question
stringlengths 18
1.2k
| facts
stringlengths 44
500k
| answer
stringlengths 1
147
|
|---|---|---|
Which cricket team will play 5 test matches against England in July and August this year? | Mohammad Amir picked for England tour | Cricket | ESPN Cricinfo
Pakistan in England 2016 June 5, 2016
Mohammad Amir picked for England tour
ESPNcricinfo staff
Play 01:02
Quick Facts - Amir set to play a Test after over five years
Pakistan fast bowler Mohammad Amir has been picked for the Test series in England, his first appearance in a Test squad since his return to international cricket after a five-year suspension for spot-fixing in September last year. He had made a comeback to Pakistan's limited-overs' squads earlier this year.
Changes in the squad
In: Sami Aslam, Iftikhar Ahmed, Mohammad Rizwan, Sohail Khan, Mohammad Amir
Out: Ahmed Shehzad, Bilal Asif, Fawad Alam, Junaid Khan, Shoaib Malik
With the team set to depart on June 18, the PCB is hopeful that Amir will be granted a visa by next week. His application was also supported by the ECB. There were concerns over Amir being granted a UK visa, after the bowler - along with Mohammad Asif and Salman Butt - was sentenced in a London court for his role in the 2010 spot-fixing scandal in the controversial Lord's Test against England, and was given a six-month jail sentence, half of which he served at the Portland Young Offenders Institution in Dorset.
Legspinner Yasir Shah was picked for his first international series after the end of his doping ban in March. The bowler had missed Pakistan's tour to New Zealand, the Asia Cup T20 and the World T20 after he was given a three-month suspension by the ICC.
Yasir was provisionally suspended under the ICC's Anti-Doping Code in December after he tested positive for a banned substance, chlortalidone, and a three-month suspension was given after he pleaded guilty to breaching the code. The penalty, which was backdated to December, ended on March 27. The legspinner, however, did suffer an injury scare last month, when he missed the fitness camp in Abbottabad after aggravating an old knee injury. Zulfiqar Babar was the other spinner named in the squad.
Mohammad Hafeez was picked despite suffering a knee injury which had ruled him out of the conditioning camp in Abbottabad. Hafeez, too, had aggravated an old injury, which he suffered during the World T20 in March. With more than a month to go for the first Test, the selectors were hopeful Hafeez would be fit for the series.
After a long time, the PCB named a back-up wicketkeeper - Mohammad Rizwan - who is yet to make his Test debut. He has played 15 ODIs and nine T20Is since his international debut against Bangladesh last year. Chief selector Inzamam-ul-Haq said Rizwan was picked to take some workload off Sarfraz Ahmed since it was a long tour.
"Rizwan has been playing in T20s and he has been doing well in ODIs," Inzamam said. "We are sending two keepers because there are four Tests and it will be a good opportunity for Rizwan too."
Inzamam named a back-up opening batsman in 20-year-old Sami Aslam , who made his Test debut against Bangladesh in April last year. Aslam, a former Pakistan Under-19 captain, played both Tests of the series, scoring 47 runs. Ahmed Shehzad, who was left out of the probables list for the England tour on disciplinary grounds, was not picked.
Four other fast bowlers, apart from Amir, were named in the squad of 17 - Wahab Riaz, Rahat Ali, Sohail Khan and Imran Khan. Sohail, who last played a Test in September 2011, was part of Pakistan's squad for the 2015 World Cup, where he played seven matches and was the second-highest wicket-taker for the side with 12 wickets. His tally included a five-for in his comeback ODI, against India at the Adelaide Oval. Inzamam said the selectors were keeping an eye on Junaid Khan's progress too, but he needed more time to recover before being picked for an international tour.
"Junaid had a knee injury and struggled a bit after that," Inzamam said. "It will take him some time now to get back into rhythm and then we will consider him again. We have picked Sohail instead because his performance has been very good. I saw him bowl during the camp and he is in really good rhythm. Inshallah he will do well on the England tour."
The last time Pakistan toured England for a Test series was in 2010 and their last Test series outside the subcontinent against one of the top eight sides was to South Africa in early 2013. Pakistan lost all three Tests on that tour and Inzamam admitted touring outside Asia was something that bothered him.
"My only concern is that we have hardly played outside [the subcontinent] in the last six-seven years," Inzamam said. "Otherwise the Pakistani team is known to play aggressive cricket across the world. I think that is the strength of this team - aggression."
Pakistan will undergo a conditioning camp in Hampshire and will play two tour matches - against Somerset and Sussex - before the first Test at Lord's, which starts from July 14. They will play another tour match, against Worcestershire, between the second and third Tests at Old Trafford and Edgbaston, respectively. The fourth Test will be played at The Oval from August 11.
Squad: Mohammad Hafeez, Shan Masood, Sami Aslam, Misbah-ul-Haq (capt), Younis Khan, Azhar Ali, Asad Shafiq, Iftikhar Ahmed, Sarfraz Ahmed (wk), Mohammad Rizwan (wk), Zulfiqar Babar, Yasir Shah, Wahab Riaz, Mohammad Amir, Rahat Ali, Imran Khan, Sohail Khan
© ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
| India |
At which race course is the King Richard III Stakes run in April? | India Vs West Indies TEST Series 2016 July - August || Full Squad, Schedule & Player Statistics || - YouTube
India Vs West Indies TEST Series 2016 July - August || Full Squad, Schedule & Player Statistics ||
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Published on Jun 19, 2016
THIS VIDEO SHOWS THE INDIAN CRICKET TEAM SQUAD AND ALL THE PLAYER STASTICS AND MATCH SCHEDULE & VENUE.
India will play two warm-up games before the grueling four-match Test series against the West Indies during their 49-day tour to the Caribbean, the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) announced on Thursday.
The tour will start with a two-day practice match from 9 July in St. Kitts followed by a three-day warm-up match from 14 July at the same venue.
The first Test will begin from 21 July at the Vivian Richards Stadium in Antigua and Barbuda.
The newly named Darren Sammy Cricket Stadium at St Lucia will host the third Test.
The West Indies Cricket Board's (WICB) head of operations Roland Holder said all the four venues "are ready to host the visiting Indian team".
The Virat Kohli-led team is expected to depart for the Caribbean on 6 July with a new coaching staff, applications for which were advertised by the BCCI on Wednesday.
See this description for more videos. [click SHOW MORE]
comment below and express your opinion on that magic last over.
| i don't know |
How many years of marriage is usually associated with a gift of pearl? | Wedding Anniversary List: Names by Years Married - Disabled World
Wedding Anniversary List: Names by Years Married
Print
Published: 2011-06-27 (Rev. 2015-06-04) - Contact: Ian Langtree at Disabled World
Synopsis: A list of wedding anniversaries by year that includes the names of materials symbols and flowers associated with the anniversary.
About Wedding Anniversary
A wedding anniversary is defined as the anniversary of the date a wedding took place. Traditional names exist for some of them: for instance, 50 years of marriage is called a "golden wedding anniversary" or simply a "golden anniversary" or "golden wedding".
Main Document
"In the United States, one can receive a greeting from the President for any wedding anniversary on or after the 50th."
What is a Wedding Anniversary? A wedding anniversary is the anniversary of the date a wedding took place.
On a wedding anniversary in many countries it is traditional to give a gift to your partner (or couples) that symbolize the number of years of marriage.
The names of some wedding anniversaries provide guidance for appropriate or traditional gifts for the spouses to give each other; if there is a party to celebrate the wedding anniversary these gifts can be brought by the guests and/or influence the theme or decoration of the venue.
Jump-To:
Ring Size Chart
Lists of wedding anniversary gifts vary by country.
Listed below is a list of wedding anniversaries by year that includes materials, symbols, and flowers associated with the occasion.
Wedding anniversary names common to most nations include:
Wooden (5th), Tin (10th), Crystal (15th), China (20th), Silver (25th), Pearl (30th), Ruby (40th), Golden (50th), and Diamond (60th).
Wedding Anniversary Gifts List
77.4
Facts: Wedding Anniversary
The celebration of wedding anniversaries dates back to Roman times when husbands gave their wives a silver wreath for 25 years of marriage, and a gold wreath for 50.
Today there are traditional and modern materials related to each wedding anniversary, usually progressing from the weakest to the strongest as the years go by, to symbolize the strengthening of the relationship.
In the United States, one can receive a greeting from the President for any wedding anniversary on or after the 50th.
In the British Commonwealth domains you may receive a message from the monarch for your 60th, 65th, and 70th wedding anniversaries, and any wedding anniversary after that by applying to Buckingham Palace in the U.K., or to the Governor-General's office in the other Commonwealth realms. An exception being Australia and Canada. The delivery of congratulatory messages marking 100th birthdays and 60th wedding anniversaries is arranged by the Anniversaries Office at Buckingham Palace.
In Canada you may also receive a message from the Governor General for the 50th anniversary, and every 5th anniversary after that.
In Australia may receive a letter of congratulations from the Governor General on the 50th and all subsequent wedding anniversaries; the Prime Minister, the federal Opposition leader, local members of parliament (both state and federal), and state Governors may also send salutations for the same anniversaries.
Roman Catholics may apply for a Papal blessing through their local diocese for wedding anniversaries of a special nature such as their 25th, 50th, 60th, etc. anniversaries.
| thirty |
Ian McCartney was Labour Party Chair from 2003 to 2006 when he was succeeded by which Salford born MP, who as a child played a street urchin in the film A Taste of Honey? | What is your 30th wedding anniversary called? | Reference.com
What is your 30th wedding anniversary called?
A:
Quick Answer
A 30th wedding anniversary may be referred to as a pearl anniversary or as a trigentennial anniversary. Pearl refers to the traditional type of gift that should be exchanged between partners to commemorate the anniversary.
Full Answer
According to traditional gift giving, a fifth wedding anniversary is referred to as the wooden anniversary, a 10th anniversary is tin, a 20th anniversary is china, a 40th anniversary is ruby, a 50th anniversary is golden and a 60th anniversary is diamond.
In terms of names that represent the numbers, a fifth anniversary is a quinquennial, a 10th anniversary is a decennial, a 20th anniversary is a vigintennial, a 40th anniversary is a quadragennial, a 50th anniversary is a semicentennial or quinquagenary and a 60th anniversary is a sexagennial.
| i don't know |
According to the Acts of the Apostles on which island was Saint Paul shipwrecked on his way to Rome to appeal to Caesar? | Paul, Rome, Crete, Malta, Melitus, Arrest
Most is Acts 27-28 is here; the rest is in Part 47, "Gospel of Jesus"
Map - Pauls Journey Under Arrest from Palestine to Rome c AD58-61
Map Key: 1. Paul's Journey to Rome as recorded in the Acts f the Apostles. Also in text in [red square brackets]
16.1 PAUL SAILS FOR ITALY; THEY CALL AT CRETE; A TERRIBLE STORM SHIPWRECKS THEM ON MALTA
Acts 27:1-44 - This part includes the last of Luke's four "We" sections (Acts 27:1-28:16). He also reveals something of his apparent sea-going experience with this vivid account of the voyage and shipwreck on Malta:
As soon as it was decided that we should sail away to Italy (two years after Paul's original arrest in Jerusalem [1] and his journey to Caesarea [2]), Paul and some other prisoners were put in charge of a centurion named Julius, of the emperor's own regiment (the Augustan cohort based near Caesarea, an army unit possibly assigned to special imperial duties). We embarked on a ship hailing from Adramyttium, bound for the Asian ports, and set sail. Among our company was Aristarchus, a Macedonian from Thessalonica. On the following day we put in at Sidon [3], where Julius treated Paul most considerately by allowing him to visit his friends and accept their hospitality. From Sidon we put to sea again and sailed to leeward of Cyprus [4], since the (northwest) wind was against us. Then, when we had crossed the gulf that lies off the coasts of Cilicia [5] and Pamphylia [6], we arrived at Myra [7] in Lycia. There the centurion found an Alexandrian ship bound for Italy and put us aboard her. For several days we beat slowly up to windward and only just succeeded in arriving off Cnidus [8]. Then, since the wind was still blowing against us, we sailed under the lee of Crete, and rounded Cape Salmone [9]. Coasting along with difficulty we came to a place called Fair Havens [10], near which is the city of Lasea. We had by now lost a great deal of time and sailing had already become dangerous as it was so late in the year (... the sailing season ended around the end of September).
Paul's warning is disregarded
So Paul warned them, and said, "Men, I can see that this voyage is likely to result in damage and considerable loss - not only to ship and cargo - but even of our lives as well."
But Julius paid more attention to the helmsman and the captain than to Paul's words of warning. Moreover, since the harbour is unsuitable for a ship to winter in, the majority were in favour of setting sail again in the hope of reaching Phoenix [11] and wintering there. Phoenix is a harbour in Crete, facing south-west and north-west. So, when a moderate breeze sprang up, thinking they had obtained just what they wanted, they weighed anchor, and coasted along, hugging the shores of Crete. But before long a terrific gale, which they called a north-easter, swept down upon us from the land. The ship was caught by it and since she could not be brought up into the wind we had to let her fall off and run before it. Then, running under the lee (sheltered from the wind) of a small island called Clauda [12], we managed with some difficulty to secure the ship's boat. After hoisting it aboard they used cables (passed under the hull) to brace the ship (and prevent it breaking up). To add to the difficulties they were afraid all the time of drifting (southwest) on to the Syrtis banks [13] (the Gulf of Sirte or Sidra off modern Libya), so they shortened sail and lay to, drifting. The next day, as we were still at the mercy of the violent storm, they began to throw cargo overboard. On the third day with their own hands they threw the ship's tackle over the side. Then, when for many days there was no glimpse of sun or stars and we were still in the grip of the gale, all hope of our being saved was given up. (Such storms may seem unlikely in the Mediterranean, but in March 1942 two Italian warships were overwhelmed and sunk in this same area.)
Paul's practical courage and faith
Nobody had eaten for some time, when Paul came forward among the men and said, "Men, you should have listened to me and not set sail from Crete and suffered this damage and loss. However, now I beg you to keep up your spirits for no one's life is going to be lost, though we shall lose the ship. I know this because last night, the angel of the God to whom I belong, and whom I serve, stood by me and said, 'Have no fear, Paul! You must stand before Caesar. And God, as a mark of his favour towards you, has granted you the lives of those who are sailing with you.' Take courage then, men, for I believe God, and I am certain that everything will happen exactly as I have been told. But we shall have to run the ship ashore on some island."
At last we near land
On the fourteenth night of the storm, as we were drifting in the Adriatic [14] (or Adria Sea. Not the modern Adriatic Sea, but the Ionian Sea between southern Italy and Greece), about midnight the sailors sensed that we were nearing land. Indeed, when they sounded they found twenty fathoms (120 feet or 35m), and then after sailing on only a little way they sounded again and found fifteen. So, for fear that we might be hurled on the rocks, they threw out four anchors from the stern and prayed for daylight. The sailors wanted to desert the ship and they got as far as letting down a boat into the sea, pretending that they were going to run out anchors from the bow. But Paul said to the centurion and the soldiers, "Unless these men stay aboard the ship there is no hope of your being saved."
At this the soldiers cut the ropes of the boat and let her fall away.
Paul's sturdy commonsense
Then while everyone waited for the day to break Paul urged them to take some food, saying, "For a fortnight now you've had no food - you haven't had a bite while you've been on watch. Now take some food, I beg of you - you need it for your own well-being, for not a hair of anyone's head will be lost."
When he had said this he took some bread and, after thanking God before them all, he broke it and began to eat. This raised everybody's spirits and they began to take food themselves. There were about two hundred and seventy-six of us all told aboard that ship. When they had eaten enough they lightened the ship by throwing the grain over the side.
Land at last - but we lose the ship
When daylight came no one recognised the land. But they made out a bay with a sandy shore where they planned to beach the ship if they could. So they cut away the anchors and left them in the sea, and at the same time cut the ropes which held the steering-oars. Then they hoisted the foresail to catch the wind and made for the beach. But they struck a shoal and the ship ran aground. The bow stuck fast, while the stern began to break up under the strain. The soldiers' plan had been to kill the prisoners in case any of them should try to swim to shore and escape. But the centurion, in his desire to save Paul, put a stop to this, and gave orders that all those who could swim should jump overboard first and get to land, while the rest should follow, some on planks and other on the wreckage of the ship. So it came true that everyone reached the shore (... now St. Paul's Bay, north east coast of Malta) in safety.
16.2 PAUL STAYS IN MALTA FOR THREE MONTHS
Acts 28:1-10 - After our escape we discovered that the island was called Melita [15] (Malta). The natives treated us with uncommon kindness. Because of the driving rain and cold they lit a fire and made us all welcome. Then when Paul had collected a large bundle of sticks and was about to put it on the fire, a viper driven out by the heat fastened itself on his hand. When the natives saw the creature hanging from his hand they said to each other, "This man is obviously a murderer. He has escaped from the sea but justice will not let him live." But Paul shook off the viper into the fire without suffering any ill effect . Naturally they expected him to swell up or suddenly fall down dead, but after waiting a long time and seeing nothing untoward happen to him, they changed their minds and kept saying he was a god.
Paul's acts of healing: the islanders' gratitude
In that part of the island were estates belonging to the governor, whose name was Publius. This man welcomed us and entertained us most kindly for three days. Now it happened that Publius' father was lying ill with fever and dysentery. Paul visited him and after prayer laid his hands on him and healed him. After that all the other sick people on the island came forward and were cured. Consequently they loaded us with presents, and when the time came for us to sail they provided us with everything we needed.
16.3 PAUL COMPLETES HIS JOURNEY TO ROME
Acts 28:11-15 - It was no less than three months later (in the Spring) that we set sail in an Alexandrian ship which had wintered in the island, a ship that had the heavenly twins (Castor and Pollux) as her figurehead. We put in at Syracuse [16] and stayed there three days, and from there we tacked round to Rhegium [17] (modern Reggio). A day later the south wind sprang up and we sailed to Puteoli [18] (near modern Naples, then terminus of the grain and other ships arriving from the eastern Mediterranean), reaching it in only two days. There we found some of the brothers and they begged us to stay a week with them, and so we finally came to Rome.
A Christian welcome awaits us in the capital
The (Christian) brothers there had heard about us and came out from the city to meet us, as far as the Market of Appius [19] (or Appii Forum) and the Three Taverns [20] (both on the famous Appian Way, the road to Rome). When Paul saw them he thanked God and his spirits rose.
16.4 UNDER HOUSE ARREST IN ROME FOR TWO YEARS, PAUL CONTINUES TO PREACH THE GOSPEL
Acts 28:16-23a - When we reached Rome [21] Paul was given permission to live alone with the soldier who was guarding him (the end of the last "We" section).
Paul explains himself frankly to the Jews in Rome
Three days later Paul invited the leading Jews to meet him, and when they arrived he spoke to them, "Men and brothers, although I have done nothing against our people or the customs of our forefathers, I was handed over to the Romans as a prisoner in Jerusalem. They examined me and were prepared to release me, since they found me guilty of nothing deserving the death penalty. But the attacks of the Jews there forced me to appeal to Caesar - not that I had any charge to make against my own nation. But it is because of this accusation of the Jews that I have asked to see you and talk matters over with you. In actual fact it is on account of the hope of Israel that I am here in chains."
But they replied, "We have received no letters about you from Judea, nor have any of the brothers who have arrived here said anything, officially or unofficially, against you. We want to hear you state your views, although as far as this sect is concerned we do know that serious objections have been raised to it everywhere.
Paul's earnest and prolonged effort to win his own people for Christ
When they had arranged a day for him they came to his lodging in great numbers.
- Paul preaches to the Jews of Rome in Acts 28:23b-28 (Part 47.1) . Having only limited success, he declares that the Gospel of Jesus Christ will continue to be taken to the Gentiles;
Some manuscripts include a verse 29 - "And when he had said these words, the Jews departed and had a great dispute among themselves." -
The last glimpse of Paul ...
Acts 28:29-31 - So Paul stayed for two full years in his own rented apartment welcoming all who came to see him. He proclaimed to them all the kingdom of God and gave them the teaching of the Lord Jesus Christ with the utmost freedom and without hindrance from anyone.
During these two years (c AD61-63, range AD59-63), Paul is believed to have written his four "prison" Letters - to the churches at Colossae and Ephesus, and to Philemon of Colossae all around the same time, as well as to the church in Philippi. The four prison letters now follow:
| Mal'ta-Buret' culture |
What name was given to the Dock in Wapping where pirates and smugglers were hanged? | Paul's Work as an Apostle of Christ
Tarsus Mountains and Cilician Gates
Highlights of Second Missionary Journey
Paul met Timothy in Lystra, circumcised him, and took him along on his second missionary journey (16:1-3). Timothy became an associate of Paul and began to travel with him, Silas and others. Although his mother was a Jewess, it seems that Timothy was not raised fully as a Jew, since he was not circumcised; he was, however, taught the scriptures (see 2 Tim 3:15). Sometime before Paul arrived in Lystra from Derbe during his second missionary journey, Timothy's mother, Eunice, his grandmother, Lois, and he had become believers (see 2 Tim 1:5). Timothy received a spiritual gift through the laying on of the hands of the elders (see 2 Tim 1:6). Also prophecy was spoken over him (1 Tim 1:18-19; 4:14).
In Philippi, Lydia was converted. On a Sabbath, leaving the city through a gate that led to the River Gangites , Paul spoke to Lydia, who was from Thyatira and described as a "worshipper of God," and other women. Presumably Jews and "worshippers of God" gathered at this place on the Sabbath; this implies that there was no synagogue in the city. She believed and was baptized along with her household (Acts 16:13-15); her house probably became the meeting place of the church in the city (Acts 16:15, 40). On his way to the place of prayer, Paul also exorcized a demon from a slave-girl that gave her ability to tell fortunes. Luke says that she "had a pythonic spirit" (pneuma puthona), or a spirit of divination (a person inspired by Apollo associated with the "Pythian" god at Delphi) (Acts 16:16-18) (see Plutarch, Failure of Oracles 414E). Luke writes, "Following after Paul and us, she kept crying out, saying, 'These men are servants of the Most High God, who are proclaiming to you the way of salvation'" (Acts 16:17). Why the demon in her did this or at least allowed her to do so is difficult to determine. Perhaps the demon was compelled to do so. Luke describes Paul's response, "Paul was greatly annoyed, and turned and said to the spirit, 'I command you in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her'." What annoyed Paul about the situation is also unclear, and whether the slave-girl subsequently believed the good news after her exorcism is not indicated. As a result of Paul's exorcism of her, the slave-girl's masters filed a legal complaint, and Silas and he were ordered beaten by the Roman magistrates (Gk. stratêgos = Lat. praetor) and put into prison; beating a prisoner was a means of interogating him in order to extract the truth (16:19-40). Those who beat Paul and Silas were the lictors, the officials in attendance on a Roman magistrate; they would have used the rod of the lictor to beat the pair.) The prison where Paul and Silas were kept was shaken by an earthquake, the prison doors were thrown open and the chains of the prisoners were broken. Paul prevented the Philippian jailer from killing himself because he wrongly thought that all his prisoners had escaped and therefore would be executed for dereliction of duty. The Philippian jailer believed the good news, and took took Paul and Silas to his house, where he tended to their wounds. He and his household were baptized. The next day Paul and Silas were released from prison when it was discovered that they were Roman citizens; the magistrates anxiously requested that they leave the city (on the rights of Roman citizens, see Cicero, Against Verres 2.5.66.170). During his time in Philippi, Paul founded the church in that city.
In Thessalonica, Paul spoke in the synagogue for three consecutive Sabbaths, with some success among not only Jews but also "worshippers" [of God], i.e., gentiles who had attached themselves to the synagogue (Acts 17:1-9). These gentiles included "not few prominent women" (Acts 17:4). There were, however, Jews in the city who resisted Paul and Silas, created a disturbance and sought to drag Paul and Silas before the city authorities. When they could not find Paul and Silas, they accused Jason, in whose house Paul and Silas were staying, before the city authorities. (The magistrates in Thessalonica were called "politarchs.") At this time, Paul founded the Thessalonian church, which was almost entirely gentile. (In 1 Thess 1:9, he refers to the Thessalonians as having turned from idols, which is not an appropriate epithet for Jewish converts. Similarly, in 1 Thess 2:14, Paul refers to the Thessalonians' own "countrymen," in contrast to the Jews who are persecuting the churches in Judea.)
In Beroea, Paul spoke in the synagogue in the city, where he found a receptive audience; many of the Jews there believed and also "not a few prominent Greek women and not a few Greek men" (Acts 17:12). Paul's Jewish opponents from Thessalonica, however, came to the city and stirred up the crowd against them. Paul was forced to move on to Athens, whereas Silas and Timothy stayed behind in Beroea with instructions to join Paul as soon as possible (Acts 17:10-15).
Upon arriving alone in Athens, Paul was grieved over the idolatry prevalent in the city (Acts 17:16). He spoke in the synagogue in Athens to Jews and "worshippers" [of God], and in the agora.
Some Stoic and Epicurean philosophers who heard Paul's message arranged for Paul to speak before the council of elders of Athens that met on the Areopagus , a rocky hill in Athens, northwest of the Acropolis. (The council could also have met, however, in a council chamber adjoining the agora.) Luke includes a summary of Paul�s speech (17:16-34). Paul tailored his message to the philosophically-minded Athenians. He began his address by recalling that he had seen an altar (bômos) inscribed with "To an unknown god" (agnostô theô). He then announced that he would now declare to them this unknown God. That there was such an altar is supported by two literary references. In his Life of Apollonius of Tyana, it is said that there are "altars to unknown gods" (agnostôn daimonôn bomoi) in Athens (6.3); likewise, Pausanias describes how he observed on the road from the harbor at Phaleron Bay into the city "altars of unknown gods and of heroes" (bomoi de theôn te onomazomenôn Agnostôn kai heroôn) (Description of Greece 1.1.4). (He also refers to "an altar of unknown gods" in Olympia [5.14.8].) No such altar remains in Athens, but a similar one was discovered in the temple of Demeter in Pergamum; a Latin version of this inscription exists on the Palatine Hill in Rome. It is possible that the inscription that Paul read was "To unknown gods," but he changed it to "To an unknown God" in order to make it useful as the opening of his address. He explained to the Athenians the Jewish view that there was one God who did not dwell in temples nor derive any benefit from human beings; rather this one God created all human beings from one man and determined the times and boundaries of all nations. According to Paul, God in his forbearance purposed that human beings should seek for him and, if they did, they would find him (Acts 17: 24-27; see 14:16-17). This is why he said, "He [God] is not far from each of us" (Acts 17:27). He then cited parallels between the Jewish view of God and statements from two Stoic philosophers, in order that his hearers could have a frame of reference by which to understand his teaching. He quoted from a quatrain of Epimenides: "In him we live and move and are" (see Diogenes Laertius, Lives, 1.112). The second quotation was an adaptation from the Stoic poet Arastus: "We are his offspring" (Phaenomena, l. 5). Paul viewed Stoic pantheism as conceptually close to Judaism, insofar as both agree that all things have their origin in one divine source. He therefore drew the conclusion that idolatry was absurd, for, on the assumption that all things originated from God, God could not be depicted as one or more of those things (Acts 17:29b). He added that God was now prepared to overlook such ignorance and commanded all gentiles to repent (Acts 17:30). He then mentioned the uniquely Jewish idea of a final judgment and identified Jesus as the one through whom God would execute that judgment (Acts 17:31). He also said that God had given proof of final judgment by raising Jesus from the dead, thereby vindicating him (Acts 17:31). Only a few residents of Athens believed Paul's message; most were scandalized by Paul's statement that Jesus was raised from the dead (Acts 17:32-34).
In Corinth, Paul met Aquila and his wife Priscilla, who had been expelled from Rome by the emperor Claudius, along with all other Jews. At first, he worked in Corinth as a tentmaker with Priscilla and Aquila, and spoke in the synagogue every Sabbath, addressing Jews and gentiles. When Silas and Timothy rejoined Paul in Corinth (from Macedonia), Paul devoted himself exclusively to preaching to the Jews (Acts 18:1-5). The probable reason that Paul ceased working as a tentmaker was that Timothy and Silas brought money to Paul from the Philippian church, so that Paul could now afford to proclaim the good news on a fulltime basis (2 Cor 11:8-9; Phil 4:15). (Generally, Paul supported himself financially through his own labor [1 Cor 4:12; 9:6].)
Timothy and Silas also brought a good report about the Thessalonian church, which brought great relief to Paul, for he was concerned that the Thessalonians might have deteriorated spiritually under the pressure of persecution (1 Thess 3:6-10). In response, as indicated, Paul sent two letters in succession to the Thessalonians. Since he was in Corinth for eighteen months between 50-53, Paul probably wrote between 50-52, shortly after his arrival in the city (Acts 18:11). In Corinth, Crispus, the synagogue ruler, believed along with his household (18:8). (The term "synagogue ruler" [archisynagogos] denotes the chief synagogue official; it occurs in elsewhere in the New Testament [Mark 5:21-43 = Luke 8:40-56; Acts 13:15 and in the Theodotus Inscription.) Paul says in 1 Corinthians that those of the household of Stephanus were the first converts in Corinth (1 Cor 16:15) and that he baptized them (1 Cor 1:16); he also mentions that he baptized Crispus and Gaius, but stresses that he did not baptize any more than these in Corinth (1 Cor 1:14-15). Generally, however, the Jews in Corinth resisted Paul so that he decided to turn his attention to the gentiles only, using the house of Titius Justus (called a "worshipper of God"), next door to the synagogue, for this purpose (Acts 18:6-7).
Once Paul received a vision, encouraging him not to be afraid, but to continue speaking, because no one would attack or harm him (Acts 18:9-10). As indicated, Paul stayed in Corinth for eighteen months, and at one point some Jews dragged him before Gallio, the proconsul of Achaia, at the location of the bêma (Latin: rostrum). (Corinth was the capital city of the Roman province of Achaia.) The charge against Paul was that he was promulgating an illegal religion, unlike Judaism, which was a religio licita (a permitted religion). Gallio dismissed the accusation against Paul as being merely a religious dispute among Jews (Acts 18:12-17). As a result, Sosthenes became the object of the anger of Paul's accusers: "And they all took hold of Sosthenes...and began beating him in front of the bêma. But Gallio was not concerned about any of these things" (18:17). Paul left Corinth with Aquila and Priscilla, after having taken a Nazarite vow in Cenchraea (Acts 18:18; see Num 6:1-21 and m. Nazir).
In Ephesus, Paul proclaimed the good news in the synagogue in the city; those in attendance asked him to remain longer, but Paul could only promise that he would return to the city. After his departure, Apollos, an Alexandrian, came to Ephesus and taught accurately about Jesus in the synagogue. He knew only the baptism of John, however, so Aquila and Priscilla, who had remained behind in Ephesus, explained "the way of God" to him more completely. (Under which circumstances Apollos received baptism from John is not provided.) Apollos went on to Achaia (including Corinth), where he evangelized among the Jews, proving from scripture that Jesus was the Christ (Acts 18:24-28). Later some of the Corinthians would interpret Apollos as a type of wisdom teacher and take pride in identifying themselves with him to the exclusion and denigration of Paul and other church leaders (see 1 Cor 1:12; 3:3:3-9, 21-22; 4:60).
5. The "Third Missionary Journey"
Upon his return to Antioch, after an unspecified period of time, Paul and his associates set out on what is known as his Third Missionary Journey , described in Acts 18:23-23:35. (See also Rom 15:19, 23-32; 1 Cor 16:1-9; 2 Cor 1:8-11, 1:15-16; 1:23-2:1; 1:12; 7:5-7; 9:1-5, which refer to events in the last year of this Third Missionary Journey.) Beginning from Antioch again, Paul and others traveled overland westward through Galatia and Phrygia to Ephesus, where he stayed for three years (see Acts 20:31) (Acts 18:23-19:1). Luke describes Paul as traveling "in one place after another in the region of Galatian and Phrygia" (dierchomenos kathexes tên Galatikên choran kai Phrugian); it seems that �the region of Galatia and Phrygia� means the ethnic regions of Phrygia and Galatia (Acts 18:23).
(Apollos was in Corinth at this time [Acts 19:1].) During the last of those three years he sent Timothy to Corinth at least once (1 Cor 4:17; 16:10; Acts 19:22); he also made an emergency visit to the city (2 Cor 1:23-2:1). He wrote at least three letters to the Corinthians from Ephesus. The second of these three letters is now know as 1 Corinthians, whereas the first letter, known as the "previous letter" no longer exists (1 Cor 5:9-12). The third letter, whch also no longer exists, usually called the "severe letter" or the "tearful letter," Paul wrote after his return from his emergency visit to Corinth (2 Cor 2:13; 12:17-18). It is possible that during the time spent in Ephesus the churches in Colossae, Hierapolis and Laodiceacities in the Lycus valleywere founded under Paul's supervision. After three years, he determined to go to Jerusalem but only after first revisiting churches in Macedonia and Achaia; he also collected money along the way for the poor in Jerusalem and Judea (Rom 15:23-32; 1 Cor 16:1-9; 2 Cor 9:1-5). Paul describes a terrible experience in Asia that he underwent (2 Cor 1:8-11), presumably just prior to his departure, and possibly this was the reason for his departure. Luke says nothing of this; he only describes the riot over the cult of Artemis (Diana) (Acts 19:23-41).
Paul left Ephesus for Troas (Acts 20:1; 2 Cor 2:12-13; 7:5-7; 9:1-5; 12:14; 13:1). He expected to meet Titus there, who should
have been on his way back from Corinth, having delivered the "severe letter" or the "tearful letter," his third letter, to the Corinthians, which no longer exists. But Paul did not meet up with Titus until he was somewhere in Macedonia; Titus gave him some good news about the Corinthians (2 Cor 7:5-7). He sent Titus and two other unidentified men ahead to Corinth with the letter that is now known as 2 Corinthians (2 Cor 8:16-19, 22), which was his fourth letter to the church, and eventually made his way to the city, probably spending the winter there (2 Cor 9:4; 12:14; 13:1; Acts 20:2-3; Rom 16:1; see 1 Cor 16:6). According to 1 Cor 16:5-7, Paul originally intended to visit Macedonia first and then Corinth (1 Cor 16:5-6); he then changed his mind, and planned to go to Corinth first, then to Macedonia and then back to Corinth, where he would set sail for Judea (2 Cor 1:15-16). Paul changed his plans again after he was forced to make an emergency visit to Corinth and then returned to Ephesus (1 Cor 16:7). He did not want to revisit the city until the problems were resolved. Sometime later, after a reconcilation with the Corinthians, Paul visited Corinth again after travelling through Macedonia into Achaia, which was his original plan. While in Corinth, Paul wrote his Letter to the Romans. From Corinth Paul went to Philippi in Macedonia on account of a plot against him (in Corinth presumably) (Acts 20:3), where he set sail for Syria (Acts 20:3-6). (At this point, Luke rejoined Paul, as indicated by his change from the third person to the first person plural [20:5]; the implication is that Luke was in Philippi.) He sailed to Troas in Asia (Acts 20:6); then a week later he set sail for Miletus in the Roman province of Asiapassing through Assos, Mitylene, Chios, Samos. In Miletus Paul sent for the Ephesian elders. (Acts 20:13-38). It is clear from what Luke says in Acts 20:4-5 that Paul was accompanied by many men, including Sopater, son of Pyrrhus from Beroea, Aristarchus and Secundus from Thessalonica, Gaius from Derbe, Timothy, Luke (of course) and unnamed others (i.e., those who were with Luke in Philippi, for whom the group mentioned in Acts 20:5 was waiting). From Miletus he and his company went by ship to Cos, to Rhodes and to Patara (Acts 21:1-2), where they found a ship traveling to Syria. They landed in Tyre, where they stayed seven days (Acts 21:3-4); they then sailed to Ptolemais and then to Caesarea (Acts 21:7-8).
From Caesarea, Paul and his associates traveled to Jerusalem, where he was the focus of a riot in the Temple, and was arrested (Acts 21:15-17; 27-36); because of a threat against his life he was transferred to Caesarea (Acts 23:12-35). Paul spent the last two years of Felix's procuratorship in prison (Acts 24:7). Felix was succeeded by Festus (War 2. 271; Ant. 20. 182). There is uncertainty about which year Festus replaced Felix as procurator. Paul founded the church in Corinth between 50-52. It seems that a span of five to six years is required for all the subsequent events to occur, so that Paul could not have been arrested before 55-58, which means that Festus must have replaced Felix as procurator between 57 and 60.
Highlights of the Third Missionary Journey
In Ephesus, Paul encountered twelve disciples (mathêtas), probably Jews, who had not yet received the Holy Spirit, but had only undergone John's baptism;
Paul laid his hands on them and the Holy Spirit came upon them, with the result that they spoke in tongues and prophesied (19:1-7). Paul spoke for three months "concerning the Kingdom of God" in the synagogue in Ephesus, but, on account of Jewish resistance ("they maligned the Way before the masses"), was then forced to relocate with his disciples from the synagogue to the lecture hall Tyrannus, where he daily held discussions for two years (Acts 19:8-10). Paul was known to have done miracles in the city (healings and exorcisms): "God was performing extraordinary miracles by the hands of Paul, so that handkerchiefs or aprons were even carried from his body to the sick, and the diseases left them and the evil spirits went out" (Acts 19:11-12). During his time in Ephesus
some Jewish exorcists, seven sons of a man named Sceva, invoked "the name of Jesus whom Paul preaches" in an exorcism; the demonized man overpowered them, not recognizing their authority. When this story became known, the Ephesians were seized with fear (19:13-17). Many practitioners of sorcery in Ephesus believed and publicly burned their scrolls relating to their magical practices (19:19-20). A riot broke out in Ephesus over Paul's negative effect on the sale of idols of Artemis; the people chanted "Great is Artemis of the Ephesians" and congregated at the theater. Because of this opposition Paul was forced to leave Ephesus after a total of three years (Acts 19:23-20:1; see 20:31).
In Troas, on his way to Jerusalem, Paul raised Eutychus from the dead; he had fallen from an upper window (Acts 20:7-12).
In Miletus, Paul called the Ephesians elders to join him there; he wanted to avoid a long layover in Ephesus, because he intended to arrive in Jerusalem before Pentecost (late spring) (Acts 20:16). Paul and his entourage left Philippi some time after the Feast of Unleavened Bread in early spring (Acts 20:6). (Interestingly, Paul referred to the elders who assembled as "overseers," implying that the two terms were interchangeable [Acts 20:28].) Luke records Paul's speech to the Ephesian elders while in Miletus (20:18-35). Paul summarized what he had preached in Ephesus during his years in the city: "I declared to Jews and Greeks the need for repentance to God and faith in our Lord Jesus" (Acts 20:21). He told his audience that he was compelled by the Holy Spirit to go to Jerusalem, even though he knew that there were dangers for him there (Acts 20:22-24). He then added that the Ephesians would not see him again (Acts 22:25, 28). (Paul did send Timothy [1 Tim 1:3] and Tychius [2 Tim 4:12] to Ephesus at different times; whether he himself revisited the church after his release from his Roman imprisonment is unclear, although it may be implied by 1 Tim 1:3.) Paul also warned the Ephesians that false teachers would arise from their midst and seek to lead the Ephesian believers astray. What he predicted did happen, for, after his release from Roman imprisonment, he wrote to Timothy: "As I urged you upon my departure for Macedonia, remain on at Ephesus so that you may instruct certain men not to teach strange doctrines, nor to pay attention to myths and endless genealogies, which give rise to mere speculation rather than furthering the administration of God which is by faith" (1 Tim 1:3-4; see also 1:19-20; 4:1-8). In response to accusations from his opponents, Paul defended his behavior in Ephesus as exemplary (Acts 20:26, 33-35). To conclude his address, Paul quoted from a otherwise unknown saying of Jesus: "It is more blessed to give than to receive" (Acts 20:35).
In Tyre, there were believers who told Paul under the inspiration of the Spirit that he ought not to go to Jerusalem: "They kept telling Paul through the Spirit not to set foot in Jerusalem (21:4). Likewise in Caesarea (Maritima), Agabus the prophet came to Paul to warn him not to go to Jerusalem. But Paul was convinced that the Holy Spirit was directing him to go there (Acts 21:10-14), even though he expected imprisonment and hardship in Jerusalem (Acts 20:22-23).
In Jerusalem, for the purposes of public relations, James, the brother of Jesus and leader of the Jerusalem church, advised Paul to underwrite the cost of sacrifices for some Jews under a Nazarite vow in order to demonstrate to Jewish believers "zealous for the Law" (21:20) that he was not advocating that Jews abandon obedience to the Law (Acts 21:20-25). Paul agreed to this and did what was necessary for them to bring their Nazarite vows to an end, a process that required seven days (Acts 21:26-27). Some Jews from Asia saw Paul in the Temple during this period and claimed wrongly that he had taken the gentile Trophimus (from Ephesus) beyond the barrier separating the outer courts from the inner courts (Acts 21:27-29; see Acts 19:9; 20:19). Paul became the focus of the anger of a riotous mob, which dragged him "out of the Temple" (exo tou hierou) i.e., the inner courts, into the outer courts of the Temple and began to beat him; were it not for the intervention of Roman troops, Paul would have been killed (Acts 21:30-36). The commander (chiliarch = Latin tribunus) wrongly concluded that Paul was "the Egyptian," a messianic pretender who led a group of 4,000 sicarii out to the desert to begin a revolt against Roman rule (Acts 21:38). (Josephus says that "the Egyptian" led 30,000 to the Mount of Olives, where he said that he would command the walls of Jerusalem to fall down, whereupon they would enter the city and conquer the Roman garrison stationed there [War 2. 261-63; Ant. 20. 167-72].) At first, he planned to flog and then question Paul, but Paul appealed to his Roman citizenship. Luke records Paul's speech delivered to the rioters in the Temple, which was the story of his conversion (22:1-21), and his speech before the Sanhedrin (23:1-10). As soon as Paul began his defense before the Sanhedrin, the High Priest ordered that Paul be struck on the mouth (Acts 23:1-2). The leader of the Sanhedrin was Ananias (probably Annas [John 18:13; Acts 4:6]), son of Nedebaeus. He was appointed to the office in 47 by Herod, king of Chalcis (brother of Herod Agrippa I) (Josephus, Ant. 20.5.2; 103; see 20.6.2; 131; War 2.12.6; 243); he had a reputation for corruption and avarice (Ant. 20.9.2; 206-13). (He was executed by the revolutionaries at the onset of the war with Rome [War 2.17.6; 429; 2.17.9; 441-42].) Paul was righteously indignant at being struck before his guilt was proven, but he withdrew his protest when he realized that Ananias was the High Priest (Acts 23:1-5). Paul's strategy in his address to the Sanhredrin was to appeal to the Pharisees on the Sanhedrin for support, because they, like him, believed in the resurrection. The end result was that the session end in dissension and even violence (Acts 23:6-10). When a plot was uncovered to assassinate him, Paul was transferred from Jerusalem to Caesarea for safekeeping (Acts 23:12-35).
In Caesarea (Maritima), Paul appeared first before the procurator Felix; five days later a delegation sent from the Sanhedrinincluding the High Priest Ananiasarrived in Caesarea to bring to Felix accusations against Paul (Acts 24:1-9). (On Antonius Felix, see Tacitus, Annals, 12.54; Josephus, War 2.12.8-13.7; 247-66; Ant. 20.7.1-8.9; 137-84.) A certain Tertulus (identified as an "attorney" [rêtôr]) spoke on behalf of Paul's accusers from the Sanhedrin, charging Paul with inciting public disorder among the Jews insofar as he was "the leader of the sect of the Nazarenes." More specifically, Paul was accused of having started a riot in the Temple (Acts 24:2-8). It seems that the early Jewish believers identified their movement as "the Way," whereas their opponents called it "the sect of the Nazarenes." Paul responded by conceding that he was a "follower of the Way" (kata tên hodon), but denied that he was the cause of public disorder, especially the incident in the Temple that led to his arrest. In conclusion, he again appealed to the Pharisees among the members of the Sanhedrin by claiming that he was on trial for his belief in the resurrection, by which he meant his belief in the resurrection of Jesus (Acts 24:10-21). Felix postponed his decision on the case. Later Paul spoke before Felix and his Jewish wife Drusilla; Felix had hoped to receive a bribe from Paul to be released (Acts 24:26) (On Drusilla, see Josephus, Ant. 19.9.1; 354-55; 20.7.1-2; 137-44). Paul had spent two years as a prisoner in Caesarea when Felix was replaced by Porcius Festus, who decided to leave Paul in prison as a favor to the Jews (Acts 24:27; see Ant. 20.8.10; 185). (Felix was recalled after of his extreme suppression of a Jewish uprising in Caesarea sparked by a conflict between them and Syrians in the city [War 2.13.7; 266-70; Ant. 20.8.7, 9; 173-78, 182-84].) Paul's accusers among the Jews petitioned Festus to allow Paul to be transferred to Jerusalem, because they planned to ambush him along the way and kill him. Paul apparently became aware of this plot and Festus' complicity in it and so "appealed to Caesar," i.e., appealed to have his case heard in Rome (ad Caesarem provoco) (Acts 25:1-12). After Paul appealed to Caesar, (Herod) Agrippa (II) came to Caesarea with his wife Berenikê (Bernice), and Paul was allowed to address them (Acts 26). He said that he was a prisoner because of "the hope of the promise made by God to our fathers, the promise to which our twelve tribes hope to attain," by which he meant the resurrection (26:6-7). His point was that he was a prisoner because he believed that God raised Jesus from the dead. He told Agrippa how he was converted and related events subsequent to that. He also explained that some of his fellow Jews were offended with him because of his liberal attitude towards gentiles, since he was proclaiming to them "that they should repent and turn to God, performing deeds appropriate to repentance" (26:20). At the conclusion of the address, Agrippa said, "In a short time you will persuade me to become a Christian" (26:28).
6. First Roman Imprisonment
Because he appealed to Caesar, Paul was sent off to Rome to stand trial. His journey to Rome as a prisoner is described in Acts 27. (Luke's use of the first plural plural implies that he accompanied Paul on his journey to Rome.) Paul set out from Caesarea to Sidon, sailed around Cyprus to Myra in Lycia, where he changed ships. The new ship sailed to Crete (where those in charge decided not to spend the winter) and then towards Rome, but was shipwrecked off the island of Malta. All hands survived and they spent the winter on the island. On the island of Malta, Paul was bitten by a poisonous snake, but did not die; for this reason, the inhabitants acclaimed him a god (Acts 28:1-6). Paul healed the father of the proconsul of Malta, Publius, along with other sick people on the island (Acts 28:7-10). After three months on Malta, Paul and his entourage set out for Rome, landing in Syracuse and then traveling to Rome (stopping along the way in Rhegium, Puteoli, the Forum of Appius and Three Taverns).
The Via Appia
In Rome, Paul was under house arrest (Acts 28:16, 30); the references in Paul's letters to his being under arrestwith the exception of 2 Timothy(Eph 3:1; 4:1; Phil 1:7, 12-14, 17; 2:19-29; 4:15-18, 22; Col 4:3, 18; Philemon 1:10) likely date from his time, although some could date from his Caesarean imprisonment (except for the letter to the Philippians, in which Paul refers to the praetorian guard [1:13] and those from Caesar's household [4:22], implying that he is in Rome). Sometime during his imprisonment, Paul most likely wrote letters to the Ephesians, Colossians, Philippians and a letter to Philemon. He also wrote a now lost letter to the Laodiceans (see Col 4:16). The Book of Acts leaves Paul alive in Rome after having spent two years under house arrest (Acts 28:30).
7. After Paul�s First Roman Imprisonment
On the assumption that they date from after Paul's release from his first Roman imprisonment, Paul's Pastoral Letters give a few hints about his activities after his release from his (first) Roman imprisonment. It was probably during this time that Paul wrote 1 & 2 Timothy and Titus.
7.1. 1 Tim 1:3; 3:14-15; 4:13
In 1 Tim 1:3, Paul indicates that he went on to Macedonia while Timothy was in Ephesus. He planned to go to Timothy in Ephesus.
7.2. Titus 1:5; 3:12
In Titus 1:5; 3:12, Paul says that he left Titus in Crete to put in order what was left unfinished and to appoint elders in every city. Titus was to wait in Crete until Paul sent Artemas or Tychicus to him, after which he was to join Paul in Neapolis. Eusebius claims that Titus was the first bishop of the church in Crete (H.E. 3.4.6).
7.3. In 2 Tim 4:20, Paul implies that he and some of his associates have been to Corinth and Miletus: "Erastus remained at Corinth, but Trophimus I left sick at Miletus."
What else Paul does after his release from house arrest in Rome is unknown.
8. Paul's Death
At the time of writing 2 Timothy, Paul says that he is imprisoned in Rome, and is pessimistic about his chances of being released (2 Tim 1:8, 15-18; 4:9-16); likely, soon after he wrote 2 Timothy, Paul was executed. Post-biblical tradition places the death of Paul during the persecution of Nero (64-68), after Paul evangelized in the Western part of the empire.
8.1. 1 Clement 5
1 Clement 5 speaks about Paul's death after he had given testimony in the west (i.e., western part of the empire).
8.2. Muratorian Canon and Acts of Peter 1.3
The Muratorian Canon indicates that Paul left Rome after his imprisonment and went to Spain. Moreover, the Acts of Peter 1.3 says that Paul went back to Rome after his release from imprisonment.
8.3. Eusebius
Eusebius stated that Paul was beheaded by Nero in Rome (H.E. 2.22.2; 2.25-3.1) (see Jerome, de vir. ill. 11.1).
Source
Mamertine Prison
At the base of the Capitoline Hill in Rome is the Mamertine Prison, known in Paul's day as the Tullianum. This is where Paul may have been kept during his second Roman imprisonment, where he awaited execution. Access to the prison was through a hole in the ceilingvisible above; above the prison was a room for the prison guards.
9. Paul as Letter Writer
9.1. Paul wrote letters to churches that he founded and to individuals. The New Testament contains thirteen of Paul's letters, but these are not the totality of Paul's literary output. We know of three of Paul's letters that are no longer extant: Col 4:16 refers to a letter to the church in Laodocia; 1 Cor 5:9 refers to a letter Paul wrote before 1 Corinthians; 2 Cor 2:4 refers to a letter written between 1 & 2 Corinthians and after Paul's painful visit. It is conceivable that Paul wrote other letters about which we know nothing. It is important to note that Paul's extant letters are occasional literature, meaning that Paul wrote them for specific occasions. This means that Paul sometimes presupposes knowledge on the part of his reader to which we do not have access; this fact makes interpretation of his letters difficult at times.
9.2. With respect to the ancient world, a distinction must be made between private and public letters. The former were personal notes, whereas the latter were intended for a larger readership. Most of Paul's letters were intended as public letters. It is also important to keep in mind the epistolary genre of the Greco-Roman world when analyzing the structure of the letters of the New Testament. A letter written in the Greco-Roman world, including Paul's letters, tended to consist of the following parts. (It must be stressed, however, that there are many possible variations on this type.)
Introduction
Salutation (Sender; receiver; greeting)
An author would begin by identifying himself as the sender and then identify his intended reader(s). Following this, he would extend a greeting to his intended readers (author [nominative], intended reader [dative: "to..."], greetings [chairein]). In most of the New Testament letters, rather than "greetings" (chairein) (but see Jas 1:1), one finds the formula "grace and peace" (charis kai eirene).
Health Wish, Prayer and/or Thanksgiving
After the salutation, the author may express a wish that the intended reader be in good health, following which he may offer a prayer and/or a thanksgiving on behalf of his intended readers. (In shorter, private letters, one often finds only a salutation.) In Paul's letters, typically, one finds thanksgivings (or praise) to God sometimes followed by a prayer on behalf of the intended reader, but rarely a health wish (but see 3 John 2).The gods/God to whom the author would pray or give thanks (or praise) would depend upon the author's religious and cultural background.
Main Body of the Letter
Following the introduction, the author would deal with the matter for which he is writing. This could vary from the mundane to the sublime, depending on the author's purpose.
Conclusion (Greetings; farewell)
Typically, in order to close a letter, the author may send greetings to and greetings from people known to both him and the reader(s), if this was applicable. He may also give a farewell (erroso/errosthai or [di]eutuchei) to his reader(s). In Paul's letters, instead of a closing farewell, one usually finds a benediction.
| i don't know |
In which sport is a domestique a team member who works to ensure the best position for the team leader? | Michael Barry: the truth about cycling domestiques - Telegraph
Active
Michael Barry: the truth about cycling domestiques
Canadian cyclist Michael Barry, who used to ride in support of Mark Cavendish, Sir Bradley Wiggins and Lance Armstrong, explains the realities of life as a cycling domestique
Michael Barry rode for Team Sky Photo: GETTY IMAGES
Comments
In his 14-year career as a professional cyclist, Michael Barry served as a domestique (a rider who works for the benefit of the team leader) for highly successful units such as Team Sky and Columbia-HTC. He was also a member of the now discredited US Postal team for whom he has admitted doping.
During his career Barry completed the Tour de France, Giro d’Italia and Vuelta a Espana, and provided support for riders such as Sir Bradley Wiggins and Mark Cavendish, before retiring in 2012. Here he discusses the pressures, fears, suffering and motivation of a cycling domestique.
EMBRACE THE CONCEPT OF SELF-SACRIFICE
“When I was a young cyclist watching the pro races on television I was always intrigued by the sacrifice of the domestique and how he could devote himself to the leader of the team. In other sports you don’t see many athletes completely sacrificing themselves to help another athlete finish in first place. When I started racing in Europe as a professional cyclist the role of a domestique appealed to me more and more.”
KNOW YOUR ROLE FOR THE DAY
Related Articles
The Brownlee brothers: how to upgrade your cycling skills
31 May 2014
“The team director plans a strategy for the stage and each of the riders has a specific role to play. For example, some domestiques will be saved for later in the day. They will stay on the wheels of their team-mates all day and then attack hard towards the finish to split up the race and put the leader in a position to win the race. Other domestiques are involved earlier on in the race, keeping the leader protected, making sure he is well-fed, swapping wheels if he has a puncture, or helping him back to the front after he stops for a pee. The main thing is just how big a factor drafting is within cycling: conserving energy is always crucial. If the strongest rider in the race wastes his energy, he won’t win.”
TAKE PLEASURE IN YOUR WORK
“I never needed to be in the spotlight or desired that. The satisfaction of a domestique is really an internal thing. You celebrate on the team bus but it’s rare that you get to celebrate publicly with the winner. He is on the podium by himself. You just take satisfaction in a job well done. But watching my team-mates win and being a part of that win is really nice.
Some of my best memories are from riding with Mark Cavendish on the Columbia-HTC team. We worked well together as a team and everybody did their job perfectly. He won a lot but he was also a great leader in the sense that the first thing he did when he crossed the line was to thank his team-mates. He would then thank everybody individually on the bus.”
ADAPT TO DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES
“The more time you spend with your team leader the more you understand what they need in the race, when to help them, and when they don’t want help. It’s like any relationship: when there is tension you know to back off. Certain riders want you at their side all the time, whereas others just want you there in the crucial moments of the race. It’s a matter of gauging that and knowing their individual personality.”
SAY GOODBYE TO A NORMAL LIFE
“I don’t think I realised how all-encompassing the sport was until I retired. Cycling for me was a progressive thing which went from being something fun and enriching with an internal drive to something which brought external pressure and felt like a job. With your diet every detail counts and you become aware of that. Only when I retired did I realise how much cycling affected my life – even down to how I played with my kids. When you have a race coming up, you are not going to kick a football about or jump on the trampoline with your kids.”
PLAY MIND GAMES
“I became very good at breaking things down. So if you take a 200km Pyrenean mountain stage with 3-4 climbs that is incredibly daunting. Most people would say: ‘That is crazy, how are you going to do that?’ On paper, a grand tour looks ridiculous. So you break it down and think: ‘OK, it is six flat days, two mountain days, a couple of rest days and a time trial and so on.’ Then on a big mountain stage you will say: ‘OK, I am over the first climb, just two more to go.’ Then you will break each climb down into kilometres: ‘This is a 15km climb, once I get through 1km, I only have 14km to go.’ That’s how I dealt with things throughout my career: always looking to get to the next day, the next goal and the next season.”
LEARN TO LIVE WITH PAIN AND WORRY
“The Tour de France looks idyllic from the couch and I catch myself now wondering: why is that guy not going faster? But everybody is on edge and pushing for positions so there is always this tension and fear of crashing. And when you do crash in a cycling race there are no timeouts. You can’t sit on the side lines, you just have to get up and go, and then get back to the peloton. The team can’t replace you with another rider so we would often race injured and deal with it.
I don’t think it is unique to cycling. We see all the images and the billboards of athletes but we aren’t always aware of what is going on through the night when those athletes are lying in bed, dealing with injuries and expectations, and knowing they have to get up the next morning and perform. In the sporting environment performance is often prioritised over health. Everybody benefits from the athlete’s performance and there is this constant pressure to keep going.”
IN THE PAST WE JUSTIFIED THE USE OF DRUGS
“In the time when cyclists took drugs you tried to justify it in any way really. It was a huge part of the culture of cycling at the time. You just tell yourself: ‘Well, everybody is doing it, it is part of what you do, and it is what you have to do to continue in the sport.’ And I am not by any means saying that is the right thing to do. But I justified it to myself by saying it was healthier to do it because of the way we were pushing our bodies and just how hard the sport was. But ultimately it took away what I loved most about the sport which was that sense of freedom that I had from riding a bike. In that period I was paranoid and a lot of the joy from what I was doing was gone.”
ACCEPT THE INSECURITIES OF CYCLING
“I think athletes are very insecure because a lot of your value and your confidence hinges on your performance. Cycling is a very uncertain and precarious environment where sponsorship contracts and rider contracts are quite short. Columbia-HTC was a great example: it was the best team in the world, it won the most races for a couple of years, and then it didn’t have a sponsor and the team was done. In my career I never signed a contract for longer than two years. The longest contracts in cycling are 3-4 years maximum and they are for the superstars. So there is ruthlessness within the sporting structure. Even within the teams there is selection for every race. Everybody wants to ride the Tour de France so there is competition within the team. Cyclists are by nature competitive – it’s ultimately why we do the sport.”
Shadows on the Road: Life at the Heart of the Peloton, from US Postal to Team Sky (Faber & Faber) by Michael Barry is out now
| Cycling |
Starbuck’s Coffee traditionally has three sizes – venti, grande and which other? | Michael Barry: the truth about cycling domestiques - Telegraph
Active
Michael Barry: the truth about cycling domestiques
Canadian cyclist Michael Barry, who used to ride in support of Mark Cavendish, Sir Bradley Wiggins and Lance Armstrong, explains the realities of life as a cycling domestique
Michael Barry rode for Team Sky Photo: GETTY IMAGES
Comments
In his 14-year career as a professional cyclist, Michael Barry served as a domestique (a rider who works for the benefit of the team leader) for highly successful units such as Team Sky and Columbia-HTC. He was also a member of the now discredited US Postal team for whom he has admitted doping.
During his career Barry completed the Tour de France, Giro d’Italia and Vuelta a Espana, and provided support for riders such as Sir Bradley Wiggins and Mark Cavendish, before retiring in 2012. Here he discusses the pressures, fears, suffering and motivation of a cycling domestique.
EMBRACE THE CONCEPT OF SELF-SACRIFICE
“When I was a young cyclist watching the pro races on television I was always intrigued by the sacrifice of the domestique and how he could devote himself to the leader of the team. In other sports you don’t see many athletes completely sacrificing themselves to help another athlete finish in first place. When I started racing in Europe as a professional cyclist the role of a domestique appealed to me more and more.”
KNOW YOUR ROLE FOR THE DAY
Related Articles
The Brownlee brothers: how to upgrade your cycling skills
31 May 2014
“The team director plans a strategy for the stage and each of the riders has a specific role to play. For example, some domestiques will be saved for later in the day. They will stay on the wheels of their team-mates all day and then attack hard towards the finish to split up the race and put the leader in a position to win the race. Other domestiques are involved earlier on in the race, keeping the leader protected, making sure he is well-fed, swapping wheels if he has a puncture, or helping him back to the front after he stops for a pee. The main thing is just how big a factor drafting is within cycling: conserving energy is always crucial. If the strongest rider in the race wastes his energy, he won’t win.”
TAKE PLEASURE IN YOUR WORK
“I never needed to be in the spotlight or desired that. The satisfaction of a domestique is really an internal thing. You celebrate on the team bus but it’s rare that you get to celebrate publicly with the winner. He is on the podium by himself. You just take satisfaction in a job well done. But watching my team-mates win and being a part of that win is really nice.
Some of my best memories are from riding with Mark Cavendish on the Columbia-HTC team. We worked well together as a team and everybody did their job perfectly. He won a lot but he was also a great leader in the sense that the first thing he did when he crossed the line was to thank his team-mates. He would then thank everybody individually on the bus.”
ADAPT TO DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES
“The more time you spend with your team leader the more you understand what they need in the race, when to help them, and when they don’t want help. It’s like any relationship: when there is tension you know to back off. Certain riders want you at their side all the time, whereas others just want you there in the crucial moments of the race. It’s a matter of gauging that and knowing their individual personality.”
SAY GOODBYE TO A NORMAL LIFE
“I don’t think I realised how all-encompassing the sport was until I retired. Cycling for me was a progressive thing which went from being something fun and enriching with an internal drive to something which brought external pressure and felt like a job. With your diet every detail counts and you become aware of that. Only when I retired did I realise how much cycling affected my life – even down to how I played with my kids. When you have a race coming up, you are not going to kick a football about or jump on the trampoline with your kids.”
PLAY MIND GAMES
“I became very good at breaking things down. So if you take a 200km Pyrenean mountain stage with 3-4 climbs that is incredibly daunting. Most people would say: ‘That is crazy, how are you going to do that?’ On paper, a grand tour looks ridiculous. So you break it down and think: ‘OK, it is six flat days, two mountain days, a couple of rest days and a time trial and so on.’ Then on a big mountain stage you will say: ‘OK, I am over the first climb, just two more to go.’ Then you will break each climb down into kilometres: ‘This is a 15km climb, once I get through 1km, I only have 14km to go.’ That’s how I dealt with things throughout my career: always looking to get to the next day, the next goal and the next season.”
LEARN TO LIVE WITH PAIN AND WORRY
“The Tour de France looks idyllic from the couch and I catch myself now wondering: why is that guy not going faster? But everybody is on edge and pushing for positions so there is always this tension and fear of crashing. And when you do crash in a cycling race there are no timeouts. You can’t sit on the side lines, you just have to get up and go, and then get back to the peloton. The team can’t replace you with another rider so we would often race injured and deal with it.
I don’t think it is unique to cycling. We see all the images and the billboards of athletes but we aren’t always aware of what is going on through the night when those athletes are lying in bed, dealing with injuries and expectations, and knowing they have to get up the next morning and perform. In the sporting environment performance is often prioritised over health. Everybody benefits from the athlete’s performance and there is this constant pressure to keep going.”
IN THE PAST WE JUSTIFIED THE USE OF DRUGS
“In the time when cyclists took drugs you tried to justify it in any way really. It was a huge part of the culture of cycling at the time. You just tell yourself: ‘Well, everybody is doing it, it is part of what you do, and it is what you have to do to continue in the sport.’ And I am not by any means saying that is the right thing to do. But I justified it to myself by saying it was healthier to do it because of the way we were pushing our bodies and just how hard the sport was. But ultimately it took away what I loved most about the sport which was that sense of freedom that I had from riding a bike. In that period I was paranoid and a lot of the joy from what I was doing was gone.”
ACCEPT THE INSECURITIES OF CYCLING
“I think athletes are very insecure because a lot of your value and your confidence hinges on your performance. Cycling is a very uncertain and precarious environment where sponsorship contracts and rider contracts are quite short. Columbia-HTC was a great example: it was the best team in the world, it won the most races for a couple of years, and then it didn’t have a sponsor and the team was done. In my career I never signed a contract for longer than two years. The longest contracts in cycling are 3-4 years maximum and they are for the superstars. So there is ruthlessness within the sporting structure. Even within the teams there is selection for every race. Everybody wants to ride the Tour de France so there is competition within the team. Cyclists are by nature competitive – it’s ultimately why we do the sport.”
Shadows on the Road: Life at the Heart of the Peloton, from US Postal to Team Sky (Faber & Faber) by Michael Barry is out now
| i don't know |
Who was President of France during World War One? | World Leaders in 1914
World Map / World War I / World Leaders in 1914
World Leaders in 1914
The leaders of the Allied and Central nations in 1914 played an important role
in the diplomatic developments in prewar times and also chalked the course of the World War I
Austria- Hungary
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was one of the primary catalysts in the outbreak of the war.
Emperor Franz Joseph I
was the Emperor of Austria-Hungary in 1914. Following his nephew, Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassination, Emperor Franz Joseph I issued Serbia a harsh ultimatum.
It is believed that this ultimatum and its terms were drawn up by Austria-Hungary’s foreign minister, Count Leopold von Berchtold.
Count Karl von Stürgkh
was the minister-president of Austria and Count István Tisza
was minister-president of Hungary in 1914.
Germany
Kaiser Wilhelm II
was Germany’s last kaiser, or emperor. Kaiser Wilhelm II and Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg
, played a significant role in the July Crisis of 1914. Their support and assurances egged Austria-Hungary on to take a harsh stand against Serbia, leading to the outbreak of World War I.
Helmuth von Moltke
was the Army Chief of Staff in 1914. Moltke implemented Alfred von Schlieffen's plan to overwhelm France in World War I.
Ottoman Empire
Sultan Mehmed V
, the sultan and caliph of the Ottoman Empire, declared jihad against the Allied nations on November 11, 1914, thus announcing the entry of the Ottoman Empire into World War I.
Britain
King George V
of the United Kingdom was the monarch of Britain and reigned over the British colonies at the start of World War I in 1914.
Herbert Henry Asquith
served as the Prime Minister of United Kingdom and headed the Liberal government from 1908 to 1916. He was succeeded by David Lloyd George.
In the early years, Sir Winston Churchill
, First Lord of the Admiralty, and Field-Marshal Lord Henry Kitchener
, Secretary of State for War, played central roles in managing the war. In 1915, David Lloyd George
took over munitions from Lord Kitchener and eventually went on to become the Prime Minister of United Kingdom.
Foreign Secretary, Sir Edward Grey
and commander of the BEF, Sir John French
, played important roles in the military decision-making of United Kingdom.
Bulgaria
Tsar Ferdinand I
, regent of Bulgaria, initially declared his country's neutrality in World War I. Subsequent to the initial German victories, the Tsar joined the Central Powers in October 1915. Forced to abdicate at the end of the war, Tsar Ferdinand I spent the rest of his days in Germany.
France
In 1914, the leadership of France rested with President Raymond Poincare
, and Prime Minister Rene Viviani
.
led Russia through World War II and was the last Russian emperor.
Serbia
Crown Prince Alexander
oversaw all offices and acted as the supreme commander of the Serbian army in 1914, due to the poor health of the regent King Peter I
United States of America
At the outbreak of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson
declared U.S. neutrality, and called for the country to be neutral in both thought and action. In the 1916 presidential elections, his campaign slogan “He kept us out of war” ensured that President Wilson was re-elected for a second term. The United States could not keep out of war for long, though. America’s thought and action tipped in favor of the Allies and Wilson’s Fourteen Points became the major agenda. The League of Nations was the brainchild of President Wilson.
| Raymond Poincaré |
Which is the only Asian capital city that begins with the letter H? | World Leaders in 1914
World Map / World War I / World Leaders in 1914
World Leaders in 1914
The leaders of the Allied and Central nations in 1914 played an important role
in the diplomatic developments in prewar times and also chalked the course of the World War I
Austria- Hungary
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was one of the primary catalysts in the outbreak of the war.
Emperor Franz Joseph I
was the Emperor of Austria-Hungary in 1914. Following his nephew, Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassination, Emperor Franz Joseph I issued Serbia a harsh ultimatum.
It is believed that this ultimatum and its terms were drawn up by Austria-Hungary’s foreign minister, Count Leopold von Berchtold.
Count Karl von Stürgkh
was the minister-president of Austria and Count István Tisza
was minister-president of Hungary in 1914.
Germany
Kaiser Wilhelm II
was Germany’s last kaiser, or emperor. Kaiser Wilhelm II and Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg
, played a significant role in the July Crisis of 1914. Their support and assurances egged Austria-Hungary on to take a harsh stand against Serbia, leading to the outbreak of World War I.
Helmuth von Moltke
was the Army Chief of Staff in 1914. Moltke implemented Alfred von Schlieffen's plan to overwhelm France in World War I.
Ottoman Empire
Sultan Mehmed V
, the sultan and caliph of the Ottoman Empire, declared jihad against the Allied nations on November 11, 1914, thus announcing the entry of the Ottoman Empire into World War I.
Britain
King George V
of the United Kingdom was the monarch of Britain and reigned over the British colonies at the start of World War I in 1914.
Herbert Henry Asquith
served as the Prime Minister of United Kingdom and headed the Liberal government from 1908 to 1916. He was succeeded by David Lloyd George.
In the early years, Sir Winston Churchill
, First Lord of the Admiralty, and Field-Marshal Lord Henry Kitchener
, Secretary of State for War, played central roles in managing the war. In 1915, David Lloyd George
took over munitions from Lord Kitchener and eventually went on to become the Prime Minister of United Kingdom.
Foreign Secretary, Sir Edward Grey
and commander of the BEF, Sir John French
, played important roles in the military decision-making of United Kingdom.
Bulgaria
Tsar Ferdinand I
, regent of Bulgaria, initially declared his country's neutrality in World War I. Subsequent to the initial German victories, the Tsar joined the Central Powers in October 1915. Forced to abdicate at the end of the war, Tsar Ferdinand I spent the rest of his days in Germany.
France
In 1914, the leadership of France rested with President Raymond Poincare
, and Prime Minister Rene Viviani
.
led Russia through World War II and was the last Russian emperor.
Serbia
Crown Prince Alexander
oversaw all offices and acted as the supreme commander of the Serbian army in 1914, due to the poor health of the regent King Peter I
United States of America
At the outbreak of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson
declared U.S. neutrality, and called for the country to be neutral in both thought and action. In the 1916 presidential elections, his campaign slogan “He kept us out of war” ensured that President Wilson was re-elected for a second term. The United States could not keep out of war for long, though. America’s thought and action tipped in favor of the Allies and Wilson’s Fourteen Points became the major agenda. The League of Nations was the brainchild of President Wilson.
| i don't know |
In 1966 Muhammad Ali had two fights in England – the first against Henry Cooper and the second against which boxer who he knocked out in the third round? | The many fights of Muhammad Ali - CNNPolitics.com
1 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali, then known as Cassius Clay, poses in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky, prior to his amateur boxing debut in 1954. He was 12 years old and 85 pounds. As an amateur, he won 100 out of 108 fights.
Hide Caption
2 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali rose to prominence at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, where he claimed a gold medal in the light-heavyweight division.
Hide Caption
3 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali boldly predicted it would take him five rounds to knock out British boxer Henry Cooper ahead of their bout in London in 1963. The fight was stopped in the fifth round as Cooper was bleeding heavily from a cut around his eye.
Hide Caption
4 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Patrick Power, 6, takes on Ali in the ring in 1963. Patrick was taking boxing lessons after getting bullied.
Hide Caption
5 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali poses for a picture with The Beatles in Miami, during the run-up to his heavyweight title fight against Sonny Liston in 1964.
Hide Caption
6 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali celebrates after defeating Liston in Miami on February 25, 1964. Upon becoming world heavyweight champion for the first time, Ali proclaimed, "I am the greatest!"
Hide Caption
7 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali relaxes after his win over Liston in 1964. At 22, he became the youngest boxer to take the heavyweight title from a reigning champion.
Hide Caption
8 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Civil rights activist Malcolm X, left, takes a picture of a tuxedo-clad Ali surrounded by jubilant fans in March 1964. Shortly after the Liston fight, Ali announced that he had joined the Nation of Islam and changed his name from Cassius Clay.
Hide Caption
9 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Known for being as quick with his mouth as he was with his hands, Ali often taunted his opponents. He famously said he could "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee."
Hide Caption
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali prepares to defend his heavyweight title in 1965.
Hide Caption
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali stands over Liston during their rematch in Lewiston, Maine, on May 25, 1965.
Hide Caption
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali eats at a restaurant in 1965.
Hide Caption
13 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
The referee pushes Ali to a neutral corner as Floyd Patterson slumps to the canvas in November 1965. The fight was stopped at the end of the 12th round and Ali was declared the winner.
Hide Caption
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali signs an autograph for a fan in 1966.
Hide Caption
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali visits a children's home in London in May 1966.
Hide Caption
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali trains for his second fight against British champion Henry Cooper in May 1966.
Hide Caption
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
British talk-show host Eamonn Andrews shares a laugh with Ali in May 1966.
Hide Caption
18 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali lands a right to the head of Brian London during their bout in London on August 6, 1966. Ali won by a knockout in the third round.
Hide Caption
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali looks in his hotel-room mirror in February 1967.
Hide Caption
20 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
The referee counts as Ali looks down at Zora Folley during a championship fight in New York on March 23, 1967. Ali won by a knockout in the seventh round.
Hide Caption
21 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
As a conscientious objector to the Vietnam War, Ali refused induction into the U.S. Army in April 1967. Here, top athletes from various sports gather to support Ali as he gives his reasons for rejecting the draft. Seated in the front row, from left to right, are Bill Russell, Ali, Jim Brown and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.
Hide Caption
22 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali walks through the streets of New York with members of the Black Panther Party in September 1970. Ali was sentenced to five years in prison for his refusal to enter the draft, and he was also stripped of his boxing title. The U.S. Supreme Court overturned Ali's conviction in 1971, but by that time Ali had already become a figurehead of resistance and a hero to many. Related: Photographer fondly recalls his three days with Ali
Hide Caption
23 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
On November 2, 1970, Ali returned to the ring for his first professional fight in three years. He defeated Jerry Quarry in the third round.
Hide Caption
24 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Known as the "Fight of the Century," Ali and Joe Frazier split a $5 million purse to fight for Frazier's title on March 8, 1971, in New York. Frazier won by unanimous decision, handing Ali his first professional loss.
Hide Caption
25 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali toys with the finely combed hair of television sports commentator Howard Cosell before the start of the Olympic boxing trials in August 1972.
Hide Caption
26 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali and Frazier appear on "The Dick Cavett Show" in January 1974. The two got into a brawl in ABC's New York studio and were fined $5,000 each.
Hide Caption
27 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali passes a cheering crowd in Kinshasa, Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo), on September 28, 1974. Ali was in the country to fight George Foreman, who had recently defeated Frazier to win the title.
Hide Caption
28 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali and Foreman fight October 30, 1974, in what was billed as "The Rumble in the Jungle." Ali, a huge underdog, knocked out Foreman in the eighth round to regain the title that was stripped from him in 1967.
Hide Caption
29 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali addresses a Nation of Islam meeting in London in December 1974. The following year, Ali left the Nation and embraced a more mainstream Islamic faith.
Hide Caption
30 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali offers advice to future opponent Richard Dunn in March 1976. Ali defeated Dunn in the fifth round two months later. It was his last knockout win.
Hide Caption
31 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali and his third wife, Veronica, second from right, visit the Kremlin in Moscow in June 1978. The two were married from 1977 to 1986. Ali was married four times.
Hide Caption
32 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali takes his daily run along a Pennsylvania country road, shrouded in early morning fog, in 1978.
Hide Caption
33 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali takes a hit from Leon Spinks during their title fight in New Orleans on September 15, 1978. Ali won by unanimous decision, regaining the title he lost to Spinks earlier that year.
Hide Caption
34 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali sits with his daughters Laila and Hana at the Grosvenor House in London in December 1978. He briefly retired from professional boxing the following year.
Hide Caption
35 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali came out of retirement on October 2, 1980, for a title fight with Larry Holmes and a guaranteed purse of $8 million. Holmes won easily, beating up Ali until the fight was stopped after the 10th round.
Hide Caption
36 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali and Trevor Berbick weigh in for their fight in the Bahamas in December 1981. Berbick won by unanimous decision. It was Ali's last professional fight.
Hide Caption
37 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali prays at a mosque in Cairo in October 1986. Two years prior, he revealed that he had Parkinson's syndrome, a disorder of the central nervous system.
Hide Caption
38 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
In 1990, Ali met with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein to negotiate the release of 15 American hostages in Iraq and Kuwait. Here, Ali leaves Iraq with the hostages on December 2, 1990.
Hide Caption
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali lights the Olympic torch at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.
Hide Caption
40 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Juan Antonio Samaranch, president of the International Olympic Committee, gives Ali a replacement gold medal in 1996. Ali had thrown his 1960 gold medal into the Ohio River after he was criticized for not fighting in Vietnam.
Hide Caption
41 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali and his fourth wife, Lonnie, unveil his special-edition Wheaties box in February 1999. The box marked the cereal's 75th anniversary, and it was the first time a boxer appeared on the cover.
Hide Caption
42 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Actor Arnold Schwarzenegger raises Ali's hand during the Celebrity Fight Night charity event in Phoenix in March 2002. Schwarzenegger was presented with the Muhammad Ali Humanitarian Award for his work with the Muhammad Ali Parkinson Research Foundation, the Inner-City Games Foundation and the Special Olympics. The award was presented by former CNN host Larry King, left.
Hide Caption
43 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali arrives in Kabul, Afghanistan, in November 2002 for a three-day goodwill mission as a special guest of the United Nations. He was appointed as a U.N. Messenger of Peace in 2000.
Hide Caption
44 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
U.S. President George W. Bush presents Ali with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, on November 9, 2005.
Hide Caption
45 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Members of the media watch a video of Ali before the grand opening of the Muhammad Ali Center in Louisville, Kentucky, in November 2005.
Hide Caption
46 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali's wife, Lonnie, watches as actress Alfre Woodard presents him with the President's Award during the 2009 NAACP Image Awards in Los Angeles.
Hide Caption
47 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
On May 24, 2011, Ali appears at the National Press Club in Washington to publicly appeal to Iranian officials for the release of captive hikers Shane Bauer and Josh Fattal. The hikers were released in September 2011, more than two years after their detention.
Hide Caption
48 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali poses during a photo shoot outside his home in Paradise Valley, Arizona, in January 2012.
Hide Caption
49 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
Ali poses for a picture with, from left, Greg Fischer, Len Amato, daughter Laila Ali and Donald Lassere during the U.S. premiere of the HBO film "Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight" in October 2013.
Hide Caption
50 of 52
Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali
A boxing robe worn by Ali, which belonged to the late country singer Waylon Jennings, went up for auction in 2014.
Hide Caption
| Brian London |
Which word completes the popular name of the final movement of Handel’s Suite Number 5 for Harpsichord – The ______________ Blacksmith? | Henry Cooper dies aged 76: British boxing legend once felled Muhammad Ali | Daily Mail Online
Former British heavyweight champion has died at the age of 76
'He was a champion of the people,' says Chris Eubank
Henry Cooper smiles after being knighted by the Queen at Buckingham Palace on February 22, 2000
Boxer Sir Henry Cooper OBE, who once famously felled boxing legend Muhammad Ali, has died aged 76.
Cooper, a former British heavyweight champion, died just two days before his 77th birthday at his son’s house at Oxted in Surrey
The man was affectionately known as ‘Our Enry’ and collected a host of honours thanks to his fierce left hook called ‘Enry’s Ammer’.
The retired English heavyweight famously fought Ali - then known by his birth name Cassius Clay - twice, firstly in 1963 at Wembley Stadium.
In the final seconds of the fourth round Cooper felled firm favourite Ali with a jab of his left hook, but his head hit the ropes - not the floor - so it did not count.
Ali said several decades later that Cooper ‘had hit him so hard that his ancestors in Africa felt it’.
The photograph became an iconic image of boxing.
Ali then asked for a spare pair of gloves, giving him time to recover from the blow. Cooper claimed this lasted several minutes and after that day, a spare pair of gloves was always required at ringside.
A blood bath ensued and the referee was forced to stop the fight in Ali’s favour, despite Cooper being up on the scorecards.
In 1966 Cooper fought Ali, and the reigning world heavyweight champion, for a second time.
Cooper lost on a technical knockout - despite being up on the scorecards for a second time - because he was bleeding badly from his eye.
Pride of Britain: The bout with Muhammed Ali, then Cassius Clay, was one of Sir Henry's finest moments
The Greatest? Sir Henry is fondly remembered for putting Ali on his backside during their London bout in 1963
Three-time world heavyweight champion Ali spoke of his sadness at Cooper's death: 'I am at a loss for words over the death of my friend, Henry Cooper. I was not aware he was ill.
'I visited with him two summers ago during a brief visit to Windsor as part of the Equestrian Games being held there. He was in good humour and looked quite fit.
RELATED ARTICLES
Share this article
Share
'Henry always had a smile for me; a warm and embracing smile. It was always a pleasure being in Henry's company. I will miss my old friend. He was a great fighter and a gentleman. My family and I extend our heartfelt sympathies to his family and loved ones.'
Sir Henry was at one time the British, European and Commonwealth heavyweight champion.
He was the first to win the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award twice (in 1967 and 1970) and one of only three two-time winners in the award’s history, along with Nigel Mansell and Damon Hill.
Muhammad Ali and Henry Cooper, pictured in 1992, retained a mutual respect throughout their lives
Infamous bout: Sir Henry Cooper and Muhammad Ali (then known as Cassius Clay) weigh in ahead of their bout at Wembley
By Royal appointment: Prince William is joined by Sir Henry Cooper in 2006
He became a familiar face on television following his retirement and became one of the team captains on the BBC quiz show A Question of Sport for a number of years.
He lived in Hildenborough, in Kent, with his beloved Italian-born wife Albina, 71, until her death in 2008, when she died suddenly of a heart attack. They had been married 47 years.
Famous face: Cooper advertised Brut aftershave in the 1980s
Chairman of Nizels Golf Club in the town, he was knighted in 2000 for services to charity as well as boxing.
Sir Henry also famously advertised Brut aftershave and breakfast cereal on television in the 1980s. and was very active in charity work.
Brought up on a south east London council estate, he was relocated as evacuees to Lancing on the Sussex coast suring the second World War.
George Cooper, Henry’s twin, died on 11 April 2010, aged 76.
In 2006 Sir Henry was taken to hospital with breathing difficulties and fitted with a pacemaker.
It happened on the day of a Sir Henry Cooper Golfing Classic, an event he hosts annually for the boxing fraternity at London’s Muswell Hill Golf Club.
At the time his wife said: ‘You know Henry, he’s not a whinger. He keeps everything to himself. But he was just gutted, thinking he’d let everyone down.’
Tributes from the boxing world have been full of praise for Cooper the fighter, and the man.
Former WBO middleweight and super middleweight champion Chris Eubank said: 'I'm the type of person who looks at a man's behaviour. It inspired me that Henry Cooper was loved by the public, and I wanted the same.
There are many world champions who did not have the respect which he garnered. A world championship belt is one thing - it's a symbol. A lot of people mistake having a belt for being a champion, when in fact it is winning the heart of the people.
'Henry Cooper behaved as a champion which is why he was a champion of the people.'
Boxing promoter Barry Hearn echoed these sentiments, saying: 'Henry was one of us, he was one of the people. He wasn't a stand-offish superstar in his Ferrari; he'd play golf and tell you stories and he had a great sense of humour.
'He realised he wasn't the greatest heavyweight champion in the world but he delivered one of the most famous punches in boxing history.'
Popular figure: Sir Henry Cooper won the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award twice
The first Lord of the Ring
'Enery never won the world title, but he won the hearts of a nation'
By Jeff Powell
OUR ’Enery has laid down the ’Ammer which floored The Greatest. The left fist which came within a bell-ring of changing the course of boxing history is unclenched now and at rest.
The blood brotherhood which held its collective breath when he sent the young Cassius Clay sprawling across Wembley Stadium in the summer of ’63 will pause for uncommonly tender reflection that the best-loved of all British boxers has taken permanent retirement from the hard old game of life.
We cherished him as Our ’Enery but really he was Lady Albina’s Henry and he had not been quite the same since his Italian-born wife of 47 years died suddenly in 2008.
Henry Cooper 'brought dignified validation to the time-honoured notion of boxing as the noble art'
Cooper was always light for a heavyweight and as these three years passed that spare, angular frame grew ever more frail.
That huge fighting heart had been broken by the loss of his soul mate.
He leaves us to celebrate not just a career but a life which brought dignified validation to the time-honoured notion of boxing as the noble art.
That roaring, knife-edge night at Wembley is forever central to his memory. Knife-edge because legend insists that Angelo Dundee, the wise and knowing trainer in the opposite corner, slit Clay’s glove to buy him more time to recover from the mother of all left hooks.
Henry Cooper is seen during a training session at the Thomas A' Becket pub on the Old Kent Road in London
The brash young man who would become The Greatest of all prize-fighters, the Athlete of the Century, the most recognisable face on Planet Earth had courted danger from that British bazooka by coasting towards the fifth-round knock-out he had predicted.
’Enery’s ’Ammer duly connected near the end of the fourth.
Clay was spreadeagled across the lower ropes as the bell came to his rescue. The official television film cuts from the end of the fourth to the start of the fifth but one grainy pirate image which flickers across the one-minute interval — while it does not confirm Dundee’s slitting of a glove — indicates that the bell for the restart was delayed for no more than six seconds. But six seconds can seem like a saving lifetime for a fighter swimming up through the fog-shrouded swamp of semi-consciousness.
Clay duly surfaced to take lacerating advantage of Cooper’s curse, those protuberant eyebrows across which his skin was stretched thin as parchment.
Not for the first or last time Cooper was cut to the bone around the eyes and blood flowed in rivers down his face as a relieved Clay fulfilled his Round Five prophecy.
The Louisville Lip pronounced: ‘Henry hit me so hard that my ancestors felt it in Africa.’
Cooper, as was the measure of the man, lost with dignity: ‘If Angelo did slit his glove I hold no grudge. That’s boxing. If I am in similar trouble I like to think my trainer would do the same for me.’
Despite all the drama and controversy, this was a non-title fight. The two would meet again three years later, at Arsenal’s Highbury football ground, with the world championship at stake. Muhammad Ali, as he had become, was forewarned. He kept such wary distance from that left hook that, again, he was behind on points before he cut Cooper horrendously, this time in the sixth.
Back at Wembley later in that England World Cup-winning year of 1966 Cooper was knocked out by another of America’s most renowned world champions, Floyd Patterson, but no amount of defeats could extinguish the British public’s love affair with their favourite fighter.
During a halcyon era for domestic heavyweight boxing, Cooper won British and Commonwealth championship bouts against Jack Bodell, Joe Erskine, Billy Walker, Dick Richardson, Brian London and Johnny Prescott as well as to the European championship conquest of redoubtable German Karl Mildenberger.
Legend: Sir Henry Cooper poses with his grandson Henry James after receiving his knighthood
So slight was Cooper as a heavyweight that at the weigh-in for the second Ali fight Wicks put lead in his boots to make him appear heavier than the 12st 12lb to which he had slipped from his normal fighting weight of 13st 8lb.
The end came in 1971 in contentious circumstances which gave rise to the only grievance this courteous gentleman ever nursed. At the end of 15 rounds, referee Harry Gibbs scored Joe Bugner the winner of all Cooper’s titles by the narrowest of all margins, a quarter of a point.
For years Cooper refused to speak to Gibbs, saying mysteriously: ‘I don’t usually hold grudges but certain things went on before the fight which I don’t ever want to talk about.’ Not until six months before the referee died did Cooper relent, agreeing to pose for a handshake.
How heavily he fell upon need for financial help himself after losing most of his savings as a ‘name’ in the Lloyds crash is unclear. A public house named after him was not a success. He withdrew from his post-career role as a TV commentator, saying: ‘I’ve fallen out of love with a game which parades as heroes ordinary fighters who boxers of my generation would have beaten for breakfast.’
He insisted that he and Albina only down-sized houses when their two sons married and left home but some of his prized memorabilia was sold. Mercifully not all, since he is still the only boxer to have won three Lonsdale Belts outright.
Respect: Henry Cooper and Muhammad Ali met for the last time in August 2009 in Windsor
Deafness brought with it embarrassment, especially acute for a man who never knowingly turned down a request for an autograph. Lady Albina, his guiding light, became his ears as well and helped him keep his sense of humour. When a sharp spasm of breathlessness necessitated the fitting of a heart device, he joked: ‘I had a lot of sparring partners but I never thought I’d need a pacemaker.’
When his wife died he lamented: ‘It was very hard . Through my grief I realised how much I had leant on her for help, for instance when I couldn’t hear the door-bell.’ That other bell, the one which saved his famous opponent all those years ago, still rang loud in the respect between the two fighters.
Whenever Ali was in the company of English boxing men he always asked: ‘Say hello to Henry for me.’
They had the chance to say goodbye to each other in person when Ali and Cooper, a staunch Royalist, were invited to a private function at Windsor Castle. Said Cooper: ‘I knew it would be his final visit to Britain and I was glad of the chance to see him one last time.’
That moment was poignant but the pining for Albina never eased and it deepened when George, not only his brother but his best mate, died a year later. Cooper’s sons and their families did their best to comfort him but the fight had gone out of a very British hero.
Our ’Enery never won his world title. No matter. More importantly, he won not only Lady Albina’s heart but that of the entire nation.
| i don't know |
Which BBC game show presented by Noel Edmonds ran from 1985 until 1998? | Noel Edmonds (Disk Jockey) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News
Noel Edmonds
Television Presenter and Radio Dj
Male
Born Dec 22, 1948
Noel Ernest Edmonds is an English broadcaster and executive, who made his name as a DJ on BBC Radio 1 in the UK. He has presented light entertainment television programmes, including Multi-Coloured Swap Shop, Top of the Pops, The Late, Late Breakfast Show and Telly Addicts. He currently presents the Channel 4 game show Deal or No Deal and the Sunday edition of Sky1's Are You Smarter Than A Ten Year Old? and previously the topical Sky1 show, Noel's HQ.… Read More
related links
Noel Edmonds To Front Bbc1 Pilot
Broadcast - Jul 06, 2012
'<mark>Noel Edmonds</mark> could return to BBC1âs Saturday night line-up for the first time in 13 years with an entertainment show about celebrity bodyguards.'
Sooty And Noel Edmonds After The Floods
Morpeth Herald - Apr 21, 2012
' AFTER the Flood was the title given to a talk by Pastor Mike Willis from Morpeth New Life Christian Centre at the recent meeting of the South East Northumberland branch of the M.S. Society. '
Noel Edmonds Confronts Facebook Troll Who Set Up Web Page Urging Others To Kill Him
Independent - Apr 02, 2012
' <mark>NOEL Edmonds</mark> has told how he tracked down and confronted a PhD student who set up a Facebook page urging others to kill him. '
No Deal For Noel Edmonds As Planners Force Him To Demolish Wildlife Haven He Made At The Bottom Of His Garden
Mail Online - Jan 06, 2012
' Officials say a five-metre grassy mound created by the presenter is too high, and not covered by planning permission. The feature has been planted with trees and wild flowers, and Mr Edmonds says it attracts badgers, bees and butterflies.'
Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Noel Edmonds.
CHILDHOOD
1948 Birth Born in 1948.
TWENTIES
1968 - 1969 2 More Events
1968 20 Years Old The son of a headmaster who worked in Hainault, London, Edmonds attended Glade Primary School in Clayhall and Brentwood School in Brentwood. He was offered a place at the University of Surrey but turned it down in favour of a job as a newsreader on Radio Luxembourg, which was offered to him in 1968 after he sent tapes to offshore radio stations.
1969 21 Years Old In 1969, he moved to BBC Radio 1 where he began by recording trailers for broadcasts and filling in for absent DJs, such as Kenny Everett.
Show Less
In April 1970, Edmonds began his own two-hour Saturday afternoon programme, broadcasting from 1pmâ3pm, before replacing Kenny Everett on Saturday mornings from 10amâ12noon in July of that year. … Read More
In October 1971, he was moved to a Sunday morning slot from 10amâ12noon before being promoted to host The Radio 1 Breakfast Show from June 1973 to April 1978, taking over from Tony Blackburn. Edmonds moved back to Sunday mornings from 10amâ1pm in 1978 and also presented Talkabout, an hour-long talk show broadcast on Thursday evenings.<br /><br /> Edmonds left Radio 1 in March 1983, although he briefly returned in 1985, sitting in for Mike Read for two weeks on the breakfast show, and again in 1992, where he presented a special edition celebrating Radio 1's 25th birthday.<br /><br /> In 2003, Edmonds made a brief radio comeback, taking over the 'drivetime' broadcast on BBC Radio 2 for eight weeks while Johnnie Walker was undergoing treatment for cancer. His stint on Radio 2 lasted from 4 August until 3 October. In December 2004, Edmonds played a detective on a radio murder mystery play on local station BBC Radio Devon. Read Less
Edmonds hosted Top of the Pops at various points between 1970 and 1978, during which time he also presented a phone-in programme for teenagers called Z Shed on BBC1 as well as a programme called Hobby Horse.
1971 23 Years Old Edmonds married Gillian Slater in 1971, but the marriage ended in divorce after eleven years.
1976 28 Years Old He hosted the children's Saturday morning programme, Multi-Coloured Swap Shop, which ran from 1976 until 1982. … Read More
With the Swap Shop regulars, Maggie Philbin and Keith Chegwin, Edmonds was a member of the trio Brown Sauce, which recorded the single "I Wanna Be a Winner" in 1981. It reached number 15 in the UK singles chart. Read Less
THIRTIES
1980 32 Years Old In 1980, Edmonds took part in the Eurovision Song Contest, introducing the UK entry live on stage at the final in the Hague. … Read More
During Swap Shop's run, Edmonds hosted Lucky Numbers, an evening phone-in quiz programme which required viewers to call in and answer questions based on clips of films shown â and a revival of the 1960s pop music series Juke Box Jury.<br /><br /> Edmonds was one of the original presenters of the BBC's motoring series Top Gear during the late 1970s. During his time on the programme, he rubbished the Fiat Strada, saying it "wasn't very good", which caused Fiat to threaten to sue the BBC unless he apologised for the comments. Edmonds reappeared in one episode of Top Gear in the 1990s, to road test the classic 1960s Ford GT40 supercar, because former host Jeremy Clarkson - at tall - was unable to fit into the cockpit. In the 1980s, Edmonds hosted a series on BBC1 called The Time of Your Life, where celebrities recalled the time they were at their happiest professionally. It ran for three series from 1983. Read Less
1985 37 Years Old Telly Addicts was a BBC1 game show hosted by Edmonds, broadcast from 3 September 1985 until 29 July 1998. … Read More
Questions were based on past and present television programmes, and generally took the form of a short clip being shown followed by a series of questions either specifically about the clip or more generally about the programme from which it had been taken. Two teams sat opposite each other on sofas. In 1991, he presented a prime time series called Noel's Addicts, but this show had no similarity to the Telly Addicts format and only ran for one series.<br /><br /> Noel's Saturday Roadshow was Noel's second BBC television light entertainment show broadcast live on Saturday evenings from 3 September 1988 to 15 December 1990. It was presented by Edmonds, his first major TV project since the demise of The Late, Late Breakfast Show two years earlier. The programme contained several elements which had been found in its predecessor, such as phone-in quizzes, celebrity interviews and bands performing in the studio. The premise for the new show was that unlike The Late Late Breakfast Show, which had been broadcast from the BBC's studios each week, the Roadshow would come from a new, different and exotic location each week. These 'locations' were in fact elaborate studio sets dressed to resemble each week's location, such as the North Pole, a space station, Hollywood, Niagara Falls. The irony of this was not lost on Edmonds, whose self-deprecating presentation style frequently made light of the low budget production values. Read Less
1986 38 Years Old In July 1986, he married Helen Soby and, while together, the couple had four daughters: Charlotte, Lorna, Olivia and Alice. … Read More
The couple bought an estate at Jacobstowe, near Okehampton, Devon as a family home. Read Less
FORTIES
1988 40 Years Old Edmonds returned to television with The Noel Edmonds Saturday Roadshow in 1988, after presenting a show called Whatever Next? earlier in the same year. … Read More
By 1991, the Saturday Roadshow morphed into Noel's House Party. This latter series ran for eight years from Edmonds' supposed mansion in the fictional town of Crinkley Bottom. Regular features included NTV, where cameras were secretly hidden in viewer's homes, often in VHS tape cases. There was also the "Gotchas", where celebrities were caught in elaborate and embarrassing setups.<br /><br /> In one infamous incident NTV's hidden cameras caught celebrity psychic Uri Geller apparently bending a spoon with his hands while demonstrating his "powers" to a member of the public. When then-Radio 1 DJ Dave Lee Travis was "Gotcha'd", he infamously yelled: "You are a dead man!". He later participated in Noel himself being "Gotcha'd". Mr. Blobby, a yellow and pink spotted character, initially appeared in the "Gotcha" section, and became a regular feature of the programme. The character even achieved the 1993 Christmas No. 1. Read Less
1997 49 Years Old In 1997, Edmonds was involved in an episode of the Chris Morris spoof documentary series Brass Eye, in which he unwittingly pledged his allegiance on camera to a campaign to rid the country of a new killer drug, the entirely fictitious 'cake', which apparently made 10 seconds appear as a few hours to a user. … Read More
The Curse of Noel Edmonds, a documentary tracing the rise and fall of his showbiz career, was transmitted by Five on 9 November 2004, with former Radio 1 DJ Mike Read being one of the contributors to the programme. Read Less
FIFTIES
1999 51 Years Old …
Noel's House Party was a staple of BBC1's autumn and spring schedules for more than eight years. Read Less
Several reformats failed to reverse its declining popularity, and in the final programme, broadcast on 20 March 1999, Edmonds appealed that viewers' memories should be kind to the programme. … Read More
Edmonds made his television comeback, presenting the gameshow Deal or No Deal on Channel 4 (produced by Endemol), from a format that had already proved popular in numerous countries. The programme is recorded in a set of studios in Bristol converted from an old warehouse. It began UK transmission on Monday, 31 October 2005, and is broadcast on afternoons six days a week. Read Less
Show Less
He was also a guest host for the fourth-series episode of The Friday Night Project, broadcast on 26 January 2007.
On 24 May 2007, Sky One announced that Edmonds would host the UK version of the American hit, Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?, entitled Are You Smarter Than A 10 Year Old? The programme debuted on Sky One on 7 October 2007, at 6.00 pm. … Read More
Edmonds hosts the peaktime showing of the programme, whereas the Daily Programme is presented by Dick and Dom.<br /><br /> Sky1's autumn 2008 season saw Edmonds host Noel's HQ, a new live entertainment show with a philanthropic purpose, with his fees going to a charitable trust. This was later developed into a series. The show received negative reviews. Sky edited a repeat broadcast after Edmonds launched an extended verbal attack on a council press officer. In March 2009 Sky1 announced the cancellation of the show.<br /><br /> Edmonds was involved in the historic Live Aid concerts in 1985, transporting stars to and from the Wembley concert via helicopter and appearing on stage at Wembley to introduce the set by Sting and Phil Collins. Edmonds also took Collins to Heathrow Airport, where Collins boarded Concorde to fly to America to perform at the Philadelphia concert. Read Less
LATE ADULTHOOD
| Telly Addicts |
In which sport did violinist Vanessa-Mae compete at the 2014 Winter Olympics? | TV ARK | Gameshows S-Z
Sale Of The Century
1980s
John Benson announces "And Now...From Norwich" as this classic game show gets underway.� Nicholas Parsons is the "man with the questions...and the money!"� Although popular legend has it as "Live >From Norwich!" it was never broadcast live.� And in that we take immense relief!
Sale Of The Century
Sky's remake hosted by Peter Marshall
Shipwrecked
2001
The key to this game was survival. 16 people were put on a South Pacific Island where at the end of the show there was no winner and no prize.
So You Think You Can Dance
2010
Another example of the current trend of audience noise throughout the opening title sequence of studio-based entertainment programmes.
Star For A Night
2001
"The Cruise" singer Jane Macdonald hosts this show that shows off the public's singing abilities in this BBC1 primetime show from the early naughties.
Star Town
1978
A remake of the popular Top Town where towns chose the cream of their talent which was voted upon by the other towns taking part in the series. Terry Wogan presided over the competition and each town had celebrity captains which were Leslie Crowther, Tessie O'Shea, Janet Brown, Stan Stennett, Thora Hird, Acker Bilk, Stanley Unwin, Les Dawson and Eddie Waring.
Strictly Come Dancing
The BBC's hit entertainment show of the noughties.
Right clip - The sister show - Strictly It Takes Two, the daily fan shown on BBC Two.
Strictly Come Dancing
Take Me Out
2009
ITV2's take on the dating show - "do you come here often?" sorry but no I don't.
Take Your Pick
1998
Take the money or Open The Box?� Yes, Des O' Connor guides contestants through this popular gameshow, but not before they've endured the Yes/No game (where contestants see if they can last 1 minute while answering Des' questions without saying Yes or No or nodding or shaking their head.�They then choose a key and Des tries to buy it off them with increasing amounts of money.� If they "Open The Box", then they keep the prize written on a card inside.� Prizes ranged from a �1000 treasure chest, A brand new car, or more useless prizes like a plate of beans or an old sock.� Jodie Wilson (now Mrs Des O' Connor) was your hostess.
Talking Telephone Numbers
The title sequence from the very first season of the TV gameshow.
Telly Addicts
Telly Addicts was presented by Noel Edmonds and ran from 1985 to 1998.
Telly Addicts
Here's a couple more clips featuring an title sequence from 1992
Telly Quiz
Test The Nation
2003
Philip Schofield and Anne Robinson host this live show that the whole country could join in with, by phone, text or online.� Multiple choice questions in various catagories were given in blocks of ten and the studio based celebrities and contestants (Hairdressers, Taxi Drivers and the like) had to log in their answers.� At the end, the studio winners were announced (to much cheering) and the home based audience's results were broken down into which class of people got were the brightest (men, women, under 35's, where they lived etc)
Three Little Words
1985
Join ventriloquist Ray Allan (no Lord Charles I'm afraid) and Barbie for HTV West's game show, Three Little Words, shown across the ITV Network in an early afternoon slot during the mid 1980's.
Ray Alan and Barbie were asked to take over from Don Moss to host this quiz about word association.
Tipping Point
Totally Saturday was another Graham Norton-hosted entertainment show which was indeed broadcast on Saturdays.
Treasure Hunt
1987
Helicopter based game show featuring Anneka Rice as the sky-runner, who dashed around like a woman possessed under the instruction of 2 studio based contestants and the school headmaster-ish host Kenneth Kendal.� Wincy Willis tracked their progress on a glorified weather map and Graham the Cameraman and Frank the Soundman were regularly seen on screen too, as well as Keith the helicopter pilot.� Top prize was �1000 if all 3 clues were found.� The legendary theme tune was written by Ed Welch.
Treasure Hunt
1989
Anneka takes some maternity leave so tennis star Annabel Croft steps in to fill the blue jumpsuit.� New titles and a new pilot (Ian) kicks off a new series.� Look out for the strange giant like character during the tug-o-war at 1:03...the things they made that poor woman do!
Trick or Treat
1989
Ex Radio 1 DJ Mike Smith and a young Julian Clarey (sadly no Fanny The Wonder Dog) host this LWT offering of the 80's.� Audience members would bring in strange items and Julian would "Buy" them off them.� One particular episode, the contestant was playing for a car, hidden under a sheet, and was elated when they got all the questions right.� Imagine their dismay when the car turned out to be a Peugeot 205 that had been in a head on collision.� Trick or Treat!
The Vault
2003
Earn the most Money and you have the chance to open the vault. Fail, and someone at home gets the chance. Davina McCall was the original host of the quiz, our clip shows her replacement Melanie Sykes at the helm
They Think It's All Over
1999
University Challenge
1985
The long-running quiz show for university students was nearing the end of its original run in 1985 and we present what must be the shortest opening and closing sequence of just about any entertainment programme ever.
University Challenge
1996
Jeremy Paxman takes control of this long running battle of brains, superceding Bamber Gascoigne as quizmaster.� Famous for its "Starter For Ten" questions, this seemingly impossible quiz was a favourite among young and old, even though nobody except the brainiest of us could answer any of the questions.� It has now been turned into a film starring Mark Gatiss of League of Gentlemen fame as the irreplacable Bamber.
University Challenge
2010
Still going strong in 2010 but with a strings-based arrangement of the famous theme tune. The programme regularly rates as one of the most watched programme on BBC2.
Gameshows - W
We Love TV
1984
A quick note saying that tonight's News at Ten will be extended before linking into this LWT-made quiz show hosted by Gloria Hunniford.
The Weakest Link
2001
She of the strange wink and icy stare, Anne Robinson, presides over the show where conestants vote off the person that they feel is stopping them winning the most money.� Famous for her�lines like "who's wheel is still spinning even though the hamster is dead?" and "Who's a few fries short of a Happy Meal", this show has taken the world by storm and has been syndicated to Australia (where the host is Cornelia Francis who played Morag in "Home And Away") and the US (hosted by Anne but when it went to daytime, was hosted by George Gray....no me neither) as well as Ireland, Japan and Azerbaijan!
What's My Line?
1988
Angela Rippon chairs the "Miming what I do for a living" and yes/no question based format which was a favourite on ITV at teatime.� 3 celebrities would have to guess what someone did for a living by asking questions that gave a yes or no response.� If they got 10 no's the�contestant would have "beaten the panel" and was given a scroll as a memento of their day.� Such was the prize fund budget at Thames at that time....
Wheel Of Fortune
1988
Responsible for giving the world Carol Smillie, this was another favourite word guessing show from the Cowcaddens studios of STV.� Based loosely on Hangman and imported from the US, contestants had to spin a large wheel with various point totals on it and guess letters from a phrase.� Top prize was usually a car or �20,000 depending on the contestants choice (although during its daily teatime phase, the prize was only �10,000 and included the car option, it later went to �5,000 with no car option)� Nicky Campbell and, according to Tyne Tees continuity at the start of the clip, hostess�Angela "ekkyetti" (actually pronounced "A-ky-et-ee") present the show that fashion forgot.
Wheel Of Fortune
2000
More of the same with a new-ish set and a new presenters.� John Leslie takes over as host and Jenny Powell as hostess.
Winner Takes All
1970s
The multiple choice betting game hosted by Jimmy Tarbuck.� Watch what happens when you don't have a floor manager to cue the audience to applaud!
Winner Takes All
1976
This time the audience claps at the right time. Interesting that Challenge TV left in the YTV chevron as often old ITV programmes have the company's logo removed from the start of the programme.
