Tom Bellion with illustrations by Gren, a look at welsh rugby in the 1970s, classic Welsh humour. The title refers to a poem where JPR crashed into a tanker .......and the tanker etc. A great humorous read accompanied by Gren's brilliant cartoons. Classic Welsh rugby humour. Published in 1979, 64 pages.
Ref: bkhuwa79-tb-xb - �15.00
GREN'S RUGBY ADDICTS CALENDAR 1979 - 3rd EDITION - WELSH RUGBY HUMOUR - A fantastic original 'as new' 3rd edition of Gren's calendar. Presenting the ABC of Rugby - A is for Amateur, B is for Blindside, C is for Coach, D is for Dentures etc etc all the way to Z. - great hmour
Ref: PL43-wamm.1979.cf-gren - �10.00
GREN'S RUGBY ADDICTS CALENDAR 1980 - 4th EDITION - WELSH RUGBY HUMOUR - A fantastic original 'as new' 4th edition of Gren's calendar. Presenting Great Moments of Rugby - 'The moment I never got my cap' - 'The moment I first got my name in the paper' etc - great humour
Ref: PL43-wamm.1980.cf-gren - �10.00
WELSH CENTENARY 1980/1
Official programme for WRU Gala Opening at Cardiff Arms Park, 26th July 1980, the programme features itinerary for the day and some great historical articles including "The WRU Secretaries" by JBG Thomas and "It will always be the Arms Park" by Gerald Davies.
Ref: prspwa19800726 - �18.00
Centenary Celebrity Cricket Match - An A4, 16 page programme for the match between an International Invitation Cricket XI (including Richie Richardson, Don Shepherd, Sadiq & Mustaq Mohammed and a Welsh International Rugby XI (Barry John, Brynmor Williams, Geoff Wheel, Phil Bennett etc). The programme is in excellent condition.
Ref: blwacncrpr19800806 - �10.00
Welsh Rugby Union Centenary Dinner - a fold over card menu (illustrated left), 24 page guest list (illustrated right top) and 2 invitation cards (illustrated right bottom - only 1 illustrated) for the centenary dinner held at the National Sports Centre, Sophia Gardens on the 12th march 1981. The menu card has been autographed by 8 club officials in the centre, there is also a wine stain on these pages. The guest list has 11 autographs, mostly club officials but including internationals Robert Ackerman & Gary Pearce.
Ref: F65-4-dmwacn81 - �45.00
A collection of 9 programmes covering international and special matches played during the WRU centenary 1980/1 season. The programmes included in this package are North Wales v International Overseas XV played at Colwyn Bay on Sept 16th, this was a warm up game for the Overseas XV consisting of players from Canada, Argentina, Japan, Romania, Fiji, Tonga & USA. Wales v Overseas XV, the 5 programmes from the All Blacks centenary tour against Cardiff, Llanelli, Swansea, Newport & Wales, The traditional England/Wales v Scotland/Ireland fixture, played on 29th November 1980. Five nations matches against England and Ireland and finally a programme for the match between Wales and the Presidents XV. The programmes are in excellent condition.
Ref: PC31-prstwacn - �35.00
Rugby World October 1980 - Wales Centenary Issue. A 88 page magazine including a 6 page page article by John Taylor on the "Decade of the Dragon". A celebration of Welsh Rugby 1969 -1979
Ref: mgbr-rw80-10 - �9.00
WESTERN MAIL - "100 Years of Welsh Rugby". A 48 page magazine supplement with great historical articles on the formation of the Welsh Rugby Union, the first golden era, 1920's & 30's, 1940's & 50's, the 1960's and the second golden era, 1970s. Many colour photos including a double page spread of gareth Edwards scoring his last try for Wales (v Scotland in 1978). This copy has slight creasing.
Ref: blmgwacn-wm - �5.00
"Dragon's Delight" - A review of the Welsh Centenary season, an 80 page magazine with match reports and statistics from the matches played during the season 1980-81, includes an interesting article by Windsor Davies, the actor and Spike Milligan, the comedian.
Ref: blwacn-dd - �12.00
WESTERN MAIL - "CENTENARY" SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT - A four page broadsheet publication, includes a decade by decade review of Welsh rugby. the front cover features JBG Thomas' two best Welsh XVs from the years 1880-1930 & 1931-1980.
Ref: FAC-npwacn-wme - �5.00
A stainless steel salver by PSL, Sheffield presented to Ken Harris, the chairman of the Welsh Centenary committee on the occasion of the England/Wales v Scotland/Ireland Centenary match. The salver is accompanied by Ken Harris' personal copy of the match programme with a presentation cover. Both items are in very good condition.
Ref PL33-wacn-salver-+prpn - �149.00
WALES v PRESIDENT'S XV 1981 - A brand new unused Gilbert Match ball signed by the teams that played in this Welsh Centenary match. The ball has been signed by 37 players from both sides. Signatures include Geoff Wheel, Terry Holmes, Graham Price, Andy Irvine, Jean-Pierre Rives, Dave Loveridge, Colin Deans, Bill Beaumont, Andrew Slack, Rob Louw, Mike Slemen, John Robbie, Michael Fitzpatrick and Mark Ella. For a full list of the teams please... CLICK HERE It is unknown whether of not the bladder is working on this ball, it is loose inside and we have not tested it. The ball has been stored out of sunlight since the signing and all autographs are strong and easily read. This ball is sold together with the official match programme containing photos and profiles of all the players and a COA guaranteeing that the original autographs are authentic.
Ref: PL18-aubatm.inmu.wapd.1981.au.37+COA-xb - �225.00
WRU CENTENARY - SET OF FIRST DAY AND COMMEMORATIVE COVERS
No. 1
v France 9 - 10
(Cardiff)
It was back to the running game for Wales in the year after finishing in 3rd place at the inaugural Rugby World Cup. In dropping Paul Thorburn the selectors made a huge gamble when they placed Swansea fly half Anthony Clement at full back and when John Deveraux withdrew through injury Mark Ring became the fourth player fly half in the team (Clement, Bowen, Ring and Jonathan Davies) to face England. Adrian Hadley scored a brace of tries, the first originated from Clement running back a loose kick by Cusworth. In a thrilling encounter against Scotland, Wales clawed back a 20 - 10 deficit, Jonathan Davies and Ieuan Evans scoring tries with Davies dropping a couple of goals to win the match. Thorburn was recalled when Clement withdrew through injury for the Scotland game and retained his place against Ireland. With 4 minutes of injury time played and the scores tied at 9 each he kicked the winning goal to give Wales the only Triple Crown of the 1980s.