Winner Takes All
1988
Same format, different title and host.� Geoffrey Wheeler, the former voice over artist of the game when Tarby was host, now presents.� Wheeler invented the show, then hosted and did the V/O.
A Word In Your Era
1992
Rory McGrath hosts a challenge where 3 comedians dress up as historical characters and humourously debate who is the best.
Whose Baby?
1983
The end of Anglia's birthday slot leads into this edition of Whose Baby, which was shown between the end of Children's ITV and the ITN News at 5.45. The name of the game was to identify the celebrity by asking questions of their children.
Who Wants To Be A Millionaire
2001
Chris Tarrant is your host as contestants try to answer 15 questions to win �1,000,000. The first person to do so was Judith Keppel who is now one of BBC's Eggheads. The format has now been tweaked so that only 12 questions can win you the top prize. There have been celebrity versions of the show and the highest earning celebrity to date is Laurence Llewellyn-Bowen with �500,000.
Who Wants To Be A Millionaire
2009
Still going a decade later, Chris Tarrant remains in charge although the theme tune has had a makeover, which rather takes away from the intended tension that the theme tune had tried to build up.
The Whole 19 Yards
| i don't know |
Who is the Bishop of London? | The Diocese of London
St Katharine Cree, a historic church in the heart of the City of London, has been reunited with a long-lost heraldic carving, which vanished from the church decades ago.
Communications
The Vicar of St Paul's Church, Bow Common recently joined leaders of the East London Muslim community in a display of support for their hugely successful food drive for the homeless charity, Crisis.
Communications
The Bishop of London, Richard Chartres, has today wished Londoners a Happy Christmas among those whom they love, in a podcast and column in the Evening Standard.
Carol Ward
| Richard Chartres |
At noon on December 31st in which year did Panama gain full control of the Panama Canal? | People - London Internet Church
People
The London Internet Church is a gathered global community that meets online to worship, enquire, encourage and pray.
People
The Venerable Peter Delaney MBE,
Archdeacon Emeritus and Director of the London Internet Church
Peter Delaney was Archdeacon of London from 1999 to 2010 and Priest in Charge of St Stephen Walbrook since 2004. He is a man with a passion for the arts and communication as a means of understanding humanity and God. After a classical art education and a brief period teaching he worked for NBC television in Hollywood and here found his vocation to the Anglican Priesthood returning to England to read theology at Kings College London.
He served at Marylebone with Chaplaincies to the National Heart Hospital and London Clinic. He was Chaplain at the University Church of Christ the King. From there he was invited to become Precentor and Residentiary Canon at Southwark Cathedral, where he developed an arts programme of exhibitions and theatre and theological training.
The Rt Revd and Rt Hon Richard Chartres
Bishop of London
The Bishop of London is the Diocesan Bishop for the London Diocese, which covers London, north of the Thames. He also exercises personal responsibility for the ‘Two Cities’ Area of the Diocese, covering the City of London and the City of Westminster.
Richard John Carew Chartres became the 132nd Bishop of London in November 1995 and was enthroned at St Paul’s on 26 January 1996. He was educated at Hertford Grammar School and studied history at Trinity College Cambridge. Before ordination he taught Ancient History at the International School in Seville. He was ordained in 1973 and served as a curate in St Andrewï’s Bedford. In 1975 he was appointed Chaplain to Robert Runcie, then Bishop of St Albans, and from 1980-84 he served as the Archbishop’s Chaplain at Lambeth and Canterbury. He moved to St Stephen’s Rochester Row in the Diocese of London in 1984. During eight years in the parish he also served as Director of Ordinands for the Central Area and as Gresham Professor of Divinity.He was consecrated Bishop of Stepney in 1992.
After his move to the see of London, he was appointed Dean of HM Chapels Royal in 1996 and a Privy Counsellor. This accounts for the curious fact that the Bishop of London is the only bishop who bears the title “Right Honourable” in addition to the usual “Right Reverend”. He is an ex-officio member of the House of Lords. He is an Honorary Bencher of the Middle Temple, Chairman of the Ecumenical London Church Leaders, a director of Coexist Foundation – a charity promoting interfaith understanding – and is associated with numerous other London organisations. He is also Chairman of the Church Buildings Division of the Church of England and deputises for the Archbishop of Canterbury as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Church Commissioners. He is also responsible on behalf of the Archbishop for relations with the Orthodox Churches.
He founded St Ethelburga’s Centre for Reconciliation and Peace and is currently the Chairman of the Trustees. His publications include “The History of Gresham College 1597-1997” (with David Vermont) and “Tree of Knowledge, Tree of Life” [2005] and many articles and essays especially on religion and the environment. He is married to Caroline, a freelance writer, and they have four children Alexander, Sophie, Louis and Clio.
The Bishop of London’s Office
Diary Secretary: Frances Charlesworth [email protected]
The Old Deanery
Martin Sargeant
Trustee London Internet Church
Martin Sargeant works with the Archdeacon of London and is Operations Manager for the Diocese. One of the founding trustees of the London Internet Church, Martin has a keen interest in ‘improving non-verbal communications’ and sees the internet as one of the ways we can achieve this in relation to the church. He recalls one of the most moving experiences of his life as attending the ordination of a friend as a Roman Catholic priest – his friend being deaf, and the service having a deaf choir performing.
Please Support Us
Please make a donation and help us continue our work. Alternatively - the next time you shop online - do it via our website; it will not cost you a penny more!
| i don't know |
What is the stage name of singer-songwriter Eliza Caird? | Posts: 147
Eliza Doolittle
Eliza Sophie Caird (born 15 April 1988),[1] better known by her stage name Eliza Doolittle, is an English singer�songwriter from London, who signed to the Parlophone record label in October 2008.[2] Her debut self-titled album, Eliza Doolittle was released on 12 July 2010, where it debuted at number 3 in the UK. Since the album's release, Doolittle has spawned two top 25 hits, including "Skinny Genes" and "Pack Up", which debuted within the top 5 on the UK Singles Chart.
She's currently dating Benji Madden.
Images from Daily Mail & Glamour.com
Attached Images
| Eliza Doolittle |
In which city was the TV series Peaky Blinders set? | Free Eliza Doolittle biography and latest music, latest album, top tracks | SONG365
Country:United Kingdom
Genres:
Biogphiy: Eliza Sophie Caird (born 15 April 1988), better known by her stage name Eliza Doolittle, is an English singer songwriter from London. She signed to the Parlophone record label in October 2008. Her debut, self-titled album, Eliza Doolittle was released on 12 July 2010. On debut it was number 3 in the UK charts. Since the album’s release, Doolittle has had another two of her records hit the top 25 charts, including her single Skinny Genes. Doolittle’s second single, Pack Up, has debuted in the Top 20 for the Single Top 100 and Irish Singles Charts, and in the Top 5 in the UK Singles Chart. Before entering the charts, Doolittle toured the UK with her band to gain recognition. This later turned into the “Playground Unplugged” tour where she performed at secondary schools Hagley RC High School, The Magna Carta School, The Bewdley School and Sixth Form Centre, Highworth Grammar School and Presdales School. The first release from Doolittle is a self-titled EP that features four tracks Rollerblades, Moneybox, Police Car and Go Home. This was released on 29 November 2009. Tracks from the EP were remixed by Plastic Little (‘Rollerblades’), Sam Young and Jamie xx from The xx (‘Money Box’). The EP received radio plays from Rob Da Bank, Nick Grimshaw, Fearne Cotton and Jo Whiley. Her debut single Skinny Genes was released on 12 April 2010. The song had featured in a television advert for an online retailer. She told BBC’s Steve Lamacq the song is “a funny scenario if you didn’t like someone, if they were really annoying, but you had a good time under the sheets.” Doolittle’s second release is entitled Pack Up and released on 5 July 2010, debuting at #12 on the Official UK Singles Chart on 11 July 2010.
Eliza Doolittle Tracks
| i don't know |
"Which historical figure has been played on film and TV by ""Richard Harris"", ""Tim Roth"" and ""Dominic West""?" | Movies
Movies
This is a list (with links to Internet Movie Database entries) of movies (including those made for television but excluding documentaries) I have seen which are about monarchs and other royalty of the past thousand years. Generally I have excluded movies about living royalty except for The Queen which is too important to omit. I have also listed a few movies which are not primarily about royalty but whose royal supporting roles are particularly well done.
Isabel (2011-14)
Superb and addictive drama of the life of Spain's great Queen Isabella (1451-1504) (Michelle Jenner), the first season of which covers her life from adolescence until her accession as Queen of Castile in 1574, focusing on her struggles with her half-brother Enrique IV (1425-1474) (Pablo Derqui). The entire cast, with Rodolfo Sanchez as King Ferdinand (1452-1516), deliver outstanding performances that completely transport the viewer into the world of the 15th and early 16th centuries, and no monarchist will fail to be moved either by Isabel's steely determination and passion for justice or by the stalwart devotion of those who are loyal to her. Season 2 covers Isabel's reign from 1574 until the conquest of Granada and discovery of America in 1492, with Season 3 continuing through her death in 1504. Over the years I have seen so many movies and television series about royal historical figures, and I don't think I have ever been so moved as by this one. I am amazed that such a realistic and sympathetic treatment of a woman whose values and actions were often very far from contemporary political sensibilities was made at all. And how refreshing it was to never have to object to any of the sort of blatant and unnecessary departures from historical fact one often encounters in these kinds of productions. The series ( official site ) is available for free with English subtitles in North America on Drama Fever . Highly recommended, equal or superior to everything else on this list.
Hyde Park on Hudson (2012)
Bill Murray is great as President Roosevelt, whose 1939 visit from King George VI and Queen Elizabeth forms the centre of this drama based on an FDR mistress's secret diaries, but I was less convinced by the other characters especially Olivia Colman as the Queen who (with the writers) turns her into a shrewish, fussy snob--about as unlike the real, warm, fun-loving Queen Elizabeth as she could have been, even unfavourably comparing her husband in private to his recently abdicated brother, which anyone who knows anything about Queen Elizabeth's post-abdication views of "David" would know she never would have done. The actual Queen Elizabeth tended to view challenges and unfamiliar things (like hot dogs) as an Adventure; that's probably why she lived to be 101. The "Queen Elizabeth" depicted in this movie would have worried herself to death several decades before 2002. Samuel West, though like Colin Firth totally lacking anything resembling the real King's gaunt features, is somewhat more suitable as King George VI, but while the look and feel of the 1930s is captured convincingly this is not a film for those who like royalty depicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy.
A Royal Affair (2012)
This visually lush and compellingly acted Danish film concerns the ill-fated relationship of Denmark's British-born Queen Caroline Matilda (1751-1775) (Alicia Vikander), sister of King George III, with the progressive Dr Johann Struensee (1737-1772) (Mads Mikkelson), physician to her eccentric (though perhaps not literally insane) husband King Christian VII (1749-1808) (Mikkel Boe F�lsgaard). (For more see my blog .)
Farewell, My Queen (2012)
As a French-speaking but visibly foreign German surrounded by French actors and actresses who is the same age as the real Queen at the time of the Revolution, Diane Kruger was an inspired (and apparently sincere) choice for the role of Marie Antoinette, and royalists will find the loyalty of her fictional servant Sidonie (Léa Seydoux) touching. However the film makes too much of Marie Antoinette's friendship with Gabrielle de Polignac (Virginie Ledoyen) and too little of the Queen's by-then-deepened sense of religious, maternal, and political duty, with the King (Xavier Beauvois) reduced to a nonentity, as if nothing had changed since the early years of their marriage. It's hard to go wrong with the set when one has been allowed to film at Versailles, but the film overall is rather forgettable as royal period dramas go.
W.E. (2011)
I have to admit that I was not predisposed to like this movie [why did it ever occur to anybody that it would be a good idea for Madonna to make a movie about Wallis Simpson (1896-1986) (Andrea Riseborough) and Edward VIII (1894-1972) (James D'Arcy)?], but I don't think my prejudice was unjustified. This is an odd and tedious film, frequently and disconcertingly interrupting the historical narrative [which it tries to make bold and daring by having Anne Boleyn...er, Natalie Dormer portray Queen Elizabeth (1900-2002) as a humourless snob] with a parallel modern plot which is dull when not indulging in gratuitous shocking scenes of domestic violence that only contribute to making this movie unpleasant to watch in every way. It's true that I'm not a fan of the historical Wallis or Edward either, but somehow I doubt even viewers more inclined to give them the benefit of the doubt will find W.E. worthwhile.
Anonymous (2011)
The theory that the Earl of Oxford (1550-1604) was the real author of the plays and poems of William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is flimsy enough without adding royal incest to the mix, but Joelly Richardson and Vanessa Redgrave are a great Queen Elizabeth I in this "political thriller" which is satisfying enough as entertainment as long as it is not taken too seriously.
Henri 4 (2010)
Fortunately available with English subtitles in its entirety on YouTube , this is a fine film about one of France's greatest kings, Henri IV (1553-1610) (Julien Bosselier). Towards the end the king's genial interactions with his loyal and grateful subjects--who do indeed have chickens in their pots--are deeply moving, especially if one knows what's coming next. Only complaint: Henri's brother-in-law Charles IX (1550-1574) only lived to be 23, so it was bizarre to cast as him an actor (Ulrich Noethen) who was 51 in 2010. (Why do historical movies so often do things like that?) Nevertheless, highly recommended should you have two and half hours to spare.
The King's Speech (2010)
Colin Firth gives a magnificent and touching performance as King George VI (1895-1952) overcoming his stammer with the help of Australian speech therapist Lionel Logue (Geoffrey Rush) in what may very well become regarded as one of the best monarchical movies ever made. Helen Bonham Carter is also wonderful as Queen Elizabeth (1900-2002). (See my full review here .)
Robin Hood (2010)
Ridley Scott's latest medieval epic has little to do with the traditional Robin Hood legend and even less to do with actual history, but looks spectacular and includes a fine performance by Eileen Atkins as Queen Eleanor (1122-1204). (See my blog for more.)
Princess Kaiulani (2009)
Q'orianka Kilcher stars as the courageous heiress to the Hawaiian throne (1875-1899) whose eloquence impressed Americans but was unable to prevent the annexation of her homeland by the United States. The movie's sympathies are clearly with the Hawaiians and their monarchy, though Sanford Dole seems a bit whitewashed in order to make Lorrin Thurston the sole villain. Not a fast-paced film, but a beautiful and moving one.
The Other Boleyn Girl (2008)
Based on the historical novel by Philippa Gregory, this film (starring Natalie Portman as Anne, Scarlett Johansson as her less famous sister Mary, and Eric Bana as the King) trivializes the issues of Henry VIII's reign ("I have torn this country apart for you," Henry angrily tells Anne. Really? We see no indication of it...) and does not adequately convey the passage of time. Not much to recommend other than the sets and costumes. For a gleefully scathing review see Gareth Russell's blog .
Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007)
Reprising her role as the title character, Cate Blanchett delivers a stellar performance in this visual feast, but the movie is marred by ponderous dialogue, gratuitous historical inaccuracies, and a transparently Whiggish caricature of Philip II of Spain (1527-1598; acceded 1556) (Jordi Mollà) and Catholicism. Why the filmmakers felt entitled to entirely replace the actual text of Elizabeth I's famous Speech to the Troops at Tilbury, one of the great patriotic orations of history, with feeble inanities of their own creation is beyond me.
The Tudors (2007-10) (TV)
Not much of a television watcher in general, I purchased digital cable solely in order to be able to view this series, and it was worth it. An excellent cast (though I grew increasingly dissatisfied with the choice of Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Henry VIII) brings tremendous energy to a colorful and engrossing period production. Purists may be irked by the merging of Henry VIII's two sisters into one character and other incidents of dramatic license.
The Crown Prince (2006) (TV)
Max von Thun stars as Archduke Rudolf (1858-1889). I found it difficult to sympathize with his character, but I suspect that was more the fault of the actual Rudolf than the actor; in other words, an effective production that rings true, though I didn't think Sandra Ceccarelli quite captured the dreaminess of his mother Empress Elisabeth (1837-1898).
Goya's Ghosts (2006)
This engrossing period film on the rarely dramatized era of Spain during the Napoleonic wars is hard to pigeonhole ideologically, being hard on both the Church and the Revolution, and likely to make partisans of either alternately uncomfortable. Randy Quaid and Blanca Portillo are so convincing as King Carlos IV (1748-1819; reigned 1788-1808) and Queen Maria Luisa (1751-1819) that they might have stepped out of Goya's (Stellan Sjarsgård) portrait.
The Queen (2006)
With a riveting performance by Helen Mirren as Queen Elizabeth II, Stephen Frears's film transcends the republican sympathies of the director and writer to deliver an essentially sympathetic and inspiring inside look at the British royal family's difficult week following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales. (See my full review here .)
To Kill a King (2003)
While the movie's sympathies are clearly with the "moderate" parliamentarian Sir Thomas Fairfax (1612-1671) (Dougray Scott) [as opposed to the presumed "extremes" of Cromwell (1599-1658) (Tim Roth) and Charles I (1600-1649) (Rupert Everett)], a royalist viewer's convictions are unlikely to be shaken, given the depictions of Roundhead tyranny and the admirable portrayal of Fairfax's royalist wife Anne (Olivia Williams). Cromwell's anachronistic liberal speech to the crowd following the King's execution is only the most obvious deviation from history.
Henry VIII (2003) (TV)
Ray Winstone delivers a credible performance as England's most notorious king (1491-1547; acceded 1509) in this enjoyable miniseries.
L'Anglaise et le Duc (The Lady and the Duke) (2001)
This controversial film is the first French movie ever to depict the Revolution in an unambiguously negative light--a must-see for monarchists. A Scottish royalist living in revolutionary France is torn between her loyalty to King Louis XVI (never depicted) and her affection for his disloyal cousin the Duc d'Orleans (1747-1793).
Suriyothai (2001)
This heroic portrayal of a Siamese princess who sacrificed herself for her country sheds light on the history of a country which still reveres its monarchy today.
Le Roi Danse (2000)
Director Gerard Corbiau captures ancien regime France in all its glory; a must-see for enthusiasts of both the French monarchy and Baroque music. In Louis XIV (Benoît Magimel) the badly behaved genius composer Jean-Baptiste Lully (Boris Terral) found a patron who fully understood the power of the arts and lavishly exploited it to the hilt. (See my blog for more. Available at YouTube in fourteen parts; here is the first .)
Vatel (2000)
Julian Sands portrays Louis XIV (1638-1715; acceded 1643) in this elegant adaptation of the story of the Prince de Condé's perfectionist steward.
Ferdinando e Carolina (1999)
This glimpse into the early married life of King Ferdinando III/IV of Naples & Sicily (1751-1825; acceded 1759) and Queen Maria Carolina (1752-1814) feels appealingly authentic in its earthiness, though occasionally the dialogue (or at least its subtitled translation) suggests a forced attempt to educate the audience, and the movie ends rather abruptly. Be sure to catch the amusingly anachronistic mistranslation of the nationality of the ambassador who comes to call on the young King.
Amadeus (1984)
Mostly about the composers Mozart and Salieri, this also includes a good performance by Jeffrey Jones as Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741-1790; acceded 1765/80).
Macbeth (1979)
This production of Shakespeare's tragedy, which undoubtedly would be far more effective on stage than on the screen, is brilliantly acted by Ian McKellen and Judi Dench, though its visually minimalist approach may be tedious for those, like me, who prefer their sets and costumes elaborate and authentic to the era depicted.
Edward and Mrs Simpson (1978) (TV)
This can't be the most memorable miniseries ever, since I ordered it from Netflix thinking I had never seen it before and then realized while watching it that I almost certainly had, though to be fair, my reluctance to sit through the whole thing a second time may have something to do with the fact that Edward VIII (1894-1972; acceded and abdicated 1936) (Edward Fox) is one of my least favorite royal personalities. Nevertheless I'd recommend the thorough and thoughtful production to anyone interested in the period. There's an interesting discussion of it (opinions not necessarily endorsed) here .
Fall of Eagles (1974) (TV)
This docudrama of the decline and fall of the three great European empires from the mid-19th century through World War I features excellent performances that often succeed in giving one the eerie feeling that one is observing the real personalities depicted.
Ludwig (1972)
Helmut Berger may have been an excellent choice for Bavaria's "mad" king Ludwig II (1845-1886), but unfortunately his performance, Wagner's music, and the beautiful sets and costumes still do not add up to a truly satisfying movie, which at four hours moves at the pace of a glacier, and which tries too hard to be eccentric itself rather than simply depicting an eccentric character. I hope that someday King Ludwig, who ought to be a period picture director's dream, will inspire something better.
Mary Queen of Scots (1971)
Vanessa Redgrave as the title character and Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth I lead a great cast, though I wish movies about the two queens wouldn't always insist on having them meet (twice in this case) when in fact they never did. I suppose it makes for good drama though. Many of the cast are visibly too old for their roles at the beginning of the film (1558, when Elizabeth was 25 and Mary only 16), but for obvious reasons this ceases to be an issue as it goes on.
Elizabeth R (1971) (TV)
Glenda Jackson stars in perhaps the most dramatically sophisticated adaptation of the life of Queen Elizabeth I. The dialogue, acting, and attention to historical detail are admirable, but I would recommend taking the [quite substantial] series in small doses so as to avoid becoming even more weary of the queen's temper and mood changes than her poor advisors and favorites must have been.
Nicholas and Alexandra (1971)
While not by any means a great movie, the adaptation of my favorite book definitely deserved its Oscars for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design. The resemblance of members of the cast to the actual historical personages is convincing. Michael Jayston is Tsar Nicholas II (1868-1918; reigned 1894-1917) and Janet Suzman is Empress Alexandra (1872-1918).
Cromwell (1970)
Too favorable to the title character (Richard Harris) for my taste, but the great Alec Guinness nevertheless makes Britain's ill-fated King Charles I (1600-1649; acceded 1625) a sympathetic character.
Edward II (1970) (TV)
Ian McKellen delivers a heartrending performance as the pitiable king in this BBC television adaptation of Christopher Marlowe's play.
The Six Wives of Henry VIII (TV) (1970)
I've watched only the Catherine Howard episode, but Keith Michell is perfect as the ailing Henry VIII, perhaps the best such performance I've seen. I wish though that he had been paired with a younger actress; while Angela Pleasence's acting is admirable, at 28-29 she was obviously no teenager, and the youth of the doomed Catherine (1525?-1542) is crucial to the story.
Sissi (1955), Sissi: The Young Empress (1956), Sissi: The Fateful Years of an Empress (1957)
An enchanting Romy Schneider portrays the young Empress Elisabeth of Austria (1837-1898) in this beautifully filmed, sentimental but basically truthful trilogy set in the 1850s. Some aspects of the historical chronology are fudged a bit but the personalities are brought to life authentically. One admirable aspect of the movies is that while Sissi's difficult mother-in-law (and aunt) Sophie (Vilma Degischer) is definitely the antagonist, the film wisely does not make her one-dimensional or evil; she has feelings too and is not an entirely unsympathetic character.
Ivan the Terrible (1944/ 1958 )
In Sergei Eisenstein's two-part epic, Nikolai Chersakov portrays Tsar Ivan IV (1530-1584) as a Strong Leader who Stalin could admire, opposed to the aristocracy and the Church. The Coronation scene is magnificent and the otherwise unkown child actor Erik Pyryev gives an excellent brief performance as the young Ivan, shedding light on why he would grow up so suspicious of the boyars, an experience shared by his successor Peter the Great.
Henry V (1944)
Laurence Olivier masterfully directs and stars as England's legendary warrior king (1387-1422). I especially liked the device of framing the play as an actual production (complete with backstage chaos) in Shakespeare's time, shifting almost imperceptibly from the world of 1600 to 1415 and back again.
| Oliver Cromwell |
"Which chemical element has the symbol ""Na""?" | Movies
Movies
This is a list (with links to Internet Movie Database entries) of movies (including those made for television but excluding documentaries) I have seen which are about monarchs and other royalty of the past thousand years. Generally I have excluded movies about living royalty except for The Queen which is too important to omit. I have also listed a few movies which are not primarily about royalty but whose royal supporting roles are particularly well done.
Isabel (2011-14)
Superb and addictive drama of the life of Spain's great Queen Isabella (1451-1504) (Michelle Jenner), the first season of which covers her life from adolescence until her accession as Queen of Castile in 1574, focusing on her struggles with her half-brother Enrique IV (1425-1474) (Pablo Derqui). The entire cast, with Rodolfo Sanchez as King Ferdinand (1452-1516), deliver outstanding performances that completely transport the viewer into the world of the 15th and early 16th centuries, and no monarchist will fail to be moved either by Isabel's steely determination and passion for justice or by the stalwart devotion of those who are loyal to her. Season 2 covers Isabel's reign from 1574 until the conquest of Granada and discovery of America in 1492, with Season 3 continuing through her death in 1504. Over the years I have seen so many movies and television series about royal historical figures, and I don't think I have ever been so moved as by this one. I am amazed that such a realistic and sympathetic treatment of a woman whose values and actions were often very far from contemporary political sensibilities was made at all. And how refreshing it was to never have to object to any of the sort of blatant and unnecessary departures from historical fact one often encounters in these kinds of productions. The series ( official site ) is available for free with English subtitles in North America on Drama Fever . Highly recommended, equal or superior to everything else on this list.
Hyde Park on Hudson (2012)
Bill Murray is great as President Roosevelt, whose 1939 visit from King George VI and Queen Elizabeth forms the centre of this drama based on an FDR mistress's secret diaries, but I was less convinced by the other characters especially Olivia Colman as the Queen who (with the writers) turns her into a shrewish, fussy snob--about as unlike the real, warm, fun-loving Queen Elizabeth as she could have been, even unfavourably comparing her husband in private to his recently abdicated brother, which anyone who knows anything about Queen Elizabeth's post-abdication views of "David" would know she never would have done. The actual Queen Elizabeth tended to view challenges and unfamiliar things (like hot dogs) as an Adventure; that's probably why she lived to be 101. The "Queen Elizabeth" depicted in this movie would have worried herself to death several decades before 2002. Samuel West, though like Colin Firth totally lacking anything resembling the real King's gaunt features, is somewhat more suitable as King George VI, but while the look and feel of the 1930s is captured convincingly this is not a film for those who like royalty depicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy.
A Royal Affair (2012)
This visually lush and compellingly acted Danish film concerns the ill-fated relationship of Denmark's British-born Queen Caroline Matilda (1751-1775) (Alicia Vikander), sister of King George III, with the progressive Dr Johann Struensee (1737-1772) (Mads Mikkelson), physician to her eccentric (though perhaps not literally insane) husband King Christian VII (1749-1808) (Mikkel Boe F�lsgaard). (For more see my blog .)
Farewell, My Queen (2012)
As a French-speaking but visibly foreign German surrounded by French actors and actresses who is the same age as the real Queen at the time of the Revolution, Diane Kruger was an inspired (and apparently sincere) choice for the role of Marie Antoinette, and royalists will find the loyalty of her fictional servant Sidonie (Léa Seydoux) touching. However the film makes too much of Marie Antoinette's friendship with Gabrielle de Polignac (Virginie Ledoyen) and too little of the Queen's by-then-deepened sense of religious, maternal, and political duty, with the King (Xavier Beauvois) reduced to a nonentity, as if nothing had changed since the early years of their marriage. It's hard to go wrong with the set when one has been allowed to film at Versailles, but the film overall is rather forgettable as royal period dramas go.
W.E. (2011)
I have to admit that I was not predisposed to like this movie [why did it ever occur to anybody that it would be a good idea for Madonna to make a movie about Wallis Simpson (1896-1986) (Andrea Riseborough) and Edward VIII (1894-1972) (James D'Arcy)?], but I don't think my prejudice was unjustified. This is an odd and tedious film, frequently and disconcertingly interrupting the historical narrative [which it tries to make bold and daring by having Anne Boleyn...er, Natalie Dormer portray Queen Elizabeth (1900-2002) as a humourless snob] with a parallel modern plot which is dull when not indulging in gratuitous shocking scenes of domestic violence that only contribute to making this movie unpleasant to watch in every way. It's true that I'm not a fan of the historical Wallis or Edward either, but somehow I doubt even viewers more inclined to give them the benefit of the doubt will find W.E. worthwhile.
Anonymous (2011)
The theory that the Earl of Oxford (1550-1604) was the real author of the plays and poems of William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is flimsy enough without adding royal incest to the mix, but Joelly Richardson and Vanessa Redgrave are a great Queen Elizabeth I in this "political thriller" which is satisfying enough as entertainment as long as it is not taken too seriously.
Henri 4 (2010)
Fortunately available with English subtitles in its entirety on YouTube , this is a fine film about one of France's greatest kings, Henri IV (1553-1610) (Julien Bosselier). Towards the end the king's genial interactions with his loyal and grateful subjects--who do indeed have chickens in their pots--are deeply moving, especially if one knows what's coming next. Only complaint: Henri's brother-in-law Charles IX (1550-1574) only lived to be 23, so it was bizarre to cast as him an actor (Ulrich Noethen) who was 51 in 2010. (Why do historical movies so often do things like that?) Nevertheless, highly recommended should you have two and half hours to spare.
The King's Speech (2010)
Colin Firth gives a magnificent and touching performance as King George VI (1895-1952) overcoming his stammer with the help of Australian speech therapist Lionel Logue (Geoffrey Rush) in what may very well become regarded as one of the best monarchical movies ever made. Helen Bonham Carter is also wonderful as Queen Elizabeth (1900-2002). (See my full review here .)
Robin Hood (2010)
Ridley Scott's latest medieval epic has little to do with the traditional Robin Hood legend and even less to do with actual history, but looks spectacular and includes a fine performance by Eileen Atkins as Queen Eleanor (1122-1204). (See my blog for more.)
Princess Kaiulani (2009)
Q'orianka Kilcher stars as the courageous heiress to the Hawaiian throne (1875-1899) whose eloquence impressed Americans but was unable to prevent the annexation of her homeland by the United States. The movie's sympathies are clearly with the Hawaiians and their monarchy, though Sanford Dole seems a bit whitewashed in order to make Lorrin Thurston the sole villain. Not a fast-paced film, but a beautiful and moving one.
The Other Boleyn Girl (2008)
Based on the historical novel by Philippa Gregory, this film (starring Natalie Portman as Anne, Scarlett Johansson as her less famous sister Mary, and Eric Bana as the King) trivializes the issues of Henry VIII's reign ("I have torn this country apart for you," Henry angrily tells Anne. Really? We see no indication of it...) and does not adequately convey the passage of time. Not much to recommend other than the sets and costumes. For a gleefully scathing review see Gareth Russell's blog .
Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007)
Reprising her role as the title character, Cate Blanchett delivers a stellar performance in this visual feast, but the movie is marred by ponderous dialogue, gratuitous historical inaccuracies, and a transparently Whiggish caricature of Philip II of Spain (1527-1598; acceded 1556) (Jordi Mollà) and Catholicism. Why the filmmakers felt entitled to entirely replace the actual text of Elizabeth I's famous Speech to the Troops at Tilbury, one of the great patriotic orations of history, with feeble inanities of their own creation is beyond me.
The Tudors (2007-10) (TV)
Not much of a television watcher in general, I purchased digital cable solely in order to be able to view this series, and it was worth it. An excellent cast (though I grew increasingly dissatisfied with the choice of Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Henry VIII) brings tremendous energy to a colorful and engrossing period production. Purists may be irked by the merging of Henry VIII's two sisters into one character and other incidents of dramatic license.
The Crown Prince (2006) (TV)
Max von Thun stars as Archduke Rudolf (1858-1889). I found it difficult to sympathize with his character, but I suspect that was more the fault of the actual Rudolf than the actor; in other words, an effective production that rings true, though I didn't think Sandra Ceccarelli quite captured the dreaminess of his mother Empress Elisabeth (1837-1898).
Goya's Ghosts (2006)
This engrossing period film on the rarely dramatized era of Spain during the Napoleonic wars is hard to pigeonhole ideologically, being hard on both the Church and the Revolution, and likely to make partisans of either alternately uncomfortable. Randy Quaid and Blanca Portillo are so convincing as King Carlos IV (1748-1819; reigned 1788-1808) and Queen Maria Luisa (1751-1819) that they might have stepped out of Goya's (Stellan Sjarsgård) portrait.
The Queen (2006)
With a riveting performance by Helen Mirren as Queen Elizabeth II, Stephen Frears's film transcends the republican sympathies of the director and writer to deliver an essentially sympathetic and inspiring inside look at the British royal family's difficult week following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales. (See my full review here .)
To Kill a King (2003)
While the movie's sympathies are clearly with the "moderate" parliamentarian Sir Thomas Fairfax (1612-1671) (Dougray Scott) [as opposed to the presumed "extremes" of Cromwell (1599-1658) (Tim Roth) and Charles I (1600-1649) (Rupert Everett)], a royalist viewer's convictions are unlikely to be shaken, given the depictions of Roundhead tyranny and the admirable portrayal of Fairfax's royalist wife Anne (Olivia Williams). Cromwell's anachronistic liberal speech to the crowd following the King's execution is only the most obvious deviation from history.
Henry VIII (2003) (TV)
Ray Winstone delivers a credible performance as England's most notorious king (1491-1547; acceded 1509) in this enjoyable miniseries.
L'Anglaise et le Duc (The Lady and the Duke) (2001)
This controversial film is the first French movie ever to depict the Revolution in an unambiguously negative light--a must-see for monarchists. A Scottish royalist living in revolutionary France is torn between her loyalty to King Louis XVI (never depicted) and her affection for his disloyal cousin the Duc d'Orleans (1747-1793).
Suriyothai (2001)
This heroic portrayal of a Siamese princess who sacrificed herself for her country sheds light on the history of a country which still reveres its monarchy today.
Le Roi Danse (2000)
Director Gerard Corbiau captures ancien regime France in all its glory; a must-see for enthusiasts of both the French monarchy and Baroque music. In Louis XIV (Benoît Magimel) the badly behaved genius composer Jean-Baptiste Lully (Boris Terral) found a patron who fully understood the power of the arts and lavishly exploited it to the hilt. (See my blog for more. Available at YouTube in fourteen parts; here is the first .)
Vatel (2000)
Julian Sands portrays Louis XIV (1638-1715; acceded 1643) in this elegant adaptation of the story of the Prince de Condé's perfectionist steward.
Ferdinando e Carolina (1999)
This glimpse into the early married life of King Ferdinando III/IV of Naples & Sicily (1751-1825; acceded 1759) and Queen Maria Carolina (1752-1814) feels appealingly authentic in its earthiness, though occasionally the dialogue (or at least its subtitled translation) suggests a forced attempt to educate the audience, and the movie ends rather abruptly. Be sure to catch the amusingly anachronistic mistranslation of the nationality of the ambassador who comes to call on the young King.
Amadeus (1984)
Mostly about the composers Mozart and Salieri, this also includes a good performance by Jeffrey Jones as Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741-1790; acceded 1765/80).
Macbeth (1979)
This production of Shakespeare's tragedy, which undoubtedly would be far more effective on stage than on the screen, is brilliantly acted by Ian McKellen and Judi Dench, though its visually minimalist approach may be tedious for those, like me, who prefer their sets and costumes elaborate and authentic to the era depicted.
Edward and Mrs Simpson (1978) (TV)
This can't be the most memorable miniseries ever, since I ordered it from Netflix thinking I had never seen it before and then realized while watching it that I almost certainly had, though to be fair, my reluctance to sit through the whole thing a second time may have something to do with the fact that Edward VIII (1894-1972; acceded and abdicated 1936) (Edward Fox) is one of my least favorite royal personalities. Nevertheless I'd recommend the thorough and thoughtful production to anyone interested in the period. There's an interesting discussion of it (opinions not necessarily endorsed) here .
Fall of Eagles (1974) (TV)
This docudrama of the decline and fall of the three great European empires from the mid-19th century through World War I features excellent performances that often succeed in giving one the eerie feeling that one is observing the real personalities depicted.
Ludwig (1972)
Helmut Berger may have been an excellent choice for Bavaria's "mad" king Ludwig II (1845-1886), but unfortunately his performance, Wagner's music, and the beautiful sets and costumes still do not add up to a truly satisfying movie, which at four hours moves at the pace of a glacier, and which tries too hard to be eccentric itself rather than simply depicting an eccentric character. I hope that someday King Ludwig, who ought to be a period picture director's dream, will inspire something better.
Mary Queen of Scots (1971)
Vanessa Redgrave as the title character and Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth I lead a great cast, though I wish movies about the two queens wouldn't always insist on having them meet (twice in this case) when in fact they never did. I suppose it makes for good drama though. Many of the cast are visibly too old for their roles at the beginning of the film (1558, when Elizabeth was 25 and Mary only 16), but for obvious reasons this ceases to be an issue as it goes on.
Elizabeth R (1971) (TV)
Glenda Jackson stars in perhaps the most dramatically sophisticated adaptation of the life of Queen Elizabeth I. The dialogue, acting, and attention to historical detail are admirable, but I would recommend taking the [quite substantial] series in small doses so as to avoid becoming even more weary of the queen's temper and mood changes than her poor advisors and favorites must have been.
Nicholas and Alexandra (1971)
While not by any means a great movie, the adaptation of my favorite book definitely deserved its Oscars for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design. The resemblance of members of the cast to the actual historical personages is convincing. Michael Jayston is Tsar Nicholas II (1868-1918; reigned 1894-1917) and Janet Suzman is Empress Alexandra (1872-1918).
Cromwell (1970)
Too favorable to the title character (Richard Harris) for my taste, but the great Alec Guinness nevertheless makes Britain's ill-fated King Charles I (1600-1649; acceded 1625) a sympathetic character.
Edward II (1970) (TV)
Ian McKellen delivers a heartrending performance as the pitiable king in this BBC television adaptation of Christopher Marlowe's play.
The Six Wives of Henry VIII (TV) (1970)
I've watched only the Catherine Howard episode, but Keith Michell is perfect as the ailing Henry VIII, perhaps the best such performance I've seen. I wish though that he had been paired with a younger actress; while Angela Pleasence's acting is admirable, at 28-29 she was obviously no teenager, and the youth of the doomed Catherine (1525?-1542) is crucial to the story.
Sissi (1955), Sissi: The Young Empress (1956), Sissi: The Fateful Years of an Empress (1957)
An enchanting Romy Schneider portrays the young Empress Elisabeth of Austria (1837-1898) in this beautifully filmed, sentimental but basically truthful trilogy set in the 1850s. Some aspects of the historical chronology are fudged a bit but the personalities are brought to life authentically. One admirable aspect of the movies is that while Sissi's difficult mother-in-law (and aunt) Sophie (Vilma Degischer) is definitely the antagonist, the film wisely does not make her one-dimensional or evil; she has feelings too and is not an entirely unsympathetic character.
Ivan the Terrible (1944/ 1958 )
In Sergei Eisenstein's two-part epic, Nikolai Chersakov portrays Tsar Ivan IV (1530-1584) as a Strong Leader who Stalin could admire, opposed to the aristocracy and the Church. The Coronation scene is magnificent and the otherwise unkown child actor Erik Pyryev gives an excellent brief performance as the young Ivan, shedding light on why he would grow up so suspicious of the boyars, an experience shared by his successor Peter the Great.
Henry V (1944)
Laurence Olivier masterfully directs and stars as England's legendary warrior king (1387-1422). I especially liked the device of framing the play as an actual production (complete with backstage chaos) in Shakespeare's time, shifting almost imperceptibly from the world of 1600 to 1415 and back again.
| i don't know |
Sir Arthur Pearson founded which newspaper in 1900; the current editor is Hugh Whittow? | the-daily-express - The Press in Great Britain
The Press in Great Britain
the-daily-express
Daily Express
The Daily Express is a daily national middle market tabloid newspaper in the United Kingdom. It is the flagship title of Express Newspapers, a subsidiary of Northern & Shell (itself wholly owned by Richard Desmond). In July 2011 it had an average daily circulation of 625,952.
History
The Daily Express was founded in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson. Pearson sold the title after losing his sight and it was bought in 1916 by the future Lord Beaverbrook. It was one of the first papers to carry gossip, sports, and women's features, and the first newspaper in Britain to have a crossword. The Russian communist revolutionary Leon Trotsky wrote despatches for the paper following his expulsion from the Soviet Union in 1929. It moved in 1931 to 120 Fleet Street, a specially commissioned art deco building. Under Beaverbrook the newspaper achieved a phenomenally high circulation, setting records for newspaper sales several times throughout the 1930s. Its success was partly due to an aggressive marketing campaign and a vigorous circulation war with other populist newspapers. Beaverbrook also discovered and encouraged a gifted editor named Arthur Christiansen, who showed an uncommon gift for staying in touch with the interests of the reading public. The paper also featured Alfred Bestall's Rupert Bear cartoon and satirical cartoons by Carl Giles. An infamous front page headline of these years was "Judea Declares War on Germany", published on 24 March 1933.
The Express had started printing in Manchester in 1927 and in 1938 moved to the 'Black Lubyianka' building on the same site in Great Ancoats Street. It opened a similar building in Glasgow in 1936 in Albion Street. Glasgow printing ended in 1974 and Manchester in 1989 on the company's own presses. Scottish and Northern editions are now printed by facsimile in Glasgow and Preston respectively by contract printers, London editions at Westferry Printers.
In March 1962, Beaverbrook was attacked in the House of Commons for running "a sustained vendetta" against the British Royal Family in the Express titles. In the same month The Duke of Edinburgh described the Express as "a bloody awful newspaper. It is full of lies, scandal and imagination. It is a vicious paper." At the height of Beaverbrook's time in control, he told a Royal Commission on the press that he ran his papers "purely for the purpose of making propaganda". The arrival of television and the public's changing interests took their toll on circulation, and following Beaverbrook's death in 1964, the paper's circulation declined for several years. During this period the Express, practically alone among mainstream newspapers, was vehemently opposed to entry into what became the European Economic Community.
The Daily Express switched from broadsheet to tabloid in 1977 and was bought by the construction company Trafalgar House in the same year. Its publishing company, Beaverbrook Newspapers, was renamed Express Newspapers. In 1982 Trafalgar House spun off its publishing interests into a new company, Fleet Holdings, under the leadership of Lord Matthews, but this succumbed to a hostile takeover by United Newspapers in 1985. Under United's ownership, the Express titles moved from Fleet Street to Blackfriars Road in 1989. As part of a marketing campaign designed to increase circulation, the paper was renamed The Express in 1996 (with the Sunday Express becoming The Express on Sunday).
Express Newspapers was sold to publisher Richard Desmond in 2000, by which time the names had reverted to Daily Express and Sunday Express. In 2004 the newspaper moved to its present location on Lower Thames Street in the City of London.
On 31 October 2005 UK Media Group Entertainment Rights secured majority interest from the Daily Express on Rupert Bear. They paid £6 million for a 66.6% control of the character. The Express Newspaper retains minority interest of one-third plus the right to publish Rupert Bear stories in certain Express publications.
Editors
| Daily Express |
"Which medical condition gets its name from the Greek for ""Half a Head""?" | Daily Express | Open Access articles | Open Access journals | Conference Proceedings | Editors | Authors | Reviewers | scientific events
Lord Beaverbrook , former owner.
The Daily Express switched from broadsheet to tabloid in 1977 and was bought by the construction company Trafalgar House in the same year.[ citation needed ] Its publishing company, Beaverbrook Newspapers, was renamed Express Newspapers.[ citation needed ] In 1982 Trafalgar House spun off its publishing interests into a new company, Fleet Holdings, under the leadership of Lord Matthews , but this succumbed to a hostile takeover by United Newspapers in 1985.[ citation needed ] Under United's ownership, the Express titles moved from Fleet Street to Blackfriars Road in 1989.[ citation needed ] As part of a marketing campaign designed to increase circulation, the paper was renamed The Express in 1996 (with the Sunday Express becoming The Express on Sunday).[ citation needed ] United was chaired by Lord David Stevens of Ludgate from 1985 to 2000, during which time the Express moved from loss to profit, despite rapidly falling sales.[ citation needed ]
Express Newspapers was sold to publisher Richard Desmond in 2000, by which time the names had reverted to Daily Express and Sunday Express.[ citation needed ] In 2004 the newspaper moved to its present location on Lower Thames Street in the City of London . [5]
On 31 October 2005 UK Media Group Entertainment Rights secured majority interest from the Daily Express on Rupert Bear . They paid £6 million for a 66.6% control of the character.[ citation needed ] The Express Newspaper retains minority interest of one-third plus the right to publish Rupert Bear stories in certain Express publications.[ citation needed ]
Richard Desmond era
File:Chancellor George Osborne and Richard Desmond.jpg
In 2000, Express Newspapers was bought by Richard Desmond (left)
In 2000, Express Newspapers was bought by Richard Desmond, publisher of a range of titles including the celebrity magazine OK! . Controversy surrounded the acquisition because, at the time, Desmond also owned a number of pornographic magazines such as Big Ones and Asian Babes . He is still the owner of the most popular pornographic television channel in the UK, Television X . Desmond's purchase of the paper led to the departure of many staff including the then editor, Rosie Boycott , and columnist Peter Hitchens moved to The Mail on Sunday , stating that he could not morally work for a newspaper owned by a pornographer. Boycott, despite her different politics, had an unlikely respect for Hitchens. [11] Stars of old Fleet Street, like the showbiz interviewer and feature writer Paul Callan , were brought in to restore some of the journalistic weight enjoyed by the paper in its peak years.[ citation needed ]
Express Newspapers left the National Publishers Association in 2007 over unpaid fees.[ citation needed ] Since payments made to the NPA fund the Press Complaints Commission , it is possible that the Express and its sister papers could cease being regulated by the PCC. The chairman of the Press Standards Board of Finance , which manages PCC funds, described Express Newspapers as a "rogue publisher". [12]
The Express group lost an unusually large number of high-profile libel cases in 2008–2009; it was forced to pay damages to people involved in the Madeleine McCann case (see below), a member of the Muslim Council of Great Britain , the footballer Marco Materazzi and the sports agent Willie McKay . The string of losses led the media commentator Roy Greenslade to conclude that Express Newspapers (which also publishes the Star titles) paid out more in libel damages over that period than any other newspaper group; although most of the individual amounts paid were not disclosed, the total damages were disclosed at £1,570,000. [13] Greenslade characterised Desmond as a "rogue proprietor". [13]
In late 2008, Express Newspapers began a redundancy plan to cutting 80 jobs, with the aim of reducing costs by £2.5 million; too few staff were willing to take voluntary redundancy. [14] [15] In early 2008, a previous cost-cutting exercise by the group triggered the first 24-hour national press strike in the UK for 18 years. [16] In late August 2009, plans for a further 70 redundancies were announced, affecting journalists across Express Newspapers (including the Daily and Sunday Express, the Daily Star, and the Daily Star Sunday). [17]
Also in August 2009, the Advertising Standards Authority criticised the company for running advertorials as features alongside adverts for the same products. The ASA noted that the pieces were 'always and uniquely favourable to the product featured in the accompanying ads and contained claims that have been or would be likely to be prohibited in advertisements' [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]
In January 2010, the Daily Express was censured by the Advertising Standards Authority over a front-page promotion for "free" fireworks. This led to comment that the Express has become "the Ryanair of Fleet Street", in that it is a "frequent offender" which pays little heed to the ASA's criticisms. [23]
In May 2010 Desmond announced a commitment of £100 million over the next five years to buy much-needed new equipment for the printing plants beginning with the immediate purchase of four new presses amid industry rumours that he was going to establish a new printing plant at Luton, north of London.
On 31 December 2010, the Daily Express, along with all the media titles in Desmond's Northern & Shell group were officially excluded from the Press Complaints Commission after withholding payment. [24] The chairman of PressBof, the PCC's parent organisation called this "a deeply regrettable decision".[ citation needed ]
Circulation figures according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations in March 2014 showed gross sales of its long-standing rival the Daily Mail are at 1,708,006 [25] compared with 488,246 for the Daily Express. [1]
Sunday Express
Front page of Sunday Express, 7 May 2011
For the former Montreal weekly newspaper, see Sunday Express (Montreal) .
The Sunday Express was launched in 1918. It is currently edited by Martin Townsend . Its circulation in March 2014 was 423,753. [26]
Controversies
John Bodkin Adams
Suspected serial killer Dr John Bodkin Adams was arrested in 1956 suspected of murdering up to 400 of his wealthy patients in Eastbourne , England. [27] The press, egged on by police leaks, unanimously declared Adams guilty, except for Percy Hoskins , chief crime reporter for the Express. [28] Hoskins was adamant that Adams was merely a naive doctor prosecuted by an overzealous detective, Herbert Hannam , who Hoskins disliked from previous cases. [28] The Express, under Hoskins's direction, was therefore the only major paper to defend Adams, causing Lord Beaverbrook to question Hoskins's stance on the matter frequently. [28] Adams was tried for the murder of Edith Alice Morrell in 1957 and found not guilty (a second count was withdrawn controversially). After the case, a jubilant Beaverbrook phoned Hoskins and said: "Two people were acquitted today", meaning Hoskins as well. [28] The Express then carried an exclusive interview with Adams, who was interviewed by Hoskins for two weeks after the trial in a safe house away from other newspapers. According to archives released in 2003, Adams was thought by police to have killed 163 patients. [27]
Dunblane
Main article: Sunday Express Dunblane controversy
On 8 March 2009, the Scottish edition of the Sunday Express published a front page article critical of survivors of the 1996 Dunblane massacre , entitled "Anniversary Shame of Dunblane Survivors". The article criticized the 18-year-old survivors for posting "shocking blogs and photographs of themselves on the internet", revealing that they drank alcohol, made rude gestures and talked about their sex lives.[ citation needed ] The article provoked several complaints, leading to the printing of a front-page apology a fortnight later, [29] and a subsequent adjudication by the Press Complaints Commission described the article as a "serious error of judgement" and stated, "Although the editor had taken steps to resolve the complaint, and rightly published an apology, the breach of the Code was so serious that no apology could remedy it". [30]
Diana, Princess of Wales
The Daily Express has a reputation for consistently printing conspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales as front page news, earning it the nickname the Daily Ex-Princess;[ citation needed ] this has been satirised in Private Eye , the newspaper being labelled the Diana Express or the Di'ly Express, and has been attributed to Desmond's close friendship with regular Eye target Mohamed Fayed . [note 1] For a long period in 2006 and 2007, these front-page stories would consistently appear on Mondays; this trend ceased only when the paper focused instead on the Madeleine McCann story (see below). Even on 7 July 2006, the anniversary of the London bombings (used by most other newspapers to publish commemorations) the front page was given over to Diana. This tendency was also mocked on Have I Got News for You when on 6 November 2006, the day other papers reported the death sentence given to Saddam Hussein on their front pages, the Express led with “SPIES COVER UP DIANA 'MURDER'”.
According to The Independent "The Diana stories appear on Mondays because Sunday is often a quiet day." [31] In February and March 2010 the paper returned to featuring Diana stories on the front page on Mondays.
In September 2013, following an allegation raised by the estranged wife of an SAS operative, the Daily Express once again returned to running daily Princess Diana cover stories. [32] [33] [34] [35] [36]
Madeleine McCann
In the second half of 2007 the Daily Express gave a large amount of coverage to the disappearance of Madeleine McCann . From 3 August 2007, the Express dedicated at least part of the next 100 front pages to Madeleine in a run that lasted until 10 November 2007. 82 of these 100 front page articles used the headline to feature the details of the disappearance of Madeleine McCann (often stylised by "MADELEINE" in red block capitals, plus a picture of the child).
Though the family initially said that some journalists may have "overstepped their mark" they acknowledged the benefits in keeping the case in the public eye, [37] but argued that the coverage needed to be toned down since daily headlines are not necessarily helpful. [38] However, in March 2008, the McCanns launched a libel suit against the Daily Express and its sister newspaper, the Daily Star , as well as their Sunday equivalents, following the newspapers' coverage of the case. The action concerned more than 100 stories across the four newspapers, which accused the McCanns of causing their daughter's death and covering it up. [39] One immediate consequence of the action was that Express Newspapers pulled all references to Madeleine from its websites. [40]
In a settlement reached at the High Court of Justice , the newspapers agreed to run a front-page apology to the McCanns on 19 March 2008, publish another apology on the front pages of the Sunday editions of 23 March and make a statement of apology at the High Court. The newspapers also agreed to pay costs and substantial damages, which the McCanns said they would use to fund the search for their daughter. [39] Guardian media commentator Roy Greenslade said it was "unprecedented" for four major newspapers to offer front-page apologies, but also said that it was more than warranted given that the papers had committed "a substantial libel" that shamed the entire British press. [41] Craig Silverman of Regret the Error argued that given how many of the stories appeared on the front page, anything less than a front page apology would have been "unacceptable." [42]
In its apology, the Express stated that "a number of articles in the newspaper have suggested that the couple caused the death of their missing daughter Madeleine and then covered it up. We acknowledge that there is no evidence whatsoever to support this theory and that Kate and Gerry are completely innocent of any involvement in their daughter's disappearance." [43] This was followed in October by an apology and payout (forwarded to the fund again) to a group who had become known as the " Tapas Seven " in relation to the case. [44]
Romanian and Bulgarian immigrants
In 2013, the paper launched a 'Crusade' against new European Union rules of migrants from Bulgaria and Romania .[ citation needed ] The frontpage on Thursday 31 October declared 'Britain is full and fed up. Today join your Daily Express Crusade to stop new flood of Romanian and Bulgarian migrants'.[ citation needed ] The Aberystwyth University Student Union announced a ban on the sale of the paper. [45] UKIP leader Nigel Farage declared that he had signed the petition, and urged other to do the same. [46] Romanian politician Cătălin Ivan expressed 'outrage' at the campaign. [47] Thus far,[ when? ] 150,000 have signed the petition.
Editors
Charles Gordon McClure (1885–1933), also known as Dyke White, cartoonist
Political allegiance
With the exception of the 2001 general election , when it backed the Labour Party , [48] the newspaper has declared its support for the Conservative Party at every general election since World War II until 2015 where they began supporting UKIP. [4] [49]
'Crusade for Freedom'
This section does not cite any references or sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .
(June 2015)
This was the newspaper's own campaign to give the people of the United Kingdom the opportunity to add their names to a petition addressed to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in favour of Britain's withdrawal from the European Union . Each edition of the 8 January 2011 issue had four cut-out vouchers where readers could sign the pledge and send them to the paper's HQ where the petition was be compiled, there were also further editions with the same voucher included. The campaign attracted the support of many celebrities including sportsman/TV personality Sir Ian Botham and Chairman of J D Wetherspoon Tim Martin who both gave interviews for 8 January's special edition of the paper. The first week of the campaign saw a response of around 370,000 signatures being received (just over 50% of daily readership or around 0.6% of the UK population).
See also
| i don't know |
In Greek mythology, who built the Labyrinth? | Labyrinth - Ancient History Encyclopedia
Labyrinth
by Joshua J. Mark
published on 02 September 2009
The word ' labyrinth ’ comes from the Greek 'labyrinthos’ and describes any maze-like structure. Etymologically the word is linked to the Minoan 'labrys' for 'double axe', the symbol of the Minoan mother goddess of Crete .
The most famous labyrinth is found in Greek mythology : Designed by Daedalus for King Minos of Knossos to contain the ferocious Minotaur (a half-man and half-bull monster). Daedelaus' labyrinth was so complex that he, himself, could barely navigate it and, having successfully done so, Minos imprisoned him and his son, Icarus, in a high tower to prevent him from ever revealing the secret of the maze. In one of the most famous Greek myths, Daedelus and Icarus escape using the feathers of birds bound together by wax to form wings and fly from the tower. Icarus flew too close to the sun, melting the wax of his wings and falling into the sea, was drowned. Another Greek myth relates that the Minotaur was killed by Prince Theseus of Athens with the help of Minos' daughter Ariadne and the labyrinth is supposed to have fallen out of use afterwards. The archaeologist Arthur Evans uncovered the labyrinth at Knossos,Crete in his excavations early in the 20th century and the myth of the Minotaur in the labyrinth was explained by the Minoan sport of bull jumping (shown in frescoes on the walls) in which, by grabbing the bull's horns and leaping back over the animal, man and bull appeared to be one creature.
Remove Ads
Advertisement
The other famed labyrinth of antiquity was the Egyptian temple precinct of a pyramid complex of many courts, built at Hawara by Amenemhet III of the 12th Dynasty (c.1860-1815 BCE). There were twelve separate courts of considerable size all facing one another throughout this labyrinth and all connected by corridors and colonnades and shafts. Criss-crossing alleys and false doors sealed by stone plugs all protected the central burial chamber of the pyramid of the king. This chamber is said to have been cut from a single block of granite and to have weighed 110 tons.
The labyrinth at Hawara was described by the historian Herodotus , who claimed it rivaled any of the ancient wonders of the world of the time:
The upper chambers I saw with my own eyes, and found them to excel all other human productions; for the passages through the houses, and the varied windings of the paths across the courts excited in me infinite admiration as I passed from the courts into chambers, and from the chambers into colonnades, and from the colonnades into fresh houses, and again from these into courts unseen before.” The historian Strabo described it as “a great palace composed of many palaces.
The great labyrinth of Egypt fell into decay at some unknown point and was dismantled and the parts used in other building projects. So great was the site as a source of building materials that a small town grew up around the ruins. Nothing remains of this great architectural wonder today save the ravaged pyramid of Amenemhet III at Hawara by the oasis of Faiyum.
About the Author
| Daedalus |
Which organisation was established in London by Eglatine Jebb and her sister Dorothy Buxton in 1919, originally to alleviate starvation in Germany after the war? | The Ancient Stone Labyrinths of Bolshoi Zayatsky | Ancient Origins
20 April, 2014 - 13:46 aprilholloway
The Ancient Stone Labyrinths of Bolshoi Zayatsky
(Read the article on one page)
On a small collection of remote islands in the White Sea of Russia lies the highest concentration of ancient labyrinths on the planet. Despite numerous theories, archaeologists and historians have not come to any agreement about why they were built and what their purpose was. The labyrinth remains one of the most mysterious symbols found on Earth – thousands of years ago, it appeared at the same point in history on all inhabited continents in the world – why?
Today, we use the term ‘labyrinth’ to refer to any maze-like structure. However, there is a key distinction between a labyrinth and a maze. A maze refers to a complex branching (multicursal) puzzle with choices of path and direction; while a labyrinth is a single-path (unicursal) pattern that has only a single, non-branching path, which leads to the centre.
The long history of the labyrinth
The word ‘labyrinth’ comes from the ancient Greek words ‘labrys’, a word for the iconic ‘double axe’ which was used by the Minoans on the island of Crete, and ‘inthos’ meaning ‘place’. Thus, labryinthos has been interpreted to mean ‘house of the double-headed axe’. The complex palace of Knossos in Crete is usually implicated. According to Greek mythology, King Minos of Crete had the craftsman Daedalus construct the labyrinth in order to conceal the Minotaur, the half-bull, half-human offspring of Minos' wife Pasiphae and a bull. For some unknown reason, Daedalus and his son Icarus were confined in the labyrinth. Constructing wings of feathers and wax, the two were able to escape by flying above the walls of the labyrinth. Young Icarus, however, impetuously flew too near the sun. His waxy wings melted and he drowned in the Icarian Sea. While the legend of the Minotaur was long thought of as a myth, the remains of the labyrinth of Knossos were uncovered in the early 20 th century by archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans.
An ancient mosaic depicting the labyrinth of Knossos and the Minotaur
Although there are numerous labyrinth designs found throughout history, such as the seven circuit, eleven circuit, and twelve circuit labyrinths, in Greece and throughout the Mediterranean, a common symbol of a 7-circuit labyrinth was associated with the legends. Known today as the Cretan labyrinth, it consists of a single path winding back and forth to a centre point in a series of seven concentric rings. Intriguingly, the shape of the 7-circuit labyrinth also mirrors the motion of the planet mercury in the sky over a long period of time. Did some ancient astronomer record this motion, and create the labyrinth symbol based upon it? We will probably never know. The earliest known use of the 7-circuit labyrinth symbol occurs on a clay tablet from the Mycenaean palace at Pylos in Greece. A fire destroyed this palace around 1200 BC, baking the clay tablet and preserving it for archaeologists.
A depiction of a seven circuit labyrinth
While the word ‘labyrinth’ is closely tied in with Greek history and mythology, labyrinths have been around a lot longer than the legend of Knossos and the Minotaur. Dating back nearly 4000 years is the famed labyrinth of antiquity, the Egyptian temple precinct of a pyramid complex of many courts, built at Hawara by Amenemhet III of the 12th Dynasty (1844-1797 BC). There were twelve separate courts of considerable size all facing one another throughout this labyrinth and all connected by corridors and colonnades and shafts. Criss-crossing alleys and false doors sealed by stone plugs all protected the central burial chamber of the pyramid of the king.
But the labyrinths of Greece and Egypt are just the tip of the iceberg. Labyrinths have been found in just about every major religious tradition in the world, have formed an integral part of many cultures, and have been found on every inhabited continent. At about the same time as the appearance of the Greek labyrinth, an essentially identical pattern appeared in Native American culture, the Tohono O'odham labyrinth, which features I'itoi, the "Man in the Maze". A prehistoric petroglyph on a riverbank in Goa shows the same pattern and other examples have been found among cave art in northern India and on a dolmen shrine in the Nilgiri Mountains. In terms of ancient archaeological monuments, more than 300 examples of labyrinths can be found in various locations around the world. Many questions remain around how the same pattern managed to appear at the same time in apparently disparate cultures.
While recorded history links the creation of labyrinths to a period beginning around 4,000 years ago, the earliest labyrinths are much older than that and first appeared in Neolithic rock carvings and stone formations concentrated around Europe, Scandinavia, and Russia.
| i don't know |
"Who played Alex Jeffreys, the discoverer of genetic fingerprinting, in the recent ITV drama ""The Code of a Killer"", the story of the first murderer convicted by DNA?" | Code of a Killer (TV Mini-Series 2015) - IMDb
Code of a Killer
The story of Alec Jeffreys' discovery of DNA fingerprinting and its first use by DCS David Baker in catching a double murderer.
Stars:
a list of 37 titles
created 16 Jul 2011
a list of 37 titles
created 22 Feb 2012
a list of 42 titles
created 31 Mar 2014
a list of 28 titles
created 09 Sep 2015
a list of 36 titles
created 29 Dec 2015
Title: Code of a Killer (2015– )
7.7/10
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Add Image Add an image
Do you have any images for this title?
On the run accused of a terrible crime, Manchester Detective Marcus Farrow tries to prove his innocence while being hunted by his former friends and colleagues.
Stars: Rosie Cavaliero, Daniel Jillings, Darren Whitfield
A father and son story, with a thriller motor. It explores a mystery from the past with a brutal and shocking revelation.
Stars: John Simm, Jim Broadbent, Olivia Colman
Police start to investigate when the bones of a young man are found under the footings of a demolished house 39 years after his murder.
Stars: Nicola Walker, Sanjeev Bhaskar, Jordan Long
Safe House (TV Series 2015)
Crime | Drama | Thriller
A married ex police couple are asked by a police officer and their close friend to turn their remote Guest House into a Safe House.
Stars: Christopher Eccleston, Marsha Thomason, Paterson Joseph
A young couple move into an apartment only to find the body of a young woman that had been missing for 2 years but never registered as missing which leads to a deeper investigation into what actually happened.
Stars: David Threlfall, Denise Gough, Lisa Millett
Black Work (TV Mini-Series 2015)
Crime | Drama | Thriller
A policewoman sets out to discover who murdered her husband, an undercover officer.
Stars: Sheridan Smith, Matthew McNulty, Oliver Woollford
Place of Execution (TV Mini-Series 2008)
Crime | Drama | Mystery
A young girl mysteriously vanishes from her English village home. 45 years later, a journalist's attempts to make a documentary on the case threaten to shatter the lives of all involved.
Stars: Lee Ingleby, Emma Cunniffe, Philip Jackson
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.4/10 X
25 years ago, Jane saw a man killing her mother. Today, she's a well adjusted wife and mother herself. While having a physical, she notices a doctor who looks like the killer and reports him. No one believes her - except one cop.
Stars: Claire Goose, Alisha Kelly, Felix Scott
Glasgow 1982, a young girl investigates mysterious murders in a world of men.
Stars: Matt Costello, Jayd Johnson, Bronagh Gallagher
Chasing Shadows I (TV Mini-Series 2014)
Crime | Drama | Mystery
A missing persons unit investigate serial killers who target the impressionable and vulnerable.
Stars: Reece Shearsmith, Alex Kingston, Don Warrington
The Secret (TV Mini-Series 2016)
Drama | Thriller
The Secret is the story of a real-life double murder. James Nesbitt plays Colin Howell, a respectable dentist and pillar of the community, who became a killer in partnership with a Sunday ... See full summary »
Stars: James Nesbitt, Genevieve O'Reilly, Patrick O'Kane
A supernatural drama telling the story of three different families living in the same house in 1968, 1987 and the present day, linked by the spirit of the young daughter of the 1960s family, who drowned in mysterious circumstances.
Stars: Alex Kingston, Dean Andrews, Shelley Conn
Edit
Storyline
DCS David Baker headed up the investigation into the brutal murders of two Leicestershire schoolgirls between 1983 and 1987. Only a few miles away, Dr Alec Jeffreys, was a scientist at Leicester University who, on 10 September 1984, invented a remarkable technique to read each individual's unique DNA fingerprint. When a local teenager admitted to one of the murders but not the other, Baker asked Jeffreys to analyze the DNA evidence left at the crime scenes. Both men were shocked to discover that the teenager was innocent, his confession false. DCS Baker then took the extraordinarily brave step to launch the world's first ever DNA manhunt, testing over five thousand local men to track down the killer. Written by dvd
Did You Know?
Trivia
Ripley Village Hall in Surrey became Narborough Village Hall, Leicestershire for exterior and interior location filming. See more »
Connections
(Estonia/Tallinn) – See all my reviews
I am aware that planning and creating a feature film/series when many people know of the course of events and ending is a challenge, with the need to emphasize other elements, e.g. acting, background, directing, etc. In spite of the fact that the events happened "before my time" in a different country, I could still guess the outcome, and many decisions probably relevant then seem odd and questionable at present. The result for me is a half-documentary and protracted depiction with "not-among- the-finest" actors in the leading roles, with focus on hesitations instead of implementation and, in retrospect, odd blunders by the local police.
Both the director (James Strong) and John Simm and David Threlfall have participated in more integral and more interesting works, but if you like docudramas and are not too young, then Code of a Killer is definitely above average.
2 of 3 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| John Simm |
Henry Fleming is the narrator and hero of which 1894 war novel? | Code of a Killer (TV Mini-Series 2015) - IMDb
Code of a Killer
The story of Alec Jeffreys' discovery of DNA fingerprinting and its first use by DCS David Baker in catching a double murderer.
Stars:
a list of 37 titles
created 16 Jul 2011
a list of 37 titles
created 22 Feb 2012
a list of 42 titles
created 31 Mar 2014
a list of 28 titles
created 09 Sep 2015
a list of 36 titles
created 29 Dec 2015
Title: Code of a Killer (2015– )
7.7/10
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Add Image Add an image
Do you have any images for this title?
On the run accused of a terrible crime, Manchester Detective Marcus Farrow tries to prove his innocence while being hunted by his former friends and colleagues.
Stars: Rosie Cavaliero, Daniel Jillings, Darren Whitfield
A father and son story, with a thriller motor. It explores a mystery from the past with a brutal and shocking revelation.
Stars: John Simm, Jim Broadbent, Olivia Colman
Police start to investigate when the bones of a young man are found under the footings of a demolished house 39 years after his murder.
Stars: Nicola Walker, Sanjeev Bhaskar, Jordan Long
Safe House (TV Series 2015)
Crime | Drama | Thriller
A married ex police couple are asked by a police officer and their close friend to turn their remote Guest House into a Safe House.
Stars: Christopher Eccleston, Marsha Thomason, Paterson Joseph
A young couple move into an apartment only to find the body of a young woman that had been missing for 2 years but never registered as missing which leads to a deeper investigation into what actually happened.
Stars: David Threlfall, Denise Gough, Lisa Millett
Black Work (TV Mini-Series 2015)
Crime | Drama | Thriller
A policewoman sets out to discover who murdered her husband, an undercover officer.
Stars: Sheridan Smith, Matthew McNulty, Oliver Woollford
Place of Execution (TV Mini-Series 2008)
Crime | Drama | Mystery
A young girl mysteriously vanishes from her English village home. 45 years later, a journalist's attempts to make a documentary on the case threaten to shatter the lives of all involved.
Stars: Lee Ingleby, Emma Cunniffe, Philip Jackson
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.4/10 X
25 years ago, Jane saw a man killing her mother. Today, she's a well adjusted wife and mother herself. While having a physical, she notices a doctor who looks like the killer and reports him. No one believes her - except one cop.
Stars: Claire Goose, Alisha Kelly, Felix Scott
Glasgow 1982, a young girl investigates mysterious murders in a world of men.
Stars: Matt Costello, Jayd Johnson, Bronagh Gallagher
Chasing Shadows I (TV Mini-Series 2014)
Crime | Drama | Mystery
A missing persons unit investigate serial killers who target the impressionable and vulnerable.
Stars: Reece Shearsmith, Alex Kingston, Don Warrington
The Secret (TV Mini-Series 2016)
Drama | Thriller
The Secret is the story of a real-life double murder. James Nesbitt plays Colin Howell, a respectable dentist and pillar of the community, who became a killer in partnership with a Sunday ... See full summary »
Stars: James Nesbitt, Genevieve O'Reilly, Patrick O'Kane
A supernatural drama telling the story of three different families living in the same house in 1968, 1987 and the present day, linked by the spirit of the young daughter of the 1960s family, who drowned in mysterious circumstances.
Stars: Alex Kingston, Dean Andrews, Shelley Conn
Edit
Storyline
DCS David Baker headed up the investigation into the brutal murders of two Leicestershire schoolgirls between 1983 and 1987. Only a few miles away, Dr Alec Jeffreys, was a scientist at Leicester University who, on 10 September 1984, invented a remarkable technique to read each individual's unique DNA fingerprint. When a local teenager admitted to one of the murders but not the other, Baker asked Jeffreys to analyze the DNA evidence left at the crime scenes. Both men were shocked to discover that the teenager was innocent, his confession false. DCS Baker then took the extraordinarily brave step to launch the world's first ever DNA manhunt, testing over five thousand local men to track down the killer. Written by dvd
Did You Know?
Trivia
Ripley Village Hall in Surrey became Narborough Village Hall, Leicestershire for exterior and interior location filming. See more »
Connections
(Estonia/Tallinn) – See all my reviews
I am aware that planning and creating a feature film/series when many people know of the course of events and ending is a challenge, with the need to emphasize other elements, e.g. acting, background, directing, etc. In spite of the fact that the events happened "before my time" in a different country, I could still guess the outcome, and many decisions probably relevant then seem odd and questionable at present. The result for me is a half-documentary and protracted depiction with "not-among- the-finest" actors in the leading roles, with focus on hesitations instead of implementation and, in retrospect, odd blunders by the local police.
Both the director (James Strong) and John Simm and David Threlfall have participated in more integral and more interesting works, but if you like docudramas and are not too young, then Code of a Killer is definitely above average.
2 of 3 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| i don't know |
Name the year: Nelson Mandela is sworn in as South African President, Tony Blair becomes new leader of the Labour Party and Martina Navratilova is defeated in her last Wimbledon singles final by Conchita Martinez? | Today in History - AccuWeather.com Forums
Today in History
Historical events on September 4
422 - St Boniface I ends his reign as Catholic Pope
476 - Romulus Augustulus, last Roman emperor in west, is deposed
1024 - Conrad II the Sailor chosen German king
1260 - Battle at Montaperti-Guelfen vs Ghibellijnen
1282 - King Pedro III of Aragonorth annexes Sicily
1414 - Peace of Atrecht: John the fearless & Armagnacs
1479 - King Alfonso I of Portugal recognizes Isabella as queen of Castile
1571 - Catholic coup in Scotland
1609 - Navigator Henry Hudson discovers island of Manhattan [or Sep 11]
1618 - "Rodi" avalanche destroys Plurs Switzerland, 1,500 killed
1682 - English astronomer Edmund Halley sees his namesake comet
1695 - French garrison of castle Names surrenders for Willem III
1778 - City Amsterdam signs trade agreement with US rebels
1781 - Los Angeles founded by 44 in Bahia de las Fumas, (Valley of Smokes)
1786 - -5] Orange troops plunder Hattem/Elburg
1805 - 1st edition of Batavian State-Current published
1807 - Robert Fulton begins operating his steamboat
1813 - 1st US relig newspaper (Religious Remembrancer (Christian Observer))
1833 - 1st newsboy hired (Barney Flaherty, 10 years old-NY Sun)
1842 - Work on Koln cathedral recommences after 284-year hiatus
1854 - English/French assault on Petropavlovsk Kamchatka
1862 - Gen Lee invades North with 50,000 Confederate troops
1862 - North Beach & Mission Railway Company organized in SF
1862 - Maryland Campaign (Antietam Campaign)
1864 - Bread riots in Mobile, Alabama
1866 - 1st Hawaiian daily newspaper published
1870 - 3rd French republic proclaimed as they overthrow their king
1882 - 1st district lit by electricity (NY's Pearl Street Station)
1884 - Britain ends its policy of penal transportation to New South Wales in Australia.
1885 - 1st cafeteria opens (NYC)
1886 - Apache Chief Geronimo surrenders ending last major US-Indian war
1888 - George Eastman patents 1st roll-film camera & registers "Kodak"
1893 - English author Beatrix Potter 1st tells the story of Peter Rabbit
1894 - In NYC, 12,000 tailors went on strike protesting sweat shops
1894 - Soccer team Veendam 1894 forms
1899 - 8.3 earthquake shakes Yakutat Bay Alaska
1904 - Dali Lama signs treaty allowing British commerce in Tibet
1906 - NY Highlanders win 5th straight doubleheader
1908 - Caledonia & Hillhurst Football Clubs play for Central Alberta Rugby Football League championship
1911 - Garros sets world altitude record of 4,250 m (13,944 ft)
1912 - 1st accident (collision) in Londoner Underground: 22 injured person
1914 - British, French & Russian government sign Pact of London, against Germany
1914 - General von Moltke ceases German advance in France
1916 - Christy Mathewson & Mordecai Brown final baseball game
1918 - Jhr Ch Ruys de Beerenbrouck becomes 1st Dutch Catholic premier
1919 - 39th US Mens Tennis: William M Johnston beats Wm T Tilden (64 64 63)
1919 - British intervene in Petrograd
1919 - Mustafa Kemal Atat�rk, who founded the Republic of Turkey, gathers a congress in Sivas to make decisions as to the future of Anatolia and Thrace.
1920 - Last day of Julian civil calendar (in parts of Bulgaria)
1922 - Paavo Nurmi runs world record 2000m (5:26.3)
1923 - A Charlot & N Cowards revue "London Calling," premieres in London
1923 - NY Yankee Sad Sam Jones no-hits Phila A's, 2-0
1923 - Maiden flight of the first U.S. airship, the USS Shenandoah.
1927 - Charles Lindbergh visits Boise, Idaho, on his cross-country tour
1930 - Cambridge Theater opens in London
1932 - 15th PGA Championship: Olin Dutra at Keller GC St Paul Minn
1933 - 1st airplane to exceed 300 mph (483 kph), JR Wendell, Glenview, Il
1933 - Coup on Cuban president De Cespedes by Fulgencio Batista
1934 - Bradman scores 149* Aust v Eng XI, 104 mins, 17 fours 4 sixes
1936 - Franco troops conquer Irun & Talavera de la Reina Spain
1936 - Largo Caballero becomes Spanish premier
1937 - Doris Kopsky, becomes 1st NABA woman cycling champion (4:22.4)
1938 - Vainio Muinonen wins 2nd European marathoner (2:37:28.8)
1939 - Dutch 2nd Chamber affirms Neth's in a State of War
1939 - German submarine U-30 sinks British passenger ship Athenia
1939 - German troops move into Danzig
1939 - Netherlands & Belgium declare neutrality
1939 - Polish ghetto of Mir is exterminated
1939 - RAF bombs Wilhelmshafen
1940 - CBS begins broadcasting TV as station W2XAB
1940 - Gerbrandy becomes premier of Dutch government in exile
1940 - Mussert sends telegram, that Hitler has captured the Dutch
1940 - Nazi collaborator Mussert puts the fate of Neth in Hitler's hands
1941 - NY Yankees, win earliest AL pennent (full season)
1941 - US destroyer Greer fires on German submarine U-652
1941 - Yanks beat Red Sox 6-3 & clinch their 12th & earliest pennant
1942 - Transport nr 28 departs with French Jews to nazi-Germany
1943 - British 8th army lands at Taranto South Italy
1944 - 2,087 Jews transported for Westerbork to KZ-Lower Theresienstadt
1944 - 64th US Mens Tennis: Frank Parker beats Wm F Talbert (64 36 63 63)
1944 - British 2nd Armoured pantzer division frees Antwerp
1944 - Finland breaks diplomatic contact with nazi-Germany
1944 - US 1st Army frees Namen
1945 - Ruben Fine wins 4 simultaneous rapid chess games blindfolded
1945 - US regains possession of Wake Island from Japan
1948 - "Angel in the Wings" closes at Coronet Theater NYC after 308 perfs
1948 - Queen Wilhelmina abdicates Dutch throne
1949 - Marie Robie sinks 393 yd hole-in-one (1st hole in Furnace Brook)
1950 - 1st helicopter rescue of American pilot behind enemy lines
1950 - D McI Hodgson of St Ann Bay, Nova Scotia catches a 997 lb tuna
1950 - Heavy typhoon strikes Japan, kills about 250
1950 - Darlington Raceway is the site of the inaugural Southern 500, the first 500-mile NASCAR race.
1951 - 1st transcontinental TV broadcast, by Pres Harry Truman
1951 - 71st US Mens Tennis: F A Sedgman beats Elias V Seixas Jr (64 61 61)
1951 - NBC extends to become a 61 station coast-to-coast network
1951 - Pres Harry Truman addresses opening of Japanese Peace Treaty Conference
1953 - WATR (now WTXX) TV channel 20 in Waterbury, CT (NBC) begins
1953 - WGEM TV channel 10 in Quincy-Hannibal, IL (NBC) begins broadcasting
1953 - Yanks become 1st team to win 5 consecutive championship
1954 - 1st passage of McClure Strait, fabled Northwest Passage completed
1954 - Peter B Cortese of US achieves a one-arm deadlift of 370 lbs; 22 lbs over triple his body weight, at York, Pennsylvania
1956 - The IBM RAMAC 305 is introduced, the first commercial computer that used magnetic disk storage.
1957 - Ford Motor Co introduces Edsel
1957 - Governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus, calls out National Guard to stop 9 black students from entering a Little Rock high school
1960 - -12] Hurricane Donna, kills 148 in Caribbean & US
1961 - Carol Burnette-Richard Hayes Show premieres on CBS radio
1961 - US authorizes Agency for International Development
1962 - Beatles record "How Do You Do It" at EMI
1962 - French president De Gaulle visits German FR
1963 - Swissair Flight 306 crashes near D�rren�sch, Switzerland, killing all 80 people on board.
1964 - Eduardo Frei elected president of Chile
1964 - Longest bridge in Europe opens (Scottish Forth Road Bridge)
1964 - NASA launches its 1st Orbital Geophysical Observatory (OGO-1)
1965 - Beatles' "Help!," single goes #1 & stays #1 for 3 weeks
1965 - KREZ TV channel 6 in Durango, CO (CBS/NBC) begins broadcasting
1965 - Rock group Who's wan is vandalized with $10,000 in equipment stolen
1966 - Houston Oilers holds Denver Broncos to no 1st downs winning 45-7
1966 - Jim Hogan wins Europe marathon (2:20:04.6)
1967 - 6.5 earthquake of Kolya Dam India, kills 200
1967 - Jerry Lewis' 2nd Muscular Dystrophy telethon
1967 - Train crash at Arnhem Neth, kills 5
1968 - Nigerian troops conquer Aba Biafra
1970 - -5) 29.0 cm rainfall at Workman Creek, Arizona (state record)
1970 - George Harrison releases "My Sweet Lord" single
1970 - Russian ballerina Natalia Makarova gets political asylum
1970 - Salvador Allende wins presidential election in Chile
1971 - Alaskan 727 crashes into Chilkoot Mountain, kills 109 (Alaska)
1972 - US swimmer Mark Spitz becomes 1st athlete to win 7 olympic gold medals
1972 - USSR performs underground nuclear test
1972 - Thieves steal 18 paintings from the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts in what was at the time the largest art theft in North America.
1973 - William E Colby, becomes 10th director of CIA
1974 - Emmy News & Documentaries Award presentation
1975 - The Sinai Interim Agreement relating to the Arab-Israeli conflict is signed.
1976 - Palestinians hijack KLM DC-9 to Cyprus
1977 - "Godspell" closes at Broadhurst Theater NYC after 527 performances
1977 - Hollis Stacy wins LPGA Rail Muscular Dystrophy Golf Classic
1978 - Jerry Lewis' 13th Muscular Dystrophy telethon raises $29,074,405
1978 - NY Yankee pitcher Ron Guidry wins his 20th (on way to 25-3 season)
1978 - Pat Bradley wins LPGA Rail Charity Golf Classic
1979 - India need 438 to win v England, game ends at 8-429
1979 - Iran army conquerors Baneh
1980 - Yes performs its last concert (Madison Square Garden)
1981 - Longest game at Fenway Park completed in 20, Mariners-8, Red Sox-7
1981 - Newscaster David Brinkley is released by NBC
1981 - Seattle Mariners beat Boston Red Sox, 8-7, in 20 inn (started 9/3)
1981 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1982 - Arson fire engulfs apt-hotel in LA, 25 die
1982 - USSR performs underground nuclear test
1983 - "Joseph & the Amazing Dreamcoat" closes at Royale NYC after 747 perfs
1983 - 83rd US Golf Amateur Championship won by Jay Sigel
1983 - Greg LeMond becomes only American to win cycling's Road Championship
1983 - Scott Michael Pellaton sets barefoot waterski speed rec (119.36 mph)
1984 - Nigerian singer Fela Kuti sentenced to 2 years
1985 - Igor Paklin of USSR set a new high jump world record at 7-11 12
1985 - NY Mets Gary Carter's 2 HRs ties record of 5 HRs in 2 games
1986 - 189.42 million shares traded in NY Stock Exchange
1986 - Claude Brochu becomes CEO of Montreal Expos
1988 - Mike Tyson crashes a silver BMW into a tree near Catskills NY
1988 - Phoenix Cardinals play 1st regular-season NFL game
1989 - Beth Daniel wins LPGA Rail Charity Golf Classic
1989 - Jerry Lewis' 24th Muscular Dystrophy telethon raises $42,737,219
1991 - "Most Happy Fella" opens at NY State Theater NYC
1991 - Rte 35 Theater in Hazlit, last drive-in in NJ, closes
1991 - Panel of 8 baseball experts vote to drop asterisk next to Roger Maris HR record & determine an official no hitter must go at least 9 innings
1992 - "Scared Silent" is 1st non news program to be seen on 3 networks simultaneously. (CBS, NBC & PBS), about child abuse hosted by Oprah
1993 - Jim Abbott pitches 4-0, no-hit win over Indians at Yankee Stadium
1993 - Miklos Horthy appointed Hungarian admiral
1993 - Mats Wilander defeats Mikael Pernfors 7-6 (7-3), 3-6, 1-6, 7-6 (8-6), 6-4 in 4 hrs 1 min US Open Tennis match concluding at 2:26 AM
1994 - Bulgarian government of Berov falls
1994 - Cleveland Browns is 1st team in NFL to score a 2-point conversion
1994 - Kansai International airport officially opens
1995 - Jerry Lewis' 30th Muscular Dystrophy telethon raises $47,800,000
1995 - Mary Beth Zimmerman wins LPGA State Farm Rail Golf Classic
1995 - The Fourth World Conference on Women opens in Beijing with over 4,750 delegates from 181 countries in attendance.
1996 - 13th MTV Awards: Alanis Morrisett & Smashing Pumpkins wins
1997 - 14th MTV Awards
1997 - Howard Stern Radio Show premieres in Louisville KY on WTFX 100.5 FM
2010 - Canterbury earthquake: a 7.1 magnitude earthquake which struck the South Island of New Zealand at 4:35 am causing widespread damage and several power outages.
Music history on September 4
1644 - Composer Juan Bautista Jose Cabanilles was born.
1824 - Composer Anton Joseph Bruckner was born.
1892 - Composer Darius Milhaud was born.
1928 - Wingy Manone recorded "Downright Disgusted" with Gene Krupa on drums.
1952 - Gladys Knight & the Pips were formed after a birthday party for Bubba Knight.
1957 - "The Buddy Deane Bandstand" debuted in Baltimore, MD.
1959 - "Mack the Knife" by Bobby Darin was banned by a radio station in New York City.
1962 - The Beatles began recording at EMI's Abbey Road Studio for the first time. "Love Me Do" was recorded.
1964 - The Animals gave their debut performance in Brooklyn, NY, at the U.S. Paramount Theater.
1965 - The Who had their equipment van stolen while purchasing a guard dog at Battersea Dog's Home in England.
1968 - "Street Fighting Man," by the Rolling Stones, was banned in several cities in the U.S. Authorities feared it might incite public disorder.
1969 - The Youngbloods did not appear as scheduled on "The Tonight Show."
1970 - George Harrison released "My Sweet Lord."
1970 - "Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out" was released by the Rolling Stones.
1976 - The KISS single "Beth" was released.
1986 - Gregg Allman was arrested for drunk driving in Florida.
1991 - Dottie West died at the age of 58. She died from injuries incurred in a car accident 5 days earlier. West was the first female country Grammy winner.
1996 - Cat Stevens (Yusaf Islam) emerged to sign copies of his first album in 18 years.
1996 - Kiss performed on the MTV Video Music Awards. They performed under the Brooklyn Bridge.
1997 - After performing at the MTV Video Music Awards, Pat Smear publicly announced that he would no longer be the guitarist for the Foo Fighters.
2002 - Singer Kelly Clarkson was voted the first "American Idol" on the Fox TV series.
2008 - Billboard announced that Aerosmith was working closely with the creators of a new "Guitar Hero" release which would be dedicated to the band's music. The game was released on June 29, 2008.
Sports history on September 4
1949 - The longest pro tennis match in history was played when Pancho Gonzales and Ted Schroeder played 67 games in five sets. The record was broken in 2010.
1953 - The New York Yankees became the first baseball team to win five consecutive American League championships.
1972 - Swimmer Mark Spitz captured his seventh Olympic gold medal in the 400-meter medley relay event at Munich, Germany. Spitz was the first Olympian to win seven gold medals. World records were set in his seven events.
1993 - Jim Abbott, pitcher for the New York Yankees, pitched a no-hitter. Abbott had been born without a right hand.
2002 - The Oakland Athletics won their AL-record 20th straight game. The A's gave up an 11-run lead during the game and then won the game on a Scott Hatteberg home run in the bottom of the ninth inning. The game hosted the largest crowd (55,528) ever for a regular season game at the Coliseum.
2002 - St. Louis manager Tony La Russa got his 1,905th major league win. He tied Casey Stengal for eighth place.
Famous birthdays on September 4
1231 - Alexander III of Scotland (d. 1286)
1249 - Amadeus V de Great, count of Flanders/Savoy
1383 - Amadeus VIII, duke of Savoye/last antipope (Felix V (1439-48)
1454 - Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English politician (d. 1483)
1557 - Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin , queen of Denmark and Norway (d. 1631)
1563 - Wanli, Emperor of China (d. 1620)
1596 - Constantine Huygens, Dutch poet/diplomat (Delightful Folly)
1622 - Jacob Hintze, composer
1647 - Gerard Noodt, Dutch lawyer
1717 - Job Orton, English minister (d. 1783)
1736 - Robert Raikes, England, Sunday school pioneer
1746 - Bernardus Bosch, Dutch Patriot/poet/writer, baptised
1755 - Count Axel von Fersen the Younger, Swedish Army officer, diplomat and statesman. (d. 1810)
1761 - Friedrich Ludwig Emilius Kunzen, composer
1768 - Francois Ren� de Chateaubriand, France, poet/novelist (Atala)
1778 - Louis Napoleon, French king of Netherlands (1806-10)
1793 - Edward Bates, Atty Gen (Union), died in 1869
1795 - Friedrich [August] von Alberti, German geologist (Triasic Age)
1802 - Marcus Whitman, missionary, led to US securing Oregon
1803 - Sarah Childress Polk, 1st lady (1845-1849)
1810 - Donald McKay, US naval architect, built fastest clipper ships
1815 - Andreas I Schaepman, archbishop of Utrecht 1868-82
1815 - Mihaly Mosonyi, composer
1824 - Anton Bruckner, Austria, Wagner disciple & monumental bore/composer
1824 - Phoebe Cary, Cincinnati, American poet (Poems of Alice & Phoebe Cary)
1825 - Dadabhai Naoroji, 1st Indian in British parliament
1826 - Martin Wiberg, Swedish computer pioneer (d. 1905)
1832 - Antonio Agliardi, Italian diplomat (d. 1915)
1843 - Charles Wentworth Dilke, English under minister of Foreign affairs
1843 - Jan Levoslav Bella, composer
1846 - Daniel Burnham, US, architect/built skyscrapers
1848 - Lewis H Latimer, inventor/engineer
1848 - Jennie Lee, American actress (d. 1925)
1850 - Luigi Cadorna, Italian fieldmarshal/earl (WW I-Caporetto)
1851 - John Dillon, Irish nationalist/British Lower house member
1853 - Hermann von Wissmann, German Africa explorer/governor East-Africa
1859 - Edoardo Mascheroni, composer
1869 - Geert A D Wumkes, Frisian theologist/writer (Frision Movement)
1870 - Friedrich Panzer, German germanist (Das Nibelungenlied)
1872 - [Rosalie] Julia Cuypers, Flemish actress/wife of Joseph of Lyre
1874 - Johanna M "Lena" Bakker, Dutch actress/wife of Bruno Gerlach
1880 - Leo Bittermieux, Flemish missionary (Congo)
1885 - Dimitrios Loundras, Greek gymnast (d. 1971)
1885 - Antonio Bacci, Italian cardinal (d. 1971)
1886 - Albert Orsborn, General of The Salvation Army (d. 1967)
1888 - Oskar Schlemmer, German painter/sculptor
1892 - Darius Milhaud, Aix-en-Provence France, composer (Maximilien)
1893 - Henry Schultz, US, farm commune leader
1895 - Nigel Bruce, British/US actor (Dr Watson-Sherlock Holmes)
1896 - Agnes Ayres, [Hinkle], US, actress (Sheik, Souls at Sea)
1896 - Antonin Artaud, Marseilles France, songwriter/dir (Theatre Seraphin)
1900 - Cornelis Verolme, Dutch ship builder
1901 - Paul Osborn, playwright (Mornings at 7)
1901 - William Lyons, Blackpool, British industrialist (Jaguar cars), (d. 1985)
1902 - Lorna Johnstone, England, equestrian dressage (Olympic-13th-1968)
1902 - Thomas Mitchell, England cricketer (d. 1996)
1904 - Julian Hill, research chemist
1904 - Maudet Christian-Jacques, film director
1905 - Mary Renault, [Mary Challens], writer (King Must Die, Funeral Games)
1906 - Alexander Moyzes, composer
1906 - Hendrikus G "Han" Hoekstra, poet (Ongerijmde life)
1907 - Leo Castelli, Trieste, American art dealer
1907 - Maurice Ashley, historian
1908 - Edward Dmytryk, director (Carpetbaggers, Young Lions, Caine Mutiny)
1908 - Richard Wright, US, author (Native Son, Uncle Tom's Children)
1909 - Karel Horky, composer
1909 - Eduard Wirths, Geroldshausen, German Empire, Nazi physician (Auschwitz), (d. 1945)
1912 - Alexander Liberman, editor/painter/photographer (639)
1913 - Stanford Moore, US biochemist (Nobel 1977)
1913 - Mickey Cohen, American gangster (d. 1976)
1914 - Rudolf Leiding, German auto executive, third postwar chairman of Volkswagen (d. 2003)
1915 - Dick Thomas, Phila Pa, TV host (Village Barn)
1915 - Rudolf Schock, German opera/operette singer
1916 - Robert [Augustine] W[ard] Lowndes, US, sci-fi author (Puzzle Planet)
1917 - Henry Ford II, automaker (Ford Motor Co)
1918 - Gerald Wilson, Shelby Miss, orchestra leader (Redd Foxx)
1918 - Paul Harvey, Tulsa Oklahoma, news commentator (Rest of the story)
1918 - William Talbert, tennis doubles champ (US 1942, 45, 46, 48)
1919 - Howard Morris, NYC, comedic actor (High Anxiety)
1920 - Craig Claiborne, food columnist (NY Times Cookbook)
1920 - Teddy Johnson, British singer
1920 - Clemar Bucci, Argentine racing driver
1922 - Per Olof Sundman, Swedish writer and politician (d. 1992)
1924 - Joan Aiken, Romania, writer of children's songs
1925 - Forrest Carter, American author (d. 1979)
1926 - Robert J Lagomarsino, (Rep-R-CA, 1974- )
1926 - Bert Olmstead, Canadian ice hockey player
1927 - Aleksandr Nikolayevich Matinchenko, Russia, cosmonaut
1928 - Dick York, Fort Wayne Ind, actor (Darrin-Bewitched, Inherit the Wind)
1928 - Donald E Petersen, Minn, exec (Ford Motors)
1929 - Thomas F Eagleton, (Sen-D-MO, 1968-86/VP candidate-D-1972)
1930 - Jerry Ragavoy, US songwriter/producer (Wonderful Dream)
1930 - Mitzi Gaynor, actress (Bird & Vees, Anything Goes, South Pacific)
1932 - Carlos Romero-Barcel, (Rep-D-Puerto Rico)
1932 - Dinsdale Landen, English actor (d. 2003)
1933 - Richard Castellano, Bronx, actor (Godfather, Lovers & Other Stranger)
1934 - Clive Granger, Welsh-born economist, Nobel laureate
1937 - Dawn Fraser, NSW Australia, 100m freestyle (Olympic-gold-1956, 60, 64)
1937 - Mikk Mikiver, Estonian actor and director (d. 2006)
1938 - Leonard Frey, Bkln NY, actor (Best of West, Mr Smith)
1941 - Marilena Chaui, Brazilian philosopher
1941 - Sushilkumar Shinde, Indian politician
1941 - Joanna Van Gyseghem, English actress
1941 - Ramesh Sethi, East African cricketer
1942 - Bob Filner, (Rep-D-California)
1942 - Merald "Bubba" Knight, Atlanta Ga, singer (Gladys Knights & Pips)
1942 - Ray Floyd, Fort Bragg NC, PGA golfer (Masters 1976)
1942 - Raymond Loran Floyd, Fort Bragg NC, PGA golfer (1986 US Open)
1942 - Jerry Jarrett, American professional wrestling promoter
1943 - Giuseppi Gentile, Italy, triple jumper (Olympic-bronze-1968)
1944 - Gene Parsons, rock drummer (Byrds, Gene Clark Group)
1944 - Christopher Needler, English sand industrialist (TCG Materials)
1944 - Jennifer Salt, LA California, actress (Sisters, Soap, Wedding Party)
1944 - Ron Ward, Canadian ice hockey player
1945 - Daniel Wood Gatton, guitarist
1946 - David Liebman, rocker
1946 - Gary Duncan, [Grubb], San Diego Ca, rock guitarist (Quicksilver)
1946 - Greg Elmore, San Diego Ca, rock drummer (Quicksilver)
1947 - Alan Greisman, Sally Field's husband/producer (Fletch, Surrender)
1948 - Marian H J Soutendijk, Dutch MP (CDA)
1948 - Samuel Hui, Hong Kong singer
1949 - Thomas Sturges Watson, KC MO, PGA golfer (1975 Byron Nelson)
1949 - Tom Watson, KC Mo, golfer (British Open 1975, 77, 80, 82, 83)
1949 - Dean Pees, National Football League defensive coordinator
1950 - Doyle Alexander, American baseball player
1950 - Ehteshamuddin, Pakistani cricketer
1951 - Judith Ivey, El Paso Texas, actress (Lady in Red, Hello Again)
1951 - Martin Chambers, rock drummer (Pretenders)
1951 - Nicu Ceausescu, playboy
1951 - Marita Ulvskog, Swedish politician
1952 - Rishi Kapoor, Indian actor
1953 - Kengo Kimura, [Takashi Kimura], wrestler (NJPW)
1953 - Lawrence-Hilton Jacobs, NYC, actor (Freddie-Welcome Back Kotter)
1953 - Michael Stean, chess player
1954 - Jos� Castro, Swedish actor.
1955 - Brian Schweitzer, American politician, governor of Montana
1956 - Candy Loving Oswego KS, playmate (Jan, 1979)
1956 - Shane Gould, freestyle swimmer (Olympics-3 Gold-1972)
1956 - Blackie Lawless, American musician, lead singer in W.A.S.P.
1957 - Khandi Alexander, American actress
1957 - Patricia Tallman, American actress
1958 - Ray Freeman, Greensboro NC, Canadian Tour golfer (1992 Coast Carolina)
1958 - Shiro Koshinaka, wrestler (WAR/NJPW)
1958 - George Hurley, American drummer (Minutemen)
1959 - Armin Kogler, Austria, skier (2-time winner of jumping World Cup)
1959 - William Kennedy Smith, Kennedy accused of rape in Florida (1991)
1959 - Kevin Harrington, Australian actor
1960 - Damon Wayans, actor/comedian (In Living Color, Major Payne, Blankman)
1960 - Peter Virgile, soap actor (Hostage, Popeye Doyle)
1960 - Kim Thayil, American guitarist (Soundgarden, Probot)
1961 - Kevin Kennedy, English actor
1961 - Rizwan-uz-Zaman, Pakistani cricketer
1962 - Kiran More, Indian cricketer
1962 - Ulla T�rn�s, Danish politician
1963 - Donna Wilkins, Miami FL, LPGA golfer (1987 S&H Golf Classic-5th)
1963 - John Vanbiesbrouck, Detroit MI, NHL goalie (Team USA, Florida)
1963 - Sam Yaffa, Finnish musician (Hanoi Rocks, New York Dolls)
1964 - Guy Donald Boros, Ft Laud FL, PGA golfer (1994 Deposit Guaranty-3rd)
1964 - Tomas Sandstrom, NHL forward (Anaheim, Team Sweden 1998)
1964 - Ren� Pape, German bass
1965 - Terri Lynn Doss, Chicago Ill, playmate (Jul, 1988)
1966 - Debra Lewin, South Burlington Vermont, Miss Vermont-America (1991)
1966 - Jearl A Miles, Gainesville FL, 400m/long jumper (Olympics-gold-96)
1967 - Darrin Murray, New Zealand cricketer
1968 - Carlette Guidry-White, 100m/long jumper
1968 - John Preston, Utah, actor (Greg-General Hospital)
1968 - Mike Piazza, Norristown PA, catcher (LA Dodgers)
1968 - Rick McNair, Berkeley California, water polo 2m defender (Olympics-96)
1968 - Phill Lewis, American actor
1968 - John DiMaggio, American actor
1969 - Alexander Coe, Welsh DJ and record producer
1969 - Noah Taylor, English-born actor
1970 - Cari Read, Edmonton Alberta, synchro swimmer (Olympics-silver-96)
1970 - Igor Cavalera, Brazilian pop drummer (Sepultura)
1970 - Ione Skye, [Leitch], Hertfordshire England, actress (Say Anything)
1970 - Janae Lautenschlager, Canoga Park California, diver (Olympics-96)
1970 - Jennifer Nakken, Cedar City Utah, Miss Utah-America (1991)
1970 - Luis Lopez, infielder (San Diego Padres)
1970 - Dave Buchwald, American hacker and film maker
1971 - Brian Storey, Richmond BC, 470 yachter (Olympics-96)
1971 - John Thierry, NFL defensive end (Chic Bears)
1971 - Monty Grow, NFL safety (Jacksonville Jaguars)
1971 - Tyrone Johnson, NFL wide receiver (Atlanta Falcons)
1971 - Maik Taylor, Northern Irish footballer
1971 - Anita Yuen, Hong Kong actress
1972 - Daniel Nestor, Belgrade Yugo, Canadian tennis player (Olympics-96)
1972 - Danny Ponce, Waltham Mass, actor (Willie-Valerie/Hogan Family)
1972 - Jason Fisk, NFL defensive tackle (Minnesota Vikings)
1972 - Myra Katherine Hale, Lincoln Nebraska, Miss America-Nebraska (1996)
1972 - Norman Hand, NFL defensive tackle (Miami Dolphins)
1972 - Fran�oise Yip, Canadian actress
1973 - Robert Couch, NFL tackle (Atlanta Falcons)
1973 - Stacy Sanches, Dallas TX, playmate (Mar, 1995)
1974 - Jean Lavertue, Montreal Quebec, weightlifter (Olympics-96)
1974 - Nona Gaye, daughter of Marvin Gaye/singer
1974 - Carmit Bachar, American musician (Pussycat Dolls)
1974 - Lincoln Roberts, West Indian cricketer
1975 - Nikolaos Lyberopoulos, Greek footballer
1976 - Diana Maria Urdareanu, Miss Romania Universe (1997)
1976 - Helen Denman, Perth Australia, swimmer (Olympics-96)
1976 - Katreeya English, Thai singer, actress, model
1976 - Clinton R. Nixon, American game designer
1977 - Sun-Woo Kim, Korean Major League Baseball player
1977 - Mark Ronson, English DJ/Producer and co-founder of Allido Records
1977 - Lucie Silvas, English musician
1978 - Christian Walz, svensk soulartist.
1978 - Wes Bentley, American actor
1979 - Suzan Dandeneau, Miss Idaho Teen USA (1996)
1979 - Pedro Camacho, Portuguese composer
1979 - Kosuke Matsuura, Japanese racing driver
1979 - Maxim Afinogenov, Russian ice hockey player
1979 - Kristina Krepela, Croatian actress
1980 - Hitomi Shimatani, Japanese singer
1980 - Pat Neshek, American baseball player
1981 - Richard Garcia, Australian footballer
1981 - Beyonc� Knowles, Houston Texas, singer (Destiny's Child)
1981 - Lacey Mosley, American singer (Flyleaf)
1983 - Yuichi Nakamaru, Japanese idol, (member of KAT-TUN)
1983 - Tareq Aziz, Bangladeshi cricketer
1984 - Hamish McIntosh, Australian football player
1984 - Camila Bordonaba, Argentine actress, singer and composer
1986 - James Younghusband, Philippine footballer
1988 - John Tyler Hammons, American politician
1991 - Carter Jenkins, American actor
2179 - Nyota Uhura, Nairobi Kenya, communications officer (Star Trek)
Quote for today:
Outer Space is no place for a person of good breeding.
- Violet Bonham Carter
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Sep 4 2012, 09:48 AM
--------------------
If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Historical events on September 5
1198 - Philips van Zwaben Hohenstaufen crowned king of Roman Catholic Germany
1519 - 2nd Battle of Tehuacingo, Mexico: Hernan Cortes vs Tlascala Aztecs
1550 - William Cecil appoints himself English minister of foreign affairs
1590 - Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris.
1596 - Dutch fleet commander Cornelis de Houtman taken hostage in Java
1622 - Richelieu becomes cardinal
1634 - -6] Battle at Nordlingen: King Ferdinand III & Spain beat Sweden & German protestants
1644 - Prince Frederik Henry conquerors Sas of Gent
1661 - French superintendant of Finance Nicolas Fouquet arrested
1666 - Great Fire of London ends, leaving 13,200 houses destroyed and 8 dead
1698 - Russia's Peter the Great imposes a tax on beards
1725 - French King Louis XV marries Polish princess Mary Lesczynski
1725 - Wedding of Louis XV and Maria Leszczyńska.
1750 - Decree issued in Paderborn Prussia allows for annual search of all Jewish homes for stolen or "doubtful" goods
1774 - 1st Continental Congress assembles, in Philadelphia
1781 - Battle of Virginia Capes, French defeat British, traps Cornwallis
1786 - Montplaisir Ceramic factory opens in Schaarbeek Belgium
1793 - In the French Revolution, the "Reign of Terror" begins
1795 - US-Algiers sign peace treaty
1796 - General Salicetti orders equal rights for Jews of Bologna Italy
1798 - New conscription law goes into effect in France
1800 - Malta surrenders to British after they blockade French troops
1800 - Malta is conquered by Great Britain.
1814 - -15] Battle at Masurische Meren: Germans chase Russ out of E Prussia
1816 - Louis XVIII has to dissolve the Chambre introuvable ("Unobtainable Chamber").
1836 - Sam Houston elected president of Republic of Texas
1838 - Central Museum opens in Utrecht Netherlands
1839 - The First Opium War begins in China.
1844 - Iron ore discovered in Minnesota's Mesabi Mountains
1862 - Lee crosses Potomac & enters Maryland
1863 - Bread revolt in Mobile Alabama
1864 - British, French & Dutch fleets attacked Japan in Shimonoseki Straits
1864 - Achille Fran�ois Bazaine becomes Marshall of France.
1877 - Southern blacks led by Pap Singleton settle in Kansas
1882 - 10,000 workers march in 1st Labor Day parade in NYC
1885 - 1st gasoline pump is delivered to a gasoline dealer (Ft Wayne, Ind)
1887 - Gas lamp at Theater Royal in Exeter catches fire killing about 200
1895 - George Washington Murray elected to Congress from SC
1900 - France proclaims a protectorate over Chad
1901 - National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues forms
1905 - Lillian Mortimer's "No Mother to Guide," premieres in Detroit
1905 - Treaty of Portsmouth USA, ends Russo-Japanese War
1906 - 1st legal forward pass (Brandbury Robinson to Jack Schneider)
1908 - Dodger Nap Rucker no-hits Boston Braves, 6-0
1910 - Jack Coombs begins a record streak of 53 shutout innings
1913 - Phillies & Braves tie record of only 1 run in a double header, Phillies win 1st game 1-0, then a scoreless tie into 10th
1914 - Battle of Marne (WW I) begins: Germans chase out Russians
1914 - French headquarters move to Chatillon-sur-Seine
1914 - Gr Britain/France/Belgium/Russia sign pact of London
1914 - Proclamation prohibits Canadian mint from issuing gold coins
1915 - 35th US Mens Tennis: William Johnston beats McLoughlin (16 60 75 108)
1915 - Anti-war conference in Zimmerwald, Switzerland
1916 - 36th US Mens Tennis: R N Williams III beats Johnston (46 64 06 62 64)
1918 - Due to WW I, 15th World Series begins a month early
1918 - Decree "On Red Terror" is published in Russia
1920 - Iron monument unveiled at Stone churches, Flanders
1921 - Walter Johnson sets strikeout mark at 2,287
1922 - 17th Davis Cup: USA beats Australasia in New York (4-1)
1922 - Yankees final game at Polo Grounds (played there 7 years)
1923 - Flyweights Gene LaRue & Kid Pancho KO each other simultaneously
1925 - 112 F (44�C), Centerville, Alabama (state record)
1925 - 29th US Golf Amateur Championship won by Bobby Jones
1927 - Red Sox beat Yankees 12-11 in 18 innings
1929 - French premier A Briand requests a US of Europe
1932 - The French Upper Volta is broken apart between Ivory Coast, French Sudan, and Niger.
1936 - Red Sox turn a triple-play on Yankees
1937 - Spanish Civil War: Llanes falls.
1939 - 34th Davis Cup: Australia beats USA in Haverford (3-2)
1939 - FDR declares US neutrality at start of WW II in Europe
1939 - US declare itself neutral
1942 - Battle at Alam Halfa ends
1942 - British & US bomb Le Havre & Bremen
1943 - 57th US Womens Tennis: Pauline Betz beats A Louise Brough (63 57 63)
1943 - US airland at Nadzab, New-Guinea
1944 - "Mad Tuesday" 65,000 Dutch nazi collaborators flee to Germany
1944 - 5 resistance fighter executed in Terneuzen
1944 - Allies liberate Brussels
1944 - Belgium, Luxembourg & Netherlands sign unity treaty
1944 - British premier Churchill travels to Scotland
1944 - Dutch Armed Forces forms, under prince Bernhard
1946 - "Yours Is My Heart" opens at Shubert Theater NYC for 36 performances
1946 - Joe Garagiola plays his 1st major league baseball game
1948 - In France, Robert Schuman becomes President of the Council while being Foreign minister, As such, he is the negotiator of the major treaties of the end of World War II.
1949 - 63rd US Womens Tennis: M Osborne duPont beats Doris Hart (64 61)
1949 - 69th US Mens Tennis: Pancho Gonzales beat Schroeder (1618 26 61 62 64)
1950 - 64th US Womens Tennis: Margaret Osborne duPont beats D Hart (63 63)
1950 - 70th US Mens Tennis: Art Larsen beats Herbert Flam (63 46 57 64 63)
1950 - 98.3 cm rainfall at Yankeetown, Florida (state record)
1951 - 65th US Womens Tennis: Mo Connolly beats Shirley J Fry (63 16 64)
1951 - 71st US Mens Tennis: Frank A Sedgman beats Elias Seixas Jr (64 61 61)
1952 - General Carlos Ib��ez elected president of Chile
1953 - 1st privately operated atomic reactor-Raleigh NC
1953 - US give Persian premier Zahedi $45 million aid
1954 - Dutch Super Constellation crashes at Shannon, 28 die
1955 - Fred Kaps becomes world champion magician
1955 - WKRG TV channel 5 in Mobile, AL (CBS) begins broadcasting
1955 - WTTW TV channel 11 in Chicago, IL (PBS) begins broadcasting
1956 - 20 die in a train crash in Springer NM
1957 - Cuban dictator Batista bombs Cienfuegos uprising
1957 - Yugoslavia bans Milovan Djilas' book "new class marine officers"
1958 - "Doctor Zhivago" by Boris Pasternak published in US
1958 - 1st color video recording on magnetic tape presented, Charlotte NC
1958 - WKPC TV channel 15 in Louisville, KY (PBS) begins broadcasting
1959 - Wash Senator Jim Lemon is 7th to get 6 RBIs in an inning (3rd)
1960 - Cassius Clay captures Olympic light heavyweight gold medal
1960 - President Kasavubu fires premier Lumumba of Congo
1960 - Wilma Rudolph wins her 2nd gold medal
1960 - The poet L�opold S�dar Senghor is elected as the first President of Senegal.
1961 - JFK begins underground nuclear testing
1961 - President Kennedy signs law against hijacking (death penalty)
1961 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1962 - Atletico Madrid wins 2nd Europe Cup II
1962 - Cubs Ken Hubbs sets 2nd base record for consecutive errorless games at 78 & consecutive errorless chances (418), he errors in the 4th
1966 - Jerry Lewis' 1st Muscular Dystrophy telethon raises $15,000
1966 - WRLK TV channel 35 in Columbia, SC (PBS) begins broadcasting
1967 - Hurricane Beuleah, kills 54 in Caribbean, Mexico & Texas
1967 - KMEG TV channel 14 in Sioux City, IA (CBS) begins broadcasting
1967 - WEBA TV channel 14 in Allendale, SC (PBS) begins broadcasting
1968 - 21 killed by hijackers aboard a Pan Am jet in Karachi Pakistan
1968 - 82nd US Womens Tennis: Virginia Wade beats Billie Jean King (64 64)
1968 - 88th US Mens Tennis: Arthur Ashe beats Tom Okker (1412 57 63 36 63)
1968 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1969 - Frente Obrero wins Dutch Antilles national elections
1970 - Estimated 15 cm (6") of rainfall, Bug Point, Utah (state record)
1971 - Astros pitcher J R Richard debut, strikes out 15 Giants in a 5-3 win
1971 - NY Mets Don Hahn hits 1st inside the park homer at Phillies Vet
1972 - 11 Israeli athletes are slain at Munich Olympics by Black Sept
1972 - Chemical spill with fog sickens hundreds in Meuse Valley Belgium
1972 - Jerry Lewis' 7th Muscular Dystrophy telethon, John & Yoko appear
1972 - Palestinian terrorists kill 11 Israelis at 1972 Munich Olympics
1973 - "Desert Song" opens at Uris Theater NYC for 15 performances
1973 - 1st one-day Cricket international for WI (v Eng) - lose by 1 wicket
1975 - Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme attempts to assassinate Ford in Sacramento
1975 - Portugal premier Goncalvez resigns
1975 - Wings release "Letting Go"
1976 - "Rex" closes at Lunt-Fontaine Theater NYC after 48 performances
1976 - "Very Good Eddie" closes at Booth Theater NYC after 307 performances
1976 - Sandra Palmer wins LPGA Jerry Lewis Muscular Dystrophy Golf Classic
1977 - Cleveland Indians stage 1st "I hate the Yankee Hanky Night"
1977 - Jerry Lewis' 12th Muscular Dystrophy telethon
1977 - RAF kidnap West German work chairman Schleyer
1977 - Voyager 1 (US) launched toward fly-by of Jupiter, Saturn
1978 - Sadat, Begin & Carter began peace conference at Camp David, Md
1979 - A's Matt Keough A's beats Brewers 6-1 for 1st win after 14 straight losses, ended 1978 with 4 loses (1 shy of the record 19)
1979 - Canada puts its 1st gold bullion coin on sale
1979 - Earl of Mountbatten funeral held in London
1979 - Iran army occupies Piranshahr
1979 - Roscoe Tanner fires 11 aces, breaks the net with his bullet serve & upsets top-seeded Bjorn Borg in US Tennis Open quarterfinals
1980 - Poland party leader Edward Gierek resigns
1980 - World's longest auto tunnel, St Gotthard in Swiss Alps, opens
1982 - 82nd US Golf Amateur Championship won by Jay Sigel
1982 - Eddie Hill sets propeller-driven boat water speed record of 229 mph
1983 - 8th Space Shuttle Mission-Challenger 3-lands at Edwards AFB
1983 - Elmer Trettr sets record for highest terminal velocity at 201.34 mph
1983 - Jerry Lewis' 18th Muscular Dystrophy telethon raises $30,691,627
1983 - Lauri Peterson wins LPGA Rail Charity Golf Classic
1984 - 12th Space Shuttle Mission (41-D) -Discovery 1- lands at Edwards AFB
1986 - 3rd MTV Awards: Whitney Houston wins
1986 - Karachi Pakistan army storms hijacked US B-747, 19 killed
1986 - MTV Music Awards - Dire Straits "Money For Nothing" wins
1986 - NASA awards study contracts to 5 aerospace firms
1986 - NASA launches DOD-1
1987 - Carlton Fisk clubs his 300th career HR off Danny Jackson
1987 - John McEnroe is fined $17,500 for tirades at US Tennis Open
1988 - Betsy King wins LPGA Rail Charity Golf Classic
1988 - Jerry Lewis' 23rd Muscular Dystrophy telethon raises $41,132,113
1988 - CFL's Earl Winfield (Ham) scores TDs on 101-yd punt return, 100-yd kickoff return & 58-yd pass reception
1989 - Chris Evert last US Open match, she is defeated by Zina Garrison
1989 - Deborah Norville becomes news anchor of Today Show
1990 - Iraqi Pres Saddam Hussein urges Arabs to rise against the West
1990 - Pete Sampras ends Ivan Lendl's bid for 9th straight US Open final
1991 - 8th MTV Awards: REM
1991 - Actor John Travolta weds Kelly Preston
1991 - Nelson Mandela chosen president of South African ANC
1991 - US trial of former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega begins
1992 - Andrew "Dice" Clay marries his longtime live-in lover Trinie
1992 - Dan O'Brien sets world record decathlon (8891 pts)
1993 - "Fool Moon" closes at Richard Rodgers Theater NYC after 207 perfs
1993 - "Jelly's Last Jam" closes at Virginia Theater NYC after 569 perfs
1993 - "Will Rogers Follies" closes at Palace Theater NYC after 983 perfs
1993 - F Murray Abraham released from hospital after car accident
1993 - Largest US Tennis Open 2 sessions (total) daily gate (43,502)
1993 - Noureddine Morceli runs world record mile (3:44,39)
1993 - Robocop Richard Eden (36) weds actress Shannon Hile (30)
1994 - Barb Mucha wins LPGA State Farm Rail Golf Classic
1994 - Jerry Lewis' 29th Muscular Dystrophy telethon raises $47,100,000
1994 - Jingyi Le swims world record 100m women's freestyle (54.01 sec)
1994 - Kirgizia government resigns
1994 - SF 49'er Jerry Rice catches NFL record 127th touchdown pass
1995 - Cal Ripken Jr ties Gehrig's record of playing in 2,130 straight games
1996 - "Summer & Smoke" opens at Criterion Theater NYC
1996 - MTV Video Music Awards
1997 - Athen's Greece selected for 2004 Olympics
1997 - Larry King weds Shawn Southwick
1997 - Orioles beat Yankes 13-9 in longest 9 inning game
1998 - Women's championship at US Tennis Open
2000 - The Haverstraw-Ossining Ferry makes its maiden voyage.
2005 - Mandala Airlines Flight 091 crashes into a heavily-populated residential of Sumatra, Indonesia, killing 104 people on board and at least 39 persons on ground.
2007 - Three terrorists suspected to be a part of Al-Qaeda are arrested in Germany after allegedly planning attacks on both the Frankfurt International airport and US military installations.
2009 - Denmark celebrates the first national flagday, in memory of the fallen Danes in international operations since 1948.
Music history on September 5
1735 - Composer Johann Christian Bach was born.
1781 - Composer Anton Diabelli was born.
1791 - Composer Giacomo Meyerbeer was born.
1867 - Composer Amy Marcy Cheney Beach was born.
1964 - "Do Wah Diddy Diddy" by Manfred Mann's was released.
1965 - The Rolling Stones recorded "Get Off My Cloud" in Los Angeles.
1968 - Herbert Khaury, known better as Tiny Tim, sued Bouguet Records for $1 million in damages when the record label released early recordings of Khaury without his permission.
1975 - Wings released "Letting Go."
1986 - Dire Straits' "Money For Nothing" won the MTV award for Best Video.
1987 - "American Bandstand," hosted by Dick Clark, was canceled after 30 years on television.
1988 - Metallica released "And Justice For All."
1992 - John Mellencamp and Elain Irwin get married.
1993 - Dave Navarro, guitarist, joined the Red Hot Chili Peppers.
1993 - The musical "The Will Rogers Follies" closed after 983 performances.
1996 - Capitol Records released The Beatles Anthology video set. Over ten hours of material made up the set.
2001 - "Junichiro Koizumi Presents: My Favorite Elvis Songs" was released exclusively in Japan. The collection of Elvis Presley songs were picked by Japan's prime minister.
2002 - In New York, the NFL held a concert to celebrate its season opener. Eve, Alicia Keys, Bon Jovi, Enrique Iglesias and 'N Sync's Joey Fatone performed. The event preceded the rare Thursday-night opener between the New York Giants and the San Francisco 49ers.
Sports history on September 5
1901 - The National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues was formed in Chicago, IL. It was the first organized baseball league.
1906 - Brandbury Robinson of St. Louis University was recognized as throwing the first forward pass in football history.
1914 - Babe Ruth hit his first home run as a professional player in the International League.
1918 - Babe Ruth (Boston Red Sox) threw a six-hitter in the opening game of the World Series.
1920 - Bill Tilden won the first of seven U.S. Open men's singles crowns.
1955 - Don Newcombe (Brooklyn Dodgers) hit his seventh home run of the season. The feat set a National League record for home runs by a pitcher.
1960 - Cassius Clay won the gold medal in light heavyweight boxing at the Olympic Games in Rome, Italy. Clay later changed his name to Muhammad Ali.
1971 - J.R. Richard, of the Houston Astros, tied Karl Spooner's record when he struck out 15 batters in his major-league baseball debut.
1972 - Arab guerrillas, the Black September movement, attacked the Israeli delegation at the Munich Olympic games. 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team, five guerrillas and a police officer were killed in the siege.
1975 - In New York, Martina Navratilova appeared at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service office and asked for political asylum.
1983 - "Sports Illustrated" became the first national weekly magazine to use four-color process illustrations on every page.
1987 - John McEnroe was fined $17,500 and suspended for two months for his behavior during a match with Slobodan Zivojinovic.
1989 - Chris Evert retired from professional tennis after a 19 year career.
1997 - The FOX group announced a deal to purchase the Los Angeles Dodgers.
1998 - Mark McGwire (St. Louis) hit his 60th home run of the season. The home run tied McGwire with Babe Ruth.
1998 - Sammy Sosa (Chicago Cubs) hit his 58th home run of the season.
1999 - The Cincinnati Reds set a major league team record for home runs in two consecutive games. The team hit 14 home runs over the two games at Veterans Stadium.
2001 - The New York Islanders signed Alexi Yashin to a 10-year $90 million contract. It was the biggest deal in NHL history.
2002 - In New York, the NFL held a concert to celebrate its season opener. Eve, Alicia Keys, Bon Jovi, Enrique Iglesias and 'N Sync's Joey Fatone performed. The event preceded the rare Thursday-night opener between the New York Giants and the San Francisco 49ers.
Famous birthdays on September 5
1187 - Louis VIII, [Coeur-de-Lion] king of France (1223-26)
1319 - Pedro IV, king of Aragon
1567 - Date Masamune, Renowned Samurai and Daimyo in Japan (d. 1636)
1568 - Tommaso Campanella, Italian theologian, philosopher, and poet (d. 1639)
1600 - Loreto Vittori, composer
1621 - Juan Andr�s Coloma, Spanish noble (d. 1694)
1638 - Louis XIV, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, king of France (1643-1715), (Sun King), (d. 1715) [OS]
1644 - Gillis Schey, Dutch admiral (battle at Lowestoft)
1666 - Gottfried Arnold, German theologist/historian/songwriter
1667 - Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri, Italian mathematician (d. 1733)
1688 - Lukas Fencer, Dutch poet (Fight of Kings & Mice)
1694 - Frantisek Antonin Mica, composer
1695 - Carl Gustaf Tessin, Swedish politician (d. 1770)
1722 - Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony (d. 1763)
1725 - Jean-�tienne Montucla, French mathematician (d. 1799)
1734 - Jean-Benjamin de La Borde, composer
1735 - Johann Christian Bach, composer, son of JS Bach (English Bach)
1737 - Johann Friedrich Gottlieb Beckmann, composer
1750 - Robert Fergusson, Scottish poet (Scots poems)
1767 - August Wilhelm Schlegel, German poet/translator/critic
1771 - Charles L J, archduke of Austria/Gov (Austria Netherland)
1775 - Juan Mart�n D�ez, el Empecinado (the undaunted), Spanish guerrillero (d. 1825)
1787 - Fran�ois Sulpice Beudant, French mineralogist and geologist (d. 1850)
1791 - Giacomo Meyerbeer, Vogelsdorf Germany, composer (Golt Und Die Natur)
1792 - Alexis-Charles-Maximilien Thibault, composer
1792 - Pierre-Armand Dufr�noy, French geologist and mineralogist (d. 1857).
1806 - Christophe L�on Louis Juchault de Lamorici�re, French general (d. 1865)
1807 - Richard Chenevix Trench, Irish Anglican clergyman and philologist (d. 1886)
1809 - Manuel Montt Torres, President of Chile (d. 1880)
1815 - Carl Wilhelm, composer
1815 - Tyree Harris Bell, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1902
1817 - Aleksei K Tolstoi, [Kozjma Prutkov], Russian poet/writer [NS]
1826 - John Wisden, England cricketer (d. 1884)
1827 - Goffredo Mameli, Italian poet and writer (d. 1849)
1836 - Justiniano Borgo�o, President of Peru (d. 1921)
1842 - Louis F J Bouwmeester, Dutch actor (Shakespeare)
1846 - John W Cromwell, Secy (American Negro Academy)
1847 - Jesse James, Missouri, outlaw, son of a clergyman, (d. 1882)
1848 - Manuel Giro, composer
1856 - Jacobus C J Hermans, actor (7th Command)
1867 - Amy Marcy Cheney Beach, composer
1867 - Amy Beach, American composer and pianist (d. 1944)
1874 - Nap Lajoie, American baseball player (d. 1959)
1875 - Napoleon "Larry" Lajoie, RI, hall of fame shortstop (.426 in 1901)
1876 - Abdelaziz Th�albi, Tunisian politician. (d. 1944)
1876 - Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, German field marshal (d. 1956)
1877 - O W Albert Roelofs, Dutch painter/etcher
1881 - Otto Bauer, Austrian social-democrat
1883 - Otto E Deutsch, Austrian musicologist (Schubert-Brevier)
1885 - John Raedecker, Dutch sculptor (National monument on the Dam)
1888 - Sarvepalli Radhakrishan, president (India)/philosopher
1890 - Albert H Edelkoort, theologist (Zondebesef)
1892 - Joseph Szigeti, Budapest Hungary, violinist (Violinist Notebook 1933)
1897 - Doris Kenyon, Syracuse NY, silent screen actress (Alexander Hamilton)
1897 - Luella Gear, NYC, actress (Joe & Mabel)
1897 - Morris Carnovsky, St Louis MO, actor (Dead Reckoning)
1898 - Ebbe Hamerik, composer
1901 - Florence Elridge, Bkln NY, actress (Long Days Journey into the Night)
1901 - Mieczyslaw Kolinski, composer
1902 - Darryl F Zanuck, film magnate/president (20th Century Fox)
1905 - Arthur Koestler, Hungary, British writer (Arrow in Blue)
1905 - Justiniano Montano, Filipino politician (d. 2005)
1906 - Peter Mieg, composer
1906 - Semjon I Kirsanov, Ukrainian poet (Semj Dnej Nedeli) [NS=Sept 18]
1907 - Sunnyland Albert Luandrew Slim, blues pianist
1908 - Joaquin Maria Nin-Culmell, Berlin Germany, Cuban/Spanish composer
1908 - Gloria Holden, British actress (d. 1991)
1909 - Archie Jackson, Australian cricketer (d. 1933)
1912 - John Cage, LA California, composer (Imaginary Landscape No 1/O'O)
1912 - Kristina S�derbaum, German actress and photographer (d. 2001)
1912 - Frank Thomas, American animator (d. 2004)
1913 - Connie Stuart, [Cornelia van Meygard], Dutch cabaret performer
1914 - Gail Kubik, South Coffeyville, Oklahoma, composer (Gerald McBoing Boing)
1914 - Nicanor Parra, Chilean poet (Defense of Violeta Parra)
1916 - Frank Yerby American novelist (d. 1991)
1916 - Frank Shuster, Canadian comedian (Wayne and Shuster) (d. 2002)
1917 - Jack Buetel, Dallas Tx, actress (Outlaw, Half Breed)
1918 - Luis Alcoriza, Mexican screenwriter, film director, and actor (d. 1992)
1920 - Fons Rademakers, director (Assault)/actor (Daughter of Darkness)
1920 - Margaretha D Ferguson-Wigerink, Dutch author (Anna & her Father)
1920 - Peter Racine Fricker, British composer
1921 - Jack Valenti, Pres (Motion Picture Association of America)
1923 - Arthur C Nielsen, market researcher (TV's Nielsen's Ratings)
1923 - Ken Meuleman, Australian cricketer (d. 2004)
1924 - Krystyna Moszumanska-Nazar, composer
1925 - Jos Vandeloo, Flemish journalist/playwright (Cola Drinkers)
1925 - Justin Kaplan, US
1927 - Paul Volcker, Federal Reserve chairman
1929 - Andrian Grigoryevich Nikolayev, USSR, cosmonaut (Vostok III, Soyuz 9)
1929 - Bob Newhart, Oak Park Ill, comedian (Bob Newhart Show, Newhart)
1933 - Vincent McDermott, composer
1933 - Francisco Javier Err�zuriz Ossa, Chilian catholic archbishop
1934 - Carol Lawrence, Illinois, dancer/actress (West Side Story)
1935 - Helen Gifford, composer
1935 - Mikhail Ivanovich Lisun, Russia, cosmonaut
1935 - Werner Erhard, Phila, founded EST
1936 - Alcee Hastings, (Rep-D-Florida)
1936 - Bill Mazeroski, MLB 2nd baseman (won 1960 World Series for Pitts)
1936 - Cornelius Boyson, bassist
1936 - John C Danforth, (Sen-R-Missouri, 1977- )
1936 - Jonathan Kozol, American writer, sociologist
1937 - William Devane, Albany NY, actor (Family Plot, Missles of October)
1937 - Antonio Valentin Angelillo, Argentinian footballer
1939 - George Lazenby, Goulburn Australia, actor (OHMSS-James Bond)
1939 - John Stewart, San Diego Ca, rocker (Kingston Trio-Fire in the Wind)
1939 - Clay Regazzoni, Swiss racing driver (d. 2006)
1940 - Lewis Spratlan, composer
1940 - Raquel Welch, Chic Ill, (Myra Breckenridge, 1,000,000 BC, 100 Rifles)
1942 - Eduardo Mata, Mexico City Mexico, conductor (Improvisaciones)
1942 - Werner Herzog, director (Burden of Dreams, Stroszek, Woyzeck)
1942 - Denise Fabre French television presenter.
1943 - Joe "Speedo" Frazier, rocker (Impalas)
1943 - Dulce Saguisag, Filipino politician and former DSWD Secretary. (d. 2007)
1944 - Dario Bellezza, poet
1944 - Rod Arrants, LA CA, actor (Vamping, Ape, Young & Restless)
1945 - Al Stewart, Glasgow Scotland, rocker (Year of the Cat)
1946 - Buddy Miles, rocker
1946 - Dennis Dugan, Wheaton IL, actor/director (Can't Buy Me Love, Howling)
1946 - Freddie Mercury, [Bulsara], British vocalist (Queen-We are Champions)
1946 - Loudon Wainwright III, vocalist (April Fool's Day Morn)
1948 - Benita Ferrero-Waldner, Austrian diplomat and politician
1949 - David "Clem" Clempson, rocker (Humble Pie)
1950 - Cathy Guisewite, US cartoonist (Cathy)
1950 - Kathy Cronkite, actress (Annie-Hizzonner)
1950 - Paul William Roberts, Canadian writer
1951 - Michael Keaton, Pitts Pa, actor (Gung Ho, Batman, Beetlejuice)
1951 - Paul Breitner, German footballer
1951 - Patti McGuire, American model and television producer
1952 - Graham Salmon, blind runner (fastest 100m by a blind man)
1953 - Paulie Carmen, Champaign Ill, rock vocalist
1954 - Hans-Jorgen Gerhardt, German DR, bobsled (Olympic-gold-1980)
1954 - Frederick Kempe, American author, journalist, and executive
1955 - Bruno Zarrillo, hockey forward (Team Italy 1998)
1956 - Sandra Guiboard, US AFB German FR, actress (Donna-One Life to Live)
1956 - Steve Denton, tennis player (world's fastest tennis serve-138 mph)
1956 - Roine Stolt, Swedish guitarist (The Flower Kings)
1957 - Peter Winnen, Dutch bicycle road athlete
1959 - Tom Pernice Jr, KC MO, Nike golfer (1989 Centel Classic-4th)
1960 - Rob Stull, Damascus Md, US pentathlete (Olympic-92)
1960 - Willie Gault, bob sledder/NFL receiver (Chicago Bears, LA Raiders)
1961 - Marc-Andr� Hamelin, Canadian pianist
1962 - Beth Underhill, Guelph Ontario, equestrian jumper (Olympics-26-92, 96)
1962 - Peter Wingfield, Welsh actor
1963 - Brandon Krovoza, Newport Beach California, canoe (alt-Olympics-96)
1963 - Dave Brantley, Florence Alabama, pitcher (Cin Reds)
1963 - John Elliot, Bristol CT, Nike golfer (1994 NIKE Miss Gulf Coast)
1963 - Tim McKyer, NFL defensive back (Denver Broncos-Super Bowl 32)
1964 - Kristian Alfonso, Brockton MA, actress (Days of Lives, Falcon Crest)
1964 - Frank Farina, Australian footballer
1965 - Barbara Lufthansa Herzog, born during Lufthansa Frankfurt-NY flight
1965 - Christopher Nolan, Ireland, handicapped writer (Under Eye of Clock)
1965 - Tony Martin, NFL wide receiver (San Diego Chargers)
1965 - C�sar Rinc�n, colombian matador
1965 - Chris Gore, American filmmaker
1966 - Simone Jacobs, England, 4X100m relayer (Olympic-bronze-1984)
1966 - Achero Ma�as, Spanish actor and film director
1966 - Milinko Pantić, retired Serbian footballer
1967 - Michele Ebadi, Omaha Nebraska, Miss Nebraska-America (1991)
1967 - Rein van Duynhoven, soccer player (Helmond Sport, MVV)
1967 - India Hicks, English model
1968 - Dennis Scott, NBA forward (Dallas Mavericks)
1968 - Yuki Ishikawa, wrestler (NJPW)
1968 - Brad Wilk, American musician (Audioslave, Rage Against the Machine)
1969 - Dweezil Zappa, Hollywood CA, rock guitarist/son of Frank/VJ (MTV)
1969 - Maurice Miller, CFL linebacker (Edmonton Eskimos)
1969 - Leonardo Nascimento de Araujo, Brazilian footballer
1969 - Mark Ramprakash, English cricketer
1970 - Brad Hopkins, NFL tackle (Houston Oilers)
1970 - Lori Harrigan, Anaheim California, softball pitcher (Olympics-gold-96)
1970 - Michael Potts, Langdale AL, pitcher (Milwaukee Brewers)
1970 - Willie Clay, NFL safety (Detroit Lions)
1970 - Liam Lynch, American musician (Sifl and Olly)
1970 - Mohammad Rafique, Bangladeshi cricketer
1971 - Carlester Crumpler, NFL tight end (Seattle Seahawks)
1971 - Kim Maher, Saigon Vietnam, US softball infielder (Olympics-gold-96)
1971 - Adam Hollioake, England cricketer
1972 - Cari Shayne, Penn, actress (Karen Cates-General Hospital)
1972 - Dirk Copeland, LA California, pursuit cyclist (Olympics-92, 96)
1972 - Jimmy Haynes, La Grange GA, pitcher (Baltimore Orioles)
1972 - Tom Carter, NFL cornerback (Washington Redskins)
1973 - Jenny Whittle, Australian basketball center (Olympics-bronze-96)
1973 - Tina Yothers, actress (Family Ties)
1973 - Paddy Considine, English actor
1974 - Rawl Lewis, West Indian cricketer
1975 - Rod Barajas, American baseball player
1975 - George Boateng, Dutch footballer
1975 - Matt Geyer, Australian rugby league footballer
1975 - Jamie Spaniolo, American horrorcore rapper
1976 - Tatyana Gutsu, Ukrainian gymnast
1976 - Carice van Houten, Dutch actress
1977 - Minoru Fujita, Japanese professional wrestler
1977 - Alexey Harkov, Russian bassist (Kipelov, Sergey Mavrin)
1977 - Rosevelt Colvin, American football player
1977 - Joseba Etxeberria, Spanish football winger
1977 - Nazr Mohammed, American Basketball player
1978 - Laura Bertram, Canadian actress
1978 - Chris Jack, New Zealand rugby union footballer
1978 - Zhang Zhong, Chinese chess player
1978 - Sylvester Joseph, West Indian cricketer
1979 - John Carew, Norwegian footballer
1979 - Stacey Dales, Canadian basketball player and sportscaster
1979 - George O'Callaghan, Irish footballer
1980 - Franco Costanzo, Argentinian football goalkeeper
1981 - Drew Carter, American football player
1981 - Filippo Volandri, Italian tennis player
1982 - Alexandre Geijo, Spanish/Swiss footballer
1982 - Sondre Lerche, Norwegian musician
1983 - Eugen Bopp, Ukrainian-German footballer
1983 - Pablo Granoche, Uruguayan footballer
1983 - Xavier Susai, Australian comedian
1984 - Trey Hill, Grammy-nominated musician
1985 - Ryan Guy, American soccer player
1987 - Pierre Casiraghi, son of Princess Caroline of Monaco
1990 - Jeremy Snider, US actor (Eric Jr-Bold & Beautiful)
1990 - Kim Yu-Na, Korean figure skater
1991 - Skandar Keynes, English actor
1993 - Gage Golightly, American actress
Quote for today:
Simplicity, carried to an extreme, becomes elegance.
- Jon Franklin
1839 - Great fire in NY
1848 - National Black Convention meets (Cleveland)
1853 - Women's Right's Convention met (NYC)
1861 - General Grant occupies Paducah Kentucky
1862 - Stonewall Jackson occupies Frederick, Maryland
1863 - -7] Confederate troops vacate Fort Wagner SC (1700 casualties)
1863 - After 59 day siege, confederates evacuate Ft Wagner, SC
1866 - Frederick Douglass is 1st US black delegate to a national convention
1869 - 1st westbound train arrives in SF
1869 - Mine fire kills 179 at Avondale Pennsylvania
1870 - Ship sinks in Gulf of Biskaje; 483 die
1873 - Regular Cable Car service begins on Clay Street
1876 - Race riot in Charleston SC
1876 - Southern Pacific line from LA to SF completed
1880 - Commencement of 1st Test Cricket in England, v Australia at The Oval
1880 - W G Grace scores 152 in debut Test Cricket innings, v Aust The Oval
1883 - Cub's Burns (extra bases), Williamson & Pfeiffer get 3 hits in 1 inn
1885 - Eastern Rumelia declares its union with Bulgaria. The Unification of Bulgaria is accomplished.
1886 - Queen Victoria establishes Distinguished Service Order (DSO) award
1888 - Charles Turner becomes the first bowler to take 250 wickets in an English season - a feat since accomplished only by Tom Richardson (twice), J.T. Hearne, Wilfred Rhodes (twice) and Tich Freeman (six times).
1889 - King Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda resigns
1898 - Lord Kitchener destroys Mahdi's tomb in Omdurman
1899 - Carnation processes its 1st can of evaporated milk
1899 - US min of Foreign affairs John Hay publishes his "Open Through Note"
1900 - British General Buller occupies Lydenburg South Africa
1901 - Pres William McKinley, shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz at Pan American Exposition in Buffalo NY, he dies 8th days later
1903 - Start of Sherlock Holmes "Adventure of Creeping Man" (BG)
1904 - Soccer team Rheden forms
1905 - Atlanta Life Insurance Company forms
1905 - Chic White Sox Frank Smith no-hits Detroit Tigers, 15-0
1905 - General Trade journal publishes 1st Dutch photo (train accident)
1909 - Word received, Adm Peary discovers North Pole 5 months earlier
1910 - Saskatchewan (then Regina) Roughrider football club formed
1912 - NY Giant Jeff Tesreau no-hits Phila, 3-0
1913 - 19th US Golf Amateur Championship won by Jerry Travers
1913 - 1st aircraft to loop the loop (Adolphe P�goud-France)
1913 - Hamilton Alerts apply for ORFU reinstatement, taking the name Hamilton Rowing Club
1914 - Battle of Marne; Germans prevented from occupying Paris
1917 - French pilot Georges Guynemer shoots down 54th German aircraft
1920 - 40th US Mens Tennis: Wm Tilden beats Wm M Johnston (61 16 75 57 63)
1920 - Jack Dempsey KOs Billy Miske in 3 for heavyweight boxing title 1st radio broadcast of a prizefight
1922 - 42nd US Mens Tennis: Wm T Tilden beats Wm M Johnston 46 36 62 63 64)
1923 - Queen Wilhelmina celebrates 25 year jubilee
1924 - Assassination attempt on Benito Mussolini fails
1924 - Charles Paddock captures 100 & 200 yd AAU national senior outdoor track & field championships
1927 - Buddy DeSylva & Lew Brown's musical "Good News" premieres in NYC
1927 - Red Sox beat NY Yankees 12-11 in 18 innings at Fenway Park
1928 - USSR signs Briand-Kellogg-pact
1930 - Brooklyn Dodgers beat Phillies 22-8
1930 - Democratically elected Argentine president Hip�lito Yrigoyen is deposed in a military coup.
1937 - Spanish Civil War: The start of the Battle of El Mazuco.
1938 - Wilhelmina celebrates 40th anniversary jubilee as Dutch queen
1939 - 1st German air attack on Great-Britain in WW II
1939 - South Africa declares war on nazi-Germany
1939 - World War II: The Battle of Barking Creek.
1940 - Crown prince Michael succeeds Carol II as king of Romania
1940 - Generalissimo Gamelin arrested in France
1941 - 55th US Womens Tennis: Sarah H Cooke beats Pauline Betz Addie (75 62)
1941 - 61st US Mens Tennis: Robert L Riggs beats F Kovacs (2d 57 61 63 63)
1941 - All Jews over age 6 in German territories ordered to wear a star
1941 - Jews of Vilna Poland confined to their ghetto
1942 - 56th US Womens Tennis: Pauline Betz beats A Louise Brough (46 61 64)
1942 - Czech marathon runner Oskar H�ks transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau
1943 - "Congressional Limited" train derails near Frankfort Pa, kills 79
1943 - 63rd US Mens Tennis: J R Hunt Seaman beats Jack Kramer (63 68 108 60)
1943 - Carl Scheib becomes youngest pitcher in AL (16y 8 ms) of the A's
1944 - Gen Von Zangens 15th army escape from Zealand
1945 - A's catcher George George punches ump Joe Rue gets suspended
1946 - All-American Football Conference plays 1st game (Clev 44, Miami 0)
1946 - Terence Rattigan's "Winslow Boy," premieres in London
1948 - "Mr Strauss Goes to Boston" opens at Century Theater NYC for 12 perfs
1948 - 37th Davis Cup: USA beats Australia in New York (5-0)
1948 - Juliana becomes queen of Netherlands
1949 - Howard Unruh kills 13 neighbors in 12 minutes
1952 - Canadian TV begins in Montreal
1953 - Adenauers CDU wins elections in German FR
1953 - Roy Campanella sets record for HRs by a catcher at 38
1954 - 68th US Womens Tennis: Doris Hart beats A Louise Brough (68 61 86)
1954 - 74th US Mens Tennis: E V Seixas Jr beats Rex Hartwig (36 62 64 64)
1954 - US plane shot down above Siberia
1954 - WINS NYC begins playing rock n roll with Alan Freed Show
1954 - Yankees use a record 10 pinch hitters
1955 - "Catch a Star" opens at Plymouth Theater NYC for 23 performances
1955 - J van Tilburg appointed governor of Suriname
1957 - Elvis records "White Xmas," "Silent Night" & "Here Comes Santa Claus"
1958 - Mary Ann Mobley (Miss), 21, crowned 31st Miss America 1959
1958 - US performs nuclear test at S Atlantic Ocean
1959 - Kathy Cornelius wins LPGA Cosmopolitan Golf Open
1961 - USSR performs nuclear test at Kapustin Yar USSR
1962 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1963 - Church bombed in Birmingham AL, kills 4 African-American girls
1963 - Historian Lee Allen says Indians-Senators game is 100,000th in history
1963 - Jerry Lee Lewis quits Sun Records
1963 - Major league baseballs 100,000th game
1963 - The Centre for International Industrial Property Studies (CEIPI) is founded.
1965 - India invades West Pakistan
1965 - KLNE TV channel 3 in Lexington, NB (PBS) begins broadcasting
1966 - Race riot in Atlanta Georgia
1968 - Swaziland gains independence from Britain (National Day)
1968 - Swaziland becomes independent.
1969 - "Cabaret" closes at Broadhurst Theater NYC after 1166 performances
1970 - NY Met Tommy Agee hits for the cycle
1970 - Palestinians seize 3 jetliners
1970 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1971 - Jerry Lewis' 6th Muscular Dystrophy telethon raises
1972 - John & Yoko appear on Jerry Lewis' Muscular Dystrophy Telethon
1972 - Summer Olympics resume in Munich Germany after massacre
1973 - NY Times reports almost all Superfectas run at Yonkers, Roosevelt & Monticello from Jan-Mar of 1973 were fixed
1975 - 6.8 quake along Anatolian Fault kills over 2,000 in Lice Turkey
1975 - 89th US Womens Tennis: Chris E L Mills beats E G Cawley (57 64 62)
1975 - Heavy earthquake at Lice Turkey; 3,000 killed
1975 - Tawny Elaine Godin (NY), 18, crowned 48th Miss America 1976
1975 - Czech tennis star Martina Navratilova asks for US political asylum in New York City during the US Open
1975 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1976 - Jerry Lewis' 11th Muscular Dystrophy telethon, Dean Martin appears
1976 - Russian pilot Belenko defects to Japan in a Mig 25 jet
1977 - Angels acquire Dave Kingman from Padres for cash 9 days later Yankees buy Kingman (started with Mets) who plays in all 4 divisions in 1977
1978 - Begin & Sadat meet at Camp David to discuss peace
1978 - USSR performs underground nuclear test
1979 - "Peter Pan" opens at Lunt-Fontanne Theater NYC for 578 performances
1980 - 94th US Womens Tennis: Chris E L Mills beats H Mandlikova (57 61 61)
1980 - Chantal Langlace sets women's record for fastest 100K run (7h27m22s)
1980 - College football longest losing streak of 50 games ends for
1980 - Emmy Creative Arts Award presentation
1980 - Susan Powell (Okla), 21, crowned 53rd Miss America 1981
1980 - Macalaster U of St Paul, Minn beating Mount Senario 17-14
1981 - "They're Playing Our Song" closes at Imperial NYC after 1082 perfs
1981 - Bob Lemon named NY Yankee manager for 2nd time
1982 - Dutch Internal minister Mr M Red assigns BVD to spy on communists
1982 - Jerry Lewis' 17th Muscular Dystrophy telethon raises $28,400,000
1982 - Joanne Carner wins LPGA Rail Charity Golf Classic
1982 - Paul McCartney releases "Tug of War"
1982 - Pittsburgh Pirates retire Willie Stargell's #
1982 - Polish dissidents seize Polish Embassy in Bern, Switzerland
1983 - USSR admits to shooting down KAL 007 on 9/2
1984 - Lanford Wilson's "Balm in Gilead," premieres in NYC
1984 - Today Show begins live remote telecasts from Moscow
1985 - Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105, a Douglas DC-9 crashes just after takeoff from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, killing 31.
1986 - 300 invitees pay $5,000 to hear Barbra Striesand's benefit concert
1986 - Attack on synagogue in Istanbul, 23 killed
1986 - Jozef Pribilinec speed walking world record time (15,447k)
1986 - Michael Spinks TKOs Steffen Tangstad in 4 for heavyweight boxing title
1986 - USSR charges correspondent Nicholas Daniloff with spying
1987 - Benjamin & Patrick Binder separated at John Hopkins Hospital
1987 - Douglas Wakiihuri wins marathon (2:11:48)
1987 - Saskatchewan's Dave Ridgway kicks a CFL-record 60-yard field goal
1988 - Crippled soviet Soyuz TM-5 lands safely with 2 cosmonauts aboard
1988 - Thomas Gregory (11) swims English Canal
1988 - USSR performs underground nuclear test
1989 - 6th MTV Awards: Living Colour wins
1989 - Amateur Athletic Fed strips Ben Johnson of all track records
1989 - Police computer accuses 41,000 Parisians of murder/prostitution
1990 - 7th MTV Awards: Sinead O'Connor wins
1991 - 33rd Walker Cup: US, 14-10
1991 - Ronald Venetiaan chosen president of Suriname
1991 - Soviet Union recognizes Estonian independence
1991 - USSR recognizes independence of the 3 Baltic republics
1991 - The name Saint Petersburg is restored to Russia's second largest city, which had been renamed Leningrad in 1924.
1992 - Noureddine Morceli runs world record 1500m (3:28.86)
1993 - Helen Dobson wins LPGA State Farm Rail Golf Classic
1993 - Jerry Lewis' 28th Muscular Dystrophy telethon raises $46,014,922
1994 - 11th MTV Awards: Aerosmith, Lisa Marie & Michael Jackson win
1994 - Actor Jackson Pinckney awarded $487,000 for being partially blinded by Jean-Claude Van Damme during filming of "Cyborg"
1994 - Franziska van Almsick swims female record 200m freestyle (1:56.78)
1994 - Tom Dolan swims world record 400m medley (4:12.30)
1995 - Cal Ripken Jr breaks Gehrig's record, plays in 2,131 straight games
1995 - Senate Ethics committee votes 6-0 to ask for expulsion of Bob Packwood
1996 - Balt Orioles' Eddie Murray's 500th career HR
1997 - Princess Diana's funeral
1997 - Women's championship at US Tennis Open
1998 - Men's championship at US Tennis Open
Music history on September 6
1937 - Benny Goodman and his orchestra recorded "Sugar Foot Stomp."
1958 - Georgia Gibbs sang "The Hula-Hoop Song" on "The Ed Sullivan Show."
1961 - Bob Dylan debuted at the Gaslight Cafe in New York City.
1963 - Jerry Lee Lewis' contract with Sun Records expired.
1968 - Eric Clapton recorded his guitar solo on The Beatles' "While My Guitar Gently Weeps."
1969 - After a show in the Memphis Mid-Southern Coliseum, James Brown announced his retirement from live performance after July 4, 1970.
1972 - John and Yoko appeared on Jerry Lewis' Muscular Dystrophy Telethon.
1974 - "The Place I Love" by Splinter was released on the Dark Horse label. It was the first release the George Harrison label.
1982 - Paul McCartney released "Tug Of War."
1989 - The Pittsburgh Steelers were banned from practicing on their own field, Three Rivers Stadium, because The Rolling Stones were rehearsing for their upcoming concert.
1993 - Don Henley, Jimmy Buffett, Elton John, Sting and Aerosmith performed at a benefit concert in Boston for Walden Woods.
1995 - Bruce Hornsby and Branford Marsalis performed the National Anthem in Baltimore's Camden Yards before Cal Ripken Jr. set baseball's all-time consecutive games played record.
2000 - U.S. District Judge Jed Rakoff ruled that MP3.com had willfully violated copyrights and awarded Universal Music $118-250 million in damages.
2010 - Jane's Addiction announced that it had parted ways with bassist Duff McKagan. McKagan had only been working with the band for five months.
Sports history on September 6
1905 - Frank Smith (Chicago White Sox) pitched a no-hitter against the Detroit Tigers. The game set a record for the most lopsided margin of victory for a no-hitter in AL history (15-0).
1924 - Urban Shocker (St. Louis Brown) pitched two complete games against the Chicago White Sox. He won both games 6-2.
1943 - The youngest player to appear in an American League baseball game was pitcher Carl Scheib of the Philadelphia Athletics. Scheib was 16 years, eight months and five days old.
1972 - Rick DeMont lost the gold medal he received in a 400-meter swimming event because a banned drug was found in his system during routine drug testing.
1972 - The Summer Olympics resumed in Munich, West Germany, a day after the deadly hostage crisis that took the lives of 11 Israelis and five Arab abductors.
1976 - Steve Yeager (Los Angeles) was seriously injured when part of a broken bat struck him in the throat. He was waiting in the on-deck circle when the incident occurred.
1981 - Fernando Valenzuela (Los Angeles Dodgers) tied a National League record of seven shutouts by a rookie pitcher.
1989 - The Pittsburgh Steelers were banned from practicing on their own field, Three Rivers Stadium, because The Rolling Stones were rehearsing for their upcoming concert.
1995 - Bruce Hornsby and Branford Marsalis performed the National Anthem in Baltimore's Camden Yards before Cal Ripken Jr. set baseball's all-time consecutive games played record.
1995 - Los Angeles police detective Mark Fuhrman invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination at the O.J. Simpson trial.
1995 - Cal Ripken played his 2,131st consecutive game setting a new record. Lou Gehrig previously held the record.
1996 - Eddie Murray (Baltimore Orioles) hit his 500th career home run during a game against the Detroit Tigers. He was only the third person to have at least 3,000 hits and 500 home runs.
2000 - Scott Sheldon (Texas Rangers) became the third player in major league baseball history to play all nine positions in one game.
2001 - Barry Bonds (San Francisco) became the fifth player in major league baseball history to hit 60 home runs in a season.
Famous birthdays on September 6
1577 - Pietro Tacca, Italian sculptor/architect (Aanbidding of the Point)
1620 - Isabella Leonarda, composer
1644 - Juan Bautista Jose Cabanilles, composer
1648 - Johann Schelle, composer
1656 - Guillaume Dubois, French cardinal and statesman (d. 1723)
1697 - Willem Gideon Deutz, Amsterdam regent/banker/merchant
1702 - Heinrich Nikolaus Gerber, composer
1711 - Henry Muhlenberg, German-born founder of the U.S. Lutheran Church (d. 1787)
1729 - Mozes Mendelssohn, German englightened philosopher (Haksalah)
1732 - Johan Wilcke, Swedish physicist (d. 1796)
1757 - Marquis de Lafayette, American patriot, French revolutionary
1762 - Theodorus F van Capellen, vice-admiral
1766 - John Dalton, English physicist, developed atomic theory of matter
1781 - Anton Diabelli, Austria publisher/composer
1788 - F Wilhelm von Schadow, German painter (Modern Vasari)
1795 - Frances Wright, English writer and lecturer (d. 1852)
1797 - Wililam "Extra Billy" Smith, Confederacy (Confederate Army)
1802 - Alcide d'Orbigny, French naturalist (d. 1857)
1805 - Horatio Greenough, US, neo-classical sculptor/writer (Form & Function)
1808 - Abd al-Qadir, Algerian political and military leader (d. 1883)
1811 - James Melville Gilliss, founder (Naval Observatory in Washington)
1811 - Johanna D Courtmans-Berchmans, Flemish author (Rozeken Pot)
1814 - George Cartier, � Canadian co-PM (1858-62)
1815 - John Richardson Liddell, Brigadier General (Confederate Army)
1815 - Karol Katski, composer
1816 - Francis Stebbins Bartow, Col (Confederate Army), died in 1861
1817 - Alexander Tilloch Galt, a Canadian founding father
1819 - Carl Ferdinand Pohl, composer
1819 - Nicolae Filimon, Romania, writer/critic (Ciocoii Vechi Si Noi)
1819 - William Starke Rosecrans, Mjr General (Union volunteers)
1827 - John Morrison Oliver, Bvt Major General (Union volunteers)
1829 - Marie Zakrzewska, Polish physician (d. 1902)
1838 - Samuel Arnold, Lincoln conspirator (d. 1906)
1850 - Louis F H "Louis" Apol, painter/etcher/literary
1855 - Ferdinand B Hummel, composer
1857 - Zelia Nuttall, American archeologist and historian (d. 1933)
1860 - Jane Addams, Cedarville, Illinois, pacifist/social worker/feminist (Nobel 1931), (d. 1935)
1863 - Rodolfo Lenz, German/Chilian linguist (El Papiamento)
1868 - Heinrich H�berlin, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 1947)
1869 - Felix Salten, [Siegmund Salzmann], Austria journalist (Bambi)
1869 - Walford Davies, composer
1876 - John J R Macleod, Scottish/Canadian physiologist (Nobel 1923)
1876 - Willem A Bonger, Dutch sociologist/criminologist (Race & Crime)
1877 - Petar Stojanovic, composer
1877 - Buddy Bolden, American musician (d. 1930)
1879 - Neal Rev Dodd, Iowa, actor (You Belong to Me)
1879 - Max Schreck, German actor (d. 1936)
1880 - Jean-Louis Pisuisse, Dutch night club performer (French governess)
1881 - Charlie Dell, NYC, actor (Pickle in the Middle)
1881 - Leo Carrillo, LA California, actor (Pancho-Cisco Kid)
1882 - John Powell, composer
1885 - Franz T Csokor, Austrian author (Writings on the Wall)
1885 - Otto Kruger, Toledo Ohio, actor (Lux Video Theater, High Noon)
1888 - Joseph P Kennedy, Boston Mass, diplomat, father of JFK, RFK & Teddy
1890 - Clara Kimball Young, Illinois, actress (Return of Chandu)
1890 - Manfred Gurlitt, composer
1892 - Edward V Appleton, English physicist (Appleton-layer)
1893 - Irving Bacon, St Joseph MO, actor (Branded Men, Fort Ti)
1893 - Claire Chennault, American pilot (d. 1958)
1896 - Frutuoso de Lima Viana, composer
1896 - Mario Praz, Italian literary (La carne, la morte, e il diavolo)
1896 - Vladimir Nikitich Kashperov, composer
1899 - Billy Rose, theatrical producer (Diamond Horse Show)
1900 - Julien Green, US/French writer (Frere Francois)
1900 - W.A.C. Bennett, Canadian politician (d. 1979)
1901 - John Erik Jonsson, businessman/Mayor of Dallas
1902 - Morgan Beatty, Little Rock Ark, news anchor (Du Mont Evening News)
1904 - Karlo Arvi Kivimaa, Finnish writer (Groenende Cross)
1904 - Lyubomir Pipkov, composer
1904 - Maxie Rosenbloom, NYC, light heavyweight boxing champ (1930-34)
1906 - Alexander Bodon, Hungarian/Dutch architect (RAI building)
1906 - John Meulenhoff, Dutch publisher
1906 - Raymond Keane, Denver CO, actor (Midnight Sun, Love Eagle)
1907 - Elizabeth Morna MacTaggart Ferrars, crime writer
1907 - John A Kelly, US marathon runner (Berlin 1936, Boston 1935..1991)
1908 - Anthony Wagner, genealogist
1908 - Paul Lavalle, Beacon NY, bandleader (Cities Service Band of America)
1909 - John Ridgely, Chicago IL, actor (Northern Pursuit, Air Force)
1910 - Frank Fidler, artist
1911 - Bentley Bridgewater, British Museum secretary
1911 - Harry Danning, American baseball player (d. 2004)
1912 - Stephen Murray, Partney England, actor (Alice in Wonderland)
1912 - Vincent DiMaggio, baseball player (Giants, Phils, Reds, Braves)
1912 - Wayne Barlow, composer
1915 - Franz Josef Strauss, Germany, nazi/minister of defense (1956-62)
1916 - Anne Cavendish-Bentinck, English landowner
1917 - George Mann, captain English cricket team
1917 - Philipp von Boeselager, German Wehrmacht officer, failed assassin of Adolf Hitler (d. 2008)
1919 - Wilson Greatbatch, American Inventor
1921 - Robert Millar, journalist
1921 - Carmen Laforet, Spanish author (d. 2004)
1923 - Peter II Karadjordjevic, King of Yugoslavia (1934-45)
1923 - William Kraft, Chicago, Ill, composer/percussionist
1924 - John Melcher, (Sen-D-MO)
1925 - Jimmy Reed, Mississippi, blues singer (Soulin', Big Boss Man)
1926 - Arthur William Oldham, composer
1926 - Claus von Amsberg, prince of Netherlands
1927 - Keith Humble, composer
1928 - Evgeny Svetlanov, Moscow Russia, conductor (Siberian Fantasy)
1928 - Rudolph Plukfelder, USSR, light heavyweight (Olympic-gold-1964)
1928 - Robert M. Pirsig, American author
1929 - Tsang-houe' Hsu, composer
1930 - Andre Beullens, Flemish painter
1931 - Sander M Levin, (Rep-D-Michigan, 1983- )
1932 - Earl of Cawdor, British large landowner
1932 - Gilles Tremblay, composer
1934 - Jody McCrea, LA California, actor (Ben Matheson-Wichita Town)
1935 - Bob Bouber, [Boris Blom], Dutch singer (ZZ & Masks)/actor
1935 - Jock Wallace, soccer star/manager
1937 - Irina Bayanovna Solovyova, Russian cosmonaut
1937 - Jo Anne Worley, Lowell Indiana, comedienne (Laugh-in)
1937 - John Bernard, Dutch TV weatherman
1937 - Sergio Aragon�s, Spanish-born illustrator
1937 - Brigid Berlin, American actor
1938 - Alan Charles Downes, cameraman
1938 - Joan Tower, New Rochelle NY, composer (Breakfast Rhythms)
1939 - David Allan Coe, country musician (Mysterious Rhinestone Cowboy)
1939 - Susumu Tonegawa, Japanese molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1939 - Dan Cragg, American soldier and author
1940 - Jackie Trent, singer
1941 - Monica Mason, England, ballerina
1941 - Willibrord Frequin, Dutch TV reporter
1942 - Dave Bargeron, NYC, rocker (Blood, Sweat & Tears)
1942 - Harry Jack Max, rocker
1942 - Les Burns, local councillor
1942 - Mel McDaniel, Checotah Oklahoma, singer (Baby's got her Blue Jeans On)
1943 - George Roger Waters, Cambridge, England, rock bassist and vocalist (Pink Floyd-Brick in the Wall)
1943 - Richard J. Roberts, English biochemist and molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1944 - Gordon DeMarco, writer/activist
1944 - Linda Kaye Henning, Cal, actress (Betty Joe-Petticoat Junction)
1944 - M N Aubrey Mokoape, S Afr's VP (Azanian People Org)
1944 - Swoosie Kurtz, Omaha Nebraska, actress (Slap Shot, Garp, Sisters)
1946 - Bryan D O'Connor, Orange Cal, Col USMC/astronaut (STS 61B, STS 40)
1946 - Buizen Beernd, [Bennie Jolink], singer/guitarist/pianist (Normal)
1947 - Jane Curtin, Cambridge Mass, actress (SNL, Allie Lowell-Kate & Allie)
1947 - Sylvester, rocker (Do Ya Wanna Funk)
1947 - Bruce Rioch, Scottish footballer and coach
1948 - Charles "Claydes" Smith, Jersey City NJ, guitarist (Kool & The Gang)
1949 - Jimmy Litherland, rocker (Mitarbeit)
1949 - Mhlabunzima Maphumulo, S Afr Kwazulu politician
1950 - Ria Oomen-Ruijten, Dutch MP (CDA)
1951 - Barry Troyna, teacher/educational sociologist
1953 - Katherine Cannon, Hartford Ct, actress (Father Murphy, Survivors)
1953 - Mohammed Kedir, Ethiopia, 10k runner (Olympic-bronze-1980)
1954 - Banner Thomas, rocker (Molly Hatchet)
1954 - Jon Erikson, US, 1st to triple cross English Channel (1981)
1954 - Patrick O'Hearn, rock bassist (Missing Persons)
1954 - Carly Fiorina, Former CEO of Hewlett-Packard
1955 - Anne Henning, US, 500m speed skater (Olympic-gold-1972)
1955 - Carl Erwin Walz, Cleve Ohio, Mjr USAF/Astronaut (STS 51, 65, 79)
1956 - Pam Allen, Billings MT, LPGA golfer (1988 Planters Pat Bradley-12th)
1956 - Bill Ritter, American politician
1957 - "Curley" Joe Smyth, Westbrook Me, country singer (Betty's Bein' Bad)
1957 - Gwyn Evans, Welsh rugby player
1957 - Paul Lewis Harrhy, actor/opera singer (Intelligence Park)
1957 - Micha�lle Jean, 27th Governor-General of Canada
1957 - Jos� S�crates, Prime Minister of Portugal
1957 - Tim Whitnall, English actor and narrator
1958 - Jeff Foxworthy, comedian (Jeff Foxworthy-The Jeff Foxworthy Show)
1958 - Michael Winslow, American actor and comedian
1958 - Buster Bloodvessel, British singer
1958 - Nigel Westlake, Australian musician and composer
1960 - Michael Winslow, Spokane WA, actor/comedian (Police Academy)
1961 - Pal Waaktaar, Oslo Norway, rock guitarist/vocalist (A-ha)
1961 - Peggy MacIntaggart, Midland Ontario, playmate (January, 1990)
1961 - Scott Travis, American musician (Judas Priest)
1961 - Simon Reeve, Australian journalist
1962 - Kevin Willis, NBA center (Houston Rockets)
1962 - Elizabeth Vargas, American journalist
1963 - Jozsef Kiprich, soccer player (Feyenoord)
1963 - Mark Chesnutt, Beaumont Tx, country singer (Too Cold at Home)
1963 - Alice Sebold, American novelist
1963 - Geert Wilders, Dutch politician
1963 - Bryan Simonaire, American politician
1963 - Pat Nevin, Scottish footballer
1964 - Rosie Perez, Bkln, actress (Do the Right Thing, White Men Can't Jump)
1965 - Johan Garrels, soccer player (Alphense Boys, RKC)
1965 - John Polson, Australian actor and film director
1966 - Joan Guetschow, Akron Ohio, biathelete (Olympics-1994)
1967 - Amy Lynn Baxter, model (Penthouse Pet 1990)
1968 - Gene Patrick, Phila, actor (Gemini: Twin Stars)
1968 - Pat Meares, Salina KS, infielder (Minnesota Twins)
1968 - Tommy Snider, American actor
1968 - Paul Rea, American television journalist
1968 - Christopher Brookmyre, Scottish writer
1969 - Aaron Pierce, NFL halfback (NY Giants)
1969 - Cece Peniston, Phoenix AZ, Miss Black AZ/singer (Finally)
1969 - Douglas Pirini, Auckland NZ, decathlete (Olympics-96)
1969 - Helen Labdan, Bracknell England, model (page 3)
1969 - Ben Finegold, American chess player
1969 - Michellie Jones, Australian triathlete
1969 - Michael Davis, American softball player (Solvents, et al)
1970 - Igor Korolev, Moscow Russia, NHLer (Team Russia, Winnipeg)
1970 - Shane Heal, Box Hill Melbourne VIC Austral, basketball guard (Oly-96)
1970 - Torrance Small, NFL wide receiver (NO Saints)
1970 - Paul Miller, American composer and author
1971 - Anthony Goldwire, NBA guard (Denver Nuggets)
1971 - Holli Rene Hyche, Indianapolis Indiana, runner
1971 - Kathy Wolfgramm, rocker (Jets)
1971 - Pavel Patera, Kladno CZE, hockey forward (Team Czech Rep, Oly-gild-98)
1971 - Sandra Natasha Abreu, Miss Universe-Dominican Republic (1996)
1971 - Devang Gandhi, Indian Cricketer
1972 - Eric Zeier, NFL quarterback (Cleveland Browns)
1972 - Frank Rocca, CFL corner (Winnipeg Blue Bombers)
1972 - China Mi�ville, English writer
1972 - Justina Machado, Puerto Rican actress
1972 - Anika Noni Rose, American actress and singer
1972 - Idris Elba, English/American actor
1972 - Dylan Bruno, American actor (Numb3rs)
1973 - Greg Rusedski, Montreal Quebec, tennis star (1995 Seoul)
1973 - Carlo Cudicini, Italian footballer
1974 - Justin Whalin, SF California, actor (Jimmy-Lois & Clark, Charles in Charge)
1974 - Tim Henman, English tennis player
1974 - Nina Persson, Swedish musician (The Cardigans)
1975 - Derrek Lee, American baseball player
1976 - Danny Blankers, soccer player (PSV/Willem II)
1976 - Michael Nakamura, Australian baseball pitcher (Olympics-1996)
1976 - N.O.R.E., American rapper
1976 - Hyun Young, South Korean actress and pop singer
1976 - Naomie Harris, American actress
1977 - Kiyoshi Hikawa, Japanese enka singer
1978 - Natalia Cigliuti, NY, actress (Lindsay-Saved By Bell: New Class)
1978 - Cisco Adler, American singer
1978 - Alex Escobar, Venezuelan baseball player
1978 - Mathew Horne, English Actor
1978 - Tony Thaxton, drummer (Motion City Soundtrack)
1979 - Massimo Maccarone, Italian footballer
1979 - Carlos Adri�n Morales, Mexican footballer
1979 - Foxy Brown, American rapper
1979 - Brandon Silvestry, American professional wrestler
1980 - Samuel Peter, Nigerian heavyweight boxer
1980 - Joseph Yobo, Nigerian footballer
1980 - Yuji Hamano, Japanese archer
1980 - Jillian Hall, American professional wrestler
1981 - Yumiko Cheng, Hong Kong singer
1981 - Mark Teahen, American baseball player
1985 - Webbie, American rapper
1985 - Ali Ashfaq, Maldivian footballer
1985 - Alberto Valerio, Brazilian racing driver
1987 - Ramiele Malubay, American singer
1989 - Nikos Boutzikos, Greek footballer
2000 - Breanna Lynn Bartlett-Stewart, first Kleihauer-Betke stillbirth (d. 2000)
2006 - Prince Hisahito of Akishino, Japan Imperial Family member
Quote of the day:
I wanted to try to live in accord with the promptings which came from my true self. Why is that so difficult?
- Hermann Hesse
1988 - Guy Lafleur, Tony Esposito & Brad Park inducted in NHL Hall of Fame
1988 - NY Daily News reports boxer Mike Tyson is seeing a psychiatrist
1988 - Security & Exchange Comm accuses Drexel of violating security laws
1990 - "Street Scene" opens at NY State Theater NYC for 6 performances
1990 - Marjorie Judith Vincent (Ill), 25, crowned 64th Miss America 1991
1991 - 105th US Womens Tennis: Monica Seles beats Martina Navratilova (76 61)
1991 - 1st South African international competition in 25 years, gymnastics
1991 - Die Laughing wins Messenger Stakes
1991 - Harry Hamlin weds Nicollette Sheridan
1991 - Monica Seles (17) defeats Martina Navratilova (34) to win US Open
1991 - Ty Detmer of Brigham Young passes NCAA record 11,606 yards
1992 - Army of Ciskei homeland kills 28 ANC demonstrators
1992 - Baseball commissioner Faye Vincent resigns
1992 - Nancy Lopez wins LPGA Rail Charity Golf Classic
1993 - Brazil votes over importing monarchy
1993 - Cards Mark Whiten, hits 4 HRs & 12 RBIs in 2nd game of doubleheader
1994 - Jingyi Le/Ying Shan/Ying Le/Bin Lu swimming 4x100 freestyle (3:37.91)
1995 - 12th MTV Awards
1995 - STS 69 (Endeavour 9), launches into orbit
1995 - Sen Bob Packwoord (R-Ore) resigns rather than face expulsion
1996 - Women's championship at US Tennis Open
1997 - 111th US Womens Tennis: Martina Hingis beats Venus Williams (60 64)
1997 - 111th US Womens Tennis: Martina Hingis beats Venus Williams (60 64)
1997 - 117th US Mens Tennis: Patrick Rafter beats Greg Rusedski (63 62 46 75)
1997 - Boone Valley Senior Golf Classic
1997 - Emmy Creative Arts Award presentation
1997 - Karrie Webb wins Safeway LPGA Golf Championship
1997 - Men's championship at US Tennis Open
1997 - Steve Jones wins Canadian Golf Open with a 275
1997 - The first test flight of the F-22 Raptor takes place.
1998 - Jerry Lewis' 33rd Muscular Dystrophy telethon raises
1998 - Google is founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two students at Stanford University
1999 - A 5.9 magnitude earthquake rocks Athens, rupturing a previously unknown fault, killing 143, injuring more than 500, and leaving 50,000 people homeless.
2004 - Hurricane Ivan, a Category 5 hurricane hitting Grenada, killing 39 and damaging 90% of its buildings.
2005 - First presidential election was held in Egypt.
2008 - The US Government takes control of the two largest largest mortgage financing companies in the US, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
2011 - Plane crash in Russia kills 43 people, including nearly the entire roster of the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl Kontinental Hockey League team.
Music history on September 7
1541 - Composer Hernando de Cabezon was born.
1907 - Oscar Hammerstein announced a plan for five opera houses in New York.
1936 - Charles Hardin Holley, later Buddy Holly, was born in Lubbock, TX. His name was misspelled on his first record contract and he decided to leave it that way.
1940 - Artie Shaw and his orchestra recorded "Temptation".
1957 - Sam Cooke's first single "You Send Me" was released.
1969 - The half hour Saturday morning cartoon "The Beatles" aired its last show. The show had debuted on September 25, 1965.
1975 - The Guess Who play their final concert in Montreal.
1975 - Steve Anderson set a record for picking a guitar. Anderson, at age 22, picked for 114 hours, 7 minutes. He broke the old record by more than four hours.
1976 - Paul McCartney commemorated Buddy Holly's 40th birthday with the inauguration of "Buddy Holly Week" in Britain.
1978 - Sid Vicious performed at Max's Kansas City, New York City punk club.
1978 - Keith Moon, drummer for The Who, died in London after overdosing on Hemenephirin at the age of 31. He was taking the prescription drug to help him with alcohol. He was replaced in The Who by Kenney Jones (from the Faces).
1979 - Gary Numan released his LP "The Pleasure Principle."
1986 - Michael Nesmith joined the other original Monkees on stage for the first time since the band disbanded.
1987 - Pink Floyd began their "A Momentary Lapse Of Reason" tour despite threats to sue by former member Roger Waters.
1990 - "Street Scene" opened at the New York State Theatre.
1996 - Tupac Shakur and Marion "Suge" Knight are shot while in Las Vegas after a Mike Tyson fight. Shakur died six days later.
2000 - Timothy Commerford (Rage Against the Machine) was arrested and charged with resisting arrest and disorderly conduct. Commerford had climbed a scaffold during the MTV Music Awards delaying the show 20 minutes.
Sports history on September 7
1896 - A.H. Whiting won the first automobile race held on a racetrack. The race was held in Cranston, RI.
1963 - The National Professional Football Hall of Fame was dedicated in Canton, OH.
1979 - ESPN, the Entertainment and Sports Programming Network, made its debut on cable TV.
1986 - Dan Marino of the Miami Dolphins threw his 100th career touchdown pass, in only his 44th NFL game, which set a NFL record.
1998 - Mark McGwire set a new major league baseball record for most homeruns hit in a single season. The previous record was 61 set in 1961.
Famous birthdays on September 7
786 - Emperor Saga, 52nd Emperor of Japan (d. 842)
1438 - Louis II, Landgrave of Hesse (d. 1471)
1471 - Frederik I, king of Denmark/Norway (1523-33)
1524 - Thomas Erastus, Swiss theologian (d. 1583)
1533 - Elizabeth, daughter of English king Henry VIII & Anna Boleyn
1533 - Queen Elizabeth I, Greenwich, England, (1558-1603) daughter of Henry VIII, (d. 1603)
1631 - Clemens Thieme, composer
1674 - Ernest Augustus (d. 1728)
1683 - Mary Anne of Austria, Archduchess of Austria and Queen consort of Portugal (d. 1754)
1694 - Johan Ludvig, Danish policitian (d. 1763)
1703 - Jean Monnet, composer
1705 - Matth�us G�nther, German painter (d. 1788)
1707 - George-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon, writer on natural history
1726 - Francois-Andre Danican Philidor, France, composer/chess champion
1731 - Damasus Brosmann, composer
1731 - Elisabetta de Gambarini, composer
1735 - Thomas Coutts, Scottish banker
1737 - Luigi Galvani, Italian anatomist/physicist
1739 - Joseph Legros, composer
1740 - Johan Tobias Sergel, Swedish sculptor (d. 1814)
1756 - Willem Bilderdijk, Dutch poet/literature (Disease of Scientists)
1777 - Heinrich St�lzel, German musician and composer (d. 1844)
1782 - Bernardus JC Dibbets, Dutch baron/general-major (Maastricht)
1784 - Frantisek Max Knize, composer
1810 - Hermann Heinrich Gossen, Prussian economist (d. 1858)
1811 - William Hamsley Emory, Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1887
1815 - Howell Cobb II, Major General/Secy of Treas (Union), died in 1868
1815 - John McDouall Stuart, Australian explorer (d. 1866)
1817 - Louise of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), queen of Denmark (d. 1898)
1818 - Thomas Talbot, 31st Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1886)
1819 - Jean E "Adriaan" van Bevervoorde, journalist (History of Holland)
1829 - August Kekule von Stradonitz, discovered structure of benzene ring
1829 - Ferdinand Vandiveer Hayden, US, geologist (Geograph Survey 1859-86)
1831 - Alexandre Falgui�re, French sculptor and painter (d. 1900)
1836 - Henry Campbell-Bannerman, British PM (L) (1905-08)
1836 - August Toepler, German physicist (d. 1912)
1842 - John H Zuckertort, German chess player
1851 - Edward Ashael Birge, American pioneer in limnology (d. 1950)
1855 - William Friese-Greene, British photographer (d. 1921)
1860 - Grandma Moses [Anna Maria], NY, primitive painter (Old Oaken Bucket), (d. 1961)
1860 - Willem H Nolens, priest/Dutch ambassador to Vatican
1864 - Giovanni Tebaldini, composer
1866 - Tristan Bernard, French playwright and novelist (d. 1947)
1867 - Albert Basserman, Mannheim Germany, actor (Foreign Correspondant)
1867 - Camilod d'Almeida Pessanha, Portuguese poet (China)
1867 - Albert Bassermann, German actor (d. 1952)
1869 - Margot SE Scharten-Antink, Dutch author (Catherina, Sprotje)
1870 - Aleksander Kuprin, Russian author (Pojedinok) [OS=Aug 26]
1870 - Thomas Curtis, American athlete (d. 1944)
1876 - C.J. Dennis, Australian poet and writer (d. 1938)
1877 - Mike O'Neill, Irish baseball player (d. 1959)
1879 - Nachman N "Neddy" Bamberg, Dutch actor (Haddock Mary)
1880 - Attilio Brugnoli, composer
1880 - Kurt von Wolfurt, composer
1881 - Constantly WL Scheurleer, Dutch archaeologist/banker/art expert
1882 - Johanna F Zandstra-Giezen, oldest person in Netherland (died at 111)
1885 - Harry Sinclair Lewis, US, writer (Babbitt, Nobel 1930)
1887 - Edith L Sitwell, English poetess/author (Wheels)
1889 - Albert Plesman, aviation pioneer/founder/director (KLM)
1889 - Bruce F Cummings, English author (Journal of a Disappointed Man)
1891 - Roscoe Karns, San Bernadino California, actor (Capt Shafer-Hennesey)
1893 - Leslie Hore-Belisha, British Minister of Transport
1899 - Leendert A Donker, Dutch Minister of Justice (PvdA)
1900 - "Janet" Taylor Caldwell, England, novelist (Melissa)
1900 - Emerson Treacy, Phila, actor (California Straight Ahead)
1902 - Roy Barcroft, [Howard Ravenscroft], Crab Orchard NE, actor (Freckles)
1905 - John Whitley, British air-marshal
1906 - Filip Gershkovich, composer
1907 - Ahmet Adnan Saygun, composer
1908 - Max Kaminsky, trumpeter
1908 - Michael E DeBakey, artificial heart pioneer
1908 - Paul Brown, Norwalk Ohio, NFL hall of famer (Browns, Bengals)
1909 - Elia Kazan, Constaninople Turkey, director (Streetcar Named Desire)
1909 - Jo Juda, Dutch musician
1909 - Natalia Dmitrevna Shpiller, singer
1910 - John Shea, US, 500m/1500m speed skater (Olympic-gold-1932)
1911 - Todor C Zjivkov, Bulgaria partizan/premier/president
1912 - David Packard, electronic engineer/businessman
1913 - Anthony Quayle, England, actor (Anne of 1000 Days, Lawrence of Arabia)
1913 - Oswald Szemerenyi, philologist
1913 - Willem C L "Wim" van der Grinten, Dutch lawyer/undersec of Economy
1914 - Herbert Delauney Bill Hughes, educationist
1914 - Hugo Pfister, composer
1914 - James Van Allen, US physicist (discovered Van Allen radiation belts)
1914 - Graeme Bell, Australian pianist and composer
1917 - John Cornforth, Australian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
1918 - Robert Lewis Campbell Lorimer, publisher
1919 - Alberic Schotte, Belgian cyclist (d. 2004)
1920 - Harri Webb, poet
1920 - Al Caiola, American guitarist
1921 - Josep Llu�s N��ez, Spanish President of FC Barcelona (1978 - 2000)
1922 - Arthur Ferrante, pianist/composer (Ferrante & Tachere-Exodus)
1922 - Kirill Vladimirovich Molchanov, composer
1922 - Lucien Jarraud, Canadian radio host (d. 2007)
1923 - Louise Suggs, Atlanta GA, LPGA golfer (US Women's Open-1949, 52)
1923 - Peter Lawford, London England, actor (Mrs Miniver, Thin Man)
1924 - Charles Braswell, McKinney TX, entertainer
1924 - Daniel Ken Inouye, (Sen-D Hawaii, 1963- )
1924 - Hugh Aitken, composer
1924 - Leonard Rosenman, Bkln NY, TV composer (Marcus Welby MD)
1924 - Bridie Gallagher, Donegal, Ireland, singer (A Mother's Love's A Blessing, The Boys from County Armagh), (d. 2012)
1925 - Allan Blakeney, Canadian politician
1926 - Erich Juskowiak, German footballer (d. 1983)
1927 - Don Messick, cartoon voice (Bam-bam, Astro, Scooby-Doo)
1927 - Graham Dudley Whettam, composer
1927 - Eric Hill, British children's Author
1929 - Gil Wolman, situationist
1929 - John Milford, Johnstown NY, actor (Lieutenant, Legend of Jesse James)
1929 - T[homas] P[atrick] McKenna, Ireland, actor (Rivals, Holocaust)
1930 - Baudouin I, king of Belgium (1951-93)
1930 - Sonny Rollins, NYC, jazz saxophonist (Blue Room)
1930 - Thijs van Vlijmen, Dutch MP (CDA)
1931 - Al McGuire, US, basketball coach (Marquette)
1931 - Charles Camilleri, composer
1931 - Cornelis de Wine, graphic artist
1934 - Bill Giles, Rochester NY, baseball owner (Philadelphia Phillies)
1934 - Little Milton, American musician (d. 2005)
1934 - Omar Karami, Prime Minister of Lebanon
1934 - Mary Bauermeister, German artist
1935 - Abdou Diouf, president of Senegal (1981- )
1935 - Don Messick, Buffalo NY, cartoon voice (Astro-Jetsons, Bamm Bamm)
1936 - Buddy Holly, Lubbock Tx, singer (Peggy Sue, That'll Be the Day), (d. 1959)
1936 - Romualds Kalsons, composer
1936 - Apostolos Kaklamanis, Greek politician
1937 - George Patrick Reid, schoolkeeper
1937 - John Phillip Law, Hollywood, actor (Barbarella, Love Machine)
1937 - Olly Wilson, composer
1937 - C�neyt Arkın, Turkish film actor
1939 - Stanley David Griggs, Portland Oregon, astronaut (STS 51-D), STS 33)
1939 - [Benjamin] Latimore, US singer (Let's Straighten It Out)
1940 - Dario Argento, director (Creepers, Deep Red, Tenebrae)
1941 - Mogoboya NN Ramadike, South African politician in Lebowa
1942 - Garrison Keillor, humorist (Praire Home Companion)
1942 - Richard Roundtree, actor (Shaft, Earthquake)
1942 - Alan Oakes, British Footballer
1943 - Lena Valaitis, Lithuanian-German Schlager singer
1943 - Beverley McLachlin, Chief Justice of Canada
1944 - Bertel Haarder, Danish politician
1945 - Luis Aravena Munoz, Chilean singer/exiled in Netherlands
1946 - Alfa Anderson, Bronx NY, rock vocalist (Chicago)
1946 - Willie Crawford, American baseball player (d. 2004)
1948 - Susan Blakely, Frankfurt Germany, actress (Rich Man Poor Man)
1949 - Gloria Gaynor, Newark NJ, disco singer (I Will Survive)
1949 - Barry Siegel, American journalist
1950 - Adriano Panatta, Rome, tennis star (French 1976, Italian 1976)
1950 - Peggy Noonan, author (What I Saw at the Revolution)
1951 - Chrissie Hynde, Akron Oh, rocker (Pretenders-Mystery Achievement)
1951 - Julie Kavner, LA California, actress (Brenda-Rhoda, Marge-Simpsons)
1951 - Mark R McCumber, Jacksonville FL, PGA golfer (1979 Doral-Eastern)
1951 - William Katt, US, actor (Butch & Sundance Kid, Carrie)
1951 - Morris Albert, Brazilian singer
1951 - Mark Isham, American composer
1952 - Ricardo Tormo, Spanish motocyclist (d. 1998)
1953 - Ben Bossi, rocker (Romeo Void)
1953 - Michael Byron, composer
1954 - Benmont Tench, Gainesville Fl, rock keyboardist (Heartbreakers)
1954 - Corbin Bernsen, North Hollywood California, actor (Arnie Becker-LA Law)
1954 - Michael Emerson, American actor
1955 - Efim Zelmanov, Russian mathematician
1955 - Mira Furlan, Croatian actress
1956 - Michael J Feinstein, pianist (Isn't It Romantic)
1956 - Byron Stevenson, British footballer (d. 2007)
1956 - Diane Warren, American song writer
1957 - Margot Chapman, Hawaii, vocals (Starland Vocal Band-Afternoon Delight)
1957 - Melvin Edward Mays, one of FBI's most wanted
1958 - D Elmina Davies, filmmaker
1958 - Nadieh, Dutch singer/guitarist/composer (Haifa Blue)
1959 - Jermaine Stewart, rocker
1960 - David Steele, Birmingham, rock keyboardist (Fine Young Cannibals)
1960 - Carlos Martinez, American bowler
1960 - Andrew Voss, Australian television personality
1961 - LeRoi Moore, American Saxophonist (Dave Matthews Band) {d. 2008)
1961 - Jean-Yves Thibaudet, French Pianist
1962 - Jennifer Egan, American novelist
1963 - Eric Eazy-E Wright, rapper
1965 - Bruce Armstrong, NFL tackle (NE Patriots)
1965 - Danny Harris, Torrance California, 400m hurdler (Olympic-silver-1984)
1965 - Darko Pančev, Macedonian footballer
1965 - Andreas Thom, German footballer
1965 - Uta Pippig, German athlete
1966 - Christopher Acland, musician
1967 - Kathaleen K Cutone, Olenoridge NJ, fig skater (1994 Collegiate champ)
1967 - Toby Jones, British actor
1968 - Erik Williams, NFL tackle (Dallas Cowboys)
1968 - Kyle Stevens, NJ, rock guitarist (Bang Tango-Dancin' on Coals)
1969 - Angie Everhart, Akron Ohio, model/actress (Jade, Last Action Hero)
1969 - Darren Bragg, Waterbury CT, outfielder (Seattle Mariners)
1969 - Rudy Galindo, San Jose California, 1996 US Mens' Champion
1969 - Diane Farr, American actress (Numb3rs)
1969 - Little Jimmy Urine, American singer (Mindless Self Indulgence)
1970 - Tom Everett Scott, American actor
1971 - Briana Scurry, Minneapolis MN, soccer goalkeeper (Olympics-96)
1971 - John Burke, NFL tight end (NE Patriots)>>
1971 - Tonny Jensen, Australian basketball guard (Olympics-96)
1971 - Wesley Leasy, NFL linebacker (Arizona Cardinals)
1972 - Andreas Pusnik, hockey forward (Team Austria 1998)
1972 - Cedric Davis, NFL cornerback (Arizona Cardinals)
1972 - Jason Isringhausen, Alton IL, pitcher (NY Mets)
1972 - Willy Tate, NFL tight end (KC Chiefs)
1973 - Sam Couch, Newport Beach California, kayak (alt-Olympics-96)
1973 - Shannon Elizabeth, American actress
1974 - Antonio McDyess, NBA forward (Phoenix Suns)
1974 - Mario Frick, Liechtensteiner footballer
1975 - Norifumi Abe, Japanese motorcycle road racer (d. 2007)
1975 - Harold Wallace, Costa Rican footballer
1976 - Marja de Graaf, Miss Universe-Netherlands (1996)
1976 - Oliver Hudson, American actor
1977 - Nora Greenwald, American professional wrestler
1977 - Gianluca Grava, Italian footballer
1977 - Jon Macken, British Footballer
1978 - G[eneral] A[ustin], Columbus Ga, rapper (Another Bad Creation)
1978 - Erwin Koen, Dutch footballer
1979 - Pavol Hochschorner and Peter Hochschorner - Slovak slalom canoers
1979 - Brian Stokes, American baseball player
1980 - Gabriel Milito, Argentine footballer
1980 - Javad Nekounam, Iranian footballer
1980 - Mark Prior, American baseball player
1980 - Sara Carrigan, Australian cyclist
1981 - G�khan Zan, Turkish footballer
1981 - Paul McCoy, American musician (lead singer of 12 Stones)
1982 - Andre Dirrell, American boxer
1983 - Philip Deignan, Irish cyclist
1983 - Mehmet Topuz, Turkisher footballer
1983 - Pops Mensah-Bonsu, British basketball player for the Dallas Mavericks
1983 - Annette Dytrt, German skater figure
1984 - Vera Zvonareva, Russian tennis player
1985 - Tatia Jayne Starkey, Ringo's 1st grandchild
1985 - Rafinha, Brazilian footballer
1986 - Colin Delaney, American Professional Wrestler
1986 - Spectacular Blue Smith, American musician (Pretty Ricky)
1987 - Aleksandra Wozniak, Canadian tennis player
1987 - Evan Rachel Wood, American actress
1988 - Kevin Love, American basketball player
1990 - Tanja Kolbe, German ice dancer
1993 - Joshua Wilkinson, prince of self proclaimed principality sealand
Quote for today:
Top cats often begin as underdogs.
- Bernard Meltzer
Historical events on September 8
1024 - Duke Koenraad II chosen German king
1141 - -9] Battle of Samarkand: Yelutashi defeats Islams
1156 - Henry II Jasormigott leaves Bavaria
1264 - The Statute of Kalisz, guaranteeing Jews safety and personal liberties and giving battei din jurisdiction over Jewish matters, is promulgated by Boleslaus the Pious, Duke of Greater Poland.
1276 - John XXI elected Pope
1303 - Anagni: French king Philip IV captures Pope Boniface VIII
1331 - Stefan Du�an declares himself king of Serbia
1380 - Battle on Kulikovo: Moscow's great monarch Dimitri beats Mongols beginning the decline of the Tatars
1449 - Battle of Tumu Fortress - Mongolians capture the Chinese emperor.
1504 - Michelangelo's David is unveiled in Florence.
1514 - Battle of Orsha: Polish/Lithuania army defeat the Russian army
1522 - Spanish navigator Juan de Elcano returns to Spain, completes 1st circumnavigation of globe, expedition begins under Ferdinand Magellan
1536 - Earl of Nassau disbands siege of Peronne
1545 - English earl Hertford leads retaliatory mission against Scotland
1553 - City of Lichfield, England forms
1563 - Maximilian chosen king of Hungary
1565 - 1st permanent settlement in US forms (St Augustine, Florida)
1565 - Turkish siege of Malta broken by Maltese & Knights of St John
1628 - Bay of Matanzas Cuba: Piet Heyn captures Spanish silver fleet
1664 - Dutch surrender New Amsterdam (NY) to 300 English soldiers
1689 - China & Russia signs Treaty of Nertsjinsk (Nierchul)
1713 - Pope Clemens XI publishes degree "Unigenitus" against Jansenism"
1727 - A barn fire during a puppet show in the village of Burwell in Cambridgeshire, England kills 78 people, many of whom are children.
1755 - Battle at Lake George: English army beats France
1756 - French and Indian War: Kittanning Expedition.
1760 - French army gives Montreal to Gen Jeffrey Amherst
1761 - Marriage of George III of the United Kingdom to Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Queen Charlotte).
1771 - Mission San Gabriel Archangel forms in California
1796 - Battle of Bassano-French beat Austrians
1831 - William IV is crowned King of Great Britain.
1833 - Charles Darwin departs to Buenos Aires
1847 - US under Gen Scott defeat Mexicans at Battle of Molino del Rey
1855 - Crimean war - assault of Malakof Tower under Mac-Mahon)
1858 - Lincoln makes a speech about when you can fool people
1860 - Loss of steamer, "Lady Elgin"
1863 - -10] Federal troops reconquer the Cumperland Gap, Tennessee
1863 - Battle of Sabine Pass TX: 47 Texas volunteers repel Federal forces
1863 - Battle of Telford's Depot TN
1868 - NY Athletic Club forms
1870 - Neth & Engl sign "Koelietraktaat" Br-Indian contract work in Suriname
1883 - NY Giants score 13 runs in an inning against Phillies
1883 - Northern Pacific RR's last spike driven at Independence Creek, Mont
1888 - In England the first six Football League matches ever are played.
1892 - 1st appearance of "Pledge of Allegiance" (Youth's Companion)
1899 - British government sends an additional 10,000 troops to Natal South Africa
1900 - 6,000 killed when a hurricane & tidal wave strikes Galveston, Texas
1905 - Pittsburgh Pirates strand NL record 18 men on base & lose to Reds 8-3
1907 - Pius X publishes encyclical Pasceni dominici gregis (anti-modernism)
1914 - British trader Oceanic sinks off Scotland
1914 - World War I: Private Thomas Highgate becomes the first British soldier to be executed for desertion during the war.
1915 - Association of Negro Life & History founded
1919 - Babe Ruth hits his 26th HR off Jack Quinn in NY, breaking Buck Freeman's 1899 HR mark of 25
1920 - US Air Mail service begins (NYC to SF)
1921 - 1st Miss America crowned (Margaret Gorman of Washington DC)
1921 - Mary Gorman (Wash DC), 16, crowned 1st Miss America [or 9/14]
1923 - Honda Point Disaster: nine US Navy destroyers run aground off the California coast. Seven are lost.
1924 - Alexandra Kollontai of Russia becomes 1st woman ambassador
1926 - League of Nations Assembly voted unanimously to admit Germany
1930 - 1st appearance of comic strip "Blondie"
1930 - NYC public schools begin teaching Hebrew
1930 - Richard Drew creates Scotch tape
1933 - Spain's 2nd government of Aza�a forms
1934 - 54th US Mens Tennis: Fred Perry beats Wilmer L Allison (64 63 16 86)
1934 - Bradman scores 132 v Leveson-Gower XI, 90 mins, 24 fours 1 six
1934 - Luxury passenger ship Morro Castle for NJ catches fire, 133 die
1935 - Willy de Supervise swims runs world record 200 m freestyle (2:25.2)
1936 - Princess Juliana & German prince Bernard Lippe-Biesterfeld get engaged
1937 - Pan Arab conference about Palestine opens
1937 - Yankees trailing 6-1 in 9th, score 8 to beat Boston 9-6
1939 - FDR declares "limited national emergency" due to war in Europe
1939 - Gen Von Reichenaus pantzer division reaches suburbs of Warsaw
1939 - Indians Bob Feller, 20, is youngest pitcher to win 20 games
1939 - Yanks beat Red Sox 4-1 in 7, game called because of lightning
1941 - Blockade of Leningrad (St Petersburg) by Germany begins
1941 - Entire Jewish community of Meretsch, Lithuania is exterminated
1943 - Gen Eisenhower announce unconditional surrender of Italy in WW II
1943 - Italy surrenders to Allies in WW II
1943 - Lt-Gen Bradley flies to Carthago/Algiers Sicily
1943 - NY Giants' pitcher Ace Adams sets record by working in his 62nd game
1944 - 1st V-2 rockets land in London & Antwerp
1944 - Russians march into Bulgaria; Bulgaria declares war on Germany
1944 - World War II: London is hit by a V2 rocket for the first time.
1945 - US invades Japanese-held Korea
1945 - Hideki Tojo, Japanese PM during most of WW II, attempts suicide rather than face war crimes tribunal attempt fails, later he is hanged
1946 - 60th US Womens Tennis: Pauline Betz beats Patricia Canning (119 63)
1946 - 66th US Mens Tennis: Jack Kramer beats Tom Brown Jr (97 63 60)
1946 - Bill Kennedy of Rocky Mount (CPL) strikes out minors record 456
1946 - Bulgaria ends monarchy
1946 - Jack Kramer wins US Tennis Open
1946 - SF 49ers play 1st AAFC game, lose to NY Yankees 21-7
1947 - British government sails "Exodus" with fugitives from Nazis
1948 - British De Havilland 08-fighter flies faster than sound
1951 - Japan signs peace treaty with 48 countries (SF)
1951 - Pope Pius XII publishes encyclical Sempiternus Rex
1952 - 72nd US Mens Tennis: Frank A Sedgman beats Gardnar Mulloy (61 62 63)
1952 - Ernest Hemmingway's "Old Man & Sea" published
1953 - "Carnival in Flanders" opens at New Century Theater NY for 6 perfs
1953 - Pope Pius XII publishes encyclical Fulgeno corona
1954 - With a 3-2 count, Phillies Richie Ashburn fouls next 14, then walks
1954 - Alan Freed leaves Cleveland to NYC for WINS radio
1954 - SE Asia Treaty Org (SEATO) forms to stop communist spread in SE Asia
1955 - Earliest clinching of an NL pennant (Brooklyn Dodgers)
1956 - Harry Belafonte's album "Calypso," goes to #1 & stays #1 for 31 weeks
1957 - 77th US Mens Tennis: M J Anderson beats Ashley J Cooper (108 75 64)
1957 - Jackie Wilson, releases his 1st solo single "Reet Petite"
1957 - Pope Pius XII encyclical On motion pictures, radio, TV
1958 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Dallas Golf Open
1958 - Oman turns over Gwadur (on Baluchistan coast) to Pakistan
1958 - Paul Anka opens Asian tour in Tokyo
1959 - The Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) is established.
1960 - German DR limits access to East-Berlin for West Berliners
1962 - Chinese troops exceed Mac-Mahon-line (Tibet-India boundary)
1962 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1962 - Last run of the famous Pines Express over the Somerset and Dorset Railway line (UK) fittingly using the last steam locomotive built by British Railways, 9F locomotive 92220 'Evening Star'
1963 - 77th US Womens Tennis: Maria Fraser beats Margaret Smith Court (75 64)
1963 - 83rd US Mens Tennis: R H Osuna beats Frank Froehling III (75 64 62)
1963 - Algerian population accepts constitution
1963 - Braves Warren Spahn ties Christy Mathewson with 13 20-win seasons
1963 - Ines Cuervo de Priete, 34, gives birth to quintuplets, all boys
1963 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Spokane Women's Golf Open
1965 - Hurricane Betsy kills 75 in Louisiana & Florida
1965 - KC A's Bert Campaneris plays all 9 positions in a game
1966 - "Star Trek" premieres on NBC-TV
1966 - "That Girl" starring Marlo Thomas premieres on ABC-TV
1966 - The Severn Bridge is officially opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II
1967 - Surveyor 5 launched; makes soft landing on Moon Sept 10
1967 - Uganda abolishes traditional tribal kingdoms, becomes a republic
1967 - The formal end of steam traction in the North East of England by British Railways.
1968 - "Funny Girl" with Barbra Striesand premieres
1968 - France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island
1968 - Sandra Haynie wins LPGA Pacific Ladies Golf Classic
1968 - Saundra Williams wins 1st Miss Black America pageant
1969 - 2nd US Tennis Open smallest session - 3708 (men's singles final-rain)
1969 - 89th US Mens Tennis: Rodney G Laver beats Tony Roche (79 61 62 62)
1969 - Suleiman Maghrabi appointed premier of Libya
1969 - US amateur Mens Tennis: Stan Smith beats Bob Lutz (97 63 61)
1970 - Hijacking (and subsequent destruction) of three airliners to Jordan by Palestinians; the events to follow would later become known as Black September
1971 - John F Kennedy Center for Performing Arts opens in Washington DC
1972 - Chic Cub Ferguson Jenkins wins his 20th game for 6th straight year
1972 - Jim Ryan (US) & Billy Fordjour (Ghana) collide & fall in qualifying competitions for 1,500m finals, ending Ryan's chances for gold
1973 - 87th US Womens Tennis: M S Court beats E Goolagong Cawley (76 57 62)
1973 - Billy Martin named manager of Texas Rangers
1973 - Hank Aaron sets record of most HRs in 1 league (709)
1973 - Rebecca Ann King (Colo), 23, crowned 46th Miss America 1974
1974 - 88th US Womens Tennis: Billie J King beats Evonne Goolagong (36 63 75)
1974 - 94th US Mens Tennis: Jimmy Connors beats Ken Rosewall (61 60 61)
1974 - Ian Thompson wins marathon (2:13:18.8)
1974 - Joanne Carner wins LPGA Dallas Civitan Golf Open
1974 - Pres Gerald Ford pardons former Pres R Nixon of all federal crimes
1975 - Boston begins court ordered busing of public schools
1975 - Guinee-Bissau declares independence from Portugal
1976 - Fons Rademakers' film "Max Havelaar" premieres in Amsterdam
1977 - Interpol sends a resolution concerning video piracy
1977 - Jimmy McCullough quits Wings
1978 - 2nd game of Boston Massacre; Yanks beat Red Sox 13-2
1978 - Irani army shoots on Khomeini followers in Teheran, 100s killed
1979 - Cheryl Prewitt (Miss), 22, crowned 52nd Miss America 1980
1979 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1980 - Bowie Kuhn suspends Ferguson Jenkins indefinitely due to drug arrest
1982 - Dutch social dem party wins elections, fascist enters Dutch parliament
1983 - NASA launches RCA-6
1984 - 98th US Womens Tennis: M Navratilova beats Chris E L Mills (46 64 64)
1984 - Challenger moves to Vandenberg AFB for mating of STS 41G mission
1985 - "USA Weekend's" 1st issue, appears in 255 newspapers
1985 - 105th US Mens Tennis: Ivan Lendl beats John McEnroe (76 63 64)
1985 - 7 die in a car & train crash in San Jose Calif
1985 - Alayson Gibbons sets 24 hr women swim record of 42.05 mi in 25 m pool
1985 - Discovery flies back to Kennedy Space Center via Kelly AFB
1985 - Nancy Lopez wins LPGA Portland Ping Golf Championship
1985 - Pete Rose ties Ty Cobb with 4,191 hits
1986 - Westinghouse sells Muzak
1987 - Emmy News & Documentaries Award presentation
1988 - Emmy News & Documentaries Award presentation
1988 - Javier Sotomayer of Cuba high jumps world record 2.43m
1988 - NL pres Bart Giamatti is unanimously elected baseball's 7th commish
1989 - George Brett gets his 2,500th hit
1989 - Mausoleum of Beatrice of Brabant (1288) discovered in Kortrijk Belgium
1989 - Norwegian Convair 580 crashes at Jutland in sea (55 murder)
1990 - 104th US Womens Tennis: Gabriela Sabatini beats Steffi Graf (62 76)
1990 - Ellis Island Historical Site opens on Ellis Island NYC
1991 - 111th US Mens Tennis: Stefan Edberg beats Jim Courier (62 64 60)
1991 - Buffalo Bill Jim Kelly passes for 6 touchdowns vs Pitts (52-34)
1991 - Macedonia votes for independence from Yugoslavia
1991 - Michelle Estill wins Ping-Cellular One LPGA Golf Championship
1991 - Republic of Macedonia becomes independent.
1992 - Danny Tartabull has 9 RBIs as Yanks beat Orioles 16-4
1992 - Howard Stern Radio Show begins broadcasting in Dallas (KGEL-FM 97.1)
1993 - Baseball's proposed switch to a three-division format OKed in AL
1993 - Cheek Junxia wins world record ladies 10 km (29:31.78)
1993 - Houston's Darryl Kile throws 3rd no-hitter of season in 7-1 over Mets
1994 - "Philadelphia, Here I Come" opens at Criterion NYC for 52 perfs
1994 - Last US, British & French troops leave West-Berlin
1994 - MTV awards feature newlyweds Michael Jackson & Lisa Marie Presley
1994 - Man shoots another man on IRT #4 train at Grand Central Station
1994 - USAir Boeing 737 crashes at Pitts Airport, killing all 132 on board
1995 - Cleveland Indians clinch 1st AL Central Division title
1996 - "7 Guitars" closes at Walter Kerr Theater NYC
1996 - 110th US Womens Tennis: Steffi Graf beats Monica Seles (75 64)
1996 - 116th US Mens Tennis: Pete Sampras beats Michael Chang (61 64 76)
1996 - 48th Emmy Awards: ER, Dennis Franz & Kathy Baker wins
Music history on September 8
1935 - The Hoboken Four, featuring Frank Sinatra as lead singer, appeared on "Major Bowes Amateur Hour" on WOR radio.
1941 - Harry James and his orchestra recorded "Miserlou."
1977 - Jimmy McCulloch quit Paul McCartney & Wings to join a reformed lineup for the Small Faces.
1982 - Peter Gabriel's "Security" LP was released.
1988 - Elton John sold some of his costumes and concert memorabilia at an auction in London for $6.2 million.
1998 - Philadelphia Mayor Ed Rendell proclaimed the week of September 8-13 as "Garth Brooks week."
2000 - Sean "Puffy" Combs pled guilty to reduced assault charges in New York Criminal Court. Combs was sentenced to a one-day anger management class. The charges stemmed from Combs assaulting Interscope Records, executive Steve Stoute.
2006 - Whitney Houston filed for a divorce from Bobby Brown. The couple had married in 1992.
Sports history on September 8
1965 - Bert Campaneris became the first major league baseball player to play all nine positions in one game.
1973 - Hank Aaron hit his 709th home run.
1986 - Herschel Walker made his start in the National Football League (NFL) after leaving the New Jersey Generals of the USFL.
1998 - Mark McGwire, of the St. Louis Cardinals, hit his 62nd home run of the season. He had beaten a record that had stood for 37 years by Roger Maris. McGwire would eventually reach 70 home runs on September 27.
2002 - The NFL's Houston Texans played their first regular season game. The beat the Dallas Cowboys 19-10.
2002 - Pete Sampras won his 14th Grand Slam title when he beat Andre Agassi in the U.S. Open.
Famous birthdays on September 8
Richard the Lionhearted (England) 1157
Antonin Dvorak 1841
Historic events on September 9
701 - St Sergius I ends his reign as Catholic Pope
1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age.
1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Habsburg lands between the Habsburg Dukes Albert III and Leopold III.
1492 - Columbus' fleet sets sail west
1493 - Battle of Krbava field, a decisive defeat of Croats in Croatian struggle against the Ottoman Empire invasion.
1513 - Battle of Flodden Fields; English defeat James IV of Scotland
1543 - Mary Stuart, at nine months old, is crowned "Queen of Scots" in the central Scottish town of Stirling.
1556 - Pope Paul IV refuses to crown Ferdinand of Austria emperor
1561 - Sermon of Poissy
1567 - Lomaraal van Egmond & Philip van Hoorne captured
1591 - -10] Battle at Flores Azores: Spanish beat English
1675 - New England colonies declare war on Wampanoag indians
1683 - Expelled Polish & Lotharings reach Wienerwald
1739 - Slave revolt in Stono SC led by Jemmy (25 whites killed)
1753 - 1st steam engine arrives in US colonies
1776 - Continental Congress renames "United Colonies," "US"
1817 - Alexander Lucius Twilight, probably 1st black to graduate from US college, receives BA degree at Middlebury College
1830 - Charles Durant, 1st US aeronaut, flies a balloon from Castle Garden, NYC to Perth Amboy, NJ
1839 - John Herschel takes 1st glass plate photograph
1841 - Great Lakes steamer "Erie" sinks off Silver Creek NY, kills 300
1850 - California becomes 31st state
1850 - Territories of New Mexico & Utah created
1850 - California is admitted as the thirty-first U.S. state.
1861 - Sally Tompkins is only Confederate Army female commissioned officer
1862 - Lee splits his army & sends Jackson to capture Harpers Ferry
1863 - Battle of Cumberland Gap, TN
1867 - Luxembourg gains independence
1875 - Lotta's Fountain (Kearny & Market) dedicated
1880 - President Hayes visits SF
1881 - Egyptian military coup under colonel Arab "El Wahid"
1886 - The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works is finalized.
1892 - E E Barnard at Lick discovers Amalthea, 5th Jupiter moon
1895 - American Bowling Congress forms (NYC)
1898 - Ottawa Football Club re-organizes into the Rough Riders
1899 - French Capt Alfred Dreyfus sentenced on unjust grounds
1903 - 6 km long Engadin-railroad tunnel of Switzerland inaugurated
1904 - Mounted police 1st used in NYC
1904 - Boston Herald again refers to NY baseball club as Yankees, when it reports "Yankees take 2," Yankee name not official till 1913
1908 - Orville Wright makes 1st 1-hr airplane flight, Fort Myer, Va
1908 - Russia takes part of Poland
1909 - Jack Johnson fights Al Kaufman to no decision in 10 for boxing title
1911 - 1st European airpost (Hendon to Windsor, England)
1912 - J Verdrines becomes 1st to fly over 100 mph (107 mph/172 kph)
1913 - Association for Study of Negro Life & History organizes in Chicago
1914 - -12] Belgian offensive from Antwerp
1914 - Battle of Marne (German advance stalls, Paris saved)
1914 - Boston Brave George Davis no-hits Philadelphia Phillies, 7-0
1914 - World War I: The creation of the Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade, the first fully mechanized unit in the British Army.
1915 - Association for study of Negro Life & History forms by Carter G Woodson
1918 - Dutch government of Ruijs de Beerenbrouck forms
1919 - Boston's police force forms strike
1922 - St Louis Brown "Baby Doll" Jacobson hits 3 triples beating Tigers 16-0
1922 - Turkish troops conquer Smyrna/murder Greek citizens
1922 - William T Cosgrave replaces Irish premier Collins
1923 - Albin Stenroos runs world record 20 km (1:07:11.2)
1924 - Hanapepe Massacre occurs on Kauai, Hawaii.
1926 - National Broadcasting Co created by Radio Corporation of America
1926 - Train disaster at Wassenaar Neth, 4 die
1926 - The U.S. National Broadcasting Company formed.
1927 - Tony Lazzeri Day at Yankee Stadium
1928 - Silvio Cator of Haiti, sets then long jump record at 26' �"
1932 - Frank Crosetti ties record, striking out twice in 1 inning
1932 - Mine strikes at Belgian Borinage ended
1932 - Spanish Cortes grants Catalonia autonomy
1932 - Steamboat SS Observation explodes in NYC East River (71 killed)
1933 - 53rd US Mens Tennis: Fred Perry beats Jack Crawford (63 1113 46 60 61)
1934 - Armas Toivonen becomes 1st European marathoner (2:52:29.0)
1934 - G Kaufman & M Hart's "Merrily We Roll Along," premieres in NYC
1936 - Yankees sweep Indians, NY clinches pennant on earliest date in history
1939 - Nazi army reaches Warsaw
1940 - 28 German aircraft shot down above England
1940 - 60th US Mens Tennis: W D McNeill beats Robert L Riggs (46 68 63 63 75)
1942 - 1st bombing on continental US soil, Mount Emily Oregon (WW II)
1942 - Compulsory work for women, children & old males in Batavia
1942 - Japanese planes drop incendiary bombs on Oregon
1943 - 15 German JU-88's sink Italian flag ship Rome
1943 - Italy surrenders to Allies
1943 - Lt-Gen Bradley flies from Algiers to to Marrakech/Prestwick
1943 - Red Army occupies Bachmatsj
1943 - US, British & French troops land in Salerno (operation Avalanche)
1944 - Allied forces liberate Luxembourg
1944 - Bulgaria liberated from Nazi control (National Day)
1944 - Resistance fighter Jaap Musch arrested in Nijverdal Neth
1944 - US 113th cavalry passes Belg-Dutch borders
1944 - Very strong hurricane hits Netherland
1945 - Japanese in S Korea, Taiwan, China, Indochina surrender to Allies
1945 - Jimmie Foxx hits his 534th & final HR
1945 - Phila A's Dick Fowler no-hits St Louis Brown, 1-0
1945 - 1st "bug" in a computer program discovered by Grace Hopper, a moth was removed with tweasers from a relay & taped into the log
1948 - "Hilarities (of 1949)" opens at Adelphi Theater NYC for 14 perfs
1948 - Bkln Dodger Rex Barney no-hits NY Giants, 2-0
1948 - People's Democratic Republic of Korea proclaimed
1950 - "Texas, Li'l Darlin'" closes at Mark Hellinger NYC after 293 perfs
1950 - "Where's Chartev?" closes at St James Theater NYC after 792 perfs
1950 - 1st use of TV laugh track-Hank McCune
1950 - Massive arrests of communists in France
1951 - 1st broadcast of "Love of Life" on CBS-TV
1951 - Louise Suggs wins LPGA Carrollton Georgia Golf Open
1953 - KGTV TV channel 10 in San Diego, CA (ABC/NBC) begins broadcasting
1953 - WFIE TV channel 14 in Evansville, IN (NBC) begins broadcasting
1954 - Earthquake strikes Orleansville Algeria: 1,400 killed
1954 - Indians becomes 1st Cleveland team to win 100 games in a season
1955 - Don Zimmer, hits 4,000th Dodger home run
1955 - Elvis Presley's 1st appearance on Ed Sullivan's Show
1955 - Louise Suggs wins LPGA St Louis Golf Open
1956 - 70th US Womens Tennis: Shirley J Fry beats Althea Gibson (63 64)
1956 - 76th US Mens Tennis: Ken Rosewall beats Lewis Hoad (46 62 63 63)
1956 - African Party for Liberation of Guinea-Bissau & Cape Verde forms
1956 - Elvis Presley appears on national TV for 1st time (Ed Sullivan)
1957 - "Diana" by Paul Anka reaches #1
1957 - Nashville's new Hattie Cotton Elementary School dynamited
1957 - Pres Eisenhower signs 1st civil rights bill since Reconstruction
1958 - Pirate Roberto Clemente ties record of 3 triples in a game
1958 - Race riots in Notting Hill Gate, London
1960 - 4th American Football League plays 1st game (Denver 13, Boston 10)
1961 - Maria Beale Fletcher (NC), 19, crowned 34th Miss America 1962
1962 - 76th US Womens Tennis: Margaret Smith Court beats Darlene Hard (97 64)
1962 - 82nd US Mens Tennis: Rodney G Laver beats Roy Emerson (62 64 57 64)
1962 - Shirley Englehorn wins LPGA Eugene Golf Open
1962 - Soviet economist Liberman plead for autonomous businesses
1962 - WNYS (now WIXT) TV channel 9 in Syracuse, NY (ABC) begins broadcasting
1963 - Alabama Gov George Wallace served a federal injunction to stop orders of state police to bar black students from enrolling in white schools
1964 - German DR government allows short visits to West Germany
1964 - John Osborne's "Inadmissable Evidence," premieres in London
1965 - Francois Mitterrand nominated for French presidency
1965 - Sandy Koufax pitches his 4th no-hitter, a perfect game vs Cubs (1-0)
1965 - Tibet is made an autonomous region of China
1966 - The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act is signed into law by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson.