ENGLAND v WALES - 6th February 1988 - MEMORABILIA COLLECTION
A collection of items relating to one of Wales' greatest victories of the 1980s, the triple crown season win over England at Twickenham. Adrian Hadley scored 2 brilliant tries and there was also a drop goal from Jonathan Davies who taunted the English throughout the game. This is a day that will live long in the memories of Welsh fans, it was the start of a successful triple crown campaign for Wales, their first since 1979. The collection includes the official match programme, and a DVD of Wales' greatest victories of the 1980s including highlights of the match and an interview with Jonathan Davies. The collection is accompanied by a Certificate of Authenticity guaranteeing that the programme is original.
Ref: wammcl.enwa88.gp3.prdv.+COA - �15.00
WALES v SCOTLAND 20th February 1988 - MEMORABILIA COLLECTION
A collection of items relating to one of Wales' greatest victories of the 1980s. This was the second leg of the 1988 Triple Crown with Jonathan Davies kicking two drop goals and scoring a superb try which had the crowd roaring for Wales. Many believe Davies was his at his best in a Welsh Jersey in this match. The collection includes the official match programme, official match used ticket, a DVD of Wales' greatest victories of the 1980s including highlights of the match and an interview with Jonathan Davies plus a Certificate of Authenticity guaranteeing that the programme and ticket are original.
Ref: wammcl.wasc88.gp4.prtkdv.+COA - �10.00
All 3 programmes from the 1988 Triple Crown, v England, Scotland & Ireland - all three programmes are in excellent condition
Ref: AS-prinwatc88st - �29.00
WALES v ENGLAND - 6th February 1993 - MEMORABILIA COLLECTION
A collection of items relating to one of Wales' greatest victories of the 1990s. Wales came into the game fearing a big defeat as they hadn't beaten England since 1989 and England were gunning for an unprecedented third Grand Slam in a row. Re-live Ieuan Evans try and he caught Rory Underwood napping to clinch a 10-9 victory. The collection includes the official match programme, official match used ticket, a DVD of Wales' greatest victories of the 1990s including highlights of the match and an interview with Rob Howley plus a Certificate of Authenticity guaranteeing that the programme and ticket are original.
Ref: wacl.waen93.gp4.prtkdv.+COA - �15.00
WALES v FRANCE - 19th February 1994 - MEMORABILIA COLLECTION
A collection of items relating to one of Wales' greatest victories of the 1990s. The game will be remembered for Nigel Walker and Scott Quinell's tries, two world class players touching down for a 24-15 victory for Wales. Gareth Llewellyn took over the captaincy in the absence of Ieuan Evans. The collection includes the official match programme, official match used ticket, a DVD of Wales' greatest victories of the 1990s including highlights of the match and an interview with Rob Howley plus a Certificate of Authenticity guaranteeing that the programme and ticket are original.
Ref: wammcl.wafr94.prtkdv.+COA - �10.00
FRANCE v WALES - 6th March 1999 - PROGRAMME & DVD SET
A collection of items relating to one of Wales' greatest victories of the 1990s. Wales defeated France in Paris for the first time since 1975. It was a truly remarkable performance, Neil Jenkins kicked 5 penalties with his trusty boot which clinched the game for Wales. The collection includes the official match programmeand a DVD of Wales' greatest victories of the 1990s including highlights of the match and an interview with Rob Howley. The programme is accompanied by a Certificate of Authenticity guaranteeing that it is original.
Ref: wammcl.frwa99.gp3.prdv.+COA - �10.00
WALES v ENGLAND 11th April 1999 - MEMORABILIA COLLECTION
A collection of items relating to one of Wales' greatest victories of the 1990s. This was Wales's last game at Wembley and the last match ever in the Five Nations Tournament which was to become the Six Natiuons a year later with the inclusion of Italy. The pre-match warm up included Tom Jones and Max Boyce and the last act of the match was Scott Gibbs scoring a magical try with Neil Jenkins slotting over the conversion. This was probably the most euphoric moment (and there have been a few) in Welsh Rugby History. The collection includes the official match programme, official match used ticket, a DVD of Wales' greatest victories of the 1990s including highlights of the match and an interview with Rob Howley plus a Certificate of Authenticity guaranteeing that the programme and ticket are original.
Ref: wammcl.waen99.gp4.prtkdv.+COA - �29.95
WALES v ARGENTINA 5th June 1999 - PROGRAMME & DVD SET
A collection of items relating to one of Wales' greatest victories of the 1990s. A pasting for Wales looked on the cards as Argentine romped into a 23-0 lead but a crucial try by Dafydd James just before half time kept Wales hopes alive. Wales went on to triumph 36-26 which was the biggest come back in Test Series history, an amazing game with Neil Jenkins scoring 18 points, Wales went on to become the first Northern Hemisphere team to win a Test Series in Argentina. The collection includes the official match programme, and a DVD of Wales' greatest victories of the 1990s including highlights of the match and an interview with Rob Howley. The programme is accompanied by a Certificate of Authenticity guaranteeing that it is original and official.
Ref: wammcl.arwa99-1T-gp3.prdv.+COA - �10.00
WALES v SOUTH AFRICA 1999 Programme & DVD set
A set of three items relating to Wales' first (and only) victory over South Africa. In the first match at the Millennium Stadium Wales defeated the World Champion Springboks 29-19. The set comprises of an original official match programme, a 60 page publication including Arms Park history, other articles, players pictures and profiles. This programme was a sell out on the day and with a limited number printed due to crowd restrictions (36,000) this is a definite rarity. The programme is accompanied by a DVD, 'Wales - Six of the Best - The Nineties' containing highlights of this great victory. The set is completed by a COA guaranteeing that the programme is an original printing as sold on the day at the Millennium Stadium.
Ref: wammcl.wasa99.gp3.prdv-6.best.90s.+COA - �27.50
WALES v SOUTH AFRICA 1999 Programme & DVD set
A set of three items relating to Wales' first (and only) victory over South Africa. In the first match at the Millennium Stadium Wales defeated the World Champion Springboks 29-19. The set comprises of an original official match programme, a 60 page publication including Arms Park history, other articles, players pictures and profiles. This programme was a sell out on the day and with a limited number printed due to crowd restrictions (36,000) this is a definite rarity. The programme is accompanied by a DVD, 'Blood, Sweat and Tears' the official Welsh Rugby Union, Wales v South Africa history containing highlights of this great victory. The set is completed by a COA guaranteeing that the programme is an original printing as sold on the day at the Millennium Stadium.