1967 - 1st successful Test flight of a Saturn V
1967 - Debra Dene Barnes (Kansas), 20, crowned 40th Miss America 1968
1967 - Uganda declares independence from Great Britain
1968 - 1st US Open, held as an "open" (Arthur Ashe-wins)
1968 - Arthur Ashe defeats Tom Okker to win US Tennis Open
1968 - WGIQ TV channel 43 in Louisville, AL (PBS) begins broadcasting
1968 - WVPT TV channel 51 in Staunton, VA (PBS) begins broadcasting
1969 - Allegheny 853 collides with Piper Cherokee above Indiana, kills 82
1969 - Seaplane crashes at Indianapolis, kills 83
1969 - Smallest US Tennis Open single session-131 (men's doubles final only)
1969 - WCVN TV channel 54 in Covington, KY (PBS) begins broadcasting
1970 - Bowie Kuhn suspends Denny McLain for carrying a gun
1970 - Feyenoord wins soccer's World Cup
1971 - 1,000 convicts riot & seize Attica, NY prison
1971 - John Lennon & Yoko Ono appear on Dick Cavett Show (ABC-TV)
1971 - John Lennon releases "Imagine" album
1971 - NHL great Gordie Howe retires
1972 - 86th US Womens Tennis: Billie Jean M King beats K Melville (63 75)
1972 - Terry Anne Meeuwsen (Wisc), 23, crowned 45th Miss America 1973
1973 - 93rd US Mens Tennis: John Newcombe beats Jan Kodes (64 16 46 62 62)
1973 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Dallas Civitan Golf Open
1974 - 88th US Womens Tennis: B J M King beats E Goolagong Cawley (36 63 75)
1975 - Viking 2 Mars probe launch
1977 - 1st TRS-80 computer sold
1977 - Tiger rookies Lou Whitaker & Allan Trammell debut together & will play together for 19 years
1978 - 3rd game of Boston Massacre; Yanks beat Red Sox 7-0
1978 - 92nd US Womens Tennis: Chris E L Mills beats Pam Shriver (75 64)
1978 - Balt Orioles pull their 7th triple play (5-4-3 vs Toronto)
1978 - Iraqi Ayatollah Khomeini calls for uprising in Irani army
1978 - Kylene Barker (Virginia), crowned 51st Miss America 1979
1979 - 31st Emmy Awards: Taxi, Lou Grant, Ron Leibman & Ruth Gordon
1979 - 93rd US Womens Tennis: Tracy Austin beats C E Lloyd Mills (64 63)
1979 - 99th US Mens Tennis: John McEnroe beats Vitas Gerulaitis (75 63 63)
1979 - Sally Little wins LPGA Columbia Savings Golf Classic
1979 - Sid Bernstein offers $� billion for a Beatle reunion
1979 - Yusef Islam (Cat Stevens) weds Fouzia Ali at Kensington Mosque
1981 - Vernon E Jordan resigns as president of National Urban League
1982 - "Your Arms are Too Short..." opens at Alvin NYC for 69 performances
1982 - Columbia mated with SRBs & external tank in preparation for STS-5
1982 - Conestoga 1, 1st private commercial rocket, makes suborbital flight
1983 - Challenger returns to Kennedy Space Center via Sheppard AFB, Texas
1983 - Radio Shack announces their color computer 2 (Coco2)
1983 - Vitas Gerulatis bets his house that Martina Navratilova can't beat 100th ranked male tennis player
1984 - 104th US Mens Tennis: John McEnroe beats Ivan Lendl (63 64 61)
1984 - Amy Alcott wins LPGA Portland Ping Golf Championship
1985 - President Reagan orders sanctions against South Africa
1985 - Race riot in Birmingham England
1986 - Minn Tommy Krammer passes for 6 touchdowns vs Green Bay (42-7)
1986 - NYC jury indicts Gennadly Zakharov (Soviet UN employee) of spying
1987 - Gary Hart admits on "Nightline," to cheating on his wife
1987 - Largest US Tennis Open single night session (total) 21,016
1987 - Larry Bird (Celtics), begins NBA free throw streak of 59
1987 - Nolan Ryan strikes out his 4,500th batter
1988 - Braves Bruce Sutter joins Fingers & Gossage to save 300 games
1988 - Chris Evert defaults at US Open due to a stomach flu
1988 - US swamps NZ at 27th America`s Cup: NZ set to appeal
1989 - 103rd US Womens Tennis: Steffi Graf beats M Navratilova (36 75 61)
1990 - 110th US Mens Tennis: Pete Sampras beats Andre Agassi (64 63 62)
1990 - Bush & Gorbachev meet in Helsinki & urge Iraq to leave Kuwait
1990 - Liberia president Samuel K Doe is captured by Mr Johnson's forces
1990 - Oakland beats NY 7-3 to complete a 12-game sweep of Yankees this year
1990 - Patty Sheehan wins LPGA Ping-Cellular One Golf Championship
1991 - Mike Tyson indicted for rape of Desiree Washington
1991 - Only 1,695 fans watch Boston Red Sox play Cleveland
1992 - 1st time Baltimore Orioles draw 3 million fans at home
1992 - 9th MTV Awards: Howard Stern appears as Fartman
1992 - Robin Yount, is 17th to get 3,000 hits
1993 - Croupier of casino in Bristol England, shoots a 4, a record 8 times
1993 - PLO recognizes state of Israel
1993 - Ukraine premier Leonid Koetsjma, resigns
1994 - Space shuttle STS 64 (Discovery 20), launches into orbit
1994 - Tu-22 crashes into Aeroflot Tu-134a at Zhukovsky, 7 killed
1995 - "Broadway Limited" last train ride (began in 1902)
1995 - 109th US Womens Tennis: Steffi Graf beats Monica Seles (76 06 63)
1995 - Chynna Phillips weds William Baldwin
1995 - Dean St Station in Brooklyn, is 6th MTA station to close since 1904
1995 - Ice Skater Nancy Kerrigan (25) weds her agent Jerry Solomon (41)
1997 - Sinn Fein accepts Mitchell Principles on para-military disarmamen
2001 - Ahmed Shah Massoud, leader of the Northern Alliance, is assassinated in Afghanistan.
2002 - Pitcher Randy Johnson reaches 300 strikeouts for the fifth consecutive season, extending his major league record
2004 - 2004 Australian embassy bombing: A bomb explodes outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta, killing 10 people.
Music history on September 9
1583 - Composer Girolamo Frescobaldi was born.
1941 - Otis Redding was born. His hit "(Sitting on) The Dock of the Bay" was recorded three days before he was killed in a plane crash in 1967.
1955 - The Dual Music System Jukebox was introduced by the J.P. Seeburg Corporation. It was the first to hold a hundred singles.
1956 - Elvis Presley made his first appearance on the Ed Sullivan show "Toast of the Town." He was shot from just the waist up during the performance. Elvis would make a total of three appearances on the show. 1967 - "Soul Man," by Sam & Dave, was released.
1969 - Jimi Hendrix mad his U.S. television debut on "The Dick Cavett Show."
1971 - John Lennon's LP "Imagine" was released.
1972 - The Eagles' "Witchy Woman" was released.
1978 - "Beast of Burden" was released by the Rolling Stones.
1978 - U2 opened for the Stranglers in Dublin at the Top Hat Ballroom.
1979 - Yusef Islam (Cat Stevens) married Fouzia Ali.
1981 - Sting and Phil Collins both played their first solo sets at Amnesty's International's "The Secret Policeman's Other Ball."
1982 - The gospel musical "Your Arms Too Short to Box with God" by Vinnete Carroll opened with Al Green and Patti LaBelle.
1995 - Chynna Phillips and actor William Baldwin were married. Chynna is the daughter of Michelle and John Phillips of the Mamas and Papas.
1996 - Tom Petty's wife, Jane, filed for divorce after 22 years.
1998 - An episode of "Judge Judy" aired in which Sex Pistol Johnny Rotten appeared as the defendant in a case involving a drummer who sued Rotten for allegedly head-butting him during a contract dispute.
1999 - Nine Inch Nails performed at the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards. It was their first-ever appearance on a televised award show.
2003 - A recording of a February Kiss concert was shown at big-screen theaters in 21 U.S. cities. The show was recorded in Melbourne's Telstra Dome with a 60-piece symphony orchestra.
2009 - The iTunes Music Store reached 8.6 billion songs sold.
Sports history on September 9
1898 - In Omaha, NE, Tommy Fleming of Eau Claire, WI won the first logrolling championship.
1950 - Sal Maglie of the New York Giants pitched a fourth consecutive shutout. Only four other pitchers in the National League had ever accomplished this feat.
1965 - Sandy Koufax of the Los Angeles Dodgers pitched the eighth perfect game in major league baseball history.
1971 - Gordie Howe of the Detroit Red Wings retired from the National Hockey League (NHL).
1979 - Tracy Austin, at 16, became the youngest player to win the U.S. Open women�s tennis title.
1984 - Walter Payton of the Chicago Bears broke Jim Brown�s combined yardage record when he reached 15,517 yards.
1987 - Nolan Ryan (Houston Astros) got his 4,500th strike out.
1992 - Robin Yount became the 17th major league baseball player to reach 3,000 hits.
1994 - Los Angeles prosecutors announced that they would not seek the death penalty against O.J. Simpson.
1998 - The New York Yankees officially clinched the American League East title. It was the earliest in AL history. The Yankees ended the season 20 1/2 games ahead of second-place Boston.
2001 - Barry Bonds (San Francisco) hit three home runs to give him 63 for the season.
Sports Quote
Today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth
- Lou Gehrig
Famous birthdays on September 9
Frank Chance 1877
Historical events on September 10
422 - St Celestine I begins his reign as Catholic Pope
506 - The bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
918 - Arnulf I the Old becomes landsheer of Flanders
1349 - Jews who survived a massacre in Constance Germany are burned to death
1419 - John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin, the future Charles VII of France.
1510 - Bishop Frederik of Bathe recaptures Oldenzaal
1547 - Battle at Pinkie, Midlothian: English beat the Scots
1547 - English demand Edward VI, 10, wed Mary Queen of Scots, 5
1608 - John Smith elected president of Jamestown colony council, Va
1776 - George Washington asks for a spy volunteer, Nathan Hale volunteers
1785 - Prussia signs trade agreement with US
1798 - British Honduras beats Spain in battle of St George
1813 - Comm Oliver H Perry defeats British in Battle of Lake Erie
1823 - Simon Bolivar named president of Peru
1838 - Hector Berlioz' opera "Benvenuto Cellini," premieres in Paris
1845 - King Willem II opens Amsterdam Stock exchange
1846 - Elias Howe patents sewing machine
1846 - Japan invents the rickshaw
1847 - 1st theater opens in Hawaii
1849 - 1st performance by US actor Edwin Booth (Richard III)
1858 - John Holden hits 1st recorded HR (Bkln vs NY)
1858 - George Mary Searle discovers the asteroid 55 Pandora.
1861 - -15] Battle at Cheat Mountain, Elkwater West Virginia
1861 - Battle of Carnifex Ferry VA, 170 casualities
1863 - George Bizets opera "Les P�cheurs de Perles," premieres in Paris
1869 - Baptist minister invents rickshaw in Yokohama, Japan
1870 - Dutch Jurist Cooperation forms
1872 - Karl Marx speaks in Amsterdam
1880 - Pierre de Brazza signs treaty with King Makoko of Congo
1882 - 1st international conference to promote anti-semitism meets Dresden Germany (Congress for Safeguarding of Non-Jewish Interests)
1884 - Congressman John R Lynch presides over Republican National Convention
1894 - London taxi driver George Smith is first fined for drunk driving
1897 - Police shoot at striking mine workers in Penns, kills 20
1897 - Lattimer Massacre - a sheriff's posse kills twenty unarmed immigrant miners in Pennsylvania, United States.
1898 - Lord Kitchener's ships sails from Kartoum to Fashoda
1898 - Empress Elizabeth of Austria is assassinated by Luigi Lucheni.
1899 - 2nd quake in 7 days (8.6) hits Yakutat Bay Alaska
1900 - 20.3 cm rainfall at Elk Point, South Dakota (state record)
1902 - Utrecht soccer team UVV forms
1905 - Japanese battleship Mikasa explodes
1910 - Great Idaho Fire destroys 3 million acres of timber
1913 - Cleveland Call & Post forms
1913 - George W Buckner, named minister to Liberia
1913 - Lincoln Highway opens as 1st paved coast-to-coast highway
1918 - Players on both sides threaten to strike the World Series unless they are guaranteed $2,500 to the winners & $1,000 each for the losers
1919 - Indian's Ray Caldwell no-hits Yankees 3-0
1919 - NYC welcomes home Gen John J Pershing & 25,000 WW I soldiers
1919 - Treaty of St Germain: Austria ends incorporation with Germany
1922 - Largest Polo Grounds crowd see Meusel, Ruth & Gehrig consecutive HRs
1923 - Irish Free state joins League of Nations
1924 - Giants rip Braves 22-1, Frisch goes 6-for-6 before grounding out
1924 - Leopold & Loeb found guilty of murder
1926 - Allies-German treaty of Koblenz drawn
1926 - Germany joins League of Nations
1927 - 22nd Davis Cup: France beats USA in Philadelphia (3-2)
1927 - France had its first Davis Cup win, though it had competed since 1905.
1930 - Charles E Mitchell, named minister to Liberia
1931 - Lord Cecil of British government says War was never so improbable
1932 - 52nd US Mens Tennis: Henry E Vines beats Henri Cochet (64 64 64)
1932 - Dodgers Johnny Frederick hits record 6th pinch-hit HR of the season
1932 - Independent City Owned Rapid Transit Railroad (IND) opens in NYC
1933 - 1st Negro League All-Star Game, West beats East 11-7 (Comiskey Park)
1933 - 53rd US Mens Tennis: Fred Perry beats J H Crawford (63 11-13 46 60 61)
1937 - 2nd American Football League plays 1st game (LA 21, Pittsburgh 0)
1937 - Cleveland (Los Angeles) Rams plays their 1st NFL game, lose 28-0
1939 - Canada declares war on Germany
1939 - In WW II, Canada declared war on Germany
1940 - Buckingham Palace hit by German bomb
1942 - British troops lands on Madagascar
1942 - RAF drops 100,000 bombs on Dusseldorf
1943 - British 8th army occupies Tarente
1943 - German troops occupied Rome & took over the protection of Vatican City
1943 - Italian fleet anchors at Malta
1943 - Lt-Gen Bradley arrives in Prestwick/London
1944 - Lt-gen Frederick Browning against Montgomery "But, sir, I think we might be going a bridge too far"
1945 - KLS-AM in Oakland Ca changes call letters to KWBR (now KDIA)
1945 - Vidkun Quisling sentenced to death for collaborating with Nazis
1945 - Mike the Headless Chicken is decapitated; he survives for another 18 months before choking to death.
1948 - Bijz Criminal division sentences war criminal Jacob Folks to life
1948 - Bradman scores 153 in his last 1st-class cricket innings in England
1949 - "Cabatgata (A Night in Spain)" closes at Broadway NYC after 76 perfs
1950 - Joe DiMaggio becomes 1st to hit 3 HR in a game at Griffith Stadium
1951 - British begins economic boycott of Iran
1952 - Betsy Rawls wins LPGA Thomasville Golf Open
1953 - Swanson sells it's 1st "TV dinner"
1954 - 12 second shock kills 1,460 in Orleansville Algeria
1954 - WLUK TV channel 11 in Green Bay, WI (NBC/ABC) begins broadcasting
1954 - Attempting to handle Hoyt Wilhelm's knuckleball catcher Ray Katt of Giants sets a major league record with 4 passed balls
1955 - "Gunsmoke" premieres on CBS TV
1956 - Great Britain performs nuclear test at Maralinga Australia
1956 - Louisville Ky public schools integrates
1956 - WSYE (now WETM) TV chan 18 in Elmira-Corning, NY (NBC) 1st broadcast
1957 - "Mask & Gown" opens at John Golden Theater NYC for 39 performances
1958 - WJCT TV channel 7 in Jacksonville, FL (PBS) begins broadcasting
1960 - Abebe Bikila runs Olympic/World record marathon (2:15:16.2)
1960 - NY Yankee Mickey Mantle hits 643' HR over right field roof in Detroit
1961 - 75th US Womens Tennis: Darlene R Hard beats Ann Haydon Jones (63 64)
1961 - 81st US Mens Tennis: Roy Emerson beats Rodney G Laver (75 63 62)
1961 - Mickey Mantle becomes 7th to hit HR # 400
1961 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1961 - Italian Grand Prix, a crash causes the death of German driver Wolfgang von Trips and 13 spectators hit by his Ferrari.
1962 - 82nd US Mens Tennis: Rodney G Laver beats Roy Emerson (62 64 57 64)
1962 - KLRN TV channel 9 in San Antonio, TX (PBS) begins broadcasting
1962 - WDCN TV channel 8 in Nashville, TN (PBS) begins broadcasting
1963 - 20 black students entered public schools in Alabama
1963 - Phillies beat Houston Colt .45s, 16-0
1963 - Stan Musial hits a HR in his 1st at bat as a grandfather
1964 - Palestinian Liberation Army (PLA) forms
1964 - Rod Steward records his 1st single "Good Morning Little Schoolgirl"
1965 - Great Britain performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1965 - Phillies 10,000th game to a decision since 1900, Phils beat Cards
1965 - WUND TV channel 2 in Columbia, NC (PBS) begins broadcasting
1966 - Beatles' "Revolver," album goes #1 & stays #1 for 6 weeks
1966 - Muhammad Ali TKOs Karl Mildenberger in 12 for heavyweight boxing title
1966 - Neal Diamond's 1st chart song (Cherry Cherry)
1967 - 81st US Womens Tennis: Billie Jean M King beats Ann H Jones (119 64)
1967 - 87th US Mens Tennis: John Newcombe beats Clark Graebner (64 64 86)
1967 - Chic White Sox Joel Horlen no-hits Det Tigers, 6-0
1967 - Clifford Ann Creed wins LPGA Pacific Golf Classic
1967 - Gibraltar votes 12,138 to 44 to remain British & not Spanish
1967 - Joel Horlen revives Chicago's pennant hopes with a 5-0 no-hit win
1967 - KVVU TV channel 5 in Henderson-Las Vegas, NV (IND) begins broadcasting
1969 - NY Mets sweep Montreal Expos putting them in 1st place for 1st time
1969 - US performs nuclear test at Grand Valley Colorado
1971 - KVUE TV channel 24 in Austin, TX (ABC) begins broadcasting
1972 - 20th Olympic games close at Munich, German FR
1972 - 92nd US Mens Tennis: Ilie Nastase beats Arthur Ashe (36 63 67 64 63)
1972 - Emerson Fittipaldi is youngest to win an auto race World Championship
1972 - Frank Shorter wins 17th Olympic marathon (2:12:19.8)
1972 - Jane Blalock wins LPGA Dallas Civitan Golf Open
1972 - US Men's olympic basketball teams 1st lose, 51-50 to USSR (disputed)
1972 - WKAR TV channel 23 in East Lansing, MI (PBS) begins broadcasting
1973 - Muhammad Ali defeats Ken Norton
1973 - NY Jets trade pro footballs leading receiver Don Maynard to St Louis
1974 - Lou Brock ties (104) & then sets (105) baseball stolen base mark
1974 - NY Dolls disband
Historic events on September 11
9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends.
506 - The bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
813 - Charles the Great crowns Louis I emperor
1185 - Isaac II Angelus kills Stephanus Hagiochristophorites and then appeals to the people, resulting in the revolt that deposes Andronicus I Comnenus and places Isaac on the throne of the Byzantine Empire.
1226 - The Roman Catholic practice of public adoration of the Blessed Sacrament outside of Mass spreads from monasteries to parishes.
1297 - Battle at Stirling Bridge, Scottish rebel Wm Wallace beats English
1304 - Willem III becomes earl of Holland
1390 - Lithuanian Civil War (1389-1392): the Teutonic Knights begin a five-week siege of Vilnius.
1541 - Santiago, Chile, is destroyed by indigenous warriors, lead by Michimalonko.
1557 - Catholic & Lutheran theology debated in Worm
1609 - Expulsion order announced against the Moriscos of Valencia; beginning of the expulsion of all Spain's Moriscos.
1645 - Thomas Fairfax' New Model-army occupies Bristol
1648 - -13] Battle at Pilawce: Bohdan Chmielricki's beats John Casimir [OS]
1649 - Massacre of Drogheda-Cromwell kills 3,000 royalists
1649 - Oliver Cromwell seizes Drogheda Ireland, most inhabitants massacred
1697 - Battle at Zenta: Prince Eugen van Savoye beats Turkish superior power
1708 - Charles XII of Sweden stops his march to conquer Moscow outside Smolensk, marking the turning point in the Great Northern War. The army is defeated nine months later in the Battle of Poltava, and the Swedish empire is no longer a major power.
1709 - Battle at Malplaquet: Engl/Aust/Dutch Great Alliance beat France
1714 - French & Spanish troops under duke of Berwick occupy Barcelona
1741 - Queen Maria Theresa addresses Hungarian Parliament
1758 - Battle of Saint Cast France repels British invasion during the Seven Year's War.
1773 - Benjamin Franklin writes "There never was a good war or bad peace"
1777 - Battle of Brandywine, Pa; Americans lose to British
1786 - Annapolis Convention to determine interstate commerce
1789 - Alexander Hamilton appointed 1st Secretary of Treasury
1792 - The Hope Diamond is stolen along with other crown jewels when six men break into the house used to store the jewels.
1802 - France annexes the Kingdom of Piedmont.
1814 - Battle of Lake Champlain, NY; American Navy defeats British
1831 - Charles Darwin meets with capt Fitzroy at Plymouth
1839 - 1st Canadian track & field meet held (Caer Howell Grounds)
1847 - 1st singing of Stephen Fosters "Susanna" (in Pittsburgh)
1850 - "Swedish Nightingale" Jenny Lind gives 1st US concert
1852 - Olympia Columbian is 1st newspaper published north of Columbia R
1853 - 1st electric telegraph used (Merchant's Exchange to Pt Lobos)
1857 - Mountain Meadows Massacre, Mormons dressed as Indians murder 120 colonists in Utah
1875 - 1st newspaper cartoon strip
Naturalist Charles Darwin 1877 - Rijkslandbouwhoge school opens in Wageningen
1881 - Triple landslides bury Elm Switz
1883 - James Cutler patents postal mail chute
1885 - Moses Hopkins, named minister to Liberia
1886 - Mayflower (US) beats Galatea (England) in 7th America's Cup
1888 - Death of the Argentine politician Domingo Sarmiento, after whom the Latin American Teacher's Day is chosen.
1889 - Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Crooked Man" (BG)
1891 - The Jewish Colonization Association is established by Baron Maurice de Hirsch.
1893 - Bronx Gas & Electric Company opens on Frisby & Tremont Ave
1893 - Shaku Soen is 1st Zen teacher to visit the West (Chicago)
1893 - First conference of the World Parliament of Religions is held.
1895 - FA Cup stolen in Birmingham
1897 - After months of pursuit, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of Kaffa, bringing an end to that ancient kingdom.
1900 - President Kruger crosses border with Mozambique
1903 - The first race at The Milwaukee Mile in West Allis, Wisconsin is held. It is the oldest major speedway in the world.
Pacifist and Spiritual Leader Gandhi 1906 - Mahatma Gandhi coins the term "Satyagraha" to characterize the Non-Violence movement in South Africa.
1909 - Max Wolf rediscovers Halley's comet
1910 - 1st commercially successful electric bus line opens (Hollywood)
1912 - Netherland Olympic Committee forms
1912 - Phila A's Eddie Collins steals 6 bases in 1 game
1914 - William Christopher Handy publishes "St Louis Blues"
1914 - Australia invades New Britain, defeating a German contingent there.
1916 - German troops conquer Kavalla Greece
1916 - The Quebec Bridge's central span collapses, killing 11 men. The bridge initially collapsed in toto on August 29, 1907.
1918 - Boston Red Sox beat Chicago Cubs, 4 games to 2 in 15th World Series
1919 - US marines invade Honduras
1921 - Nahalal, the first moshav in Israel, is settled.
1922 - British mandate of Palestine begins
1922 - Yankees play their farewell home game in Polo Grounds win doubleheader
1922 - The Treaty of Kars is ratified in Yerevan, Armenia.
1922 - One of the Herald Sun of Melbourne, Australia's predecessor papers The Sun News-Pictorial is founded.
1923 - After a single, Red Sox Howard Ehmke retires next 27 Yanks
1923 - Bernie Neis, hits the 1,000th Dodger home run
1923 - ZR-1 (biggest active dirigible) flies over NY's tallest skyscraper, Woolworth Tower
1926 - 21st Davis Cup: USA beats France in Philadelphia (4-1)
1926 - Aloha Tower dedicated in Honolulu
1926 - Spain leaves League of Nation due to Germany joining
1926 - US defeats France for their 7th straight Davis Cup championship
1926 - Yanks' Bob Meusel ties record with 3 sacrifice flies
1927 - After losing 21 in a row to NY, the Browns win their last meeting, 6-2
Baseball Great Babe Ruth 1927 - Babe Ruth hits 50th of 60 homers
1928 - 1st TV drama-WGY's Queens Messenger
1928 - Ty Cobb last hitting appearance, pops out against Yankees
1929 - SF Mayor Rolph inaugurates new pedestrian traffic light system
1930 - Stomboli volcano (Sicily) throws 2-ton basaltic rocks 2 miles
1931 - Salvatore Maranzano is murdered by Charles Luciano's hitmen.
1932 - Franciszek Żwirko and Stanisław Wigura, Polish Challenge 1932 winners, are killed in a plane crash when their RWD 6 crashes into the ground during a storm.
1933 - Britain's Fred Perry thwarts Australian Jack Crawford's bid for a Grand Slam by defeating him at US Tennis championship
1935 - 49th US Womens Tennis: H H Jacobs beats Sarah H Palfrey Fabyan (62 64)
1935 - US captures Davis Cup for 7th straight year
1936 - A's pitcher Horace Lisenbee gives up 26 hits in a game
1936 - FDR dedicates Boulder Dam, now known as Hoover Dam
1937 - 51st US Womens Tennis: Anita Lizana beats Jadwiga Jedrzejowska (64 62)
1937 - 57th US Mens Tennis: J D Budge beats G v Cramm (61 79 61 36 61)
1939 - Battle of Kutno-pocket: Germans advance to Warsaw
1939 - British submarine Triton torpedoes British submarine Oxley
1939 - Iraq & Saudi Arabia declare war on nazi-Germany
1940 - -12] Buckingham Palace destroyed by German bombs
1940 - 54th Postmaster General: Frank C Walker of Pa takes office
1940 - Anton Mussert establishes Dutch SS
1940 - Buckingham Palace in London destroyed by German bombs
1940 - Hitler begins operation-Seel�we (aborted invasion England)
1940 - George Stibitz pioneers the first remote operation of a computer.
1941 - Belgium King Leopold secretly marries Lilian Baels
1941 - FDR orders any Axis ship found in American waters be shot on sight
1941 - Charles Lindbergh, charges "British, Jewish & Roosevelt administration" are trying to get US into WW II
1941 - World War II: The U.S. Navy is ordered to attack German U-boats.
1941 - Construction of the Pentagon begins (completed 15 Jan 1943)
1942 - Transport nr 31 departs with French Jews to nazi-Germany
1943 - Allied arm forces conquerors Salerno
1943 - Jewish ghettos of Minsk & Lida Belorussia liquidated
1943 - Last German Q/pirate ship sinks near Easter Island
1943 - US & Australian troops join in Salamaua, New Guinea
1944 - FDR & Churchill meet in Canada at 2nd Quebec Conference
1944 - US 5th pantzer division is 1st to enter nazi-Germany
1946 - 1st mobile long-distance car-to-car telephone conversation
1950 - "Beetle Bailey" comic strip debuts
1950 - 1st typesetting machine to dispense with metal type exhibited
1950 - 33 die in a train crash in Coshocton Ohio
1950 - Dick Tracy TV show sparks uproar concerning violence
1951 - Stravinsky's opera "Rake's Progress," premieres in Venice
Swimmer Florence Chadwick 1951 - Florence Chadwick becomes 1st woman to swim English Channel from England to France. It takes 16 hours & 19 minutes
1952 - West German Chancellor Adenauer signs a reparation pact for Jews
1953 - KSBW TV channel 8 in Salinas-Monterey, CA (NBC) begins broadcasting
1953 - WEHT TV channel 25 in Evansville, IN (CBS) begins broadcasting
1954 - 1st Miss America TV broadcast
1954 - 20.4 cm rainfall at Brunswick, Maine (state record)
1954 - KXJB TV channel 4 in Valley City (Fargo) (NBC) begins broadcasting
1954 - Lee Meriwether (California), 19, crowned 27th Miss America 1955 (1st on TV)
1955 - 69th US Womens Tennis: Doris Hart beats Patricia Ward (64 62)
1955 - 75th US Mens Tennis: Tony Trabert beats Ken Rosewall beats (97 63 63)
1955 - KTVT TV channel 11 in Fort Worth-Dallas, TX (IND) begins broadcasting
1955 - Dedication of the first Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Europe, the Bern Switzerland Temple.
1956 - Cin Red Frank Robinson ties rookie record with his 38th HR
1956 - Vladimir Kuts runs world record 10k (28:42.8)
1956 - Yanks Yogi Berra ties career record for HRs (236) by a catcher
1958 - Great Britain performs atmospheric nuclear test at Christmas Island
1959 - "Duke" Ellington wins Springarn Medal for his musical achievements
1959 - Congress passes a bill authorizing food stamps for poor Americans
1959 - Elroy Face's 22 game win streak ends as Dodgers beat Pirates 5-4
1959 - Oriole Jerry Walker pitches 16 inn beating White Sox 1-0
1960 - 17th Olympic games close in Rome Italy
1960 - 74th US Womens Tennis: Darlene R Hard beats Maria Fraser (64 1012 64)
1960 - 80th US Mens Tennis: Neale A Fraser beats Rodney G Laver (64 64 97)
1960 - The Young Americans for Freedom, meeting at home of William F. Buckley, Jr., promulgate the Sharon Statement.
Singer-Songwriter Bob Dylan 1961 - Bob Dylan's 1st NY performance
1961 - Foundation of the World Wildlife Fund.
1962 - Beatles cut "Love Me Do" & "PS I Love You" with Andy White on drums
1962 - Drummer Ringo Starr replaces Pete Best of the Beatles
1962 - KVCR TV channel 24 in San Bernardino, CA (PBS) begins broadcasting
1963 - Typhoon Gloria strikes Taiwan killing 330, with $17.5 million damage
1964 - George Harrison forms Mornyork Ltd music publishing company
1964 - Gillette's 20 year contract with Madison Square Garden & ABC to televise fights for free ends as Dick Tiger defeats Don Fullmer at Cleve Auditorium
1965 - Beatles' "Help!," album goes #1 & stays #1 for 9 weeks
1965 - Braves 2nd straight one-hitter against the Mets
1965 - The 1st Cavalry Division of the United States Army arrives in Vietnam.
1966 - 80th US Womens Tennis: M Esther Bueno-Fraiser beats N Richey (63 61)
1966 - 86th US Mens Tennis: Fred Stolle beats John Newcombe (46 12-10 63 64)
1966 - France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island
1966 - Johnny Miller becomes 1st Yank to hit a HR on his 1st at bat
Beatles Drummer Ringo Starr 1966 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Pacific Ladies' Golf Classic
1966 - Rolling Stones perform on Ed Sullivan Show
1967 - A's drop grievance filed with Natl Labor Relations against C Finley
1967 - Beatles' Magical Mystery Bus driven around England
1967 - French president De Gaulle visits Poland
1967 - Indian/Chinese border fights
1967 - US Surveyor 5 makes 1st chemical analysis of lunar material
1967 - WSRE TV channel 23 in Pensacola, FL (PBS) begins broadcasting
1967 - WUNE TV channel 17 in Linville, NC (PBS) begins broadcasting
1967 - WUNF TV channel 33 in Asheville, NC (PBS) begins broadcasting
1967 - WUNG TV channel 58 in Concord, NC (PBS) begins broadcasting
1968 - Air France Flight 1611 crashes off Nice, France, killing 89 passengers and 6 crew.
1969 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1970 - 88 of the hostages from the Dawson's Field hijackings are released. The remaining hostages, mostly Jews and Israeli citizens, are held until September 25.
1970 - The Ford Pinto is introduced.
1971 - "2 by 2" closes at Imperial Theater NYC after 343 performances
1971 - Egypt adopts its constitution
1971 - Laurel Lea Schaefer (Ohio), 22, crowned 44th Miss America 1972
1971 - The Egyptian Constitution becomes official.
1972 - BART begins service with a 26-mi (42-km) line from Oakland to Fremont
1973 - Chile's President, Salvador Allende, deposed in a military coup
1974 - Cards beat Mets, 4-3, in 25 (7h4m), record 202 plate appearances, F�lix Mill�n & John Milner come to bat 12 times each
1976 - Dorothy Kathleen Benham (Minn), 20, crowned 49th Miss America 1977
1976 - Minnie Minoso bats for White Sox after a 12-year hiatus (hitless)
1976 - 90th US Womens Tennis: C E L Mills beats E Goolagong Cawley (63 60) Evonne Goolagong loses her 4th straight US Open Final (Evert wins)
1977 - 29th Emmy Awards: Mary Tyler Moore Show, Carroll O'Conner & Bea Arthur
1977 - 97th US Mens Tennis: Guillermo Vilas beats Jimmy Connors (26 63 75 60)
1977 - Joanne Carner wins LPGA National Jewish Hospital Golf Open
1977 - TV's Rhoda gets divorced
1980 - Chile adopts its constitution
1980 - Ron LeFlore (91st) & Rodney Scott (58th), set teammate steal record
1981 - 2nd government of Agt forms
1982 - 96th US Womens Tennis: C E L Mills beats Hana Mandlikova (63 61)
1982 - Debbie Maffett (California), 25, crowned 55th Miss America 1983
1982 - Chris Evert wins her 6th & final US Open Tennis match at West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills NY
1983 - 103rd US Mens Tennis: Jimmy Connors beats Ivan Lendl (63 67 75 60)
1983 - Fashion designer Donna Karen marries Stephan Weiss
1983 - Franco Harris becomes 3rd NFL to rush 11,000 yards
1983 - Joanne Carner wins LPGA Portland Ping Golf Championship
1983 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1985 - Flyby of Comet Giacobini-Zinner
1985 - Intl Cometary Explorer (ISEE 3) passes Giacobini-Zinner by 7900 km
1985 - Sri Lanka score their 1st Test Cricket victory, by 149 runs v India
1985 - Pete Rose of Cin Reds gets career hit 4,192 off Eric Show of San Diego Padres, eclipsing Ty Cobb's record
1986 - Pres Mubarak receives Israeli premier Peres
1986 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1986 - Dow Jones Industrial Avg suffered biggest 1-day decline ever, plummeting 86.61 points to 1,792.89. 237.57 million shares traded
1987 - 4th MTV Awards: Peter Gabriel wins
1987 - Shoot out at Jean-Bertrand Aristides' church in Haiti, 12 die
1988 - 1/3 of population argues for Estonia autonomy
1988 - Betsy King wins LPGA Cellular One-Ping Golf Championship
1988 - Sports Aid-jogging to feed the world
1988 - 108th US Mens Tennis: Mats Wilander beats Ivan Lendl (64 46 63 57 64) in 4hrs 55 min - longest men's final in US Open history
1989 - Drexel formally pleads guilty to security fraud
1989 - KSO-AM in Des Moines Iowa changes call letters to KGGO
1991 - "La Toya: Growing Up in The Jackson Family" goes on sale
1991 - 14 die in a Continental Express commuter plane crash near Houston
1991 - Air crash at Djeddah, Saudi-Arabia, 263 die
1991 - Emmy News & Documentaries Award presentation
1991 - NY Yankees final game at Baltimore Oriole's Memorial Stadium
1991 - Atlanta Braves Kent Mercker, Mark Wohlers & Alejandro Pena pitched 1st combined no-hitter in NL, beating San Diego Padres, 1-0
1992 - Hurricane Iniki hits Kauai Hawaii; 3 die & 8,000 injured
1993 - 107th US Womens Tennis: Steffi Graf beats Helena Sukova (63 63)
1993 - Junxia Qu runs 1500m ladies world record (3:50.46)
1994 - 114th US Mens Tennis: Andre Agassi beats Michael Stich (61 76 75)
1994 - 46th Emmy Awards: Fraiser, Picket Fences & Kelsey Grammer wins
1994 - Jingyi Le swims female world record 50m freestyle
1994 - Missie McGeorge wins Ping-Cellular One LPGA Golf Championship
1995 - Eastern Tennessee begins using new area code 423
1995 - Ohio's Governor Voinovich proclaims "Cleveland Indians Day"
1995 - Soyuz TM-22, lands
1996 - Union Pacific Railroad purchases Southern Pacific Railroad.
1997 - After a nationwide referendum, Scotland votes to establish a devolved parliament, within the United Kingdom.
1998 - Independent counsel Kenneth Starr sends a report to the U.S. Congress accusing President Bill Clinton of 11 possible impeachable offenses.
1998 - Opening ceremony for the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Malaysia is the first Asian country to host the games.
2000 - Activists protest against the World Economic Forum meeting in Melbourne, Australia.
2001 - Terrorists hijack two passenger planes crashing them into New York's World Trade Towers causing the collapse of both & death of 2,752 people
2001 - Terrorists hijack a passenger plane and crash it into the Pentagon causing the death of 125 people
2001 - Attempt by passengers and crew of United Airlines Flight 93 to retake control of their hijacked plane from terrorists causes plane to crash in Pennsylvania field killing all 64 people onboard
2002 - Through extreme and coordinated effort, The Pentagon is rededicated after repairs are completed, exactly one year after the attack on the building.
2003 - Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh dies after being assaulted and fatally wounded on September 10.
2003 - The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety enters into effect.
2004 - All passengers are killed when a helicopter crashes in the Aegean Sea. Passengers include Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria and 16 others (including journalists and bishops of the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria).
2005 - The State of Israel completes its unilateral disengagement from the Gaza Strip.
2007 - Russia tests the largest conventional weapon ever, the Father of all bombs
Music history on September 11
1711 - Composer William Boyce was born.
1786 - Daniel Friedrich Rudolph Kuhlau was born.
1847 - "Oh, Susannah" was sung in public for the first time. Stephen Foster sold the rights to the song for a bottle of whiskey.
1850 - Jenny Lind gave her first concert in the United States at New York's Castle Garden Theater. Lind was known as the "Swedish Nightingale."
1945 - Ernest Tubb recorded "It Just Doesn�t Matter Now" and "Love Turns to Hate."
1962 - George Martin had the Beatles return to EMI's Abbey Road to re-record "Love Me Do." They also recorded "P.S. I Love You" and an early version of "Please Please Me."
1963 - "The Great White Wonder" first appears in a record store in Los Angeles, CA. The "bootleg" of Bob Dylan songs is believed to be the first bootleg album.
1964 - George Harrison formed Harrissongs, his own song publishing company.
1967 - "All You Need Is Love" by the Beatles was certified as a million seller.
1967 - The Beatles' "Magical Mystery Tour" bus began cruising the English countryside.
1968 - Larry Graham, of Sly and the Family Stone, was arrested for possession of cannabis. The groups TV appearance and hotel reservations were canceled as a result.
1971 - The animated "The Jackson Five" TV series debuted on ABC.
1975 - Aerosmith's self-titled debut album was certified gold.
1977 - Bernie Taupin made his television acting debut on ABC's "The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew meet Dracula." He played the character Circus. Taupin was known for being Elton John's lyricist.
1977 - David Bowie and Bing Crosby recorded a duet version of "The Little Drummer Boy." The song appeared on Crosby's "Merrie Olde Christmas" LP.
1979 - The Who made their first U.S. concert appearance without Keith Moon. Kenny Jones replaced him on drums.
1984 - Bruce Springsteen broke the attendance record at Philadelphia's Spectrum. 16,800 fans attended the first of six sold-out shows.
1987 - Geffen Records released Elton John's "Greatest Hits Volume 3."
1987 - Peter Tosh was shot and killed by robbers in his home in Jamaica.
1987 - Prince's Paisley Park Studios officially opened.
1988 - Metallic began their first headlining tour of Europe in Budapest, Hungary.
1990 - "Listen Without Prejudice" was released by George Michael. It was his second solo album.
1995 - Janet Jackson's "Runaway" made history by becoming the first single by a woman to make its debut in the top 10 of Billboard's Hot 100.
1996 - David Bowie's single "Telling Lies" was released exclusively on the Internet. It was the first time a new single by a major selling artist was released exclusively on the Internet.
1996 - Michael Hutchence of INXS pled guilty to hitting a photographer and was fined $600. The picture was of Hutchence and Bob Geldof's estranged wife outside a hotel where they had spent the night.
1997 - John Lee Hooker received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
2001 - Dream Theater released the album "Live Scenes From New York". The original artwork was recalled the same day due to the artwork portraying the New York skyline and World Trade Center towers engulfed in flames. The album was re-released with different artwork.
Sports history on September 11
1912 - Eddie Collins (Philadelphia Athletics) stole six bases against the Detroit Tigers.
1926 - The U.S. won its seventh consecutive Davis Cup.
1943 - The NHL approved the Hockey Hall of Fame. The official building for the hall of fame was not opened until August 26, 1961 on the grounds of the Canadian National Exhibition.
1946 - The Brooklyn Dodgers and the Cincinnati Reds played to a scoreless tie in 19 innings.
1951 - Florence Chadwick became the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions.
1956 - Frank Robinson (Cincinnati Reds) tied a rookie record for most home runs in one season when he hit his 38th of the year.
1959 - Roy Face (Pittsburgh) ended a 22-game winning streak. He finished the season 18-1.
1974 - The St. Louis Cardinals and the New York Mets set a National League record when they played 25 innings. It was the second longest game in professional baseball history.
1985 - Pete Rose (Cincinnati Reds) achieved hit number 4,192 to break the record held by Ty Cobb.
1987 - Howard Johnson (New York Mets) became the first National League infielder to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in the same season.
1999 - Brett Favre and Robert Brooks of the Green Bay Packers completed a 99-yard touchdown reception against the Chicago Bears to tie an NFL record.
Sports Quote
I didn't like the '50s, you know. I appreciate Elvis, but I'm not a big fan. I'm not a rockabilly fan. And the '60s and early '70s were, to me, the greatest times to live.
- Brett Hull
Famous birthdays on September 11
James Thomson 1700
O. Henry (William Sidney Porter) 1862
James Jeans
Historic events on September 12
1015 - Henry I becomes earl of Leuven
1213 - Battle at Muret: Crusade of Simon de Montfort beat Pedro II of Aragon
1217 - French prince Louis & English king Henry III sign peace treaty
1229 - The Aragonese army under the command of James I of Aragon disembarks at Santa Pon�a, Majorca, with the purpose of conquering the island.
1396 - Crusaders under earl of Nevers reaches Nicopolis
1543 - Treaty of Venlo: Duke Willem of Gulik & Emperor Charles V
1556 - Emperor Charles resigns, his brother Ferdinand van Austria takes over
1624 - 1st submarine tested (London)
1635 - Sweden & Poland sign ceasefire Treaty of Stuhmsdorf
1639 - Viceroy Thomas Wentworth sails back to England
1673 - Prince Willem III occupies Naarden
1683 - Turkish troops attacks Vienna overthrows by Polish king Sobieski
1683 - Austro-Ottoman War: Battle of Vienna - several European armies join forces to defeat the Ottoman Empire.
1695 - NY Jews petition governor Dongan for religious liberties
1703 - Emperor Leopold I ends contacts on Spanish heritage
1703 - English army under arch duke Charles of Austria lands in Portugal
1720 - Isaak of Hoornbeek elected Dutch pension advisor
1722 - Russian troops occupy Baku & Derbent on Persia
1733 - Polish Landowners select Stanislaw Lesczynski king
1745 - Duke of Toscane chosen German emperor Frans I Stefanus
1751 - Amsterdam refuses establishment of Jewish ghetto
1758 - Charles Messier observes Crab Nebula & begins catalog
1759 - British soldiers capture the town of Quebec.
1776 - Nathan Hale leaves Harlem Heights Camp (127th St) for spy mission
1787 - Black Masons form 1st lodge
1814 - Battle of North Point fought near Baltimore during War of 1812
1840 - Composer Robert Schumann marries Clara Wieck
1847 - Mexican-American War: the Battle of Chapultepec begins.
1848 - Switzerland becomes a Federal state.
1857 - 423 die when "Central America" sinks off Cape Romain SC
1862 - Battle of Harpers Ferry VA
1867 - 2nd synagogue in Curacao, Emanu-El of Willemstad, inaugurated
1874 - 1874 The District of Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada is founded.
1876 - King Leopold II opens Congo-conference
1878 - Cleopatra Needle installed in London
1882 - Belgian King Leopold II receives Pierre de Brazza
1885 - Highest score (35) recorded in any 1st-class soccer match is set
1888 - Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Greek Interpreter" (BG)
1890 - Cecil Rhodes' colonies reach Mashonaland (Ft Salisbury)
1890 - Salisbury, Rhodesia, is founded.
1895 - Defender (US) beats Valkyrie III (Engld) in 10th America's Cup
1897 - Tirah Campaign: Battle of Saragarhi
1901 - Arabs attack Gedara Palestine
1906 - The Newport Transporter Bridge is opened in Newport, South Wales by Viscount Tredegar.
1907 - Lusitania arrives in NYC after 5 day crossing of Atlantic (record)
1908 - Winston Churchill marries Clementine Hozier
1910 - Gustav Mahler's 8th Symphony premieres in Munich with 1028 musicians
1910 - World's 1st female cop, Alice Stebbins Wells, appointed (LAPD)
1911 - Boston's Cy Young vs Christy Mathewson of Giants, Giants win 9-0
1912 - Dutch Olympian Committee forms (NOC)
1914 - Yankee shortstop Roger Peckinpaugh, 23, becomes youngest manager
1918 - During WW I, US forces launch an attack on German-occupied St Mihiel
1920 - 7th Olympic games close in Antwerp Belgium
1922 - Paavo Nurmi runs world record 5000m (14:35.4)
1923 - Britain takes over Southern Rhodesia from British South Africa Co
1925 - 20th Davis Cup: USA beats France in Philadelphia (5-0)
1927 - Sigmund Romberg's musical "My Maryland," premieres in NYC
1928 - -17] Hurricane in Florida, kills 6,000
1928 - Katharine Hepburn's NY stage debut in "Night Hostess"
1930 - Brooklyn catcher Al Lopez hits major league's last recorded bounce HR
1931 - 51st US Mens Tennis: H E Vines beats George M Lott Jr (79 63 97 75)
1932 - Bkln Dodger Johnny Frederick hits his record 6th pinch hit HR
1932 - German government of Papen falls/Reichstag dissolved
1933 - Alejandro Lerroux forms new Spanish government
1933 - Dutch parliament accepts ban on uniforms
1933 - Le� Szil�rd, waiting for a red light on Southampton Row in Bloomsbury, conceives the idea of the nuclear chain reaction.
1934 - Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania signs Baltic Entente, against USSR
1935 - 55th US Mens Tennis: Wilmer L Allison beats Sidney B Wood (62 62 63)
1935 - Millionaire Howard Hughes flies his own designed plane at 352.46 mph
1936 - 50th US Womens Tennis: Alice Marble beats Helen Hull Jacobs (46 63 62)
1936 - 56th US Mens Tennis: Fred Perry beats J Donald Budge (26 62 86 16 108)
1938 - Adolph Hitler demands self-determination for Sudeten Germans in Czech
1940 - 49 die & 200 injured when Hercules Powder Co plant explodes (NJ)
1940 - Italian troops enter Egypt
1940 - 4 teens, following their dog down a hole near Lascaux France discover 17,000-year-old drawings now known as Lascaux Cave Paintings
1941 - 1st German ship in WW II captured by US ship (Busko)
1942 - Battle of Edson's Ridge begins at Guadalcanal
1942 - Free-Poland & Belgium asks pope to condemn nazi-war crimes
1943 - Free French lands on Corsica
1943 - Waffen-SS (Skorzeny) frees Benito Mussolini at Gran Sasso
1943 - German paratroopers, on orders of Adolf Hitler, seize former Italian dictator Benito Mussolini who was being held prisoner by the government
1944 - -16] Hurricane, kills 389 in NC
1944 - Noorbeek & Mheer freed
1944 - US Army troops entered Germany for 1st time
1946 - Court martial convicts Henry de Man to 20 years, in Brussels
1947 - Pirate Ralph Kiner hits his record 8th HR in 4 games
1948 - Invasion of the State of Hyderabad by the Indian Army on the day after the Pakistani leader Jinnah's death.
1949 - Theodor Heuss elected 1st pres/Conrad Adenauer 1st PM of German FR
1950 - Belgian government dismisses all communist civil servants
1952 - Noel Coward's "Quadrille," premieres in London
1953 - "Carnival in Flanders" closes at New Century Theater NYC after 6 perfs
1953 - Brooklyn Dodgers, clinch NL pennant earlier than any other team
1953 - Sen John F Kennedy, 36, marries Jacqueline Bouvier, 24
1954 - Betsy Rawls wins LPGA St Louis Golf Open
1954 - Indians sweep Yanks at Municipal Stadium; largest AL crowd (86,563)
1954 - WLBZ TV channel 2 in Bangor, ME (NBC) begins broadcasting
1954 - White Sox win 90th game, 1st time they win this many since 1920
1955 - KNTV TV channel 11 in San Jose, CA (ABC) begins broadcasting
1956 - Black students enter & are barred from Clay Ky elementary school
1957 - Archbishop Makarios of Cyprus visits US
1958 - US Supreme Court orders Little Rock Ark high school to integrate
1958 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1959 - "Bonanza" premieres on NBC-TV
1959 - Janos K�d�r becomes premier of Hungary
1959 - Luna 2 launched by USSR; 1st spacecraft to impact on Moon
1960 - "Vintage '60" opens at Brooks Atkinson Theater NYC for 8 performances
1960 - John F. Kennedy avers he does not speak for the Roman Catholic Church, and neither does the Church speak for him.
1961 - NASA civilian pilot Joseph A Walker takes X-15 to 34,840 m
1961 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1962 - Wash Senator Tom Cheney strikes out record 21 Orioles in 16 inn game
1963 - WHYY TV channel 12 in Wilmington, DE (PBS) begins broadcasting
1964 - 1st football game at Shea Stadium, Jets defeat Denver 30-6
1964 - Ralph Boston of US, sets then long jump record at 27' 4�"
1964 - Canyonlands National Park is designated as a National Park.
1965 - 79th US Womens Tennis: Margaret Smith beats Billie Jean King (86 75)
1965 - 85th US Mens Tennis: Manuel Santana beats Cliff Drysdale (62 79 75 61)
1965 - Hurricane Betsy strikes Florida & Louisiana kills 75
1965 - Manuel Santana wins US Tennis Open
1965 - Mary Mills wins LPGA Eugene Golf Open
1965 - WCEE TV channel 23 in Rockford, IL (CBS) begins broadcasting
1966 - "Monkees" premieres on NBC-TV
1966 - Gemini XI (Charles Conrad & R Gordon) launched for 71-hour flight
1966 - KPNE TV channel 9 in North Platte, NB (PBS) begins broadcasting
1966 - WCES TV channel 20 in Wrens, GA (PBS) begins broadcasting
1966 - WUSF TV channel 16 in Tampa-St Petersburg, FL (PBS) 1st broadcast
1966 - Washtenaw Community College in Ann Arbor Mich begins teaching
1968 - Albania announces it is withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact
1970 - 1st Concorde lands at Heathrow airport
1970 - Luna 16 Launch (Moon Sample Return)
1970 - Phyllis Ann George (Texas), 21, crowned 43rd Miss America 1971
1970 - Supersonic airliner Concorde lands for 1st time at Heathrow airport
1970 - US LSD professor Timothy Leary escapes from California jail
1970 - USSR launches Luna 16; returns samples from lunar Sea of Fertility
1970 - Palestinian terrorists blow up three hijacked airliners in Jordan, continuing to hold the passengers hostage in various undisclosed locations in Amman.
1971 - 85th US Womens Tennis: Billie Jean King beats Rosemary Casals (64 76)
1971 - 91st US Mens Tennis: Stan Smith beats Jan Kodes (36 63 62 76)
1972 - Ciod War: Icelandic gunboats sink 2 British trawlers in North Sea
1972 - Lord Michael Killanin succeeds Avery Brundage as head of Olympics
1973 - 2 bettors win largest US Daily Double ($19,909.60 in Detroit)
1973 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1974 - Coup overthrows Emperor Haile Selassie in Ethiopia (National Day)
1974 - Jeff "Skunk" Baxter joins Doobie Brothers
1976 - 96th US Mens Tennis: Jimmy Connors beats Bjorn Borg (64 36 76 64)
1976 - Jane Blalock wins LPGA Dallas Civitan Golf Open
1976 - Seattle Seahawks play 1st regular-season game (St L 30, Sea 24)
1976 - White Sox Minnie Minoso, 53, is oldest to get a hit in majors
1978 - Fidel Castro visits Addis Abba
1978 - Situation comedy "Taxi" premieres on ABC television
1979 - Carl Yastrzemski, is 15th to get 3,000 hits
1979 - Hurricane Frederick hits Mobile Alabama; 5 die & $23 million damage
1979 - Indiana Pacers cut Ann Meyers, 1st woman on an NBA club
1979 - Red Carl Yastrzemski gets his 3,000th hit off Yankee Jim Beattie
1979 - Indonesia is hit with an earthquake that measures 8.1 on the Richter scale.
1980 - Military coup under General Kenan Evren in Turkey
1981 - 95th US Womens Tennis: Tracy Austin beats M Navratilova (16 76 76)
1981 - Elizabeth Ward (Arkansas), 20, crowned 54th Miss America 1982
1981 - Emmy Creative Arts Award presentation
1981 - Red Sox rookie Bob Ojeda no-hits Yanks for 8 innings before Rick Cerone & Dave Winfield lead off 9th with back-to-back doubles
1982 - 102nd US Mens Tennis: Jimmy Connors beats Ivan Lendl (63 62 46 64)
1982 - Gerard Nijboer (2:15:16) & Rosa Mota (2:36:04) win marathon
1982 - Sandra Spuzich wins LPGA Mary Kay Golf Classic
1983 - Albert Rizzo trod water at sea for 108 hours 9 minutes
1983 - Emmy Creative Arts Award presentation
1983 - Security guard Victor Gerena robs West Hartford company of $7 million
1983 - USSR vetoes UN resolution deploring its shooting down of Korean plane
1984 - Country singer Barbara Mandrell is badly injured in a car accident
1984 - Cyndi Lauper sings "She-Bop" on Tonight Show
1984 - Ethiopia forms socialist republic
1984 - NY Met Dwight Gooden sets rookie strike out record at 251
1985 - Flight readiness firing of Atlantis' main engines; 20 seconds
1986 - 240.49 million shares traded in NY Stock Exchange
1986 - Twins fire manager Ray Miller & replace him with coach Tom Kelly
1986 - US professor Joseph Cicippio is kidnapped & held hostage in Beirut
1987 - 101st US Womens Tennis: Martina Navratilova beats Steffi Graf (76 61)
1987 - Ethiopia adopts constitution
1987 - Vince Coleman steals his 100th base for 3rd straight year
1988 - 1st NFL regular-season game played in Phoenix; Cowboys beat Card
1988 - Gilbert, strongest hurricane ever (160 mph), devastates Jamaica
1989 - Emmy News & Documentaries Award presentation
1990 - "Les Miserables," opens at Cirkus Theater, Stockholm
1990 - Emmy News & Documentaries Award presentation
1990 - US, England, France, USSR, East & West Germanys sign agreements allowing 2 Germanys to merge
1991 - Nolan Ryan's 4-3 victory over Twins is his 312th career win
1991 - Space shuttle STS 48 (Discovery 14) launched
1992 - 106th US Womens Tennis: Monica Seles beats A Sanchez Vicario (63 63)
1992 - Hurricane Inuki pounds Hawaii
1992 - STS-47 (Endeavour 2) launches
1992 - Stefan Edberg beats Michael Chang in what is believed to be the longest match in US Open history (5hr 26min)
1993 - 113rd US Mens Tennis: Pete Sampras beats Cedric Pioline (64 64 63)
1993 - Donna Andrews wins Ping-Cellular One LPGA Golf Championship
1993 - Junxia Cheek runs 3000 m ladies world record (8:12.29)
1993 - Paul Molitor at 37 is oldest to reach 100 RBIs for 1st time in career
1993 - STS-51 (Discovery) launches into orbit
1994 - Cessna crashes in White House front yard
1994 - Country singer George Jones undergoes triple bypass surgery
1994 - Parti Qu�b�cois wins parliamentary election
1995 - INXS' Michael Hutchence pleads guilty to punching a photographer
1995 - Belarus military shoots down a hydrogen balloon, killing its two American pilots.
1997 - NY Met John Olerud hits for the cycle
1999 - Indonesia announces it will allow international peace-keepers into East Timor.
2000 - Holland (the Netherlands) passes law allowing same-gender marriage, adoption and divorce.
2001 - Article V of the NATO agreement is invoked for only the second time (the other being in Bosnia) in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks against the United States of America.
2001 - Ansett Australia, Australia's first commercial interstate airline, collapses due to increased strain on the international airline industry leaving 10000 people unemployed.
2003 - In Fallujah, US forces mistakenly shoot and kill eight Iraqi police officers.
2003 - The United Nations lifts sanctions against Libya after that country agreed to accept responsibility and recompense the families of victims in the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.
2005 - The red-green coalition, led by Jens Stoltenberg, wins the Norwegian parliamentary election, taking 87 of 169 seats in the parliament.
2005 - Israel completes its withdrawal of all troops and settlers from the Gaza Strip.
2005 - The bodies of more than 40 patients discovered in a flooded hospital in New Orleans.
2005 - Hong Kong Disneyland opens in Penny's Bay, Lantau Island, Hong Kong.
2007 - Shinzo Abe announces his intention to resign as Prime Minister of Japan.
2007 - Former Philippine President Joseph Estrada is convicted of the crime of plunder.
2009 - The 9-12 Project organized multiple marches and demonstrations across the USA to protest government spending.
Music history on September 12
1940 - Johnny Long�s orchestra recorded the classic, "A Shanty in Old Shanty Town."
1948 - Elvis Presley, age 13, moved with his parents to Memphis, TN.
1953 - Luigi Vena sang "Ave Maria" at the wedding of U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Lee Bouvier.
1966 - ABC-TV's "The Roger Miller Show" premiered.
1966 - The Beatles received a gold record for "Yellow Submarine."
1966 - The Monkees TV show premiered on NBC.
1970 - "Josie and the Pussycats," the cartoon, debuted on CBS.
1970 - "Fire and Rain" by James Taylor was released. It was his first single.
1987 - Morrissey left The Smiths for a solo career.
1990 - Stevie Nicks and Christine McVie both announced that they would no longer perform with Fleetwood Mac.
1996 - Oasis canceled their U.S. tour citing "internal differences" as the cause.
1980 - An in-depth report on the death of Elvis Presley aired on ABC-TV�s "20/20". It raised so many unanswered questions that the official case concerning Elvis� death was reopened.
1998 - A concert by Shania Twain was televised live on DirecTV. It was the first time direct broadcast had been used for a country star.
1998 - Vince Gill made his 100th appearance on the Grand Ole Opry.
2000 - The family of Jimi Hendrix released 56 rare tracks in a 4-CD boxed set, "The Jimi Hendrix Experience."
2002 - The house that Kurt Cobain (Nirvana) lived in as a child, from 11-15, was sold on eBay for $210,000. The house had been valued at $52,660 in 2000.
2002 - John Houston Entertainment LLC filed a $100 million lawsuit against Whitney Houston for breach of contract.
2006 - The iTunes Music Store reached 1.5 billion songs and 45 million videos sold.
2009 - Steve Jobs announced that Apple's iTunes had 88% of the legal U.S. music download market.
Sports history on September 12
1979 - Carl Yastrzemski of the Boston Red Sox became the first American League player to get 3,000 career hits and 400 career home runs.
1984 - Michael Jordan signed a seven-year contract to play basketball with the Chicago Bulls.
1984 - Dwight Gooden of the New York Mets set a rookie strikeout record with his 251st strikeout of the season.
2002 - A judge announced that a jury would have to decide who would get the ball that Barry Bonds hit for his record 73rd home run. The ownership of the ball, with an estimated value of $1 million, was being disputed between two men that had been in the bleachers.
2006 - Rick DiPietro (New York Islanders) signed a 15-year contract worth $67.5 million
Famous birthdays on September 12
Richard Gatlin 1818
1965 - Beatles win 1st Grammy, for Best Group of 1964
1965 - Today Show's 1st totally color broadcast
1965 - Willie Mays's 500th HR (off Don Nottebart), Giants 11th straight win
1966 - Johannes Balthazar Vorster sworn in as premier of South Africa
1968 - Albania leaves Warsaw pact
1969 - Baltimore Orioles, win earliest AL Eastern division title
1969 - Bobby Bonds is baseballs 4th 30-HR, 30-steal player
1969 - Plastic Ono Band's (John, Yoko & Eric Clapton) 1st live performance
1970 - 1st NYC Marathon won by Gary Muhrcke in 2:31:38
1970 - 84th US Womens Tennis: M Smith Court beats Rosemary Casals (62 26 61)
1970 - 90th US Mens Tennis: Ken Rosewall beats Tony Roche (26 64 76 63)
1970 - IBM announces System 370 computer
1970 - Joanne Carner wins LPGA Wendell-West Golf Open
1970 - Palestine guerillas conquer Irbid Jordania
1971 - 11 guards & 31 prisoners die in take over at Attica State Prison
1971 - Frank Robinson hits his 500th HR
1971 - Nikita Krushchev, Soviet premier, buried in Moscow
1971 - WIIQ TV channel 41 in Demopolis, AL (PBS) begins broadcasting
1971 - World Hockey Association forms
1972 - 1st TV broadcast of "Waltons" on CBS
1973 - ABC announces it obtained TV rights for 1976 Olympics
1973 - Congress passes & sends a bill to Nixon to lift football's blackout
1973 - Syrian/Israeli dogfight over Mediterranean Sea
1974 - -17] 3 Japanese kidnap French ambassador in Hague
1974 - 1st broadcast of "Rockford Files" on NBC-TV
1974 - Phillies set NL record, using 27 players in a game, St Louis uses 24, tying record of 51. Phils win 7-3 in 17
1974 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1975 - -27] Hurricane Eloise, kills 71 in Caribbean & US
1976 - 2nd Enterprise, approach & lands Test Cricket (ALT) flight (5m28s)
1977 - 1st TV viewer discretion warning-Soap
1977 - 2nd Test Cricket of Space Shuttle Enterprise
1977 - General Motors introduces 1st US diesel auto (Oldsmobile 88)
1978 - 1st flight of McDonnell Douglas F-18A Hornet
1978 - NY Yanks win to gain sole possession of 1st place from 14 games back
1979 - China PR performs nuclear test
1979 - South Africa grants Venda independence (Not recognized out of S Afr)
1980 - 1st United Negro College Fund
1981 - 101st US Mens Tennis: John McEnroe beats Bjorn Borg (46 62 64 63)
1981 - 33rd Emmy Awards: Taxi, Hill St Blue, Judd Hirsh & Isabel Sanford wins
1981 - April Moon sets women's handbow distance record of 1,039 yds & 13"
1981 - Atlanta Falcons tie record of 31 points in 4th quarter (vs Green Bay)
1981 - Jan Stephenson wins LPGA United Virginia Bank Golf Classic
1981 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1982 - 50 die in Spantax Airlines DC-10 on takeoff from Malaga, Spain
1982 - Joe Lefevre gets 6 hits in one baseball game
1983 - Dan Quisenberry record 39th season save
1983 - Emmy Creative Arts Award presentation
1983 - Oakland's Rickey Henderson 3rd straight 100 steals for season
1983 - Steve O'Shaughnessy scores 100 in 35 mins, Lancs v Leics
1983 - US mint strikes 1st gold coin in 50 years (Olympic Eagle)
1984 - STS 41-G launch vehicle moves to launch pad
1984 - Simon Peres forms Israeli government with Likoed
1985 - 2nd MTV Awards: Bruce Springsteen
1985 - John Williams introduces new Today Show theme
1986 - Bert Blyleven gives up a record 44 HRs in a season
1986 - Kellye Cash (Tenn), 21, crowned 60th Miss America 1987
1987 - Cesium-137 stolen from abandoned hospital in Rio de Janeiro
1987 - Nancy Lopez wins LPGA Cellular One-Ping Golf Championship
1987 - Paul Lynch of Great Britain does 32,573 push-ups in 24 hours
1988 - 10th time, 4 players hit baseball major-league record grand slams
1988 - 9 hard/software manufacturers announce EISA computer bus in NY
1988 - Gilbert is strongest (26.13 barometer) hurricane in Western Hemisphere
1989 - "Les Miserables," opens at Fisher Theatre, Detroit
1989 - Desmond Tutu leads biggest anti-apartheid protest march in South Africa
1989 - Fay Vincent elected baseball's 8th commissioner
1990 - Commuter train at Johannesburg South Africa attacked, 36 die
1990 - Iraqi troops storm residence of French ambassador in Kuwait
1990 - Robert E Nederlander appointed NY Yankee managing general partner
1990 - Senate Judiciary Com opens hearing on confirmation of David Souter
1991 - 55 ton concrete beam falls in Montreal's Olympic Stadium
1991 - Joe Carter is 1st to have 3 consec 100-RBI seasons with 3 differ teams
1991 - Joe Coleman 3rd 100 RBI season in a row 3 teams (Cleve, SD & Toronto)
1991 - Kim Zmeskal is 1st American to win a medal at World Gymnastics Championships, she wins the gold with 39.848 pts
1992 - 112th US Mens Tennis: Stefan Edberg beats Pete Sampras (36 64 76 62)
1992 - NY Giants trailing Dallas Cowboys 34-0 in 3rd, lose 34-28
1992 - Nancy Lopez wins Ping-Cellular One LPGA Golf Championship
1992 - Steffan Edberg beats Pete Sampress to win US Open
1993 - Israeli min of Foreign affairs Peres & PLO-Abu Mazen sign peace accord
1993 - Junxia Cheek runs ladies world record 3000m (8:06.11)
1993 - Queens NY begins required recycling
1993 - Public unveiling of the Oslo Accords, an Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement initiated by Norway.
1994 - George Burns, undergoes surgery to drain fluid from his brain
1994 - Space probe Ulyssus passes south pole of Sun
1996 - Phil Simmons scores 171 & takes 6-14 for Leics v Durham
1997 - Carolina Hurricane's 1st exhibition game beat NY Islanders 4-1
1997 - Katherine Shindle (Ill), 24, crowned 71st Miss America 1998
1998 - 112th US Womens Tennis
1998 - 118th US Mens Tennis
1998 - SAFECO Golf Classic
1999 - Bomb explodes in Moscow, Russia. At least 119 people are killed.
2001 - Civilian aircraft traffic resumes in the U.S. after the September 11, 2001 attacks.
2006 - At Dawson College (Montreal), Kimveer Gill kills one student and wounds 19 others before committing suicide.
2008 - Hurricane Ike makes landfall on the Texas Gulf Coast of the United States, causing heavy damage to Galveston Island, Houston and surrounding areas.
Musical history on September 13
1819 - Composer Clara Wieck Schumann was born.
1874 - Composer Arnold Franz Walter Schoenberg was born.
1954 - Judy Garland was on the cover of "Life" magazine.
1960 - The U.S. Federal Communications Commission banned payola.
1965 - The song "Yesterday/Act Naturally" was released by the Beatles.
1969 - John Lennon and Yoko Ono's Plastic Ono Band made their live debut at the Rock 'n' Roll Revival Concert. Eric Clapton was on guitar.
1969 - The Toronto Rock 'n' Roll Revival Festival took place.
1974 - Stevie Wonder started his first tour since his near-fatal car accident.
1977 - Symphonic conductor Leopold Stokowski died at the age of 95.
1979 - Abba began their first North American tour in Edmonton, Alberta.
1982 - RCA Records announced that David Bowie had left for the South Seas where the filming of "Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence" was to begin.
1983 - "Sports" by Huey Lewis and the News was released.
1985 - Sting began his first solo tour in San Diego. The tour was to support the album "Dream Of The Blue Turtles."
1989 - Bruce Springsteen recorded "Viva Las Vegas" for "The Last Temptation of Elvis."
1989 - Sting made his stage debut at the Threepenny Opera in Washington, DC.
1991 - Alice Cooper sold his new album "Hey Stoopid" in New York's Times Square for 99 cents.
1994 - The debut album "Ready to Die" was released by The Notorious Big.
1996 - Tupac Shakur died six days after being shot four times in a drive-by shooting.
1996 - CMT (Country Music Television) was allowed to resume broadcasting in Canada. The network had been taken off the air over a broadcasting rights dispute.
1998 - Mel B (Spice Girls) and Jimmy Gulzarof were married.
1999 - Marcelo Rodriguez, a Beverly Hills police officer, filed a multi-million dollar slander lawsuit against George Michael. The suit alleged that the singer had committed slander in the song and video for "Outside." Rodriguez had arrested Michael on charges of lewd behavior in a public park on April 7, 1998.
Sports history on September 13
1849 - In Hastings, NY, The first recorded death in a boxing match occurred after Chris Lilly knocked out Tom McCoy. McCoy died a short time later.
1923 - George Burns (Boston Red Sox) performed the third unassisted triple play in baseball history.
1932 - Joe McCarthy became the first manager to win pennants in both baseball leagues when his New York Yankees clinched the American League pennant.
1946 - Ted Williams (Boston Red Sox) hit his only inside-the-park home run.
1949 - The Ladies Professional Golf Association of America was formed.
1965 - Willie Mays became the fifth player in major league history to hit 500 career home runs.
1970 - The first New York City Marathon took place. Fireman Gary Muhrucke won the race. The race was run entirely inside Central Park.
1971 - The World Hockey Association was formed.
1971 - Frank Robinson (Baltimore Orioles) hit his 500th career home run.
1981 - John McEnroe won his third consecutive U.S. Open.
1986 - Bert Blyleven (Minnesota Twins) surrendered five homes runs. The game raised Blyleven's total to 44 for the year setting an American League record.
1989 - Fay Vincent was named commissioner of Major League Baseball, succeeding the late A. Bartlett Giamatti.
1996 - Alex Rodriguez (Seattle Mariners) set a team record when he became the first player for the Mariners to reach 200 hits in a season.
1996 - Charlie O'Brien (Toronto Blue Jays) became the first catcher in major league baseball history to wear a hockey goalie-like catcher's mask. The game was against the New York Yankees.
1996 - John Wetteland (New York Yankees) became on the second Yankee to record 40 or more saves in a season.
2002 - Mike Vernon retired after a 19-year career as a player in the NHL.
2003 - In Oakland, CA, Frank Francisco (Texas Rangers), a relief pitcher, threw a chair into the right field box seats. Two spectators were hit in the head. The game was delayed for 19 minutes. The Athletics won the game 7-6 in the 10th inning.
Famous birthdays on September 13
1087 - John II Komnenos, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1143)
1157 - Alexander Neckum/de Sancto Albano, English theologist/encyclopedist
1475 - Cesare Borgia, Italian aristocrat (d. 1507)
1502 - John Leland, English antiquarian (d. 1552)
1520 - William Cecil 1st baron Burghley, English premier
1551 - Pandolfo Zallamella, composer
1604 - William Brereton, English soldier and politician (d. 1661)
1673 - Hercule Brehy, composer
1676 - �lisabeth Charlotte of Orl�ans, Duchess of Lorraine (d. 1741)
1682 - Theodor Christleib Reinhold, composer
1688 - Luca Antonio Praedieri, composer
1694 - Yeongjo of Joseon, ruler of Korea (d. 1776)
1739 - Giuseppe Sigismondo, composer
1739 - Grigory Potemkin, army officer, statesman, Catherine II's lover, OS
1751 - Henry Kobell, Dutch painter/cartoonist
1755 - Oliver Evans, pioneered high-pressure steam engine
1766 - Samuel Wilson, possible namesake of Uncle Sam (d. 1854)
1775 - Laura Secord, Canadian war heroine (d. 1868)
1802 - Arnold Ruge, German philosopher and writer (d. 1880)
1806 - Joseph Lewis Hogg, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), die in 1862
1806 - Moritz Ganz, composer
1813 - John Sedgwick, Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1864
1814 - Nicolas Beets, [Hildebrand], Dutch writer (Camera Obscura=
1817 - John McAuley Palmer, US Union msj-gen/(Gov-Ill, 1868-72)
1818 - Olivier Gloux, [Aimard], Fren world explorer/writer (Grande Flibuste)
1819 - Clara Schumann, German pianist and composer (d. 1896)
1830 - Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach, Austrian writer (d. 1916)
1836 - John McCausland, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1927
1841 - Johannes de Koo, Dutch journalist/stage writer
1842 - Odon Peter Jozsef de Mihalovich, composer
1842 - John H. Bankhead, U.S. Senator (d. 1920)
1846 - Richard Kiepert, German cartographer (Africa)
1847 - Charles Dupee Blake, composer
1851 - Walter Reed, US Army Surgeon, proved mosquitoes transmit yellow fever
1857 - Milton S Hershey, Derry Township, Pennsylvania, chocolate manufacturer/philanthropist, (d. 1945)
1857 - Michał Drzymała, Polish peasant rebel (d. 1937)
1858 - Catherinus Elling, composer
1860 - John J Pershing (Blackjack), Laclede, Missouri, US commander (WW I), (d. 1948)
1862 - Dirk Bos, Dutch liberal 2nd Member of parliament
1863 - Arthur Henderson, Britain, socialist/disarmament worker (Nobel 1934)
1866 - Adolf Meyer, US, psychiatrist/neurologist (pioneered mental hygiene)
1871 - Alma Kruger, Pittsburgh PA, actress (Made For Each Other)
1874 - Arnold Franz Walter Schonberg, Vienna Austria, composer (2nd Quartet)
1874 - Henry Fountain Ashurst, American politician (d. 1962)
1874 - Arnold Schoenberg, Austrian-born composer (d. 1951)
1876 - Sherwood Anderson, Winesburg, Ohio, author/publisher (Winesburg)
1877 - Wilhelm Filchner, German explorer (d. 1957)
1877 - Stanley Lord, captain of the SS Californian the night of the Titanic disaster (d. 1962)
1882 - Henri Potiron, composer
1882 - Ram�n Grau, Cuban president (d. 1969)
1885 - Wilhelm Blaschke, Austrian geometer (d. 1962)
1886 - Alain L Lovke, philosopher
1887 - Lavoslav Ruzicka, Croatian chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1976)
1893 - Larry Shields, American musician (d. 1953)
1894 - Anton Roosjen, Dutch politician/NCRV-chairman
1894 - John B[oynton] Priestly, author (Good Companions)/wed Jessica Hawkes
1894 - Julian Tuwim, Polish poet (d. 1953)
1895 - Ruth McDevitt, Coldwater Mich, actress (Jo-All in the Family)
1896 - Morris Kirksey, US, 4 X 100m (Olympic-gold-1920)
1897 - Gaspar Cassado Moreu, composer
1899 - Anton Constandse, Dutch anarchist/writer
1899 - Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, leader of the Iron Guard (d. 1938)
1901 - Philip Dorn, Scheveningen Netherlands, actor (I Remember Mama)
1902 - Hermine Heijermans, Dutch actress/author
1902 - Leland Hayward, US producer (Spirit of St Louis)
1903 - Claudette Colbert, [Lily Chauchoin], Paris, actress (Texas Lady)
1904 - Gladys George, Patten Maine, actress (Roaring Twenties)
1907 - Victor Reinganum, artist
1908 - Ray Burns Green, composer
1909 - Herbert Berghof, Vienna Austria, actor (Belarus File)
1911 - Bill Monroe, Rosine Ky, country singer (Blue Moon of Kentucky)
1912 - Reta Shaw, South Paris Maine, actress (Ghost & Mrs Muir)
1913 - Roy Engle, Mo, actor (Police Chief-My Favorite Martian)
1914 - Leonard Geoffrey Feather, jazz critic/musician
1915 - Peter Guy Wykeham-Barnes, fighter Pilot
1916 - Roald Dahl, Llandaff, Cardiff, author (Over to You, Taste, 2 Fables), (d. 1990).
1916 - Dick Haymes, Argentine vocalist (d. 1980)
1917 - Jon Thorarinsson, composer
1917 - Robert Eugene Ward, Cleveland Ohio, composer (Pantaloon)
1918 - Ray Charles, Chicago, orchestra leader (Perry Como)
1919 - Mary Midgley, American philosopher
1920 - Carole Mathews, Montgomery Ill, actress (Wilma-Californians)
1922 - Charles Brown, American singer and pianist (d. 1999)
1923 - Reninca, [Ren�e Lauwers], Flemish author (Seed in the Wind)
1923 - Edouard Boubat, French photographer (d. 1999)
1924 - Maurice Jarre, Lyons France, composer (Dr Zhivago-Acad Award 1966)
1924 - Norman Alden, Fort Worth Tx, actor (Pilaski-Hennesey, Al-Fay), (d. 2012)
1924 - Scott Brady, Bkln NY, actor (China Syndrome, Gremlins, Johnny Guitar)
1924 - Harold Blair, Australian tenor, Aboriginal activist (d. 1976)
1925 - Gabriel Charpentier, composer
1925 - Mel Torm�, American singer (d. 1999)
1926 - Emile Francis, NHL player/coach/GM (Rangers, Blues, Whalers)
1928 - Ernest L Boyer, educator/chancellor (NY's State Universities-SUNY)
1929 - Nicolai Ghiaurov, Bulgarian opera singer (d. 2004)
1930 - James McLane, US, 1500m freestyle swimmer (Olympic-gold-1948)
1930 - Robert Gavron, English publisher/multi-millionaire (St Ives)
1931 - Barbara Bain, Chic, actress (Cinnamon-Mission Impossible, Space 1999)
1931 - Marjorie Jackson, Australia, sprinter (Olympic-gold-1952) [or Feb 13]
1932 - Bengt Hallberg, composer
1933 - Eileen Fulton, Asheville NC, actress (Our Private World)
1936 - Stefano Delle Chiaie, Italian neo-Nazi
1937 - Fred Silverman, broadcasting exec (ABC/NBC/CBS)
1937 - Don Bluth, American animator
1938 - Judith Martin, author/journalist/columnist (Miss Manners)
1939 - Larry Speakes, presidential press secretary
1939 - Richard Kiel, Detroit Mich, actor (So Fine, Jaws-Moonraker, Skidoo)
1940 - Joyce Schouten, Dutch singer (Fouryo's)
1940 - �scar Arias, Costa Rican politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
1941 - Tadao Ando, Japanese architect
1941 - Ahmet Necdet Sezer, 10th President of Turkey
1943 - Ray Elliott, rock pianist/saxophonist (Them)
1944 - Peter Cetera, Chicago, lead singer (Chicago-25 or 6 to 4, Old Days)
1944 - [Winifred] Jacqueline Bisset, England, actress (Class, Deep, Secrets)
1945 - Alain Louvier, composer
Historical events on September 14
81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
786 - Harun al-Rashid becomes the Abbasid caliph upon the death of his brother al-Hadi.
891 - Stephen V ends his reign as Catholic Pope
1163 - Pastor Frederik forms convent at Mariengaarde Friesland
1180 - Battle of Ishibashiyama in Japan.
1515 - Battle at Marignano ends in French/Venetian victory
1607 - Flight of the Earls from Lough Swilly, Donegal, Ireland.
1629 - Spanish garrison surrenders to prince Frederik Henry
1662 - Netherlands & England sign peace treaty
1682 - Bishop Gore School, one of the oldest schools in Wales, founded.
1716 - 1st lighthouse in US lit (Boston Harbor)
1741 - George Frederick Handel finishes "Messiah" oratorio, after working on it non-stop for 23 days
george_friedrich_handel.jpg ( 14.62K ) Number of downloads: 0
Composer George Friedrich Handel
1752 - US & England adopts Gregorian calender (no Sept 3-Sept 13th)
1759 - Austrian troops occupy Dresden
1807 - Aaron Burr acquitted of a misdemeanor charge
1812 - Napoleon occupies Moscow & fires start (fire extinguished on the 19th)
1814 - Francis Scott Key inspired to write "Star-Spangled Banner"
1829 - Peace of Adrianopel: ends Russian-Turkish war
1830 - Princess WFLC Marianne marries Albrecht of Prussia
1834 - Charles Darwins company passes Tagua-tagua-more Chile
charles_darwin.jpg ( 14.18K ) Number of downloads: 0
Naturalist Charles Darwin
1847 - US Marines under General Scott enter Mexico City (halls of Montezuma)
1848 - Alexander Stewart opens 1st US dept store
1852 - 18th Postmaster General: Samuel D Hubbard of Conn takes office
1854 - Allied armies, including those of Britain & France, land in Crimea
1856 - Battle of San Jacinto, Nicaragua defeats invaders
1862 - Battle at Crampton's Gap: Union troops chases away Confederates
1862 - Battle at South Mountain: Union troops chases away Confederates
1862 - Battle of Munfordsville KY
1862 - Federal troops escape from beleaguered Harpers Ferry West Virginia
1862 - Skirmish at Mountain MD (Boonesboro, Crampton's Gap, Fox's Gap)
1868 - Golf's 1st recorded hole-in-one (Tom Morris at Prestwick's 8th hole)
1872 - Britain pays US$15�m for damages during Civil War
1876 - Henry Morton Stanley's expedition leaves Rwanda
1876 - Leopold II closes Congo-conference
1882 - British General Wolseley reaches Cairo
1886 - George K Anderson of Memphis, Tennessee patents typewriter ribbon
1891 - "Empire State Express" train goes from NYC to East Buffalo, a distance of 436 miles, in a record 7H6M
1892 - AP Giannini marries Clorinda Cuneo
1894 - Hottentotten uprising in Southwest-Africa fails
1899 - Henry Bliss becomes 1st automobile fatality (NY)
1903 - NY Giant Red Ames no-hits St Louis, 5-0 in a 5 inning game
1905 - Albert Cuypstrat street market in Amsterdam inaugurated
1905 - Dutch AR-politician AWF Idenburg named governor of Suriname
1905 - RAC Tourist Trophy, 1st run, on Isle of Man
1913 - 27th US Womens Tennis: Mary K Browne beats Dorothy Green (62 75)
1913 - Cubs Larry Cheney hurls record 14-hit shutout against Giants (7-0)
1914 - German staff-chief von Moltke replaces von Falkenhayn
1914 - German troops withdraw from Aisne/invent trenches
1916 - Christy Mathewson pitches & wins his final game
1917 - Kerenski regime declares Russian republic
1917 - Provisional government of Russia forms, Republic proclaimed
1919 - British regime forbids Sinn Fein D�il
1923 - Jack Dempsey KOs Luis Firpo in 2 for heavyweight boxing title
jack_dempsey.jpg ( 13.12K ) Number of downloads: 0
Heavyweight Boxing Champion Jack Dempsey
1923 - Miguel Primo de Rivera becomes dictator of Spain
1923 - Red Sox 1st baseman George Burns pulls off an unassisted triple play
1924 - Walter Johnson elected AL MVP
1926 - Guido Companions birthplace as a museum opens
1929 - 49th US Mens Tennis: Bill Tilden beats Francis Hunter (36 63 46 62 64)
1929 - A's clinch AL pennant with a 5-0 win over White Sox
1930 - Detroit Lions (as Portsmouth Spartans) play 1st NFL game, win 13-6
1930 - Nazis gain 107 seats in German election
1932 - Military coup in Chile under Arturo Alessandri
1933 - 2 billion board feet of lumber destroyed in Tillamook Oregon fire
1933 - Schaduwproces-Rijksdagbrand opens in London
1936 - Paul Waner ties Rogers Hornsby's NL record of 200 hits for 7 times
1938 - Graf Zeppelin II, world's largest airship, makes maiden flight
1939 - British fleet attacks German U-39 boat
1939 - Minister Winston Churchill visits Scapa Flow
1940 - Congress passes 1st peace-time conscription bill (draft law)
1940 - German bomb hits shelter in Chelsea; 100s die
1942 - Battle of Edson's Ridge (Japanese assault) at Guadalcanal
1942 - German troops occupy train station Stalingrad-1
1942 - Yanks clinch pennant #13
1943 - Yanks clinch pennant #14
1944 - 6,500 Dutch/Indonesian captives sent to Junyo Maru
1944 - Gulpen, Meerssen & Maastricht freed
1944 - Hurricane hits New England: 389 die
1944 - US 28th Infantry division occupies 1.5 km of Roscheid
1944 - US 4th Ivy League Inf division pushes through Westwall
1947 - 61st US Womens Tennis: A Louise Brough beats M O duPont (86 46 61)
1947 - 67th US Mens Tennis: Jack Kramer beats Frank A Parker (46 26 61 60 63)
1948 - Gerald Ford upsets Rep Bartel J Jonkman in Mich 5th Dist Rep primary
1948 - Ground breaking ceremony for UN world headquarters
1948 - Milton Berle starts his TV career on Texaco Star Theater
1950 - Western allies rearm West Germany
1951 - Giant's Bob Niemans homers on his 1st 2 at bats
1953 - Nikita Khrushchev appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
nikita_khrushchev.jpg ( 7.68K ) Number of downloads: 0
First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev
1953 - Yanks clinch 5th straight pennant with 8-5 win over Indians
1954 - Comedians Jerry Stiller & Anne Meara marry
jerry_stiller.jpg ( 14.67K ) Number of downloads: 0
Comedian Jerry Stiller
1954 - B Britten's opera "Turn of the Screw," premieres in Venice
1954 - Giants' Willie Mays gets 82nd extra-base hit, breaks Mel Ott's record
1954 - Hurricane Edna (2nd of 1954) hits NYC, $50 million damage
1954 - USSR performs nuclear test
1955 - Herb Score sets rookie record of 235 strikeouts (en route 245)
1956 - 1st prefrontal lobotomy performed, Washington DC
1957 - Great Britain performs nuclear test at Maralinga Australia
1957 - UN resolution deplores & condemns USSR invasion of Hungary
1957 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1958 - Jackie Pung wins LPGA Jackson Golf Open
1958 - WTAE TV channel 4 in Pittsburgh, PA (ABC) begins broadcasting
1958 - Yankees win 24th pennant, & 9th under Casey Stengel
1958 - Two rockets designed by the German engineer Ernst Mohr, the first German post-war rockets, reach the upper atmosphere.
1959 - Soviet Union's Luna-2 is 1st spacecraft to land on the Moon
1959 - WQEX TV channel 16 in Pittsburgh, PA (PBS) begins broadcasting
1960 - Chubby Checker's "Twist" hits #1
1960 - Coup under Col Joseph-Desire Mobutu in Congo
1960 - Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi-Arabia & Venezuela form OPEC
1960 - KERA TV channel 13 in Dallas, TX (PBS) begins broadcasting
1960 - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) forms
1961 - Dmitri Shostakovitch becomes member of CP of USSR
1961 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1962 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1963 - Mary Ann Fischer, Aberdeen, SD, gave birth to America's 1st surviving quintuplets, 4 girls & a boy
1964 - WCVE TV channel 23 in Richmond, VA (PBS) begins broadcasting
1964 - Walt Disney awarded Medal of Freedom at White House
1965 - "F-Troop" premieres
1965 - 4th meeting of 2nd Vatican council opened
1967 - Melville Abrams Ball Field in Bronx named
1967 - Thomas Pell Wildlife Refuge & Sanctuary opens in Bronx
1968 - Jimmy Ellis beats Floyd Patterson in 15 for heavyweight boxing title
1968 - 1st broadcast of "60 Minutes" on CBS-TV
1968 - Detroit Tigers' Denny McLain's 30th victory of season
1968 - Dmitri Shostakovitch' 12th string quartet, premieres in Moscow
1968 - USSR's Zond 5 is launched on 1st circumlunar flight
1969 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Wendell-West Golf Open
1969 - Males of Swiss kanton Schaffhausen rejects female suffrage
1970 - Stevie Miracle marries Rita Wright, [Syreeta]
1971 - Cleve Indians & Wash Senators, play 20 innings
1972 - "Waltons" TV program premieres
1972 - Jason Miller's "That Championship Season," premieres in NYC
1972 - West Germany & Poland establish diplomatic relations
1973 - Indianapolis is awarded a WHA franchise
1973 - Israel shoots down 13 Syrian MIG-21s
1973 - Pres Nixon signed into law a measure lifting pro football's blackout
1974 - Charles Kowal discovers Leda, 13th satellite of Jupiter
1975 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Southgate Golf Open
1975 - Pope Paul VI declares Mother Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton 1st US saint
elizabeth_ann_bayley_seton.jpg ( 12.57K ) Number of downloads: 0
1st American-born Saint Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton
1975 - Rembrandts "Nightwatch" slashed & damaged in Amsterdam
1975 - Robin Yount breaks Mel Ott's record, playing in 242 games as a teen
1977 - Christmas Tinto sentenced to 7 years in Robbeneiland South Africa
1978 - Braves' Jim Bouton, 38, beats Giants, his 1st win since 1970
1978 - Portugal government of Da Costa falls
1979 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1979 - Theodore Coombs completes 5,193 mile roller skate from LA to NYC & back to Yates Center, Ks
1980 - "Charlie & Algernon" opens at Helen Hayes Theater NYC for 17 perfs
1980 - Donna Caponi Young wins LPGA United Virginia Bank Golf Classic
1980 - Dwight Clark begins NFL streak of 105 consecutive game receptions
1981 - Entertainment Tonight premieres on TV
1982 - 36" snow (Red Lodge, MT)
1982 - Cindy Nicholas of Canada makes her 19th swim of English Channel
1982 - Trevor Baxter sets skateboard high jump record of 5' 5.7"
1983 - US House of Representatives votes, 416 to 0, in favor of a resolution condemning Russia for shooting down a Korean jetliner
1984 - 1st MTV awards-Bette Midler & Dan Aykroyd host
1985 - Susan Akin (Miss), 21, crowned 59th Miss America 1986
1986 - Bo Jackson's 1st HR-a 475-foot blast (longest at Royal Stadium)
1986 - Bomb attack in Paris, 2 killed
1986 - Bomb explosion on airport Kimpo at Seoul, 5 killed
1986 - Judy Dickinson wins LPGA SAFECO Golf Classic
1986 - Saskatchewan & Hamilton play 1st CFL regular-season overtime game
1987 - "Les Miserables," opens at Rock Theatre, Vigzinhaz Budapest
1987 - 107th US Mens Tennis: Ivan Lendl beats Mats Wilander (67 60 76 64)
1987 - Cal Ripken's streak of 8,243 consecutive innings (908 games) is broken
1987 - Toronto Blue Jays hit a record 10 HRs vs Baltimore Orioles
1988 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1989 - Calgary Flames become 1st NHL team to play in USSR, win 4-2
1989 - Jeff Reardon is 1st to record 30 saves in 5 consecutive seasons
1989 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1990 - Ken Griffey, Sr & Jr, hit back-to-back HRs in 1st inning
1991 - Carolyn Suzanne Sapp (Hawaii), 24, crowned 65th Miss America 1992
1991 - Freshman Marshall Faulk of San Diego State rushed for NCAA record
1991 - Magic Johnson weds Erieatha "Cookie" Kelly
1991 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1991 - 386 yards & scored 7 touchdowns as the Aztecs beat Pacific 55-34
1992 - 1st subway car completed to be exported from US (to Taiwan)
1994 - All 28 baseball owners vote to cancel rest of 1994 season
1995 - Body Worlds opens in Tokyo, Japan
1996 - A's Mark McGwire is 13th player to hit 50-HRs in a season
1996 - Dean Headley takes 3rd cricket hat-trick of season, Kent v Hampshire
1996 - NY Met Todd Huntley sets record of 41 HRs by a catcher
1996 - Tara Dawn Holland (Kansas), 23, crowned 70th Miss America 1997
1997 - 49th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards
1997 - Bank One Senior Golf Classic
1997 - Chicago Whites Sox retire Carlton Fisk's #72
1997 - Karrie Webb wins LPGA SAFECO Classic
1997 - Loren Roberts wins CVS Charity Golf Classic with a 266
1998 - Week of Fed Cup
1998 - Telecommunications companies MCI Communications and WorldCom complete their $37 billion merger to form MCI WorldCom.
1999 - Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga join the United Nations.
2001 - Historic National Prayer Service held at Washington National Cathedral for victims of the September 11 attacks. A similar service is held in Canada on Parliament Hill, the largest vigil ever held in the nation's capital.
2003 - In a referendum Sweden rejects adopting the euro.
2003 - Estonia approves joining the European Union in a referendum.
2007 - Restrictions on the traditional Latin Mass are officially removed in the Roman Catholic Church as Pope Benedict XVI's motu proprio Summorum Pontificum takes effect.
pope_benedict_xvi.jpg ( 15.16K ) Number of downloads: 0
265th Pope Benedict XVI
Music history on September 14
1737 - Composer Johann Michael Haydn was born.
1741 - George Handel completed "Messiah" in time for an orphan's charity concert.
1760 - Composer Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Salvatore Cherubini was born.
1814 - Francis Scott Key wrote the lyrics to the "Star-Spangled Banner." The song became the official U.S. national anthem on March 3, 1931.
1927 - Gene Austin recorded "My Blue Heaven."
1968 - "The Archies" premiered on CBS. The cartoon was based on the comic book series.
1969 - Genesis played their first gig for money in Surrey, England, at a cottage owned by a Sunday school teacher.
1976 - Jeff Beck's second album, "Wired," goes gold.
1979 - Kenny Rogers received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
1981 - Pink Floyd's movie "The Wall" began production.
1983 - Metallica introduced a new song, "Disposable Heroes," at the Metal Hammer festival in Germany.
1985 - The MTV Awards are held for the first time. Bette Midler and Dan Aykroyd co-hosted the show.
1991 - David Bowie's band Tin Machine released their second album "II." They also kicked off their first and only tour.
1993 - "The Hits/The B-Sides" box set was released by Prince.
1994 - The Temptations receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
1995 - Earth, Wind and Fire received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
1995 - Hand written lyrics for "Getting Better" by Paul McCartney sold for $249,000 at a Sotheby's auction.
1998 - Metallica began recording the album "Garage Inc."
2010 - George Michael was sentenced to eight weeks in jail after he plead guilty to driving under the influence and drug possession. The incident occurred on July 4 when Michael's crashed his car into a store.
Sports history on September 14
1916 - Christy Mathewson (Cincinnati Reds) won his 373rd career game. It was the only victory he had earned for a team other than the New York Giants during his 17-year career.
1959 - The $32 million Aqueduct, operated by the New York Racing Association, opened.
1968 - Denny McLain (Detroit Tigers) became baseball's first 30-game winner in 34 years. Dizzy Dean (St. Louis) had earned 30 wins in 1934.
1986 - Bob Brenley (San Francisco) tied a major league baseball record when he committed four errors in one inning.
1987 - Tony Magnuson cleared 9.5 feet above the top of the U-ramp and set a new skateboard high jump record.
1987 - The Toronto Blue Jays set a club record of 10 home runs when the defeated the Baltimore Orioles 18-3.
1990 - Ken Griffey Sr. and Jr. (Seattle Mariners) hit back-to-back home runs off California Angels pitcher Kirk McCaskill in the first inning. The Angels won the game 7-5.
1994 - It was announced that the season was over for the National Baseball League on the 34th day of the players strike. The final days of the regular season were canceled. Baseball owners had voted 26-2 in favor of ending the season. The result was a year with no World Series for the first time since 1904.
1999 - Leon Lett (Dallas Cowboys) was suspended for seven games as punishment for a fifth violation of the NFL's substance abuse policy.
2002 - Tim Montgomery (American) set a world record in the 100 meters when he finished in 9.78 seconds. The previous record had been set in 1999 by Maurice Green (9.79 seconds).
2003 - Jamal Lewis (Baltimore Ravens) set an NFL record for yards gained in a single-game when he gained 295 yards rushing. The Ravens beat the Cleveland Browns 33-13.
2003 - Vinny Testaverde (New York Jets) became the ninth player in NFL history to pass for over 40,000 yards.
Sports Quote
I didn't like the '50s, you know. I appreciate Elvis, but I'm not a big fan. I'm not a rockabilly fan. And the '60s and early '70s were, to me, the greatest times to live.
- Brett Hull
Famous birthdays on Sept. 14
Ivan Pavlov 1849
Historic events on September 15
608 - St Boniface IV begins his reign as Catholic Pope
668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse, Italy.
921 - Saint Ludmila is murdered at the command of her daughter-in-law at Tetin.
1514 - Thomas Wolsey appointed archbishop of York
1556 - Vlissingen ex-emperor Charles V returns to Spain
1584 - San Lorenzo del Escorial Palace in Madrid finished
1590 - Giambattista Catagna elected as Pope Urban VII
1600 - Battle of Sekigahara.
1616 - The first non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe is opened in Frascati, Italy.
1619 - Prince Bethlen Gabors troops occupy Pozsony (Pressburg) Hungary
1620 - Mayflower departs from Plymouth England with 102 pilgrims [OS May 8]
1621 - Swedish troops occupy Riga
1644 - Giambattista Pamfili replaces Pope Urban VII as Innocent X
1656 - England & France sign peace treaty
1683 - Germantown Pa founded by 13 immigrant families
1707 - R�k�czi II & Czar Peter the Great sign social security agreement
1733 - King Frederik Willem I divides Prussia-Brandenburg in Cantons
1762 - Battle of Signal Hill.
1774 - Cossack Emilian Pugachev captured
1776 - British forces capture Kip's Bay Manhattan during Revolution
1787 - -16] Utrecht patriots flee to Amsterdam
1789 - Dept of Foreign Affairs, renamed Dept of State
1795 - Cape Colony surrenders to England
1812 - French army under Napoleon reaches Kremlin, Moscow
1820 - Constitutionalist revolution in Lisbon, Portugal; (see Portugal's crises of the Nineteenth Century.
1821 - Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras & Nicaragua gain independ
1830 - 1st National Negro Convention begins in Phila
1830 - 1st to be run-over by a railroad train (William Huskisson, England)
1830 - Duke of Wellington opens Liverpool & Manchester Railway
1831 - The locomotive John Bull operates for the first time in New Jersey on the Camden and Amboy Railroad.
1835 - HMS Beagle/Charles Darwin reaches Galapagos Islands
1846 - Jung Bahadur Rana grabs power in Nepal
1851 - Saint Joseph's University is founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
1853 - 1st US woman ordained a minister, Antoinette Blackwell
1857 - Timothy Alder patents typesetting machine
1862 - Confederates conquer Union-weapon arsenal at Harpers Ferry WV
1870 - Dutch 1st Chamber abolishes Capital punishment (20-18)
1873 - Last German troops leave France
1879 - Pim Mulier forms "Haarlem Football Club"
1882 - British general Wolseley occupies Cairo
1887 - Phila celebrates 100th anniversary of US Constitution
1894 - Japan defeats China in Battle of Ping Yang
1898 - National Afro-American Council forms in Rochester NY
1899 - 5th US Golf Open: Willie Smith shoots a 315 at Baltimore CC MD
1903 - Queen Wilhelmina calls railroad strikers "criminals"
1904 - Wilbur Wright makes his 1st airplane flight
1910 - Boers & Afrikaners win 1st general elections in Union of South-Africa
1912 - Red Sox pitcher Joe Wood ties then record of 16 straight wins
1912 - War between Turkey & Montenegro breaks out in Albania
1913 - 1st US milch goat show held, Rochester, NY
1914 - Battle of Aisne begins between Germans & French during WW I
1914 - US Marines march out of Vera Cruz, Mexico
1916 - 1st tank used in war, "Little Willies" at Battle of Flors, France
1916 - Britains 1st use of tanks (Battle of Somme)
1917 - Russia proclaimed a republic by Alexander Kerensky
1918 - CH Chubb gives Stonehenge to English state
1921 - Pope Benedictus XV publishes encyclical Alcohol Paraclitus
1921 - WBZ-AM in Boston MA begins radio transmissions
1922 - Catcher Butch Henline is 1st NLer to hit 3 HRs in a game since 1897
1923 - 43rd US Mens Tennis: William T Tilden beats W M Johnston (64 61 64)
1923 - Bill Tilden wins US Lawn Tennis Open
1923 - Gov Walton of Oklahoma declares state of siege because of KKK terror
1926 - Failed attempt on Benito Mussolini
1928 - 400 kg Fournier-albums (forged postage stamps) burn in Geneva
1928 - Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
1928 - Cards set NL record of 18 men left on base beating Phillies 8-6
1928 - Stothard, Kalmar & Ruby's musical "Good Boy," premieres in NYC
1928 - Tich Freeman becomes the only bowler to take 300 wickets in an English cricket season.
1930 - 1st intl bridge match is held in London. US team defeats England
1931 - British naval fleet mutinies at Invergordon over pay cuts
1931 - Phila A's clinch pennant, beating Cleveland
1935 - Nuremberg Laws deprives German Jews of citizenship & makes swastika official symbol of Nazi Germany
1937 - WPA extends L-Taraval streetcar to SF Zoo (at Sloat Blvd)
1938 - British PM Chamberlain visits Hitler at Berchtesgarden
1938 - John Cobb sets world auto speed record at 350.2 MPH (lasts 1 day)
1938 - Only time brothers hit back-to-back HRs (Lloyd & Paul Waner, Pitts)
1940 - 3rd American Football League plays 1st game (Milw 14, Columbus 2)
1940 - Chicago Tribune sponsors Ted Lyons Day (White Sox pitcher)
1940 - Luftwaffe bombs Bristol Aeroplane Company
1940 - PM Winston Churchill visits #11 Fighter Group
1940 - Tide turns in Battle of Britain in WW II, RAF beats Luftwaffe
1941 - Nazis kill 800 Jewish women at Shkudvil Lithuania
1942 - US aircraft carrier Wasp torpedoed at Guadalcanal
1943 - Benito Mussolini forms a rival fascist government in Italy
1943 - Concentration Camp Vaivara in Estonia opens
1943 - Concentration Camp Kauwen in Lithuania opens
1944 - British bombers hit Tirpitz with Tallboy bombs
1944 - Russian troops free Sofia Bulgaria
1944 - US 1st Infantry division pushes through to Westwall
1944 - US 28th Infantry division occupies Hill 555 at Roscheid
1944 - US troops lands on Palau & Morotai
1945 - A hurricane in southern Florida and the Bahamas destroys 366 planes and 25 blimps at NAS Richmond.
1946 - Dodgers beat Cubs 2-0 in 5 inns, games called because of gnats
1947 - 1st 4 engine jet propelled fighter plane tested, Columbus, Oh
1947 - Yanks clinch pennant #15
1947 - RCA releases the 12AX7 vacuum tube.
1947 - Typhoon Kathleen hit Tone River, Saitama and Tokyo area, killing at least 1,930 and injuring 1,750..
1948 - "Small Wonder" opens at Coronet Theater NYC for 134 performances
1948 - F-86 Sabre sets world aircraft speech record of 1080 kph
1948 - WHN-AM in NY City changes call letters to WMGM
1949 - "Lone Ranger" premieres on ABC-TV
1949 - WJAC TV channel 6 in Johnstown, PA (NBC/ABC) begins broadcasting
1949 - WJXT TV channel 4 in Jacksonville, FL (CBS) begins broadcasting
1950 - During Korean conflict, UN forces land at Inchon in South Korea
1950 - East German premier Grotewohl pleads for German reunification
1950 - For a record 6th time, NY Yankee Johnny Mize hits 3 HRs in one game
1950 - Longest game in Phila's Shribe Park, Phils beat Reds 8-7 in 19
1950 - UN lands at Inchon to drive North Korean troops out of the south
1950 - US troop land on Wolmi-Do island off of Seoul
1951 - "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes" closes at Ziegfeld NYC after 740 perfs
1951 - Emile Zatopek runs world record 20k (1:01:15.8)
1951 - Pope Pius XII publishes encyclical Ingruentium Malorum
1952 - Braves last game in Boston's Braves Field before move to Milwaukee
1952 - European Parliament forms in Strasbourg
1952 - UN turns over Eritrea to Ethiopia
1953 - Boxing's NBA adopts 10-pt-must-scoring-system (10 pts to round winner)
1953 - KVOA TV channel 4 in Tucson, AZ (NBC) begins broadcasting
1953 - WVEC TV channel 13 in Hampton-Norfolk, VA (ABC) begins broadcasting
1955 - WCTV TV channel 6 in Tallahassee-Thomasville, FL (CBS) begins
1957 - "Bachelor Father" with John Forsythe premieres
1957 - Adenauers CDU wins parliamentary election in West Germany
1957 - SF Seals (Pacific Coast League) play their last game
1958 - 48 die in a train crash in Elizabethport NJ
1958 - Commuter train crashes through drawbridge, killing 48 (Newark NJ)
1959 - Soviet Premier Khrushchev arrives in US to begin a 13-day visit
1960 - France spends 9 billion guilders on atomic experiments
1961 - 61st US Golf Amateur Championship won by Jack Nicklaus
1961 - Hurricane Carla strikes Texas with winds of 175 mph
1962 - "Bravo, Giovanni" closes at Broadhurst Theater NYC after 76 perfs
1962 - Australia's 1st entry in America's Cup yacht race (US wins)
1962 - KC A's Bill Fischer sets record of 69 1/3 innings without a walk
1962 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1962 - WOKR TV channel 13 in Rochester, NY (ABC) begins broadcasting
1963 - 4 children killed in bombing of a black Baptist church in Birmingham
1963 - Alou brothers-Felipe, Matty, & Jesus-appear in SF outfield for 1 inn
1963 - Ben Bella elected 1st president of Algeria
1963 - Marilynn Smith wins LPGA Eugene Ladies' Golf Open
1963 - WNTV TV channel 29 in Greenville, SC (PBS) begins broadcasting
1964 - Beatles play at Public Auditorium in Cleveland
1964 - Final edition of socialist British newspaper "Daily Herald"
1965 - "Lost in Space" premieres
1966 - 1st British nuclear sub HMS Resolution launched
1966 - Dutch political party (D'66) forms
1966 - Gemini XI (Conrad/Gordon) returns to Earth
1966 - U.S. President Lyndon B Johnson, responding to a sniper attack at the University of Texas at Austin, writes a letter to the United States Congress urging the enactment of gun control legislation.