Ref: wammcl.wasa99.gp3.dv-blood.sweat.tears - �29.00
WALES v FRANCE 17th March 2001 - PROGRAMME & DVD SET
A collection of items relating to one of Wales' greatest victories of the 2000s. Wales repeated their 1999 astonishing victory with another against France in Paris. That match was probably one of Neil Jenkins best and took him past 1,000 points altogether for Wales! Rob Howley's sensational try will be remembered as one of Wales' great tries. The collection includes the official match programme and a DVD of Wales' greatest victories of the 1990s including highlights of the match and an interview with Rob Howley, plus a Certificate of Authenticity guaranteeing that the programme is official and original.
Ref: wammcl.frwa01.gp3.prdv.+COA - �15.00
Official match programme in excellent condition, 84 pages of team information, articles and stats, front cover photo of Neil Jenkins.
Ref: prwaen99 - �25.00
"Perfect Day" - Wales on Sunday 16 page Wembley post-match souvenir. Front page photo of Graham Henry & Steve Black in a passionate embrace !!!!!
Ref: PL29-npwaen99-wos- - �8.00
Graham Henry original artwork. This A3 size caricature by Paul Morgan is of Graham Henry sitting on a throne with the caption "King Henry". We believe it was commissioned for a publication but are not sure whether or not is was used. After victories against France, England & South Africa in 1999 Graham Henry was hailed as the saviour of Welsh rugby. Ideal for framing.
Ref: LN4-avwa-gh - �35.00
WALES v SOUTH AFRICA - MILLENNIUM STADIUM - 26th June 1999
13 was a lucky number for Wales in this midsummer meeting to open the not quite finished new stadium. 27,500 people watched as at the 13th attempt, Wales finally laid the South African bogey to rest. For 93 years each attempt had been dashed, then up stepped No 13 Mark Taylor to score the first try against the World Champions at the Millennium Stadium. Neil Jenkins orchestrated the victory with a total of 19 points, Taylor and Gareth Thomas scored tries to add another top scalp to the belt of coach Graham Henry.
Wales 29 - South Africa 19
Official match programme, 60 pages including Arms Park history, other articles, players pictures and profiles, this programme was a sell out on the day and with a limited number printed due to crowd restrictions this is a definite rarity.
Ref: prwasa99 - �25.00
THE HISTORY
" TAFF'S ACRE" - A history and celebration of Cardiff Arms Park" edited by David Parry-Jones
The most comprehensive history of the world's most historic rugby ground, details of all the great matches played there, Wales v New Zealand1905 & 1935, Barbarians against the All Blacks in 1964 & 1973. Published in 1984 with chapters by JBG Thomas, Harry Bowcott, Wilf Wooller, Bleddyn Williams, John Billot, David Hayward, David Parry-Jones & Ray Williams, 198 pages.
Ref: bkhiwagr84-dpj-xb - �18.00
"New Cardiff Arms Park", a special souvenir published by the Western Mail & Echo Ltd, a 24 page publication to celebrate the opening of the new North Stand in the Arms Park 1970. It has great historical articles including a history of the ground, great moments, article on Ken Jones, David Watkins memories, interview with Clive Rowlands, many photos, Cardiff against the touring teams, history of Wales v South Africa at the stadium, the All Blacks at the Arms Park, the Wallabies in Cardiff, Barbarians against touring sides. In excellent condition
Ref: nphiwagr70-wme-xb - �15.00
"A Farewell to Arms" - a 64 page brochure published by the Western Mail in association with the Welsh Rugby Union. A historical look at the Arms Park including an all-time Welsh XV chosen by John Billot and Graham Clutton. There is an excellent 'timeline', 15 of the best tries, coverage of the first 2 European Finals which were played there together with soccer, boxing, greyhound racing & Empire Games articles and photos.
Ref: blhiwagr97-wm - �9.00
Welsh Rugby Magazine September-October 1970, Cardiff Arms Park celebration issue. An collection of historical articles relating to Welsh ruby including Cardiff Arms Park Story, photos of all WRU Presidents, history of the laws and administrators, feature on all WRU secretaries, WRU Treasurers, all this plus regular features.
Ref: mgwa-wr70-09 - �12.00
History of the Cardiff Arms Park which appeared in Wales v South Africa programme, the opening match at the Millennium Stadium
CELEBRATIONS
International 'Sport Aid' Sevens 1986. The official programme for this 'famine relief' rugby tournament held at Cardiff may 16/17 1986. Involves teams from New Zealand, Scotland, England, France, Australia, Ireland & Wales. New Zealand (captain David Kirk) ran out eventual winners 32-6 over an English side captained by Les Cusworth. the programme has been autographed by 14 Welsh internationals including Robert Norster, Mark Titley, Billy James, Adrian Hadley, Kevin Hopkins, Huw Richards & Clive Rowlands.
Ref: F65-3-auprsbwa86-sa - �45.00
Wales v WRU Presidents XV 1984. Official programme to celebrate the completion of Cardiff Arms Park. The Presidents XV was captain by Rob Louw (South Africa). The 36 page programme contains historical articles and photographs of the stadium.
Ref: prwapr84 - �3.00
THE FINAL CURTAIN
Auction catalogue for "The contents of Cardiff Arms Park", not the most enthralling publication, 36 pages.
Ref: blhiwagr-auction - �15.00
GREAT WELSH VICTORIES - Click on the match details to view information and memorabilia on these great Welsh wins
(We will periodically adding players to our 'greats victories & great players, please bear with us there are so many to choose from !)
Phil Bennett - Max Boyce - Mervyn Davies - Gareth Edwards - Ieuan Evans - Arthur Gould - Carwyn James - Neil Jenkins - Barry John - Jack Matthews - Cliff Morgan - Dai Morris - Ray Williams - Bleddyn Williams - Shane Williams
Phil Bennett - (29 caps, 1st cap v France 1969, last cap v France 1978) - Captain of Wales and the 1977 Lions, Bennett stepped nicely into Barry John's boots to star for Wales in the 1970s Golden Era. In his last match for Wales, the 1978 Grand Slam decider against France, Bennett scored 2 tries to set the seal on what was a fantastic career wearing the scarlet shirt of Wales.
Ref: bkbiwa-pb1-xb - �12.00
Welsh Youth v French Youth 1967 match programme with future Welsh internationals Phil Bennett & Derek Quinnell in the Welsh team and Bennett's future outside half opponent Jean-Pierre Romeu playing for France.
Ref: pragwafr67-yth-xb - �6.00
Max Boyce - (No caps, 1 big leek) - The album 'Live at Treorchy' lauched Max Boyce as the great rugby entertainer of the 1970s, his song 'Hymns and Arias' reverberated around the Arms Park as the Welsh rugby public took Max, his stories and his songs to heart.
BOOK - "I Was There" by Max Boyce
Poems, stories & songs from the Welsh Maestro, includes the words to Max Boyce's classics "The Outside half Factory", Asso Asso Yogoshi", "Hymns & Arias", "The Incredible Plan", "9 3". Lavishly illustrated with cartoons by Gren, this book is a classic. If you are Welsh and this book is not in your library you do not want to spend another minute without it. A secondhand hardback with illustrated boards in good condition.
1st Edition: 1979
Ref: bkhu79-mb-xc - �25.00
"Max Boyce in Session" - Max's first LP, recorded in 1971 at the Valley Folk Club in Pontardawe, catalogue no. MCT 207. This album includes those well loved songs "Duw it's hard" and "hymns and arias". The record sleeve notes correctly predict "It may well be that future years will find "Hymns and Arias" rolling a thunderous chorus across the terraced rugby grounds"
Ref: PL31-ware-mb71 - �25.00
"Caneuon Amrywiol" - Cambrian Recordings, Pontardawe 1971. 12", 33rpm gramaphone record. - This is Max's 2nd LP and is a selection of folk songs in Welsh with one of the songs called "Twicers".
This LP cover is signed and dated 1999.
Ref PL31-ware-mb71b - �45.00
"Live at Treorchy" EMI 1974 - Recorded at the Treorchy Rugby Club on 23rd November 1973 this is the album that launched Max Boyce as rugby's No1 entertainer. The songs/stories on this album are 9 - 3 (Llanelli v NZ 72), The Scottish Trip, The Ballard of Morgan the Moon, The Outside-Half Factory, Asso Asso Yogoshi, Duw it's Hard, Ten Thousand Instant Christians, Did You Understand, Hymns and Arias.
LP with cover signed by Max
Ref: DPR-wareau-max73.treorchy - �30.00
LP - unsigned.
Ref: PL29-ware-mb73 - �10.00
"We All Had Doctors Papers........"(EMI 1975, 12" 33rpm).........and they all said the same ! we all had Scarlet Fever and we caught it at the game, immortal words from Max. recorded live at Pontardulais Rugby Club. songs and stories on this album are: Sospan Fach, I am an Entertainer, I wandered Lonely, I Gave My Love a Debenture, Deck of Cards, Swansea Town, The Devil's Making Me, A'r Lan Y Mor, The Pontypool Front Row, Sospan Fach.
LP with cover signed and dated (1999),
Ref: PL31-wareau-mb99 - �25.00
LP - unsigned,
Ref: PL29-ware-mb99 - �10.00
"The Incredible Plan" EMI, 1976, 12" 33 rpm, recorded live at Bindles in Barry, South Wales, this LP starts with an extract of Bill McLaren's commentary from the Welsh victory at Murrayfield in 1971, other songs and stories on this LP are: The Divine Intervention, Ode to Barry Island, The Incredible Plan, The Gypsy, What Does She Know About Music, Morning Star, Bugail Aberdyfi, 100,000,000,000 Green Bottles, The French Trip, as always Max starts and finishes off his performances with Sospan Fach.
LP cover signed by Max and dated (1999),
Ref: PL31-ware-mb76au - �25.00
LP - unsigned,
Ref: PL29-ware-mb76 - �10.00
"The Road and the Miles" EMI 1977, 12", 33rpm - This album saw a return to his folk singing roots for Max, the album contains 12 songs including 2 in the Welsh language. The album cover has been signed by Max and dated 1999 -
Ref: PL31-ware-mb77au - �20.00
"Not that I'm Biased", EMI 1979, 12" 33 rpm - recorded live in Cwmbran, this LP contains the following songs and stories, I think it's a spring onion, "one night in Oldham, When we walked to Merthyr Tydfil, Young Davy, Mae 'Nghariad in Fenws, El terrible, There but for Johnny Walters, I don't like cabbage, coats on the bed, how fast was Gerald Davies' Dad, Collier Lad, Ben Thomas and Mr Pocock,
Ref: PL31-ware-mb79 - �15.00
"Me and Billy Williams" EMI 1980, 12", 33 rpm - songs and stories on this album include: The Day We Lost to England, Paul Ringer's Song, Tarquin's Letter, Two Soldiers, Y Deryn Pur, Me and Billy Williams, Dowlais Top, Morgan and Rhys, The Oggie Song, Eli Jenkins's Prayer. The Album cover is signed by Max.
Ref: PL31-ware-mb80 - �25.00
Mervyn Davies - (38 caps, 1st cap v Scotland 1969, last cap v France 1976) - Mervyn Davies received 38 caps for Wales during the 1970s Golden Era. He was undoubtedly the best No 8 in the world at that time. He was a certainty to lead the 1977 Lions to New Zealand in 1977 but he suffered a brain haemorrhage while playing for Swansea during a cup semi-final at Cardiff which ended his career. An ever present in the tests during the 1971 & 1974 Lions tours, scoring 5 tries in the 1974 tour he wore a distinctive headband and was known as "Merve the Swerve".
Nothing available at present
Gareth Edwards - (53 caps, 1st cap v France 1967, last cap v France 1978) - Voted regularly as the "Greatest Player Ever" Edwards first made his debut as a 19 year old against France in 1967. He forged brilliant partnerships for Wales and the British Lions, firstly with Barry John then with Phil Bennett. He totalled 10 tests for the Lions and was ever present in the test series of the 1971 and 1974 tours. He also played in every game of the 1971, 1976 & 1978 Welsh Grand Slams. His final appearance was the 1978 Grand Slam decider against France in Cardiff where he dropped a goal. A brilliant all round sportsman he had a Welsh Trial at soccer, won the English Schools 200 yds hurdles title and has represented Wales at angling.