1967 - KPOB TV channel 15 in Poplar Bluff, MO (ABC) begins broadcasting
1968 - "Barbra Streisand: A Happening in Central Park" Show on CBS TV
1968 - Carol Mann wins LPGA Shirley Englehorn Golf Invitational
1968 - Launch of Zond 5, 1st lunar fly-around with Earth reentry
1968 - NY Zendo (Shoboji) was opened by S Nakagawa & D S Harada
1968 - WUAB TV channel 43 in Lorain-Cleveland, OH (IND) begins broadcasting
1968 - WXON TV channel 20 in Detroit, MI (IND) begins broadcasting
1968 - Probable Test flight for a manned fly-around (scooped by Apollo 8)
1969 - Cards Steve Carlton sets record by striking out 19 NY Mets in a game
1970 - Decca awards Bing Crosby a 2nd platinum disc for selling 300 million
1970 - PLO leader Arafat threatens to make a cemetery of Jordan
1970 - Rotterdam harbor strikes end
1971 - 1st broadcast of "Columbo" on NBC-TV
1972 - WMAO TV channel 23 in Greenwood, MS (PBS) begins broadcasting
1972 - A magnitude 4.5 earthquake shakes Northern Illinois.
1972 - An SAS domestic flight from Gothenburg to Stockholm was hijacked and flown to Malm�-Bulltofta Airport.
1973 - "Star Trek-Animated" premieres on TV
1973 - Dutch Guilder devalued 5%
1973 - Ohio State's Archie Griffith begins record 31 cons 100 yd rushing
1973 - Secretariat wins Marlboro Cup in world record 1:45 2/5 for 1� miles
1974 - Market Square Arena in Indianapolis opens
1974 - Sandra Haynie wins LPGA Charity Golf Classic
1974 - Air Vietnam flight 727 is hijacked, then crashes while attempting to land with 75 on board.
1975 - Mike Vail extends hitting streak ton rookie-record 23 straight game
1975 - The French d�partement of Corse (the entire island of Corsica) is divided into two: Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud.
1976 - Ntozake Shange's "For Colored Girls Who ...," premieres in NYC
1976 - Soyuz 22 carries 2 cosmonauts into Earth orbit for 8 days
1977 - "Man of La Mancha" opens at Palace Theater NYC for 124 performances
1977 - Orioles forfeit to Blue Jays when mgr Earl Weaver pulls team off field in 5th citing hazardous condition (small tarpaulin on bullpen mound)
1977 - Pres Carter meets with 15 record company execs
1977 - Rock Music Award
1977 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1978 - Dodgers become 1st major league team to draw 3 million fans
1978 - Muhammad Ali beats Leon Spinks in 15 for heavyweight boxing title
1978 - Yanks beat Boston 4-0, Guidry wins # 22, Yanks lead 2� games
1979 - Red Sox Bob Watson is 1st to hit for cycle in AL & NL (Astros)
1979 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1980 - Paul McCartney releases "Temporary Secretary"
1981 - US Senate Judiciary Committee unanimously approves Sandra Day O'Connor
1981 - Pope John Paul II publishes encyclical "Laborem exercens" against capitalism/marxism
1981 - The John Bull becomes the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world when the Smithsonian Institution operates it under its own power outside Washington, DC.
1981 - Vanuatu becomes a member of the United Nations.
1982 - 1st issue of "USA Today" published by Gannett Co Inc
1982 - Israeli forces began pouring into west Beirut
1982 - Pope John Paul II receives PLO leader Yasser Arafat
1983 - Cops beat to death Michael Stewart for graffiting NYC subway
1983 - Israel premier Begin resigns
1984 - Morocco Showcase opens
Historic events on September 16
1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers.
1575 - King Johan Casimir of Palts promises military aid to hugenots
1597 - French troops chase away Albrecht of Austria
1630 - Mass village of Shawmut changes name to Boston
1652 - Spanish troops occupy Dunkerk
1654 - Russian troops occupy Smolensk on Poland
1662 - Flamsteed sees solar eclipse, 1st known astronomical observation
1666 - "Messiah" Sjabtai Tswi becomes Islamiet
1668 - King John II Casimir of Poland resigns, flees to France
1701 - James Francis Edward Stuart, sometimes called the "Old Pretender", becomes the Jacobite claimant to the thrones of England and Scotland.
1702 - Emperor Leopold I declares war on France, Cologne & Bavaria
1729 - Willem KH Friso installed as viceroy of Groningen
1741 - George Frederick Handel's "The Messiah," premieres in Dublin
1747 - French troops occupy Bergen on Zoom
1782 - Great Seal of US used for 1st time
1795 - British capture Capetown South Africa
1795 - United Kingdom conquers Cape Town, South Africa.
1810 - Mexico issues Grito de Dolores, which called for the end of Spanish rule Mexican Independence Day celebrates this event
1812 - Fire of Moscow
1830 - Oliver Wendell Holmes writes "Old Ironsides"
1847 - United Shakespeare Company buys his home in Stratford-upon-Avon
1848 - Slavery abolished in all French territories
1857 - Mexican constitution of force (fiercely attacked by Pope Pius IX)
1857 - Typesetting machine patent
1858 - 1st overland mail for California
1859 - Lake Nyasa, which forms Malawi's boundary with Tanzania & Mozambique discovered by British explorer David Livingstone
1861 - Battle of Princeton WV
1861 - British Post Office Savings Banks opens
1862 - Gen Bragg's army surrounds 4,000 federals at Munfordville, KY
1862 - Liliuokalani, queen of Hawaii (1891-93) marries John Owen Dominis
1863 - Robert College of Istanbul-Turkey, the first American educational institution outside the United States, is founded by Christopher Robert, an American philanthropist.
1864 - Battle of Coggin's Point, Virginia (Hampton-Rosser Cattle Raid)
1867 - Ottawa Rough Riders & Senators play Canadian Football game
1873 - German troops leave France
1885 - Puritan (US) beats Genesta (England) in 6th running of America's Cup
1890 - Newswriter George Whitney Calhoun names Green Bay team Packers
1892 - Amsterdam swim club renamed "The Y"
1893 - Cherokee Strip, Oklahoma opens white settlement homesteaders
1901 - Alturas, California, is incorporated as the only city in Modoc County.
1906 - Kaarlo Nieminen wins 1st Finnish marathon
1906 - Roald Amundsen discovers Magnetic South Pole
1908 - Carriage-maker, William Durant, founded General Motors Corp
1908 - William Crapo Durant incorporates General Motors in Janesville Wisc
1913 - 1000s of women demonstrate for Dutch female suffrage
1915 - Czar Nicolas II adjourns 4th Duma
1915 - US takes control of customs & finances of Haiti for 10 years
1919 - American Legion incorporated by an act of Congress
1919 - Dutch Ruether beats Giants 4-3 to clinch Cincinnati 1st NL pennant
1920 - Bomb explosion in Wall Street, kills 30
1922 - 42nd US Mens Tennis: Bill Tilden beats W M Johnston (46 36 62 63 64)
1922 - Turkish troops chase Greeks out of Asia
1924 - Cardinal Jim Bottomley bats in 12 RBIs in 1 game
1926 - -22] Hurricane in Florida & Alabama, kills 372
1926 - Italian-Romanian peace treaty signed
1926 - Philip Dunning & George Abbott's "Broadway," premieres in NYC
1926 - St Louis Cards beat Phillies 23-3
1927 - Rene Lacoste beats Bill Tilden for US Lawn Tennis Association title
1928 - Hurricane hits West Palm Beach-Lake Okeechobee Florida; 3,000 die
1929 - Police shoots at strikers at Maastricht, 2 killed
1930 - Phillies trailing 10-5, score 5 in 9th, then Pirates score 4 in top of 10th, so Phillies score 5 in bottom of 10th to win 15-14
1931 - Blimp is moored to Empire State Building (NYC)
1931 - St Louis Cards repeat as NL champions with a 6-3 win over Phillies
1932 - 30.8 cm rainfall at Westerly, Rhode Island (state record)
1938 - George E T Eyston sets world auto speed record at 357.5 MPH
1939 - 53rd US Womens Tennis: Alice Marble beats Helen Hull Jacobs (60 810 64)
1939 - 59th US Mens Tennis: Robert L Riggs beats S Welby van Horn (64 62 64)
1939 - NY Yankees clinch their 11th & 4th successive pennant
1940 - Dutch SS forms
1940 - FDR signs Selective Training & Service Act (1st peacetime draft)
1940 - Leo Durocher suspended from Ebbetts Field for "inciting a riot"
1940 - Luftwaffe attacks center of London
1940 - Samuel T Rayburn of Tx elected speaker of House
1940 - St Louis Browns Johnny Lucadello is 2nd to HR from each side of plate
1941 - German armour troops surround Kiev Ukraine
1941 - Hitler orders for every dead German, 100 Yugoslavian be killed
1941 - Jews of Vilna Poland confined to Ghetto
1942 - Japanese attack on Port Moresby repelled
1943 - Montgomery's 8th army contacts invasion - arm forces at Salerno
1943 - Soviet army under general Vatutin reconquer Romny
1945 - Barometric pressure at 856 mb (25.55") off Okinawa (record low)
1947 - John Cobb sets world auto speed record at 394.2 MPH
1947 - Typhoon Kathleen hit Saitama, Tokyo and Tone River erea, at least 1,930 killed.
1948 - "Heaven on Earth" opens at Century Theater NYC for 12 performances
1948 - "Mr Strauss Goes to Boston" closes at Century NYC after 12 perfs
1949 - KABC TV channel 7 in Los Angeles, CA (ABC) begins broadcasting
1950 - Cleveland Rams (formerly AAFC) play 1st NFL game, beat Phila 35-10)
1950 - Viet Minh-offensive against French bases in Vietnam
1951 - 6th US Women's Open Golf Championship won by Betsy Rawls
1951 - NL ump Frank Dascoli clears the Dogers bench ejecting 15 players
1953 - AL approves St Louis Browns move to become Baltimore Orioles
1954 - CKLW TV channel 9 in Windsor, ON (CBC) begins broadcasting
1955 - Bauer & Berra homer in 9th beating Red Sox 5-4 taking over 1st
1955 - US Auto Club forms to oversee 4 major auto reacing categories
1955 - Yankee Mickey Mantle pulls a hamstring muscle running out a bunt
1956 - Marlene Bauer wins LPGA Clock Golf Open
1957 - Coup in Thailand (Premier Songgram deposed)
1957 - LA City Council approves 300-acre site in Chavez Ravine for Dodgers
1959 - President De Gaulle recognizes Algerian right of self determination
1960 - Amos Alonzo Stagg retires as a football coach at 98
1960 - Mil Brave Warren Spahn no-hits Philadelphia Phillies, 4-0
1961 - CDU loses West German election
1961 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1961 - WLKY TV channel 32 in Louisville, KY (ABC) begins broadcasting
1962 - Brian Kilby wins marathon: (2:23:18.8)
1962 - Gerda Kroon runs European record 800 m in 2:02.8
1962 - Public TV channel 13 begins in NYC
1962 - Ruth Jessen wins LPGA Sacramento Golf Open
1962 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1963 - "Outer Limits" premieres on ABC-TV
1963 - Malaysia formed from Malaya, Singapore, Br No Borneo & Sarawak
1963 - WVAN TV channel 9 in Savannah, GA (PBS) begins broadcasting
1964 - "Shindig" premieres on ABC-TV
1965 - Boston Red Sox Dave Morehead no-hits Cleve Indians, 2-0
1965 - Sobibor trial opens in Hagen West Germany
1966 - Metropolitan Opera opens at NY's Lincoln Center
1967 - Anni Pede runs female world record marathon (3:07:26)
1967 - KPAZ TV channel 21 in Phoenix, AZ (IND) begins broadcasting
1967 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1968 - KLNI (now KADN) TV channel 15 in Lafayette, LA (IND) begins
1968 - Richard Nixon appears on "Laugh-in"
1970 - Jordan king Hussein forms military government
1971 - 6 Klansmen arrested in connection with bombing of 10 school buses
1971 - West German chancellor Willy Brandt meets with Soviet president Brezhnev
1972 - 1st TV series about mixed marriage-Bridgit Loves Bernie
1972 - Penny Marshall appears on Bob Newhart Show in "Fly Unfriendly Skies"
1973 - "Desert Song" closes at Uris Theater NYC after 15 performances
1973 - Buff Bill OJ Simpson rushes 250 yards (2 TDs), beating NE Pats 31-13
1973 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Southgate Ladies Golf Open
1974 - BART begins regular transbay service
1974 - Bob Dylan records Blood on the Tracks
1974 - Pres Ford announces conditional amnesty for US, Vietnam War deserters
1974 - US General Haig becomes NATO-supreme commander in Europe
1975 - Papua New Guinea gains independence from Australia (National Day)
1975 - Pirates beat Cubs 22-0, Rennie Stennett is 3rd to go 7 for 7
1975 - Rennie Stennett is 2nd to hit 7-for-7 in a 9-inning game
1975 - The first prototype of the MiG-31 interceptor makes its maiden flight.
1976 - Egypt president Sadat re-elected
1976 - Episcopal Church approves ordination of women as priests & bishop
1976 - Shavarsh Karapetyan saves 20 people from the trolleybus that had fallen into Erevan reservoir.
1977 - 90 minute pilot of "Logan's Run" premieres on TV
1977 - Ringo releases "Drowning in Sea of Love"
1977 - Seattle beats Royals, 4-1, to end KC's winning streak at 16 games
1978 - 25,000 die in 7.7 earthquake in Tabar Iran
1978 - Filming on Monty Python's Life of Brian, begins
1978 - Grateful Dead perform in Cairo Egypt
1978 - Yanks beat Red Sox for 6th time in 2 weeks, 3-2
1979 - 23rd Ryder Cup: US wins, 17-11 at The Greenbrier (White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, US)
1979 - Catfish Hunter Day at Yankee Stadium
1979 - Coup in Afghanistan under Hafizullah Amin
1979 - KC's Willie Wilson hits 5th inside-the-park HR (most since 1925)
1979 - Nancy Lopez/JoAnn Washam wins Portland- Ping Team Golf Championship
1979 - USSR performs nuclear test
1981 - 1st broadcast of "Miami Vice" on NBC-TV
1982 - Massacre of 1000+ Palestinian refugees at Chatila & Sabra begins
1983 - Arnold Schwarzenegger becomes a US citizen
1984 - "Miami Vice" premieres
1984 - Emmy Creative Arts Award presentation
1984 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA SAFECO Golf Classic
1986 - Fire in Kinross gold mine, Transvaal South Africa, 177 killed
1987 - Calif's Bob Boone catches record 1,919th major league game
1987 - NASA launches space vehicle S-209
1987 - NY's WNET-TV channel 13 begins round clock broadcasting
1987 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1988 - Cin Reds Tom Browning pitches a perfect game, beats Dodgers, 1-0
1988 - Fish leaves rock group Marillion
1988 - Javed Miandad completes 211, his 5th Test Cricket double, v Australia
1988 - Jury awards Valerie Harper $1.6 M in dispute over TV series
1988 - Tom Browning of Cincinnati Reds pitches a perfect game against LA
1989 - Debbye Turner (Mont), 23, crowned 63rd Miss America 1990
1989 - Singer Natalie Cole marries record producer Andre Fisher
1990 - 101 year old Sam Ackerman weds 95 year old Eva in New Rochelle NY
1990 - 42nd Emmy Awards: LA Law, Murphy Brown, Peter Falk & Patricia Wettig
1990 - Dennis Quaid & Meg Ryan wed
1990 - Iraq televises an 8 minute uncensored speech from George Bush
1990 - Patty Sheehan wins LPGA SAFECO Golf Classic
1990 - Pirate Radio NY International begins transmissions on WWCR
1991 - Atlanta's Otis Nixon suspended for rest of 1991 due to cocaine
1991 - US trial of Panamanian leader Noriega begins
1991 - Norm Charlton suspended for 7 days for intentionally hitting Steve Scioscia with a pitch
1992 - "Les Miserables," opens at Nuevo Apolo, Madrid
1992 - 900 die in flood in Pakistan
1992 - FCC votes to allow competition for local phone service
1993 - Minnesota Twins Dave Winfield, is 19th to get 3,000 hits
1993 - Singer Karen Akers (48) weds businessman Kevin Powers (41)
1994 - Fire Dept puts out smokey electrical fire in White House
1995 - Greg Maddux of Braves sets record of 17 consecutive road victory
1995 - Shawntel Smith (Okla), 24, crowned 69th Miss America 1996
1995 - Stephen Hawkins (53) weds Elaine Mason
1996 - 1st one-day international in Canada, India v Pakistan at Toronto
1996 - Howard Stern Radio Show premieres in Panama City FL on WTBB 97.7 FM
1996 - Paul Molitor of Twins is 21st player to reach 3,000 hits
1996 - Space Shuttle STS 79 (Atlantis 17), launches into space
1997 - ABL MVP Nikki McCray signs with WNBA
1997 - Apple Computer Inc names co-founder Steve Jobs temporary CEO
1997 - Mark McGwire signs with the St Louis Cards for $26M
2000 - Sammy Sosa's becomes the second player to hit 50 or more home runs in three consecutive years, joining Mark McGwire
2005 - Camorra boss Paolo Di Lauro is arrested in Naples.
2007 - One-Two-GO Airlines Flight 269 carrying 128 crew and passengers crashes in Thailand killing 89 people.
Music history on Sept. 16
1920 - Enrico Caruso recorded his last work for Victor Records.
1938 - "Boogie Woogie" was recorded by Tommy Dorsey and His Orchestra.
1963 - "She Loves You" was released by the Beatles.
1964 - "Shindig!" premiered on ABC. The first show opened with Sam Cooke, The Everly Brothers, The Wellingtons, The Righteous Brothers, Bobby Sherman and Alan Sues.
1965 - The second season of "Shindig!" was opened with the Rolling Stones performing "Satisfaction." The Kinks, Byrds and Everly Brothers also appeared on the season opener.
1965 - The Grace Cathedral in San Francisco was the site of Duke Ellington's first concert.
1966 - The Metropolitan Opera opened its new opera house at New York's Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.
1966 - Pete Quafe left the Kinks and was replaced by John Dalton.
1970 - Jimi Hendrix made his final public appearance. He appeared with Eric Burdon and War at a club in London. The opening performance was Samuel Barber's "Antony and Cleopatra."
1977 - Marc Bolan (T. Rex) died in a car accident at the age of 29.
1978 - The Grateful Dead recorded a concert at the pyramids in Egypt.
1979 - The Sugar Hill Gang's "Rapper's Delight" by was released.
1980 - Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall officially opened.
1985 - KISS released the album "Asylum."
1991 - Willie Nelson and makeup artist Ann-Marie D'Angelo got married.
1992 - Barbara Streisand made her first live appearance in six years at a fundraiser for the U.S. Democratic party.
1993 - Grace Slick's home was destroyed by fire.
1997 - The Delfins debuted their first album "Azul" ("Blue") in Madrid's Las Venats bullfight arena.
1998 - The members of Mott The Hoople played together for the first time in 24 years at the Virgin Megastore on London's Oxford Street.
Sports history on September 16
1924 - Jim Bottomley knocked in 12 runs in a single game setting a major league baseball record.
1953 - The St. Louis Browns of the American League were given permission to move to Baltimore, MD, where they became the Baltimore Orioles.
1988 - Tom Browning pitched the 12th perfect game in major league baseball.
2004 - NHL commissioner Gary Bettman imposed a lockout due to an impasse in contract negotiations. The players union and NHL officials did not meet again until December 9.
Famous birthdays on Sept. 16
Louis XIV (France) 1638
Historical events on September 17
335 - Church of Heilig Grave initiated in Jerusalem
642 - Arabs conquer Alexandria, library destroyed
1156 - Markgraafschap Austria becomes a temple (Privilegium minus)
1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought.
1394 - Jews are expelled from France by order of King Charles VI
1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec) is fought during Thirteen Years' War.
1562 - Council of Trente takes ecclesiastical canon
1584 - Gent surrenders to duke of Parma
1595 - Pope Clemens VIII recognizes Henri IV as king of France
1598 - Netherland sailors discover Mauritius
1630 - The city of Boston, Massachusetts is founded.
1631 - Battle of Breitenfeld: King Gustaaf Adolf defeats Gen Tilly
1644 - French troops occupy Mainz
1678 - France & Spain signs peace treaty
1683 - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek reports existence of bacteria
1691 - Colony Massachusetts Bay gets new charter
1697 - Battle at Zenta: Prince Eugen of Savoye beats Turks
1730 - Turkish coup under Mahmud I; Sultan Ahmed III flees
1737 - Georg-August University opens in G�ttingen
1745 - Edinburg occupied by Jacobites under Young Pretenders
1776 - Presidio of SF forms as a Spanish fort
1776 - The Presidio of San Francisco is founded in New Spain.
1778 - 1st treaty between the US & Indian tribes signed (Fort Pitt)
1787 - Prussian troops conquer Gorinchem
1787 - US constitution adopted by Philadelphia convention
1789 - William Herschel discovers Mimas, satellite of Saturn
1809 - Peace between Sweden and Russia in the Finnish War. The territory to become Finland is ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn.
1819 - 1st whaling ship arrives in Hawaii
1835 - Charles Darwins lands on Chatham Galapagos-archipelago
1850 - Great fire in San Francisco
1859 - Man in SF claims himself Norton I, emperor of America
1861 - 1st day school for freedmen forms at Fortress Monroe Virginia
1861 - Hampton Institute forms
1862 - Battle of Antietam, bloodiest day in Civil War (Sharpsburg Md), 23, 110 die
1862 - Battle of Cumberland Gap, TN-evacuted by Federals
1862 - Battle of Mumfordville, KY-US Col J Wilder surrenders city
1862 - American Civil War: The Allegheny Arsenal explosion results in the single largest civilian disaster during the war.
1863 - Pope Pius IX encyclical On persecution in New Grenada
1864 - Grant approves Sheridan's plan for Shenandoah Valley Campaign
1871 - Mont Cenis railway tunnel Switzerland opens
1872 - Phillip W Pratt patents his sprinkler system for extinguishing fires
1873 - 19 students attend opening class at Ohio State University
1876 - Race riots in SC
1897 - 3rd US Golf Open: Joe Lloyd shoots a 162 at Chicago GC in Wheaton Ill
1899 - 1st British troops leave Bombay for South Africa
1900 - Commonwealth of Australia proclaimed
1900 - Queen Victoria disbands British parliament
1900 - Philippine-American War: Filipinos under Juan Cailles defeat Americans under Colonel Benjamin F. Cheatham at Mabitac.
1901 - Battle at Blood River Port: Boer Gen Botha beats mjr Goughs cavalry
1901 - Battle at Elands River Port: Boer Gen Smuts destroys unit 17th Lancers
1902 - US protests anti-semitism in Romania
1903 - Boston Pilgrims clinch AL pennant, beating Cleveland, 14-3
1906 - Playing as "Sullivan," Columbia U jr Eddie Collins debuts with A's
1908 - Thomas Selfridge becomes 1st fatality of powered flight
1911 - 1st transcontinental airplane flight, NY-Pasadena in 82 hrs 4 min
1911 - 25th US Womens Tennis: Hazel H Wightman beats F Sutton (8-10 61 97)
1912 - Center fielder Casey Stengel breaks in with Brooklyn & hits 4 singles
1914 - Andrew Fisher becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the third time.
1916 - 40,000 Amsterdam demonstrators demand general voting right
1916 - World War I: Manfred von Richthofen [The Red Baron], a flying ace of the German Luftstreitkr�fte, wins his first aerial combat near Cambrai, France.
1920 - Cards set a record of 12 consecutive hits in 4th (10) & 5th (2) innings
1920 - National Football League organizes in Canton Ohio 12 teams pay $100 each to join American Prof Football Association
1922 - Bicyclist Piet Moeskops becomes world sprint champ
1922 - Radio Moscow begins transmitting (12 KWs-most powerful station)
1923 - Sutton Vane's "Outward Bound," premieres in London
1924 - Italy signs treaty of Rapallo
1926 - Hurricane hits Miami & Palm Beach Florida; about 450 die
1927 - 47th US Mens Tennis: Rene Lacoste beats William T Tilden (119 63 119)
1927 - Charles Lindbergh visits San Francisco
1928 - 48th US Mens Tennis: Henri Cochet beats F T Hunter (46 64 36 75 63)
1928 - Henri Cochet wins US Tennis Open
1928 - Hurricane hits Lake Okeechobee Florida drowning 1,800-2500
1928 - Pitcher Ray Boggs hits 3 batters in 1 inning
1929 - British troops begin evacuating
1931 - 1st LP record demonstrated (RCA Victor, NYC), venture failed
1931 - Operetta "Victoria & Her Husband," premieres in London
1931 - Red Sox Earl Webb sets record with 65 en route to 67 doubles
1934 - RCA Victor re leases 1st 33 1/3 rpm recording (Beethoven's 5th)
1934 - USSR joins League of Nations (Netherland, Switz & Portugal vote no)
1935 - Manuel Luis Quez�n y Molina chosen 1st president of Philippines
1937 - 1st NFL game in Washington, DC; Redskins beat NY Giants 13-3
1938 - 52nd US Womens Tennis: Alice Marble beats Nancye Wynne Bolton (60 63)
1938 - 58th US Mens Tennis: J Donald Budge beats C Gene Mako (63 68 62 61)
1938 - British premier Neville Chamberlain leaves Munich
1938 - Don Budge wins US Tennis open & completes Grand Slam
1939 - German U-29 sinks British aircraft carrier Courageous, 519 die
1939 - Poland's president Moscicki & PM Slawoj-Skladkowski flee to Romania
1939 - Russia invades Eastern Poland, takes 217,000 Poles prisoner
1939 - Soviet Union invades Poland during WW II
1939 - Taisto M�ki becomes the first man to run the 10,000 metres in under 30 minutes, in a time of 29:52.6
1940 - Nazis deprive Jews of possessions
1941 - Cards' Stan Musial makes his major league debut, going 2-for-4
1941 - World War II: A decree of the Soviet State Committee of Defense, restoring Vsevobuch in the face of the Great Patriotic War, is issued
1943 - Load of "ammunition in transit" explodes at Norfolk Naval Air Station
1943 - Red Army recaptures Brjansk
1943 - World War II: The Russian city of Bryansk is liberated from Nazis.
1944 - British Premier Winston Churchill travels to US
1944 - Dutch begin railroad strike against German occupiers
1944 - Operation Market Garden: British airborne division lands Arnhem Neth
1946 - "Gypsy Lady," opens at Century Theater NYC for 79 performances
1946 - "If the Shoe Fits," opens at Century Theater NYC for 20 performances
1947 - Jackie Robinson is named Rookie of Year by Sporting News
1947 - James Forrestal sworn in as 1st US secretary of defense
1947 - US Dept of Defense forms
1948 - KCOP TV channel 13 in Los Angeles/Hollywood, CA (IND) begins
1948 - WLS TV channel 7 in Chicago, IL (ABC) begins broadcasting
1949 - 128 die as fire guts Canadian passenger steamer Noronic in Toronto
1949 - 8th Ryder Cup: US beats Europe, 7-5 at Ganton GC, England
1949 - North Atlantic Treaty Council meets for 1st time
1949 - WFAA TV channel 8 in Dallas-Fort Worth, TX (ABC) begins broadcasting
1950 - San Francisco 49ers (formerly AAFC) play 1st NFL game, lose 21-17
1951 - "Borscht Capades" opens at Royale Theater NYC for 90 performances
1951 - Romanian bishop A Pacha of Timisoara sentenced to 18 years
1952 - "I am an American Day" & "Constitution Day" renamed "Citizenship Day"
1953 - 1st successful separation of Siamese twins
1953 - Ernie Banks becomes Chicago Cubs 1st black player
1954 - Rocky Marciano KOs Ezzard Charles in 8 for heavyweight boxing title
1955 - "Ankles Aweigh" closes at Mark Hellinger Theater NYC after 176 perfs
1955 - Future Hall of Famer Oriole Brooks Robinson goes 2-4 in his 1st game
1956 - Black students enter Clay Ky elementary school
1956 - Yanks clinch pennant #22 on Mantle's 50th homer of year
1956 - Television is first broadcast in Australia.
1957 - KETV TV channel 7 in Omaha, NB (ABC) begins broadcasting
1957 - Scott Crossfield takes X-15 up for 1st powered flight
1957 - Thailand military coup under marshal Sarit Thanarat
1957 - 2 male attorneys "stand in" as actress Sophia Loren & producer Carlo Ponti wed by proxy in Juarez, Mexico
1957 - The North East Humanists group is founded in Newcastle upon Tyne.
1958 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1959 - 59th US Golf Amateur Championship won by Jack Nicklaus
1959 - Transit 1A, 1st navigational satellite launched; failed to orbit
1959 - Typhoon kills 2,000 in Japan & Korea
1960 - "Vintage '60" closes at Brooks Atkinson Theater NYC after 8 perfs
1960 - Cuba nationalizes US banks
1961 - Minnesota Vikings' 1st NFL game (beat Chicago Bears 37-13)
1961 - Samuel Beckett's "Happy Days," premieres in NYC
1961 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1962 - Justice Dept files 1st suit to end segregation in public schools
1962 - US space officials announce selection of 9 new astronauts
1963 - "Fugitive" premieres on ABC TV
1963 - Train struck makeshift bus full of migrant workers, killing 32
1964 - "Bewitched" premieres on ABC TV
1964 - Beatles are paid a then record $150,000 for a concert (Kansas)
1964 - Mickey Mantle gets hits #1999, 2000 & 2001 & his 450th HR
1964 - Supremes release "Baby Love"
1965 - WPHL TV channel 17 in Philadelphia, PA (IND) begins broadcasting
1966 - Cleve pitchers set AL record striking out 19 batters in 1st 9 innings
1967 - "Mission Impossible" premieres on CBS-TV
1967 - Mount Washington cog railway train derails, kills 8 (NH)
1967 - New Orleans Saints 1st NFL game, they lose to LA Rams 27-13
1967 - Shirley Englehorn wins LPGA Shirley Englehorn Golf Invitational
1968 - Gaylord Perry (Giants) no-hits St Louis Cardinals, 1-0
1968 - Zond 5 completes circumnavigation of Moon
1970 - Jordan launches offensive against guerrilla army
1970 - Jordanian King Hussein moves against PLO guerrillas
1970 - WSWP TV channel 9 in Grandview, WV (PBS) begins broadcasting
1972 - "M*A*S*H," premieres on NBC TV
1972 - BART begins passenger service in SF
1972 - Sandra Haynie wins LPGA Quality First Golf Classic
1972 - Tanzania troops march in to Uganda
1974 - Courageous (US) beats Southern Cross (Aust) in 23rd America's Cup
1975 - Rollout of 1st space shuttle orbiter Enterprise (OV-101)
1976 - Amnesty International receives Erasmus-prize
1976 - NASA publicly unveils space shuttle Enterprise in Palmdale, Calif
1976 - Ringo releases "Ringo's Rotogravure" album
1977 - 22nd Ryder Cup: US, 12�-13� at Royal Lytham & St Annes England
1977 - China PR performs nuclear test at Lop Nor PRC
1977 - Dave Kingman hits his 1st Yankee homer, Reggie hits 2 more
1977 - Fleetwood Mac's "Rumors" is #1 for 19th straight week
1978 - 30th Emmy Awards: All in the Family, Ed Asner & Sada Thompson win
1978 - Begin, Sadat & Carter sign Camp David accord
1978 - Donna Caponi Young wins LPGA Sarah Coventry Golf Tournament
1978 - Red Sox finally beat Yanks in Sept 1978, 7-3
1979 - Pietro Mennea runs world record 200 m (19.72")
1979 - Royals George Brett is 6th to have 20 doubles/triples/HRs in a season
1980 - "Divine Madness" starring Bette Midler, premieres
1980 - Iraq (Saddam Hussein) signs accord with Algeria
1980 - Solidarity labor union in Poland forms
1980 - South Korea opposition leader Kim Dae Jung sentenced to death
1980 - Oak A's Rick Langford is removed with 2 outs in 9th inning ending his consecutive complete-game streak at 22
1981 - Fernando Valenzuela sets NL rookie record with 8th shutout of season
1982 - NJ Devils 1st exhibition game, beating Caps 3-1 in Hershey Pa
1983 - Chicago White Sox clinch their 1st-ever AL West championship
1983 - Vanessa Williams (NY), 20, crowned 56th Miss America 1984, 1st black
1984 - Brian Mulroney sworn in as Canada's 18th PM succeeding John Turner
1984 - Dwight Gooden ties record of 32 strikeouts in consecutive games
1984 - Reggie Jackson is 13th to hit 500 HRs
1984 - USSR performs underground nuclear test
1985 - Soyuz T-14 carries 3 cosmonauts to Salyut 7 space station
1986 - Bomb attack in Paris, 6 killed
1986 - Marina Stepanova of USSR sets 400m hurdle woman's record (52.94)
1986 - Mets clinch NL East Championship
1986 - US Senate confirms William Rehnquist as 16th chief justice
1987 - Phila celebrates 200th anniversary of Constitution
1988 - 24th Olympic games open at Seoul, Korea
1988 - Jeff Reardon becomes 1st to record 40 or more saves in both AL & NL
1988 - Military coup in Haiti: Lt Gen Avril takes control, Henri Namphy flees
1989 - -21] Hurricane Hugo, kills 85 in Charleston SC
1989 - 41st Emmy Awards: LA Law, Cheers, Dana Delany & Candice Bergen win
1989 - Beth Daniel wins LPGA SAFECO Golf Classic
1989 - Emmy Creative Arts Award presentation
1989 - Hurricane Hugo begins 4 day sweep through Caribbean, killing 62
1989 - NYC court of appeals overturns lower court decision & returns America's Cup back to US (from NZ)
1990 - Newspaper Guild votes 242-35 to keep NY Post publishing
1990 - Soviet Union & Saudi Arabia restore diplomatic ties
1991 - 4,355 turn out to see Expos play NY Mets at Shea Stadium
1991 - UN admits Estonia, Latvia, Lithuiania, North & South Korea, Marshall Islands & Micronesia
1991 - The first version of the Linux kernel (0.01) is released to the Internet.
1992 - Amsterdam stock exchange hits record �8.8 billion
1992 - House votes 280 to 128 to give FCC control of cable TV rates
1992 - NFL decides to suspend World League Football
1993 - Last Russian troops leave Poland.
1994 - Andy Waller out handled the ball for Mashonaland CD v Mash U24
1994 - Heather Whitestone, 21, (Ala), crowned 68th Miss America 1995
1994 - Princess Christina separates
Historical events on September 18
96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated.
324 - Chrysopolis emperor Constantine beats emperor Licinius
1180 - Philip Augustus becomes king of France.
1437 - Farmer uprising in Transsylvania
1454 - In the Battle of Chojnice, the Polish army is defeated by the Teutonic army during the Thirteen Years' War.
1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Costa Rica on his 4th & last voyage
1544 - Charles V of Germany & Francis I of France sign Peace of Crepy
1544 - English King Henry VIII's troops occupy Boulogne
1544 - Peace of Cr�py: German emperor Charles V & French king Francois I
1573 - Spanish attack Alkmaar
1635 - Emperor Ferdinand II declares war on France
1679 - New Hampshire becomes a county Massachusetts Bay Colony
1739 - Turkey & Austria sign peace treaty-Austria cedes Belgrade to Turks
1755 - Fort Ticonderoga, New York opens
1759 - Battle of Quebec ends, French surrender to British
1759 - The British capture Quebec City.
1769 - John Harris builds 1st spinet piano (US)
1789 - 1st loan is made to pay salaries of the presidents & Congress
1793 - Pres Washington lays cornerstone of Capitol building
1809 - Royal Opera House in London opens
1810 - Chile declares independence from Spain (National Day)
1811 - English expeditionary army conquerors Dutch Indies
1812 - Fire in Moscow destroys 90% of houses & 1,000 churchs
1830 - Horse beats 1st US made locomotive (near Baltimore)
1838 - Anti-Corn Law League established by Richard Cobden
1842 - 1st edition of Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, published
1846 - Elizabeth Barrett & R Browning exchange last letters before eloping
1848 - Baseball rules 1st baseman can tag base for out instead of runner
1849 - De Kempenaer's Dutch government resigns
1850 - Congress passes Fugitive Slave Law as part of Compromise of 1850
1851 - New York Times starts publishing (2 cents a copy)
1862 - Confederate armies officially divide into corps
1862 - General Read army pulls out of Antietam Creek Virginia
1864 - Battle of Martinsburg WV
1872 - King Oscar II accedes to the throne of Sweden-Norway.
1873 - Government bond agent Jay Cooke & Co collapses, causing panic on Wall St
1873 - The Panic of 1873 begins.
1879 - The Blackpool Illuminations are switched on for the first time.
1881 - Chicago Tribune reports on a televideo experiment
1882 - Pacific Stock Exchange opens (as Local Security Board)
1885 - Riots break out in Montreal to protest against compulsory smallpox vaccination.
1888 - Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Sign of Four" (BG)
1891 - Harriet Maxwell Converse is 1st white woman to become an Indian chief
1895 - Booker T Washington delivera "Atlanta Compromise" address
1895 - D D Palmer of Davenport, Iowa, becomes 1st chiropractor
1895 - Daniel David Palmer gives the first chiropractic adjustment.
1897 - Gustave Kecker/Hugh Martin's musical "Belle of NYC," premieres in NYC
1898 - Lord Kitcheners ships reach Fashoda Sudan
1903 - Phillie's Chick Fraser no-hits Chicago Cubs, 10-0
1905 - Electric tramline opens in Rotterdam
1906 - A typhoon with tsunami kills an estimated 10,000 people in Hong Kong.
1908 - Cleve Indian Bob "Dusty" Rhoades no-hits Boston, 2-1
1909 - Largest paid baseball attendance (35,409), A's beat Tigers, 2-0 in Det
1910 - 25,000 demonstrate in Amsterdam for general male/female suffrage
1911 - Britain's 1st twin-engine airplane (Short S.39) test flown
1911 - Louis Napoleon Parker's "Disraeli," premieres in NYC
1914 - Battle of Aisne ends with Germans beating French during WW I
1914 - Gen von Hindenburgs named commander of German armies on Eastern Front
1914 - Irish home rule bill receive Royal assent
1914 - South African troops land in German South West Africa
1915 - Boston Braves trounce St Louis Cardinals 20-1
1918 - Battle of Megiddo (Palestine) starts
1919 - Dutch 2nd Chamber accepts female suffrage
1919 - Hurricane tides 16 feet above normal drown 280 along Gulf Coast
1922 - 2nd government of Ruys de Beerenbrouck installed in Neth
1922 - Browns George Sisler's 41-game hit streak is stopped by NY's Joe Bush
1922 - Hungary admitted to League of Nations
1924 - Government routes 7 Provinces to Peking
1925 - Bill Tilden wins 6th straight US tennis championship
1926 - 46th US Mens Tennis: Rene Lacoste beats Jean Borotra (64 60 64)
1926 - Hurricane hits Miami, kills 250
1926 - Jean Rene Lacoste wins US Tennis Open
1927 - 18 station CBS radio network begins, (WOR is NYC affiliate)
1927 - The Columbia Broadcasting System goes on the air.
1928 - Cards beat Phillies for 20th of 22 games in 1928
1928 - Juan de la Cierva flies 1st helicopter above Channel
1929 - Pirates loss to Braves & clinch NL pennant for the Cubs
1929 - Preston Sturges' "Strictly Dishonorable," premieres in NYC
1930 - Enterprise (US) beats Shamrock V (England) in 15th America's Cup
1930 - NY Yankee pitcher Red Ruffing hits 2 HRs to beat St Louis Browns, 7-6
1930 - Phila A's win AL championship for 2nd year in a row
1931 - Japan takes Manchuria, renames it Manchukuo
1932 - Actress Peg Entwistle commits suicide by jumping from the letter "H" in the Hollywood sign.
1934 - St Louis Brown Bobo Newsom loses no-hitter to Boston in 10, 2-1
1934 - USSR admitted to League of Nations
1938 - Chicago Bears beat Green Bay Packers 2-0
1938 - Despite losing a double header, Yanks clinch pennant #10
1939 - Polish government of Moscicki flees to Romania
1939 - William Joyce's first Nazi propaganda broadcast.
1940 - 19 German aircrafts shot down above England
1940 - Elmer Harris' "Johnny Belinda," premieres in NYC
1940 - Italian troops conquer Sidi Barrani
1942 - Canadian Broadcasting Corporation authorized for radio service
1943 - Cardinals clinch NL pennant
1943 - Hitler orders deportation of Danish Jews (unsuccessful)
1944 - British submarine Tradewind torpedoes Junyo Maru: 5,600 killed
1944 - Eindhoven free (Lightly Day)
1944 - US 266th division occupiers Brest Bretagne
1945 - 1000 whites walk out of Gary Ind schools to protest integration
1946 - Joe Louis KOs Tami Mauriello in 1 for heavyweight boxing title
1947 - National Security Act, passes
1947 - USAF (US Air Force) forms
1948 - "Hilarities (of 1949)" closes at Adelphi Theater NYC after 14 perfs
1948 - Communist Madiun-uprising in Dutch Indies (Muso/Sjarifudin)
1948 - Ralph J Bunche confirmed as acting UN mediator in Palestine
1949 - Baseball major league record 4 grand slams hit
1950 - Nakagawa Soen, Zen teacher, receives dharma transmission
1954 - Cleveland Indians clinch AL pennant, beat Tigers (3-2)
1954 - KTUL TV channel 8 in Tulsa, OK (ABC) begins broadcasting
1954 - WLOS TV channel 13 in G'ville-Spartanburg, SC (ABC) 1st broadcast
1955 - Marilynn Smith wins LPGA Mile High Golf Open
1955 - Willie Mays hits record tying 9th HR at Ebbets Field (ties Joe Adcock)
1956 - Mickey Mantle is 8th to hit 50 HRs in a seaon
1957 - "Wagon Train" premieres
1957 - Electric train joining in Amsterdam-Brussels
1959 - Vanguard 3 launched into Earth orbit
1960 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Memphis Golf Open
1961 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1962 - Bob Aspromonte sets NL 3rd baseman record of 57 cons errorless games
1962 - Charlie Finley is denied permission to move A's to Dallas-Fort Worth
1962 - Rwanda, Burundi, Jamaica & Trinidad admitted (105th-108th) to UN
1962 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1963 - Final game at Polo Grounds, 1,752 see Phillies beat Mets 5-1
1963 - USSR orders 58.5 million barrels of cereal from Australia
1964 - Greek king Constantine II marries Danish princess Anne-Marie
1964 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1965 - "Get Smart" premieres
1965 - Mickey Mantle Day at Yankee Stadium: Mantle play his 2,000th game
1966 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Shirley Englehorn Golf Invitational
1967 - Intrepid (US) beats Dame Pattie (Aust) in 21st America's Cup
1968 - Ray Washburn (Cards) no-hits SF Giants 2-0
1969 - Tiny Tim & Miss Vicky get engaged
1971 - 19th Ryder Cup: US beats Europe, 18�-13� at Old Warson Country Club (St. Louis, Missouri, US)
1972 - 1st black NL umpire (Art Williams-Los Angeles vs San Diego)
1973 - German FR & German DR admitted to UN
1974 - Hurricane Fifi strikes Honduras with 110 mph winds, 5,000 die
1975 - Heiress/bank robber Patricia Campbell Hearst captured by FBI in SF
1976 - Cleve manager Frank Robinson last game as a player
1976 - Dom Mintoff's Labour Party wins Malta election
1976 - Rev Sun Myung Moon holds "God Bless America" convention
1976 - Rock Music Award
1976 - Mao Zedong's funeral takes place in Beijing.
1977 - All 4 Kiss members release solo albums
1977 - Brooks Robinson Night in Baltimore
1977 - Courageous (US) sweeps Australia (Aust) in 24th America's Cup
1977 - Joanne Carner/Judy Rankin wins LPGA National Team Golf Championship
1977 - US Voyager I takes 1st space photograph of Earth & Moon together
1979 - Bolshoi Ballet dancers Leonid & Valentina Kozlov defect
1979 - Steven Lachs, appointed Calif's 1st admittedly gay judge
1979 - The Who opens NYC concerts at Madison Square Garden
1980 - "Les Miserables," opens at Palais des Sports, Paris
1980 - Royals Willie Wilson steals AL-record 28 consecutive base
1980 - Soyuz 38 carries 2 cosmonauts (1 Cuban) to Salyut 6 space station
1981 - Assembl�e Nationale votes to abolish capital punishment in France.
1982 - Christian militia begin massacre of 600 Palestinians in Lebanon
1983 - George Meegen completes 2,426d (19K mi) walk across Western Hemisphere
1983 - Juli Inkster wins LPGA SAFECO Golf Classic
1983 - Lebanese & Syrian army battle
1983 - New Orleans Saints 1st OT victory; beating Chic Bears 34-31
1984 - Joe Kittinger completes 1st solo balloon crossing of Atlantic
1984 - Tigers clinch AL East championship (spent all year in 1st place)
1984 - Tim Raines is 1st player with 4 consecutive 70-stolen-base seasons
1985 - "Song & Dance" opens at Royale Theater NYC for 474 performances
1985 - BBC Radio reports prime # 2^216091-1 found in Houston
1986 - David Boon's 3rd Test cricket century, 122 v India at Madras
1987 - Detroit Tiger Darrell Evans is 1st 40 year old to hit 30 HRs
1987 - US & Russia sign accord to remove mid range missiles
1987 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1988 - Burma suspends its constitution
1988 - Coup in Haiti
1988 - Juli Inkster wins LPGA SAFECO Golf Classic
1989 - Hurricane Hugo causes extensive damage in Puerto Rico
1990 - 500 lb 6' Hershey Kiss is displayed at 1 Times Square, NYC
1990 - Atlanta is chosen to host 1996 (centennial) Summer Olympics
1990 - Liechtenstein becomes a member of the United Nations.
1991 - John Hart becomes general manager of Cleveland Indians
1991 - NCAA places Tenn on 2 yrs probation for football recruting violations
1991 - Robert Helmick resigns as pres of US Olympic Committee
1991 - Space shuttle STS 48 (Discovery 14) lands
1991 - Yugoslavia begins a naval blockade of 7 Adriatic port cities.
1993 - Kimberly Clarice Aiken (SC), 18, crowned 67th Miss America 1994
1993 - LA Mighty Ducks play their 1st NHL pre-season game against Penguins
1993 - Trailing 3-1 with 2 outs in 9th, time is called prior to Mike Stanley pop out, gets a 2nd chance, & Yanks rally to beat Boston 4-3
1994 - 1st Presidents Golf Cup: US beats Intl team 20-12 at Robert Jones Va
1994 - Austrian conservative FVP wins elections/extreme right gets 18.5%
1994 - Deb Richard wins LPGA SAFECO Golf Classic
1994 - Ken Burn's "Baseball" premieres on PBS
1994 - Sweden social-democratic SPD wins parliamentary election
1995 - Art Modell 1st meets (he claims) with Balt to move Browns
1995 - Space shuttle STS-69 (Endeavour 9), lands
1996 - Roger Clemens ties his own major league record with 20 strikeouts
1997 - Seve Ballesteros & Nick Faldo elected to World Golf Hall of Fame
1997 - Ted Turner gives $1 billion to UN
1997 - Voters in Wales vote yes (50.3%) on a referendum on Welsh autonomy.
1998 - ICANN is formed.
2001 - First mailing of anthrax letters from Trenton, New Jersey in the 2001 anthrax attacks.
2003 - The United Kingdom's Local Government Act 2003, repealing controversial Section 28 of the Local Government Act 1988, receives Royal Assent.
2006 - Right wing protesters riot the building of the Hungarian Television in Budapest, Hungary, one day after an audio tape was made public, in which Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcs�ny admitted he and his party lied during the 2006 general elections.
2007 - Pervez Musharraf announces that he will step down as army chief and restore civilian rule to Pakistan, but only after he is re-elected president.
2007 - Buddhist monks join anti-government protesters in Myanmar, starting what some called the Saffron Revolution.
2009 - The 72 year run of the soap opera The Guiding Light ends as its final episode is broadcast.
Music history on Sept. 18
1947 - Ernest Tubb and Roy Acuff performed at Carnegie Hall in New York City, NY. It was the first country show at the venue.
1957 - "The Big Record" premiered on CBS-TV. The show only lasted one season.
1969 - Tiny Tim announced on "The Tonight Show" to Johnny Carson his engagement to Miss Vicki Budinger. Carson asked the two to be married on the show. They made TV history with the wedding on December 17, 1969.
1970 - James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix died in his London apartment at the age of 27. The death was from an overdose of sleeping pills.
1971 - Pink Floyd performed "Atom Heart Mother" at the Classical Music Festival in Montreaux, Switzerland.
1972 - The Who headlined the Rock At The Oval festival in London.
1976 - The second annual Rock Music Awards ran on CBS.
1976 - "More Than A Feeling" by Boston was released.
1978 - The members of KISS all released solo albums. The members at the time were Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley, and Peter Criss.
1983 - The album "Lick It Up" was released by KISS.
1983 - The members of Kiss appeared on MTV without makeup.
KISS Store
1987 - KISS released the album "Crazy Nights."
1998 - Reba McEntire received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
2002 - Bon Jovi performed at the Shepherd's Bush Empire in London. More than 375,000 people viewed the live Web cast of the show.
2004 - Britney Spears and Kevin Federline were married. The legal documents were not filed until early October.
Sports history on Sept. 18
1915 - The first asphalt covered automobile race track was opened in Cranston, RI.
1956 - Mickey Mantle hit his 50th home run.
1962 - Charlie Finley was denied permission to move the Athletics to Dallas-Ft. Worth, TX.
1965 - Mickey Mantle played in his 2,000th game.
1972 - Art Williams became the first black umpire in National League history.
1993 - The Anaheim Mighty Ducks played the Pittsburg Penguins in their first NHL pre-season game.
1997 - Seve Ballesteros and Nick Faldo were elected to World Golf Hall of Fame.
Famous birthdays on Sept. 18
Samuel Johnson 1709
Historic events on September 19
335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
1356 - English defeat French at Battle of Poitiers
1523 - Emperor Charles I & England sign anti-French covenant
1559 - 5 Spanish ships sinks in storm off Tampa, about 600 die
1580 - Treaty of Plessis-lez-Tours (Anjou/Dutch States-General)
1602 - Grave surrenders to earl Mauritius
1642 - Perpignan surrenders to French troops
1656 - Treaty of Labiau: Sweden gives Prussia, Brandenburg
1657 - Brandenburg & Poland sign Treaty of Wehlau
1668 - Polish king John II Kazimierz resigns/goes to France
1676 - Rebels under Nathaniel Bacon set Jamestown Va on fire
1755 - England & Russia sign military agreement
1777 - Battle of Freeman's Farm (Bemis Heights) or 1st Battle of Saratoga
1778 - The Continental Congress passes the first budget of the United States.
1795 - Tula, leader of Curacao slave opposition, imprisoned
1796 - George Washington's farewell address as president
1799 - English & Russian invasion army conquerors Receiver
1833 - Charles Darwin visits Guardia del Monte, Argentina
1838 - Ephraim Morris patents railroad brake
1848 - Hyperion, moon of Saturn, discovered by Bond (US) & Lassell (England)
1849 - 1st commercial laundry established, in Oaklan, California
1854 - Henry Meyer patents sleeping rail car
1862 - -20] Battle at Blackford's Ford Virginia
1862 - Battle at Iuka Mississippi (1,700 casualties)
1863 - Battle of Chickamauga GA (near Chattanooga) begins; Union retreat
1864 - 3rd Battle of Winchester Virginia (Opequon, 3rd Winchester)
1865 - Atlanta University forms
1870 - Siege of Paris begins
1873 - Black Friday: Jay Cooke & Co fails, causing a securities panic
1876 - 1st carpet sweeper patented (Melville Bissell of Grand Rapids, Mich)
1876 - Talks begin to set up a football club in Ottawa
1879 - Thomas Ray becomes youngest to break a world track & field record pole-vaulting 11' 2�" at age 17 years & 198 days
1888 - World's 1st beauty contest (Spa Belgium)
1890 - Turkish frigate "Ertogrul" burns off of Japan, kills 540
1893 - NZ is 1st country to grant all its women the right to vote
1901 - 11 baseball games canceled due to funeral of Pres William McKinley
1903 - King Leopold II deny Belgian cruelty in Congo
1904 - Gen Nogi's assault on Port Arthur: 16,000 Japanese casualties
1908 - Gustav Mahler's 7th Symphony, premieres in Prague
1910 - George Cohan's "Get-Rich-Quick Wallingford," premieres in NYC
1911 - Red Tuesday-20,000 protest for universal rights
1912 - Pius X encyclical Singular quadam, against interconfess unions
1912 - Soccer team NAC (Noad Advendo Combination) forms in Breda
1914 - Brooklyn's Ed Lafitte no-hits KC (Federal League), 6-2
1916 - 1st landing on Schiphol (Farman F-22 of Soesterberg)
1916 - Belgian troops conquer Tabora, German East Africa
1921 - 41st US Mens Tennis: William T Tilden beats Wm M Johnston (61 63 61)
1922 - Queen Wilhelmina's takes Dutch throne with 119 word speech
1923 - Ernst Tollers "Hinkemann," premieres in Leipzig
1925 - 45th US Mens Tennis: Wm T Tilden beats Wm M Johnston (46 119 63 46 63)
1926 - 80,000 demonstrate for democratic peace in Hague
1926 - The San Siro is inaugurated with a match between AC Milan and Inter.
1928 - Mickey Mouse's screen debut (Steamboat Willie at Colony Theater NYC)
1929 - Latvia dictator A Woldemaras chased out
1931 - 14th PGA Championship: Tom Creavy at Wannamoisett CC Rumford RI
1931 - Japanese troops conquer Mukden, South Manchuria
1931 - Lefty Grove wins his 30th game of season over White Sox, 2-1
1933 - NY Giants clinch the pennant
1934 - Bruno Haptmann arrested for kidnapping Lindbergh baby
1939 - British Expeditionary Force reaches France
1939 - Lord Haw-Haw becomes radio host of Reichsrundfunk Berlin
1939 - Wehrmacht (German regular army) murders 100 Jews in Lukov Poland
1940 - Nazi decree forbids gentile woman to work in Jewish homes
1940 - Witold Pilecki is voluntarily captured and sent to Auschwitz in order to smuggle out information and start a resistance.
1941 - 1st meeting of partizans Tito & Draza Mihailovic in Yugoslavia
1941 - German army conquerors Kiev
1941 - Nazi's force German Jews, 6 & over to wear Jewish stars
1943 - Fanny Whiteers-Koen breaks jumping world record
1943 - Liberator bombers sinks U-341
1944 - Finland & Russia agree to cease fire
1944 - Luftwaffe bombs Eindhoven: 200 killed
1944 - Armistice between Finland and Soviet Union is signed. (End of the Continuation War).
1945 - Kim Il Sung arrives in harbor of Wonsan, Korea
1945 - Lord Haw Haw (William Joyce) sentenced to death in London
1947 - Jackie Robinson is named 1947 "Rookie of Year"
1948 - 62nd US Womens Tennis: M Osborne duPont beats A L Brough (46 64 15-13)
1948 - 68th US Mens Tennis: "Pancho" Gonzales beats E Sturgess (62 63 14-12)
1948 - Richard A Gonzales wins US Tennis Open
1950 - European Payment Union forms in Paris
1950 - Great Three acknowledge Bond government as only German government
1950 - UN reject membership of China's People Republic
1951 - 1st broadcast of "Search for Tomorrow" on CBS-TV
1951 - Italian civil servants strike for pay increase
1952 - The United States bars Charlie Chaplin from re-entering the country after a trip to England.
1953 - "Hazel Flagg" closes at Mark Hellinger Theater NYC after 190 perfs
1954 - Beverly Hanson wins LPGA Wichita Golf Open
1955 - Argentine president Juan Peron, resigns & flees
1955 - Cubs slugger Ernie Banks hits record 5th grand slam of season
1955 - Hurricane Hilda, kills 200 in Mexico
1956 - 1st intl conference of black writers & artists meets (Sorbonne)
1957 - 1st underground nuclear explosion at Las Vegas Nevada
1957 - First American underground nuclear bomb test.
1957 - Dalida is the first artist to be awarded a gold record in France for 300,000 sales of "Bambino".
1958 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1959 - Nikita Khrushchev is denied access to Disneyland
1960 - Chubby Checkers' "Twist" reaches #1
1961 - Betty and Barney Hill claim that they saw a mysterious craft in the sky and that it tried to abduct them.
1962 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1963 - Iota Phi Theta Fraternity, Inc. is founded at Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland.
1965 - Clifford Ann Creed wins LPGA Visalia Golf Open
1965 - Erhards CDU wins West German parliament elections
1966 - Mike Burke named Yankees pres
1967 - Nigeria begins offensive against Biafra
1968 - Denny McLain's 31st win & Mickey Mantle's 535th HR
1970 - "Mary Tyler Moore" show premieres
1971 - 1st NYC Women's Marathon won by Beth Bonner in 2:55:22
1971 - 2nd NYC Marathon won by Norman Higgins in 2:22:54
1972 - A parcel bomb sent to Israeli Embassy in London kills one diplomat.
1973 - Carl XVI Gustaf, becomes King of Sweden
1973 - Frank Robinson homers in record 32nd ML park (Arlington Tx)
1973 - NL refuses to allow San Diego Padres move to Washington DC
1973 - Pirate Radio Free America (off Cape May NJ) forms
1973 - USSR performs underground nuclear test
1974 - -20] Hurricane Fifi hits coast of Honduras; about 5,000 die
1975 - Indonesia sends troops to Portuguese East Timor
1976 - "Going Up" opens at John Golden Theater NYC for 49 performances
1976 - Donna Caponi Young wins LPGA Portland Golf Classic
1979 - No Nukes Concert at Madison Square Garden includes Springsteen & Crosby, Stills & Nash
1980 - Titan II missile explosion (Damascus, AR)
1981 - Paul Simon & Art Garfunkel perform a reunion concert in Central Park
1981 - Satellites China 10 & 11 launched into Earth orbit by B-1 rocket
1981 - Simon & Garfunkel reunite for a NYC Central Park concert
1982 - 34th Emmy Awards: Hill St Blue, Barney Miller, Alan Alda & Carol Kane
1982 - New Orleans Saints 1st road shutout victory beating Chic Bears 10-0
1982 - Sandra Haynie/Kathy McMullen wins Portland Ping Team Golf Championship
1982 - Streetcars stop running on Market St after 122 years of service
1983 - David Slowinski on 2 CRAY-1 comp's find 2^132049-1 prime #
1983 - St Kitts & Nevis declares independence from UK
1984 - Britain & China complete a proposed agreement to transfer Hong Kong to China by 1997
1985 - 12,000 die & 40,000 injured in Mexico's earthquake (8.1)
1986 - "Captain EO" with Michael Jackson premieres
1986 - Chic White Sox Joe Crowley no-hits California Angels, 7-1
1986 - Dean Jones scores 210 v India at Madras
1986 - Fed health officials announce AZT will be available to AIDS patients
1987 - Kaye Lani Rae Rafko (Mich), 24, crowned 61st Miss America
1988 - Israel launches 1st satellite, for secret military reconnaissance
1988 - US Olympic diver Greg Louganis hits his head on diving board
1989 - Chase Manhattan Discovery Center at Brooklyn Botanic Garden opens
1989 - French DC-10 crashes near Niger, 171 die
1989 - Appeals court restores America's Cup to US after NY Supreme Court gave it to NZ (NZ protested US's use of a catamaran)
1991 - Precious Bunny wins the 46th Little Brown Jug
1991 - �tzi the Iceman is discovered by German tourists.
1992 - Sergei Boebka pole vaults world record (6.13m)
1992 - UN Security Council votes 12-0 (3 abstentions) to dump Yugoslavia
1992 - Barry Bonds joins Willie Mays, Howard Johnson & Ron Gant as having (2) 30-HR/30-steal seasons
1993 - 45th Emmy Awards: Seinfeld, Picket Fences & Ted Danson wins
1993 - Actress Michele Phillips (Knots Landing) is robbed at gunpoint
1993 - Brandie Burton wins LPGA SAFECO Golf Classic
1993 - Kimberly Clarice Aiken, 18, Miss SC wins 67th Miss America
1993 - Parliamentary election in Poland
1993 - Tom Glavine wins 20 games in 3 straight years
1994 - 3000 US militia lands on Haiti
1994 - Swedish government of Bildt resigns
1995 - Andres Galarraga is 4th to hit 30 HRs for Rockies in 1995
1995 - Padres Ken Caminiti switch hits HRs in 3rd of 4 games
1995 - The Washington Post and The New York Times publish the Unabomber's manifesto.
1996 - "Skylight" opens at Royale Theater NYC
1997 - Guelb El-Kebir massacre in Algeria; 53 killed.
2000 - Ken Griffey, Jr. pinch-hits his 400th home run. The first major leaguer to reach the mark as a pinch-hitter
2006 - The Thai military stages a coup in Bangkok. The Constitution is revoked and martial law is declared.
Music history on Sept. 19
1928 - "The Singing Fool," with Al Jolson, was released.
1936 - "Indian Love Call" was recorded by Nelson Eddy and Jeanette MacDonald.
1953 - Gisele MacKenzie took over as host on NBC-TV�s "Your Hit Parade."
1955 - Eva Marie Saint, Frank Sinatra and Paul Newman starred in the "Producer�s Showcase" presentation of "Our Town" on NBC-TV.
1958 - Elvis Presley left a Brooklyn naval base to sail to Germany to be with his army unit.
1968 - Steppenwolf won its first gold record for "Born to be Wild."
1970 - "Get Yer Ya Ya's Out" was released by the Rolling Stones.
1973 - Gram Parsons of the Byrds died of a drug overdose.
1974 - Max Weinberg made his debut as the drummer for Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band.
1974 - Bad Company's debut album (self titled) goes gold.
1975 - Eric Clapton got a gold record for "I Shot The Sheriff."
1978 - "Living in the U.S.A." was released by Linda Ronstadt.
1979 - The first MUSE concert took place. The Musicians United for Safe Energy was better known as "No-Nukes."
1981 - Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel recorded "The Concert in Central Park" for an HBO special. The material was recorded live in New York's Central Park.
1985 - A U.S. Senate committee heard testimony on labeling and rating of rock music, initiated by the Parents Music Resource Center.
1986 - "Press To Play" was released by Paul McCartney.
1987 - The Farm Aid concert took place at the University of Nebraska.
1987 - "A Momentary Lapse of Reason" was released by Pink Floyd. It was the first release after Roger Waters departure.
1987 - Taja Seville released her self-titled debut album.
1988 - Erasure's "A Little Respect" was released.
1992 - "The One" was released by Elton John.
1997 - VH1 aired "Storytellers" live for the first time. The show was a 90 minute special featuring Elton John from the House of Blues in New Orleans, LA.
1997 - Rich Mullins died in a car accident in LaSalle County, IL.
2000 - Madonna's album "Music" was released.
2010 - In Baltimore, MD, a bronze bust of Frank Zappa was dedicated outside an east Baltimore library.
Sports history on Sept. 19
1901 - All major league baseball games were canceled for the funeral of U.S. President William McKinley.
1949 - Ralph Kiner (Pittsburgh Pirates) became the first National League player to hit 50 home runs in two different seasons.
1984 - Pete Rose reached the 100-hit plateau for the 22nd consecutive year. He also tied the National League record for doubles with 725.
1997 - Mark McGwire became the first major league player to hit 20 or more home runs for two teams in the same season. It was his 54th home run of the year.
1999 - Sammy Sosa was became the first major league player to hit 60 home runs twice.
Famous birthdays on Sept. 19
Jan Luyts 1655
Historic events on September 20
368 - Emperor Valentinianus visits Nijmegen
451 - General Aetius defeats Attila the Hun at Chalons-sur-Marne
622 - Prophet Mohammed/Abu Bakr arrives in Jathrib (Medina)
1066 - Battle at Fulford: King of Norway, Harald III Hardrada defeats British militia
1187 - Saladin begins the Siege of Jerusalem.
1258 - Cathedral of Salisbury inaugurated
1378 - Robert de Geneve, "butcher of Cesena" crowned anti-pope Clemens VII
1519 - Ferdinand Magellan starts 1st successful circumnavigation of world
1530 - Luther advises protestant monarch compromise
1565 - Spaniards capture Fort Caroline Fla & massacre the French
1596 - Diego de Montemayor founded the city of Monterrey in New Spain.
1604 - Spanish army under Spinola recaptures Oostende
1620 - Battle at Jassy: Turks beat king Sigismund III of Poland
1643 - 1st battle at Newbury: King Charles I vs Robert Devereux' armies
1664 - Maryland passes 1st anti-amalgamation law to stop intermarriage of English women & black men
1674 - 2nd West Indie Company forms
1688 - French troops occupies Palts
1697 - Peace of Saki (ends 9 years war)
1737 - Runner Edward Marshall completes his journey in the Walking Purchase forcing the cession of 1.2 million acres (4,860 km�) of Lenape-Delaware tribal land to the Pennsylvania Colony.
1746 - Bonnie Prince Charlie flees to France from Scotland
1777 - Paoli massacre
1787 - Prince Willem V returns to Hague
1792 - French defeat Prussians at Valmy
1793 - British troops under maj-gen Williamson lands on (French) Haiti
1797 - US frigate Constitution (Old Ironsides) launched in Boston
1830 - 1st Negro Convention of Free Men agree to boycott slave-produced goods
1833 - Charles Darwin rides horse to Buenos Aires
1835 - Farroupilha's Revolution begins in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
1839 - 1st railroad in Netherland opens (Amsterdam-Haarlem)
1848 - The American Association for the Advancement of Science is created.
1850 - Slave trade abolished in DC, but slavery allowed to continue
1854 - Battle at Alma Krim: 1,000 British soldiers died
1854 - British & French defeat Russians at Alma, in Crimea
1859 - George Simpson patents electric range
1860 - 1st British royalty to visit US, Prince of Wales (King Edward VII)
1861 - Battle of Lexington, MI-captured by Union
1863 - Battle of Shepardstown VA
1863 - Civil War Battle of Chickamauga, near Chattanooga Tenn, ends
1870 - Italian army under Victor Emmanuel II seizes Rome from the French
1870 - Mayor William Tweed accused of robbing NY treasury
1870 - Pope Pius IX surrenders to King Victor Emmanuel
1871 - Bishop John Coleridge Patteson martyred on the island of Nukapu, a Polynesian outlier island now in the Temotu province of the Solomon Islands. He was the first bishop of Melanesia.
1873 - Panic sweeps NY Stock Exchange (railroad bond default/bank failure) NY shut banks for 10 days due to a bank scandal
1876 - Ottawa Football Club forms
1877 - Chase National Bank opens in NYC (later merges into Chase Manhattan)
1879 - US Grants come to SF for elaborate extended visit
1881 - Chester A Arthur sworn in as 21st president
1884 - 6.2 mile Arlberg railroad tunnel completed in Austria
1884 - Equal Rights Party nominates female candidates for Pres & VP
1891 - The first gasoline-powered car debuts in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States.
1902 - Chic White Sox Jim Callahan no-hits Detroit Tigers, 3-0
1904 - George Ade's "College Widow," premieres in NYC
1904 - Orville & Wilbur Wright fly a circle in their Flyer II
1905 - Cleveland makes AL record 7 errors in an inning
1906 - Cunard Line's RMS Mauretania is launched at the Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson shipyard in Newcastle, England.
1907 - Pitts Nick Maddox no-hits Bkln Dodgers, 2-1
1908 - Chic White Sox Frank Smith 2nd no-hitter, beats Phila 1-0
1911 - Yanks set team record 12 errors in a double header
1913 - 19th US Golf Open: Francis Ouimet shoots a 304 at The Country Club MA
1917 - British assault on Polygon-forest, France
1917 - Paraguay becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
1918 - Royal Dutch Blast furnace & Steel factory opens in Hague
1919 - 2nd PGA Championship: Jim Barnes at Engineers CC Roslyn NY
1919 - Babe Ruth ties Ned Williamson's major league mark of 27 HRs
1919 - Booth Tarkington's "Clarence," premieres in NYC
1920 - Foundation of the Spanish Legion.
1922 - Goodman & Atteridge's musical "Passing Show," premieres in NYC
1922 - Rogers Hornsby ends hitting streak of 33 games
1924 - Carl Mays is 1st pitcher to win 20 games seasons for 3 different teams
1924 - Cub's Grover Cleveland Alexander beats NY Giants to win 300th game
1927 - NY Yankee Babe Ruth hits record 60th HR of season off Tom Zachry
1930 - Syro-Malankara Catholic Church is formed by Archbishop Mar Ivanios.
1931 - Lou Gehrig's 4 RBIs break his old RBI mark of 175 en route to 184
1932 - Chicago Cubs clinch the NL pennant
1932 - Dutch South Seas rebaptized in IJsselmeer
1932 - Gandhi begins hunger strike against treatment of untouchables
1933 - Pittsburgh Steelers (as Pirates) play 1st NFL game, lose 23-2
1935 - Pitts Crawfords beat NY Cubans to win Negro NL Championship, 3-0
1938 - Dmitri Shostakovitch's Suite for jazz orchestra, premieres
1938 - Emlyn Williams' "Corn is Green," premieres in London
1939 - British fleet takes German U-27 boat
1939 - Joe Louis KOs Bob Pastor in 11 for heavyweight boxing title
1942 - Gunther Hagg becomes world champ of all records from 1500m to 5000m
1943 - Liberator bombers sinks U-338
1944 - Nijmegen is liberated from German occupation
1944 - Polish forces free Terneuzen Neth
1945 - German rocket engineers begin work in US
1946 - Churchill argues for a "US of Europe"
1946 - The first Cannes Film Festival is held.
1948 - "Magdalena" opens at Ziegfeld Theater NYC for 48 performances
1948 - Mexican Baseball league disbanded
1949 - Dutch Guilder devalued 30.3%
1949 - Tennis player Pancho Gonzales turns professional
1951 - 1st North Pole jet crossing
1951 - NL President Ford Frick elected 3rd commissioner of baseball
1951 - Swiss males votes against female suffrage
1952 - KPTV TV channel 12 in Portland, OR (IND) begins broadcasting
1953 - Cubs Ernie Banks hits his 1st major league HR
1954 - 1st FORTRAN computer program run
1954 - 1st National People's Congress adopts Chinese constitution
1954 - KETC TV channel 9 in Saint Louis, MO (PBS) begins broadcasting
1954 - Los Stravinsky's "In Memoriam Dylan Thomas," premieres in Angeles
1954 - Roger Bannister awarded Britain's Silver Pears Trophy
1954 - New Zealand's Special Committee on Moral Delinquency in Children and Adolescents reports just ten days after concluding hearings.
1955 - Willie Mays (Giants) homers off Vern Law (Pirates) in both ends of DH
1955 - Willie Mays is 7th player to reach 50 HRS in a season
1958 - Baltimore Oriole knuckler Hoyt Wilhelm no-hits NY Yankees 1-0
1958 - Ferhat Abbas forms Algerian government in exile (Cairo)
1958 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1959 - Beverly Hanson wins LPGA Links Golf Invitation Open
1960 - UN General Assembly admit 13 African countries & Cyprus (96 nations)
1960 - WFSU TV channel 11 in Tallahassee, FL (PBS) begins broadcasting
1961 - After 84 1/3 innings Bill Fischer gives up a base on balls
1961 - James Meredith refused access as a student in Mississippi
1961 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1961 - Roger Maris hits home run # 59 & barely misses # 60 in game 154 of the season. Yanks clinch pennant #26
1962 - Ben Bella wins 1st elections in independent Algeria
1962 - Gov R Barnett refuses to admit a black to Miss Univ (James Meredith)
1963 - JFK proposes a joint US-Soviet voyage to the moon
1964 - Gunter Grass' "Die Plebejern proben den Aufstand," premieres in Berlin
1964 - Paramount Theater (NYC) presented the Beatles with Steve & Eydie
1965 - WXXW (now WYCC) TV channel 20 in Chicago, IL (PBS) begins broadcasting
1966 - Passenger ship Queen Elizabeth II launched
1966 - US Surveyor B launched toward Moon; crashed Sept 23
1967 - Benin separates from Nigeria
1967 - British liner Queen Elizabeth II launched at Clydebank Scotland
1967 - Hurricane Beulah hits Texas-Mexican border, kills 38
1967 - WCAE TV channel 50 in St John, IN (PBS) begins broadcasting
1967 - WCIX TV channel 6 in Miami, FL (CBS) begins broadcasting
1968 - Mickey Mantle hits final career homer # 536
1969 - 18th Ryder Cup: Draw, 16-16 at Royal Birkdale, England
1969 - Archies' "Sugar Sugar" hits #1
1969 - Pitts Pirate Bob Moose no-hits NY Mets, 4-0
1970 - Jim Morrison found not guilty of "lewd" behavior
1970 - Luna 16 lands on Moon's Mare Fecunditatis, drills core sample
1972 - Police find cannabis growing on Paul & Linda McCartney's farm
1973 - Billy Jean King beats Bobby Riggs in battle-of-sexes tennis match
1973 - Willie Mays announces retirement at end of 1973 season
1975 - 21st Ryder Cup: US, 21-11 at Laurel Valley Golf Club (Ligonier, Pennsylvania, US)
1975 - David Bowie's "Fame," single goes #1 for 2 weeks
1975 - Gary Sentman draws a record 176 lb longbow to a maximum 28�" draw
1976 - Metroliner official opens in Brussels
1976 - Playboy releases Jimmy Carter's interview that he lusts for women
1976 - Sid Berstein offers $230 million charity concert for Beatle reunion
1977 - "Estrada" opens at Majestic Theater NYC for 7 performances
1977 - Vietnam & Djibouti ask for membership in UN
1978 - "Eubie!" opens at Ambassador Theater NYC for 439 performances
1978 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1978 - Yamada Mumon Roshi visits Benedictine Abbey of Maria Laach Germany
1979 - Coup in Central African Rep: David Dacko overthrows emperor Bokassa I
1979 - Jose E dod Santos becomes president of Angola
1979 - NASA launches HEAO
1979 - Lee Iacocca is elected president of the Chrysler Corporation.
1979 - The Punjab wing of the Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist-Leninist) formally splits and constitutes a parallel UCCRI(ML).
1979 - Assassination of French left-wing militant Pierre Goldman.
1980 - Bronze plaque dedicated to memory of Thurman Munson at Yankee Stadium
1980 - George Brett goes 0-for-4 dropping his avg below .400 for good
1980 - Plaque dedicated in Thurman Munson's memory at Yankee Stadium
1980 - Spectacular Bid runs in Belmont alone as 3 horses drop out
1981 - 24th Ryder Cup: US, 18�-9� at Walton Heath Golf Club (Walton-on-the-Hill, Surrey, England)
1981 - Belize declares independence
1981 - Joe Danelo kicks then NY Giant record 55 yard field goal
1981 - Sandra Haynie wins LPGA Henredon Golf Classic
1982 - Jalaluddin takes a one-day hat-trick Pakistan v Australia
1982 - NFL players begin a 57 day strike
1983 - 3,112 turn out to see Pirates play NY Mets at Shea Stadium
1983 - Cryptographic Communications System & Method (RSA) patented
1984 - "Cosby Show" premieres on NBC-TV
1984 - Cubs break 2 million in home attendance for 1st time
1984 - Suicide car bomb attacks US Embassy annex in Beirut, kills 23
1985 - Curtis Strong is convicted for selling cocaine to pro baseball players
1985 - Walt Disney World's 200-millionth guest
1986 - Wichita State Shockers blow a 35-3 lead; lose 36-35 to Morehead State
1987 - "Big River" closes at Eugene O'Neill Theater NYC after 1005 perfs
1987 - 39th Emmy Awards: LA Law, Bruce Willis & Sharon Gless wins
1987 - Alain Prost wins record 28th Formula one auto race
1987 - Dwight Clark ends NFL streak of 105 consecutive game receptions
1987 - Jan Stephenson wins LPGA SAFECO Golf Classic
1987 - Walter Payton scores NFL record 107th rushing touchdown
1988 - Darrell Evans hits his 400th career home run
1988 - Greg Louganis wins Olympic gold medal in springboard diving
1988 - Wade Boggs is 1st player to get 200 hits for 6 consecutive seasons
1989 - FW De Klerk sworn in as president of South Africa
1989 - Musical "Miss Saigon," premieres in London
1989 - USAir overshoots runway at LaGuardia Airport in NYC, 2 people die
1990 - Both Germanys ratify reunification
1990 - Saddam Hussein demands US networks broadcast his message
1990 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1990 - South Ossetia declares its independence from Georgia.
1991 - Lion's Terry Taylor reinstated after 1 year drug related suspension
1992 - Colleen Walker wins LPGA SAFECO Golf Classic
1992 - France votes in favor of Maastricht treaty
1992 - Leanza Cornett (Florida), 21, crowned 66th Miss America 1993
1992 - Phils' Mickey Moradini makes an unassisted triple play
1992 - Space shuttle STS-47 (Endeavour 2) lands
1994 - Space shuttle STS-64 (Discovery 20), lands
1995 - Cincinnati Reds becomes 1st team to clinch NL Central
1997 - Yanks clinch 37th appearance in post season, 3rd consecutive
1998 - Solheim Cup
2000 - Patent on RSA cryptograph algorithm ends
2000 - The British MI6 Secret Intelligence Service building is attacked by a Russian-built Mark 22 anti-tank missile.
2001 - In an address to a joint session of Congress and the American people, U.S. President George W. Bush declares a "war on terror".
2002 - The Kolka-Karmadon rock/ice slide started.
2003 - Maldives civil unrest: the death of prisoner Hassan Evan Naseem sparks a day of rioting in Mal�.
2003 - A referendum is held in Latvia to decide the country's accession to the European Union.
2011 - The United States ends its "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy, allowing gay men and women to serve openly for the first time.
Music history on Sept. 20
1877 - Composer Armand Marsick was born.
1948 - The Four Freshman got their first gig in Fort Wayne, IN.
1964 - After a charity show that finished their U.S. tour, the Beatles appeared on the "Ed Sullivan Show."
1966 - George Harrison went to India for his first visit to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.
1969 - Associated TV bought control of the Beatles' music publishing company, Northern Songs, for a million pounds.
1970 - Jim Morrison was found guilty, in Miami, FL, of indecent exposure and profanity. He was acquitted on charges of "lewd and lascivious" behavior. The charges were related to a performance by the Doors.
1971 - Peter Frampton quit Humble Pie to follow a solo career.
1972 - Police found cannabis growing on the farm of Paul and Linda McCartney.
1973 - Jim Croce was killed in a plane crash on his way to Sherman, TX, for a concert. Maury Muehleisen and four others were also killed.
1973 - The Roxy Theater opened in Los Angeles, CA. The opening acts were Elton John, Carole King and Jackson Browne.
1975 - The Bay City Rollers appeared live on the premiere of the Howard Cosell's Saturday Night show on ABC-TV. It was their U.S. debut.
1975 - The single "Born to Run" was released by Bruce Springsteen.
1976 - The Captain & Tennille show premiered on ABC-TV.
1983 - The ARMS Benefit concert was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London. The concert was to raise money for research of Multiple Sclerosis.
1995 - Natalie Merchant started her first solo tour after leaving the 10,000 Maniacs. She was supporting her first solo album "Tigerlily."
1998 - The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum paid tribute to Robert Johnson with eight days of activities. Johnson only recorded 29 songs before dying in August of 1938.
Sports history on Sept. 20
1876 - Candy Cummings (Hartford) pitched two complete games in one day. He won 14-4 and 8-4.
1902 - Jim Callaghan pitched the first no-hitter in Chicago White Sox history.
1927 - Babe Ruth hit his 60th home run of the season. He beat his own record of 59 that he set in 1921.
1955 - Ernie Banks (Chicago Cubs) set a major league record with his fifth grand slam of the year.
1968 - Denny McClain (Detroit Tigers) became the first player to achieve 31 wins in 37 years.
1973 - Willie Mays announced that he would retire at the end of the season.
1973 - In an exhibition tennis match, Billie Jean King beat Bobby Riggs in three straight sets. The event is viewed as a milestone in women's sports.
1981 - Marcus Allen (USC) rushed for 274 yards and scored two touchdowns in a 21-0 victory over Indiana.
1982 - The NFL Players Association announced that a strike would begin at the completion of the Packers-Giants game on Monday night.
1984 - Pete Rose (Cincinnati Reds) recorded his 100th hit of the season. It was the 22nd consecutive season he had recorded at least 100 hits in a season.
1985 - Tommy Kramer (Minnesota Vikings) threw for 436 yards and three touchdowns. The Vikings lost to the Chicago Bears 33-24.
1986 - Tony Gwynn (San Diego Padres) stole five bases in one game against Houston.
1987 - Walter Payton scored his 107th touchdown to break the NFL record held by Jim Brown.
1993 - John Carney (San Diego Chargers) kicked six field goals to extend his consecutive field goal streak to 29 straight games. The Chargers beat the Houston Oilers 18-17.
1998 - Cal Ripken, Jr. (Baltimore Orioles) ended his record streak of playing in 2,632 games. He had played in every game since May 30, 1982.
2002 - Tom Gamboa, coach of the Kansas City Royals, was attacked by a man and his son while he was standing near first base. The two fans were arrested and charged with battery.
Famous birthdays on Sept. 20
Upton Sinclair 1878
Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton 1890
Chuck Dressen 1898
Historic events on September 21
1192 - English king Richard I the Lion hearted, captured
1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
1348 - Jews in Zurich Switzerland are accused of poisoning wells
1435 - Treaty of Atrecht: Philip of Bourgondy vs French king Charles II
1451 - Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa orders Jews of Holland to wear a badge
1589 - Battle at Arques: French king Henri IV beats Catholic League
1591 - French bishops recognize Henri IV as king of France
1621 - King James of England gives Canada to Sir Alexander Sterling
1648 - -23] Battle at Pilawce: Bohdan Chmielricki's beats John Casimir [NS]
1676 - Benedetto Odescalchi elected as Pope Innocent XI
1677 - John & Nicolaas van der Heyden patents fire extinguisher
1745 - Battle at Preston Pans: Bonnie Prince Charles beats English army
1746 - French expeditionary army occupies Labourdonnais & Dupleix Madras
1765 - Antoine de Beauterne announces he had killed the Beast of G�vaudan, but was later proved wrong by more attacks.
1776 - 5 days after British take NY, a � of city burns down
1776 - Great fire in NY1776 - Nathan Hale, spied on British for American rebels, arrested
1780 - Benedict Arnold gives British Major Andre plans to West Point
benedict_arnold.jpg ( 14.86K ) Number of downloads: 0
US Defector General Benedict Arnold
1784 - 1st daily newspaper in America (Penns Packet & General Advertiser)
1784 - Pennsylvania Packet & Daily Advertiser 1st success US daily newspaper
1792 - 1st French Republic forms
1792 - Proposal by Collot D'Herbois, to abolish the monarchy in France
1814 - "Star Spangled Banner" published as a poem
1815 - King Willem I takes oath in Brussels
1823 - Moroni 1st appears to Joseph Smith, according to Smith
1827 - According to Joseph Smith, Jr., the angel Moroni gave him a record of gold plates, one-third of which Joseph translated into The Book of Mormon.
1837 - Charles Tiffany founded his jewelry & china stores
1860 - In the Second Opium War, an Anglo-French force defeats Chinese troops at the Battle of Baliqiao.
1863 - Union forces retreat to Chattanooga after defeat at Chickamauga
1872 - John Henry Conyers of SC becomes 1st black student at Annapolis
1883 - 1st direct US-Brazil telegraph connection
1885 - Dutch demonstrate for general voting right
1893 - Frank Duryea drives 1st US made gas propelled vehicle (car)
1895 - 1st auto manufacturer opens-Duryea Motor Wagon Company
1896 - General Kitcheners army occupies Dongola Sudan
1897 - NY Sun runs famous "Yes, Virginia there is a Santa Claus," editorial
1898 - China's empress-mother Ci Xi & emperor De Zong arrested
1898 - Empress Dowager Cixi seizes power and ends the Hundred Days' Reform in China.
1903 - 1st cowboy film "Kit Carson," premieres in US
1905 - Atlanta Life Insurance Co forms
1906 - Yankee 1st baseman Hal Chase's 22 put-outs ties record
1913 - 1st aerobatic maneuver, sustained inverted flight, performed in France
1913 - Turkey & Bulgaria sign peace treaty in Constantinople
1915 - CH Chubb buys Stonehenge for �6,600
1915 - Emanuel Querido ("Kerido") begins publishing Querido
1919 - 33rd US Womens Tennis: Hazel H Wightman beats M Zinderstein (61 62)
1921 - Gas explodes at Bradishe Aniline chemical works in Germany, 565 die
1921 - Pope Benedictus XV donates 1 million lire to feed Russians
1921 - Oppau explosion, a storage silo at a fertilizer producing plant exploded in Oppau, Germany, 500�600 killed.
1922 - Pres Warren G Harding signs a joint resolution of approval to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine
1928 - "My Weekly Reader" magazine made its debut
1929 - 1st legal pass in Canada was thrown by Gerry Seiberling & 1st reception by Ralph Losie of Calgary Altomah-Tigers against Edmonton
1930 - Johann Ostermeyer patents flashbulb
1931 - Britain abandons gold standard/pound devalues 20%
1933 - Trial against Marinus der Lubbe opens
1934 - St Louis Card Paul Dean no-hits Bkln Dodgers, 3-0
1934 - Typhoon strikes Honshu Island Japan, kills 4,000
1936 - Spanish fascist junta names Franco to generalissimo/supreme commander
1937 - J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Hobbit" is published
jrr_tolkien.jpg ( 15.28K ) Number of downloads: 0
Writer J. R. R. Tolkien
1938 - Hurricane (183 MPH winds) in New England kills 700
1938 - Winston Churchill condemns Hitler's annexation of Czechoslovakia
1938 - The Great Hurricane of 1938 makes landfall on Long Island in New York. The death toll is estimated at 500-700 people.
1939 - Reinhard Heydrich meets in Berlin to discuss final solution of Jews
1941 - US launches its 1st Liberty-ship, "Patrick Henry"
1942 - 116 hostages executed by Nazis in Paris
1942 - Transport nr 35 departs with French Jews to nazi-Germany
1943 - Arundel (Solomon Island) in US hands
1943 - Lynch Triangle (Square) in Bronx named
1943 - Russian 13th/61st Army reconquer Chyernigov
1943 - Soviet forces reach Dnjepr
1944 - Last British paratroopers at bridge of Arnhem surrenders
1946 - Indians play their final game in League Park, ending a 55-year stay
1948 - "Texaco Star Theater" with Milton Berle premieres on NBC-TV
1949 - Chinese Communist leaders proclaims People's Republic of China
1949 - Federal Republic of [West] Germany created under 3-power occupation
1950 - George Marshall sworn in as the 3rd Secretary of Defense of United States.
1951 - Emil Zatopek runs 15,000m in record 44 min, 54.6 sec
1953 - Allied forces form West Germany
1953 - KRDO TV channel 13 in Colorado Spgs-Pueblo, CO (ABC) 1st broadcast
1954 - 1st nuclear submarine, USS Nautilus, commissioned
1954 - Kleffens appointed chairman of General Meeting UN
1955 - Last allied occupying troops leave Austria
1955 - Rocky Marciano KOs Archie Moore in 9 for heavyweight boxing title
rocky_marciano.jpg ( 13.11K ) Number of downloads: 0
Heavyweight Champion Boxer Rocky Marciano
1955 - USSR performs nuclear test
1955 - Heavyweight champ Rocky Mariano KOs Archie Moore in round 9
1956 - Yanks set dubious record, stranding 20 men on base Mantle hits a 500' plus homer but Red Sox win 13-9 in Fenway
1957 - "Perry Mason" with Raymond Burr premieres on CBS-TV
1957 - German sailing school ship Pamir sails Atlantic Ocean
1957 - Olav V, becomes king of Norway
1957 - Pote Sarasin forms government in Thailand
1958 - 1st airplane flight exceeding 1200 hours, lands, Dallas Tx
1958 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1959 - 600 Indian Dutch emigrate to US
1961 - Antonio Abertondo swims English Channel round trip (44 miles)
1961 - Maiden flight of the CH-47 Chinook transportation helicopter.
1964 - Constellation (US) beats Sovereign (England) in 20th America's Cup
1964 - Malta gains independence from Britain
1964 - Reds Chico Ruiz steals home, beats Phillies 1-0. Phillies start a 10 game losing streak that gives Cards the pennant
1964 - Malta becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
1964 - The North American XB-70 Valkyrie, the world's first Mach 3 bomber, made its maiden flight from Palmdale, California.
1965 - O Kommissarova (USSR) sets women's longest parachute jump (46,250')
1965 - Singapore admitted as a part of the United Nations.
1966 - 5" of rain falls on NYC
1966 - Jimmy Hendrix changes spelling of his name to Jimi
1967 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1969 - 58th Davis Cup: USA beats Romania in Cleveland (5-0)
1969 - Donna Caponi Young wins LPGA Lincoln-Mercury Golf Open
1969 - NY Jet Steve O'Neal punts 98 yards against Denver Broncos
1969 - Ron Hill wins European marathon (2:16:47.8)
1970 - "Monday Night Football" premieres on ABC - Browns 31, Jets 21
1970 - KAPP TV channel 35 in Yakima, WA (ABC) begins broadcasting
1970 - Luna 16 leaves Moon
1970 - Oakland A's Vida Blue no-hits Minnesota Twins, 6-0
1970 - New York Times starts first modern op-ed page.
1971 - AL OKs Washington Senator move to Arlington (Texas Rangers)
1971 - John Lennon & Yoko Ono are Dick Cavett's only guest
yoko_ono.jpg ( 14.92K ) Number of downloads: 0
Artist & Musician Yoko Ono
1972 - Marcos declares martial law in Philippines
1972 - USSR performs underground nuclear test
1973 - Jackson Pollocks painting "Blue Poles" sold for $2,000,000
1973 - NY Mets go into 1st place (at .500) after trailing 12� games
1973 - Nate Archibald signs 7 yr contract with NBA KC Kings for $450,000
1974 - US Mariner 10 makes 2nd fly-by of Mercury
1975 - Jo Ann Washam wins LPGA Portland Ladies Golf Classic
1976 - Wings performs in Zagreb Yugoslavia
1976 - Orlando Letelier is assassinated in Washington, D.C. He was a member of the Chilean socialist government of Salvador Allende, overthrown in 1973 by Augusto Pinochet.
1977 - US minister of Foreign affairs Cyrus Vance dismissed
1979 - Two RAF Hawker Siddeley Harrier jump-jets from RAF Wittering collide over the UK. Both pilots ejected safely. One of the jets broke up in midair and fell harmlessly into a field but the other dropped onto the centre of Wisbech in Cambridgeshire, destroying two houses and a bungalow. Several people were injured in the accident and three people were killed.
1980 - Donna Caponi Young wins LPGA ERA Real Estate Golf Classic
1980 - LA Ram Johnnie Johnson scores a 99 yard interception
1980 - Richard Todd of NY Jets completes 42 passes in a game (NFL record)
1980 - Kerry GAA beat Roscommon GAA in Croke Park during the All-Ireland Football Final by 1-9 to 1-6 thus winning the championship and a three-in-a-row.
1981 - Belize (British Honduras) gains independence from UK
1981 - Sandra Day O'Conner becomes 1st female Supreme Court Justice
1981 - Steve Carlton strikes out NL record 3,118th (Andre Dawson)
1982 - 2,251 turn out to see Expos play NY Mets at Shea Stadium
1982 - Devils beat Rangers 3-2 in exhibition; 1st hockey in Meadowlands (NJ)
1982 - NFL players begin a 57 day strike
1982 - SF cable cars cease operations for 2 years of repairs
1982 - STS-5 vehicle moves to launch pad
1983 - 11 killed in anti Marcos demonstrations in Manila
1983 - David Mamet's "Glengarry Glen Ross," premieres in London
1983 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1984 - NASA launches Galaxy-C
1985 - Michael Spinks beats Larry Holmes in 15 to become Heavyweight Boxing Champion
1986 - 38th Emmy Awards: Golden Girls, Cagney & Lacey & Michael J Fox win
michael_j_fox.jpg ( 15.51K ) Number of downloads: 0
Actor Michael J. Fox
1986 - Miami Dan Marino passes for 6 touchdowns vs NY Jets (51-45)
dan_marino.jpg ( 11.52K ) Number of downloads: 0
Hall of Fame NFL Quarterback Dan Marino
1986 - NY Jets beat Miami Dolphins 51-45 in OT; record 884 passing yards
1986 - New Orleans Saints Mel Gray returns kickoff 101 yards for a touchdown
1986 - Patty Sheehan wins LPGA Konica San Jose Golf Classic
1986 - SD Padre Jimmy Jones pitchs 1-hitter in his major league debut
1986 - Kerry GAA beat Tyrone GAA in Croke Park during the All-Ireland Football Final by 2-15 to 1-10 thus winning the championship and a three-in-a-row.
1987 - 3 Belgian minesweepers depart to Persians Gulf
1988 - Mike Tyson smashes TV camera outside his Bernardsville NJ home
1989 - Poland's Sejm (National Assembly) approves prime minister Mazowiecki
1990 - Oakland A's Bob Welch becomes 1st 25 game winner in 10 years
1990 - Pirate Bobby Bond is 2nd to hit 30 HRs & steal 50 bases in a season (so he can play in 6 decades) because it is a publicity stunt
1990 - Faye Vincent turns down White Sox bid to reinstate Minnie Minoso, 68
1991 - Armenia votes on whether to remain in Soviet Union
1991 - USA Basketball announces "Dream Team" for the 1992 Olympics
1993 - Ukraine government of Kutshma resigns
1994 - Howard Stern Radio Show premieres in Ft Laud/Miami Fl (WBGG 105.9 FM)
1995 - The Hindu milk miracle occurs, in which statues of the Hindu God Ganesh began drinking milk when spoonfuls were placed near their mouths.
1996 - Christie Brinkey gets married for 4th time, she marries Peter Cook
1996 - John F Kennedy Jr marries Caroline Bisset
1997 - Brickyard Crossing Senior Golf Championhsip
1997 - Liselotte Neumann wins LPGA PING Welch's Championship
1997 - Mike Piazza is 2nd to hit a HR out of Dodger Stadium
1997 - NY Yankee Cecil Fielder hits his 300th HR
1997 - Tim Herron wins Texas Golf Open shooting a 271
1999 - Chi-Chi earthquake occurs in central Taiwan, leaving about 2,400 people dead.
2001 - Deep Space 1 flies within 2,200 km of Comet Borrelly.
2001 - University of Roorkee, becomes India's 7th Indian Institute of Technology, rechristened as IIT Roorkee
2001 - AZF chemical plant explodes in Toulouse, France, killing 29 people
2003 - Galileo mission terminated by sending the probe into Jupiter's atmosphere, where it is crushed by the pressure at the lower altitudes.
2004 - The Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) People's War and the Maoist Communist Centre of India merge to form the Communist Party of India (Maoist).
2004 - Construction of the Burj Dubai starts.
2008 - Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley, the two last remaining independent investment banks on Wall Street, become bank holding companies as a result of the subprime mortgage crisis.
2008 - President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa resigns from office, effective September 25.
2008 - Prime Minister Ehud Olmert of Israel formally resigns from office, effective as soon as his successor Tzipi Livni has successfully assembled a new government.
2008 - The final home game is played at Yankee Stadium against the Baltimore Orioles.
Music history on September 21
1874 - Composer Gustav Theodore Holst was born.
1968 - "All Along the Watchtower" was released by Jimi Hendrix.
1972 - ABC-TV debuted "In Concert." Alice Cooper appeared in the first episode.
1974 - BTO released "You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet."
1974 - Jeff "Skunk" Baxter joined the Doobie Brothers.
1976 - The 20th album by the Bee Gees, "Children of the World," was released.
1980 - Elton John signed a long-term exclusive contract with Geffen Records.
1984 - "Tonight" was released by David Bowie.
1989 - The Bangles broke up.
1993 - Nirvana's album "In Utero" was released.
1996 - Hank Williams III, at 23 years old, made his Grand Ole Opry debut.
1999 - HBO's live music show, "Reverb," debuted with performances by Alanis Morissette and Everlast.
2001 - "America: A Tribute to Heroes" was shown on 35 seperate broadcast and cable networks simultaneously. The telethon raised $150 million in pledges to benefit families of the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001. The pledges were made from September 21 through September 24, 2001.
2003 - In San Francisco, CA, Duran Duran played a concert in Golden Gate Park.
Sports history on September 21
1970 - "NFL Monday Night Football" made its debut on ABC-TV. The game was between the Cleveland Browns and the New York Jets. The Browns won 31-21.
1971 - The American League approved the move of the Washington Senators to Arlington, TX.
1982 - National Football League (NFL) players began a 57-day strike. It was their first regular-season walkout.
2008 - The New York Yankees played their last game at Yankee Stadium. The new Yankee Stadium opened across the street in 2009.
Famous birthdays on September 21
1051 - Bertha of Savoy, German queen and Holy Roman Empire Empress (d. 1087)
1328 - Hongwu Emperor of China (d. 1398)
1372 - Frederik I van Hohenzollern, monarch of Brandenburg (1417-40)
1411 - Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (d. 1460)
1415 - Frederick III, Innsbruck Austria, German Emperor (1440-1493)
1428 - Jingtai Emperor of China (d. 1457)
1452 - Girolamo Savonarola, monk/reformer/dictator of Florence (1494-98)
1527 - Matthaus Ludecus, composer
1629 - Philip Cardinal Howard, English Catholic cardinal (d. 1694)
1645 - Louis Joliet, Canadian explorer (d. 1700)
1706 - Jacob Wilhelm Lustig, composer
1706 - Polyxena Christina of Hesse-Rotenburg, queen of Sardinia (d. 1735)
1728 - Louis Emmanuel Eadin, composer
1737 - Francis Hopkinson, US, writer/lawyer (helped design Stars & Stripes)
1752 - Louise MC, countess of Albany
1756 - John Loudon McAdam, created macadam road surface (asphalt)
1758 - Christopher Gore, 8th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1827)
1760 - Gaetano Valeri, composer
1760 - Ivan Dmitriev, Russian statesman (d. 1837)
1788 - Margaret Smith Taylor, 1st lady (1849-50)
1817 - Carter Littlepage Stevenson, Major General (Confederate Army)
1817 - Charles Balmer, composer
1819 - Princess Louise Marie Th�r�se of France (d. 1864)
1820 - Williams Carter Wickham, Brigadier General (Confederate Army)
1824 - Joseph Andrew Jackson Lightburn, Brigadier General (Union volunteers)
1827 - Michael Corcoran, Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1863
1832 - Friedrich Wilhelm Langhans, composer
1832 - Samuel Sprigg Carroll, Bvt Major General (Union Army), died in 1893
1833 - Josef Richard Rozkosny, composer
1840 - Murad V, sultan of Turkey (1876)
1842 - Abd-ul-Hamid II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1918)
1843 - David Emlyn Evans, composer
1849 - Edmund Gosse, London, translator/critic (Father & Son)
1849 - Maurice Barrymore, Indian-born patriarch of the Barrymore family (d. 1905)
1853 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Dutch physicist (liquid helium, Nobel 1913)
1859 - Cyriel Buysse, Flemish baron/writer (Sursum Corda, Ace Knave)
1862 - James E. Talmage, LDS apostle and author (d. 1933)
1863 - John Bunny, American film comedian (d. 1915)
1866 - Charles Jean Henri Nicolle France, bacteriologist (Nobel-1928)
Science Fiction Writer H. G. Wells (1866) 1866 - H. G. Wells, Bromley, Kent, , English writer (War of the Worlds, Kipps), (d. 1946)
1867 - Henry Lewis Stimson, US minister of War (1911-13)
1869 - Henryk Melcer-Szczawinski, composer
1871 - Ernst Heldring, Dutch merchant/ship owner/financier
1873 - Papa Jack Laine, American musician (d. 1966)
1874 - Gustav Theodore Holst, Cheltenham, England, composer (Planets)
1880 - Henry Louis Mencken, US essayist/critic (American Mercury)
1882 - Alf Thorbald Hurum, composer
1884 - Hugh "Shorty" Ray, supervisor of NFL officials, HOF member
1885 - Thomas Alexandrovich de Hartmann, composer
1886 - Teiichi Igarashi, Japan, climed Mt Fuji at age 99
1887 - Lodewijk de Vocht, composer
1889 - Otto Forst de Battaglia, Austrian diplomat/genealogist
1893 - Moses Pergament, composer
1894 - Tullio Carminati, Zara Dalmatia Italy, actor (Roman Holiday)
1895 - Sergei Yesenin, Russian poet (d. 1925)
1898 - Tushar Kanti Ghosh, world's oldest/longest serving newspaper Editor
1899 - Luc Haesaerts, Flemish art critic (Flandre)
1899 - Frederick Coutts, the 8th General of The Salvation Army (d. 1986)
1901 - Adele Bochner
1902 - Allen Lane, English publisher/founder (Penguin Books)
1902 - Learie [Nicholas] Constantine, Trinidad cricket player
1902 - Limari Salminen, Finland, 10K run (Olympic-gold-1936)
1904 - Hans Hartung, German/French painter
1905 - Robert Lebel, French Canadian ice hockey executive (d. 1999)
1906 - Derrick De Marney, London England, actor (Inheritance)
1906 - Henry Beachell, American plant breeder (d. 2006)
1907 - Helen Foster Snow, writer
1907 - Lloyd Gough, actor (Mike Axford-Green Hornet)
1912 - Chuck Jones, animator (Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck)
1912 - Gy�rgy S�ndor, Hungarian pianist (d. 2005)
1913 - Ulrich Ernst Simon, theologian
1914 - John Kluge, Chemnitz Germany, media CEO (Metromedia)/billionaire
1916 - Jagernath Lachmon, premier Suriname
1916 - Fran�oise Giroud, French journalist and politician (d. 2003)
1917 - Phyllis Nicolson, British mathematician (d. 1968)
1918 - Rand Brooks, LA California, actor (Cpl Boone-Rin Tin Tin)
1919 - Aya Zikken, author (Atlasvlinder, Rameh)
1919 - Mario Bunge, Argentine philosopher and physicist
1919 - Fazlur Rahman, Pakistani scholar (d. 1988)
1920 - Jay Ward, cartoonist (Rocky & his Friends, Bullwinkle)
1922 - Lode Backx, Flemish pianist
1923 - Harry JN Vane 11th Lord Barnard, English large landowner
1924 - Gail Russell, Chicago IL, actress (Uninvited, Moonrise, Unseen)
1926 - Donald A Glaser, physicist (Nobel-1960)
1926 - Noor Jehan, Pakistani singer and actress (d. 2000)
1929 - Bernard Williams, English philosopher (d. 2003)
1929 - S�ndor Kocsis, Hungarian footballer (d. 1979)
1930 - Dawn Addams, Felixstown Engl, actress (Alan Young Show, Star Maidens)
1931 - Larry Hagman, Fort Worth Tx, TV actor (I Dream of Jeannie, JR-Dallas)
1932 - Don Preston, rocker (Mothers Of Invention)
1932 - Melvin Van Peebles, US, playwright/director (Watermelon Man)
1934 - Leonard Cohen, Montreal, singer/songwriter (Death of Ladies Man)
1935 - Henry Gibson, Germantown Pa, comedian (Nashville, Laugh-In's poet)
1935 - Jimmy Armfield, Former English Footballer and Manager
1936 - Yuriy Luzhkov, Russian politician, mayor of Moscow
1936 - Dickey Lee, American singer and songwriter
1938 - Atli Heimir Sveinsson, composer
1938 - Yuji Takahashi, composer
1940 - Bill Kurtis, Pensacola Fla, newscaster (American Parade)
1940 - Hermann Knoflacher, Austrian civil engineer
1941 - Tony Moon, rocker
1941 - R. James Woolsey, Jr., Central Intelligence Agency director
1941 - Jack Brisco, American professional wrestler
1942 - Ann Elder, Cleve Oh, comedienne (Smothers Brothers Show, Laugh-In)
1943 - Dickey Lee, [Dick Lipscomb], rocker
1944 - Fannie Flagg, Birmingham Ala, actress/comediene (Candid Camera)
1944 - Hamilton Jordan, political advisor (Crisis, Last Year of Carter Pres)
1944 - Susan Maureen Fleetwood, Scotland, actress (Krays, Sacrifice)
1944 - Steve Beshear, Democratic Governor of Kentucky.