Ref: TC4-bkbiwa-ge2-xb - �12.00
Rugby World & Post Tribute to Gareth Edwards. - A double page colour poster titled "The Master" is accompanied by a 5 page article by Ian Wooldridge. The are also 2 pages of photos from Wales' Triple Triple Crown.
Ref: mgbr-rw78-04-xb - �8.00
Ieuan Evans - (72 caps, 1st cap v France 1987, last cap v Italy 1998) - Ieuan scored 33 tries for Wales in a glittering career that also saw him captain Wales to the last Five Nations Championship in 1994. he toured with the British Lions on three occasions, two of his finest moments are when he pounced on Campo's wild pass to score a crucial try in the 1989 3rd Test against Australia and when he out sprinted Rory Underwood to touch down for that great try against England in 1993.
A match programme for Ieuan Evan's testimonial game at Stradey Park in 1995. His British Isles XV took on an International Select XV including Jonah Lomu, Jason Little, Sean Fitzpatrick & Olivier Roumat. The programme is accompanied by a match ticket (the newspaper match report is not included)
Ref: DPR-wapygp2-evans.ieuan - �5.00
| Max Boyce |
Which author who created Adrian Mole died last month aged 68? | Rugby union in Wales : definition of Rugby union in Wales and synonyms of Rugby union in Wales (English)
British and Irish Cup
Rugby union is the national sport of Wales and is considered a large part of national culture. Rugby is thought to have reached Wales in the 1850s, with the national body, the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) being formed in 1881. [2] The national team play at the WRU-owned Millennium Stadium , and compete annually in the Six Nations Championship , as well as having competed at every Rugby World Cup . Wales are ranked as a tier-1 nation by the International Rugby Board (IRB). The main domestic competition in Wales is the RaboDirect Pro12 (historically the Celtic League), in which Wales have four sides in the competition which is also contested by Irish and Scottish clubs and from 2010-11 Italian teams. Top-level Welsh teams also compete in the Europe-wide Heineken Cup and Amlin Challenge Cup and alongside the teams of England 's Aviva Premiership in the Anglo-Welsh Cup . Wales also competes as one of the 12 "core teams" in the annual IRB Sevens World Series , and won the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens .
Beneath the Pro12, club rugby is represented by over 200 WRU affiliated clubs who play in the Welsh Premier Division and the lower Welsh Divisional leagues. Historically the four major Welsh club teams that have shaped the Welsh national team have been Cardiff , Newport , Swansea and Llanelli , though other clubs which have fought for prominence and provided national sporting heroes during the last 120 years include Bridgend , Neath , Pontypool , Pontypridd , and England exiles London Welsh . Six of the 12 Premier Division clubs compete in the British and Irish Cup , a competition for semi-professional and developmental sides from Great Britain and Ireland.
Contents
History
The growth of rugby in Wales 1850-1900
Rugby-like games have a long history in Wales, with games such as cnapan being played for centuries. [3] Rugby seems to have reached Wales in 1850, when the Reverend Professor Rowland Williams brought the game with him from Cambridge to St. David's College , Lampeter , [4] which fielded the first Welsh rugby team that same year.
Arthur "Monkey" Gould was the first Welsh superstar of rugby union
Rugby initially expanded in Wales through ex-pupils of the Welsh colleges settling, or students from English colleges and universities returning to the larger industrial hubs of South Wales. This is reflected in the first clubs to embrace the sport in the early to mid 1870s, with Neath RFC widely recognised as being the first Welsh club. The strength of Welsh rugby developed over the following years, which could be attributed to the 'big four' South Wales clubs of Newport (who lost only seven games under the captaincy of Llewellyn Lloyd between the 1900/01 and 1902/03 seasons [5] ), Cardiff , Llanelli (who lost just twice in 1894 and 1895) and Swansea . With the coming of industrialisation and the railways, rugby too was spread as workers from the main cities brought the game to the new steel and coal towns of south Wales. Merthyr formed in 1876, Brecon in 1874, Penygraig in 1877; as the towns adopted the new sport they reflected the growth and expansion of a new industrial Wales. [6]
In the 19th century as well as the established clubs there were many ' scratch ' teams populating most towns, informal pub or social teams that would form and disband quickly. Llanelli, as an example, in the 1880s was home not only to Llanelli RFC, but also to Gower Road, Seasiders, Morfa Rangers, Prospect Place Rovers, Wern Foundry, Cooper Mills Rangers, New Dock Strollers, Vauxhall Juniors, Moonlight Rovers and Gilbert Street Rovers. [7] These teams would come and go, but some would merge into more settled clubs which exist today, Cardiff RFC was itself formed from three teams, Glamorgan, Tredegarville and Wanderers Football Clubs.
The South Wales Football Club was established in 1875 [8] to try to incorporate a standard set of rules and expand the sport and this was proceeded by the Welsh Football Union which was formed in 1881. [9] With the forming of the WFU (which would become the Welsh Rugby Union in 1934), Wales began competing in recognised international matches, with the first game, against England , also in 1881 . [10] The first Welsh team although fairly diverse in the geography of the clubs represented, did not appear to truly represent the strength available to Wales. The team was mainly made up of ex-Cambridge and Oxford university graduates and the selection was heavily criticised in the local press after the crushing defeat by England. [9]
By the end of the 19th century, a group of exciting Welsh players began to emerge, including Arthur Gould , Billy Bancroft and Gwyn Nicholls ; players that would be regarded as the first super-stars of Welsh rugby and would usher in not only the first golden era of Welsh rugby, but would also see the introduction of specialised positional players.
The first golden era 1900-1919
The first 'Golden Era' of Welsh rugby is so called due to the success achieved by the national team during the early 20th century. Wales had already won the Triple Crown in 1893, but between 1900 and 1914 the team would win the trophy on six occasions, and with France joining the tournament (unofficially in 1908 and 1909) three Grand Slams . [11]
The Welsh 1905 team that beat the touring Original All Blacks
With the introduction of specialised players like hooker George Travers , [12] the WFU could no longer choose the 'best players' to represent Wales, they needed to think tactically and choose people who could do a specific job on the pitch. This period of Welsh rugby would see the grip of the 'Big Four' clubs providing the bulk of national players, slip slightly. The WFU still tended to turn to the likes of Swansea and Newport to supply the skillful back players and usually kept club half-back pairings together such as Jones and Owen of Swansea. But it was the introduction of the 'Rhondda Forward' which saw men who worked day in day out in the coal, iron and tin mines enter the Welsh front row. [13] Chosen for their strength and aggressive tackling, players such as Dai 'Tarw' Jones from Treherbert and Dai Evans from Penygraig added muscle to the front row.