1945 - Bjarni V Tryggvason, Reykjavik Iceland, astronaut (STS 85)
1945 - Ombrettqa Colli, Italian entertainer
1945 - Richard Childress, NASCAR team owner
1945 - Shaw Clifton, the 18th General of The Salvation Army
1946 - Moritz Leuenberger, Swiss Federal Councilor
1947 - Don Felder, Gainesville Florida, American rocker (Eagles)
Horror Author Stephen KIng (1947) 1947 - Stephen King, Portland, Maine, sci-fi/horror author (Carrie, Shining, Kujo)
1947 - Marsha Norman, American playwright
1948 - Artis Gilmore, ABA all star (Kentucky Colonels)
1948 - Michael Finneran, diver (1st perfect 10 on 10m platform)
1950 - Bill Murray, Evanston Ill, Wilmette, Illinois, actor/comedian (Saturday Night Live, Ghostbusters)
1950 - Charles Clarke, British politician
1951 - Bob Franks, (Rep-R-NJ)
1951 - Bruce Arena, Bkln NY, soccer coach (Olympics-gold-96)
1951 - Henk Hofstede, Dutch singer/guitarist/keyboardist (Nits)
1951 - Aslan Maskhadov, Chechen rebel leader (d. 2005)
1952 - Anneliese Michel, German exorcism victim (d. 1976)
1953 - Betty Wright, rocker
1953 - John Mengatti, NYC, actor (Nick-White Shadow, For Love & Honor)
1954 - Philthy Animal, [Philip Taylor], rock drummer (Motorhead)
1954 - Shinzo Abe, Japanese politician
Actor/Comedian Bill Murray (1950) 1955 - Rebecca Balding, Little Rock Ark, actress (Carla-Lou Grant, Soap)
1955 - Richard J Hieb, Jamestown ND, astronaut (STS 39, 49, 65)
1955 - Mika Kaurism�ki, Finnish director
1956 - Jack Givens, American basketball player
1956 - Marta Kauffman, American television producer
1957 - Ethan Coen, Minneapolis Mn, producer (Miller's Crossing, Barton Fink)
1957 - Lynette Love, US tai kwan do champ 1987/(Olympics 1988)
1957 - Kevin Rudd, Australian politician
1958 - Rick Mahorn, NBA forward (Detroit Pistons)
1958 - Bruno Fitoussi, French poker player
1959 - Corrinne Drewery, rocker (Swing Out Sister-Swing Out)
1959 - David Coulier, Detroit, actor (Joey Gladstone-Full House)
1960 - David James Elliott, Toronto, actor (Seinfeld, Lt Harmon Rabb-Jag)
1961 - Michel R Vassallucci, French/Neth publisher (Arena)
1961 - Nancy Travis, NYC, actress (Kim-Almost Perfect, Chaplin, 8 Men Out)
1962 - Grant Fuhr, Edmonton Alberta, NHL goalie (Oilers)
1962 - Rob Morrow, New Rochelle NY, actor (Dr Fleishman-Northern Exposure)
1963 - Cecil Fielder, LA California, infielder (Detroit Tigers, NY Yankees)
1963 - Curtly Ambrose, Antiguan West Indies cricketer
1963 - Angus Macfadyen, Scottish actor
1964 - Danny Hoekman, soccer player (NEC)
1964 - Danny Villa, NFL guard (KC Chiefs)
1964 - Jorge Drexler, Uruguayan singer and composer
1965 - Richard Brown, NFL linebacker (Minnesota Vikings)
1966 - Ronna Reeves, Big Spring TX
1967 - Andrea Thies, Irvington NY, rower (Olympics-92, 96)
1967 - Romeo van Aerde, soccer player (RKC)
1967 - Faith Hill, American singer
1967 - Tyler Stewart, Canadian drummer (Barenaked Ladies)
1968 - Ricki Lake, NYC, actress (Hairspray)/talk show host (Ricki)
1968 - Trugoy, rocker (De La Soul)
1969 - Jason Christiansen, Omaha NE, pitcher (Pittsburgh Pirates)
1969 - Lia Biehl, LPGA golfer
1969 - Randal Hill, NFL wide receiver (Miami Dolphins)
1970 - Michael O'shea, CFL linebacker (Toronto Argonauts)
1970 - John Cudia, American actor
1971 - Alfonso Ribeiro, NYC, actor/pianist (Alfonso-Silver Spoons)
1971 - John Crawley, English cricketer
1971 - Luke Wilson, American actor
1972 - Alicia Rickter, Long Beach CA, playmate (Oct, 1995)
1972 - Brooke Bushnell, LA California, rhythmic gymnast (US team-96)
1972 - Jon Kitna, NFL quarterback (Seattle Seahawks)
1972 - Liam Gallagher, English singer (Oasis)
1972 - David Silveria, American drummer (KoЯn)
1973 - Virginia Ruano-Pascual, Madrid Spain, tennis star
1973 - Oswaldo Sanchez, Mexican footballer
1973 - Vanessa Grigoriadis, American journalist
1974 - Taral Hicks, American musician
1974 - Andy Todd, English footballer
1975 - Doug Davis, American baseball player
1976 - Adrian Olivo, Arlington Va, canoe (alt-Olympics-96)
1976 - Jana Kandarr, tennis star
1976 - Poul H�bertz, Danish footballer
1976 - Jonas Bjerre, Danish singer and guitarist (Mew)
1977 - Brian Tallet, American baseball player
1978 - Doug Howlett, New Zealand rugby union footballer
1979 - Richard Dunne, Irish footballer
1979 - Chris Gayle, Jamaican West Indies cricketer
1979 - Julian Gray, English footballer
1979 - Jaymee Ong, Chinese-Australian model
1980 - Raegan Tomaster, East Patgchogue NY, gymnast (alt-Olympics-96)
1980 - Robert Hoffman, American actor
1980 - Kareena Kapoor, Indian actress
1980 - Nyree Lewis, British Paralympic swimmer
1980 - Aleksa Palladino, American actress
1980 - Autumn Reeser, American actress
1980 - Tomas Scheckter, South African racing driver
1981 - Nicole Richie, American socialite
1981 - Rimi Sen, Indian actress
1981 - Meilinda Soerjoko, Indonesian-Australian actress
1982 - Eduardo Azevedo, Brazilian racing driver
1982 - Danny Kass, American snowboarder
1982 - Marat Izmailov, Russian footballer
1982 - Rowan Vine, English footballer
1983 - Joseph Mazzello, actor (Internal Affairs)
1983 - Fernando Cavenaghi, Argentinian footballer
1983 - Maggie Grace, American actress
1983 - Anna Meares, Australian cyclist
1984 - Benjamin Wildman-Tobriner, American swimmer
1985 - Maryam Hassouni, Dutch actor
1986 - Faris Rotter, English vocalist (The Horrors)
1987 - Jimmy Clausen, American football player
1987 - Courtney Paris, American basketball player
1987 - Ashley Paris, American basketball player
1988 - Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, Pakistani politician
1989 - Lyn-Z Adams Hawkins, American skateboarder
1990 - Allison Scagliotti, American actress
1990 - Christian Serratos, American actress
1991 - Jordan Hasay, American track and field athlete
1998 - Brino quadruplets, American actor/actresses
Quote for today:
Choose the way of life. Choose the way of love. Choose the way of caring...
Choose the way of goodness. It's up to you. It's your choice.
- Leo Buscaglia
| 1994 |
Which vegetable has the Latin name Apium graveolens? | Who is Angela S Penn - (540) 344-8736 - Roanoke - VA - waatp.com
Penn State College of Medicine - Angela Sprigle
Child Sexual Abuse Expert: Penn State University scandal Angela Williams, VOICE Today
Angela & Zac Hacker, David Hood "Do Right Woman, Do Right Ma
Why Achievement Isn't "Normal"
Angela Davis and Eric Stanley Captive Genders Conversation
Angela DeMichele, MD, MSCE -- Medical Oncologist at Penn Medicine
Caribbean Climate Change Seminar in Barbados - Angela Bernett-Penn
TEDxBlue - Angela Lee Duckworth, Ph.D - 10/18/09
Pan-Asian Dance Troupe: Angela and Derek's Senior 10
Penn Staters Teach For America
Writers Guild of Film and Cinema la filmbay distintivi кемлівасць
Kal Penn A Very Harold & Kumar Christmas 3D Premiere
John Chow & Kal Penn A Very Harold & Kumar Christmas
"A Very HAROLD & KUMAR 3D Christmas" PREMIERE Arrivals
On The Highway by Pennan Brae
'On The Highway' by Pennan Brae
Manhattan Beach Buzz TV - Kathy's Dog Walking - My ...
Jennifer Aniston's Personal Trainer Cameron Shayne Interview
An Atheist Family Christmas - Penn Point
Indian Gangster - Episode Zero
The Quaker Tapestries An Inspired Creation
The Quaker Tapestries An Inspired Creation For centuries faith and spirituality has inspired art and the development of tapestry. The Quaker tapestry is a twentieth century creation, and originally an idea by Anne Wynne-Wilson after studying the magnificence of the Bayeux Tapestry. She became enthralled at the concept of telling stories through tapestry and aimed to create a project that told the story of the development of the Quaker religion worldwide. As the masterpiece grew the very essence of spirituality became woven into the work. The Bayeux Connection Anne Wynne-Wilson proposed a crewel based tapestry consisting of separate panels which could then be sent to different Friends in the Quaker faith to complete, and at the same time enable people to learn about the story of the Quaker religion. Like the Bayeux Tapestry the technique saw three separate panels, each with a restricted colour scheme on hand woven wool with the material designed to stand the test of time. The tapestry contained four ancient stitches Stem, Knot, Split and Chain with the thread laying method of Bayeux Point, and natural dyes. The original intention had been to create a tapestry to tell the story of the development of the Quaker faith globally, however the faith of the stitchers became embedded in the work and in doing so captured the very essence of the elements that motivate Quaker faith. The Children of Light Light has always been significant in the teaching of Quakerism, particularly the concept of Inner Light. This is portrayed via the first tapestry inspiring Quakers to use themselves to reflect their inner light on others. A simple prism glowing colour and direction strengthens the belief that early Quakers called themselves The Children of Light. George Fox founded the Quaker movement in 1652 and his life and teaching is beautifully recorded throughout the panels. Accompanying pictures of events in his life are texts with simple Quaker teachings and beliefs. Light weaves its way through the tapestry and acts as a simple thread which joins the thoughts, work and culture of Quakerism. Panels bearing simple teaching and thought accompany designs of key Quakers such as Fox, and tell their story through tapestry. Through the panels the feeling of quiet contemplation and simplicity emerges when viewing the designs of Quaker Merchants or John Woolman in prayer. Others reflect a more turbulent time and portray anger, persecution and a questioning of belief during the history of the religion. The panel depicting the persecutions of Oxford in 1654 have been designed to impart fear and the real horror of the event when two Quaker missionaries attempted to talk to the people. The detailed facial expressions ensure the dark days of Quaker history are told to the observer and not forgotten. Art has always enabled stories to be told through expression and simplicity and this dramatic and reflective work stands as a testimony to the Quaker faith. Simple Values of a Global Religion As light shines through the panels the true Quaker values of healing, compassion and reform emerge. Elizabeth Fry and her work in transforming prison services, known Quaker doctors who pioneered new ways of healing, and those who reached out to help displaced people are represented in the stitching and tell the story in simple words and pictures of their lifes contribution. Healing through plants and the relief of suffering weave their way through the tapestry with the placing of delicate botanical pictures adding colour and light. The adventurous and enterprising nature of Quakers is portrayed both with the designs of William Penn discovering Pennsylvania and in those showing engineering inventions and the whole tapestry manages to tell many different stories within one bigger tale. Each small picture carries a message and new learning within the designs and colour schemes. Simple Quaker texts combined with pictures and expressions impart the thoughts and beliefs of their designers in a creative tableau. The unique concept behind the Quaker Tapestry has ensured a global belief has been captured by sending sections overseas to be completed, each adding a new story and a cultural flavour, whilst enabling the light of the Quaker faith to be reflected in the exquisite design. An Inspirational Legacy When the Bayeux Tapestry was designed and put on display it laid the foundation for a concept in storytelling that spanned the ages and enabled a tale to be portrayed in a unique media. In future years the Bayeux and Quaker Tapestries may inspire more creative ideas in art and design to tell a tale of momentous and transformational events in history and everyday life. Angela Dawson-Field writes extensively on art, history and medieval tapestry wall hangings . The Tapestry House Article from articlesbase.com Tags: Creation, Inspired, Quaker, Tapestries Related posts Wholesale designer inspired handbags at department store prices (0) What are Designer Inspired Wholesale Handbags (0) Welsh Gold Jewellery Inspired By The Ryder Cup (0) Watch Creation 2010 Movie Online For Free Megavideo, Streaming, Download Creation 2010 (0) Took the art inspired onto the stage of jewelry design (0)
Amazon.com: Fantasia 2000 (Walt Disney Pictures Presents) [VHS]: James Levine, Steve Martin, Leopold Stokowski, Ralph Grierson, Kathleen Battle, Itzhak Perlman, Quincy Jones, Bette Midler, James Earl Jones, Penn Jillette, Teller, Angela Lansbury, Don Hahn, Eric Goldberg, Francis Glebas, Gaëtan Brizzi, Hendel Butoy, James Algar, Paul Brizzi, Pixote Hunt: Video
Amazon.com: Fantasia 2000 (Walt Disney Pictures Presents) [VHS]: James Levine, Steve Martin, Leopold Stokowski, Ralph Grierson, Kathleen Battle, Itzhak Perlman, Quincy Jones, Bette Midler, James Earl Jones, Penn Jillette, Teller, Angela Lansbury, Don Hahn, Eric Goldberg, Francis Glebas, Gaëtan Brizzi, Hendel Butoy, James Algar, Paul Brizzi, Pixote Hunt: Video
Modern Family - The Old Wagon - Best Quotes
Every week I'll post what I think were the best quotes and you can vote on your favorite, this episode was entitled "The Old Wagon". At the end of the season we'll compile a list of past winners to find the best quote.Phil: "You can insult a lot of things about me, my hair, my voice, my balance board exercises but never insult my selling that crosses the line. Oh you dont see that line, well that is because I just sold it".Mitchell: "We are going to build a princess castle for Lilly. It is something that every father dreams about. And I fancy myself as a bit of a castle designer."Cameron: "I am petrified to do this with Mitchell, he built a couple of theater sets in college and he thinks he knows everything about building."Cameron: "If an accident does happen I hope he kills me, because I don't think I would be a very inspiring disabled person."Gloria: "In my culture mothers are very clingy to their sons, in fact the leading cause of death among Columbian women is when their son's get married. But I am not like that I just want my Manny to be happy."Claire: "Oh that is the year your dad and I went to the Rose Bowl."Luke: "Mom, you look really pretty.So what happened?"Phil: "Well Lukie, everyone changes over times. Parts of your mom aren't what they used to be."Luke: "I mean during the game."Phil: "We got our butts kicked by Penn State. Angela Lansbury was the grand marshal."Phil: "Well you can't be in sales and not remember people's names. Like the other day I meet this guy named Carl except for he had a Grateful Dead t-shirt on and what is a band like the Grateful Dead, Fish. Where do fish live? In the ocean. What else lives in the ocean? Coral. Hello, Corrraalll."Luke: "Dad you can do this." Phil: "Okay he looked like the drummer from Foreigner, a foreigner is from France, France rhymes with ants, ants ruin a picnic, what's up Nick?"Phil: "Hey honey guess what? You're going to be eating some humble pie stuffed with a bit of crow and a big side of sorry. Because I just did, in your face girl with a negative tattoo." Luke (when Claire walks away): "Wow, someone doesn't like to lose." Jay: "That was my Vietnam and I was in Vietnam."Cameron: "Pardon me, I prefer the Dijon Champaign to the plain jello." Mitchell: "I know I am not the handiest guy but I want to be able to look outside and say that there is a little bit of me in that princess castle."Phil: "Wow this place has really changed. You know what that Starbucks used to be?"Alex: "An orange grove."Phil: "No it was a Burger King. You can see it in a bot of the architecture."Phil (when their car rolls off a cliff): "I am just be realistic here but I think we are going to have to lower the asking price."
Timeline of the History of Woman In Sports (1406-2010)
Woman have played a big role throughout history when it comes to all types of sports. Below you will find a timeline that stretches back to 1406 and includes records, and achievements of woman of all ages. You can learn more about their role in sports at our important woman in sports page of resources Timeline of the History of Woman in Sports 1406: Dame Juliana Berners of Great Britain writes the first known essay on sports fishing. She described how to make a rod and flies, when to fish, and the many kinds of fishing in her essay, Treatise of Fishing with an Angle. 1552: Mary, Queen of Scots (1542-87), an avid golfer, coins the term caddy by calling her assistants cadets. It is during her reign that the famous golf course at St. Andrews is built. 1567: Mary Queen of Scots is said to be the first woman to play golf in Scotland. She scandalizes the country when she plays golf a few days after her husband Lord Darnleys murder. 1704: Feisty Sarah Kemble Knight undertakes a solo horseback journey from Boston to New York. 1722: British fighter Elizabeth Wilkinson enters the boxing ring. 1780: Three days of horse racing at the track in Hempstead Plains, Long Island, include an event for women riders. 1784: Elizabeth Thible of Lyons, France, is the first woman to soar in a hot air balloon. 1798: Frances Jeanne Labrosse makes a solo balloon flight. 1804: The first woman jockey was Alicia Meynell of England. She first competed in a four-mile race in York, England. 1805: Madeleine Sophie Armant Blanchard solos in the first of 67 gas-powered balloon flights. She made her living as a balloonist, was appointed official Aeronaut of the Empire by Napoleon, and toured Europe until she fell to her death in an aerial fireworks display in 1819. 1805: The first ice skating race for Dutch women is in held in Leeuwarden. 1805: Englishwoman Alicia Meynell, riding as Mrs. Thornton, defeats a leading male jockey, Buckle, in a race. 1811: The first womens golf tournament is held at Musselburgh, Scotland. 1819: Mms. Adolphe becomes the first woman to perform on a tightrope in the US in New York City. 1825: Madame Johnson takes off in a hot air balloon in New York, landing in a New Jersey swamp. 1834: The first modern Lacrosse games are played. Lacrosse will become a major new sports opportunity for women in the 1990s with many colleges offering scholarship dollars. The original game was played by North American Indians. 1837: Donald Walkers book, Exercise for Ladies, warns women against horseback riding, because it deforms the lower part of the body. 1851: Amelia Jenks Bloomer recommends the practical pants that would bear her name. 1856: Catherine Beecher publishes the first exercise manual for women. 1858: Julia Archibald Holmes (1838-87) climbs Pikes Peak in Colorado (14,110 feet) wearing bloomers on Aug. 5. 1863: New Yorker James Plimpton uses a rubber cushion to enable the wheels of roller skates to turn slightly when the skater shifted his or her weight. This design is considered the basis for the modern roller skate, allowing for safer, controlled skating. 1864: The Park Place Croquet Club of Brooklyn organizes with 25 members. Croquet is probably the first game played by both men and women in America. 1865: Matthew Vassar opens Vassar College with a special School of Physical Training with classes in riding, gardening, swimming, boating, skating and other physical accomplishments suitable for ladies to acquire bodily strength and grace. 1866: Vassar College fields the first two womens amateur baseball teams. 1867: The Dolly Vardens, a black womens team from Philadelphia, is a womens professional baseball team. 1867: Frances S. Case and Mary Robinson climb Mt. Hood in Oregon (11,235 feet). 1867: St. Andrews in Scotland is the first ladies golf club. 1869: Frenchwomen enter cycling races at Bordeaux, France. 1869: The first womens croquet championship is held in England and won by a Mrs. Joad. 1870: In a sculling contest held on the Monongahela River, Lottie McAlice and Maggie Lew, both 16, row 1 mile. McAlice wins the race in 18:54, winning a gold watch and a $2,000 purse. 1871: Addie Alexander climbs the 14,256 foot Longs Peak in Colorado. 1871: Miss Carrie A. Moore demonstrates a variety of roller skating movements at the Occidental Rink in San Francisco. Later in the same day, she exhibits her skill on a velocipede. 1871: the Empire City Rowing Clubs 10th annual regatta features a rowing match among young women on the Harlem River in New York on Sept. 25. Five women row 17-foot workboats around a 2 mile course. Rowing the Glen, Amelia Shean wins the singles race in 18:32. Elizabeth Custarce and Annie Harris win the pairs race. 1872: Mills College in Oakland, CA establishes womens baseball teams. 1873: 10 young women compete in a mile-long swimming contest in the Harlem River. Miss Deliliah Goboess wins the prize, a silk dress worth $175. 1874: Mary Ewing Outerbridge of Staten Island introduces tennis to the United States. She purchases tennis equipment in Bermuda (and had trouble getting it through Customs!) and uses it to set up the first US tennis court at the Staten Island Cricket and Baseball Club that spring. 1875: Wellesley College opens and requires physical education as part of the curriculum. 1884: Wimbledon The womens singles competition begins at Wimbledon. Maud Watson is the first champion. 1895: Annie Smith Peck is the first woman to climb the Matterhorn. 1897: Lena Jordan becomes the first person to perform a triple somersault on the trapeze. 1900: Women compete in the Paris Olympics in golf, tennis, and croquet. 1901: Annie Taylor is the first person to go over Niagara Falls in a barrel. 1902: Since there was no womens competition, figure skater Madge Syers of Britain enters the mens world championships and places second. In 1908, she would win the first womens Olympic gold medal. 1907: St. Louis, Mo. becomes the home of the first organized womens bowling league. 1914: The American Athletic Union (AAU) allows women to register for the national swimming championships. 1917: Lucy Diggs Slowe becomes the first African-American woman to win a national title in any sport when she wins the first womens title at the American Tennis Association (ATA) national tournament. 1922: The AAU opens track and field events to women. 1924: Figure skating is the only sport open to women at the first Winter Olympic Games. 1926: Gertrude Ederle becomes the first woman to swim the English Channel. 1928: Women finally compete in Olympic track and field events. 1931: Virne Mitchell, pitcher, becomes the first woman in professional baseball. She strikes out Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrigin an exhibition game. Baseball commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis bans women from the sport later that year. 1932: Didrikson wins hurdles, 1932 Olympics 1937: Conchita Cintron of Chile begins her bullfighting career in Mexico. 1943: The All American Girls Baseball League was formed to fill ballparks emptied by baseball players going to war. 1944: Swimmer Ann Curtis is the first woman to win the Sullivan Award. 1947: Barbara Washburn becomes the first woman to climb Mount McKinley. 1948: Alice Coachman is the first black woman to win an Olympic gold medal. She grabs her gold in the high jump. 1948: Patty Berg and others found the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA). 1950: Florence Chadwick beats Gertrude Ederles 1926 record for swimming the English Channel. 1950: 12-year-old Kathryn Johnson becomes the first girl to play Little League Baseball in Corning, N.Y. 1952: Women and men compete together in Olympic equestrian events. 1953: Maureen Connolly becomes the first woman to win a Grand Slamall four major tennis championships. 1954: 16-year-old Canadian Marilyn Bell is the first person to swim across Lake Ontario. 1955: The first LPGA Championship is held. 1956: Althea Gibson is the first black person to win a tennis Grand Slam title when she wins the French Championship (the future French Open). 1959: Patty Berg hits a hole-in-one in the U.S. Womens Open. Shes the first woman to score an ace in a United States Golf Association tournament. 1960: Wilma Rudolph is the first woman to win three Olympic gold medals in track and field at one Olympic Games. 1962: The National Womens Rowing Association is founded. 1964: Soviet gymnast Larissa Latynina completes her Olympic career with a total of 18 medalsmore than any other athlete in Olympic history. 1966: Roberta Gibb becomes the first woman to run and finish the Boston Marathon. Its unofficial since women werent officially entered until 1972. 1968: Wyomia Tyus is the first woman to win two consecutive Olympic gold medals in the 100 m dash. 1969: Diane Crump rides onto Hialeah Racetrack and becomes the first woman to ride in a United States parimutuel race. The next year she would become the first woman to ride in the Kentucky Derby. Sharon Sites Adams is the first woman to sail solo across the Pacific Ocean. 1971: Women finally get the official nod to play five-player, full-court basketball. 1972: The U.S. Congress passes Title IX to foster more equitable federal financial aid to womens sports programs. 1973: Robyn Smith is the first female jockey to win a stakes race. 1973: Billie Jean King defeats Bobby Riggs in the Battle of the Sexes tennis match. 1974: Girls are officially allowed to play Little League Baseball. The National Womens Football League is formed, the first professional tackle league for women. 1975: Junko Tabei of Japan is the first woman to climb Mt. Everest. 1976 : Krystyna Choynowski-Liskiewicz of Poland is the first woman to sail around the world solo. Shirley Muldowney becomes the first woman to win a national Top Fuel event in the National Hot Rod Association. She would win the NHRA points title in 1978, 1980, and 1982. Shes the only person to hold three titles. Britains Princess Anne competes in the Montreal Olympics. 1977: Janet Guthrie is the first woman to race in the Indianapolis 500. Lucy Harris is the first (and so far, only) woman to be drafted by a National Basketball Association team, the New Orleans Jazz. She chose not to play. 1978: Ann Meyers becomes the first woman to try out and sign a contract for an NBA team. In 1979 shes the first player drafted for the new Womens Professional Basketball League. 1982: Kathy Whitworth is inducted into the Golf Hall of Fame with 88 victoriesmore than any other player in the PGA or LPGA. 1983: Tamara McKinney becomes the first American female skier to win the Alpine World Cup overall championship. 1984: Georgeann Wells-Blackwell is the first woman to dunk in a collegiate basketball game. Joan Benoit wins the first womens Olympic marathon. 1985: Libby Riddles is the first woman to mush her way to an Iditarod win. 1986: Nancy Lieberman becomes the first woman to play in a professional mens basketball league. 1987: Jackie Joyner-Kersee is the first woman athlete on the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine. 1989: Chris Evert retires from the professional tennis tour and her 1,309 career match wins tops the mens and womens charts until Martina Navratilovas 1,438 match wins. 1990: Juli Inkster became the first woman to win the Invitational Pro-Am at Pebble Beachthe only professional golf tournament in the world in which women and men compete head-to-head. 1991: The United States soccer team wins the first Womens World Cup. 1992: Manon Rheaume becomes the only woman to start in a National Hockey League game in an exhibition game for the Tampa Bay Lightning. 1992: Lyn St. James comes in 11th in the Indianapolis 500 and takes the Rookie of the Year prize. 1992: Girls win all three division titles in the All-American Soap Box Derby. 1993: Ann Meyers is the first woman inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame. Julie Krone wins the Belmont Stakes and becomes the first woman jockey to win a Triple Crown race. 1994: Speed skater Bonnie Blair becomes the most decorated American in the history of the Winter Olympics. Martina Navratilova retires with an all-time male or female record of 1,438 match wins to her credit. 1995: Picabo Street is the first American woman to win the World Cup title for downhill skiing. 1996: The U.S. women gymnasts take their first Olympic team gold. The competition ends dramatically with Kerri Strug valiantly doing a perfect landing on an injured ankle.> 1997: The Womens National Basketball Association has its first season. 1998: At 15, Tara Lipinski becomes the youngest woman to win the Olympic gold for figure skating. 1998: Wanda Rucker is the first woman to win a mens bass fishing tournament. 1999: Chamique Holdsclaw becomes the first woman basketball player to win the Sullivan Award. Serena Williams wins the U.S. Open. The next day, she and her sister Venus take the womens doubles title. Basketball playing identical twins Kelly and Coco Miller win the Sullivan Award. 2000: 90-year-old Doris Haddock (Granny D) completes a 14-month cross country walk to advocate campaign finance reform. Julie Krone is the first woman elected to the Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame. 2001: American Ann Bancroft and Norwegian Liv Arnesen became the first women to cross Antarctica on skis. 2002: Americans Jill Bakken and Vonetta Flowers win the first womens Olympic gold medal in bobsledding. Tristan Gale wins the first womens skeleton gold. Sarah Hughes wins an upset gold in figure skating at Salt Lake City. 2003: Tennessee basketball coach Pat Summitt is the first woman to post her 800th win. Annika Sorenstam becomes the first woman to play in a PGA tournament in 58 years. University of Connecticut Lady Huskies rack up 70 straight winsthe second longest streak in college basketball history. 2004: 14-year-old Michelle Wie becomes the youngest player in a PGA Tour event. 2005: Michelle Kwan wins her ninth U.S. national figure skating title. Tennessee basketball coach Pat Summitt gets her 880th win and becomes the winningest coach in NCAA history. Ellen MacArthur broke the worlds record for sailing solo around the world. Danica Patrick chalks up the best showing by a woman in the Indianapolis 500 with a fourth place finish. 2006: Epiphanny Prince sets a new high school basketball scoring record with 113 points. Effa Manley is the first woman elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. 2007: The Wimbledon tennis tournament announces that it will pay women and men equal prize money for the first time. 2008: Professional tennis player, Justine Henin, was named the Laureus World Sports Academys Sportswoman of the Year after 50 straight weeks as number one in the world. 2009: On February 5, legendary basketball coach Pat Summit of the University of Tennessee marks her 1,000th win on the court. 2010: Brazils Marta, 23, is soccers World Player of the Year award for the fourth year in a row. 2010: NBCs Universal Sports names alpine skier Lindsey Vonn its Female Athlete of the Decade. 2010: Penn State becomes the first team to win three straight NCAA volleyball titles, extending the Nittany Lions record winning streak to 102 straight games. 2010: Stanford Universitys Kelley OHara wins the Hermann Trophy, NCAA soccers highest honor, with a school record with 26 goals scored during the 2009 season while leading the Cardinals to the NCAA championship. 2010: Melanie Troxel, a star on the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) drag racing circuit, becomes the first woman to win the opening competition of the Lucas Oil/Geoff Bodine Bobsled Challenge, topping a field of nine male drivers to capture the victory in the first of two races held in a fundraiser for the United States bobsled team. 2010: Russian tennis star Maria Sharapova, 22, signs a record-breaking eight-year 70-million-dollar contract with Nike in the largest athletic endorsement for woman in history. 2010- Serena Williams wins her second-straight and fifth Australian Open title, defeating Justine Henin, 6-4, 3-6, 6-2. With her 12th Grand Slam championship overall, she is now tied with Womens Sports Foundation founder, Billie Jean King. 2010: Martina Sablikova gives the Czech Republic its first Olympic medal in speedskating, winning the gold in the womens 3,000 meters; the silver medalist is Stephanie Beckert of Germany and Canadas Kristina Groves takes the bronze 2010: At the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Winter Games, Americans Hannah Kearney and Shannon Bahrke win the gold and bronze in the womens moguls Saturday with Canadas Jen Heil earning the silver. 2010: Slovakian Anastazia Kuzmina wins the gold medal in the womens 7.5 kilometer biathlon sprint. The silver was won by Magdalena Neuner and the bronze by Marie France Dorin. 2010 -The Amateur Softball Association of America (ASA) and USA Softball names Jennie Finch the USA Softball Female Athlete of the year for her accomplishments during the 2009 season. Her hits in the Championship Game of both the Japan Cup and Canada Cup secured the USA victories and was voted the Japan Cup MVP. 2010: Australias Torah Bright wins the gold medal in the Olympic womens halfpipe, defeating American Hannah Teter; American Kelly Clark, the 2002 champion, wins bronze. 2010: American Lindsey Vonn wins her first career gold medal in alpine skiing. Vonns victory is the first for an American woman in the event, and the 1-2 finish is the first for the U.S. in an alpine event in 26 years. 2010: Canadian Maelle Ricker takes gold in womens snowboard cross; Deborah Anthonioz of France wins the silver; Olivia Nobs of Switzerland wins the bronze. 2010: Venus Williams defeats Kim Clijsters 6-4, 3-6, 7-5 to win the Billie Jean King Cup. 2010: UConns women top a perfect season, defeating Stanford 53-47, to capture its second consecutive NCAA title, and its seventh overall. The win extends UConns streak to 78, just 10 short of UCLAs men with the longest winning streak in college basketball, posting 88 victories in a row from 1971-74. 2010: Taiwans Yani Tseng, 21, defeats Norways Suzann Pettersen by one shot, for her second major title at the Kraft Nabisco, with a four-under 68 for a total of 13-under 275. 2010: A female pitcher from Japan, Eri Yoshida, signs on to play with an all-male minor league baseball team in the United States, the Chico Outlaws based in Chico, CA. 2010: Ultra-marathoner Amy Palmiero-Winters, 34, the mother of two and an amputee wins the 2010 AAU Sullivan Award, given annually to the nations top amateur athlete. Winters has completed ultra-marathons in the 50k, 50mile, 100k, 100 mile and 24 hour distances as well as both an Ironman and Half IronMan Triathlon. 2010: World-class free skier Grete Eliassen sets a new world record for height on skis, reaching speeds of approximately 60 miles-per-hour as she hit the custom 30-foot tall hip, and soared more than 31 feet in the air to set an unofficial new world record for women. 2010: Katie Spotz, 22, becomes the youngest person to row solo across the Atlantic Ocean, rowing 2,817 miles in ocean waters to raise money for access to safe drinking water for 2,600 people. 2010: Oh Eun-sun, South Korea, becomes the first woman to climb the worlds 14 highest mountains; South Koreans have named her a national hero. 2010: Gwen Jocson, 43, aboard Honor in Peace, wins the Lady Legends for the Cure race at Pimlico Race Course, the first ever pari-mutuel race featuring eight retired female riders, staged in a partnership between Pimlico management and Susan G. Komen for the Cure, the worlds largest breast cancer organization. 2010: Sixteen-year-old Jessica Watson, 16, arrives in Australias Sydney Harbor after spending 210 days sailing her 34-foot yacht, the Pink Lady, around the world, becoming the youngest person to sail solo, nonstop and unassisted around the world. 2010: Francesca Schiavone, 29, of Italy wins first womens title at the French Open, defeating Samantha Stosur, 6-4, 7-6 (2), the first Italian woman to win the tournament. 2010: Cristie Kerr wins her second major championship by a landslide 12 strokes, two shy of the LPGA record and three shy of Tiger Woods 15-stroke win in 2000. 2010: For only the second time in history that the Honda-Broderick Cup has been shared between two winners, Maya Moore and Megan Hodge. 2010: Cammi Granto and Angela James become the first women elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame. 2010: Serena Williams wins her 13th Grand Slam singles title at Wimbledon over Vera Zvonareva, hitting a record 89 aces and won every match in straight sets in the tournament. 2010: Team USA wins its seventh-straight World Softball Championship. 2010: Team USA wins inaugural IFAF Womens World Championship for American Football 66-0 roust over Canada in Stockholm, Sweden. 2010: South Koreas Jiyai Shin wins the Evian Masters Tournament. 2010: Germany wins the U-20 Womens World Cup over the Nigerian Falconets in the championship match, 2-0. 2010: Taiwans Yani Tseng, 21, wins Womens British Open over Australias Katherine Hull by one stroke. 2010: Kim Clijsters wins her second straight US Open womens championship, 6-2, 6-1, against Vera Zvonarevam in 59 minutes, the shortest womens final since match time began being officially recorded in 1980.
On this day in History - Oct. 10
0019 - Germanicus dies (b. 15 BC). Roman general.0680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, was decapitated by forces under Caliph Yazid I. This is commemorated by Shi'a Muslims as Aashurah. (See also History Focus). 0680 - Husayn ibn Ali dies (b. 0626). Shi'a imam, Mahomet's grandson.0732 - Battle of Tours: Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks Charles Martel and his men, defeat a large army of Moors, stopping the Muslims from spreading into Western Europe. The governor of Cordoba, Abd-ar-Rahman, is killed during the battle. 0732 - Abd ar-Rahman dies. Moorish Governor of Andalusia. 0833 - al-Ma'mun dies (b. 0786). Abbasid caliph of Baghdad. 1344 - Mary Plantagenet was born (d. 1362). English princess.1359 - King Hugh IV of Cyprus dies (b. 1295). 1459 - Gianfrancesco Poggio Bracciolini dies (b. 1380). Italian humanist and classicist. 1471 - Battle of Brunkeberg in Stockholm: Sten Sture the Elder, the Regent of Sweden, with help of farmers and miners, repels an attack by Christian I, King of Denmark. 1486 - Bartolomeu Dias receives a Portuguese Royal annuity. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli dies killed in battle (b. 1484). Swiss reformer.1567 - Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain was born (d. 1597). 1575 - Battle of Dormans: Catholic forces under Duke Henry of Guise defeated the Protestants, capturing Philippe de Mornay among others. 1582 - Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain. 1631 - A Saxon army take over Prague. 1659 - Abel Tasman dies (b. 1603). Dutch explorer and navigator. He discovered Tasmania 1674 - Thomas Traherne dies. English poet. 1678 - John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll was born (d. 1743). Scottish soldier. 1684 - Antoine Watteau was born (d. 1721). French rococo painter. 1691 - Isaac de Benserade dies (b. 1613). French poet.1700 - Lambert-Sigisbert Adam was born (d. 1759). French sculptor. 1708 - David Gregory dies (b. 1659). Scottish astronomer. 1714 - Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert dies (b. 1646). French economist. 1720 - Antoine Coysevox dies (b. 1640). French sculptor. 1723 - William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper dies (b. 1665). Lord Chancellor of England. 1725 - Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil dies (b. 1643). Governor-General of New France. 1731 - Henry Cavendish was born (d. 1810). British scientist. 1733 - France declares war on Austria over the question of Polish succession. 1738 - Benjamin West was born in Springfield, Pennsylvania (d. 11 Mar 1820). Painter (Death of General Wolfe). 1747 - John Potter dies (b. 1674). Archbishop of Canterbury. 1759 - Granville Elliott dies (b. 1713). British military officer.1765 - Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset dies (b. 1688). Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. 1780 - John Abercrombie was born (d. 1844). Scottish physician and philosopher. 1780 - The Great Hurricane of 1780 kills 20,000-30,000 in Caribbean. 1783 - Henry Brook dies in Dublin (b. 1703). Novelist and dramatist. 1794 - William Whiting Boardman was born (d. 1871). American politician.1795 - Francesco Antonio Zaccaria dies (b. 1714). Italian theologian and historian.1806 - Louis Ferdinand of Prussia dies (b. 1772). German prince.1813 - Giuseppe Verdi was born (d. 1901). Italian composer (Rigoletto, La Traviata, Aida). 1817 - Gertrudis Bocanegra es fusilada en Michoacn (n. 11 Abr 1765). defensora da libertad y luchadora infatigable pela causa da Independencia do Mexico. 1819 - Heinrich Joseph Dominicus Denzinger was born (d. 1883). German theologian. 1824 - Guadalupe Victoria sworn as the first President of Mexican Republic. 1825 - Paul Kruger was born (d. 1904). President of the Transvaal Republic. 1827 - Rosario Ortiz was born in Concepcion. Chilean journalist, one of the first of Latina America. 1827 - Ugo Foscolo dies (b. 1778). Italian writer.1828 - Samuel J. Randall was born (d. 1890). Speaker of the United States House of Representatives1830 - Queen Isabella II was born (d. 1904). Queen of Spain. 1834 - Aleksis Kivi was born (d. 1872). Finnish author (Seitseman veljesta: Seven Brothers, 1870). 1837 - Robert Gould Shaw was born (d. 1863). U.S. Army officer. 1837 - Charles Fourier dies (b. 1772). French philosopher. 1839 - Francisco Giner de los Rios was born (d. 1915). Spanish educator and philosopher. Founder of "Institucin Libre de Enseanza". 1845 - In Annapolis, Maryland, the Naval School (later renamed the United States Naval Academy) opens with 50 midshipmen students and seven professors. 1856 - Vicente Lpez y Planes dies (b. 1785). Argentine politician and writer who was the author of the lyrics of the National Hymn. 1858 - Varnhagen von Ense dies in Berlin (b. 1785). Eminent German writer, poet and historian.1860 - The original cornerstone of the University of the South was laid in Sewanee, Tennessee. 1861 - Fridtjof Nansen was born (d. 1930). Norwegian explorer, Nobel laureate in 1922.1863 - Helen Dunbar was born (d. 1933). American actress.1863 - Louis Cyr was born (d. 1912). French Canadian strongman.1864 - T. Frank Appleby was born (d. 1924). United States Congressman from New Jersey.1868 - Carlos Cspedes issued the Grito de Yara from his plantation, La Demajagua, proclaiming Cuba's independence. 1870 - Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin was born (d. 1953). Russian writer. 1870 - Louise Mack was born (d. 1935). Australian writer.1872 - William H. Seward dies (b. 1801). United States Secretary of State. 1875 - Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy dies (b. 1817). Russian novelist, poet and dramatist. 1876 - Charles Joseph Sainte-Claire Deville dies (b. 1814). French geologist.1877 - Lieutenant-Colonel George Armstrong Custer is given a funeral with full military honors. 1885 - Walter Anderson was born (d. 1962). German folklorist. 1889 - Barnard College is founded. 1889 - Han van Meegeren was born (d. 1947). Dutch painter, portraitist and art forgers.1893 - Lip Pike dies (b. 1845). Baseball player. 1895 - Lin Yutang was born (d. 1976). Chinese writer. 1895 - Bhakti Raksaka Sridhara Deva Gosvami Maharaja was born (d. 1988). Indian religious Guru.1895 - Fridolf Rhudin was born (d. 1935). Swedish actor and comedian.1895 - Wolfram von Richthofen was born (d. 1945). German field marshal.1898 - Lilly Dach was born (d. 1989). French-born milliner. 1900 - Helen Hayes was born (d. 1993). American actress. Academy Award for Best Actress for her first major role: "The Sin of Madelon Claudet" in 1931, and forty years later for Best Supporting Actress in "Airport" . Her major works includes also "Happy Birthday", "Time Remembered". 1901 - Alberto Giacometti was born (d. 1966). Swiss sculptor. 1901 - Lorenzo Snow dies (b. 1814). President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1903 - Vernon Duke was born (d. 1969). American composer and songwriter.1903 - Prince Charles of Belgium was born (d. 1983). Prince Regent of Belgium.1906 - R.K. Narayan was born (d. 2001). Indian novelist. 1906 - Paul Creston was born (d. 1985). American composer. 1908 - Baseball Writers Association forms. 1908 - Antnio Tavernard was born (d. 1936), Brazilian poet and dramatist.1908 - Johnny Green was born (d. 1989). American songwriter, arranger and conductor.1908 - Merc Rodoreda was born (d. 1983). Catalan novelist.1909 - Robert F. Boyle was born. American production designer and art director. 1910 - Tau Epsilon Phi Fraternity is established at Columbia University. 1911 - Wuchang Uprising which led to the demise of Qing Dynasty, the last emperial court in China, and the founding of the Republic of China.1911 - The KCR East Rail commenced service between Kowloon and Canton. 1911 - Comercial Futebol Clube de Ribeiro Preto is founded in Ribeiro Preto, So Paulo, Brazil.1913 - U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggered the explosion of the Gamboa Dike thus ending construction on the Panama Canal. 1913 - Claude Simon was born (d. 2005). French writer, Nobel Prize laureate in 1985. 1913 - Katsura Taro dies (b. 1848). Prime Minister of Japan.1913 - Adolphus Busch dies (b. 1839). American brewer (Anheuser-Busch).1914 - Tommy Fine was born (d. 2005). Baseball player. 1914 - Ivory Joe Hunter was born (d. 1974). American R&B singer.1914 - King Carol I of Romania dies (b. 1839). 1915 - Florival de Passos [Florival Hermenegildo dos Passos] was born in Madeira Island. Portuguese poet.1915 - Owen Bradley was born (d. 7 Jan 1998). American music producer. 1916 - Mirita Casimiro (ZulmiraCasimiro de Almeida) was born in Viseu (d. Cascais 25 Mar 1970). Portuguese actress (Note: some fonts refer her birthday on 1914).1917 - Thelonious Monk was born (d. 17 Feb. 1982). American jazz pianist and composer. 1919 - Richard Strauss' opera Die Frau ohne Schatten receives its debut performance in Vienna. 1920 - The Carinthian Plebiscite determined that the larger part of Carinthia became part of Austria. 1923 - Nicholas Parsons was born. English actor. 1924 - Ludmilla Tchrina was born (d. 2004). Ballet dancer and actress.1924 - Ed Wood was born (d. 1978). American filmmaker. 1924 - James Clavell was born (d. 1994). Australian author. His books included "Shogun" and "Noble House." 1925 - Great Antonio was born (d. 2001). Croatian-Canadian strongman.1926 - Richard Jaeckel was born (d. 1997). American actor. 1927 - Dana Elcar was born (d. 2005). American actor.1927 - Gustave Whitehead dies (b. 1874). German-born inventor.1929 - David Neto dies in S. Paulo (b. 1929). Brazilian actor. 1930 - Eugenio Castellotti was born (d. 1957). Italian race car driver.1930 - Mustafa Zaidi was born (d. 1970). Pakistani poet. 1930 - Yves Chauvin was born. French chemist, Nobel laureate. 1930 - Harold Pinter was born. English playwright, Nobel laureate. 1930 - Adolf Engler dies (b. 1844). German botanist.1932 - Harry Smith was born. English football player. 1933 - United Airlines Chesterton Crash: A United Airlines Boeing 247 is destroyed by sabotage, the first such proven case in the history of commercial aviation. 1933 - Jay Sebring was born (d. 1969). American hair stylist. 1935 - George Gershwin's opera "Porgy and Bess" opened on Broadway. 1935 - A tornado destroys the 160 metre tall wooden radio tower in Langenberg. As a result of this catastrophe, few wooden towers were constructed after this date. 1935 - Abu Jihad was born (d. 1988). Founder of the Palestinian group Fatah.1935 - Andr Bureau was born. French Canadian communications executive.1936 - Gerhard Ertl was born. German surface chemist, Nobel laureate, 2007. 1938 - The Blue Water Bridge opens, connecting Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario 1938 - World War II: The Munich Agreement cedes the Sudetenland to Germany. 1938 - Moriyama Daido was born. Japanese photographer. 1939 - Joseph Pitts was born. American politician. 1939 - Eleanor Rigby dies (b. 1895). A real person whose name may have suggested the title to The Beatles song.1940 - Berton Churchill dies (b. 1876). Canadian actor. 1941 - Peter Coyote was born. American actor. 1942 - Soviet Union establishes diplomatic relations with Australia. 1942 - Radu Vasile was born. Romanian Prime Minister (17 Apr. 1998- 13 Dec. 1999). 1943 - Double Tenth Incident in Japanese controlled Singapore. 1943 - Chiang Kai-shek took the oath of office as president of China. 1943 - Frederick Barthelme was born. American author. 1944 - Holocaust: 800 Gypsy children are systematically murdered at Auschwitz death camp. 1945 - The Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang signed a principle agreement in Chongqing about the future of post-war China. Later, the pact is commonly referred to as the Double-Ten Agreement. 1946 - Charles Dance was born. English actor. 1946 - John Prine was born. American singer. 1946 - Ben Vereen was born. American actor and dancer, entertainer. 1946 - Chris Tarrant was born. English TV presenter. 1946 - Naoto Ka was born. Japanese politician. 1946 - Peter Mahovlich was born. Canadian ice hockey player.1946 - Mildred Grieveson (aka: Anne Mather, Caroline Fleming, Cardine Fleming) was born. English writer. 1947 - Prokofiev's Sixth Symphony was premiered in St. Petersburg, called Leningrad at the time. 1947 - Martin Ruane was born (d. 1998). English professional wrestler.1948 - Ed Volker was born. American musician. 1948 - Sverine was born. French singer. 1948 - Cyril Neville was born. Rock singer-musician (The Neville Brothers). 1949 - Jessica Harper was born. American actress. 1950 - Nora Roberts was born. American novelist. 1951 - Epeli Ganilau was born. Fijian statesman. 1951 - Ratu Epeli Ganilau was born. Fijian soldier and statesman. 1953 - Midge Ure was born. Scottish musician. 1953 - Gus Williams was born. American basketball player. 1953 - David Lee Roth was born. American singer. 1954 - The Communist Party of Honduras is founded. 1954 - Mohamed Mounir was born. Egyptian singer and actor. 1954 - Rekha was born. Bollywood actress. 1955 - David Lee Roth was born. American singer. 1956 - Amanda Burton was born. Northern Irish actress. 1956 - Mark Gordon was born. American film producer. 1956 - Miguel Falabella was born. Brazilian actor. 1957 - U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower apologizes to the finance minister of Ghana, Komla Agbeli Gbdemah, after he was refused service in a Dover, Delaware restaurant. 1957 - The Windscale fire in Cumbria, UK becomes the world's first major nuclear accident. 1957 - Rumiko Takahashi was born. Japanese artist.1957 - Karl Genzken dies (b. 1885). Nazi physician.1958 - Tanya Tucker was born. American singer. 1959 - Bradley Whitford was born. American actor.1959 - Kirsty MacColl was born (d. 2000). British singer. 1960 - Eric Martin was born. American singer. 1960 - Ron Flockhart was born. Canadian ice hockey player. 1961 - Martin Kemp was born. English actor and former musician (Spandau Ballet). 1961 - Jodi Benson was born. American voice actress and singer.1961 - Henrik Jrgensen was born. Danish marathon runner. 1961 - Julia Sweeney was born. American actress and comedian. 1963 - France cedes control of the Bizerte naval base to Tunisia. 1963 - Daniel Pearl was born (d. 2002). American journalist. 1963 - Rebecca Pidgeon was born. American actress, singer, and songwriter. 1963 - Jolanda de Rover was born. Dutch swimmer. 1963 - Jim_Glennie was born. English rock musician (James). 1963 - Anita Mui was born (d. 2003). Hong Kong singer.1963 - Vegard Ulvang was born. Norwegian cross-country skier. 1963 - dith Piaf dies (b. 19 Dec 1915). French singer. 1963 - Roy Cazaly dies (b. 1893). Australian rules footballer.1963 - Arturo Umberto Illia becomes President of Argentina. 1964 - The 1964 Summer Olympics open in Tokyo, Japan. 1964 - Jim Rome was born. Sports talk radio host and host of The Jim Rome Show. 1964 - Sarah Lancashire was born. English actress.1964 - Quinton Flynn was born. American voice actor. 1964 - Eddie Cantor dies (b. 1892). American singer and vaudeville performer. 1964 - Heinrich Neuhaus dies (b. 1888). Soviet pianist.1964 - Jean Paul Sartre refuses The Nobel Prize in Literature.1965 - Chris Penn was born (d. 2006). American actor.1965 - Toshi was born. Japanese singer (X Japan). 1965 - Clive Jones was born. British engineer. 1965 - Rebecca Pidgeon was born. American actress. 1965 - Steve Scalise was born. American politician. 1966 - Simon and Garfunkel release the album Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme. 1966 - Tony Adams was born. English football player. 1967 - The Outer Space Treaty, signed on January 27 by more than sixty nations, enters into force. 1967 - Jonathan Littell was born. French-American writer.1968 - Bart Brentjens was born. Dutch mountain biker. 1969 - King Crimson releases their debut album, In the Court of the Crimson King, considered by many to be the first progressive rock album. 1969 - Brett Favre was born. American football player.1969 - Wendi McLendon-Covey was born. American actress.1970 - Fiji becomes independent. 1970 - In Montreal, Quebec, a national crisis hits Canada when Quebec Vice-Premier and Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte becomes the second statesman kidnapped by members of the FLQ terrorist group. 1970 - Maja Tatic was born. Serbian singer. 1970 - Corinna May was born. German singer. 1970 - Dean Kiely was born. Irish footballer. 1970 - Sir Matthew Pinsent was born. English rower. 1970 - Bai Ling was born. Chinese American actress.1970 - Mohammed Mourhit was born. Belgian athlete. 1970 - douard Daladier dies (b. 1884). French politician.1971 - Sold, dismantled and moved to the United States, the London Bridge reopens in Lake Havasu City, Arizona. 1971 - Ian Bennett was born. English football player. 1971 - Evgeny Kissin was born. Russian pianist. 1971 - John Cawte Beaglehole dies (b. 1901). New Zealand historian. 1972 - Jun Lana was born. Filipino playwright and screenwriter. 1972 - Ricardo S Pinto was born. Portuguese football player.1972 - Alexei Zhitnik was born. Russian ice hockey player. 1973 - Vice President of the United States Spiro Agnew resigns after being charged with federal income tax evasion. 1973 - Mario Lpez was born. American actor. 1973 - Semmy Schilt was born. Dutch kickboxer. 1973 - Ludwig von Mises dies (b. 19 Sep 1881). Austrian economist. 1974 - Dale Earnhardt Jr. was born. American race car driver.1974 - Julio Ricardo Cruz was born. Argentinian football player. 1974 - Chris Pronger was born. Canadian ice hockey player. 1974 - Assi Cohen was born. Israeli comedian and actor.1975 - Liz Taylor's 6th marriage (re-marries Richard Burton). 1975 - Papua-Nova Guin joins to United Nations.1975 - Plcido Polanco was born. Dominican baseball player.1975 - Ramn Morales was born. Mexican footballer. 1976 - Bob Burnquist was born. Brazilian-born skateboarder. 1976 - Pat Burrell was born. American baseball player. 1976 - Silvana Armenulic dies (b. 1939). Yugoslavian folk singer.1977 - Angelo Muscat dies (b. 1930). Maltese actor.1977 - Jos Fioravanti dies. Argentine sculptor. 1978 - US President Jimmy Carter signs a bill into law that authorizes the minting of the Susan B. Anthony dollar. 1978 - Jodi Lyn O'Keefe was born. American actress. 1978 - Ralph Metcalfe dies (b. 1910). American athlete. 1978 - Ralph Marterie dies (b. 1914). American big band leader.1979 - The Pac-Man arcade game is released to the Japanese market by Namco. 1979 - Mya Harrison was born. American singer.1979 - Ahn Chil Hyun (Kangta) was born. Lead singer of the former South Korean group H.O.T. 1979 - Nicols Mass was born. Chilean tennis player. 1979 - Wu Chun was born. Brunei born Taiwanese actor. 1979 - Christopher Evans dies (b. 1931). British psychologist and computer scientist. 1979 - Paul Paray dies (b. 1886). French conductor.1980 - Elvis Hammond was born. Ghanaian footballer. 1980 - Sherine was born. Egyptian singer. 1980 - Tim Maurer was born. American singer (Suburban Legends). 1980 - Wu Chun was born. Brunei born Taiwanese actor.1981 - Michael Oliver was born. American actor.1981 - Mya Harrison was born. American singer. 1982 - Amon Buchanan was born. Australian rules football (not soccer) player. 1982 - Dan Stevens was born. English actor. 1982 - Hideki Mutoh was born. Japanese racing driver. 1982 - Jean Effel dies (b. 1908). French painter and journalist.1983 - Vusimuzi Sibanda was born. Zimbabwean cricketer. 1983 - Ralph Richardson dies (b. 1902). English actor. 1984 - Chiaki Kuriyama was born. Japanese actress. 1984 - Paul Posluszny was born. American football player. 1984 - Rod Benson was born. American basketball player. 1984 - Stephanie Cheng was born. Hong Kong singer. 1984 - Troy Tulowitzki was born. American baseball player. 1985 - United States Navy F-14 fighter jets intercept an Egyptian plane carrying the Achille Lauro cruise ship hijackers and force it to land at a NATO base in Sigonella, Sicily where they are arrested. 1985 - Aaron Himelstein was born. American actor. 1985 - Dominique Cornu was born. Belgian professional cyclist. 1985 - Yul Brynner dies (b. 1915). Russian-born actor. 1985 - Orson Welles dies (b. 1915). American director and actor. 1986 - An earthquake measuring 7.5 on the Richter Scale strikes San Salvador, El Salvador, killing an estimated 1,500 people. 1986 - Nathan Jawai was born. Australian basketball player. 1986 - Gleb Wataghin dies (b. 1899). Ukrainian-Italian physicist.1987 - Fiji becomes a republic. 1987 - Eric B. and Rakim release Paid in Full, their debut album. 1988 - Em Portugal, assinatura do acordo relativo reviso constitucional por Anbal Cavaco Silva, do PSD, e Vtor Constncio, do PS. 1991 - Gabriella Cilmi was born. Australian singer. 1991 - Mariana Espsito was born. Argentine actress, singer and model. 1993 - In Greece, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, led by Andreas Papandreou, won a solid majority of seats in parliamentary elections. 1994 - Americans Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell won the Nobel Prize in medicine. 1995 - University of Chicago professor Robert E. Lucas won the Nobel Prize in economics for demonstrating how people's fears and expectations can frustrate policy-makers' efforts to shape the economy. 1995 - World chess champion Gary Kasparov won a month-long championship match against Viswanathan Anand. 1995 - South African President Nelson Mandela attends Genadendal. 1997 - The NHL's Carolina Hurricanes win their first-ever regular season game by defeating the New Jersey Devils 2-1 in Greensboro, North Carolina. 1997 - An Austral Airlines DC-9-32 crashes and explodes near Nuevo Berlin, Uruguay, killing 74. 1997 - The International Campaign to Ban Landmines and its coordinator, Jody Williams, were named winners of the Nobel Peace Prize. 1998 - Clark Clifford dies (b. 1906). United States Secretary of Defense. 1999 - Portugal's governing Socialist Party was returned to power by a comfortable margin in a general election. 2000 - Sirimavo Bandaranaike dies (b. 1916). Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. 2001 - US President George W. Bush presents a list of 22 most wanted terrorists. 2001 - Eddie Futch dies (b. 1911). American boxing trainer.2001 - Vasily Mishin was born (d. 1917). Soviet rocket designer.2002 - Teresa Graves dies (b. 1948). American actress and singer. 2003 - Europe's Largest Water Bridge Opens in Germany.2003 - Eugene Istomin dies (b. 1925). American pianist. 2003 - Shirin Ebadi, Iranian lawyer and activist, wins the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize ( See Shirin Ebadi related article in this blog). 2004 - Ken Caminiti dies (b. 1963). American baseball player. 2004 - Christopher Reeve dies (b. 1952). American actor who became a quadriplegic after a May 1995 horse riding accident. 2004 - Arthur H. Robinson dies (b. 1915). American cartographer. 2004 - Maurice Shadbolt dies (b. 1932). New Zealand writer. 2005 - Channel 4's new documentary channel More4 starts broadcasting on ntl, Sky Digital and Freeview in the UK. 2005 - Negotiations between the CDU/CSU and SPD in Germany had concluded that both parties would form a grand coaltion with Angela Merkel of the CDU as chancellor after both parties lost seats in the 2005 German federal election. She was subsequently elected in the Bundestag as chancellor on November 22 of the same year. 2005 - Wayne Booth dies (b. 1921). American literary critic.2005 - Milton Obote dies (b. 1925). President of Uganda.2006 - Google Inc. announced it was snapping up YouTube Inc. for $1.65 billion in a stock deal.2006 - Michael John Rogers dies (b. 1932). English ornithologist.2006 - Ian Scott dies (b. 1934). Canadian politician.2007 - Mehmed Uzun dies (b. 1953). Contemporary Kurdish writer and novelist. 2008 Kazuyoshi Miura dies (b. 1947). Japanese businessman.Republic of China (on Taiwan) - National Day (Double Tenth Day). Fiji - Fiji Day (National Day). World Mental Health Day / Dia Mundial da Sade Mental. North Korea - Foundation of the Korean Workers Party.World Day against the death penalty / Dia Mundial contra a pena de morte. RC Saints - Saint Thomas of Villanueva ; Saint Paulinus of York (in England); Viktor of Xanten; Saint Cerbonius, Saint Francis Borgia. Japan - National Health-Sports Day. Japan - Tom Cruise Day: awarded to the actor Tom Cruise by the Japan Memorial Day Association for his "love" and "close association with" the nation of Japan. He is the first Hollywood star to receive such an honor. First observed October 6, 2006. Old Michelmas - Celtic holiday. French Republican Calendar - Tournesol (Sunflower) Day, nineteenth day in the Month of Vendmiaire. Finland - The Day of Finnish literature.
Celebrity baby names? Thoughts?
I've just been reading a list of celebrity baby names, and some of them are so "out-there", the parents must have been on something to name their children these names! I've made a list of the most outrageous. Let me know your opinions and if you actually like them! Zowie Bowie (David & Angela Bowie) Audio Science Clayton (Shannyn Sossamon & Dallas Clayton) Heavenly Hiraani Tiger Lily (Michael Hutchence & Paula Yates) Moxie Crimefighter Jillette (Penn & Emily Jillette) Pilot Inspektor Riesgraf Lee (Jason Lee & Beth Riesgraf) Speck Wildhorse Mellencamp
| i don't know |
Her best known creation was played by George Baker on TV, she died on the 2nd May 2015 aged 85 - who was she? | Author Ruth Rendell dies aged 85 - BBC News
BBC News
Author Ruth Rendell dies aged 85
2 May 2015
Media captionDavid Sillito looks back at the life of Ruth Rendell
Crime writer Ruth Rendell has died aged 85, her publisher says.
She wrote more than 60 novels in a career spanning 50 years, her best-known creation being Inspector Wexford, which was turned into a highly successful TV series.
Rendell, one of Britain's best-selling contemporary authors, also wrote under the pen-name Barbara Vine.
Born in Essex, she is credited with bringing a social and psychological dimension to crime fiction.
Publisher Penguin Random House said Rendell, who suffered a stroke in January, died in London on Saturday morning.
"We are devastated by the loss of one of our best-loved authors," the publisher said in a statement.
Penguin Random House chair, Baroness Gail Rebuck, said Rendell was admired throughout publishing for her "brilliant body of work".
"An insightful and elegant observer of society, many of her award-winning thrillers and psychological murder mysteries highlighted the causes she cared so deeply about."
Rendell's first Wexford book, From Doon with Death, was published in 1964, beginning a series of more than 20 starring Inspector Reginald Wexford, played in the TV series by George Baker.
Many of her works were translated into more than 20 languages and adapted for cinema and TV, attracting worldwide sales of 60 million.
Image copyright ITV Archive
Image caption Many enjoyed her Inspector Wexford through the TV adaptation
She was the author of more than 20 standalone novels, whose protagonists were often on the margins of society, and was awarded the Crime Writers' Association Cartier Diamond Dagger for excellence in crime writing.
Her final novel, Dark Corners, is due to be published in October.
Rendell began her writing career as a reporter on an Essex newspaper.
However, she was forced to resign after filing a story about a local sports club dinner that she hadn't attended. Her report failed to mention that the after-dinner speaker had died half-way through the speech.
Rendell, whose writing brought her considerable wealth, was made a Labour life peer in 1997 and is reputed to have given generously to charity. She was a vocal campaigner against female genital mutilation.
Labour leader Ed Miliband tweeted she would be missed greatly by the party.
Image copyright Twitter
She was born Ruth Barbara Grasemann in 1930 in South Woodford to a Swedish mother and British father.
Rendell married Don Rendell, a journalist, in 1953. They divorced 22 years later but remarried each other within two years. She is survived by their son.
| Ruth Rendell |
"Who composed the orchestral march ""Crown Imperial"", it was used for the coronation of King George VI in 1937?" | Author Ruth Rendell dies aged 85 - BBC News
BBC News
Author Ruth Rendell dies aged 85
2 May 2015
Media captionDavid Sillito looks back at the life of Ruth Rendell
Crime writer Ruth Rendell has died aged 85, her publisher says.
She wrote more than 60 novels in a career spanning 50 years, her best-known creation being Inspector Wexford, which was turned into a highly successful TV series.
Rendell, one of Britain's best-selling contemporary authors, also wrote under the pen-name Barbara Vine.
Born in Essex, she is credited with bringing a social and psychological dimension to crime fiction.
Publisher Penguin Random House said Rendell, who suffered a stroke in January, died in London on Saturday morning.
"We are devastated by the loss of one of our best-loved authors," the publisher said in a statement.
Penguin Random House chair, Baroness Gail Rebuck, said Rendell was admired throughout publishing for her "brilliant body of work".
"An insightful and elegant observer of society, many of her award-winning thrillers and psychological murder mysteries highlighted the causes she cared so deeply about."
Rendell's first Wexford book, From Doon with Death, was published in 1964, beginning a series of more than 20 starring Inspector Reginald Wexford, played in the TV series by George Baker.
Many of her works were translated into more than 20 languages and adapted for cinema and TV, attracting worldwide sales of 60 million.
Image copyright ITV Archive
Image caption Many enjoyed her Inspector Wexford through the TV adaptation
She was the author of more than 20 standalone novels, whose protagonists were often on the margins of society, and was awarded the Crime Writers' Association Cartier Diamond Dagger for excellence in crime writing.
Her final novel, Dark Corners, is due to be published in October.
Rendell began her writing career as a reporter on an Essex newspaper.
However, she was forced to resign after filing a story about a local sports club dinner that she hadn't attended. Her report failed to mention that the after-dinner speaker had died half-way through the speech.
Rendell, whose writing brought her considerable wealth, was made a Labour life peer in 1997 and is reputed to have given generously to charity. She was a vocal campaigner against female genital mutilation.
Labour leader Ed Miliband tweeted she would be missed greatly by the party.
Image copyright Twitter
She was born Ruth Barbara Grasemann in 1930 in South Woodford to a Swedish mother and British father.
Rendell married Don Rendell, a journalist, in 1953. They divorced 22 years later but remarried each other within two years. She is survived by their son.
| i don't know |
Which European country's flag is an upside - down version of the Russian flag? | Flags of Every Country
Follow us...
Flags of Every Country
Tweet
This map shows Flags of every country in the world.
Flag description produced from actual flags or the best information available at the time the entry was written. The flags of independent states are used by their dependencies unless there is an officially recognized local flag. Some disputed and other areas do not have flags.
Note: Flag description from CIA Factbook and Flag image from Wikipedia.
Last updated:
Abkhazia
Afghanistan
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), red, and green, with the national emblem in white centered on the red band and slightly overlapping the other two bands; the center of the emblem features a mosque with pulpit and flags on either side, below the mosque are numerals for the solar year 1298 (1919 in the Gregorian calendar, the year of Afghan independence from the UK); this central image is circled by a border consisting of sheaves of wheat on the left and right, in the upper-center is an Arabic inscription of the Shahada (Muslim creed) below which are rays of the rising sun over the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning "God is great"), and at bottom center is a scroll bearing the name Afghanistan; black signifies the past, red is for the blood shed for independence, and green can represent either hope for the future, agricultural prosperity, or Islam
note: Afghanistan had more changes to its national flag in the 20th century than any other country; the colors black, red, and green appeared on most of them
Akrotiri
the flag of the UK is used
Albania
red with a black two-headed eagle in the center; the design is claimed to be that of 15th-century hero George Castriota SKANDERBERG, who led a successful uprising against the Turks that resulted in a short-lived independence for some Albanian regions (1443-1478); an unsubstantiated explanation for the eagle symbol is the tradition that Albanians see themselves as descendants of the eagle; they refer to themselves as "Shkypetars," which translates as "sons of the eagle"
Algeria
two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary; the colors represent Islam (green), purity and peace (white), and liberty (red); the crescent and star are also Islamic symbols, but the crescent is more closed than those of other Muslim countries because the Algerians believe the long crescent horns bring happiness
American Samoa
blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a war club known as a "Fa'alaufa'i" (upper; left talon), and a coconut fiber fly whisk known as a "Fue" (lower; right talon); the combination of symbols broadly mimics that seen on the US Great Seal and reflects the relationship between the United States and American Samoa
Andorra
three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the latter band is slightly wider than the other two so that the ratio of band widths is 8:9:8; the coat of arms features a quartered shield with the emblems of (starting in the upper left and proceeding clockwise): Urgell, Foix, Bearn, and Catalonia; the motto reads VIRTUS UNITA FORTIOR (Strength United is Stronger); the flag combines the blue and red French colors with the red and yellow of Spain to show Franco-Spanish protection
note: similar to the flags of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem
Angola
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle); red represents liberty, black the African continent, the symbols characterize workers and peasants
Anguilla
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Anguillan coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design on a white background with a turquoise-blue field below; the white in the background represents peace; the blue base symbolizes the surrounding sea, as well as faith, youth, and hope; the three dolphins stand for endurance, unity, and strength
Antarctica
Antarctica has no official flag as it is not a nation nor is it ruled by a single government or body. The Antarctic Treaty Organization adopted a flag in 2002 and is used as an unofficial symbol of the continent. Also, several unofficial designs have been proposed.
Antigua and Barbuda
red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising sun in the black band; the sun symbolizes the dawn of a new era, black represents the African heritage of most of the population, blue is for hope, and red is for the dynamism of the people; the "V" stands for victory; the successive yellow, blue, and white coloring is also meant to evoke the country's tourist attractions of sun, sea, and sand
Argentina
Three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known as the Sun of May; There are multiple interpretations on the reasons for those colors: the blue colors represent the clear skies; the sun symbol commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810 during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence; the sun features are those of Inti, the Inca god of the sun. The flag was created by Manuel Belgrano.
Armenia
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange; the color red recalls the blood shed for liberty, blue the Armenian skies as well as hope, and orange the land and the courage of the workers who farm it
Aruba
blue, with two narrow, horizontal, yellow stripes across the lower portion and a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner; the star represents Aruba and its red soil and white beaches, its four points the four major languages (Papiamento, Dutch, Spanish, English) as well as the four points of a compass, to indicate that its inhabitants come from all over the world; the blue symbolizes Caribbean waters and skies; the stripes represent the island's two main "industries": the flow of tourists to the sun-drenched beaches and the flow of minerals from the earth
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
the flag of Australia is used
Australia
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australia's internal and external territories; on the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars
Austria
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red; the flag design is certainly one of the oldest - if not the oldest - national banners in the world; according to tradition, in 1191, following a fierce battle in the Third Crusade, Duke Leopold V of Austria's white tunic became completely blood-spattered; upon removal of his wide belt or sash, a white band was revealed; the red-white-red color combination was subsequently adopted as his banner
Azerbaijan
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in the red band; the blue band recalls Azerbaijan's Turkic heritage, red stands for modernization and progress, and green refers to Islam; the crescent moon is an Islamic symbol, while the eight-pointed star represents the eight Turkic peoples of the world
Bahamas, The
three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine, with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; the band colors represent the golden beaches of the islands surrounded by the aquamarine sea; black represents the vigor and force of a united people, while the pointing triangle indicates the enterprise and determination of the Bahamian people to develop the rich resources of land and sea
Bahrain
red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam
note: until 2002 the flag had eight white points, but this was reduced to five to avoid confusion with the Qatari flag
Bangladesh
green field with a large red disk shifted slightly to the hoist side of center; the red disk represents the rising sun and the sacrifice to achieve independence; the green field symbolizes the lush vegetation of Bangladesh
Barbados
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and blue with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the band colors represent the blue of the sea and sky and the gold of the beaches; the trident head represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms contained a complete trident)
Belarus
red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side bears Belarusian national ornamentation in red; the red band color recalls past struggles from oppression, the green band represents hope and the many forests of the country
Belgium
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the vertical design was based on the flag of France; the colors are those of the arms of the duchy of Brabant (yellow lion with red claws and tongue on a black field)
Belize
blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland of 50 mahogany leaves; the colors are those of the two main political parties: blue for the PUP and red for the UDP; various elements of the coat of arms - the figures, the tools, the mahogany tree, and the garland of leaves - recall the logging industry that led to British settlement of Belize
note: Belize's flag is the only national flag that depicts human beings; two British overseas territories, Montserrat and the British Virgin Islands, also depict humans
Benin
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red (bottom) with a vertical green band on the hoist side; green symbolizes hope and revival, yellow wealth, and red courage
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Bermuda
red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (a white shield with a red lion standing on a green grassy field holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag; it was the shipwreck of the vessel, filled with English colonists originally bound for Virginia, that led to settling of Bermuda
note: the flag is unusual in that it is only British overseas territory that uses a red ensign, all others use blue
Bhutan
divided diagonally from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side; the dragon, called the Druk (Thunder Dragon), is the emblem of the nation; its white color stands for purity and the jewels in its claws symbolize wealth; the background colors represent spiritual and secular powers within Bhutan: the orange is associated with Bhuddism, while the yellow denotes the ruling dynasty
Bolivia
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; red stands for bravery and the blood of national heroes, yellow for the nation's mineral resources, and green for the fertility of the land
note: similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; in 2009, a presidential decree made it mandatory for a so-called wiphala - a square, multi-colored flag representing the country's indigenous peoples - to be used alongside the traditional flag
Bosnia and Herzegovina
a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia
Botswana
light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center; the blue symbolizes water in the form of rain, while the black and white bands represent racial harmony
Bouvet Island
the flag of Norway is used
Brazil
green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress); the current flag was inspired by the banner of the former Empire of Brazil (1822-1889); on the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow stood for the Habsburg Family of his wife; on the modern flag the green represents the forests of the country and the yellow rhombus its mineral wealth; the blue circle and stars, which replaced the coat of arms of the original flag, depict the sky over Rio de Janeiro on the morning of 15 November 1889 - the day the Republic of Brazil was declared; the number of stars has changed with the creation of new states and has risen from an original 21 to the current 27 (one for each state and the Federal District)
British Indian Ocean Territory
white with six blue wavy horizontal stripes; the flag of the UK is in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the striped section bears a palm tree and yellow crown (the symbols of the territory) centered on the outer half of the flag; the wavy stripes represent the Indian Ocean; although not officially described, the six blue stripes may stand for the six main atolls of the archipelago
British Virgin Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful); the islands were named by COLUMBUS in 1493 in honor of Saint Ursula and her 11 virgin followers (some sources say 11,000) who reputedly were martyred by the Huns in the 4th or 5th century; the figure on the banner holding a lamp represents the saint, the other lamps symbolize her followers
Brunei
yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center; yellow is the color of royalty and symbolizes the sultanate; the white and black bands denote Brunei's chief ministers; the emblem includes five main components: a swallow-tailed flag, the royal umbrella representing the monarchy, the wings of four feathers symbolizing justice, tranquility, prosperity, and peace, the two upraised hands signifying the government's pledge to preserve and promote the welfare of the people, and the crescent moon denoting Islam, the state religion; the state motto "Always render service with God's guidance" appears in yellow Arabic script on the crescent; a ribbon below the crescent reads "Brunei, the Abode of Peace"
Bulgaria
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the pan-Slavic white-blue-red colors were modified by substituting a green band (representing freedom) for the blue
note: the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe, has been removed
Burkina Faso
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center; red recalls the country's struggle for independence, green is for hope and abundance,and yellow represents the country's mineral wealth
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Burma
design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top), green, and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes; the design revives the triband colors used by Burma from 1943-45, during the Japanese occupation
Burundi
divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and fly side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below); green symbolizes hope and optimism, white purity and peace, and red the blood shed in the struggle for independence; the three stars in the disk represent the three major ethnic groups: Hutu, Twa, Tutsi, as well as the three elements in the national motto: unity, work, progress
Cambodia
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band; red and blue are traditional Cambodian colors
note: only national flag to incorporate an actual building in its design
Cameroon
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow, with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; the vertical tricolor recalls the flag of France; red symbolizes unity, yellow the sun, happiness, and the savannahs in the north, and green hope and the forests in the south; the star is referred to as the "star of unity"
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Canada
two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol; the official colors of Canada are red and white
Cape Verde
five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half the width of the flag - is followed by three bands of white, red, and white, each equal to 1/12 of the width, and a bottom stripe of blue equal to one quarter of the flag width; a circle of 10, yellow, five-pointed stars is centered on the red stripe and positioned 3/8 of the length of the flag from the hoist side; blue stands for the sea and the sky, the circle of stars represents the 10 major islands united into a nation, the stripes symbolize the road to formation of the country through peace (white) and effort (red)
Cayman Islands
a blue field, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Caymanian coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms includes a crest with a pineapple, representing the connection with Jamaica, and a turtle, representing Cayman's seafaring tradition, above a shield bearing a golden lion, symbolizing Great Britain, below which are three green stars (representing the three islands) surmounting white and blue wavy lines representing the sea and a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS
Central African Republic
four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a vertical red band in center; a yellow five-pointed star to the hoist side of the blue band; banner combines the Pan-African and French flag colors; red symbolizes the blood spilled in the struggle for independence, blue represents the sky and freedom, white peace and dignity, green hope and faith, and yellow tolerance; the star represents aspiration towards a vibrant future
Chad
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; yellow represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice
note: similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
Chile
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red represents the blood spilled to achieve independence
note: design was influenced by the US flag
China
red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner; the color red represents revolution, while the stars symbolize the four social classes - the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party of China
Christmas Island
territorial flag; divided diagonally from upper hoist to lower fly; the upper triangle is green with a yellow image of the Golden Bosun Bird superimposed, the lower triangle is blue with the Southern Cross constellation, representing Australia, superimposed; a centered yellow disk displays a green map of the island
note: the flag of Australia is used for official purposes
Clipperton Island
the flag of France is used
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
the flag of Australia is used
Colombia
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Columbia, the short-lived South American republic that broke up in 1830; various interpretations of the colors exist and include: yellow for the gold in Colombia's land, blue for the seas on its shores, and red for the blood spilled in attaining freedom; alternatively, the colors have been described as representing more elemental concepts such as sovereignty and justice (yellow), loyalty and vigilance (blue), and valour and generosity (red); or simply the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity
note: similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center
Comoros
four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue, with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered within the triangle is a white crescent with the convex side facing the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a line between the points of the crescent; the horizontal bands and the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, N'gazidja, Nzwani, and Mahore (Mayotte - territorial collectivity of France, but claimed by Comoros)
note: the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
sky blue field divided diagonally from the lower hoist corner to upper fly corner by a red stripe bordered by two narrow yellow stripes; a yellow, five-pointed star appears in the upper hoist corner; blue represents peace and hope, red the blood of the country's martyrs, and yellow the country's wealth and prosperity; the star symbolizes unity and the brilliant future for the country
Congo, Republic of the
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; green symbolizes agriculture and forests, yellow the friendship and nobility of the people, red is unexplained but has been associated with the struggle for independence
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Cook Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in the outer half of the flag
Coral Sea Islands
the flag of Australia is used
Costa Rica
five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk toward the hoist side of the red band; Costa Rica retained the earlier blue-white-blue flag of Central America until 1848 when, in response to revolutionary activity in Europe, it was decided to incorporate the French colors into the national flag and a central red stripe was added; today the blue color is said to stand for the sky, opportunity, and perseverence, white denotes peace, happiness, and wisdom, while red represents the blood shed for freedom, as well as the generosity and vibrancy of the people
note: somewhat resembles the flag of North Korea; similar to the flag of Thailand but with the blue and red colors reversed
Cote d'Ivoire
three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; orange symbolizes the land (savannah) of the north and fertility, white stands for peace and unity, green represents the forests of the south and the hope for a bright future
note: similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France
Croatia
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue - the Pan-Slav colors - superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms; the coat of arms consists of one main shield (a checkerboard of 13 red and 12 silver (white) fields) surmounted by five smaller shields that form a crown over the main shield; the five small shields represent five historic regions, they are (from left to right): Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia
note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia
Cuba
five equal horizontal bands of blue (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; the blue bands refer to the three old divisions of the island: central, occidental, and oriental; the white bands describe the purity of the independence ideal; the triangle symbolizes liberty, equality, and fraternity, while the red color stands for the blood shed in the independence struggle; the white star, called La Estrella Solitaria (the Lone Star) lights the way to freedom and was taken from the flag of Texas
note: design similar to the Puerto Rican flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed
Curacao
on a blue field a horizontal yellow band somewhat below the center divides the flag into proportions of 5:1:2; two five-pointed white stars - the smaller above and to the left of the larger - appear in the canton; the blue of the upper and lower sections symbolizes the sky and sea respectively; yellow represents the sun; the stars symbolize Curacao and its uninhabited smaller sister island of Klein Curacao; the five star points signify the five continents from which Curacao's people derive
Cyprus
white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities
note: the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" flag retains the white field of the Cyprus national flag but displays narrow horizontal red stripes positioned a small distance from the top and bottom edges between which are centered a red crescent and a red five-pointed star; the banner is modeled after the Turkish national flag but with the colors reversed
Czech Republic
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
note: is identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia; uses the Pan-Slav colors inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia
Denmark
red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side; the banner is referred to as the Dannebrog (Danish flag) and is one of the oldest national flags in the world; traditions as to the origin of the flag design vary, but the best known is a legend that the banner fell from the sky during an early-13th century battle; caught up by the Danish king before it ever touched the earth, this heavenly talisman inspired the royal army to victory; in actuality, the flag may derive from a crusade banner or ensign
note: the shifted design element was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
Dhekelia
the flag of the UK is used
Djibouti
two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star in the center; blue stands for sea and sky and the Issa Somali people; green symbolizes earth and the Afar people; white represents peace; the red star recalls the struggle for independence and stands for unity
Dominica
green, with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white and the horizontal part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk bearing a Sisserou Parrot, unique to Dominica, encircled by 10 green, five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes); green symbolizes the island's lush vegetation; the triple-colored cross represents the Christian Trinity; the yellow color denotes sunshine, the main agricultural products (citrus and bananas), and the native Carib Indians; black is for the rich soil and the African heritage of most citizens; white signifies rivers, waterfalls, and the purity of aspirations; the red disc stands for social justice
Dominican Republic
a centered white cross that extends to the edges divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, and the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms featuring a shield supported by a laurel branch (left) and a palm branch (right) is at the center of the cross; above the shield a blue ribbon displays the motto, DIOS, PATRIA, LIBERTAD (God, Fatherland, Liberty), and below the shield, REPUBLICA DOMINICANA appears on a red ribbon; in the shield a bible is opened to a verse that reads "Y la verdad nos hara libre" (And the truth shall set you free); blue stands for liberty, white for salvation, and red for the blood of heroes
Ecuador
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Columbia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; the yellow color represents sunshine, grain, and mineral wealth, blue the sky, sea, and rivers, and red the blood of patriots spilled in the struggle for freedom and justice
note: similar to the flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms
Egypt
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)
note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band
El Salvador
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water, as well as peace and prosperity
note: similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band
Equatorial Guinea
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red, with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice); green symbolizes the jungle and natural resources, blue represents the sea that connects the mainland to the islands, white stands for peace, and red recalls the fight for independence
Eritrea
red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle; green stands for the country's agriculture economy, red signifies the blood shed in the fight for freedom, and blue symbolizes the bounty of the sea; the wreath-olive branch symbol is similar to that on the first flag of Eritrea from 1952; the shape of the red triangle broadly mimics the shape of the country
Estonia
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white; various interpretations are linked to the flag colors; blue represents faith, loyalty, and devotion, while also reminiscent of the sky, sea, and lakes of the country; black symbolizes the soil of the country and the dark past and suffering endured by the Estonian people; white refers to the striving towards enlightenment and virtue, and is the color of birch bark and snow, as well as summer nights illuminated by the midnight sun
Ethiopia
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green represents hope and the fertility of the land, yellow symbolizes justice and harmony, while red stands for sacrifice and heroism in the defense of the land; the blue of the disk symbolizes peace and the pentagram represents the unity and equality of the nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia
note: Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the three main colors of her flag (adopted ca. 1895) were so often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the Pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag was added in 1996
European Union
a blue field with 12 five-pointed gold stars arranged in a circle in the center; blue represents the sky of the Western world, the stars are the peoples of Europe in a circle, a symbol of unity; the number of stars is fixed
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising was once the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT
Faroe Islands
white with a red cross outlined in blue extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted toward the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); referred to as Merkid, meaning "the banner" or "the mark," the flag resembles those of neighboring Iceland and Norway, and uses the same three colors - but in a different sequence; white represents the clear Faroese sky as well as the foam of the waves; red and blue are traditional Faroese colors
Fiji
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the blue symbolizes the Pacific ocean and the Union Jack reflects the links with Great Britain; the shield - taken from Fiji's coat of arms - depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George; the four quarters depict stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove
Finland
white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the blue represents the thousands of lakes scattered across the country, while the white is for the snow that covers the land in winter
France
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the "Le drapeau tricolore" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution when the "ancient French color" of white was combined with the blue and red colors of the Parisian militia; the official flag for all French dependent areas
note: the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands
French Guiana
unofficial, local flag: On 29 January 2010, the General Council (departmental council) unilaterally adopted a flag of French Guiana, but it has not been recognized by the regional council. Green represents the forests, yellow represents gold and other minerals of the region, while the red star represents socialism.[1] The flag is identical with the one of pro-independence trade union UGT and also MDES.
note: the flag of France used for official occasions
French Polynesia
two red horizontal bands encase a wide white band in a 1:2:1 ratio; centered on the white band is a disk with a blue and white wave pattern depicting the sea on the lower half and a gold and white ray pattern depicting the sun on the upper half; a stylized red, blue, and white ship rides on the wave pattern; the ship has a crew of five represented by five stars that symbolize the five island groups; red and white are traditional Polynesian colors
note: similar to the red-white-red flag of Tahiti, the largest of the islands in French Polynesia, which has no emblem in the white band; the flag of France is used for official occasions
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
the flag of France is used
Gabon
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue; green represents the country's forests and natural resources, gold represents the equator (which transects Gabon) as well as the sun, blue represents the sea
Gambia, The
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green; red stands for the sun and the savannah, blue represents the Gambia River, and green symbolizes forests and agriculture; the white stripes denote unity and peace
Georgia
white rectangle with a central red cross extending to all four sides of the flag; each of the four quadrants displays a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross; although adopted as the official Georgian flag in 2004, the five-cross flag design appears to date back to the 14th century
Germany
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold; these colors have played an important role in German history and can be traced back to the medieval banner of the Holy Roman Emperor - a black eagle with red claws and beak on a gold field
Ghana
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; red symbolizes the blood shed for independence, yellow represents the country's mineral wealth, while green stands for its forests and natural wealth; the black star is said to be the lodestar of African freedom
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band
Gibraltar
two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band; the design is that of Gibraltar's coat of arms granted on 10 July 1502 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain; the castle symbolizes Gibraltar as a fortress, while the key represents Gibraltar's strategic importance - the key to the Mediterranean
Greece
nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; a blue square bearing a white cross appears in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country; there is no agreed upon meaning for the nine stripes or for the colors; the exact shade of blue has never been set by law and has varied from a light to a dark blue over time
Greenland
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white; the design represents the sun reflecting off a field of ice; the colors are the same as those of the Danish flag and symbolize Greenland's links to the Kingdom of Denmark
Grenada
a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side), with a red border around the flag; there are seven yellow, five-pointed stars with three centered in the top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars stand for the seven administrative divisions, with the central star denoting the capital, St. George; yellow represents the sun and the warmth of the people, green stands for vegetation and agriculture, and red symbolizes harmony, unity, and courage
Guadeloupe
unofficial, flag the banner of the arms of Pointe-à-Pitre, the island's main city, is seldom used to represent the whole island. The flag has a black field with a yellow sun and a green sugar cane, and a blue stripe with yellow fleurs-de-lis on the top.
note: the flag of France used for official occasions
Guam
territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach scene, a proa or outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; the proa is sailing in Agana Bay with the promontory of Punta Dos Amantes, near the capital, in the background; blue represents the sea and red the blood shed in the struggle against oppression
note: the US flag is the national flag
Guatemala
three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue, with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the national bird) representing liberty and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles signifying Guatemala's willingness to defend itself and a pair of crossed swords representing honor and framed by a laurel wreath symbolizing victory; the blue bands stand for the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea and the sea and sky; the white band denotes peace and purity
Guernsey
white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) extending to the edges of the flag and a yellow equal-armed cross of William the Conqueror superimposed on the Saint George cross; the red cross represents the old ties with England and the fact that Guernsey is a British Crown dependency; the gold cross is a replica of the one used by Duke William of Normandy at the Battle of Hastings
Guinea
three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; red represents the people's sacrifice for liberation and work; yellow stands for the sun, for the riches of the earth, and for justice; green symbolizes the country's vegetation and unity
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the reverse of those on the flags of neighboring Mali and Senegal
Guinea-Bissau
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band; yellow symbolizes the sun; green denotes hope; red represents blood shed during the struggle for independence; the black star stands for African unity
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the flag design was heavily influenced by the Ghanian flag
Guyana
green, with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a long, yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow, black border between the red and yellow, and a narrow, white border between the yellow and the green; green represents forest and foliage; yellow stands for mineral resources and a bright future; white symbolizes Guyana's rivers; red signifies zeal and the sacrifice of the people; black indicates perseverance
Haiti
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength); the colors are taken from the French Tricolor and represent the union of blacks and mulattoes
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
the flag of Australia is used
Holy See (Vatican City)
two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the arms of the Holy See, consisting of the crossed keys of Saint Peter surmounted by the three-tiered papal tiara, centered in the white band; the yellow color represents the pope's spiritual power, the white his worldly power
Honduras
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue, with five blue, five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central America - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea; the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water and the peace and prosperity of its people
note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band
Hong Kong
red with a stylized, white, five-petal Bauhinia flower in the center; each petal contains a small, red, five-pointed star in its middle; the red color is the same as that on the Chinese flag and represents the motherland; the fragrant Bauhinia - developed in Hong Kong the late 19th century - has come to symbolize the region; the five stars echo those on the flag of China
Hungary
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country
Iceland
blue with a red cross outlined in white extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors represent three of the elements that make up the island: red is for the island's volcanic fires, white recalls the snow and ice fields of the island, and blue is for the surrounding ocean
India
three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, and green, with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; saffron represents courage, sacrifice, and the spirit of renunciation; white signifies purity and truth; green stands for faith and fertility; the blue chakra symbolizes the wheel of life in movement and death in stagnation
note: similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band
Indonesia
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity
note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red
Iran
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in the shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band; green is the color of Islam and also represents growth, white symbolizes honesty and peace, red stands for bravery and martyrdom
Iraq
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning "God is great") in green Arabic script is centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); the Council of Representatives approved this flag in 2008 as a compromise temporary replacement for the Ba'athist Saddam-era flag
note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two stars but no script, Yemen, which has a plain white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band
Ireland
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; officially the flag colors have no meaning, but a common interpretation is that the green represents the Irish nationalist (Gaelic) tradition of Ireland; orange represents the Orange tradition (minority supporters of William of Orange); white symbolizes peace (or a lasting truce) between the green and the orange
note: similar to the flag of Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red
Isle of Man
red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (triskelion), in the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used; the flag is based on the coat-of-arms of the last recognized Norse King of Mann, Magnus III (r. 1252-1265); the triskelion has its roots in an early Celtic sun symbol
Israel
white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag; the basic design resembles a Jewish prayer shawl (tallit), which is white with blue stripes; the hexagram as a Jewish symbol dates back to medieval times
Italy
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; design inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in 1797; colors are those of Milan (red and white) combined with the green uniform color of the Milanese civic guard
note: similar to the flag of Mexico, which is longer, uses darker shades of red and green, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band; Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green
Jamaica
diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side); green represents hope, vegetation, and agriculture, black reflects hardships overcome and to be faced, and yellow recalls golden sunshine and the island's natural resources
Jan Mayen
the flag of Norway is used
Japan
white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the center
Jersey
white with a diagonal red cross extending to the corners of the flag; in the upper quadrant, surmounted by a yellow crown, a red shield with three lions in yellow; according to tradition, the ships of Jersey - in an attempt to differentiate themselves from English ships flying the horizontal cross of St. George - rotated the cross to the "X" (saltire) configuration; because this arrangement still resembled the Irish cross of St. Patrick, the yellow Plantagenet crown and Jersey coat of arms were added
Jordan
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), representing the Abbassid Caliphate, white, representing the Ummayyad Caliphate, and green, representing the Fatimid Caliphate; a red isosceles triangle on the hoist side, representing the Great Arab Revolt of 1916, and bearing a small white seven-pointed star symbolizing the seven verses of the opening Sura (Al-Fatiha) of the Holy Koran; the seven points on the star represent faith in One God, humanity, national spirit, humility, social justice, virtue, and aspirations; design is based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I
Kazakhstan
a gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle, both centered on a sky blue background; the hoist side displays a national ornamental pattern "koshkar-muiz" (the horns of the ram) in gold; the blue color is of religious significance to the Turkic peoples of the country, and so symbolizes cultural and ethnic unity; it also represents the endless sky as well as water; the sun, a source of life and energy, exemplifies wealth and plenitude; the sun's rays are shaped like grain, which is the basis of abundance and prosperity; the eagle has appeared on the flags of Kazakh tribes for centuries and represents freedom, power, and the flight to the future
Kenya
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large Maasai warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center; black symbolizes the majority population, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green stands for natural wealth, and white for peace; the shield and crossed spears symbolize the defense of freedom
Kiribati
the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the Pacific ocean; the white stripes represent the three island groups - the Gilbert, Line, and Phoenix Islands; the 17 rays of the sun represent the 16 Gilbert Islands and Banaba (formerly Ocean Island); the frigate bird symbolizes authority and freedom
Korea, North
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star; the broad red band symbolizes revolutionary traditions; the narrow white bands stands for purity, strength, and dignity; the blue bands signify sovereignty, peace, and friendship; the red star represents socialism
Korea, South
white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field; the Korean national flag is called Taegukki; white is a traditional Korean color and represents peace and purity; the blue section represents the negative cosmic forces of the yin, while the red symbolizes the opposite postive forces of the yang; each trigram (kwae) denotes one of the four universal elements, which together express the principle of movement and harmony
Kosovo
centered on a dark blue field is the geographical shape of Kosovo in a gold color surmounted by six white, five-pointed stars arrayed in a slight arc; each star represents one of the major ethnic groups of Kosovo: Albanians, Serbs, Turks, Gorani, Roma, and Bosniaks
Kuwait
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side; colors and design are based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I; green represents fertile fields, white stands for purity, red denotes blood on Kuwaiti swords, black signifies the defeat of the enemy
Kyrgyzstan
red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40 Kyrgyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized representation of a "tunduk" - the crown of a traditional Kyrgyz yurt; red symbolizes bravery and valor, the sun evinces peace and wealth
Laos
three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a large white disk centered in the blue band; the red bands recall the blood shed for liberation; the blue band represents the Mekong River and prosperity; the white disk symbolizes the full moon against the Mekong River, but also signifies the unity of the people under the Pathet Lao, as well as the country's bright future
Latvia
three horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (half-width), and maroon; the flag is one of the older banners in the world; a medieval chronicle mentions a red standard with a white stripe being used by Latvian tribes in about 1280
Lebanon
three horizontal bands consisting of red (top), white (middle, double width), and red (bottom) with a green cedar tree centered in the white band; the red bands symbolize blood shed for liberation, the white band denotes peace, the snow of the mountains, and purity; the green cedar tree is the symbol of Lebanon and represents eternity, steadiness, happiness, and prosperity
Lesotho
three horizontal stripes of blue (top), white, and green in the proportions of 3:4:3; the colors represent rain, peace, and prosperity respectively; centered in the white stripe is a black Basotho hat representing the indigenous people; the flag was unfurled in October 2006 to celebrate 40 years of independence
Liberia
11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a white five-pointed star appears on a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner; the stripes symbolize the signatories of the Liberian Declaration of Independence; the blue square represents the African mainland, and the star represents the freedom granted to the ex-slaves; according to the constitution, the blue color signifies liberty, justice, and fidelity, the white color purity, cleanliness, and guilelessness, and the red color steadfastness, valor, and fervor
note: the design is based on the US flag
Libya
plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion)
Liechtenstein
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band; the colors may derive from the blue and red livery design used in the principality's household in the 18th century; the prince's crown was introduced in 1937 to distinguish the flag from that of Haiti
Lithuania
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red; yellow symbolizes golden fields, as well as the sun, light, and goodness; green represents the forests of the countryside, in addition to nature, freedom, and hope; red stands for courage and the blood spilled in defense of the homeland
Luxembourg
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; the coloring is derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms (a red lion on a white and blue striped field)
Macau
green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large in the center of the arc and two smaller on either side; the lotus is the floral emblem of Macau, the three petals represent the peninsula and two islands that make up Macau; the five stars echo those on the flag of China
Macedonia
a yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field; the red and yellow colors have long been associated with Macedonia
Madagascar
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band of the same width on hoist side; by tradition, red stands for sovereignty, green for hope, white for purity
Malawi
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), black, and green; a white sun disc is centered on the black band, its surrounding 45 white rays extend partially into the red and green bands; black represents the native peoples, red the blood shed in their struggle for freedom, and green the color of nature; the sun represents Malawi's economic progress since attaining independence
Malaysia
14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow 14-pointed star; the flag is often referred to as Jalur Gemilang (Stripes of Glory); the 14 stripes stand for the equal status in the federation of the 13 member states and the federal government; the 14 points on the star represent the unity between these entities; the crescent is a traditional symbol of Islam; blue symbolizes the unity of the Malay people and yellow is the royal color of Malay rulers
note: the design is based on the flag of the US
Maldives
red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white crescent moon; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag; red recalls those who have sacrificed their lives in defense of their country, the green rectangle represents peace and prosperity, and the white crescent signifies Islam
Mali
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Senegal (which has an additional green central star) and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea
Malta
two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red; according to legend, the colors are taken from the red and white checkered banner of Count Roger of Sicily who removed a bi-colored corner and granted it to Malta in 1091; an uncontested explanation is that the colors are those of the Knights of Saint John who ruled Malta from 1530 to 1798; in 1942, King George VI of the United Kingdom awarded the George Cross to the islanders for their exceptional bravery and gallantry in World War II; since independence in 1964, the George Cross bordered in red has appeared directly on the white field
Marshall Islands
blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange (top) and white; a white star with four large rays and 20 small rays appears on the hoist side above the two stripes; blue represents the Pacific Ocean, the orange stripe signifies the Ralik Chain or sunset and courage, while the white stripe signifies the Ratak Chain or sunrise and peace; the star symbolizes the cross of Christianity, each of the 24 rays designates one of the electoral districts in the country and the four larger rays highlight the principal cultural centers of Majuro, Jaluit, Wotje, and Ebeye; the rising diagonal band can also be interpreted as representing the equator, with the star showing the archipelago's position just to the north
Martinique
the flag of France is used
Mauritania
green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the gold color stands for the sands of the Sahara
Mauritius
four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green; red represents the blood shed for independence, blue the Indian Ocean surrounding the island, yellow has been interpreted as the new light of independence, golden sunshine, or the bright future, and green can symbolize either agriculture or the lush vegetation of the island
Mayotte
unofficial, local flag with the coat of arms of Mayotte centered on a white field, above which the name of the island appears in red capital letters; the main elements of the coat of arms are a blue upper half with white upturned crescent moon and a red lower half with two yellow ylang-ylang flowers, supported on either side by a white seahorse, and set above a scroll with the motto RA HACHIRI (We are Vigilant)
note: the flag of France used for official occasions
Mexico
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band; green signifies hope, joy, and love; white represents peace and honesty; red stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor; the coat of arms is derived from a legend that the wandering Aztec people were to settle at a location where they would see an eagle on a catus eating a snake; the city they founded, Tenochtitlan, is now Mexico City
note: similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of red and green, and does not have anything in its white band
Micronesia, Federated States of
light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are arranged in a diamond pattern; blue symbolizes the Pacific Ocean, the stars represent the four island groups of Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap
Moldova
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow; based on the color scheme of the flag of Romania - with whom Moldova shares a history and culture - but Moldova's blue band is lighter; the reverse of the flag does not display any coat of arms
note: one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Paraguay and Saudi Arabia
Monaco
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors are those of the ruling House of Grimaldi and have been in use since 1339, making the flag one of the world's oldest national banners
note: similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red
Mongolia
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity
Montenegro
a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is symbol of episcopal authority and harks back to the three and a half centuries that Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy
Montserrat
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the arms feature a woman in green dress, Erin, the female personification of Ireland, standing beside a yellow harp and embracing a large dark cross with her right arm; Erin and the harp are symbols of Ireland reflecting the territory's Irish ancestry; blue represents awareness, trustworthiness, determination, and righteousness
Morocco
red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Sulayman's (Solomon's) seal in the center of the flag; red and green are traditional colors in Arab flags, although the use of red is more commonly associated with the Arab states of the Persian gulf; the pentacle represents the five pillars of Islam and signifies the association between God and the nation; design dates to 1912
Mozambique
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book; green represents the riches of the land, white peace, black the African continent, yellow the country's minerals, and red the struggle for independence; the rifle symbolizes defense and vigilance, the hoe refers to the country's agriculture, the open book stresses the importance of education, and the star represents Marxism and internationalism
Namibia
a wide red stripe edged by narrow white stripes divides the flag diagonally from lower hoist corner to upper fly corner; the upper hoist-side triangle is blue and charged with a yellow, 12-rayed sunburst; the lower fly-side triangle is green; red signifies the heroism of the people and their determination to build a future of equal opportunity for all; white stands for peace, unity, tranquility, and harmony; blue represents the Namibian sky and the Atlantic Ocean, the country's precious water resources and rain; the yellow sun denotes power and existence; green symbolizes vegetation and agricultural resources
Nauru
blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; blue stands for the Pacific Ocean, the star indicates the country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru
Navassa Island
the flag of the US is used
Nepal
red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle displays a white 12-pointed sun; the color red represents the rhododendron (Nepal's national flower) and is a sign of victory and bravery, the blue border signifies peace and harmony; the two right triangles are a combination of two single pennons (pennants) that originally symbolized the Himalaya Mountains while their charges represented the families of the king (upper) and the prime minister, but today they are understood to denote Hinduism and Buddhism, the country's two main religions; the moon represents the serenity of the Nepalese people and the shade and cool weather in the Himalayas, while the sun depicts the heat and higher temperatures of the lower parts of Nepal; the moon and the sun are also said to express the hope that the nation will endure as long as these heavenly bodies
note: Nepal is the only country in the world whose flag is not rectangular or square
Netherlands
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer; the colors were those of WILLIAM I, Prince of Orange, who led the Dutch Revolt against Spanish sovereignty in the latter half of the 16th century; originally the upper band was orange, but because it tended to fade to red over time, the red shade was eventually made the permanent color; the banner is perhaps the oldest tricolor in continuous use
Netherlands Antilles
white, with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed on a vertical red band, also centered; five white, five-pointed stars are arranged in an oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the colors reflect those of the Netherlands; the five stars represent the five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten
New Caledonia
the flag of France is used
New Zealand
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation
Nicaragua
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water
note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band
Niger
three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk centered in the white band; the orange band denotes the drier northern regions of the Sahara; white stands for purity and innocence; green symbolizes hope and the fertile and productive southern and western areas, as well as the Niger River; the orange disc represents the sun and the sacrifices made by the people
note: similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band
Nigeria
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green; the color green represents the forests and abundant natural wealth of the country, white stands for peace and unity
Niue
yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large star on a blue disk in the center and a smaller star on each arm of the bold red cross; the larger star stands for Niue, the smaller stars recall the Southern Cross constellation on the New Zealand flag and symbolize links with that country; yellow represents the bright sunshine of Niue and the warmth and friendship between Niue and New Zealand
Norfolk Island
three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band; green stands for the rich vegetation on the island, and the pine tree - endemic to the island - is a symbol of Norfolk Island
note: somewhat reminiscent of the flag of Canada with its use of only two colors and depiction of a prominent local floral symbol in the central white band
Northern Mariana Islands
blue, with a white, five-pointed star superimposed on a gray latte stone (the traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center, surrounded by a wreath; blue symbolizes the Pacific Ocean, the star represents the Commonwealth; the latte stone and the floral head wreath display elements of the native Chamorro culture
Norway
red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors recall Norway's past political unions with Denmark (red and white) and Sweden (blue)
Oman
three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band; white represents peace and prosperity, red recalls battles against foreign invaders, and green symbolizes the Jebel Akhdar (Green Mountains) and fertility
Pakistan
green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam
Palau
light blue with a large yellow disk shifted slightly to the hoist side; the blue color represents the ocean, the disk represents the moon; Palauans consider the full moon to be the optimum time for human activity; it is also considered a symbol of peace, love, and tranquility
Palestinian territories
the flag is constituted of three equal horizontal bands (black, white, and green from top to bottom) overlaid by a red chevron issuing from the hoist. The flag is almost identical to that of the Baath Party, and very similar to the flags of Jordan, and Western Sahara, all of which draw their inspiration from the Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule (1916–1918).
Panama
divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and plain red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star in the center; the blue and red colors are those of the main political parties (Conservatives and Liberals respectively) and the white denotes peace between them; the blue star stands for the civic virtues of purity and honesty, the red star signifies authority and law
Papua New Guinea
divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered; red, black, and yellow are traditional colors of Papua New Guinea; the bird of paradise - endemic to the island of New Guinea - is an emblem of regional tribal culture and represents the emergence of Papua New Guinea as a nation; the Southern Cross, visible in the night sky, symbolizes Papua New Guinea's connection with Australia and several other countries in the South Pacific
Paraguay
three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears a circular seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words PAZ Y JUSTICIA (Peace and Justice)); red symbolizes bravery and patriotism, white represents integrity and peace, and blue denotes liberty and generosity
note: the three color bands resemble those on the flag of the Netherlands; one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Saudi Arabia
Peru
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace
Philippines
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red; a white equilateral triangle is based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary rays; each corner of the triangle contains a small, yellow, five-pointed star; blue stands for peace and justice, red symbolizes courage, the white equal-sided triangle represents equality; the rays recall the first eight provinces that sought independence from Spain, while the stars represent the three major geographical divisions of the country: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao; the design of the flag dates to 1897
note: in wartime the flag is flown upside down with the red band at the top
Pitcairn Islands
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the green, yellow, and blue of the shield represents the island rising from the ocean; the green field features a yellow anchor surmounted by a bible (both the anchor and the bible were items found on the HMS Bounty); sitting on the crest is a Pitcairn Island wheelbarrow from which springs a slip of miro (a local plant)
Poland
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; colors derive from the Polish emblem - a white eagle on a red field
note: similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white
Portugal
two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the national coat of arms (armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) centered on the dividing line; explanations for the color meanings are ambiguous, but a popular interpretation has green symbolizing hope and red the blood of those defending the nation
Puerto Rico
five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; the white star symbolizes Puerto Rico; the three sides of the triangle signify the executive, legislative and judicial parts of the government; blue stands for the sky and the coastal waters; red symbolizes the blood shed by warriors, while white represents liberty, victory, and peace
note: design initially influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed
Qatar
maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side; maroon represents the blood shed in Qatari wars, white stands for peace; the nine-pointed serrated edge signifies Qatar as the ninth member of the "reconciled emirates" in the wake of the Qatari-British treaty of 1916
note: the other eight emirates are the seven that compose the UAE and Bahrain; according to some sources, the dominant color was formerly red, but this darkened to maroon upon exposure to the sun and the new shade was eventually adopted
Réunion
does not have a separate official flag.
note: the flag of France used for official occasions
Romania
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1861 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed
note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova
Russia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
note: the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; this flag inspired other Slav countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors
Rwanda
three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band; blue represents happiness and peace, yellow economic development and mineral wealth, green hope of prosperity and natural resources; the sun symbolizes unity, as well as enlightenment and transparency from ignorance
Saint Barthelemy
the flag of France is used
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the upper third of the shield depicts a white plover (wire bird) on a yellow field; the remainder of the shield depicts a rocky coastline on the left, offshore is a three-masted sailing ship with sails furled but flying an English flag
Saint Kitts and Nevis
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing two white, five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red; green signifies the island's fertility, red symbolizes the struggles of the people from slavery, yellow denotes year-round sunshine, and black represents the African heritage of the people; the white stars stand for the islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis, but can also express hope and liberty, or independence and optimism
Saint Lucia
blue, with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border; the blue color represents the sky and sea, gold stands for sunshine and prosperity, and white and black the racial composition of the island (with the latter being dominant); the two major triangles invoke the twin Pitons (Gros Piton and Petit Piton), cone-shaped volcanic plugs that are a symbol of the island
Saint Martin
the flag of France is used
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
a yellow three-masted sailing ship facing the hoist side rides on a blue background with scattered, white, wavy lines under the ship; a continuous black-over-white wavy line divides the ship from the white wavy lines; on the hoist side, a vertical band is divided into three parts: the top part (called ikkurina) is red with a green diagonal cross extending to the corners overlaid by a white cross dividing the rectangle into four sections; the middle part has a white background with an ermine pattern; the third part has a red background with two stylized yellow lions outlined in black, one above the other; these three heraldic arms represent settlement by colonists from the Basque Country (top), Brittany, and Normandy; the blue on the main portion of the flag symbolizes the Atlantic Ocean and the stylized ship represents the Grande Hermine in which Jacques Cartier "discovered" the islands in 1536
note: the flag of France used for official occasions
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern, which stands for Vincent; the diamonds recall the islands as the "Gems of the Antilles"; blue conveys the colors of a tropical sky and crystal waters, yellow signifies the golden Grenadine sands, and green represents lush vegetation
Samoa
red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation; red stands for courage, blue represents freedom, and white signifies purity
San Marino
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the main colors derive from the shield of the coat of arms, which features three white towers on three peaks on a blue field; the towers represent three castles built on San Marino's highest feature Mount Titano: Guaita, Cesta, and Montale; the coat of arms is flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty); the white and blue colors are also said to stand for peace and liberty respectively
Sao Tome and Principe
three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; green stands for the country's rich vegetation, red recalls the struggle for independence, and yellow represents cocoa, one of the country's main agricultural products; the two stars symbolize the two main islands
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Saudi Arabia
green, a traditional color in Islamic flags, with the Shahada or Muslim creed in large white Arabic script (translated as "There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God") above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); design dates to the early twentieth century and is closely associated with the Al Saud family which established the kingdom in 1932; the flag is manufactured with differing obverse and reverse sides so that the Shahada reads - and the sword points - correctly from right to left on both sides
note: one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Paraguay
Senegal
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; green represents Islam, progress, and hope; yellow signifies natural wealth and progress; red symbolizes sacrifice and determination; the star denotes unity and hope
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Mali and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea
Serbia
three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; a white Cyrillic letters "S" (written like Latin "C") in each quarter stands for the phrase "Only Unity Saves the Serbs"; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms
note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia
Seychelles
five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red, white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side; the oblique bands are meant to symbolize a dynamic new country moving into the future; blue represents sky and sea, yellow the sun giving light and life, red the peoples' determination to work for the future in unity and love, white social justice and harmony, green the land and natural environment
Sierra Leone
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and blue; green symbolizes agriculture, mountains, and natural resources, white represents unity and justice, and blue the sea and the natural harbor in Freetown
Singapore
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle; red denotes brotherhood and equality; white signifies purity and virtue; the waxing crescent moon symbolizes a young nation on the ascendancy; the five stars represent the nation's ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice, and equality
Sint Maarten
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays the Sint Maarten coat of arms; the arms consist of an orange-bordered blue shield prominently displaying the white court house in Philipsburg, as well as a bouquet of yellow sage (the national flower) in the upper left, and the silhouette of a Dutch-French friendship monument in the upper right; the shield is surmounted by a yellow rising sun in front of which is a Brown Pelican in flight; a yellow scroll below the shield bears the motto: SEMPER PROGREDIENS (Always Progressing); the three main colors are identical to those on the Dutch flag
note: the flag somewhat resembles that of the Philippines, but with the main red and blue bands reversed; the banner more closely evokes the wartime Philippine flag
Slovakia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red derive from the Pan-Slav colors; the Slovakian coat of arms (consisting of a red shield bordered in white and bearing a white Cross of Lorraine surmounting three blue hills) is centered over the bands but offset slightly to the hoist side
note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia
Slovenia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands
Solomon Islands
divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green; blue represents the ocean; green the land; and yellow sunshine; the five stars stand for the five main island groups of the Solomon Islands
Somalia
light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; the blue field was originally influenced by the flag of the UN, but today is said to denote the sky and the neighboring Indian Ocean; the five points of the star represent the five regions in the horn of Africa that are inhabited by Somali people: the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland (which together make up Somalia), Djibouti, Ogaden (Ethiopia), and the Northern Frontier District (Kenya)
South Africa
two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by a central green band that splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes; the flag colors do not have any official symbolism, but the Y stands for the "convergence of diverse elements within South African society, taking the road ahead in unity"; black, yellow, and green are found on the flag of the African National Congress, while red, white, and blue are the colors in the flags of the Netherlands and the UK, whose settlers ruled South Africa during the colonial era
note: the South African flag is the only national flag to display six colors as part of its primary design
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a shield with a golden lion rampant, holding a torch; the shield is supported by a fur seal on the left and a Macaroni penguin on the right; a reindeer appears above the crest, and below the shield on a scroll is the motto LEO TERRAM PROPRIAM PROTEGAT (Let the Lion Protect its Own Land)); the lion with the torch represents the UK and discovery; the background of the shield, blue and white estoiles, are found in the coat of arms of James Cook, discoverer of the islands; all the outer supporting animals represented are native to the islands
South Ossetia
Spain
three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms is quartered to display the emblems of the traditional kingdoms of Spain (clockwise from upper left, Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon) while Granada is represented by the stylized pomegranate at the bottom of the shield; the arms are framed by two columns representing the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; the red scroll across the two columns bears the imperial motto of "Plus Ultra" (further beyond) referring to Spanish lands beyond Europe; the triband arrangement with the center stripe twice the width of the outer dates to the 18th century
note: the red and yellow colors are related to those of the oldest Spanish kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre
Sri Lanka
yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other larger panel depicts a yellow lion holding a sword on a dark red rectangular field that also displays a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between the two panels; the lion represents Sinhalese ethnicity, the strength of the nation, and bravery; the sword demonstrates the sovereignty of the nation; the four bo leaves - symbolizing Buddhism and its influence on the country - stand for the four virtues of kindness, friendliness, happiness, and equanimity; orange signifies Sri Lankan Tamils, green the Sri Lankan Moors; dark red represents the European Burghers, but also refers to the rich colonial background of the country; yellow denotes other ethnic groups; also referred to as the Lion Flag
Sudan
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; colors and design based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I, but the meanings of the colors are expressed as follows: red signifies the struggle for freedom, white is the color of peace, light, and love, black represents Sudan itself (in Arabic 'Sudan' means black), green is the color of Islam, agriculture, and prosperity
Suriname
five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); a large, yellow, five-pointed star is centered in the red band; red stands for progress and love; green symbolizes hope and fertility; white signifies peace, justice, and freedom; the star represents the unity of all ethnic groups; from its yellow light the nation draws strength to bear sacrifices patiently while working toward a golden future
Svalbard
the flag of Norway is used
Swaziland
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all placed horizontally; blue stands for peace and stability, red represents past struggles, and yellow the mineral resources of the country; the shield, spears, and staff symbolize protection from the country's enemies, while the black and white of the shield are meant to portray black and white people living in peaceful coexistence
Sweden
blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors reflect those of the Swedish coat of arms - three gold crowns on a blue field
Switzerland
red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag; various medieval legends purport to describe the origin of the flag; a white cross used as identification for troops of the Swiss Confederation is first attested at the Battle of Laupen (1339)
Syria
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; two small, green, five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); identical to the former flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1961) where the two stars represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; the current design dates to 1980
note: similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band
Taiwan
red field with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays; the blue and white design of the canton (symbolizing the sun of progress) dates to 1895; it was later adopted as the flag of the Kuomintang Party; blue signifies liberty, justice, and democracy; red stands for fraternity, sacrifice, and nationaliam, white represents equality, frankness, and the people's livelihood; the 12 rays of the sun are those of the months and the twelve traditional Chinese hours (each ray equals two hours)
note: somewhat resembles the flag of Burma
Tajikistan
three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe; red represents the sun, victory, and the unity of the nation, white stands for purity, cotton, and mountain snows, while green is the color of Islam and the bounty of nature; the crown symbolizes the Tajik people; the seven stars signify the Tajik magic word "seven" - a symbol of perfection and the embodiment of happiness
Tanzania
divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue; the banner combines colors found on the flags of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; green represents the natural vegetation of the country, gold its rich mineral deposits, black the native Swahili people, and blue the country's many lakes and rivers, as well as the Indian Ocean
Thailand
five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red; the red color symbolizes the nation and the blood of life; white represents religion and the purity of Buddhism; blue stands for the monarchy
note: similar to the flag of Costa Rica but with the blue and red colors reversed
Timor-Leste
red, with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that extends to the center of the flag; a white star - pointing to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag - is in the center of the black triangle; yellow denotes the colonialism in Timor-Leste's past; black represents the obscurantism that needs to be overcome; red stands for the national liberation struggle; the white star symbolizes peace and serves as a guiding light
Togo
five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; a white five-pointed star on a red square is in the upper hoist-side corner; the five horizontal stripes stand for the five different regions of the country; the red square is meant to express the loyalty and patriotism of the people; green symbolizes hope, fertility, and agriculture; yellow represents mineral wealth and faith that hard work and strength will bring prosperity; the star symbolizes life, purity, peace, dignity, and Togo's independence
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Tokelau
a yellow stylized Tokelauan canoe on a dark blue field sails toward the manu - the Southern Cross constellation of four, white, five-pointed stars at the hoist side; the Southern Cross represents the role of Christianity in Tokelauan culture and symbolizes the country's navigating into the future, the color yellow indicates happiness and peace, and the blue field represents the ocean on which the community relies
Tonga
red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross reflects the deep-rooted Christianity in Tonga; red represents the blood of Christ and his sacrifice; white signifies purity
Trinidad and Tobago
red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side to the lower fly side; the colors represent the elements of earth, water, and fire; black stands for the wealth of the land and the dedication of the people; white symbolizes the sea surrounding the islands, the purity of the country's aspirations, and equality; red symbolizes the warmth and energy of the sun, the vitality of the land, and the courage and friendliness of its people
Tunisia
red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; resembles the Ottoman flag (red banner with white crescent and star) and recalls Tunisia's history as part of the Ottoman Empire; red represents the blood shed by martyrs in the struggle against oppression, white stands for peace; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam
note: the flag is based on that of Turkey, itself a succesor state to the Ottoman Empire
Turkey
red with a vertical white crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening; the flag colors and designs closely resemble those on the banner of Ottoman Empire, which preceded modern-day Turkey; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for the Turks, as well as being traditional symbols of Islam; according to legend, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Turkmenistan
green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe; the green color and crescent moon represent Islam; the five stars symbolize the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan; the guls reflect the national identity of Turkmenistan where carpet-making has long been a part of traditional nomadic life
note: the flag of Turkmenistan is the most intricate of all national flags
Turks and Caicos Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow and displays a conch shell, a spiny lobster, and Turks Head cactus - three common elements of the islands' biota
Tuvalu
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow, five-pointed stars on a blue field symbolizing the nine atolls in the ocean
Uganda
six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the hoist side; black symbolizes the African people, yellow sunshine and vitality, red African brotherhood; the crane was the military badge of Ugandan soldiers under the UK
Ukraine
two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent grain fields under a blue sky
United Arab Emirates
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a wider vertical red band on the hoist side; the flag incorporates all four Pan-Arab colors, which in this case represent fertility (green), neutrality (white), petroleum resources (black), and unity (red); red was the traditional color incorporated into all flags of the emirates before their unification
United Kingdom
blue field with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly called the Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or provinces, and British overseas territories
United States
13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; the blue stands for loyalty, devotion, truth, justice, and friendship; red symbolizes courage, zeal, and fervency, while white denotes purity and rectitude of conduct; commonly referred to by its nickname of Old Glory
note: the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
the flag of the US is used
Uruguay
nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May with 16 rays that alternate between triangular and wavy; the stripes represent the nine original departments of Uruguay; the sun symbol evokes the legend of the sun breaking through the clouds on 25 May 1810 as independence was first declared from Spain (Uruguay subsequently won its independence from Brazil)
note: the banner was inspired by the national colors of Argentina and by the design of the US flag
Uzbekistan
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon (closed side to the hoist) and 12 white stars shifted to the hoist on the top band; blue is the color of the Turkic peoples and of the sky, white signifies peace and the striving for purity in thoughts and deeds, while green represents nature and is the color of Islam; the red stripes are the vital force of all living organisms that links good and pure ideas with the eternal sky and with deeds on earth; the crescent represents Islam and the 12 stars the months and constellations of the Uzbek calendar
Vanuatu
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele fern fronds, all in yellow; red represents the blood of boars and men, green the richness of the islands, and black the ni-Vanuatu people; the yellow Y-shape - which reflects the pattern of the islands in the Pacific Ocean - symbolizes the light of the Gospel spreading through the islands; the boar's tusk is a symbol of prosperity frequently worn as a pendant on the islands; the fern fronds represent peace
Venezuela
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band; the flag retains the three equal horizontal bands and three main colors of the banner of Gran Columbia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; yellow is interpreted as standing for the riches of the land, blue for the courage of its people, and red for the blood shed in attaining independence; the seven stars on the original flag represented the seven provinces in Venezuela that united in the war of independence; in 2006, President Hugo CHAVEZ ordered an eighth star added to the star arc - a decision that sparked much controversy
Vietnam
red field with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center; red symbolizes revolution and blood, the five-pointed star represents the five elements of the populace - peasants, workers, intellectuals, traders, and soldiers - that unite to build socialism
Virgin Islands
white field with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows a yellow eagle holding an olive branch in its right talon and three arrows in the left with a superimposed shield of seven red and six white vertical stripes below a blue panel; white is a symbol of purity, the letters stand for the Virgin Islands
Wake Island
| Serbia |
"Released in 1976, on which album would you find the songs, ""Life in the Fast Lane"", ""New Kid in Town"" and ""Wasted Time""?" | Flags of Every Country
Follow us...
Flags of Every Country
Tweet
This map shows Flags of every country in the world.
Flag description produced from actual flags or the best information available at the time the entry was written. The flags of independent states are used by their dependencies unless there is an officially recognized local flag. Some disputed and other areas do not have flags.
Note: Flag description from CIA Factbook and Flag image from Wikipedia.
Last updated:
Abkhazia
Afghanistan
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), red, and green, with the national emblem in white centered on the red band and slightly overlapping the other two bands; the center of the emblem features a mosque with pulpit and flags on either side, below the mosque are numerals for the solar year 1298 (1919 in the Gregorian calendar, the year of Afghan independence from the UK); this central image is circled by a border consisting of sheaves of wheat on the left and right, in the upper-center is an Arabic inscription of the Shahada (Muslim creed) below which are rays of the rising sun over the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning "God is great"), and at bottom center is a scroll bearing the name Afghanistan; black signifies the past, red is for the blood shed for independence, and green can represent either hope for the future, agricultural prosperity, or Islam
note: Afghanistan had more changes to its national flag in the 20th century than any other country; the colors black, red, and green appeared on most of them
Akrotiri
the flag of the UK is used
Albania
red with a black two-headed eagle in the center; the design is claimed to be that of 15th-century hero George Castriota SKANDERBERG, who led a successful uprising against the Turks that resulted in a short-lived independence for some Albanian regions (1443-1478); an unsubstantiated explanation for the eagle symbol is the tradition that Albanians see themselves as descendants of the eagle; they refer to themselves as "Shkypetars," which translates as "sons of the eagle"
Algeria
two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary; the colors represent Islam (green), purity and peace (white), and liberty (red); the crescent and star are also Islamic symbols, but the crescent is more closed than those of other Muslim countries because the Algerians believe the long crescent horns bring happiness
American Samoa
blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a war club known as a "Fa'alaufa'i" (upper; left talon), and a coconut fiber fly whisk known as a "Fue" (lower; right talon); the combination of symbols broadly mimics that seen on the US Great Seal and reflects the relationship between the United States and American Samoa
Andorra
three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the latter band is slightly wider than the other two so that the ratio of band widths is 8:9:8; the coat of arms features a quartered shield with the emblems of (starting in the upper left and proceeding clockwise): Urgell, Foix, Bearn, and Catalonia; the motto reads VIRTUS UNITA FORTIOR (Strength United is Stronger); the flag combines the blue and red French colors with the red and yellow of Spain to show Franco-Spanish protection
note: similar to the flags of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem
Angola
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle); red represents liberty, black the African continent, the symbols characterize workers and peasants
Anguilla
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Anguillan coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design on a white background with a turquoise-blue field below; the white in the background represents peace; the blue base symbolizes the surrounding sea, as well as faith, youth, and hope; the three dolphins stand for endurance, unity, and strength
Antarctica
Antarctica has no official flag as it is not a nation nor is it ruled by a single government or body. The Antarctic Treaty Organization adopted a flag in 2002 and is used as an unofficial symbol of the continent. Also, several unofficial designs have been proposed.
Antigua and Barbuda
red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising sun in the black band; the sun symbolizes the dawn of a new era, black represents the African heritage of most of the population, blue is for hope, and red is for the dynamism of the people; the "V" stands for victory; the successive yellow, blue, and white coloring is also meant to evoke the country's tourist attractions of sun, sea, and sand
Argentina
Three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known as the Sun of May; There are multiple interpretations on the reasons for those colors: the blue colors represent the clear skies; the sun symbol commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810 during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence; the sun features are those of Inti, the Inca god of the sun. The flag was created by Manuel Belgrano.
Armenia
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange; the color red recalls the blood shed for liberty, blue the Armenian skies as well as hope, and orange the land and the courage of the workers who farm it
Aruba
blue, with two narrow, horizontal, yellow stripes across the lower portion and a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner; the star represents Aruba and its red soil and white beaches, its four points the four major languages (Papiamento, Dutch, Spanish, English) as well as the four points of a compass, to indicate that its inhabitants come from all over the world; the blue symbolizes Caribbean waters and skies; the stripes represent the island's two main "industries": the flow of tourists to the sun-drenched beaches and the flow of minerals from the earth
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
the flag of Australia is used
Australia
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australia's internal and external territories; on the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars
Austria
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red; the flag design is certainly one of the oldest - if not the oldest - national banners in the world; according to tradition, in 1191, following a fierce battle in the Third Crusade, Duke Leopold V of Austria's white tunic became completely blood-spattered; upon removal of his wide belt or sash, a white band was revealed; the red-white-red color combination was subsequently adopted as his banner
Azerbaijan
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in the red band; the blue band recalls Azerbaijan's Turkic heritage, red stands for modernization and progress, and green refers to Islam; the crescent moon is an Islamic symbol, while the eight-pointed star represents the eight Turkic peoples of the world
Bahamas, The
three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine, with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; the band colors represent the golden beaches of the islands surrounded by the aquamarine sea; black represents the vigor and force of a united people, while the pointing triangle indicates the enterprise and determination of the Bahamian people to develop the rich resources of land and sea
Bahrain
red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam
note: until 2002 the flag had eight white points, but this was reduced to five to avoid confusion with the Qatari flag
Bangladesh
green field with a large red disk shifted slightly to the hoist side of center; the red disk represents the rising sun and the sacrifice to achieve independence; the green field symbolizes the lush vegetation of Bangladesh
Barbados
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and blue with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the band colors represent the blue of the sea and sky and the gold of the beaches; the trident head represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms contained a complete trident)
Belarus
red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side bears Belarusian national ornamentation in red; the red band color recalls past struggles from oppression, the green band represents hope and the many forests of the country
Belgium
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the vertical design was based on the flag of France; the colors are those of the arms of the duchy of Brabant (yellow lion with red claws and tongue on a black field)
Belize
blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland of 50 mahogany leaves; the colors are those of the two main political parties: blue for the PUP and red for the UDP; various elements of the coat of arms - the figures, the tools, the mahogany tree, and the garland of leaves - recall the logging industry that led to British settlement of Belize
note: Belize's flag is the only national flag that depicts human beings; two British overseas territories, Montserrat and the British Virgin Islands, also depict humans
Benin
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red (bottom) with a vertical green band on the hoist side; green symbolizes hope and revival, yellow wealth, and red courage
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Bermuda
red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (a white shield with a red lion standing on a green grassy field holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag; it was the shipwreck of the vessel, filled with English colonists originally bound for Virginia, that led to settling of Bermuda
note: the flag is unusual in that it is only British overseas territory that uses a red ensign, all others use blue
Bhutan
divided diagonally from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side; the dragon, called the Druk (Thunder Dragon), is the emblem of the nation; its white color stands for purity and the jewels in its claws symbolize wealth; the background colors represent spiritual and secular powers within Bhutan: the orange is associated with Bhuddism, while the yellow denotes the ruling dynasty
Bolivia
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; red stands for bravery and the blood of national heroes, yellow for the nation's mineral resources, and green for the fertility of the land
note: similar to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; in 2009, a presidential decree made it mandatory for a so-called wiphala - a square, multi-colored flag representing the country's indigenous peoples - to be used alongside the traditional flag
Bosnia and Herzegovina
a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia
Botswana
light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center; the blue symbolizes water in the form of rain, while the black and white bands represent racial harmony
Bouvet Island
the flag of Norway is used
Brazil
green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress); the current flag was inspired by the banner of the former Empire of Brazil (1822-1889); on the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow stood for the Habsburg Family of his wife; on the modern flag the green represents the forests of the country and the yellow rhombus its mineral wealth; the blue circle and stars, which replaced the coat of arms of the original flag, depict the sky over Rio de Janeiro on the morning of 15 November 1889 - the day the Republic of Brazil was declared; the number of stars has changed with the creation of new states and has risen from an original 21 to the current 27 (one for each state and the Federal District)
British Indian Ocean Territory
white with six blue wavy horizontal stripes; the flag of the UK is in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the striped section bears a palm tree and yellow crown (the symbols of the territory) centered on the outer half of the flag; the wavy stripes represent the Indian Ocean; although not officially described, the six blue stripes may stand for the six main atolls of the archipelago
British Virgin Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful); the islands were named by COLUMBUS in 1493 in honor of Saint Ursula and her 11 virgin followers (some sources say 11,000) who reputedly were martyred by the Huns in the 4th or 5th century; the figure on the banner holding a lamp represents the saint, the other lamps symbolize her followers
Brunei
yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center; yellow is the color of royalty and symbolizes the sultanate; the white and black bands denote Brunei's chief ministers; the emblem includes five main components: a swallow-tailed flag, the royal umbrella representing the monarchy, the wings of four feathers symbolizing justice, tranquility, prosperity, and peace, the two upraised hands signifying the government's pledge to preserve and promote the welfare of the people, and the crescent moon denoting Islam, the state religion; the state motto "Always render service with God's guidance" appears in yellow Arabic script on the crescent; a ribbon below the crescent reads "Brunei, the Abode of Peace"
Bulgaria
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the pan-Slavic white-blue-red colors were modified by substituting a green band (representing freedom) for the blue
note: the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe, has been removed
Burkina Faso
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed star in the center; red recalls the country's struggle for independence, green is for hope and abundance,and yellow represents the country's mineral wealth
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Burma
design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top), green, and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes; the design revives the triband colors used by Burma from 1943-45, during the Japanese occupation
Burundi
divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and fly side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below); green symbolizes hope and optimism, white purity and peace, and red the blood shed in the struggle for independence; the three stars in the disk represent the three major ethnic groups: Hutu, Twa, Tutsi, as well as the three elements in the national motto: unity, work, progress
Cambodia
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band; red and blue are traditional Cambodian colors
note: only national flag to incorporate an actual building in its design
Cameroon
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow, with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; the vertical tricolor recalls the flag of France; red symbolizes unity, yellow the sun, happiness, and the savannahs in the north, and green hope and the forests in the south; the star is referred to as the "star of unity"
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Canada
two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol; the official colors of Canada are red and white
Cape Verde
five unequal horizontal bands; the top-most band of blue - equal to one half the width of the flag - is followed by three bands of white, red, and white, each equal to 1/12 of the width, and a bottom stripe of blue equal to one quarter of the flag width; a circle of 10, yellow, five-pointed stars is centered on the red stripe and positioned 3/8 of the length of the flag from the hoist side; blue stands for the sea and the sky, the circle of stars represents the 10 major islands united into a nation, the stripes symbolize the road to formation of the country through peace (white) and effort (red)
Cayman Islands
a blue field, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Caymanian coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms includes a crest with a pineapple, representing the connection with Jamaica, and a turtle, representing Cayman's seafaring tradition, above a shield bearing a golden lion, symbolizing Great Britain, below which are three green stars (representing the three islands) surmounting white and blue wavy lines representing the sea and a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS
Central African Republic
four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a vertical red band in center; a yellow five-pointed star to the hoist side of the blue band; banner combines the Pan-African and French flag colors; red symbolizes the blood spilled in the struggle for independence, blue represents the sky and freedom, white peace and dignity, green hope and faith, and yellow tolerance; the star represents aspiration towards a vibrant future
Chad
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; yellow represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice
note: similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
Chile
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red represents the blood spilled to achieve independence
note: design was influenced by the US flag
China
red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner; the color red represents revolution, while the stars symbolize the four social classes - the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party of China
Christmas Island
territorial flag; divided diagonally from upper hoist to lower fly; the upper triangle is green with a yellow image of the Golden Bosun Bird superimposed, the lower triangle is blue with the Southern Cross constellation, representing Australia, superimposed; a centered yellow disk displays a green map of the island
note: the flag of Australia is used for official purposes
Clipperton Island
the flag of France is used
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
the flag of Australia is used
Colombia
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Columbia, the short-lived South American republic that broke up in 1830; various interpretations of the colors exist and include: yellow for the gold in Colombia's land, blue for the seas on its shores, and red for the blood spilled in attaining freedom; alternatively, the colors have been described as representing more elemental concepts such as sovereignty and justice (yellow), loyalty and vigilance (blue), and valour and generosity (red); or simply the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity
note: similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center
Comoros
four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue, with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered within the triangle is a white crescent with the convex side facing the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a line between the points of the crescent; the horizontal bands and the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, N'gazidja, Nzwani, and Mahore (Mayotte - territorial collectivity of France, but claimed by Comoros)
note: the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
sky blue field divided diagonally from the lower hoist corner to upper fly corner by a red stripe bordered by two narrow yellow stripes; a yellow, five-pointed star appears in the upper hoist corner; blue represents peace and hope, red the blood of the country's martyrs, and yellow the country's wealth and prosperity; the star symbolizes unity and the brilliant future for the country
Congo, Republic of the
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; green symbolizes agriculture and forests, yellow the friendship and nobility of the people, red is unexplained but has been associated with the struggle for independence
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Cook Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in the outer half of the flag
Coral Sea Islands
the flag of Australia is used
Costa Rica
five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk toward the hoist side of the red band; Costa Rica retained the earlier blue-white-blue flag of Central America until 1848 when, in response to revolutionary activity in Europe, it was decided to incorporate the French colors into the national flag and a central red stripe was added; today the blue color is said to stand for the sky, opportunity, and perseverence, white denotes peace, happiness, and wisdom, while red represents the blood shed for freedom, as well as the generosity and vibrancy of the people
note: somewhat resembles the flag of North Korea; similar to the flag of Thailand but with the blue and red colors reversed
Cote d'Ivoire
three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; orange symbolizes the land (savannah) of the north and fertility, white stands for peace and unity, green represents the forests of the south and the hope for a bright future
note: similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France
Croatia
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue - the Pan-Slav colors - superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms; the coat of arms consists of one main shield (a checkerboard of 13 red and 12 silver (white) fields) surmounted by five smaller shields that form a crown over the main shield; the five small shields represent five historic regions, they are (from left to right): Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia
note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia
Cuba
five equal horizontal bands of blue (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; the blue bands refer to the three old divisions of the island: central, occidental, and oriental; the white bands describe the purity of the independence ideal; the triangle symbolizes liberty, equality, and fraternity, while the red color stands for the blood shed in the independence struggle; the white star, called La Estrella Solitaria (the Lone Star) lights the way to freedom and was taken from the flag of Texas
note: design similar to the Puerto Rican flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed
Curacao
on a blue field a horizontal yellow band somewhat below the center divides the flag into proportions of 5:1:2; two five-pointed white stars - the smaller above and to the left of the larger - appear in the canton; the blue of the upper and lower sections symbolizes the sky and sea respectively; yellow represents the sun; the stars symbolize Curacao and its uninhabited smaller sister island of Klein Curacao; the five star points signify the five continents from which Curacao's people derive
Cyprus
white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities
note: the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" flag retains the white field of the Cyprus national flag but displays narrow horizontal red stripes positioned a small distance from the top and bottom edges between which are centered a red crescent and a red five-pointed star; the banner is modeled after the Turkish national flag but with the colors reversed
Czech Republic
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
note: is identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia; uses the Pan-Slav colors inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia
Denmark
red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side; the banner is referred to as the Dannebrog (Danish flag) and is one of the oldest national flags in the world; traditions as to the origin of the flag design vary, but the best known is a legend that the banner fell from the sky during an early-13th century battle; caught up by the Danish king before it ever touched the earth, this heavenly talisman inspired the royal army to victory; in actuality, the flag may derive from a crusade banner or ensign
note: the shifted design element was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
Dhekelia
the flag of the UK is used
Djibouti
two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star in the center; blue stands for sea and sky and the Issa Somali people; green symbolizes earth and the Afar people; white represents peace; the red star recalls the struggle for independence and stands for unity
Dominica
green, with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white and the horizontal part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk bearing a Sisserou Parrot, unique to Dominica, encircled by 10 green, five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes); green symbolizes the island's lush vegetation; the triple-colored cross represents the Christian Trinity; the yellow color denotes sunshine, the main agricultural products (citrus and bananas), and the native Carib Indians; black is for the rich soil and the African heritage of most citizens; white signifies rivers, waterfalls, and the purity of aspirations; the red disc stands for social justice
Dominican Republic
a centered white cross that extends to the edges divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, and the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms featuring a shield supported by a laurel branch (left) and a palm branch (right) is at the center of the cross; above the shield a blue ribbon displays the motto, DIOS, PATRIA, LIBERTAD (God, Fatherland, Liberty), and below the shield, REPUBLICA DOMINICANA appears on a red ribbon; in the shield a bible is opened to a verse that reads "Y la verdad nos hara libre" (And the truth shall set you free); blue stands for liberty, white for salvation, and red for the blood of heroes
Ecuador
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Columbia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; the yellow color represents sunshine, grain, and mineral wealth, blue the sky, sea, and rivers, and red the blood of patriots spilled in the struggle for freedom and justice
note: similar to the flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms
Egypt
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)
note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band
El Salvador
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water, as well as peace and prosperity
note: similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band
Equatorial Guinea
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red, with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice); green symbolizes the jungle and natural resources, blue represents the sea that connects the mainland to the islands, white stands for peace, and red recalls the fight for independence
Eritrea
red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle; green stands for the country's agriculture economy, red signifies the blood shed in the fight for freedom, and blue symbolizes the bounty of the sea; the wreath-olive branch symbol is similar to that on the first flag of Eritrea from 1952; the shape of the red triangle broadly mimics the shape of the country
Estonia
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white; various interpretations are linked to the flag colors; blue represents faith, loyalty, and devotion, while also reminiscent of the sky, sea, and lakes of the country; black symbolizes the soil of the country and the dark past and suffering endured by the Estonian people; white refers to the striving towards enlightenment and virtue, and is the color of birch bark and snow, as well as summer nights illuminated by the midnight sun
Ethiopia
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green represents hope and the fertility of the land, yellow symbolizes justice and harmony, while red stands for sacrifice and heroism in the defense of the land; the blue of the disk symbolizes peace and the pentagram represents the unity and equality of the nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia
note: Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the three main colors of her flag (adopted ca. 1895) were so often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the Pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag was added in 1996
European Union
a blue field with 12 five-pointed gold stars arranged in a circle in the center; blue represents the sky of the Western world, the stars are the peoples of Europe in a circle, a symbol of unity; the number of stars is fixed
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising was once the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT
Faroe Islands
white with a red cross outlined in blue extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted toward the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); referred to as Merkid, meaning "the banner" or "the mark," the flag resembles those of neighboring Iceland and Norway, and uses the same three colors - but in a different sequence; white represents the clear Faroese sky as well as the foam of the waves; red and blue are traditional Faroese colors
Fiji
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the blue symbolizes the Pacific ocean and the Union Jack reflects the links with Great Britain; the shield - taken from Fiji's coat of arms - depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George; the four quarters depict stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove
Finland
white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the blue represents the thousands of lakes scattered across the country, while the white is for the snow that covers the land in winter
France
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the "Le drapeau tricolore" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution when the "ancient French color" of white was combined with the blue and red colors of the Parisian militia; the official flag for all French dependent areas
note: the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands
French Guiana
unofficial, local flag: On 29 January 2010, the General Council (departmental council) unilaterally adopted a flag of French Guiana, but it has not been recognized by the regional council. Green represents the forests, yellow represents gold and other minerals of the region, while the red star represents socialism.[1] The flag is identical with the one of pro-independence trade union UGT and also MDES.
note: the flag of France used for official occasions
French Polynesia
two red horizontal bands encase a wide white band in a 1:2:1 ratio; centered on the white band is a disk with a blue and white wave pattern depicting the sea on the lower half and a gold and white ray pattern depicting the sun on the upper half; a stylized red, blue, and white ship rides on the wave pattern; the ship has a crew of five represented by five stars that symbolize the five island groups; red and white are traditional Polynesian colors
note: similar to the red-white-red flag of Tahiti, the largest of the islands in French Polynesia, which has no emblem in the white band; the flag of France is used for official occasions
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
the flag of France is used
Gabon
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue; green represents the country's forests and natural resources, gold represents the equator (which transects Gabon) as well as the sun, blue represents the sea
Gambia, The
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green; red stands for the sun and the savannah, blue represents the Gambia River, and green symbolizes forests and agriculture; the white stripes denote unity and peace
Georgia
white rectangle with a central red cross extending to all four sides of the flag; each of the four quadrants displays a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross; although adopted as the official Georgian flag in 2004, the five-cross flag design appears to date back to the 14th century
Germany
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold; these colors have played an important role in German history and can be traced back to the medieval banner of the Holy Roman Emperor - a black eagle with red claws and beak on a gold field
Ghana
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green, with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; red symbolizes the blood shed for independence, yellow represents the country's mineral wealth, while green stands for its forests and natural wealth; the black star is said to be the lodestar of African freedom
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band
Gibraltar
two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band; the design is that of Gibraltar's coat of arms granted on 10 July 1502 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain; the castle symbolizes Gibraltar as a fortress, while the key represents Gibraltar's strategic importance - the key to the Mediterranean
Greece
nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; a blue square bearing a white cross appears in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country; there is no agreed upon meaning for the nine stripes or for the colors; the exact shade of blue has never been set by law and has varied from a light to a dark blue over time
Greenland
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white; the design represents the sun reflecting off a field of ice; the colors are the same as those of the Danish flag and symbolize Greenland's links to the Kingdom of Denmark
Grenada
a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side), with a red border around the flag; there are seven yellow, five-pointed stars with three centered in the top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars stand for the seven administrative divisions, with the central star denoting the capital, St. George; yellow represents the sun and the warmth of the people, green stands for vegetation and agriculture, and red symbolizes harmony, unity, and courage
Guadeloupe
unofficial, flag the banner of the arms of Pointe-à-Pitre, the island's main city, is seldom used to represent the whole island. The flag has a black field with a yellow sun and a green sugar cane, and a blue stripe with yellow fleurs-de-lis on the top.
note: the flag of France used for official occasions
Guam
territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach scene, a proa or outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; the proa is sailing in Agana Bay with the promontory of Punta Dos Amantes, near the capital, in the background; blue represents the sea and red the blood shed in the struggle against oppression
note: the US flag is the national flag
Guatemala
three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue, with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the national bird) representing liberty and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles signifying Guatemala's willingness to defend itself and a pair of crossed swords representing honor and framed by a laurel wreath symbolizing victory; the blue bands stand for the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea and the sea and sky; the white band denotes peace and purity
Guernsey
white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) extending to the edges of the flag and a yellow equal-armed cross of William the Conqueror superimposed on the Saint George cross; the red cross represents the old ties with England and the fact that Guernsey is a British Crown dependency; the gold cross is a replica of the one used by Duke William of Normandy at the Battle of Hastings
Guinea
three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; red represents the people's sacrifice for liberation and work; yellow stands for the sun, for the riches of the earth, and for justice; green symbolizes the country's vegetation and unity
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the reverse of those on the flags of neighboring Mali and Senegal
Guinea-Bissau
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band; yellow symbolizes the sun; green denotes hope; red represents blood shed during the struggle for independence; the black star stands for African unity
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the flag design was heavily influenced by the Ghanian flag
Guyana
green, with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a long, yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow, black border between the red and yellow, and a narrow, white border between the yellow and the green; green represents forest and foliage; yellow stands for mineral resources and a bright future; white symbolizes Guyana's rivers; red signifies zeal and the sacrifice of the people; black indicates perseverance
Haiti
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength); the colors are taken from the French Tricolor and represent the union of blacks and mulattoes
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
the flag of Australia is used
Holy See (Vatican City)
two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the arms of the Holy See, consisting of the crossed keys of Saint Peter surmounted by the three-tiered papal tiara, centered in the white band; the yellow color represents the pope's spiritual power, the white his worldly power
Honduras
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue, with five blue, five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central America - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea; the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water and the peace and prosperity of its people
note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band
Hong Kong
red with a stylized, white, five-petal Bauhinia flower in the center; each petal contains a small, red, five-pointed star in its middle; the red color is the same as that on the Chinese flag and represents the motherland; the fragrant Bauhinia - developed in Hong Kong the late 19th century - has come to symbolize the region; the five stars echo those on the flag of China
Hungary
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country
Iceland
blue with a red cross outlined in white extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors represent three of the elements that make up the island: red is for the island's volcanic fires, white recalls the snow and ice fields of the island, and blue is for the surrounding ocean
India
three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, and green, with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; saffron represents courage, sacrifice, and the spirit of renunciation; white signifies purity and truth; green stands for faith and fertility; the blue chakra symbolizes the wheel of life in movement and death in stagnation
note: similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band
Indonesia
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity
note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red
Iran
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in the shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band; green is the color of Islam and also represents growth, white symbolizes honesty and peace, red stands for bravery and martyrdom
Iraq
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the Takbir (Arabic expression meaning "God is great") in green Arabic script is centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); the Council of Representatives approved this flag in 2008 as a compromise temporary replacement for the Ba'athist Saddam-era flag
note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two stars but no script, Yemen, which has a plain white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band
Ireland
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; officially the flag colors have no meaning, but a common interpretation is that the green represents the Irish nationalist (Gaelic) tradition of Ireland; orange represents the Orange tradition (minority supporters of William of Orange); white symbolizes peace (or a lasting truce) between the green and the orange
note: similar to the flag of Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red
Isle of Man
red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (triskelion), in the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used; the flag is based on the coat-of-arms of the last recognized Norse King of Mann, Magnus III (r. 1252-1265); the triskelion has its roots in an early Celtic sun symbol
Israel
white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag; the basic design resembles a Jewish prayer shawl (tallit), which is white with blue stripes; the hexagram as a Jewish symbol dates back to medieval times
Italy
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; design inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in 1797; colors are those of Milan (red and white) combined with the green uniform color of the Milanese civic guard
note: similar to the flag of Mexico, which is longer, uses darker shades of red and green, and has its coat of arms centered on the white band; Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green
Jamaica
diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side); green represents hope, vegetation, and agriculture, black reflects hardships overcome and to be faced, and yellow recalls golden sunshine and the island's natural resources
Jan Mayen
the flag of Norway is used
Japan
white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the center
Jersey
white with a diagonal red cross extending to the corners of the flag; in the upper quadrant, surmounted by a yellow crown, a red shield with three lions in yellow; according to tradition, the ships of Jersey - in an attempt to differentiate themselves from English ships flying the horizontal cross of St. George - rotated the cross to the "X" (saltire) configuration; because this arrangement still resembled the Irish cross of St. Patrick, the yellow Plantagenet crown and Jersey coat of arms were added
Jordan
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), representing the Abbassid Caliphate, white, representing the Ummayyad Caliphate, and green, representing the Fatimid Caliphate; a red isosceles triangle on the hoist side, representing the Great Arab Revolt of 1916, and bearing a small white seven-pointed star symbolizing the seven verses of the opening Sura (Al-Fatiha) of the Holy Koran; the seven points on the star represent faith in One God, humanity, national spirit, humility, social justice, virtue, and aspirations; design is based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I
Kazakhstan
a gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle, both centered on a sky blue background; the hoist side displays a national ornamental pattern "koshkar-muiz" (the horns of the ram) in gold; the blue color is of religious significance to the Turkic peoples of the country, and so symbolizes cultural and ethnic unity; it also represents the endless sky as well as water; the sun, a source of life and energy, exemplifies wealth and plenitude; the sun's rays are shaped like grain, which is the basis of abundance and prosperity; the eagle has appeared on the flags of Kazakh tribes for centuries and represents freedom, power, and the flight to the future
Kenya
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large Maasai warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center; black symbolizes the majority population, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green stands for natural wealth, and white for peace; the shield and crossed spears symbolize the defense of freedom
Kiribati
the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the Pacific ocean; the white stripes represent the three island groups - the Gilbert, Line, and Phoenix Islands; the 17 rays of the sun represent the 16 Gilbert Islands and Banaba (formerly Ocean Island); the frigate bird symbolizes authority and freedom
Korea, North
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star; the broad red band symbolizes revolutionary traditions; the narrow white bands stands for purity, strength, and dignity; the blue bands signify sovereignty, peace, and friendship; the red star represents socialism
Korea, South
white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field; the Korean national flag is called Taegukki; white is a traditional Korean color and represents peace and purity; the blue section represents the negative cosmic forces of the yin, while the red symbolizes the opposite postive forces of the yang; each trigram (kwae) denotes one of the four universal elements, which together express the principle of movement and harmony
Kosovo
centered on a dark blue field is the geographical shape of Kosovo in a gold color surmounted by six white, five-pointed stars arrayed in a slight arc; each star represents one of the major ethnic groups of Kosovo: Albanians, Serbs, Turks, Gorani, Roma, and Bosniaks
Kuwait
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side; colors and design are based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I; green represents fertile fields, white stands for purity, red denotes blood on Kuwaiti swords, black signifies the defeat of the enemy
Kyrgyzstan
red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40 Kyrgyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized representation of a "tunduk" - the crown of a traditional Kyrgyz yurt; red symbolizes bravery and valor, the sun evinces peace and wealth
Laos
three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a large white disk centered in the blue band; the red bands recall the blood shed for liberation; the blue band represents the Mekong River and prosperity; the white disk symbolizes the full moon against the Mekong River, but also signifies the unity of the people under the Pathet Lao, as well as the country's bright future
Latvia
three horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (half-width), and maroon; the flag is one of the older banners in the world; a medieval chronicle mentions a red standard with a white stripe being used by Latvian tribes in about 1280
Lebanon
three horizontal bands consisting of red (top), white (middle, double width), and red (bottom) with a green cedar tree centered in the white band; the red bands symbolize blood shed for liberation, the white band denotes peace, the snow of the mountains, and purity; the green cedar tree is the symbol of Lebanon and represents eternity, steadiness, happiness, and prosperity
Lesotho
three horizontal stripes of blue (top), white, and green in the proportions of 3:4:3; the colors represent rain, peace, and prosperity respectively; centered in the white stripe is a black Basotho hat representing the indigenous people; the flag was unfurled in October 2006 to celebrate 40 years of independence
Liberia
11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a white five-pointed star appears on a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner; the stripes symbolize the signatories of the Liberian Declaration of Independence; the blue square represents the African mainland, and the star represents the freedom granted to the ex-slaves; according to the constitution, the blue color signifies liberty, justice, and fidelity, the white color purity, cleanliness, and guilelessness, and the red color steadfastness, valor, and fervor
note: the design is based on the US flag
Libya
plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion)
Liechtenstein
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band; the colors may derive from the blue and red livery design used in the principality's household in the 18th century; the prince's crown was introduced in 1937 to distinguish the flag from that of Haiti
Lithuania
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red; yellow symbolizes golden fields, as well as the sun, light, and goodness; green represents the forests of the countryside, in addition to nature, freedom, and hope; red stands for courage and the blood spilled in defense of the homeland
Luxembourg
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; the coloring is derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms (a red lion on a white and blue striped field)
Macau
green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large in the center of the arc and two smaller on either side; the lotus is the floral emblem of Macau, the three petals represent the peninsula and two islands that make up Macau; the five stars echo those on the flag of China
Macedonia
a yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field; the red and yellow colors have long been associated with Macedonia
Madagascar
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band of the same width on hoist side; by tradition, red stands for sovereignty, green for hope, white for purity
Malawi
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), black, and green; a white sun disc is centered on the black band, its surrounding 45 white rays extend partially into the red and green bands; black represents the native peoples, red the blood shed in their struggle for freedom, and green the color of nature; the sun represents Malawi's economic progress since attaining independence
Malaysia
14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow 14-pointed star; the flag is often referred to as Jalur Gemilang (Stripes of Glory); the 14 stripes stand for the equal status in the federation of the 13 member states and the federal government; the 14 points on the star represent the unity between these entities; the crescent is a traditional symbol of Islam; blue symbolizes the unity of the Malay people and yellow is the royal color of Malay rulers
note: the design is based on the flag of the US
Maldives
red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white crescent moon; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag; red recalls those who have sacrificed their lives in defense of their country, the green rectangle represents peace and prosperity, and the white crescent signifies Islam
Mali
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Senegal (which has an additional green central star) and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea
Malta
two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red; according to legend, the colors are taken from the red and white checkered banner of Count Roger of Sicily who removed a bi-colored corner and granted it to Malta in 1091; an uncontested explanation is that the colors are those of the Knights of Saint John who ruled Malta from 1530 to 1798; in 1942, King George VI of the United Kingdom awarded the George Cross to the islanders for their exceptional bravery and gallantry in World War II; since independence in 1964, the George Cross bordered in red has appeared directly on the white field
Marshall Islands
blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange (top) and white; a white star with four large rays and 20 small rays appears on the hoist side above the two stripes; blue represents the Pacific Ocean, the orange stripe signifies the Ralik Chain or sunset and courage, while the white stripe signifies the Ratak Chain or sunrise and peace; the star symbolizes the cross of Christianity, each of the 24 rays designates one of the electoral districts in the country and the four larger rays highlight the principal cultural centers of Majuro, Jaluit, Wotje, and Ebeye; the rising diagonal band can also be interpreted as representing the equator, with the star showing the archipelago's position just to the north
Martinique
the flag of France is used
Mauritania
green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the gold color stands for the sands of the Sahara
Mauritius
four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green; red represents the blood shed for independence, blue the Indian Ocean surrounding the island, yellow has been interpreted as the new light of independence, golden sunshine, or the bright future, and green can symbolize either agriculture or the lush vegetation of the island
Mayotte
unofficial, local flag with the coat of arms of Mayotte centered on a white field, above which the name of the island appears in red capital letters; the main elements of the coat of arms are a blue upper half with white upturned crescent moon and a red lower half with two yellow ylang-ylang flowers, supported on either side by a white seahorse, and set above a scroll with the motto RA HACHIRI (We are Vigilant)
note: the flag of France used for official occasions
Mexico
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band; green signifies hope, joy, and love; white represents peace and honesty; red stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor; the coat of arms is derived from a legend that the wandering Aztec people were to settle at a location where they would see an eagle on a catus eating a snake; the city they founded, Tenochtitlan, is now Mexico City
note: similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of red and green, and does not have anything in its white band
Micronesia, Federated States of
light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are arranged in a diamond pattern; blue symbolizes the Pacific Ocean, the stars represent the four island groups of Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap
Moldova
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow; based on the color scheme of the flag of Romania - with whom Moldova shares a history and culture - but Moldova's blue band is lighter; the reverse of the flag does not display any coat of arms
note: one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Paraguay and Saudi Arabia
Monaco
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors are those of the ruling House of Grimaldi and have been in use since 1339, making the flag one of the world's oldest national banners
note: similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red
Mongolia
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity
Montenegro
a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is symbol of episcopal authority and harks back to the three and a half centuries that Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy
Montserrat
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the arms feature a woman in green dress, Erin, the female personification of Ireland, standing beside a yellow harp and embracing a large dark cross with her right arm; Erin and the harp are symbols of Ireland reflecting the territory's Irish ancestry; blue represents awareness, trustworthiness, determination, and righteousness
Morocco
red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Sulayman's (Solomon's) seal in the center of the flag; red and green are traditional colors in Arab flags, although the use of red is more commonly associated with the Arab states of the Persian gulf; the pentacle represents the five pillars of Islam and signifies the association between God and the nation; design dates to 1912
Mozambique
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book; green represents the riches of the land, white peace, black the African continent, yellow the country's minerals, and red the struggle for independence; the rifle symbolizes defense and vigilance, the hoe refers to the country's agriculture, the open book stresses the importance of education, and the star represents Marxism and internationalism
Namibia
a wide red stripe edged by narrow white stripes divides the flag diagonally from lower hoist corner to upper fly corner; the upper hoist-side triangle is blue and charged with a yellow, 12-rayed sunburst; the lower fly-side triangle is green; red signifies the heroism of the people and their determination to build a future of equal opportunity for all; white stands for peace, unity, tranquility, and harmony; blue represents the Namibian sky and the Atlantic Ocean, the country's precious water resources and rain; the yellow sun denotes power and existence; green symbolizes vegetation and agricultural resources
Nauru
blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; blue stands for the Pacific Ocean, the star indicates the country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru
Navassa Island
the flag of the US is used
Nepal
red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle displays a white 12-pointed sun; the color red represents the rhododendron (Nepal's national flower) and is a sign of victory and bravery, the blue border signifies peace and harmony; the two right triangles are a combination of two single pennons (pennants) that originally symbolized the Himalaya Mountains while their charges represented the families of the king (upper) and the prime minister, but today they are understood to denote Hinduism and Buddhism, the country's two main religions; the moon represents the serenity of the Nepalese people and the shade and cool weather in the Himalayas, while the sun depicts the heat and higher temperatures of the lower parts of Nepal; the moon and the sun are also said to express the hope that the nation will endure as long as these heavenly bodies
note: Nepal is the only country in the world whose flag is not rectangular or square
Netherlands
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer; the colors were those of WILLIAM I, Prince of Orange, who led the Dutch Revolt against Spanish sovereignty in the latter half of the 16th century; originally the upper band was orange, but because it tended to fade to red over time, the red shade was eventually made the permanent color; the banner is perhaps the oldest tricolor in continuous use
Netherlands Antilles
white, with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed on a vertical red band, also centered; five white, five-pointed stars are arranged in an oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the colors reflect those of the Netherlands; the five stars represent the five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten
New Caledonia
the flag of France is used
New Zealand
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation
Nicaragua
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water
note: similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band
Niger
three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk centered in the white band; the orange band denotes the drier northern regions of the Sahara; white stands for purity and innocence; green symbolizes hope and the fertile and productive southern and western areas, as well as the Niger River; the orange disc represents the sun and the sacrifices made by the people
note: similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band
Nigeria
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green; the color green represents the forests and abundant natural wealth of the country, white stands for peace and unity
Niue
yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large star on a blue disk in the center and a smaller star on each arm of the bold red cross; the larger star stands for Niue, the smaller stars recall the Southern Cross constellation on the New Zealand flag and symbolize links with that country; yellow represents the bright sunshine of Niue and the warmth and friendship between Niue and New Zealand
Norfolk Island
three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band; green stands for the rich vegetation on the island, and the pine tree - endemic to the island - is a symbol of Norfolk Island
note: somewhat reminiscent of the flag of Canada with its use of only two colors and depiction of a prominent local floral symbol in the central white band
Northern Mariana Islands
blue, with a white, five-pointed star superimposed on a gray latte stone (the traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center, surrounded by a wreath; blue symbolizes the Pacific Ocean, the star represents the Commonwealth; the latte stone and the floral head wreath display elements of the native Chamorro culture
Norway
red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors recall Norway's past political unions with Denmark (red and white) and Sweden (blue)
Oman
three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band; white represents peace and prosperity, red recalls battles against foreign invaders, and green symbolizes the Jebel Akhdar (Green Mountains) and fertility
Pakistan
green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam
Palau
light blue with a large yellow disk shifted slightly to the hoist side; the blue color represents the ocean, the disk represents the moon; Palauans consider the full moon to be the optimum time for human activity; it is also considered a symbol of peace, love, and tranquility
Palestinian territories
the flag is constituted of three equal horizontal bands (black, white, and green from top to bottom) overlaid by a red chevron issuing from the hoist. The flag is almost identical to that of the Baath Party, and very similar to the flags of Jordan, and Western Sahara, all of which draw their inspiration from the Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule (1916–1918).
Panama
divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and plain red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star in the center; the blue and red colors are those of the main political parties (Conservatives and Liberals respectively) and the white denotes peace between them; the blue star stands for the civic virtues of purity and honesty, the red star signifies authority and law
Papua New Guinea
divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered; red, black, and yellow are traditional colors of Papua New Guinea; the bird of paradise - endemic to the island of New Guinea - is an emblem of regional tribal culture and represents the emergence of Papua New Guinea as a nation; the Southern Cross, visible in the night sky, symbolizes Papua New Guinea's connection with Australia and several other countries in the South Pacific
Paraguay
three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears a circular seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words PAZ Y JUSTICIA (Peace and Justice)); red symbolizes bravery and patriotism, white represents integrity and peace, and blue denotes liberty and generosity
note: the three color bands resemble those on the flag of the Netherlands; one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Saudi Arabia
Peru
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace
Philippines
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red; a white equilateral triangle is based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary rays; each corner of the triangle contains a small, yellow, five-pointed star; blue stands for peace and justice, red symbolizes courage, the white equal-sided triangle represents equality; the rays recall the first eight provinces that sought independence from Spain, while the stars represent the three major geographical divisions of the country: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao; the design of the flag dates to 1897
note: in wartime the flag is flown upside down with the red band at the top
Pitcairn Islands
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the green, yellow, and blue of the shield represents the island rising from the ocean; the green field features a yellow anchor surmounted by a bible (both the anchor and the bible were items found on the HMS Bounty); sitting on the crest is a Pitcairn Island wheelbarrow from which springs a slip of miro (a local plant)
Poland
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; colors derive from the Polish emblem - a white eagle on a red field
note: similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white
Portugal
two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the national coat of arms (armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) centered on the dividing line; explanations for the color meanings are ambiguous, but a popular interpretation has green symbolizing hope and red the blood of those defending the nation
Puerto Rico
five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; the white star symbolizes Puerto Rico; the three sides of the triangle signify the executive, legislative and judicial parts of the government; blue stands for the sky and the coastal waters; red symbolizes the blood shed by warriors, while white represents liberty, victory, and peace
note: design initially influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed
Qatar
maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side; maroon represents the blood shed in Qatari wars, white stands for peace; the nine-pointed serrated edge signifies Qatar as the ninth member of the "reconciled emirates" in the wake of the Qatari-British treaty of 1916
note: the other eight emirates are the seven that compose the UAE and Bahrain; according to some sources, the dominant color was formerly red, but this darkened to maroon upon exposure to the sun and the new shade was eventually adopted
Réunion
does not have a separate official flag.
note: the flag of France used for official occasions
Romania
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1861 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed
note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova
Russia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
note: the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; this flag inspired other Slav countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors
Rwanda
three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band; blue represents happiness and peace, yellow economic development and mineral wealth, green hope of prosperity and natural resources; the sun symbolizes unity, as well as enlightenment and transparency from ignorance
Saint Barthelemy
the flag of France is used
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the upper third of the shield depicts a white plover (wire bird) on a yellow field; the remainder of the shield depicts a rocky coastline on the left, offshore is a three-masted sailing ship with sails furled but flying an English flag
Saint Kitts and Nevis
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing two white, five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red; green signifies the island's fertility, red symbolizes the struggles of the people from slavery, yellow denotes year-round sunshine, and black represents the African heritage of the people; the white stars stand for the islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis, but can also express hope and liberty, or independence and optimism
Saint Lucia
blue, with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border; the blue color represents the sky and sea, gold stands for sunshine and prosperity, and white and black the racial composition of the island (with the latter being dominant); the two major triangles invoke the twin Pitons (Gros Piton and Petit Piton), cone-shaped volcanic plugs that are a symbol of the island
Saint Martin
the flag of France is used
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
a yellow three-masted sailing ship facing the hoist side rides on a blue background with scattered, white, wavy lines under the ship; a continuous black-over-white wavy line divides the ship from the white wavy lines; on the hoist side, a vertical band is divided into three parts: the top part (called ikkurina) is red with a green diagonal cross extending to the corners overlaid by a white cross dividing the rectangle into four sections; the middle part has a white background with an ermine pattern; the third part has a red background with two stylized yellow lions outlined in black, one above the other; these three heraldic arms represent settlement by colonists from the Basque Country (top), Brittany, and Normandy; the blue on the main portion of the flag symbolizes the Atlantic Ocean and the stylized ship represents the Grande Hermine in which Jacques Cartier "discovered" the islands in 1536
note: the flag of France used for official occasions
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern, which stands for Vincent; the diamonds recall the islands as the "Gems of the Antilles"; blue conveys the colors of a tropical sky and crystal waters, yellow signifies the golden Grenadine sands, and green represents lush vegetation
Samoa
red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation; red stands for courage, blue represents freedom, and white signifies purity
San Marino
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the main colors derive from the shield of the coat of arms, which features three white towers on three peaks on a blue field; the towers represent three castles built on San Marino's highest feature Mount Titano: Guaita, Cesta, and Montale; the coat of arms is flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty); the white and blue colors are also said to stand for peace and liberty respectively
Sao Tome and Principe
three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; green stands for the country's rich vegetation, red recalls the struggle for independence, and yellow represents cocoa, one of the country's main agricultural products; the two stars symbolize the two main islands
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Saudi Arabia
green, a traditional color in Islamic flags, with the Shahada or Muslim creed in large white Arabic script (translated as "There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God") above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); design dates to the early twentieth century and is closely associated with the Al Saud family which established the kingdom in 1932; the flag is manufactured with differing obverse and reverse sides so that the Shahada reads - and the sword points - correctly from right to left on both sides
note: one of only three national flags that differ on their obverse and reverse sides - the others are Moldova and Paraguay
Senegal
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; green represents Islam, progress, and hope; yellow signifies natural wealth and progress; red symbolizes sacrifice and determination; the star denotes unity and hope
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; the colors from left to right are the same as those of neighboring Mali and the reverse of those on the flag of neighboring Guinea
Serbia
three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; a white Cyrillic letters "S" (written like Latin "C") in each quarter stands for the phrase "Only Unity Saves the Serbs"; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms
note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia
Seychelles
five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red, white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side; the oblique bands are meant to symbolize a dynamic new country moving into the future; blue represents sky and sea, yellow the sun giving light and life, red the peoples' determination to work for the future in unity and love, white social justice and harmony, green the land and natural environment
Sierra Leone
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and blue; green symbolizes agriculture, mountains, and natural resources, white represents unity and justice, and blue the sea and the natural harbor in Freetown
Singapore
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle; red denotes brotherhood and equality; white signifies purity and virtue; the waxing crescent moon symbolizes a young nation on the ascendancy; the five stars represent the nation's ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice, and equality
Sint Maarten
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the center of the triangle displays the Sint Maarten coat of arms; the arms consist of an orange-bordered blue shield prominently displaying the white court house in Philipsburg, as well as a bouquet of yellow sage (the national flower) in the upper left, and the silhouette of a Dutch-French friendship monument in the upper right; the shield is surmounted by a yellow rising sun in front of which is a Brown Pelican in flight; a yellow scroll below the shield bears the motto: SEMPER PROGREDIENS (Always Progressing); the three main colors are identical to those on the Dutch flag
note: the flag somewhat resembles that of the Philippines, but with the main red and blue bands reversed; the banner more closely evokes the wartime Philippine flag
Slovakia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red derive from the Pan-Slav colors; the Slovakian coat of arms (consisting of a red shield bordered in white and bearing a white Cross of Lorraine surmounting three blue hills) is centered over the bands but offset slightly to the hoist side
note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia
Slovenia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands
Solomon Islands
divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green; blue represents the ocean; green the land; and yellow sunshine; the five stars stand for the five main island groups of the Solomon Islands
Somalia
light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; the blue field was originally influenced by the flag of the UN, but today is said to denote the sky and the neighboring Indian Ocean; the five points of the star represent the five regions in the horn of Africa that are inhabited by Somali people: the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland (which together make up Somalia), Djibouti, Ogaden (Ethiopia), and the Northern Frontier District (Kenya)
South Africa
two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by a central green band that splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes; the flag colors do not have any official symbolism, but the Y stands for the "convergence of diverse elements within South African society, taking the road ahead in unity"; black, yellow, and green are found on the flag of the African National Congress, while red, white, and blue are the colors in the flags of the Netherlands and the UK, whose settlers ruled South Africa during the colonial era
note: the South African flag is the only national flag to display six colors as part of its primary design
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a shield with a golden lion rampant, holding a torch; the shield is supported by a fur seal on the left and a Macaroni penguin on the right; a reindeer appears above the crest, and below the shield on a scroll is the motto LEO TERRAM PROPRIAM PROTEGAT (Let the Lion Protect its Own Land)); the lion with the torch represents the UK and discovery; the background of the shield, blue and white estoiles, are found in the coat of arms of James Cook, discoverer of the islands; all the outer supporting animals represented are native to the islands
South Ossetia
Spain
three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms is quartered to display the emblems of the traditional kingdoms of Spain (clockwise from upper left, Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon) while Granada is represented by the stylized pomegranate at the bottom of the shield; the arms are framed by two columns representing the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; the red scroll across the two columns bears the imperial motto of "Plus Ultra" (further beyond) referring to Spanish lands beyond Europe; the triband arrangement with the center stripe twice the width of the outer dates to the 18th century
note: the red and yellow colors are related to those of the oldest Spanish kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre
Sri Lanka
yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other larger panel depicts a yellow lion holding a sword on a dark red rectangular field that also displays a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between the two panels; the lion represents Sinhalese ethnicity, the strength of the nation, and bravery; the sword demonstrates the sovereignty of the nation; the four bo leaves - symbolizing Buddhism and its influence on the country - stand for the four virtues of kindness, friendliness, happiness, and equanimity; orange signifies Sri Lankan Tamils, green the Sri Lankan Moors; dark red represents the European Burghers, but also refers to the rich colonial background of the country; yellow denotes other ethnic groups; also referred to as the Lion Flag
Sudan
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; colors and design based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I, but the meanings of the colors are expressed as follows: red signifies the struggle for freedom, white is the color of peace, light, and love, black represents Sudan itself (in Arabic 'Sudan' means black), green is the color of Islam, agriculture, and prosperity
Suriname
five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); a large, yellow, five-pointed star is centered in the red band; red stands for progress and love; green symbolizes hope and fertility; white signifies peace, justice, and freedom; the star represents the unity of all ethnic groups; from its yellow light the nation draws strength to bear sacrifices patiently while working toward a golden future
Svalbard
the flag of Norway is used
Swaziland
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all placed horizontally; blue stands for peace and stability, red represents past struggles, and yellow the mineral resources of the country; the shield, spears, and staff symbolize protection from the country's enemies, while the black and white of the shield are meant to portray black and white people living in peaceful coexistence
Sweden
blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors reflect those of the Swedish coat of arms - three gold crowns on a blue field
Switzerland
red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag; various medieval legends purport to describe the origin of the flag; a white cross used as identification for troops of the Swiss Confederation is first attested at the Battle of Laupen (1339)
Syria
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; two small, green, five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); identical to the former flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1961) where the two stars represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; the current design dates to 1980
note: similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band
Taiwan
red field with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays; the blue and white design of the canton (symbolizing the sun of progress) dates to 1895; it was later adopted as the flag of the Kuomintang Party; blue signifies liberty, justice, and democracy; red stands for fraternity, sacrifice, and nationaliam, white represents equality, frankness, and the people's livelihood; the 12 rays of the sun are those of the months and the twelve traditional Chinese hours (each ray equals two hours)
note: somewhat resembles the flag of Burma
Tajikistan
three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe; red represents the sun, victory, and the unity of the nation, white stands for purity, cotton, and mountain snows, while green is the color of Islam and the bounty of nature; the crown symbolizes the Tajik people; the seven stars signify the Tajik magic word "seven" - a symbol of perfection and the embodiment of happiness
Tanzania
divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue; the banner combines colors found on the flags of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; green represents the natural vegetation of the country, gold its rich mineral deposits, black the native Swahili people, and blue the country's many lakes and rivers, as well as the Indian Ocean
Thailand
five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red; the red color symbolizes the nation and the blood of life; white represents religion and the purity of Buddhism; blue stands for the monarchy
note: similar to the flag of Costa Rica but with the blue and red colors reversed
Timor-Leste
red, with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that extends to the center of the flag; a white star - pointing to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag - is in the center of the black triangle; yellow denotes the colonialism in Timor-Leste's past; black represents the obscurantism that needs to be overcome; red stands for the national liberation struggle; the white star symbolizes peace and serves as a guiding light
Togo
five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; a white five-pointed star on a red square is in the upper hoist-side corner; the five horizontal stripes stand for the five different regions of the country; the red square is meant to express the loyalty and patriotism of the people; green symbolizes hope, fertility, and agriculture; yellow represents mineral wealth and faith that hard work and strength will bring prosperity; the star symbolizes life, purity, peace, dignity, and Togo's independence
note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Tokelau
a yellow stylized Tokelauan canoe on a dark blue field sails toward the manu - the Southern Cross constellation of four, white, five-pointed stars at the hoist side; the Southern Cross represents the role of Christianity in Tokelauan culture and symbolizes the country's navigating into the future, the color yellow indicates happiness and peace, and the blue field represents the ocean on which the community relies
Tonga
red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner; the cross reflects the deep-rooted Christianity in Tonga; red represents the blood of Christ and his sacrifice; white signifies purity
Trinidad and Tobago
red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side to the lower fly side; the colors represent the elements of earth, water, and fire; black stands for the wealth of the land and the dedication of the people; white symbolizes the sea surrounding the islands, the purity of the country's aspirations, and equality; red symbolizes the warmth and energy of the sun, the vitality of the land, and the courage and friendliness of its people
Tunisia
red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; resembles the Ottoman flag (red banner with white crescent and star) and recalls Tunisia's history as part of the Ottoman Empire; red represents the blood shed by martyrs in the struggle against oppression, white stands for peace; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam
note: the flag is based on that of Turkey, itself a succesor state to the Ottoman Empire
Turkey
red with a vertical white crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening; the flag colors and designs closely resemble those on the banner of Ottoman Empire, which preceded modern-day Turkey; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for the Turks, as well as being traditional symbols of Islam; according to legend, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Turkmenistan
green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; five white stars and a white crescent moon appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe; the green color and crescent moon represent Islam; the five stars symbolize the regions or welayats of Turkmenistan; the guls reflect the national identity of Turkmenistan where carpet-making has long been a part of traditional nomadic life
note: the flag of Turkmenistan is the most intricate of all national flags
Turks and Caicos Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow and displays a conch shell, a spiny lobster, and Turks Head cactus - three common elements of the islands' biota
Tuvalu
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow, five-pointed stars on a blue field symbolizing the nine atolls in the ocean
Uganda
six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the hoist side; black symbolizes the African people, yellow sunshine and vitality, red African brotherhood; the crane was the military badge of Ugandan soldiers under the UK
Ukraine
two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent grain fields under a blue sky
United Arab Emirates
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a wider vertical red band on the hoist side; the flag incorporates all four Pan-Arab colors, which in this case represent fertility (green), neutrality (white), petroleum resources (black), and unity (red); red was the traditional color incorporated into all flags of the emirates before their unification
United Kingdom
blue field with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly called the Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or provinces, and British overseas territories
United States
13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; the blue stands for loyalty, devotion, truth, justice, and friendship; red symbolizes courage, zeal, and fervency, while white denotes purity and rectitude of conduct; commonly referred to by its nickname of Old Glory
note: the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
the flag of the US is used
Uruguay
nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May with 16 rays that alternate between triangular and wavy; the stripes represent the nine original departments of Uruguay; the sun symbol evokes the legend of the sun breaking through the clouds on 25 May 1810 as independence was first declared from Spain (Uruguay subsequently won its independence from Brazil)
note: the banner was inspired by the national colors of Argentina and by the design of the US flag
Uzbekistan
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon (closed side to the hoist) and 12 white stars shifted to the hoist on the top band; blue is the color of the Turkic peoples and of the sky, white signifies peace and the striving for purity in thoughts and deeds, while green represents nature and is the color of Islam; the red stripes are the vital force of all living organisms that links good and pure ideas with the eternal sky and with deeds on earth; the crescent represents Islam and the 12 stars the months and constellations of the Uzbek calendar
Vanuatu
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele fern fronds, all in yellow; red represents the blood of boars and men, green the richness of the islands, and black the ni-Vanuatu people; the yellow Y-shape - which reflects the pattern of the islands in the Pacific Ocean - symbolizes the light of the Gospel spreading through the islands; the boar's tusk is a symbol of prosperity frequently worn as a pendant on the islands; the fern fronds represent peace
Venezuela
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band; the flag retains the three equal horizontal bands and three main colors of the banner of Gran Columbia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; yellow is interpreted as standing for the riches of the land, blue for the courage of its people, and red for the blood shed in attaining independence; the seven stars on the original flag represented the seven provinces in Venezuela that united in the war of independence; in 2006, President Hugo CHAVEZ ordered an eighth star added to the star arc - a decision that sparked much controversy
Vietnam
red field with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center; red symbolizes revolution and blood, the five-pointed star represents the five elements of the populace - peasants, workers, intellectuals, traders, and soldiers - that unite to build socialism
Virgin Islands
white field with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows a yellow eagle holding an olive branch in its right talon and three arrows in the left with a superimposed shield of seven red and six white vertical stripes below a blue panel; white is a symbol of purity, the letters stand for the Virgin Islands
Wake Island
| i don't know |
Which shipping forecast area lies immediately east of Fair Isle? | Use my current location crosshair
Extended Outlook
2100 UTC Friday 20 January to 2100 UTC Monday 23 January 2017
Issued by the Met Office, on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency, at 182110 UTC
Cullercoats
On Friday evening high pressure 1034 will be centred in the North Sea with low pressure 985 to the west of Iceland, and complex area of low pressure in the western Mediterranean Sea. Through Saturday the high centre will migrate eastwards into Europe with a weakening frontal trough approaching to the west of Ireland. High pressure will develop once more over the UK through Sunday, but then slip southwards to southern England on Monday with frontal troughs approaching northwest Scotland. Another low pressure centre 977 will develop to the west of Iceland. Southwesterly winds will become occasionally strong in Viking and Fair Isle on Saturday, and then becoming occasionally strong westerly in these northernmost sea areas through Sunday. On Monday occasionally strong northwesterly winds are expected in the northern half of the North Sea, perhaps also German Bight later, with occasional gales developing later in Fair Isle
Niton
On Friday evening high pressure 1034 will be centred in the North Sea with low pressure 985 to the west of Iceland, and complex area of low pressure in the western Mediterranean Sea. Through Saturday the high centre will migrate eastwards into Europe with a weakening frontal trough approaching to the west of Ireland. High pressure will develop once more over the UK through Sunday, but then slip southwards to southern England on Monday with frontal troughs approaching northwest Scotland. Another low pressure centre 977 will develop to the west of Iceland. On Friday evening and Saturday southerly winds will be strong at times in West Sole and Shannon, but moderate later Saturday. On Monday strong southerly winds will return to West Sole and Shannon, with near gales or possible gales in Shannon later. Strong northeasterly winds will develop later in Biscay on Monday
Portpatrick
On Friday evening high pressure 1034 will lie in the North Sea with low pressure 985 to the west of Iceland, and a low pressure area in the western Mediterranean Sea. Through Saturday the high centre will migrate eastwards into Europe with a weakening frontal trough approaching the west of Ireland. High pressure will develop once more over the UK through Sunday, but then slip southwards to southern England on Monday with frontal troughs approaching northwest Scotland. Another low pressure centre 977 will develop to the west of Iceland. Southwesterly winds will be strong at times in Atlantic sea areas through Friday evening and Saturday, with possible gales in Bailey and Southeast Iceland, but winds will moderate in the south later. Saturday. Westerly winds will be occasionally strong in Fair Isle, Faeroes and Southeast Iceland on Sunday, and become strong southerly in Rockall and Bailey later. Strong southwesterly winds will return to Atlantic sea areas on Monday with possible gales
Extended outlook overview
The extended outlooks are issued once a day, at 2300 GMT and cover the next 3 to 5 days.
For the extend outlooks the waters surrounding the British Isles are divided into three areas; Cullercoats, Portpatrick and Niton. These three areas reflect the coverage areas of the UK's Navtex transmitters, which overlap in some areas.
The extended outlook forecast contains details of the likelihood of gales or storms, a general synopsis and a general forecast for the area of coverage of each Navtex transmitter.
In the UK, the Maritime & Coastguard Agency (MCA) is responsible for the provision of Maritime Safety Information (MSI) to ships at sea, which includes the broadcast of warnings and forecasts. The Met Office initiates warnings and prepares routine forecasts for dissemination on behalf of the MCA.
Caution: The internet is not part of the Maritime Safety Information system and should never be relied upon as the only means to obtain the latest forecast and warning information. Access to the service may be interrupted or delayed from time to time, updates may also be delayed. Please refer to GMDSS services, INMARSAT SafetyNET or international NAVTEX for the latest information. When using these web pages, always check that the page on your screen is not from your cache. Use the Refresh or Reload button if in any doubt.
No warnings in force
| Vikings |
What is the main ingredient of Coulibiac, a type of Russian pie? | 'Rain later. Good, occasionally poor': what does the shipping forecast mean? | OxfordWords blog
Home > ‘Rain later. Good, occasionally poor’: what does the shipping forecast mean?
‘Rain later. Good, occasionally poor’: what does the shipping forecast mean?
Listeners to BBC Radio 4 have a strange affection for its shipping forecast. Although it is basically just a weather forecast, the hypnotic sounds of its intoning, occurring at the same extremely precise four times every day, recalls the chanting of the monastic hours. Its lyrical qualities have been the inspiration of poets such as Seamus Heaney and Carol Ann Duffy. In Duffy’s poem ‘Prayer’, describing the ways in which we find prayers in everyday sounds, the words of the shipping forecast function as a reassuring invocation with which the poem ends: ‘Darkness outside. Inside, the radio’s prayer – Rockall. Malin. Dogger. Finisterre’.
But what does it mean?
But, while the shipping forecast may be a feast for the ears, understanding it can be something of a workout for the brain. To give you an example, the forecast issued at 05.20 on the morning on which I wrote this post began as follows: ‘Low Skagarack 1008 expected Baltic 1003 by midnight tonight. Lows Plymouth and Rockall, both 1011, losing their identities’. This was followed by references to bizarre sounding places –German Bight? Dogger? – and a series of gnomic observations of the kind: ‘snow showers good, occasionally poor’. And all of this was read in a dead-pan and matter-of-fact way as if what was being said made perfect sense. What the criteria are by which a snow storm may be judged good or poor was never explained, nor was it clear why someone bobbing about in the North Sea at 5 am would be concerned about its quality. And why should Plymouth and Rockall be facing an existential crisis?
The liturgical quality of the forecast derives in part from its very fixed and repetitive structure. It begins with gale warnings and then moves on to a general forecast, or synopsis (Greek sun ‘together’ + opsis ‘seeing’) which details the position, pressure, and track of pressure areas. The forecast for each area of the seas surrounding the British Isles is then read out, working clockwise. The forecast reports wind direction and strength (on the Beaufort scale – a standard measure of wind speed devised by Francis Beaufort, an Irish naval officer, in 1805); predicted changes in wind direction are described as veering or backing, depending on whether they are shifting clockwise or anti-clockwise. This is followed by precipitation (rain to the rest of us – from Latin praecipitare ‘to throw down’), and visibility – ranked as good, moderate, or poor. Although these terms may sound unhelpfully vague, they actually represent specific measurements in nautical miles. Since the forecast adopts the same structure every day, it doesn’t need to tell its listeners what is being described; hence strange formulations like ‘snow showers good, occasionally poor’, which actually means: ‘snow showers, visibility good, occasionally poor’. Given the British propensity to whinge about the weather, it seems appropriate that there should be no category higher than good.
Where are we?
And what of the bizarre place names? A number of the locations mentioned in the forecast are entirely self-explanatory. These include the names of coastal towns such as Dover and Plymouth, and of major rivers of the British Isles, such as the Forth, Tyne, Humber, Thames, and Shannon – the longest river in Ireland, named after a Celtic goddess called Sionna.
Others turn out to be equally straightforward. The Forties, for example, is simply an area of the North Sea that is forty fathoms deep. A fathom is officially 6 feet (or 1.8 metres); it originates in an Old English word which referred to an embrace using outstretched arms. It subsequently developed the sense of a unit of measurement based on the span of the outstretched arms, which was later standardized to 6 feet. We can still see traces of the original meaning in the use of fathom or fathom out – to entirely understand (or grasp – reflecting a similar metaphorical development) a complex problem.
Other areas are called after nearby islands, whose names originate in the Old Norse tongue – the ancestor of the modern Scandinavian languages – spoken by the Vikings who gave the islands (or Old Norse eyjar) their names. So the Faroes are literally the ‘sheep islands’, Lundy is ‘puffin island’, Fair Isle was originally Old Norse Friðarey ‘peaceful island’, and Fastnet is the ‘sharp-tooth island’. Fastnet, the most southerly point of Ireland, also goes by the evocative Irish name Carraig Aonair, meaning ‘lonely rock’. It’s easy to see why the Shipping Forecast announcers stick to Fastnet. North and South Utsira refer to the tiny Norwegian island community of Utsira (with a population of around 200). The name derives from the river Sira, which is thought to mean ‘strong stream’; the ut prefix just means ‘offshore’.
Dogger, German Bight, and FitzRoy
Moving to the more southerly locations we encounter Dogger, a large sandbank about 60 miles from the eastern coast of England. It takes its name from an old Dutch word for a boat used to fish from the plentiful stocks of cod found in that area. To the east of Dogger lies German Bight, an area which encompasses the Frisian and Danish Islands. A bight is a geographical term that describes a curve or recess in a coastline. It derives from the Old English word byht, used to refer to a bend or angle, ultimately related to the verb bow – to bend the head or body.
The only location to be named after an individual is FitzRoy – an area lying north–west of Spain. Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy (1805-1865) was an English naval officer and scientist; in the 1830s he captained the HMS Beagle upon which Charles Darwin sailed. FitzRoy was himself a keen student of meteorology (the study of atmospheric processes, from Greek meteoron ‘of the atmosphere’); he is credited with coining the term forecasting for the science of weather prediction and founded the English Met (formerly Meteorological) Office in 1854, to issue accurate weather warnings to mariners. The name FitzRoy (literally ‘Son of the King’) was introduced in 2002; prior to that this area was known as Finisterre (from French ‘end of the world’). The change was intended to avoid confusion with a different area of the same name. While this was no doubt good news for sailors who were no longer left wondering which Finisterre was being referred to, it must have been less welcome to Carol Ann Duffy since it means that the final lines of her poem no longer scan or rhyme: ‘Darkness outside. Inside, the radio’s prayer – Rockall. Malin. Dogger. FitzRoy’.
The opinions and other information contained in OxfordWords blog posts and comments do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of Oxford University Press.
Guest Blogger
| i don't know |
Who makes the car models called Legend and Prelude? | All Honda Models | Full list of Honda Car Models & Vehicles
Related Other Japanese Car Company Infiniti a Luxury Division of Nissan Company
Since then, the company’s progress has grown to such size, that the brand has been a top choice for both race and common drivers as a trusted name on car performance. It’s slogan, the power of dreams, is quite fitting for its endeavors, whether it be for the motoring scene or its other achievements in engineering.
Gorgeous Honda Model
Image source: wikimedia.org
Honda’s accomplishments can be categorized into these:
i-VTEC – the company’s ingenuity on creating high-performance engines can be seen in its i-VTEC (intelligent Variable Valve Timing and Electronic Lift Control) technology. By having optimum control on the camshafts (on the timing and lifting aspect), higher performance is guaranteed.
VSA – the company considers car safety as a high factor. Such is its investment on its crash test technology, where every scenario is considered to avoid fatal accidents. The VSA (Vehicle Stability Assist) is one such technology that helps correct steering problems that may result from sudden control changes.
Tuning – probably one of the reasons why every racer considers cars from this brand as an important part in their careers is the propensity to tuning. Honda cars are known to be tuning-safe, creating stock cars (which in itself are powerful cars altogether) into speedy rides.
Here is the full list of Honda models and variants:
Honda ZEST (2006-present)
Honda Odyssey/Shuttle (international market) (1995-present)
Honda Odyssey (North American market) (1995-present)
2.4 EX-V Navi CV/T
| Honda |
Who wrote the plays “Nuts in May” and “Abigail’s Party”? | Honda Prelude - Wikicars
Honda Prelude
{{{aka (Type here, not up there)}}}
Production
{{{Weight - you get the point}}}
Transmission
N/A lb-ft of torque @ N/A rpm
Similar
Designer
{{{Designer (lead designer if it was a team effort)}}}
The Honda Prelude was a front wheel drive I4 -engined coupe that was manufactured by Honda between 1979 and 2001. It spanned five generations of cars but was discontinued upon the release of the fourth-generation Acura Integra in Japan in late 2001.
The Prelude's perennial competitor has been the Toyota Celica , another I4-powered coupe introduced several years prior to the Prelude. Throughout the 1980s, it was challenged by the Nissan Silvia , Isuzu Impulse , Mitsubishi FTO , Mitsubishi Cordia (later the Eclipse ), and the Mazda MX-6 .
Contents
Styles and Major Options
Convertibles
Through the years, several German companies have converted Preludes into convertibles. Currently, there have been convertibles made from the first, second and fourth generation Preludes.
A first generation Prelude convertible
First generation Preludes were modified by a company called Tropic Design, located in Germany. In all, they modified 47 Preludes, most of which were exported to Japan and the US. Very few have remained in Europe, initially all in Germany. Some have been sold over time to nearby countries, at least one to the Netherlands and one to Belgium.
Second generation Prelude convertible
Second generation Preludes were modified by another German company; some 100 Preludes were modified. No DOHC engine-equipped models have been known to be converted into convertibles, however. 3 versions were available, a basic version, one which had more luxurious options, and one which added a body kit, increasing its aesthetics.
Fourth generation Prelude convertible
Of the fourth generation Preludes, only some 15 were modified into a convertible by German company Honda-Autohaus Manfred Ernst. No details are known about the engine types and other specifics. Since only 15 were ever made, they are assumed by many to be custom-built.
Generations
Fifth Generation (1997-2001)
Fifth generation Honda Prelude unibody
The fifth generation of the Honda Prelude saw enhancements over the fourth generation, including new body styling and handling characteristics. In 2001 the Prelude was discontinued.
The fifth-generation retained an FF layout with an independent front suspension. The vehicle utilized a 63/37 weight distribution. All fifth-generation Honda Preludes came with 16 inch aluminum alloy wheels with all-season 205/50 R16 87V tires, except the Xi (14 inch steel wheels with full covers and 195/65 R14 89H tires) and Si (15 inch aluminum alloy wheels with all-season 195/60 R15 88H tires.) on which aluminum alloy rims came as a dealer option. Unlike the USDM Preludes, JDM Preludes came with rear windshield wipers (except the Xi).
The fifth-generation Prelude marked a return to the body style of the late 1980s, or third generation, in an attempt to curb slumping sales of the fourth-generation body style. The fifth-generation was assembled and distributed to many parts of the world, including Japan, the UK, the US, and Germany, among others. All models and trims stayed within the BB-chassis code (BB5-BB9) and housed either the H-series engine or F-series motor. Models available to the Japanese market included: SiR (10.6), Xi (8.8), Si (9.2), SiR S-spec (11.0) and the Type S (11.0). The US received a Base model and Type SH. Canada received the Base model, SE, and Type SH. Europe received the 2.0i (9.5) and 2.2 VTi VTEC (10.0). Australia received the Si (10.0) and the VTi-R (10.0). All fifth gen. Preludes came with an H22A ( ) except: Xi (F22B), Si (F22B), 2.0i (F20A), Si (F22Z). BB5 was the Xi, and Si-2WS trim. BB6 was the SiR-2WS trim, SiR S-spec, Type S, Base model, Type SH, SE, 2.2 VTi VTEC-2WS trim. BB7 was the Si-4WS trim. BB8 was the SiR-4WS trim, and 2.2 VTi VTEC-4WS trim. All Preludes had a fuel tank capacity of 60 L (15.9 US gal).
Photograph of a Sparkle Yellow Metallic (Y-59M) Honda Prelude with optional Motegi wheels.
One version of the fifth-generation Prelude, the Type S, was only available in Japan. It was equipped with the 2.2 L H22A , featuring VTEC and producing 220 PS (162 kW, 217 hp ) @ 7200 rpm and 22.5 kgf·m (221 N·m, 163 lb·ft) @ 6500 rpm. With a compression ratio of 11.0:1, 87.0 mm bore x 90.7 mm stroke and the VTEC-valve timing, lift and duration were adjusted to 12.2 mm|11.2 mm (intake|exhaust). Honda also overhauled the air box and replaced it with a more efficient design that is often referred to as Dynamic Chambering, along with an increased throttle body design bored to 62 mm (as opposed to the previous 60 mm). The exhaust system also was treated to a redesign as well, where the pipe design became a more cylindrical shape rather an oval shape. The 3-way catalytic converter was also increased in size, as well as the exhaust piping from 50.8 mm (2.00 in) to 57 mm (2.25 in) (tToV). With the increased power output, the suspension was equally enhanced with 15 inch front ventilated discs and 14 inch rear discs. The fifth gen. curb weight was 1,310 kg (2,882 lb) and had a ground clearance of 0.14 m (5.5 in.). Unlike the SiR S-spec that had an LSD, the Type S acquired the technology from Honda that is known as the [[Active Torque Transfer Syste m]] (ATTS) (other terms that may be seen elsewhere that may come up are: DYCS [direct yaw control system], active yaw control system, Active Electronic Limited Slip Differential [misnomer.]) The gearing on the Type S matches all other fifth-generation Preludes that had a manual transmission except for the 5-speed 2.2 VTi VTEC and had a FD: 4.266. The Type S had an Active Control ABS system, different from the others which had the standard ABS systems. The interior featured leather laced with red stitching. Manufacturer styling options including seat lettering. The exterior styling of fifth generation Preludes was standardized for most models. All had a sunroof except for the Type S model.
The Active Torque Transfer System (ATTS) as used in the fifth generation Prelude.
There was only one other car that housed the H-series, and it would be the last of its kind until the presentation of the K-series. The Accord Type R/Rx/Torneo (or the JDM version of the name more commonly known as the Honda Accord Euro R) housed the last line of a more refined H-series motor, which lasted from around 1998 to 2002, until the exterior was revamped and the K-series was introduced.
The USDM fifth-generation Preludes also saw enhancements in the engine, with the full line now offering VTEC H22A4 engines, an evolution of the H22A1 with higher flowing heads, making 195 hp (198 PS, 143 kW) @ 7000 rpm and 156 lb·ft (21.8 kg·m, 212 N·m) @ 5250 rpm from 1997 to 1999, and the same torque readings with 200 hp (203 PS, 147 kW) @ 7000 rpm from 1999 to 2001 with a compression ratio of 10.0:1. The USDM fifth-generation had a Type SH ("Super-Handling") trim which featured the Active Torque Transfer System (ATTS), and, along with the 5-speed base model, shared the exact same gearing from the Type S and SiR-S spec trims in Japan (in which the Type SH transmission is the exact same as the Type S.) This system allowed Honda to overcome the limitations of front wheel drive somewhat, and in 1997, Car and Driver named the Prelude Type SH the "best-handling car under $30,000."
Fourth Generation (1992-1996)
A fourth generation Prelude on an autocross course
In 1991, there was a major overhaul of the fourth generation Prelude, released outside of Japan in 1992. The car maintained a very close to perfect 58% front and 42% rear weight distribution. The four wheel steering system was changed to an electronic version and the engine was increased in size from 2.1 L to 2.2 L for the base "S" model ( SOHC F22A1 engine, 135 hp (101 kW) @ 5200 rpm, 142 ft·lbf (193 N·m) @ 4000 rpm ) and " Si-VTEC " model ( DOHC VTEC H22A, 190 hp (147 kW) @ 6800 rpm , 158 ft·lbf (214 N·m) @ 5500 rpm), with 2.3 L for the "Si" ( DOHC H23A1, 160 hp (119 kW) @ 5800 rpm , 156 ft·lbf (212 N·m) @ 5300 rpm). In the UK, there was also a 2.0i model that was rated around 125 bhp (93 kW). 1993 was the last year that the "Si-VTEC" name was used, and starting in 1994 it shortened to just " VTEC " and stayed that way throughout the rest of the generation.
This model also marked the end for the pop-up headlights and a lot of other design features that had become "Prelude Standard". The rear end was no longer flat and wide; but wide, rounded and fairly high in comparison. The front fascia of the car became wider with fixed headlights. The glass sunroof made way for a steel sliding roof which no longer retracted into the car but extended out and over it. This in effect creates a spoiler which reduced air noise when driving.
The dashboard was generally accepted as the extraordinary feature of this model. The dashboard stretched from left to right in the car, being equal in height over the full length and housing all dials and indicators. The light blue backlighting introduced in the third generation was continued. Later models (1994 and on) also featured translucent speedometer and tachometer needles. In Japan, there was also a in radio bezel television set available as a standard option; as a result, many enthusiasts have tried to find the Gathers television set. The Japanese version of the Prelude also had certain options which were never found in state-bound models but did show up in the Canadian market. For instance, the Japanese Prelude had power folding, as well as a rear windscreen wiper while the Canadian market had heated mirrors. The fourth generation Prelude also shares suspension components with the fifth (94-97) and sixth (98-02) generation Honda Accord .
Japanese Prelude Only Options:
15" Five Star Blades, Automatic Head Light System, Automatic Wiper System, Baby Seat, Bumper Pole, Bumper Sensors, Daylight Running Lights, Digital Climate Control, Drivers Side Interior Panel Rear View Mirror, DSP Special Edition Dash Speaker, Gathers Equipment: AM/FM Radio w/ CD Player, Equalizer, Television GPS Set, CD Changer, and Speakers, Half Mast Antennae, Power Folding Mirrors, Rear Bumper (Has No Bumper Lens) - Not Required in Japan, Rear Deck Air Refiner, Seat Head Rest Pads, Stanley Amber Fog Lamps, Stanley Fender Side Markers, Stanley One Piece Head Lights (Black or Chrome), Typus Winter Roof Rack, Zebra Print Floor Mats,
Third Generation Post Facelift (1990-1991)
A Rare 1990 SiStates Prelude
SiStates Prelude Rear Badge
In 1990 the Honda Prelude was given a facelift from the previous third generation (1987-1989) styling to a newer look. This facelift featured slightly smaller tail lights than the previous model, with clear indicators instead of the previous yellow indicators. The rear bumper was made slightly taller in the top section to accomodate the smaller tailights, and although it doesn't look like it the bootlid was changed above the lights as the upper part of the newer lights is actually smaller than the previous model. The front bumper on the 1990 Preludes was also changed to feature clear indicators and park lamps and different styling. Some interior panels were redesigned, including the dash bezel, both the upper cover and the surround with the sunroof switches, etc on it. The door cards recieved a slightly different style of electric window switch plates. On some models however there are some different combinations of pre and post facelift styling inside, e.g. the EX model retained the older style door cards with the rectangular door handle, and older style window switch surrounds, and didn't have speaker covers in the door cards regardless of pre and post facelift.
Honda in 1990, released the Prelude SiStates. This car was on a limited production line and very few were built, it featured 4WS (Four wheel steering ), antilock brakes , limited slip differential, leather wrapped steering wheel and gear shift leaver, extra sound deadening on firewall and hood, rear wiper and washer, and many more features that were usually options. It also featured a unique B21A engine that was only produced for the SiStates. This model was only available in Japan for the JDM (Japanese Domestic Market).
Third Generation (1988-1989)
A third-generation facelift Honda Prelude on a road course
The third generation Prelude was similar to the second generation, however it gained four wheel steering on some models, as well as a 2.0 L SOHC carburated engine, an optional B20A DOHC EFI engine, or a slightly-larger B21A1 in 1990 and 1991.
The four wheel steering system on the third generation prelude was an extraordinary piece of engineering in itself. As of 2006, it is the only four wheel steering system on a production car that is entirely mechanical in its design; that is, there is always a direct mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the rear wheels. This means the four wheel steering-equipped Prelude was intuitive to drive, unlike most other four wheel steering systems in which the rear wheels were controlled indirectly by a computer.
The third generation Prelude also had some new external designs worth mentioning. The hoodline was designed to be the lowest hoodline of any front wheel drive car in the world, allowing for better forward visibility. The drag resistance was at of high-speed stability.
Another unique structural element of the third generation Prelude was the high-strength metal used in the 6 roof pillars. The roof pillars were so slim that all-around visibility was amazingly clear for 326°. Some call this Prelude the "baby NSX " due to some common design cues between the two cars, such as the excellent forward visibility via a low hoodline, a front end resemblance, the suspension attributes (great handling with a smooth ride), the taillight, front turn signal and fog light designs were also changed in the 1990 and 1991 models.
In 1987, Road & Track published a test summary that shows the 1988 Honda Prelude 2.0Si 4WS outslalomed every car of that year, including all Lamborghinis , Ferraris , and Porsches . It went through the slalom at 65.5 mph, which was amazing in those days. For reference, the 1988 Corvette did the same at 64.9 mph.
The Prelude was Wheels magazine's Car of the Year for 1987.
Second Generation (1983-1987)
1986 Honda Prelude
The second generation Prelude was released in 1983 and was initially available with a 12-valve carburated engine , and fuel injection was introduced in 1985. In Japan, Asia and Europe, it was available with a DOHC 16-valve PGM-FI engine , although this engine was not released until 1986 in Europe. The second generation Prelude was the first to have pop-up headlights; this allowed for a more aerodynamic front which reduced drag. Opening the headlights however, especially at higher speeds, produced more drag and came with a specific howl inside the car.
When the 16-valve DOHC engine came out, the hood was slightly modified since the larger engine could not be fitted under the stock hood. The European version also saw slight modifications to the taillights and revised front and rear bumpers which were now color-matched. Due to the fairly low weight of the car (1,025 kg) and high power (the 16-valve engine produced 100 hp ) the car was surprisingly nimble, something most Preludes were not in comparison to their competitors, until the VTEC engines came out.
First Generation/ Origins (1979-1982)
The first generation Prelude was released in 1979, and was the third main model in Honda's modern lineup, joining the Civic and the Accord . Styling of the car was a combination of both then current Civic and Accord. The Prelude was equipped with a 1751 cc SOHC CVCC I4 engine that produced 72 hp and 94 lbf-ft of torque with a 5-speed manual transmission , and 68 hp with a 2-speed automatic called the HondaMatic .
Photos
Awards
The Prelude was on Car and Driver magazine's annual Ten Best list ten times, from 1984 through 1986, and 1992 through 1998.
| i don't know |
The battles of Lutzen 1632 and Rocroi 1643, were fought during which war? | THE BATTLE OF ROCROI (1643) | Delving into History _ Periklis Deligiannis
Delving into History _ Periklis Deligiannis
THE BATTLE OF ROCROI (1643)
10/04/2013
periklisdeligiannis.wordpress.com Uncategorized Cardinal Richelieu , France , Louis , Louis XIII of France , Louis XIV of France , Military history , pike and shot warfare , Renaissance , Richelieu , Rocroi , Southern Netherlands , Spain , tercio , Thirty Years War 1 Comment
Background to the Battle of Rocroi, the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) was the most traumatic event to affect Europe prior to the Napoleonic Era and the two world wars of the 20th century. It was centered mainly in the Holy Roman Empire – which encompassed much of modern-day Germany – and its conflicts between Catholic and Protestant rulers. It devolved into a general political conflict. Its several stages are marked by which nation was the chief antagonist to the Catholic/Imperialist forces. Beginning in 1635, France joined the war in opposition to the Spanish-Imperialist side. Though an overwhelmingly Catholic nation, France had been fiscally supporting Protestant Sweden earlier in the war. In addition, France was a longtime rival of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, the two main allies opposing the Protestant factions in the war. The “man behind the curtains” of the French kingdom in the early seventeenth century was Armand Jean de Plessis, better known to history as Cardinal Richelieu. He combined the spiritual power of a cardinal with the temporal power of a political boss, becoming the first modern prime minister. Richelieu advised Louis XIII in all things, but was most responsible for French moves to counterbalance the power of the Spanish-Austrian Hapsburgs, the most powerful dynasty in Europe at that time.
Louis de Bourbon, Duc d’Enghien.
–
Hapsburg lands virtually ringed France on the European continent, and “ the Red Eminence ” (one of Richelieu’s many sobriquets) strived for years to ensure France did not lose any territory to them. In the beginning, French military plans did not go well, as Spanish and Imperialist forces invaded the country and ravaged Champagne, Burgundy and Picardy in northeastern France. Paris was threatened in 1636, but the invaders were eventually pushed back. French intervention in northern Italy – then under the rule of the Hapsburgs – did not go well. However, by 1641, Spain was experiencing problems of its own. The Portuguese and Catalan populations both revolted against their Spanish overlords, requiring Spanish troops be retained in their own country. In addition, the United Provinces (the Dutch) had won two naval battles against the supposedly invincible Spanish fleets. At the end of 1642, the fortunes of the French received a major blow as Cardinal Richelieu died from a combination of malaria, intestinal tuberculosis and other complications from lung disease and an inflammation of the bones in his arm. He was replaced as prime minister by his protégé, Cardinal Mazarin.
Battle of Rocroi in a classic artwork.
–
Six months later, Louis XIII died, and was succeeded by his four-year-old son Louis XIV . However, the actual affairs of the state were handled by his mother the queen, Anne of Austria (Of course, young Louis would go on to become “The Sun King”). Meanwhile, almost simultaneously with the death of Louis XIII, a Spanish-Imperialist army invaded northern France from the Spanish Netherlands (modern Belgium), numbering some 18,000-19,000 infantry with 8000-9000 cavalry and 18 cannon. The Spanish commander, Don Francisco de Melo – who was also the interim Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands – was an accomplished politician and ambassador. His military bona fides were still pending, despite an impressive victory the previous year at Honnecourt. Blocking the main road to Paris was the French fortress town of Rocroi. Not wanting to leave Rocroi in his rear, de Melo invested the fortress. Frantic couriers were sent to the nearby French Army of Picardy, stating that the fortress could not hold out for long, perhaps two days or less. The Army of Picardy was under the command of Louis de Bourbon, Duc d’Enghien, a 21-year-old, untried general who was also a cousin of the new king. He rapidly marched his 16,000-17,000 infantry and 6000-7000 cavalry, along with 12 artillery pieces, to relieve Rocroi and drive off the invading enemy. Further, reports reached Enghien that 6000 reinforcements were on the march to Rocroi. The French commander was determined to relieve Rocroi before those reinforcements could tip the balance. Located in the Ardennes Forest on the border of the Spanish Netherlands, Rocroi was surrounded by dense forests with only one access road, which led through a deep defile in a ridge south of the town.
–
Amazingly, the French found the road was unguarded. Traversing the terrain, Enghien drew his army up on the ridge facing the rear of the Spanish-Imperialist force. Seeing the French arrayed against him, de Melo reordered his forces on a facing ridge next to the fortress. In between the two armies was a stream with extensive marshy areas. The two armies slept in their positions, preparing for the start of the battle the next day. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, most of the armies of Europe adopted formations incorporating pikemen and arquebusiers or musketeers (called tercios). The Spanish army was considered nearly invincible due to the adoption of the tercio. This formation was a development of Spanish military adventures in Italy in the late fifteenth century. Later refinements allowed it to survive for nearly a century-and-a-quarter. At the time of the battle of Rocroi, the tercio consisted of somewhere in the neighborhood of 3000 men, though this number was often reduced through losses and attrition during campaigns. The core of the unit was a block of pikemen, 56 men across and 22 ranks deep. The outer edges of the pike block were lined with about 250 arquebusiers. At each corner of the larger square were four mangas, or sleeves, blocks of about 240 men each, also armed with arquesbuses.
Finally, there were two groups of about 90 men each in open order, armed with the longer-ranged muskets, that were arranged in front and to the sides of the arquebusiers. The Spanish tercio had a rough ratio of 1:1 pikemen to shooters. In most armies, three tercios were usually arrayed together, with one unit to the front with the other two to the side and behind the other. In addition, the men of the tercio were highly trained, professional soldiers that fought all across Europe and had few equals. When properly trained and led, the Spanish tercio was a tough nut to crack. However, the incessant wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries forced the Spanish to recruit in their other European possessions, mainly northern Italy, the Spanish Netherlands and Germany. Many of the tercios composed of these subject troops were often only 1-2000 men strong, and their level of training was not comparable to their Spanish counterparts. The Army Dispositions Both sides lined up in remarkably similar formations. Their cavalry forces were on the flanks, the infantry in the center was arranged in two lines, and their artillery drawn up in front of the infantry. Each side also had a reserve force, but they differed in size and composition. The Spanish-Imperialist reserve consisted of two squadrons of cavalry, while the French reserve was composed of two squadrons of cavalry, six companies of gendarmes – who by this time had evolved into lightly armored, pistol-and sword armed troops – and three battalions of infantry. In addition, the Spanish-Imperialist army was a melting pot of various nationalities. The front line of the infantry consisted of five Spanish tercios, with five more hailing from Italy and the county of Franche-Comte (a Spanish possession in what is today eastern France bordering Switzerland). The second line of the Spanish infantry was comprised of nine battalions of German, Italian and Walloon (Belgian) troops. The left cavalry wing numbered 15 squadrons of Flemish cavalry, while the right cavalry wing totaled 14 squadrons of German and Croatian horsemen.
Cardinal Richelieu.
–
Both army commanders – the Duc d’Enghien and Don Francisco de Melo – were stationed in their respective right cavalry wings. At about dawn on May 19, 1643 (6:00 a.m. local time) Enghien ordered the first moves: his infantry attacked the Spanish center, the right cavalry wing attacked the Imperialist left cavalry wing, and the French left cavalry unit was ordered to stand pat. The French infantry was repulsed, but the French right wing after hard fighting drove off the Flemish horsemen, exposing the left flank of the enemy center to the French horse. The Spanish center managed to hold its positions. Then, against orders, the French left wing launched itself at the Imperialist right wing. This unauthorized assault was hampered by the marshy ground to their left. The Germans and Croats counterattacked, driving the French left wing from the field. Following up their success, the Germans and Croats moved to attack the left flank of the French center. However, the French reserve moved up from the rear and blocked the advance of the Imperialist cavalry. At this point, the battle was less than two hours old. Enghien then ordered his right wing to strike the right flank and rear of the Imperialist infantry. Personally leading the cavalry in a ride around the rear of the enemy, the plan succeeded brilliantly. Falling prey to the French cavalry attack, the German, Italian and Walloon infantry collapsed and routed from the field. At the same time, the French infantry reserve managed to break the assault of the German cavalry on the French left, chasing the Germans from the battlefield. It was now about 8:00 a.m., and the Imperialist force was reduced to the Spanish tercios. Returning to his own lines, Enghien ordered his cavalry to attack the Spanish line, despite the obvious fatigue of his men and horses. Two separate assaults by the French horse achieved nothing. Desperate for a resolution, Enghien ordered his artillery – in addition to some captured Spanish cannon – to bombard the unyielding tercios. He ordered another cavalry charge, hoping to break the Spanish.
Battle of Rocroi.
–
At this point, the remaining Spanish artillery fell silent, out of ammunition. Realizing the perilous situation he was in, de Melo surrendered in order to save his Spanish from being destroyed. It was about 10:00 a.m. The battle of Rocroi had ended. De Melo, though defeated, requested the same terms that were generally made by the defenders of a fortress – to leave the field with flags flying and retaining their weapons. Perhaps feeling in a generous mood, Enghien approved. The Spanish left the field and returned across the border to the Netherlands. Casualties for this battle were fairly heavy: the Spanish lost 7000 dead and wounded, as well as 8000 captured, while the French suffered some 4000 dead and wounded. It was the first victory in the military career of the Duc d’Enghien. It also signaled the first major defeat for the Spanish tercio system in over a century.
–
Source: http://www.legion.org (The Burn Pit)
Share this:
| Thirty Years' War |
"What would you find in a ""Harden's Guild""?" | The Thirty Years' War 1618-1648
What Impact Did the Thirty Years' War Have?
The Thirty Years' War basically shaped the map of modern Europe as we know it today. It also changed European balance of power radically.
The member states of the
Holy Roman Empire were granted full sovereignty. The essential structure of modern Europe as a community of sovereign states was established.
After the two World Wars, the Thirty Years' War has been the third most traumatic period in the history of Germany.
THE BATTLES OF THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR
Approximately 40 battles were fought during the Thirty Years� War. Some of them were:
The Battle of White Mountain , also called Battle of White Hill, November 8, 1620. Imperial victory. Ferdinand II won, Frederick V lost.
Who Won the Thirty Years' War? Who Lost?
The winners of the war were Sweden, which gained control over the Baltic; France, which became the chief Western power; and the United Netherlands, which became an independent republic.
The losers of the war were Austria and Spain, which lost their dominant political positions. Spain also lost the Netherlands. The ultimate loser of the war, however, was Germany. Its cities, economy and population suffered greatly.