Although a progressive time for international rugby, this period initially saw regression for many of the club sides in the form of the temperance movement . In the early 1900s, rugby was seen as a wicked temptation to the young men of the mining and steel communities, leading to violence and drink, [14] and the valley areas in particular were part of a strong Nonconformist Baptist movement. The religious revival saw some communities completely reject rugby and local clubs, like Senghenydd , disbanded for several years. It wasn't until the 1910s that the social view of rugby would change the other way, fostered by mine owners as a great social unifier; [15] and like baseball in America would be portrayed as a '...source of community integration because it installed civic pride'. [16]
Unlike the game in England, rugby union in Wales was never seen as a sport for gentlemen of higher learning. Although this was fostered in the first international Welsh team, the fast absorption of the sport into the working class areas appeared to sever the link of rugby as a sport for the middle and upper classes. [17]
As rugby became linked with the hard working men of the industrialised areas of Wales, it should also be noted that the sport did not escape the hardships of the industries. In 1913 five members of the Senghenydd team were killed in Britain's worst colliery disaster and many more lost their lives in the 'slow drip' of deaths caused by the industries. Far worse was to follow during the conflict of World War I when many teams lost members, including Welsh internationals like Charlie Pritchard [18] and Johnnie Williams . [19]
Post-war Welsh rugby 1920-1930
The 1920s were a difficult time for Welsh rugby. The first golden period was over and the players that made up the teams that won four Triple Crowns had already disbanded before the Great War. The war could not be blamed for the downturn in Welsh fortunes as all the home nations lost their young talent in equal numbers. The fact that so many of Wales' talented stars had retired from rugby before 1910 was felt when Wales failed to win the tournament in the few years leading up to the war. But the main reason for Welsh failure on the rugby pitch can be mapped to an economic failures of Wales as a country. The First World War had created an unrealistic demand for coal, and in the 1920s the collapse in the need for coal resulted in a massive level of unemployment throughout the south Wales valleys. [20] This in turn lead to mass emigration as people left Wales for work. The knock-on effect was felt in the port cities of Newport and Cardiff, that relied on the transportation of coal.
Suddenly the call of the professional league was a very strong draw to men who could not claim money for playing union. Between 1919 and 1939, Forty-eight capped Welsh rugby union players joined league rugby. [21] The fact that the equivalent of three full national squads left the sport can only allude to the number of trialists and club members that also left the sport. Exceptional players lost to the league game included Jim Sullivan of Cardiff, William Absalom of Abercarn and Emlyn Jenkins of Treorchy . [21]
The other side of the depression was linked to those people that stayed behind. In homes where men were the only earners, the decline in heavy labour areas resulted in very stark choices in where the household money could be spent. It was difficult to justify paying to watch rugby when there was little money for food and rent. With crowds dwindling clubs were forced to drastic measures in the hope of survival. Loughor which had produced five internationals in the 1920s were by 1929 begging door to door for old kit. [22] Haverfordwest disbanded from 1926–29, Pembroke Dock Quins were reduced to 5 members by 1927 and in the valleys the Treherbert, Llwynypia and Nantyffyllon clubs had vanished before 1930. [22] [23] Even clubs of the size of Pontypool were not spared; in 1927 they were playing and beating the Waratahs and the Maoris , by 1930 they were £2,000 in debt and facing bankruptcy. [24]
Another reason for the fall in the Welsh union game can be placed on the improvement of football in Wales. [25] Traditionally seen as a game more associated with North Wales, the success of Cardiff Football Club in the 1920s was a strong draw for many supporters. With two F.A. Cup Finals in 1925 and 1927, Cardiff were making the once unpopular sport of 'soccer' very fashionable, for fans and sportsmen alike. [20]
During the 1920s the one team that appeared to be unaffected by the double threat of soccer and debt was Llanelli. [26] The Scarlets had an unswerving loyalty shown by their home supporters, who were repaid by exciting, high scoring matches. [26] During the 1925/26 season the club were unbeaten and the next season they had achieved the unprecedented feat of defeating Cardiff on four occasions. This success would later be reflected in the growing number of Llanelli players that would represent their country in the 1920s, [27] including Albert Jenkins , Ivor Jones and Archie Skym .
Apart from a few sporadic victories from the national team, there appeared little to cheer about in the 1920s for Welsh rugby at club or country level; but the seeds of recovery were being planted during the same decade. On June 9, 1923 the Welsh Secondary Schools Rugby Union was established in Cardiff. [28] Founded by Dr R Chalke, head of Porth Secondary School with WRU members Horace Lyne as president and Eric Evans as secretary. [28] Its aim was to promote rugby at school level in an attempt to regain 'the glorious days of Gwyn Nicholls, Willie Llewellyn and Dr E.T. Morgan '. In April 1923, at the Arms Park , Wales played their first secondary schools fixture led by future international Watcyn Thomas , who would progress to captain the very first Welsh University XV in 1926. [29] Over the coming years, schools such as Cardiff High School , Llanelli County School, Llandovery and Christ College, Brecon fostered a generation of players which would fill the Welsh ranks over the coming years. Wales had in effect begun to mimic the systems adopted by England and Scotland, that rugby should be nurtured from youth, through adolescence to adulthood. [30]
The 1920s closed with the formation of the West Wales Rugby Union, an event that initially appeared to be a positive indication of growth, but in fact the union was formed by western clubs to wrest control away from the WRU. The West Wales clubs had become disenchanted in decisions made by their parent body and believed the Union had no interest in the lower tier clubs, allowing them to become mere feeders for the bigger clubs. [31]
The Welsh revivial 1930-1939
The 1930s began on a high for Welsh international rugby, with success in the Home Nations Championship and the emergence of a strong Welsh team. In the 1931 Championship Wales beat Ireland at Ravenhill in a bruising affair that not only gave Wales the title but denied Ireland the Triple Crown. This may have signaled a change in fortunes in Welsh rugby but underneath the same problems that dogged Wales throughout the 1920s still remained. Wales was still suffering the effects of the depression and club rugby was struggling to survive. [32] Even the WRU had problems, as it faced the fact that it was the only home union without their own ground. The Cardiff Arms was leased and St Helens was on loan. [33]
From what at first appears to be yet another decade of turmoil for Welsh rugby, is actually regarded as a period of revival. The economic situation began turning from 1937, the WSSRU was bringing many exciting backs through the school system, North Wales embraced the game and the national team won two morale lifting games against England in 1933 and the All Blacks in 1935.
From a statistical point of view, the Welsh national team appeared to be winning roughly the same number of games throughout the 1930s as the poor 1920s period, but Wales were actually improving. In the 1920s most Welsh victories were against France , then the weakest team in the Five Nations Championship; but in 1931 France were excluded from the tournament over accusations of professionalism at club level and were not readmitted until after the 1939 tournament, just before international rugby was suspended because of the Second World War. Welsh victories were now coming against the more established home nation teams. During this period, Wales won three Championships, but its greatest victory happened during the 1933 tournament when they finished last. Since its first international game in 1910, Wales had failed to beat England at Twickenham in nine attempts. Now dubbed the 'Twickenham bogey', it took the self confidenece of Cardiff's Ronnie Boon to break the losing streak as he scored a try and a drop goal to take the match 7-3. The game also saw the debut of two players who would become Welsh greats, Wilf Wooller and Vivian Jenkins .
Wales played host to two touring Southern Hemisphere teams in the 1930s, first came Bennie Osler 's South Africa followed by Jack Manchester 's All Blacks . The South Africans were rampant in Wales, winning the test match and all six club matches, though gained few supporters due to the kicking tactics Osler employed. The New Zealander's received a better welcome, and after the previous tour where the tourist went unbeaten the Welsh press were hoping for a return of the spirit that won the first encounter in 1905. Before the match with Wales, New Zealand were to face eight club teams over six games. After winning the opening three English county matches and then beating a joint Abertillery and Cross Keys the All Blacks were showing the same form shown in their first two tours, but then stumbled against Swansea. Swansea were not in a period of particular growth and the only two players showing any flair were Wales Schoolboy players Willie Davies and Haydn Tanner . During the game Merv Corner could not contain the attacking bursts from Tanner, the New Zealand flankers were drawn in which in turned allowed Davies the freedom to run which Claude Davey finished off with two tries. Jack Manchester's response to the Swansea win was to ask the New Zealand press "Tell them we have been beaten, but don't tell them it was by a pair of schoolboys". This win gave Swansea the honour of being the first club team to have beaten all three major Southern Hemisphere touring teams. The All Blacks were unbeaten in the next twenty matches, but lost to Wales in a classic game which Wales managed to win in the last ten minutes of the game after the Welsh hooker, Don Tarr , was stretchered off with a broken neck.
Post-war Welsh rugby 1945-1959
The post-war years saw strong club teams emerge, but it wasn’t until the 1950s that a true blend of players could be produced to translate club success into international victories. The coming of television saw an upsurge in popularity for the national team, but a decline in club support. Success was gained in the Five Nations Championship, Wales supplied many players to the ranks of the British Lions and New Zealand was beaten for the last time that century.
The decades following on from the Second World War were a boom time for Welsh rugby, though it took until the 1950s for the benefits to be seen on the playing fields. Although Britain was suffering from a post-war slump, attendance figures at club grounds saw an increase as rugby was again embraced as a spectator sport. [34] Towns and villages which had seen their club disbanded during wartime saw their teams re-established. The WRU had 104 member clubs during the 1946-47 season; by the mid fifties there were 130, even though the Union had done nothing to relax its strict membership regulations. [34]
By the 1950s Britain and Wales were beginning to benefit from improved economic conditions. This saw growth in consumer power and spending, which drew many people away from traditional spectator past times, such as sport and the cinema. With a new found wealth the populace began switching from social pursuits to home entertainment, with the biggest draw being the availability of television. From the mid-fifties there was a significant drop in gate receipts as television became more and more popular. During the 1955 Five Nations Championship , the Scotland v. Wales match was televised live; at the same time an Aberavon v. Abertillery game which would normally draw a crowd of 4000 was unable to muster 400. This created a situation whereby rugby in Wales was gaining in popularity due to the number of people who could now watch the international matches, but support at club level declined. [34] This forced club committees to adopt different strategies to keep their clubs afloat. Many teams set up 'coupon funds' to allow clothing rations to be contributed by members to buy kit. With careful management and thrift most clubs not only survived but grew. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, with little money, many clubs were able to build new facilities or even own their grounds and club-houses for the first time in their history. [35] In 1951 Glamorgan Wanderers purchased the Memorial Grounds in Ely and in 1952 Llanelli were able to purchase the rugby portion of Stradey Park . Similarly, 1954 saw Blaina construct a new stand while Llanharan were able to build their first changing rooms procured from RAF surplus units. These events were typical of club expansion through the 50s. It was around this time that club social activities were extended including the introduction of ladies’ committees. [35]
Clubs also took matters into their own hands to promote themselves and their sport. 1947 saw the first unofficial club championship, won by Neath in its inaugrial year, but dominated by Cardiff and Ebbw Vale until the 1960/61 season. In 1954 Welsh rugby sevens had their own tournament with the introduction of the Snelling Sevens competition, while Glamorgan County RFC introduced the Silver Ball Trophy in 1956 for the promotion of second tier clubs in the region.
The national team, after unconvincing displays during the 1940s, found unexpected success in the early 1950s winning the Grand Slam twice; in 1950 and 1952 . The 1950 win came after a disastrous 1949 campaign, which saw Wales collect the wooden spoon; but after an opening win over England, the team finished the last three matches conceding only three points. The tournament saw the emergence of Welsh record breaking player Ken Jones as a world class wing; who is most remembered for his late try against the 1953 touring New Zealand team. The 1950 championship is also remembered for the tragic events following the away win to Ireland when a chartered flight, returning from the Triple Crown winning match, crashed at Llandow . Seventy five Welsh fans and five crew died in the accident, at the time it was the world's worst air disaster . [36]
The second golden era 1969-1979
The zenith of Welsh rugby was the 1970s, when Wales had players such as Barry John , Gareth Edwards , Phil Bennett and JPR Williams . Wales won four consecutive Triple Crowns. All of these players are considered amongst the best players of Welsh rugby[ citation needed ], especially Edwards who was voted the greatest player of all time in a players poll in 2003 and scored what is widely regarded as the greatest try of all time in 1973 for the Barbarians against New Zealand .
Many attributed Welsh success to the fact that their forwards were toughened by manual work, according to the theory when Welsh industry declined and players started to be drawn from 'soft jobs' the team suffered[ citation needed ]. The strong Pontypool front row of Graham Price , Bobby Windsor & Charlie Faulkner were all manual workers, and Robin McBryde was formerly the holder of the title of Wales's strongest man.
Shamateurism and the professional era: 1980 to date
See also: Introduction of regional rugby union teams in Wales
The 1980s and early '90s were a difficult time for Welsh rugby union when the team suffered many defeats. Harsh economic times in the eighties meant that players such as Jonathan Davies and Scott Gibbs were tempted to 'go North' to play professional rugby league in order to earn a living.
In 2003/4 the Welsh Rugby Union voted to create five regions to play in the Celtic League (now the RaboDirect Pro12) and represent Wales in European competition. This soon became four when the Celtic Warriors were liquidated after just one season. [37] The WRU have announced their hopes of developing a fifth region in North Wales in the long run; the team at the centre of this plan is now known as RGC 1404 . [38]
Governing body
The Welsh Rugby Union is the governing body for rugby union in Wales. Their responsibilities include producing the national team and the four regional franchises Cardiff Blues , Scarlets , Newport Gwent Dragons and the Ospreys from the Neath - Swansea region.
Competitions
Wales' four professional rugby regions play in the Pro 12 league and take part in the Heineken Cup , European Challenge Cup and Anglo-Welsh Cup . Since 2006 they have also competed in the Anglo-Welsh Cup against clubs from the English English Premiership .
There is also a Welsh Premier Division and WRU Challenge Cup competed for by Wales' traditional club teams. Starting in 2009–10, the four Home Unions have instituted the British and Irish Cup , an annual competition for semi-professional teams throughout Britain and Ireland; the WRU enters six clubs in that competition. A regional rugby franchise, originally known as Rygbi Gogledd Cymru ( Welsh language for "Rugby North Wales") and later known as RGC 1404 , was established in North Wales; plans called for the side to enter the Welsh Premier Division as early as 2010–11 and eventually the Celtic League/Pro12, but the venture was unsuccessful and was liquidated in 2011. The team, however, continues to play as part of Wales' national rugby academy. RGC 1404 also had a partnership with Rugby Canada by which the franchise would have a secondary role of developing players for the Canada national rugby union team , at least until enough local players were developed to fill a complete competitive squad.
Popularity
Rugby union has a particular hold on the national psyche of Wales, especially the Six Nations tournament.
The first proof of Wales as a nation embracing the sport of rugby union is reflected in the rapid growth of rugby clubs in the late 19th century. Within a period of 25 years, from 1875 to 1900, most towns and villages in South Wales were represented by at least one team, though it would take until the 1930s for the North of Wales to set up their own leagues.
Although difficult to prove popularity, two events that took place early in the history of Welsh rugby illustrate its growing influence on the people of Wales. The first was the Gould Affair , when a testimonial fund was set up for Welsh international Arthur Gould, instigated by a local newspaper. From an initial fund of one shilling the public response saw the amount reach into hundreds of pounds, mainly from working class families with little spare money. The second incident was during the Tonypandy Riot of 1910, when the striking coalminers attacked the shops and premises in the town centre. 80 police officers and 500 civilians were injured and one person died. Over 60 establishments were attacked and looted, with only two buildings avoiding damage. One was a jewelers which had roller shutters, the other was the chemist shop owned by Willie Llewellyn , which despite the chaos of the events was spared due to his services to Wales on the playing field. [39] [40] [41]
For the match against Scotland in 2005, 40,000 Welsh people went to Edinburgh to watch the game[ citation needed ]. Over 10,000 gathered on " Henson Hill" to watch a big screen of Wales v. Ireland that gave Wales its first Grand Slam since 1978. The result was greeted well amongst fans and was even used to explain a sudden economic surge.[ citation needed ]
The choral tradition of Wales manifests itself at rugby games in singing[ citation needed ]. Popular songs among the fans are 'Delilah' by Tom Jones , ' Cwm Rhondda ' and ' Calon Lan ' and in part replace the normal chanting of other Rugby supporters.
Statistics
According to the IRB , Wales has 239 rugby union clubs; 2321 referees; 28,702 pre-teen male players; 21,371 teen male players; 19,000 senior male players (total male players 69,073) as well as 1,000 teen female players; 1,056 senior female players (total female players 2,056). [42]
Demographics
Whereas rugby in England fractured into the two separate sports of rugby union and rugby league over the issue of money, Wales for the most part stayed loyal to the union game. There were some attempts to run professional rugby league sides in Wales but the heartland of Welsh rugby was simply too far from Yorkshire and Lancashire for this to be sustained.
There has always been an element of class warfare to rugby union in Wales[ citation needed ]. In 1977 Phil Bennett 's pre-game pep talk before facing England produced a memorable quote:
Look what these bastards have done to Wales. They've taken our coal, our water, our steel. They buy our homes and live in them for a fortnight every year. What have they given us? Absolutely nothing. We've been exploited, raped, controlled and punished by the English — and that's who you are playing this afternoon. [43]
The Welsh valleys north of Cardiff produced so many quality number tens[ citation needed ] that it was often referred to as 'The Outside Half Factory' immortalised in a song by Max Boyce . Boyce's humour refers to rugby union very often and he has written many songs about the trials and tribulations of following the game as a fan e.g. 'Asso Asso Yogoshi', 'The Scottish Trip', 'Hymns and Arias'.
The national team
Main article: Wales national rugby union team
Wales compete annually in the Six Nations, which they have won 25 times, the last being in 2012. Wales have also qualified for every World Cup that has been held, and achieved their best result in the 1987 tournament , when they finished third. The national team play at the Millennium Stadium , built in 1999 to replace the old National Stadium . Wales play in scarlet jerseys, white shorts and green socks, with the jersey sporting the Prince of Wales's feathers as their official badge. Every four years the British and Irish Lions go on tour with players from Wales as well as England, Ireland and Scotland.
See also
| i don't know |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.