Estimates vary as to the exact number of German lives lost in the Thirty Years� War. Some rough estimates are as high as 12 million.
And here is another map of Germany in 1648:
| i don't know |
Who was Sepp Blatter's opponent for the job of FIFA President on 29th June 2015? | Sepp Blatter re-elected as Fifa president for fifth term | Football | The Guardian
Sepp Blatter re-elected as Fifa president for fifth term
• Blatter was endorsed by 133 of the 209 voting members
• He failed to get two-thirds majority necessary in first round
• Prince Ali Bin al-Hussein concedes before second-round vote
Sepp Blatter polled 133 votes to Prince Ali’s 73. Link to video
Sepp Blatter re-elected as Fifa president for fifth term
• Blatter was endorsed by 133 of the 209 voting members
• He failed to get two-thirds majority necessary in first round
• Prince Ali Bin al-Hussein concedes before second-round vote
Friday 29 May 2015 13.59 EDT
First published on Friday 29 May 2015 13.18 EDT
Close
This article is 1 year old
Despite the chaos and controversy engulfing Fifa, world football’s governing body, its president, Sepp Blatter , has secured a fifth term in charge.
The 79-year-old defeated his rival, the Jordanian Prince Ali Bin al-Hussein, to whoops and cheers from his supporters. Blatter polled 133 votes to Prince Ali’s 73, which would have been enough to take the contest to a potential second round but his 39-year-old challenger withdrew.
It could yet prove a pyrrhic victory. Blatter has weathered the storm in the short term but the result leaves him presiding over a split Fifa as he faces the biggest self-inflicted crisis in its 111-year history. “For the next four years I will be in command of this boat called Fifa and we will bring it back ashore, we will bring it back to the beach,” he said , again promising to make this four-year term his last. “The age is no problem. You have people that are 50 who look old.”
Prince Ali will claim a moral victory but could only land a glancing blow on the incumbent, who appeared giddy after winning his fifth term as president. “I like you, I like my job and I like to be with you. I’m not perfect, nobody’s perfect,” he said. “Trust and confidence, together we go.”
As investigations continue in the United States into a web of bribery and corruption that has already led this week to seven arrests in dawn raids and charges against 14 senior executives, European football’s governing body, Uefa, will again loudly demand reform.
Its executives meet in Berlin next weekend before the Champions League final and were in militant mood after Blatter triumphed over his younger rival, who had promised to repair Fifa’s battered reputation and serve for only one four-year term.
Uefa’s president, Michel Platini, whose 53 members mostly backed Ali, had said that it could withdraw co-operation. The Football Association’s chairman, Greg Dyke, has said that England could boycott the World Cup if other European nations decide to do so. “This is not over by any means. To quote the [US] Attorney General this is the beginning of the process not the end,” said Dyke after the vote. “The idea Blatter could reform Fifa is suspect. I’d be very surprised if Mr Blatter was still in this job in two years’ time.
“The events of this week are so traumatic for Fifa that I cannot see Fifa reforming itself under Blatter. He’s had years to reform it and he hasn’t done it.”
Luis Figo, who along with the Dutch FA president, Michael van Praag, withdrew from the presidential race in an attempt to coalesce support behind Prince Ali, was scathing in his criticism of Blatter after the result and called on him to quit.
“If Mr Blatter were minimally concerned about football, he would have given up of the re-election. If he has a minimal of decency, he will resign in the next few days.”
David Gill, the former Manchester United chief executive who on Friday became a Fifa vice-president, confirmed on Friday night he would carry through his threat to resign immediately because Blatter won.
Blatter had earlier vowed to fix Fifa “starting tomorrow”, telling delegates: “We don’t need revolutions. We need evolutions. I’m being held accountable for the storm. OK, I will shoulder that responsibility.”
Despite the spiralling crisis sparked by the US Department of Justice and Swiss prosecutors, Blatter succeeded with an appeal to the 209 member associations to give him another term. His support in Asia, Africa and pockets of Central America and Oceania helped him to victory despite opposition from Europe, the US, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. It allows him to carry on his 17-year reign as president despite having previously promised to stand down in 2015.
Blatter has been at Fifa for 40 years, since his now disgraced predecessor João Havelange personally plucked him from watchmaker Longines to lead the commercialisation of the World Cup that has seen revenues rise in direct correlation with endless claims of bribery and kickbacks.
In his closing speech to delegates, his third of the day in comparison to the 15 minutes his rival was afforded, the Swiss returned to familiar themes. “What football needs right now is a strong leader, an experienced leader, a leader who knows all the ins and outs of the situation,” he said. Just as he did four years ago, when he promised a “roadmap of reform”, he called on the members to trust him, promised to “fix Fifa” starting tomorrow and made light of his age and the 17 years he has been at the top.
“What is this notion of time? Time is infinite and we slice it up. I find the time I’ve spent at Fifa is very short and it will remain short.” To applause inside the bubble of the Fifa Congress, Blatter added: “I would quite simply just like to stay with you.”
Pinterest
Blatter is congratulated after winning a fifth term as Fifa president. Photograph: Fabrice Coffrini/AFP/Getty Images
Outside, the pressure increased. Jack Warner, the controversial Trinidadian former Concacaf president who was once one of Blatter’s closest allies and among those charged on Wednesday, delivered a thinly veiled threat after being released on bail . To hoots and applause from supporters in Trinidad, Warner said: “If I have been thieving Fifa money for 30 years, who gave me the money? How come he is not charged?”
Brazil’s Fifa executive committee member Marco Polo del Nero fled Zurich before the meeting following the arrest of his predecessor, José Maria Marin, on Wednesday. Like the Fifa vice-president Jeffrey Webb, of the Cayman Islands, and five others, Marin is being held in custody while appealing against extradition to the US.
Blatter’s understated opponent, Prince Ali, had warned the delegates that “everything is at stake” in the wake of the dramatic events of this week, when Swiss police swooped on the Baur au Lac hotel to arrest seven senior Fifa officials. Seven more were charged in the US and four more, including the former Concacaf general secretary Chuck Blazer, pleaded guilty. In all they were charged with 47 counts of money laundering, racketeering and tax evasion in what prosecutors called the “World Cup of fraud”. In contrast to his opponent, who tried to rally his “Fifa family” for one final time, Prince Ali warned that the world was watching and “Fifa does not exist in a bubble”.
Platini said: “I am proud that Uefa has defended and supported a movement for change at Fifa, change which in my opinion is crucial if this organisation is to regain its credibility. I congratulate my friend Prince Ali for his admirable campaign and I take the opportunity to thank all the national associations who supported him.”
As protesters outside called for Fifa to take action over Qatar’s mistreatment of migrant workers building the infrastructure for the 2022 World Cup in Qatar, Blatter delivered a rambling 25-minute opening speech in which he called for unity among the member associations who would decide his fate.
Sepp Blatter: how the great survivor won another term amid Fifa crisis
Read more
“We are at a turning point. We need to pull together and move forward. We can’t constantly supervise everyone in football,” insisted Blatter. “You can’t just ask people to behave ethically just like that.”
The congress was briefly interrupted by Palestinian protesters backing their country’s move to have Israel banned from Fifa. They shouted “Red card for Fifa” before being bundled out by security. Later Blatter attempted to stage manage a “handshake for peace” between the delegates from Palestine and Israel after the former had withdrawn a motion to suspend the latter.
Proceedings were also interrupted by a bomb scare but Blatter’s problem’s are longer-term. The US authorities have warned that their investigation is far from over and the 14 executives charged are likely to be probed for any connection that links their actions to Blatter.
The seven executives arrested in Zurich, including the Fifa vice-presidents Webb and Eugenio Figueredo, remain in custody and are fighting extradition to the US.
| Prince Ali bin Hussein |
What links the ship Dr Crippen was caught on in 1910 and a coastal resort town in Scotland? | Sepp Blatter to fight FIFA ban: 'Suspended ... for what?' - CNN.com
1 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
December 21, 2015 – FIFA president Sepp Blatter and UEFA president Michel Platini are banned by FIFA's Ethics Committee for eight years. The ban relates to all football-related activity and is effective immediately.
Hide Caption
2 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
November 11, 2015 – FIFA president Sepp Blatter had been in hospital in November, recovering from "a body breakdown."
Hide Caption
3 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
November 9, 2015 – Wolfgang Niersbach announces his resignation as German Football Federation president, taking "political responsibility" for accusations of bribery involving the country's bid to stage the 2006 World Cup.
Hide Caption
4 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
October 26, 2015 – FIFA's deadline for submitting candidacies for its presidential election was October 26, with eight putting themselves forward for the February 26, 2015 vote to succeed Sepp Blatter. However, on October 28 David Nakhid was omitted from FIFA's final list as one of the five football associations that had declared its support for him had already done so for another candidate.
Hide Caption
5 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
October 26, 2015 – UEFA president Michel Platini was the first to enter the FIFA presidential race back in July, but questions remain over whether he is even still eligible to stand in the election after he was provisionally banned from football for 90 days.
Hide Caption
6 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
October 26, 2015 – Prince Ali bin Al-Hussein of Jordan announced his presidency bid in September. He was the sole challenger to Sepp Blatter in the May 29 election but conceded defeat after receiving 73 votes to the Swiss' 133 in the first round of voting.
Hide Caption
7 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
October 26, 2015 – Ex-Trinidad and Tobago captain David Nakhid submitted his candidacy earlier this month. Nakhid also played for the likes of PAOK of Greece and Malmo of Sweden. However, on October 28, Nakhid was omitted from FIFA's final list. "One of the five declarations of support for Mr Nakhid was declared invalid as the same member association had previously issued a declaration of support for another candidate," said a FIFA statement. "In view of this, the Ad-hoc Electoral Committee decided not to consider Mr Nakhid's application as it did not fulfil the required five declarations of support."
Hide Caption
8 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
October 26, 2015 – South African businessman Tokyo Sexwale, who has been part of FIFA's anti-discrimination taskforce, announced his intention to run for presidency after the South African Football Association's National Executive Committee unanimously endorsed his candidacy last week.
Hide Caption
9 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
October 26, 2015 – Former FIFA international relations director Jerome Champagne, who had hoped to challenge Blatter in May's election but was forced to withdraw, confirmed last week that he will be standing.
Hide Caption
10 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
October 26, 2015 – Asian Football Confederation president Sheikh Salman bin Ibrahim Al-Khalifa launched his bid to become the next FIFA president 24 hours before the deadline. Sheikh Salman has been criticized by human rights organizations after being accused of complicity in crimes against humanity. Sheikh Salman's representatives were not immediately available for comment when contacted by CNN.
Hide Caption
11 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
October 26, 2015 – UEFA announced on the day of the deadline that its general secretary Gianni Infantino -- Platini's right-hand man -- will run for the FIFA presidency.
Hide Caption
12 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
October 26, 2015 – Liberian Football Association president Musa Bility also confirmed on the day of the deadline that he is to run for the FIFA presidency.
Hide Caption
13 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
October 8, 2015 – Has FIFA president Blatter spent his last day as head of football's world governing body? The 79-year-old Swiss was provisionally banned for 90 days Thursday by the adjudicatory chamber of FIFA's Ethics Committee, though the duration of the ban could be extended by 45 days.
Hide Caption
14 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
October 8, 2015 – UEFA president and FIFA vice-president Platini was also provisionally banned for 90 days. Platini is one of the FIFA presidential candidates hoping to succeed Blatter.
Hide Caption
15 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
October 8, 2015 – South Korean billionaire and FIFA presidential candidate Chung Mong-joon was banned for six years and fined $103,000 based on findings relating to the bidding process for the 2018 World Cup in Russia and the 2022 tournament in Qatar.
Chung, a former FIFA vice president, vociferously denies any wrongdoing and attacked his colleagues for leaks that he says are designed to hurt his candidacy.
Hide Caption
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
October 8, 2015 – FIFA secretary general Jerome Valcke was suspended for 90 days.
Hide Caption
17 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
September 14, 2015 – U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch announces that 'additional charges against individuals and entities' are likely following the assessment of new evidence.
Hide Caption
18 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
September 9, 2015 – Prince Ali adds his name to the list of candidates seeking to replace Sepp Blatter. The election at scandal-hit FIFA is on February 26, 2016.
Hide Caption
19 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
July 30, 2015 – South Korean billionaire and former FIFA vice president Chung announces his intention to run for the top job in world soccer.
Hide Caption
20 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
July 29, 2015 – European football chief Platini, seen here with Blatter (left), is the leading candidate to replace the outgoing president. The former France captain is also a vice-president in FIFA's Executive Committee.
Hide Caption
21 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
May 14, 2010 – A turbulent period for FIFA began in May 2010 when the world's governing body for soccer was presented with official bid documents by Australia, England, Netherlands/Belgium, Japan, South Korea, Qatar, Russia, Spain/Portugal and the United States for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups. During the ceremony at its Swiss headquarters, FIFA announced dates for inspections of the bidding nations from July-September.
Hide Caption
22 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
May 16, 2010 – British newspaper Mail On Sunday reveals that English bid leader David Triesman (pictured here with soccer star David Beckham) was secretly recorded making comments about alleged attempts by Spain and Russia to bribe referees at the imminent 2010 FIFA World Cup.
Hide Caption
23 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
November 18, 2010 – FIFA's Ethics Committee confirms the suspension of six FIFA officials including executive committee members Amos Adamu (pictured) and Reynald Temarii, after claims by Britain's Sunday Times newspaper that they offered to sell their World Cup votes. Adamu receives a three-year ban and $11,947 fine and Temarii a 12-month ban and a $5,973 fine. The committee also rules that there is no evidence to support allegations of collusion between rival bid teams. Both Adamu and Temarii appeal unsuccessfully to FIFA's Appeal Committee and Adamu later also files an unsuccessful appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). In May 2015, FIFA bans Temarii for another eight years for allegedly accepting money from former Asian Football Confederation president Mohamed Bin Hammam to cover legal costs of his appeal of FIFA's 2010 ban.
Hide Caption
24 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
November 29, 2010 – Issa Hayatou from Cameroon (pictured) is one of three FIFA officials -- the others Nicolas Leoz from Paraguay and Ricardo Teixeira from Brazil -- who are named in a BBC program which alleges they took bribes from the International Sports and Leisure (ISL) marketing company who secured World Cup rights in the 1990s. A day later, Hayatou says he is considering legal action against the BBC. All three would have voted on the hosts for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups. The International Olympic Committee's Ethics Commission later looks into the claims against Hayatou -- as he was an IOC member. It finds he had personally received a sum of money from ISL as a donation to finance the African Football Confederation (CAF)'s 40th anniversary and recommends he be reprimanded. In 2013, an internal investigation finds Leoz and Teixeira accepted illegal payments from ISL but says the acceptance of bribe money was not punishable under Swiss law at the time. Its report says that as both have resigned their positions with FIFA further steps over "the morally and ethically reproachable conduct of both persons" are superfluous.
Hide Caption
December 2, 2010 – The winning bids for the 2018 and 2022 World Cup finals are announced. Russia wins the bid to host the 2018 tournament. But the big shock came when Blatter announced that Qatar would host the 2022 finals, despite FIFA's bid inspection report stating that hosting the World Cup in June and July would be "considered as a potential health risk for players, officials, the FIFA family and spectators, and requires precautions to be taken."
Hide Caption
26 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
May 10, 2011 – Just a few weeks before FIFA's presidential vote, former English Football Association chairman David Triesman testifies at a UK parliamentary enquiry into England's failed 2018 bid. Under the cover of parliamentary privilege, Triesman accuses FIFA Executive Committee members Warner, Leoz, Teixeira and Worawi Makudi of trying to secure cash and privileges in return for their vote. In other evidence submitted to the committee from the Sunday Times, it was alleged that FIFA vice-president Hayatou along with fellow Executive Committee member Jacques Anouma has been paid $1.5 million to vote for Qatar as the 2022 World Cup host. All those accused, and the Qatar Football Association, strenuously deny the allegations.
Hide Caption
27 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
May 26, 2011 – FIFA announces it will investigate Warner (pictured), who ran the CONCACAF federation covering Central and North America, and Mohamed Bin Hammam, head of the Asian Football Confederation, over bribery allegations. It follows a report by fellow Executive Committee member Chuck Blazer alleging that they paid $40,000 worth of bribes to secure the support of members of the Caribbean Football Union. They deny the claims, with Warner promising a "tsunami" of revelations to clear his name. Bin Hammam claims the accusations are part of a plan to force him to withdraw as a candidate for FIFA's presidency. He is incumbent Blatter's only opponent in FIFA's presidential election due to be held June 1.
Hide Caption
28 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
May 27, 2011 – FIFA says it will expand its corruption probe to include Blatter, after Bin Hammam claimed Blatter knew about cash payments he was accused of giving to national football association in exchange for pro-Hammam votes during Qatar's 2022 World Cup bid. Blatter maintains that the allegations are "without substance," and two days later is exonerated by FIFA's Ethics Committee.
Hide Caption
29 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
May 29, 2011 – But FIFA's Ethics Committee upholds the complaints against Bin Hammam (pictured) and Warner. Bin Hammam is effectively barred from standing in the FIFA leadership election. Warner's tsunami turns out to be an email, where secretary general Valcke seems to suggest that Qatar "bought" the right to host the 2022 World Cup. After initially threatening legal action, Qatar withdraws its complaint when Valcke explains he was referring to Qatar's large, and legal, campaign budget, rather than bribes. Warner faces no further action following his resignation and the presumption of innocence remains.
Hide Caption
30 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
June 1, 2011 – Despite a last minute attempt by the English FA to postpone the vote -- a proposal which garnered just 17 out of the available 208 votes -- Blatter is re-elected for a fourth term as president of FIFA at the 61st FIFA Congress at Hallenstadion in Zurich. He vows to learn from past mistakes and undertake a reform agenda.
Hide Caption
31 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
July 23, 2011 – Bin Hammam is banned for life by FIFA after a two-day hearing into bribery allegations. The ban is annulled a year later due to lack of evidence.
Hide Caption
32 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
October 21, 2011 – Blatter announces the introduction of four new task forces and a "Committee of Good Governance" aimed at reforming the organization and repairing its reputation.
Hide Caption
33 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
March 30, 2012 – FIFA announces its executive committee has approved proposed changes to its Ethics Committee , splitting it into two entities -- one to investigate allegations and another to rule on them. It follows a report by the Independent Governance Committee (IGC) commissioned after Bin Hammam's ban, that found FIFA's past handling of corruption scandals had been "unsatisfactory."
Hide Caption
34 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
April 24, 2012 – The Council of Europe, a watchdog that oversees the European Court of Human Rights, criticizes Blatter in a damning report into FIFA's handling of bribery allegations . The report says it would be "difficult to imagine" that the FIFA president would have been unaware of "significant sums" paid to unnamed FIFA officials by sports marketing company International Sports and Leisure (ISL) in connection with lucrative contracts for World Cup television rights. However it makes no allegations that he had any involvement in corruption.
Hide Caption
July 17, 2012 – Blatter announces that former U.S. attorney Michael J Garcia and German judge Hans-Joachim Eckert (pictured) have joined FIFA to probe allegations of wrongdoing. Their first task will be to investigate a Swiss court document after an investigation into alleged illegal payments made by FIFA marketing partner ISL to former FIFA president Joao Havelange and former executive committee member Teixeira. However, they will also investigate old cases -- including the process surrounding the decision to award the 2018 and 2022 World Cups to Russia and Qatar. Meantime, Bin Hamman is again suspended over new corruption allegations by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), which he used to lead. Bin Hammam says he is innocent but in December 2012 he resigns all his football positions after a FIFA report finds him guilty of violating the conflict of interest clauses in its Code of Ethics and bans him from all football-related activity for life.
Hide Caption
36 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
December 17, 2012 – President of the South African Football Association (SAFA) Kirsten Nematandani (pictured) and four other SAFA officials are suspended as an act of "good governance" following a report by FIFA, which adjudged four friendly matches ahead of Africa's first World Cup in 2010 had been fixed. SAFA later decides FIFA went beyond its mandate in suspending them before its investigation had concluded and reinstates the officials to their posts. In May 2015, Nematandani tells South African broadcaster ANN7 he has yet to hear from FIFA in relation to the investigation. "This is about my reputation," he says. "My name has to be cleared."
Hide Caption
37 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
January 9, 2013 – FIFA imposes a worldwide lifetime ban from football on 41 players from Korea who became embroiled in match-fixing activities in their domestic league, extending a ban handed down by the Korea Football Association (KFA) in 2011. The charges relate to alleged match-fixing in Korea's domestic K-League competition. All but one case were centered on offering or accepting bribes to throw matches.
Hide Caption
38 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
February 4, 2014 – A report by police agency Europol reveals that 380 matches across Europe have been fixed by an Asia-based crime syndicate, including World Cup and European Championship qualifiers as well as the continent's top club competitions. Scores of people have been arrested across 15 countries, it says. FIFA vows to act on the revelations, but says it will need help from outside agencies to eradicate match-fixing.
Hide Caption
39 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
March 11, 2013 – FIFA says executive committee member Vernon Manilal Fernando of Sri Lanka has been suspended at the request of Garcia and Eckert, co-chairs of the investigatory and adjudicatory bodies of the Ethics Committee respectively. No details of his alleged transgression were released, but FIFA said the decision was based on alleged violations of its Code of Ethics, including conflicts of interest, offering and accepting bribes, bribery and corruption, "in order to prevent the interference with the establishment of the truth with respect to proceedings now in the adjudicatory chamber." He is later given a lifetime ban , which he unsuccessfully appeals to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.
Hide Caption
40 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
April 30, 2013 – An internal investigation by FIFA's Ethics Committee clears Blatter of misconduct in the bribery scandal, but his predecessor, Brazilian Havelange, resigns as honorary president for his part in the scandal. Havelange and former executive committee members Teixeira and Leoz were all found to have accepted illegal payments from former marketing partner International Sports and Leisure (ISL) between 1992 and 2000.
Hide Caption
41 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
May 6, 2013 – FIFA's Ethics Committee suspends outgoing executive committee member Blazer (pictured back right) for 90 days "based on the fact that various breaches of the Code of Ethics appear to have been committed" by the American. Blazer is former general secretary of CONCACAF, the body which governs football in North and Central America and the Caribbean, and his suspension follows a report by its integrity committee. Blazer denies any wrongdoing.
Hide Caption
42 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
June 13, 2014 – German footballer Franz Beckenbauer, the only man to win the World Cup as captain and coach, is provisionally suspended from any football-related activity for 90 days for failing to cooperate with a FIFA corruption investigation. FIFA says Beckenbauer had been asked to help with its Ethics Committee's probe into allegations against Qatar 2022 and the World Cup bidding process. Beckenbauer tells German media that he did not respond to questions by the chairman of the Ethics Committee's investigatory body because they were in English and he did not understand them.
Hide Caption
43 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
Eckert (pictured), chairman of the adjudicatory chamber of FIFA's Ethics Committee, releases a summary of the committee's investigation into the bidding process for the 2018 and 2022 World Cup. The summary, by Eckert, says Qatar and Russia were not guilty of any alleged corruption, clearing them of wrongdoing. Garcia, the author of the full report, and chairman of the Ethics Committee's investigatory body, wanted the report to be published in full. Garcia says the summary contains "incomplete and erroneous representations of the facts and conclusions detailed in the investigatory chamber's report."
Hide Caption
44 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
November 18, 2014 – FIFA lodges a criminal complaint with the Swiss judiciary relating to the "international transfers of assets with connections to Switzerland, which merit examination by the criminal prosecution authorities."
Hide Caption
45 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
December 17, 2014 – Garcia resigns as chairman of the investigatory body of the Ethics Committee, following FIFA's decision to throw out his appeal after he complained about the way his report into the World Cup bidding process had been summarized by Eckert.
Hide Caption
46 of 48
Photos: FIFA corruption scandal timeline
December 19, 2014 – FIFA decides to publish a redacted version of Garcia's investigative report into alleged corruption surrounding the bidding process for the tournaments. The decision was unanimously endorsed by FIFA's 25-person executive committee.
Hide Caption
| i don't know |
The Lemur is native to where? | Ring-Tailed Lemurs, Ring-Tailed Lemur Pictures, Ring-Tailed Lemur Facts - National Geographic
Size relative to a 6-ft (2-m) man
Please add a "relative" entry to your dictionary.
Lemurs are primates found only on the African island of Madagascar and some tiny neighboring islands. Because of its geographic isolation, Madagascar is home to many amazing animals found nowhere else on Earth. Lemurs may have floated there eons ago on "rafts" of vegetation and evolved in isolation over countless centuries.
Ring-tailed lemurs are unmistakable because of their long, vividly striped, black-and-white tail. They are familiar residents of many zoos.
Lemurs use their hands and feet to move nimbly through the trees, but cannot grip with their tails as some of their primate cousins do. Ring-tailed lemurs also spend a lot of time on the ground, which is unusual among lemur species. They forage for fruit, which makes up the greater part of their diet, but also eat leaves, flowers, tree bark, and sap.
Ring-tailed lemurs have powerful scent glands and use their unique odor as a communication tool and even as a kind of weapon. Lemurs mark their territory by scent, serving notice of their presence to all who can smell. During mating season, male lemurs battle for dominance by trying to outstink each other. They cover their long tails with smelly secretions and wave them in the air to determine which animal is more powerful.
Ring-tailed lemurs live in groups known as troops. These groups may include 6 to 30 animals, but average about 17. Both sexes live in troops, but a dominant female presides over all.
Ring-tailed lemurs are endangered, largely because the sparse, dry forests they love are quickly vanishing.
| Madagascar |
"Who makes the car models ""Jetta"" and ""Passat""?" | Lemurs of Madagascar
More lemur photos
Madagascar is world-famous for its lemurs—primates that look something like a cat crossed with a squirrel and a dog. These animals are unique to the island and display a range of interesting behaviors from singing like a whale (the indri) to sashaying across the sand like a ballet dancer (the sifaka). Below you will learn more about these fascinating creatures.
Lemur history
Madagascar lacks the dominant form of primate distributed worldwide, those of the suborder Haplorhini (monkeys, chimps, gorillas, and Homo sapiens). Instead, their niche has been filled by an older group of primates, the lemurs. Lemurs belong to the sub-order Strepsirhini together with bushbabies, lorises, and pottos which—like the original lemurs—are nocturnal, insectivorous primates characterized by a small body, a long nose, and large eyes. Lemurs have an interesting evolutionary history and the only reason they still exist today is because of Madagascar's isolation.
Until around 160 million years ago, Madagascar was attached to the African mainland as part of the super continent Gondwanaland (formed of Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, India, and Madagascar). As Gondwanaland broke apart, Madgascar moved away from Africa. The first lemur-like primates on the fossil record appeared roughly 60 million years ago in mainland Africa and crossed over to Madagascar shortly thereafter.
The island continued to drift eastward and by the time monkeys appeared on the scene 17-23 million years ago, Madagascar was isolated from their arrival. As highly intelligent and adaptive primates, monkeys quickly drove the lemur lineage elsewhere in the world toward extinction (a few Strepsirhines—including bushbabies, lorises, and pottos—managed to hang on by retaining their nocturnal, solitary, and insectivorous traits).
Madagascar's lemurs—isolated from evolutionary changes of the world—radiated into the large island's many niches without much competition or predation. Today lemurs are found in virtually all of Madagascar's ecosystems and share some of the social and behavioral characteristics of monkeys (i.e., forming social groups, eating fruit and vegetation, and being active during the day).
Upper primates did not reach Madagascar until about they learned to navigate the high seas and arrived on boats roughly 2,000 years ago. Humans quickly went to work on the island's lemurs, reducing the number of species found in Madagascar by at least 15. The largest species suffered the most and today the largest remaining lemur is the Indri which would have been dwarfed by the gorilla-sized species once found on the island. Currently all lemurs are endangered species, due mainly to habitat destruction (deforestation) and hunting .
Lemurs today
Today Madagascar is home to nearly 60 "taxa" of lemurs (species, sub-species, and populations from 33 species across five families and 14 genera) ranging in size from the 25-gram pygmy mouse lemur to the indri. All these species are endemic to Madagascar (two lemur species were introduced to the Comoros) giving the country the second highest number of primate species after Brazil, which has 77 species (only two endemic genera and no endemic families). And new species are still being discovered— primate researchers speculate that 10-20 new species of lemurs may be described over the next generation.
Global importance of Madagascar's lemurs
According to Russell Mittermeier in The Eighth Continent , although Madagascar "is only one of 92 countries with wild primate populations, it is alone responsible for 21 percent (14 of 65) of all primate genera and 36 percent (five of 14) of all primate families, making it the single highest priority" for primate conservation. "Madagascar is so important for primates that primatologists divide the world into four major regions: the whole of South and Central America, all of southern and southeast Asia, mainland Africa, and Madagascar, which ranks as a full-fledged region all by itself."
Behavior
Non-scientists generally group lemurs by their primary time of activity: day or night. Noctural lemurs are typically smaller and more reclusive than their diurnal counterparts. Lemurs are vocal animals, making sounds that range from the grunts and swears of brown lemurs and sifaka to the chirps of mouse lemurs to the eerie, wailing call of the indri, which has been likened to a cross between a police siren and the song of a humpback whale.
Lemur species counts for selected parks:
Protected Area
conservation is saving lemurs and helping people in Madagascar
(5/7/2007) Madagascar, an island nation that lies off the coast of southeastern Africa, has long been famous for its unique and diverse species of wildlife, especially lemurs--primates found nowhere else on the planet. In recent years, the island country has also become world-renowned for conservation efforts that are succeeding in spite of extraordinary pressures from a poor population that relies heavily on forest burning for basic subsistence. A large part of this success is due to the early efforts of Patricia Wright, a primatologist who has been working in the country for more than 20 years. Wright led the effort to launch the country's leading protected area and helped Madagascar become a leading global example of conservation despite its economic adversity.
Lemurs at risk due to invasion of feral beasts, global warming
(2/7/2007) The lemurs of Madagascar are among the world's most threatened primates. Extensive habitat destruction, hunting, and the introduction of alien species have doomed dozens of species to extinction since humans first arrived on the island within the past 2000 years. Most of the casualties were Madagascar's largest lemurs -- today the biggest lemur is but a fraction of the gorilla-sized giants that once ruled the island. Despite this relative impoverishment of megafauna, Madagascar still boasts nearly 90 kinds of lemurs, all of which are unique to the island (save one species that was probably introduced to some nearby islands). Lemurs display a range of unusual behvaiors from singing like a whale (the indri) to sashaying across the sand like a ballet dancer (the sifaka). Interest in lemurs has helped Madagascar become a global conservation priority, though they are still at risk. Continued deforestation, scattered hunting, and looming climate change all pose significant threats to some lemur populations. One largely unexamined threat comes from introduced species such as the Indian civet and mongoose, but especially dogs and cats that have become feral.
In search of wildlife, while dodging leeches, in Madagascar's unexplored rainforest
(2/5/2007) It is called a rainforest for a reason--because it rains.... and rains. As my field partner, Angelin Razafimanantsoa, and I make our way down muddy mountainsides in the endless downpour, we stop only long enough to pick squirming, bloodthirsty leeches off each other's face. Hours pass as we wade through knee-deep streams rushing over smooth, slippery rocks and thick forest stands. Seven hours ago, we anticipated arriving at our next base camp in three hours' time. Now, as night is falling, it seems we have at least five hours more to go.
Lemurs communicate by scent
(1/29/2007) Ringtailed lemurs can recognize each other by scent according to a study published in the current issue of the journal Animal Behaviour. The research, conducted by Elizabeth S. Scordato and Christine M. Drea of Duke University, looked at olfactory communication in the ringtailed lemur, a charismatic primate that forms complex social groups led by a dominant female, so see what information is contained within the scent marks of the species.
3 new lemur species identified in Madagascar
(11/27/2006) Genetic analysis has revealed three previously unknown species of lemurs on the Indian Ocean island of Madagascar. The newly described lemurs are all mouse lemurs, one of the world's smallest primates. These lively lemurs are found in virtually all of Madagascar's forests where they feed on insects, fruit, and plant sap. Nocturnal, mouse lemurs betray their presence with high-pitched chirps.
Lemur conservation in Madagascar requires poverty alleviation initiatives
(11/5/2006) Madagascar, an island larger than France that lies off the southeastern coast of Africa, is perhaps best known for its lemurs--primates that look something like a cat crossed with a squirrel and a dog. Lemurs, which are found naturally only in Madagascar, serve as a charismatic representation of the island's biodiversity and its problems. Since the arrival of humans some 2000 years ago from southeast Asia, Madagascar has lost all of its mega fauna and more than 90 percent of its wildlands. Today forest clearing for agriculture and hunting continues to put lemurs and other endemic species at risk. The good news is that because of Madagascar's biodiversity, the island has become a top priority for global conservation. At the forefront of these efforts is the Madagascar Fauna Group (MFG), an international consortium of zoos and related organizations that work to protect Madagascar's wildlife and ecosystems, and the Duke University Lemur Center, the one of the world's leading lemur research facilities. Charlie Welch, currently a research scientist at the Duke University Lemur Center, recently answered some questions on his experiences in lemur conservation. Welch, along with his wife Andrea Katz, has worked in Madagascar for 17 years and helped transform conservation efforts in the country.
Climate Change Threatens Lemurs
(9/18/2006) Tropical rainforests are among the most stable environments on Earth, but they are still no match for global climate change. Dr. Patricia Wright, the widely admired primatologist and Professor of Anthropology at Stony Brook University, finds that climate change could mean the difference between survival and extinction for endangered lemurs.
Orangutans and chimps are smarter than monkeys and lemurs
(8/1/2006) The great apes are the smartest of all nonhuman primates according to scientists at Duke University Medical Center. The researchers found that orangutans and chimpanzees consistently outperformed monkeys and lemurs on a variety of intelligence tests, conclusively proving that apes are more intelligent than monkeys and prosimians.
Rare indri lemur born in forest reserve in Madagascar
(7/13/2006) A rare lemur known for its haunting whale-like call has given birth in a reserve outside its native forest. The news is significant because the Indri, as the world's largest living lemur is known, has traditionally done poorly when kept in captivity or introduced to outside its montane forest in Madagascar. The birth occurred at Palmarium, a small private reserve of lowland tropical forest established by a tour operator in Madagascar, and provides further hope for the successful conservation of the endangered species.
Why does Madagascar have so many unique animals?
(5/24/2006) Scientists have developed the first comprehensive theory to explain Madagascar's rich biodiversity. Madagascar, larger than California and about size the size of Texas or France, is the world's fourth largest island. Isolated in the Indian Ocean off the coast of southern Africa, about 70% of the estimated 250,000 species found on the island exist nowhere else on the globe. The island is home to such evolutionary oddities as lemurs, a group of primates endemic to the island; brilliantly colored lizards including geckos and chameleons; tenrecs, spiny hedgehog-like creatures; and the fossa, a carnivorous animal that looks like a cross between a puma and a dog but is closely related to the mongoose.
Madagascar establishes new park system to protect lemurs, benefit people
(1/17/2006) Madagascar has created a new agency for managing the parks of the Indian Ocean island nation. The System of Protected Areas of Madagascar, or SAPM, simplifies the legal process used to create a protected areas, while providing for flexibility for local people to earn a living from conservation activities.
Lemur hunting persists in Madagascar, rare primates fall victim to hunger
(7/17/2005) While it has been illegal to kill or keep lemurs as pets since 1964, lemurs are hunted where they are not protected by local taboos. Many lemurs are particularly easy targets for hunting because evolution has rendered them ecologically naive in that without natural predators over the majority of their existence, they are less fearful than they should be.
Madagascar lemurs descended from single primate ancestor, finds study
(7/11/2005) Yale biologists have managed to extract and analyze DNA from giant, extinct lemurs, according to a Yale study published in a recent issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Evolutionary analysis of the DNA obtained from the extinct giants reveals that they, like the living lemurs, are descended from a single primate ancestor that colonized Madagascar more than 60 million years ago.
Dancing lemur attracts tourists to island of Madagascar
(5/30/2005) In the dry deciduous forests of south western Madagascar there lives a lemur that loudly cusses but "dances" like a ballet performer. Verreaux's sifaka is among the most popular of lemur species, a group of primates endemic to islands off the southeastern coast of Africa. While threatened, Verreaux's sifaka is easily spotted is several of Madagascar's more accessible parks.
Rainforest Canopy - Primates
(3/1/2005) Primates are characteristic of every continental rainforest realm, except for the Australasian realm, and are made up of nearly 200 living species in more than 50 genera. Primates are thought to have originated from their insectivore-like ancestors between 100 million and 65 million years ago. The ancient primates most resembled lemurs and the tarsier of today, and upper primates did not appear until 37 to 23 million years ago. Upper primates include monkeys, apes, chimps, and humans, and the non-human species are generally divided into Old World monkeys and New World monkeys.
Lemur links
Duke University's Lemur taxa - includes extinct lemur species
Find a mistake? Want to submit pictures or content? Contact WildMadagascar.org
| i don't know |
"""Prince of Wales"", ""Gunpowder"" and ""Russian Caravan"" are all types of what?" | Prince of Wales 1 lb.
Home > Leaf Speciality Tea > ENGLISH FAVOURITES > Prince of Wales 1 lb.
Prince of Wales 1 lb.
Brand: Loose Leaf 1/4 lb -2.2 lb
Quantity:
Country of Origin: Sri Lanka, Taiwan, India
Region: Nuwara Eliya, Taiwan, Assam
Shipping Port: Colombo, Kaohsiung, Calcutta
Grade: Orange Pekoe Gunpowder
Altitude: 1500 feet to 7500 feet above sea level
Manufacture Type: Orthodox
Cup Characteristics: Thick liquor, flavorful with Black Currant accent.
Infusion: Bright and golden with reddish tones.
Ingredients: Luxury black tea, Luxury green tea, Cornflower and Safflower petals, Natural flavors.
Information:
This blend of teas is fit for a ‘king-in-waiting’.
Element #1: We have used a very rich Indian Assam tea as the dominant component in this blend to honor the role India has played in the British Empire. India throughout the late 1800’s and early 1900’s played an important role in the success of the English and often was the playground of the Royals who would come on cruises or visit the spa’s at Darjeeling. Kings George V, George VI, Edward and Queen Elizabeth all were known to tip a cuppa with the local English gentry and Indian Maharajas. The tea they built their Empire on also helped build a stronger India.
Element #2: The tea industry in Sri Lanka - formerly known as Ceylon was started by the British in the mid 1800’s. Tea is now the most important agricultural export product for Sri Lanka and provides jobs for hundreds of thousands on the ‘tear-drop’ shaped island. Viewing tea estates, roads and railways you will see evidence of the British ‘bulldog’ nature - during the 1800’s only the British would have been ‘mad’ enough to push roads through the jungles and steep mountains.
Element #3: True to the British national anthem ‘God Save the King’ we added Gunpowder green tea and Lucky Dragon Hyson green tea with their high polyphenol count to try and bring this ideal to the blend.
Element #4: The English colonists always tried to keep a little bit of England around them and this is typified by the bungalows and gardens on the tea estates. We have enhanced this blend with a hint of black currants the typical English garden berry - a reminder of home for the ‘expats’.
In conclusion, while you are enjoying this wonderful tasting tea you can ‘see’ the current Prince of Wales lifting his teacup from his saucer, taking a sip and exclaiming “Good Show!!” Another afternoon in Sandringham..........
Hot tea brewing method: Bring freshly drawn cold water to a rolling boil. Place 1 teaspoon of tea for each cup into the teapot. Pour the boiling water into the teapot. Cover and let steep for 3-7 minutes according to taste (the longer the steeping time the stronger the tea). Add milk and sugar to taste.
| Tea |
Which fruit has the Latin name Rubus fruiticosis? | Twinings Tea USA - Twinings Tea US
Twinings Tea USA
Call us at 1-800-803-6695 Mon-Fri • 9am-5pm EST
| i don't know |
Peter Kay and Sian Gibson star in which BBC sitcom about two supermarket employees who are forced to commute together? | Peter Kay's Car Share (TV Series 2015– ) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
When a supermarket issues a new car share scheme. Assistant Manager John Redmond (Peter Kay) and Promotions Rep Kayleigh Kitson (Sian Gibson) are forced to commute together every day. But will they get along?
Stars:
It is not John's day. Not only must he take Kayleigh's annoying nephew and niece to school but he slips on the pavement posting a letter and ends up with his arm in a sling, requiring Kayleigh to ...
8.6
Kayleigh tells John this will be her last car share as she is having to move to her sister's out of town. To celebrate they have breakfast in a café where Kayleigh raises eyebrows with her costume to...
8.6
Kayleigh is hung over when John collects her and looks a mess. They reluctantly give a ride to smelly Ray from the wet fish department, who bores them by telling them how he learnt to gut fish in ...
8.5
a list of 21 titles
created 03 Jun 2015
a list of 21 titles
created 25 Dec 2015
a list of 22 titles
created 10 months ago
a list of 49 titles
created 6 months ago
a list of 21 titles
created 3 months ago
Title: Peter Kay's Car Share (2015– )
8.2/10
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
6 wins & 6 nominations. See more awards »
Photos
Add Image Add an image
Do you have any images for this title?
The misadventures of club owner Brian Potter who is determined to make The Phoenix Club the best working men's club in Greater Manchester.
Stars: Peter Kay, Dave Spikey, Justin Moorhouse
Cradle to Grave (TV Series 2015)
Drama
A TV show showing the ups and downs of the well known Danny baker and his friends during childhood
Stars: Peter Kay, Laurie Kynaston, Lucy Speed
Tells the stories of keeping a working man's club open, an under achieving bingo worker, a turf war between two ice cream men, a look behind the scenes at the MEN Arena, meet Britain's ... See full summary »
Stars: Peter Kay, Andrew Sachs, Steve Edge
Hopeless doormen Max and Paddy leave clubland and embark on a series of wild and exciting adventures in their prized motorhome, "Easy Rider" style.
Stars: Peter Kay, Paddy McGuinness, Lisa Hammond
UK funny man Peter Kay wows an audience in this hilarious 2 hours of good British comedy
Director: Peter Kay
Cat Deely hosts the epic 'live' final of Britain's Got the Pop Factor, where musical acts R Wayne, 2 Up 2 Down and Geraldine battle it out for their own record deal and an automatic entry ... See full summary »
Director: Peter Kay
Meet Britain's favourite comedian in his first show at the top of blackpool tower. Laugh along as he talks about family holidays,School and many over events that are turned into hilarious stories
Director: Marcus Mortimer
U.K. Comedian Peter Kay returns with a record breaking show
Director: Peter Kay
A British sitcom about a family going through everyday life in the Royle family house.
Stars: Ricky Tomlinson, Sue Johnston, Caroline Aherne
Do Not Disturb (TV Movie 2016)
Comedy
Anna and John book into the Stratford-on-Avon hotel where they spent their honeymoon ten years earlier - separately, following Anna's extra-marital fling but they had paid for the room ... See full summary »
Director: Nigel Cole
Ordinary Lies (TV Series 2015)
Drama
On the shop floor and in the offices of a motor showroom, desperation can lead to drastic solutions.
Stars: Cat Simmons, Jennifer Nicholas, Con O'Neill
Edit
Storyline
A supermarket suggests a company car share scheme for it's workers in order to save on staff parking spaces at the store. Level headed Assistant Manager John is paired with ditsy Promotions Rep Kayleigh and we watch the pair fill awkward silences with laugh out loud comedy as they drive to and from work. Written by Paul I
29 April 2015 (UK) See more »
Also Known As:
Peter Kay's Car Share See more »
Company Credits
Did You Know?
Trivia
The Fiat 500L was chosen for the program because the dashboard was deep enough to mount the mini cameras used for filming. See more »
Connections
(Yorkshire, United Kingdom) – See all my reviews
A return to form for Peter Kay, and I was pleasantly surprised by his costar Sian Gibson who held her own.
Car Share rates as the best new British Comedy of 2015, building into an unlikely romance - two ordinary Co-op (?) employees finding each other on the daily commute.
Filled with subtle throw-away gags, many hidden in the scenery or soundtrack and the occasional surreal daydream the whole effect is adorable and heartwarming!
Can't wait for the US remake with some better looking stars - Ashton Kutcher & Jennifer Anniston perhaps?
Perhaps leave this one to the Lancastrians...
0 of 0 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| Carsharing |
Paul Baumer is the narrator of which 1929 War Novel? | Cradle to Grave (TV Series 2015– ) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
A TV show showing the ups and downs of the well known Danny baker and his friends during childhood
Stars:
Fred persuades Shaky Young, an escaped convict who has been hiding in his sister's loft for fourteen months - despite having only three left to serve - to attend his brother's funeral as Fred sees a ...
8.9
Rejected by Miss Blondel Danny hopes to make ex-girlfriend Yvonne jealous by posing as singer Davis Essex's brother but still keeps his secret from his parents whilst Fred lands a job as a ...
8.8
Bet is back home but refusing to talk to Fred and gets a call from Keith, suggesting she runs away with him. At Sharon's wedding reception Bet recalls her courtship and early married life with Fred ...
8.8
Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence
From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence.
a list of 54 titles
created 22 Sep 2011
a list of 123 titles
created 23 Jul 2014
a list of 33 titles
created 11 months ago
a list of 49 titles
created 6 months ago
a list of 319 titles
created 4 weeks ago
Title: Cradle to Grave (2015– )
8.1/10
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
When a supermarket issues a new car share scheme. Assistant Manager John Redmond (Peter Kay) and Promotions Rep Kayleigh Kitson (Sian Gibson) are forced to commute together every day. But will they get along?
Stars: Sian Gibson, Peter Kay, Danny Swarsbrick
The Kennedys (TV Series 2015)
Comedy
The Kennedy family move to the New Town of Stevenage and are excited at the prospect of being considered middle-class.
Stars: Katherine Parkinson, Lucy Hutchinson, Dan Renton Skinner
Tells the stories of keeping a working man's club open, an under achieving bingo worker, a turf war between two ice cream men, a look behind the scenes at the MEN Arena, meet Britain's ... See full summary »
Stars: Peter Kay, Andrew Sachs, Steve Edge
Hopeless doormen Max and Paddy leave clubland and embark on a series of wild and exciting adventures in their prized motorhome, "Easy Rider" style.
Stars: Peter Kay, Paddy McGuinness, Lisa Hammond
The misadventures of club owner Brian Potter who is determined to make The Phoenix Club the best working men's club in Greater Manchester.
Stars: Peter Kay, Dave Spikey, Justin Moorhouse
Boy Meets Girl (TV Mini-Series 2015)
Comedy | Romance
Comedy series about a couple who find love across the transgender age gap.
Stars: Nigel Betts, Jonny Dixon, Janine Duvitski
Raised by Wolves (TV Series 2013)
Comedy
A large family is raised by an unconventional single mother on a council estate in Wolverhampton, England.
Stars: Philip Jackson, Rebekah Staton, Helen Monks
Cat Deely hosts the epic 'live' final of Britain's Got the Pop Factor, where musical acts R Wayne, 2 Up 2 Down and Geraldine battle it out for their own record deal and an automatic entry ... See full summary »
Director: Peter Kay
UK funny man Peter Kay wows an audience in this hilarious 2 hours of good British comedy
Director: Peter Kay
U.K. Comedian Peter Kay returns with a record breaking show
Director: Peter Kay
The Job Lot (TV Series 2013)
Comedy
The daily troubles of everyone who works at the job centre.
Stars: Sarah Hadland, Russell Tovey, Angela Curran
Cradle to Grave (TV Movie 2008)
Documentary
Edit
Storyline
A TV show showing the ups and downs of the well known Danny baker and his friends during childhood
3 September 2015 (UK) See more »
Also Known As:
From the Cradle to the Grave See more »
Filming Locations:
A lot of this series was filmed in Manchester including Ashton-Under-Lyne See more »
Goofs
During the titles as the camera cranes down to the benches outside the Baker's house, we see a modern CCTV camera on a lamp post. This camera would not have existed in 1970s. See more »
Frequently Asked Questions
– See all my reviews
This series has been something of a surprise hit with me. I gave a miss initially, but then watched episode 1 on the BBC Player and was hooked. It moves at a good pace, interweaving the various threads throughout the episodes and across several episodes. The casting and acting is top notch all around. They've recreated the 70s superbly, too, and it really rolls back the years for those of us who are almost the same age as Danny Baker (I'm a couple of years younger). In addition, the music from Squeeze really fits the bill, along with a superb 70s soundtrack.
And ignore all that nonsense about Peter Kay's cockney accent. It doesn't matter. He does a great job with the role of Danny's father.
All in all, a great watch. I hope they push ahead with series 2. I read that Baker and Pope are already working on the second series.
5 of 5 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| i don't know |
Jean Nidetch who died on 29th April 2015 was the founder of which organisation? | Jean Nidetch, Weight Watchers founder - obituary - Telegraph
Jean Nidetch, Weight Watchers founder - obituary
'Formerly fat housewife' who founded Weight Watchers in 1963 and later sold it for millions
Jean Nidetch Photo: www.splashnews.com
Comments
Jean Nidetch, who has died aged 91, was a one-time 15-stone New York housewife who turned her own weight problem into a multi-million dollar business as the founder of Weight Watchers.
She described herself as an “FFH” – Formerly Fat Housewife – and had tried every fad diet there was. But whatever weight she lost she soon piled back on – with interest – after gorging on the stash of chocolate marshmallow cookies which she kept hidden in a laundry basket. “I was a fat housewife married to an overweight bus driver raising two very overweight kids with a fat group of friends and an overweight poodle,” she recalled later.
In 1961 she was more than 15 stone and with a 44 in waist when she ran into a neighbour who told her how marvellous she was looking. “I was feeling very good about the compliment,” she recalled, “and then she said: 'When are you due?’ I didn’t know how to answer her because I wasn’t pregnant.” She had not realised how fat she looked, since she avoided full-length mirrors.
Jean Nidetch decided to enlist on a diet programme run by the New York City Board of Health in Manhattan, where further humiliation awaited her: “There was the thin girl at the desk, and I asked where the group was. And she said: 'You want the obesity clinic.’ I had never heard the word obese before. It shocked me. I said: 'I guess I do.’ ”
Jean Nidetch with pictures of herself in younger days (Splash News)
Sitting in the back row with her arms folded resentfully, Jean Nidetch was prepared to be unimpressed by the pencil-thin nutritionist who took the stage, until the woman revealed that the photograph of the fat woman propped up next to her was of herself before she had lost weight. She gave the participants a diet that recommended, among other things, that they consume fish several times a week, as well as eat two slices of bread and drink two glasses of skimmed milk a day and only try to lose a pound or two a week. “The more I listened to the speaker, the more I thought: 'This makes sense’,” Jean recalled.
She followed the plan up to a point, but could not stop herself having the occasional cookie binge and found that she was not losing weight as fast as she should. Feeling that it might help if she could share her struggles with others in the same predicament, she invited six “fat friends” to her Queens apartment to talk. Within a few months, she had 40 people queuing up to join the group she called Jean’s Fats’ Club. They chipped in and bought a weighing machine and, within a year, she had to move the weekly meetings from her flat to the basement of her apartment block.
Jean Nidetch with a photograph of her younger, overweight self (Splash News)
By October 1962 she had reached her goal of losing 72 lbs and, at 5 ft 7 in, weighed a trim 10 stone. The following year she teamed up with a businessman called Al Lippert, who had joined her group and had been impressed by her flair as a motivational speaker. He suggested that they go into business together.
They rented space above a New York cinema and transformed Jean’s Fats’ Club into Weight Watchers International. At her first meeting she was mobbed by a huge crowd of people all wanting to pay their $3 entrance fee to hear her speak. To meet the demand she addressed eight sessions in a row.
Business boomed and, within four years, Weight Watchers had established more than 200 branches around the world, licensed to 100 franchisees who paid a modest fee for the right to represent the brand, but remitted 10 per cent of annual gross profits to the founders. They also sold a range of trademarked foods as well as dieting and exercise videos.
Jean Nidetch and colleagues in Times Square, New York (Reuters)
By the time they sold the enterprise to the Heinz organisation for $71 million in 1978, Weight Watchers had a global reach. “In Israel, the Jews and Arabs sit together at our classes,” Jean Nidetch said in 1993, “and, you know, they don’t hate each other at all. They’re just interested in what they ate for breakfast.”
Jean Evelyn Slutsky was born in Brooklyn, New York, on October 12 1923, the daughter of a cab driver and a manicurist. Her bad eating habits were established early on. “ Whenever I cried, my mother gave me something to eat,” she wrote in her memoir The Story of Weight Watchers (2010, written with Joan Rattner Heilman). “Whenever I had a fight with the little girl next door, or it was raining and I couldn’t go out, or I wasn’t invited to a birthday party, my mother gave me a piece of candy to make me feel better.”
After leaving school she worked for the US Internal Revenue Service before marrying Marty Nidetch in 1947. Their courtship, she recalled, mainly consisted of eating and, by the time she waddled to the altar in a size 18 dress, they knew every restaurant in Queens where they could get a free dessert with their meal.
The Nidetches had three children, but her husband could not cope with the elegant, self-confident, platinum-blonde butterfly that emerged from the dowdy, rotund chrysalis and they divorced in 1971.
Jean Nidetch in 1973 (www.splashnews.com)
After selling Weight Watchers, Jean Nidetch continued to work for the company as its public face and consultant. She moved to Las Vegas, where she played poker and supported philanthropic causes. When she retired in 1997, at the age of 74, she selected the Duchess of York, Sarah Ferguson, to replace her as the company’s official spokesperson in America. Later she moved to South Florida.
In 1975 she embarked on a second marriage to an Italian bass player , but it lasted only a few months.
With her first husband Jean Nidetch had three sons, of whom one survives her, one having died in infancy and another in 2006.
Jean Nidetch, born October 12 1923, died April 29 2015
| Weight Watchers |
"Who composed the ""War Requiem"" for the opening of the new Coventry Cathedral in 1962?" | Jean Nidetch: Entrepreneur who went from self-confessed 'fat housewife' to dieting evangelist with Weight Watchers International | The Independent
News
Jean Nidetch: Entrepreneur who went from self-confessed 'fat housewife' to dieting evangelist with Weight Watchers International
Nidetch's operation became an empire with trademarked packaged foods, best-selling cookbooks, summer camps for children, franchises and millions of followers around the world
Thursday 30 April 2015 23:00 BST
Click to follow
The Independent Online
Nidetch: her empire took in packaged foods, cookbooks and summer camps Reuters
"I was a fat housewife married to an overweight bus driver raising two very overweight kids with a fat group of friends and an overweight poodle," Jean Nidetch once confessed, describing her life before she started a support group that would become one of the best-known weight-loss programmes in the world. The group was Weight Watchers International and Nidetch had been the organisation's chief evangelist since it was incorporated in 1963.
Nidetch had no formal training as a nutritionist and peddled no revolutionary weight-loss regime. Instead, she offered many dieters a new way to shed pounds – not in shame and alone, but in companionship forged through common struggle, and with regular meetings where they could share their setbacks and triumphs.
Her insight came from her own long battle with weight, first as a chubby child and later as a homemaker in Queens, New York, gorging on biscuits at night. She was 5ft 7in and weighed 15 stone when, by her own account, she hit a low point. A fellow supermarket shopper told her that she looked "marvellous," then asked when she was due. Nidetch was not pregnant.
In 1961, after repeated failures at fad dieting, she enrolled in a public obesity clinic. The meal plan promoted there – heavy on fish, vegetables and fruit – was appealing and effective. But she described the emotional experience as devastating. "I was one of the fattest people in the group," she recalled. "The leader was a nutritionist who was very thin. She said things like, 'When I look at a big display of food, I get sick to my stomach.' When she said that, we all looked at each other. It was a secret look. Nobody in that group got sick looking at food."
Endeavouring to stick to her diet, Nidetch invited six overweight friends to her home, where they formed an impromptu support network whose ranks steadily grew. The members bought a scale for weigh-ins. Nidetch developed a rewards system including prizes for weight-loss milestones. "It seemed to help," she said. "We discovered that other people hid cookies in the laundry basket."
Read more
Weight Watchers founder dies aged 91
In October 1962, Nidetch reached her target weight of 10st 2lb. News travelled about her skill as a motivator. Two dieters at one session, a garment executive named Albert Lippert and his wife, Felice, encouraged her to form a business. Together, the Lipperts and the Nidetches founded Weight Watchers, an operation that became an empire with trademarked packaged foods, best-selling cookbooks, summer camps for children, franchises and millions of followers around the world.
Regular member meetings remained a hallmark of the programme, which has been compared to Alcoholics Anonymous. Dieters greeted one another with the salutation "See you lighter." People who were not overweight were called "civilians" because they were not similarly embattled.
Weight Watchers went public in 1968 and celebrated its 10th anniversary with an extravaganza at Madison Square Garden featuring entertainers such as Bob Hope. By then Nidetch was herself a celebrity, greeted where she went by cheers of "Jean the Queen!" and "Be lean with Jean!" Merv Griffin and Johnny Carson interviewed her on their television programmes.
"You take away the handicap of obesity and this person becomes someone else," she said in 1993. "Take a jolly fat man for instance. You talk to him and his heart is breaking. He wants to be thin."
Jean Evelyn Slutsky was born in Brooklyn, the daughter of a cab driver and a manicurist, in 1923. "I'm sure that my compulsive eating habits began when I was a baby," she wrote in her memoir, The Story of Weight Watchers. "I don't really remember, but I'm positive that whenever I cried, my mother gave me something to eat. I'm sure that whenever I had a fight with the little girl next door, or it was raining and I couldn't go out, or I wasn't invited to a birthday party, my mother gave me a piece of candy to make me feel better."
She worked for a company that printed horse racing tip sheets and for the Internal Revenue Service before marrying Mortimer "Marty" Nidetch in 1947. Their courtship, she wrote, consisted largely of eating together. Her wedding dress was size 18. "We developed a whole act about our size and we were the life of every party," she recalled. "People waited for us to say something funny, and we usually did. After all, if you're fat, you have to make a joke about your weight before somebody else does."
Heinz bought Weight Watchers in 1978 for a reported $71.2m and sold its diet classes to the private European investment company Artal Luxembourg in 1999 for $735m. By then, the outfit had become an international powerhouse. "In Israel, the Jews and Arabs sit together at our classes," Nidetch said in 1993, "and, you know, they don't hate each other at all. They're just interested in what they ate for breakfast."
EMILY LANGER
Jean Evelyn Slutsky, businesswoman: born New York 12 October 1923; married 1947 Mortimer Nidetch (divorced 1971; three children), secondly Frank Schifano (marriage dissolved); died Parkland, Florida 29 April 2015.
© The Washington Post
| i don't know |
Which chemical element's name is taken from the Latin for flint? | The Parts of the Periodic Table
Lr
Group 4A (or IVA) of the periodic table includes the nonmetal carbon (C), the metalloids silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), the metals tin (Sn) and lead (Pb), and the yet-unnamed artificially-produced element ununquadium (Uuq).
The Group 4A elements have four valence electrons in their highest-energy orbitals (ns2np2). Carbon and silicon can form ionic compounds by gaining four electrons, forming the carbide anion (C4-) and silicide anion (Si4-), but they more frequently form compounds through covalent bonding. Tin and lead can lose either their outermost p electrons to form 2+ charges (Sn2+, the stannous ion, and Pb2+, the plumbous ion) or their outermost s and p electrons to form 4+ charges (Sn4+, the stannic ion, and Pb4+, the plumbic ion).
Carbon (C, Z=6).
Carbon is most familiar as a black solid is graphite, coal, and charcoal, or as the hard, crystalline diamond form. The name is derived from the Latin word for charcoal, carbo. It is found in the Earth's crust at a concentration of 480 ppm, making it the 15th most abundant element. It is found in form of calcium carbonate, CaCO3, in minerals such as limestone, marble, and dolomite (a mixture of calcium and magnesium carbonate); calcium carbonate also forms the shells of marine organisms and the coral of coral reefs. Carbon is also found in coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
Carbon is one of the most important elements on the periodic table (at least from the perspective of organic chemists!). Pure carbon is found in three stable forms at room temperature: graphite, diamond, and the fullerene form. In graphite, the carbon atoms are connected in sheets, which can slide past each other, which makes graphite able to act as a lubricant, and why it makes marks on paper in the form of pencil "lead." In diamonds, the carbon atoms are held together by covalent bonds in a rigid, three-dimensional framework, which results in a extremely hard and rigid structure. (Contrary to the James Bond title, diamonds aren't forever, since the graphite form is more stable; however, diamonds turn into graphite at an incredibly slow rate.) Diamonds are so different in their physical characteristics from graphite or charcoal that it was not recognized the diamond was a form of carbons; this was shown by Antoine Lavoisier in 1784 when he demonstrated that both charcoal and diamond could be burned to produce carbon dioxide. Smithson Tennant confirmed this relationship in 1796 when he showed that equal amounts of charcoal and diamond produced equal amounts of carbon dioxide. In the fullerene form, the carbon atoms are arranged in hollow balls, or in hollow tubes (called "nanotubes"); these forms of carbon have very interesting chemical physical properties, and are the subject of intense research by chemists and chemical engineers.
Carbon is produced in stars by the triple alpha process, in which three alpha particles are converted into carbon-12. In this process, two alpha particles (helium nuclei, 42He) fuse to form beryllium-8, which then fuses with another alpha particle to produce carbon-12:
42He + 42He � 84Be
84Be + 42He � 126C + g
This process takes place in older stars where a lot of hydrogen has been converted into helium; the star collapses, raising the pressure and temperature in the core to above 100 million Kelvins, initiating the process of helium burning.
Some ionic compounds of carbon are known, but carbon typically forms compounds through covalent bonding. Carbon forms strong, stable covalent bonds to other carbon atoms, and is capable of forming long chains containing anywhere from a few dozen carbon atoms to hundred of thousands of carbon atoms. Carbon can also form bonds to other elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, the halogens, etc. There are therefore a tremendous variety of complex carbon-based chemicals. Organic chemistry is the field of chemistry concerned with the study of carbon-containing compounds. Such compounds form the basis of life (at least the kinds that we know about).
Carbon is found is coal, and petroleum is a very complex mixture of thousands of different hydrocarbons. The burning of carbon and petroleum products (fossil fuels) provides most of the energy which we consume, and contributes to global warming through the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Carbon is used is the refining of iron and other metals (the oxygen in the ores is carried away in the form of carbon dioxide, leaving behind the elemental metal). Small amounts of carbon are added to iron to make an alloy called steel, which is harder than pure iron. Activated charcoal is a finely powdered form of carbon used to filter out impurities from water or gases.
Carbon is taken up by green plants in the form of carbon dioxide, CO2; in the process of photosynthesis, the carbon in the carbon dioxide is transformed into carbohydrates (sugars), lipids, proteins, and all of the other organic molecules which are essential to life.
Most carbon is in the form of the carbon-12 isotope (98.90%), which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus. Carbon-13, which is also non-radioactive, accounts for 1.10% of the world's carbon. Carbon-13 is particularly important in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (see the section on Hydrogen ); organic molecules contain small amounts of carbon-13, which responds to magnetic fields in a similar fashion as hydrogen-1. Carbon-14, which consists of 6 protons and 8 neutrons, is an unstable isotope produced the reaction of free neutrons (produced from cosmic rays) with nitrogen-14 in the upper atmosphere. Carbon-14 undergoes beta decay to produce nitrogen-14, with a half-life of 5730 years:
147N + 10n � 146C + 11H
146C � 147N + 0-1b
The amount of carbon-14 thus produced is extremely small — approximately 7 kilograms per year — but small amounts of this carbon-14 are taken up in the form of carbon dioxide along with the "normal" isotopes of carbon by green plants, and this isotope also becomes incorporated into the things that eat the green plants (and also the things that eat the things that eat the green plants — and so on). Once an organism dies, it stops taking in carbon-14 (or anything else, for that matter), and the carbon-14 that it had at the moment of death decays, and is no longer replaced. By measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining in an organic sample, it is possible to determine how long ago the organism died. This technique works for carbon-containing materials that are up to about 50,000 years old; beyond that, there is too little carbon-14 remaining to get an accurate date, and some other form of radiometric dating must be used. This technique was developed by Willard F. Libby in the 1950s, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1960 for this work.
Silicon (Si, Z=14).
Silicon is a dark gray element with a metallic luster. The name of the element is derived from the Latin word for flint, silicis. It is found in the Earth's crust at a concentration of 28%, making it the second most abundant element. In the form of silica (SiO2) or one of the silicates (SiO44-), it is found in many different minerals, including clay, quartz, zircon, feldspar, mica, zeolites, aluminosilicates, sand, etc. It is also found in the gemstones opal, agate, rhinestone, and amethyst.
Silicon is one of the most important elements on the periodic table (at least from the perspective of computers!). Ultrapure silicon doped with boron or phosphorus is used as semiconductors in transistors, which are heavily employed in computers, solar panels, and other applications. Silica (which is primarily silicon dioxide, SiO2), is used in the manufacture of glass. Silicones, which consist of chains of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms, are used in oils, lubricants, and silicone rubber.
Germanium (Ge, Z=32).
Germanium is a hard, grayish white element with a metallic luster. The name of the element is derived from the Latin word for Germany, Germania. It is found in the Earth's crust at a concentration of 2 ppm, making it the 52nd most abundant element. It is found in the ores argyrodite [Ag8GeS6] and germanite [Cu13Fe2Ge2S16], but is more frequently obtained as a by-product of the refining of zinc.
Like silicon, germanium is used as a semiconductor, and is widely used in the computer industry. Silicon and germanium are both metalloids, having some characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.
The existence of germanium was predicted by Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869 from a blank space in his periodic table beneath silicon; before it was actually found, the hypothetical element was referred to as "eka-silicon." When germanium was discovered in 1886, its physical and chemical properties matched many of those predicted by Mendeleev.
Tin (Sn, Z=50).
Tin is a soft, silvery-white metal. The name of the element is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word for the metal, while the chemical symbol "Sn" is derived from the Latin name for the metal, stannum. It is found in the Earth's crust at a concentration of 2 ppm, making it the 49th most abundant element. It is found in the ore cassiterite [tin(IV) oxide, SnO2], and in trace amounts in other minerals.
Elemental tin exists in two allotropic forms: above 13.2 �C, it is found as white or beta tin, which is the crystalline, metallic form; below 13.2�C it is found as gray or alpha tin, which has a powdery appearance. Structures made of tin that are cooled below 13.2�C can start to crumble, a condition known as "tin pest" or "tin disease." This can be prevented by alloying the tin with a small amount of antimony or bismuth.
Tin is easily purified in its metallic form from its ores, and has been known since prehistoric times. Tin is commonly plated onto iron, forming a protective surface that prevents the iron from rusting; this is extremely useful in food containers (tin cans) because the tin is nontoxic and is not corrosive. Tin can be hammered into thin sheets ("tin foil"), but this application has been replaced with aluminum foil. Tin is also used in alloys such as bronze (95% copper and 5% tin), solder (33% tin and 67% lead), pewter (85% tin, 7% copper, 7% antimony, and 4% copper), and dental amalgams (60% silver, 27% tin, and 13% copper). Bronze has been used since at least 3000 BC, since it is harder than copper and more easily made into tools, weapons, works of art, etc.
Lead (Pb, Z=82).
Lead is a very dense, soft, very malleable, bluish-white or grayish metal. The name of the element is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word for the metal, while the chemical symbol "Pb" is derived from the Latin name for the metal, plumbum. It is found in the Earth's crust at a concentration of 14 ppm, making it the 36th most abundant element. It is found in the ores galena [lead(II) sulfide, PbS], cerussite [lead(II) carbonate, PbCO3], anglesite [lead(II) sulfate, PbSO4], pyromorphite [Pb5(PO4)3Cl], and boulangerite [Pb5Sb4S11].
Despite its relative rarity, lead has been known since ancient times, since it is comparatively easy to refine and purify. Lead used to be used in plumbing, since lead pipes don't corrode the way that iron pipes do; the Latin name for lead, plumbum, is also the root of the words "plumbing" and "plumber." It is also used in paints, solders, batteries (such as the lead-acid storage batteries found in cars), and radiation shielding. Lead is the end product of the radioactive decay of many heavier elements; the ratio of other elements to lead can be used in radioactive dating of rocks.
Lead used to be used to sweeten wine, through the formation of lead(IV) acetate, Pb(C2H3O2)4, also known as "sugar of lead." Lead was also used as an octane booster for gasoline, in the form of tetraethyl lead, Pb(CH2CH3)4, but this has been phased out due to environmental concerns. The earliest pencils used lead, although now "pencil lead" is graphite mixed with clay.
Lead is a cumulative poison; absorption of lead in the body over a long period of time causes it to be stored in the bones in the form of lead phosphate, where it interferes with the production of hemoglobin, leading to anemia, stomach cramps, constipation, headaches, infertility, etc.
Ununquadium (Uuq, Z=82).
Ununquadium is a synthetic element, produced by the fusion of an isotope of plutonium with an isotope of calcium. "Ununquadium" is a temporary, systematic name (literally meaning "1" "1" "4", the atomic number of the element) until the official name is decided upon. The longest-lived isotope produced so far, ununquadium-289, has a half-life of 30.4 seconds. It was first produced at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) at Dubna in 1998. Other isotopes have been produced in other labs, with a wide range of half-lives. It has been predicted that an isotope having 114 protons and 184 neutrons, ununquadium-298, should be especially stable, but this isotope has yet to be produced.
References
John Emsley, The Elements, 3rd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.
John Emsley, Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
David L. Heiserman, Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. New York: TAB Books, 1992.
| Silicon |
In the recent general election, who lost his seat to conservative Andrea Jenkins at Morley and Outwood? | Chemistry of Silicon - Chemistry LibreTexts
Chemistry of Silicon
Contributors
Silicon, the second most abundant element on earth, is an essential part of the mineral world. It's stable tetrahedral configuration makes it incredibly versatile and is used in various way in our every day lives. Found in everything from spaceships to synthetic body parts, silicon can be found all around us, and sometimes even in us.
Introduction
The name for silicon is taken from the Latin silex which means "flint". The element is second only to oxygen in abundance in the earth's crust and was discovered by Berzelius in 1824. The most common compound of silicon, \(SiO_2\), is the most abundant chemical compound in the earth's crust, which we know it better as common beach sand.
Properties
Silicon is a crystalline semi-metal or metalloid. One of its forms is shiny, grey and very brittle (it will shatter when struck with a hammer). It is a group 14 element in the same periodic group as carbon, but chemically behaves distinctly from all of its group counterparts. Silicon shares the bonding versatility of carbon, with its four valence electrons, but is otherwise a relatively inert element. However, under special conditions, silicon be made to be a good deal more reactive. Silicon exhibits metalloid properties, is able to expand its valence shell, and is able to be transformed into a semiconductor; distinguishing it from its periodic group members.
Table 1: Properties of Silicon
Symbol
28Si 29Si 30Si
Where Silicon is Found
27.6% of the Earth's crust is made up of silicon. Although it is so abundant, it is not usually found in its pure state, but rather its dioxide and hydrates. \(SiO_2\) is silicon's only stable oxide , and is found in many crystalline varieties. Its purest form being quartz, but also as jasper and opal. Silicon can also be found in feldspar, micas, olivines, pyroxenes and even in water (Figure 1). In another allotropic form silicon is a brown amorphous powder most familiar in "dirty" beach sand. The crystalline form of silicon is the foundation of the semiconductor age.
Figure 1: Sand is an easy to find silicon deposit
Silicates
Silicon is most commonly found in silicate compounds. Silica is the one stable oxide of silicon, and has the empirical formula SiO2. Silica is not a silicon atom with two double bonds to two oxygen atoms. Silica is composed of one silicon atom with four single bonds to four oxygen molecules (Figure 2).
Figure 2: The net charge of silica is minus 4
Silica, i.e. silicon dioxide, takes on this molecular form, instead of carbon dioxide's characteristic shape, because silicon's 3p orbitals make it more energetically favorable to create four single bonds with each oxygen rather than make two double bonds with each oxygen atom. This leads to silicates linking together in -Si-O-Si-O- networks called silicates. The empirical form of silica is SiO2 because, with respect to the net average of the silicate, each silicon atom has two oxygen atoms.
Figure 3: This is a representation of the tetrahedral silica complex
The tetrahedral SiO44- complex (see Figure 3), the core unit of silicates, can bind together in a variety of ways, creating a wide array of minerals. Silicon is an integral component in minerals, just as Carbon is an essential component of organic compounds.
Neosilicates
In nesosilicates the silicate tetrahedral does not share any oxygen molecules with other silicate tetrahedrals, and instead balances out its charge with other metals. The core structure of neosilicate is simply a lone tetrahedral silica unit (Figure 4). The empirical formula for the core structure of a neosilicate is SiO44-.
Figure 4: The core of a neosilicate
Neosilicates make up the outer fringes of a group of minerals known as olivines.
Sorosilicates
In sorosilicates two silicate tetrahedrals join together by sharing an oxygen atom at one of their corners. The core structure of a sorosilicate is a pair of silica tetrahedra. (see Figure 5)
Figure 5: The core of a sorosilicate
The mineral thortveitie is an example of a sorosilicate complex.
Cyclosilicates
In cyclosilicates three or more silica tetrahedrals share two corners of an oxygen atom. The core structure of a cyclosilicate is a closed ring of silica tetrahedra. (see Figure 6)
Figure 6: The core of a cyclosilicate
The mineral beryl is an example of a cyclosilicate complex.
Inosilicates
Inosilicates are complexes where each tetrahedral share two corners with another silica tetrahedral to create a single chain (see Figure 7) or three corners to create a double chain (Figure 8). The core structure of an inosilicate is either an infinite single or double chain of silca tetrahedrals.
Figure 7: The core of a single chain inosilicate
The mineral group pyroxenes are examples of single chain inosilicates.
The core of a double chain inosilicate
Figure 8
The mineral amphibole is an example of a double chain inosilicate.
Phyllosilicates
Phyllosilicates are silica complexes where each tetradedral shares three corners and creates a sheet of silicon and oxygen. (see Figure 9) The core complex of a phyllosilicate is an infinite sheet of connected silica tetrahedrals.
The mineral talc is an example of a phyllosilicate complex.
Tectosilicates
Tectosilicates are three dimensional silicate structures. The core structure of a tectosilicate is an infinite network of connected silica tetrahedrals. (see Figure 10)
The 3d core of tectosilicate
Figure 10
The mineral quartz is an example of a tectosilicate complex.
Although many silica complexes form network covalent solids , quartz is a particularly good example of a network solid. Silicates in general share the properties of covalent solids, and this affiliated array of properties makes them very useful in modern day industry.
Silanes
Silanes are silicon-hydrogen compounds. Carbon-hydrogen compounds form the backbone of the living world with seemingly endless chains of hydrocarbons . With the same valence configuration, and thus the same chemical versatility, silicon could conceivably play a role of similar organic importance. But silicon does not play an integral role in our day to day biology. One principal reasons underlies this.
Like hydrocarbons, silanes progressively grow in size as additional silicon atoms are added. But there is a very quick end to this trend. The largest silane has a maximum of six silicon atoms. (see Figure 11)
The largest silane, hexasilane
Figure 11
Hexasilane is the largest possible silane because Si-Si bonds are not particularly strong. In fact, silanes are rather prone to decomposition. Silanes are particularly prone to decomposition via oxygen. Silanes also have a tendency to swap out there hydrogens for other elements and become organosilanes. (see Figure 12)
The organosilane, dichlorodimethylsilane
Figure 12
Silanes have a variety of industrial and medical uses. Among other things, silanes are used as water repellents and sealants.
Silicones
Silicones are a synthetic silicon compound, they are not found in nature. When specific silanes are made to undergo a specific reaction, they are turned into silicone, a very special silicon complex. Silicone is a polymer and is prized for its versatility, temperature durability, low volatility, general chemical resistance and thermal stability. Silicone has a unique chemical structure, but it shares some core structural elements with both silicates and silanes. (See Figure 13)
The core unit of a silicone
Figure 13
Silicone polymers are used for a huge array of things. Among numerous other things, breast implants are made out of silicone.
Silicon Halides
Silicon has a tendency to readily react with halogens . The general formula depicting this is SiX4, where X represents any halogen. Silicon can also expand its valence shell, and the laboratory preparation of [SiF6]2- is a definitive example of this. However, it is unlikely that silicon could create such a complex with any other halogen than fluorine, because six of the larger halogen ions cannot physically fit around the central silicon atom.
Silicon halides are synthesized to purify silicon complexes. Silicon halides can easily be made to give up their silicon via specific chemical reactions that result in the formation of pure silicon.
Applications
Silicon is a vital component of modern day industry. Its abundance makes it all the more useful. Silicon can be found in products ranging from concrete to computer chips.
Electronics
The high tech sectors adoption of the title Silicon Valley underscores the importance of silicon in modern day technology. Pure silicon, that is essentially pure silicon, has the unique ability of being able to discretely control the number and charge of the current that passes through it. This makes silicon play a role of utmost importance in devices such as transistors, solar cells, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and semiconductor devices, where such current control is a necessity for proper performance. Semiconductors exemplify silicon's use in contemporary technology.
Semiconductors
Semiconductors are unique materials that have neither the electrical conductivity of a conductor nor of an insulator. Semiconductors lie somewhere in between these two classes giving them a very useful property. Semiconductors are able to manipulate electric current. They are used to rectify, amplify, and switch electrical signals and are thus integral components of modern day electronics.
Semiconductors can be made out of a variety of materials, but the majority of semiconductors are made out of silicon. But semiconductors are not made out of silicates, or silanes, or silicones, they are made out pure silicon, that is essentially pure silicon crystal.
Like carbon, silicon can make a diamond like crystal. This structure is called a silicon lattice . (see Figure 15) Silicon is perfect for making this lattice structure because its four valence electrons allow it too perfectly bond to four of its silicon neighbors.
an example of a silicon latice
Figure 15
However, this silicon lattice is essentially an insulator, as there are no free electrons for any charge movement, and is therefore not a semiconductor. This crystalline structure is turned into a semiconductor when it is doped. Doping refers to a process by which impurities are introduced into ultra pure silicon, thereby changing its electrical properties and turning it into a semiconductor. Doping turns pure silicon into a semiconductor by adding or removing a very very small amount of electrons, thereby making it neither an insulator nor a conductor, but a semiconductor with limited charge conduction. Subtle manipulation of pure silicon lattices via doping generates the wide variety of semiconductors that modern day electrical technology requires.
Semiconductors are made out of silicon for two fundamental reasons. Silicon has the properties needed to make semiconductors, and silicon is the second most abundant element on earth.
Glasses
Glass is another silicon derivate that is widely utilized by modern day society. If sand, a silica deposit, is mixed with sodium and calcium carbonate at temperatures near 1500 degrees Celsius, when the resulting product cools, glass forms. Glass is a particularly interesting state of silicon. Glass is unique because it represents a solid non-crystalline form of silicon. The tetrahedral silica elements bind together, but in no fundamental pattern behind the bonding. (see Figure 16)
Non-crystalline silica
Figure 16
The end result of this unique chemical structure is the often brittle typically optically transparent material known as glass. This silica complex can be found virtually anywhere human civilization is found.
Glass can be tainted by adding chemical impurities to the basal silica structure. (see Figure 17) The addition of even a little Fe2O3 to pure silica glass gives the resultant mixed glass a distinctive green color.
Non-crystalline silica with unknown impurities
Figure 17
Fiber Optics
Modern fiber optic cables must relay data via undistorted light signals over vast distances. To undertake this task, fiber optic cables must be made of special ultra-high purity glass. The secret behind this ultra-high purity glass is ultra pure silica. To make fiber optic cables meet operational standards, the impurity levels in the silica of these fiber optic cables has been reduced to parts per billion. This level of purity allows for the vast communications network that our society has come to take for granted.
Ceramics
Silicon plays an integral role in the construction industry. Silicon, specifically silica, is a primary ingredient in building components such as bricks, cement, ceramics, and tiles.
Additionally, silicates, especially quartz, are very thermodynamically stable. This translates to silicon ceramics having high heat tolerance. This property makes silicon ceramics particularily useful from things ranging from space ship hulls to engine components. (see Figure 18)
Silica ceramics on the underside of the orbital are used for rentry
Figure 18
Polymers
Silicone polymers represent another facet of silicon's usefulness. Silicone polymers are generally characterized by their flexibility, resistance to chemical attack, impermeability to water, and their ability to retain their properties at both high and low temperatures. This array of properties makes silicone polymers very useful. Silicone polymers are used in insulation, cookware, high temperature lubricants, medical equipment, sealants, adhesives, and even as an alternative to plastic in toys.
Production
As silicon is not normally found in its pure state, silicon must be chemically extracted from its naturally occurring compounds. Silica is the most prevalent form of naturally occurring silicon. Silica is a strongly bonded compound and it requires a good deal of energy to extract the silicon out of the silica complex. The principal means of this extraction is via a chemical reaction at a very high temperature.
The synthesis of silicon is fundamentally a two step process. First, use a powerful furnace to heat up the silica to temperatures over 1900 degrees celsius, and second, add carbon. At temperatures over 1900 degrees celsius, carbon will reduce the silica compound to pure silicon.
Purification
For some silicon applications, the purity of freshly produced silicon is not satisfactory. To meet the demand for high purity silicon, techniques have been devised to further refine the purity of extracted silicon.
Purification of silicon essentially involves taking synthesized silicon, turning it into a silicon compound that can be easily distilled, and then breaking up this new formed silicon compound to yield an ultra pure silicon product. There are several distinct purification methods available, but most chemical forms of purification involve both silane and silicon halide complexes.
Trivia
Silicon is the eighth most abundant element in the universe.
Silicon was first identified in 1787 but first discovered as an element 1824.
Silicon is an important element in the metabolism of plants, but not very important in the metabolism of animals.
Silicon is harmless to ingest and inject into the body but it is harmful to inhale.
Silicosis is the name of the disease associated with inhaling too much of the silicon compound silica. It primarily afflicts construction workers.
Silica is a major chemical component of asbestos.
Outside links
Krasnoshchekov, V.V. and LV Myshlyaeva. Analtical Chemistry of Silicon. New York: Halsted Press, 1974. p 1-6.
Rochow, Eugene G. Silicon and Silicones. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987. preface and p 1-30
Campion, Gillis, and Oxtoby. "Principles of Modern Chemistry." 6th Ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Petrucci, Ralph H., Harwood, William S., Herring, F. G., and Madura Jeffrey D. "General Chemistry: Principles & Modern Applications." 9th Ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2007.
Problems
Highlight area next to "Ans" to see answer
How many oxides does Silicon have, and what are they?
Ans: 1 oxide O2
How does a silicate tetrahedral balance its charge if not bonded with another silicate?
Ans: By bonding to positively charged metals.
Carbon is to organic compounds as silica is to:
Ans: minerals
How big is the largest silicon-hydrogen compound?
Ans: The largest silane is hexasilane, with six silicon atoms and fourteen hydrogens.
Why is silicon important to computers?
Ans: It is used to make semiconductors.
Contributors
| i don't know |
In which Scottish city is Dalcross Airport? | Inverness Airport - HIAL
Inverness Airport
Free Wifi at all of our airports
Sign up for offers and updates
Highlands and Islands Airports Limited
Head Office, Inverness Airport, Inverness, Scotland, IV2 7JB,
| Inverness |
"Released in 1977, on which album would you find the songs ""Go Your Own Way"", ""Dreams"" and ""Never Going Back Again""?" | Dalcross Holdings - Inverness Airport, Highlands
www.dalcrosshandling.co.uk
Dalcross Handling Ltd is both independent and locally owned, as is its sister company Dalcross Logistics Ltd., the airline cargo handling agent at Inverness airport.
Our highly experienced staff have extensive local knowledge and know many of the customers using Inverness Airport by name. Our declared aim is to provide our customers with a personal, innovative and responsive service.
Our airside facilities are adjacent to the airport restaurant, shops and car-hire desks.
We very much look forward to working with you
www.highlandjetcentre.com
Inverness Airport, ‘The Gateway to the Highlands', is located at Dalcross just seven miles north east of the Capital of the Highlands and half an hour from Loch Ness.
The Airport operates extended opening hours and its two 1887 metre, ILS-equipped runways are capable of accepting aircraft up to and including Boeing 757s. For more information and airport charges, please click here .
The Highland Jet Centre is independent, locally-owned, and aims to provide its customers with value for money.
www.dalcrosslogistics.co.uk
Dalcross Logistics Ltd at Inverness Airport provides a wide and diverse range of services including cargo handling, worldwide freight forwarding, security screening, and courier delivery.
Above all, we strive to ensure that the right stuff gets to the right place at the right time.
Our airside warehouse contains a chill facility for perishables and an X-ray capable of screening items. Friendly and helpful staff will provide you the best service possible in fulfilling your logistics requirements.
Cargo Handlers and Freight fowarders
| i don't know |
"Who wrote the poem ""For the Fallen""?" | For The Fallen by Robert Laurence Binyon - Famous poems, famous poets. - All Poetry
Terry Collett : Best war poem.
Peter Cooper : As a New Zealander this Poem means more to me than anything else.
My Great Grandfather fought in WW1
My Grandfather in WW2 and Korea
My father in Malaysia and Vietnam.
At the end of 'We will remember them' we reply 'lest we forget'
Marco : Beautiful.
Jonathan Bell :
I was directed to the commemorative plaque on the clifftop near Polzeath after a chance encounter with two wonderful ladies from New Zealand. It was my late mother's birthday and so I was feeling a bit maudlin, just wandering around the cliffs, and suddenly I was moved almost beyond words by, 'They shall grow not old...' Thank you Amanda, your vivacity and life-affirming spirit will stay with me as a joyful reminder of that place.
jayne shaw :
Glad i fond this poem my dad died suddenly on the 2nd of January and was always quoting the 4th stanza of this poem to me so im reading this out at his funeral im happy i found out who wrote it
Sonya Katasheva :
....and I always thought the words in bold were word which Winston Churchill said!! .....I think more effort hsould have been made to give Binyon the credit.
Poet.m.not : This has moved e beyond words.
Doug Copeland :
For 13 years I have stood with the Normandy Veterans Association on the occasion of DDay (June 6) at the memorials in Normandy France as the 4th stanza is recited in memory of these men's comrades. It is moveable beyond words.
Albert F Bowden :
They deserved no less, than to be remembered. AFB
stephanie77 :
His words cut so precisely to the heart, such a profound embrace of humanity, it leaves one numb.
Alexzendar :
I love the fact that i'm overwhelmed by your amazing poems
MichaelLeeSmyth : It can be difficult to put into words the emotions felt over the valiant fallen. Many efforts end up maudlin or forced. There are a some that have become classics, some that perhaps will. Wilfred Owen's "Dulce Et Decorum" is perhaps the piece that moves me the most. I would say one well worth reading as well is "1916" by Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister, a tale of two childhood friends slain during the years of trench warfare.
There are writes that glorify war, there are pieces that glorify the sacrifice, this one simply gives memory and respect to those gone into the annals of the fallen.
Swtshypoet : beautiful poem well done
venicebard :
This superlatively expresses a feeling all too rare these days, the prevailing wind now being to write off the death of heroes as a pure waste (which most of the deaths in WW1 may well have been, since all that war did, thanks to U.S. intervention, was to set the stage for WW2, but still, that does not negate the value of heroism when it does matter, as I hope all sane, rational souls will agree). The meter is somewhat rough, yet that gives it a sort of conversational tone which allows it to be old-school without being too staid or formal sounding. Very effective!
Kit Hartley :
Mournful snd incantationary metre never fails to move me (depends how you read it I suppose). Why do people repeat the last line of verse four on ceremonial readings? As is often the case pomp detracts from poetic impact.
Chameleon Boy : Beautiful piece. greatly written. emotional. overall outstanding. thanks for sharing such a talent, really like the description and imagery it put in my head.
Guilha : this is pretty good . really like how you put out the words to bring out many feelings . keep it up, nice.
: This means a lot to those of who lost buddies in all the war no matter where they were fought and by whom. It grabs you by the heart and doesn't let go.
We will see our buddies someday and it will be a great reunion.
The fallen have gone before us to blaze the trail for us yet to come to the end. SALUTE!
Morag : Whatever you think of war, the fourth verse of this poem, the one everyone repeats, does not glorify it. Its message is both true and comforting ('They shall grow not old...'). It still brings a tear to my eye whenever I hear it.
Alendar : What an amazing poem. Line 21 is awkward-sounding to me (heresy!), Mr. Binyon. It puts the verb "are" and "profound" together and I don't think "profound" is a verb. Other than that, good job! Hee-hee!
Ahkam : Beautifully written...Excellent
:
Very nicely written. Tremendous impact on emotions. Wording is point on. Flow is beautiful. Great job.
: From guest judi Tapper ( contact )
I am Pres. of the Dept. of NJ American Gold Star Mothers, Inc. and I end my speeches with the most powerful stanza - they shall not grow old..............., I love it and of course I always quote the author and the year it was written. So true. Thank you to Laurence. God bless, Judi, Proud Mom of PO1,US Navy Seal David M. Tapper, KIA, Afghanistan, 8/20/2003 - Served his country of for 13 years and left behind his beautiful wife Tracy and their four children. May all our fallen rest in peace.
I-Like-Rhymes : There are few British people of any generation who do not know the spine tinglinging feeling of that 4th stanza intoned slowly and dramatically every November but seen here in its entirity we can see why the poem was chosen ... "With proud thanksgiving. . ." those three words and the poem that follows depict the feeling of so many parents of Binyon's era and beyond who have suffered loss.
This word reassures them that their sons (and daughters) were not squandered needlessly.
Jim
: From guest I C BINYON ( contact )
SO MANY WORD REFLECT THE WAY SO MANY PEOPLE FEAL TODAY 3 WAR ALMOST SUTCH A LOSS SUTCH A PRICE
Von Powell : 'They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old:
Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn.
At the going down of the sun and in the morning
We will remember them.'
You are so right - this has always been a moving statement and no matter the language in which it is spoken the meaning is the same: Lest We Forget!
Von - Oldpoetry
: From guest Marline McAllister ( contact )
I teach French at the University of the Third Age, here in Melbourne, Australia. As Anzac day will be remembered here soon (25th April),I was preparing a handout for class discussion when I came upon Laurence Binyon's poem ," For the Fallen" Ils ne vieilliront pas,contrairement à nous qui auront cette chance, Ils ne seront pas épuisés par l'age, ni condamnés par les années, A la tombée de la nuit et au petit matin, Nous nous souviendrons d'eux. It is every bit as moving in French and I shall be encouraging my class to remember not only Laurence Binyon's countrymen who fell, but also those of the other nations (enemies too) whose boys endured the same fate and experienced the same horrors and the same fears .
: From guest David Skinner ( contact )
When it comes to allies, it works well in French too. My father is now 87, in WW2 he was a Royal Marine Commando and I have been with him in Normandy for one of the many Pilgrimages undertaken by the survivors of his Commando, where the 4th Stanza is cited in both English and French, very moving.
: From guest Colonel (ret) P.J. Roos ( contact )
Sorry! I should have read the comments below first!!! Condemn it is.
: From guest Colonel (ret) P.J. Roos ( contact )
Last word, second line: which is correct? "condemn" or "contemn"...I see BOTH used!!! Please advise. Kind regards, Colonel (ret) P. J. Roos
| Laurence Binyon |
Alfred Harmsworth founded which newspaper in 1903, as a newspaper for women, run by women? | WWI Poetry: On Veterans Day, The Words Of War : NPR
Heard on Morning Edition
Four U.S. soldiers, runners for the 315th Infantry, pose in France in November 1918. The troops reportedly carried official orders to Lt. Col. Bunt near Etraye, France, shortly before noon, Nov. 11, 1918, announcing that the armistice had been signed, thereby ending World War I. AP hide caption
toggle caption
AP
Veterans Day — originally Armistice Day — was renamed in 1954 to include veterans who had fought in all wars. But the day of remembrance has its roots in World War I — Nov. 11, 1918 was the day the guns fell silent at the end of the Great War. On this Veterans Day, we celebrate the poetry of World War I, one of the legacies of that conflict.
English poet Rupert Chawner Brooke died of dysentery aboard a troop ship headed for Gallipoli in April 1915. His poem "The Soldier" is one of the most famous poems written during World War I. Sherril Schell/Getty Images hide caption
toggle caption
Sherril Schell/Getty Images
English poet Rupert Chawner Brooke died of dysentery aboard a troop ship headed for Gallipoli in April 1915. His poem "The Soldier" is one of the most famous poems written during World War I.
Sherril Schell/Getty Images
Soldiers like Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, John McCrae and Rupert Brooke wrote evocative poems about their experiences. One of the most famous poems of the war is Brooke's "The Soldier." Brooke died of dysentery aboard a troop ship headed for Gallipoli in April 1915. The opening verse of "The Soldier" reads:
If I should die, think only this of me:
That there's some corner of a foreign field
That is for ever England. There shall be
In that rich earth a richer dust concealed;
A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware,
Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam,
A body of England's, breathing English air,
Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home.
Every schoolchild learns some of these World War I poems and the classroom is one of the only places they can be found today.
There's another poem — one most Americans don't know — that lives on around the world. Every year since 1921, the fourth verse of Laurence Binyon's "For the Fallen" has been read aloud at remembrance services in Britain and across the British Commonwealth countries.
They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old:
Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn.
At the going down of the sun and in the morning
We will remember them.
Article continues after sponsorship
Binyon wrote the poem in the fall of 1914, at the very beginning of the war, says Sarah Cole, an Associate Professor at Columbia University and author of Modernism, Male Friendship, and the First World War.
More On Veterans Day
A Veterans Day Without Veterans
"It certainly represents an early moment of the war," Cole says. "... It's memorializations as anticipatory. ... They are setting the stage for thinking about and remembering the dead that are oncoming now."
As for the poet himself, Binyon isn't that well known, largely because he wasn't a "soldier" poet, but Cole says he did play his part in the war — but as a non-combatant. At 46, he was too old to fight but he volunteered in with a hospital unit in France.
"He was in-between generations," she explains. There was the older generation of fathers "who are often condemned by some of the famous war poets as being kind of callously irresponsible and even kind of criminal in sending their sons off to be killed, but nor was he young enough to fight."
Binyon wrote "For the Fallen" while sitting on the cliffs at Pentire Head in Cornwall after reading early casualty reports from the Western Front. A plaque commemorating his life was placed there in 2003. It's inscribed with the four lines that are still read aloud every year — nearly 100 years later.
| i don't know |
Actress Wanda Ventham is the mother of which famous actor? | How Benedict Cumberbatch's mother influenced every aspect of his life | Daily Mail Online
comments
The way that Benedict Cumberbatch – one of Britain’s most eligible bachelors – announced his engagement to Sophie Hunter in The Times newspaper has loudly applauded by a public sick of celebrity over-sharing.
The style is typical of the Sherlock Holmes star – unassuming and modest in comparison to his showbiz status, as was his response a question from a reporter about how he felt about breaking thousands of women’s hearts – that he had made the most important heart happier.
His charismatic personality is as much of a lure for his legions of followers as his acting prowess – an old school gentleman in a sea of brash modern males.
Scroll down for video
Benedict's mother Wanda (left) has been a huge influence in both the star's personal and professional life. The actress had been desperate until recently for her son to settle down and have grandchildren, so was delighted to hear that he had proposed to girlfriend Sophie Hunter (right). Wanda is an extremely talented actress who tarred in UFO, Carry On films and Only Fools And Horses
He is the result of a comfortable upbringing in a loving family, where his parents are as much in love today as they were 42 years ago, but also as the son of a successful actress who was a household name in the 1970s.
So who is this woman who inspired both Benedict’s career and love life?
His mother Wanda Ventham, 79, is an extremely talented actress in her own right, with a long list of TV shows and films credits to her name.
RELATED ARTICLES
Share this article
Share
While she was a familiar face on television throughout the 70s and 80s, Wanda is best for her role as Colonel Virginia Lake in the 1970’s sci-fi programme UFO.
One reviewer said of her performance in the show: ‘Colonel Lake is effortlessly played by the Hammer horror beauty Wanda Ventham.
‘Tall, slim and incredibly attractive, she portrayed a cool executive without losing her femininity.’
Ed Bishop and Wanda Ventham in the television series UFO in 1973
UFO wasn’t the only big name show that she featured in, from 1989 to 1992 she had a recurring role in Only Fools And Horses as Cassandra’s mother, in Heartbeat as Fiona Weston and in Hetty Wainthropp Investigates as Margaret Balshaw, to name just a few.
She also appeared in two of the Carry On films - Carry On Cleo in 1964 and Carry On Up the Khyber 1968.
Benedict has previously spoken of his embarrassment at some of his mother more raunchy roles, including a theatre part that involved her helping a cheating man to get dressed before his girlfriend returned.
He told The Sunday Times in 2010: ‘I had to say to her, sorry, Mum, I just can't bear to see that gag one more time.
‘I was so sensitive to it, she must have wondered if I was gay."
But despite cringing at some of her roles, it was Wanda and his actor father Timothy’s successful careers that convinced him to try for a career in performance art himself.
Actress Wanda Ventham seen at her Kensington flat in the late 1970s
He told The Times Magazine last year: ‘What kid wouldn’t? Have you ever been backstage?
‘All the sets, with the name of the production on the back, with weights on the bottom of them, to hold them steady.
‘And in the wings, you see all that. But then you walk on stage – and you walk into a real world, for the people who are watching it. It’s amazing.’
Wanda was an extremely talented actress, with many expecting Brighton-born woman to become one of Britain’s exports to Hollywood.
But from very early on, her love of a family life battled side-by-side with her desire to perform.
Even in her earliest days of acting she always put her children first – she had to turn down an invitation to join the Royal Shakespeare Company because she was pregnant with her daughter – Benedict’s older half-sister.
Benedict has since spoken of his regret that Wanda may have missed some golden opportunities through putting the needs of others above her own.
He said: ‘I'd love her to have a 'Cranford moment', but for that you have to have a huge backlog of classical roles."
(L-R) Tom Pelphrey, Wanda Ventham, Benedict Cumberbatch, Tracie Bennett and Timothy Carlton pose backstage at the hit play "End of The Rainbow" on Broadway at The Belasco Theatre in New York on May 1, 2012
This maternal instinct overriding ambition carried on throughout Benedict’s childhood – he has spoken previously of her decision to choose commercial television over the RSC in order to provide the fees needed for his preparatory school in East Grinstead and later his scholarship place at Harrow.
A scholarship place among Britain’s super-rich has caused many in the public school system to crack, but it was Wanda and Timothy’s complete confidence in their middle-class son also helped him hold his own among the elite at the prestigious boarding school.
He told The Times that he was never bullied there because: ‘My parents loved the f*****g life out of me, so I felt confident about the world.
‘Not… entitled. Just like… I could step into the world. Investigate it.’
One area that they influenced Benedict against their better judgement though, was in his career choice.
Fully aware of the financial difficulties that came from a life in the arts, his mother tried hard to convince him that he would be more suited to a serious job.
Wanda Ventham pictured in a scene from the programme The Gold Robbers in 1969
Benedict had played along and looked into a career in law while studying at Harrow, before eventually deciding on a degree in Drama at Manchester University.
He told The Times: ‘They just saw the pitfalls of it every day. You don’t know where your next job is coming from, and it’s unstable, and you want stability for your children.’
And fortunately for the thousands of Cumberbitches out there, Benedict continued to go against his mother’s advice and forged a glittering career in film, television and theatre.
But her anti-showbiz stance has stayed with him throughout his ascent to stardom – it is one of the key reasons that he constantly shies away from the limelight and is rarely seen at a celebrity party.
Wanda’s biggest influence on her son though has got to be the example of romance that she and his father Timothy have set throughout their 38-year marriage.
The couple met while in 1972 while filming the TV drama Family At War together.
Wanda was still married to her first husband, the businessman James Tabernacle, at the time, but the union had been on the rocks for a long time and was all but finished.
Timothy and Wanda had instant chemistry on the television set and have barely been apart since – finally marrying in 1976.
Benedict's parents Timothy Carlton and Wanda Ventham in London in the early 1980s
The pair are hopeless romantics and for the first seven years that they were together, Timothy sent her a single rose every morning.
She told an interviewer in the late 1970s: ‘Tim is a great romantic, which is really why—in the end—I decided I would remarry.’
She got hitched in a pair of jeans held up by braces – much to the embarrassment of her daughter Tracy, who was by then a teenager.
Her fashion choices have definitely rubbed off on Benedict though – he has made it very clear before that he has little interest in high-maintenance ladies.
He told an interviewer back in 2011: ‘A woman who knows that she doesn't have to get all decked out to look good is sexy.
Wanda and Timothy lived for more than a decade in a three-bedroom flat in Kensington – until Benedict was 12 years old.
Wanda Ventham in Midsomer Murders in 2005
Without a garden of their own, Wanda took him regularly to Kensington Gardens, where he found a love for London parks – an interest that influenced the positioning of his current home next to Hampstead Heath.
As Benedict headed into his teens and enrolled at Harrow, his parents sold up and moved to a three-bedroom cottage in Gloucestershire that neighbours Kate Moss’s mansion.
While the couple also own a holiday home in Greece, Wanda mainly spends her time at the Cotswolds property, where she tends to the garden and indulges in her hobby of collecting barn owl memorabilia.
Although she claims to be retired, the actress has recently been dipping her toe back in television – most recently with a cameo on Holby City earlier this year.
Actor Benedict Cumberbatch and Sophie Hunter attend the Men's Final of Roland Garros French Tennis Open 2014
She also starred in an episode of Sherlock where she and her husband played the onscreen parents of Benedict’s detective character.
But her keen interest in her son’s career has been matched in recent years by her desire for him to settle down and have children.
So, she would have been delighted to have been informed that her son had asked his girlfriend Sophie to marry him last month.
He admitted last week that grandchildren were next on her wish list for her son, saying: ‘My mother is also waiting for Cumberbabies.'
| Benedict Cumberbatch |
In the 2015 Cricket Test Series between England and New Zealand, which batsman scored the first century? | Wanda Ventham | Tardis | Fandom powered by Wikia
Wanda Ventham is a veteran British actress who has appeared many times on Doctor Who , portraying Jean Rock in The Faceless Ones , Thea Ransome and the Fendahl Core in Image of the Fendahl and Faroon in Time and the Rani .
A well-known face on British television Wanda is probably better known to sci-fi fans as Col. Virginia Lake, second in command of S.H.A.D.O., the secret alien-fighting organisation featured in Gerry Anderson's UFO. She is widely recognised from this series, even though in fact in she appeared in only a few episodes. Her character was considered ground-breaking in an era when women were not often portrayed in TV or film in roles of command. She may be recognised by fans of the Hammer horror films as the vampiric Lady Durward in Captain Kronos - Vampire Hunter. She also appeared in an episode of Patrick McGoohan's The Prisoner.
Trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama, Wanda Ventham's roles have been varied during her long career, including parts in The Lotus Eaters, Hetty Wainthropp Investigates, Only Fools and Horses and Men Behaving Badly. She is the mother of television actor and Big Finish Doctor Who guest actor Benedict Cumberbatch through her marriage to fellow Lotus Eaters cast member Timothy Carlton.
| i don't know |
"Who wrote the ""Sword of Honour"" trilogy of novels?" | The Sword of Honour Trilogy (Everyman's Library Classics & Contemporary Classics): Evelyn Waugh: 9780679431367: Amazon.com: Books
By Blue in Washington TOP 500 REVIEWER on August 27, 2011
Format: Hardcover|Verified Purchase
"The Sword of Honor" is deep in irony and satire from its very title to the last page of the third novel included in the trilogy. The absurdities of the British class structure, the vagaries of war, the frequency of human folly and the limits of virtue and of moral constancy in a world that values neither very much--these are the foundations of this rambling epic novel that covers the war years of 1939-1945, with an epilogue a few years later.
From time to time, the reader sees flashes of "Catch-22" in the sections that detail the combat experiences of the book's protagonist, Guy Crouchback. Crouchback is the witness to all of the really awful things that transpired during the war, and often the victim of much of it. However, with all of author Evelyn Waugh's eloquent cynicism that is the main substance of "The Sword of Honor", he does allow for some redemption and reward for this one character who stays true to himself throughout the novel. That isn't to say that Crouchback is particularly sympathetic to a modern reader, but he is certainly more so than most of the rest of the dozens of characters that populate the trilogy.
This is a wonderful book that still had plenty of zing and meaning. Highly recommended.
By M. A Newman on February 1, 2004
Format: Hardcover|Verified Purchase
When these books came out a number of reviewers thought that Waugh had lost his touch. Perhaps the atmosphere of the swinging sixties did not lend to itself a real understanding of the greatness of this work. In my opinion this work represents one of Waugh's major works. While it does not cover every aspect of World War Two (Proust did not feel the need to fight out every battle of World War One either), it does provide a kind of summing up of the state of Britain and what happened to former ruling class, a body that provoked feelings of great affinity from Waugh, even though he was a product of the upper middle class.
The key to understanding Waugh, not just this book, but also all of the others is his distrust of the 20th century. He came of age during the 1920s and biographers have noted an early fascination with the pre-Raphaelites. Although this artistic brotherhood focused on life in the pre-industrial age Waugh the satirist brought his powers to bear on the post World War I modern world its mores and hypocrasies. World War Two brought high taxes and democracy to this admired world of the British gentry and Waugh correctly chronicles this in his summary of the war in the trilogy.
The book is also a wonderful social satire drawing portraits of many of Waugh's own circle including Diana Mosley (With the fascist sympathies air brushed out here) Cyril Connolly and others. He marks the fall of the aristocratic officer and the rise of the "Trimmers" of the world whose heroism is more a result of luck and press puffing than genuine achievement.
The turning point in the book is the Crete campaign. Here British high born leadership collapses finally. Waugh sees this military failure coupled with the subsequent alliance with Bolshevik Russia to be one of the failures of the war. The so-called "Stalingrad sword" which appears as a character in its own right is symbollic of the passing away of the former way of life. It is not surprising that Waugh kills off the saintly Mr. Couchback (the hero's father) at this point in the book to provide a last hurrah for the old Catholic landed gentry.
The book is replete with a full gallary of comic characters. My favorite Apthorpe is unfortunately killed off in the first novel. To detail the reasons would be to deprive future of readers of the genuine pleasure in encountering him in the novels. However despite this absence in the two subsequent volumes, there are plenty to keep one amused. My second favorite of Virginia Troy, who is the ex-wife of our hero, Guy Crouchback. It is entertaining to watch this very worldly woman make her way through war-time Britain. There is Ludovic, the aspirant writer, enlisted man and probably the personification of the future post-war world with his trite novel "The Death Wish." Finally there is Trimmer, a former barber who becomes a hero because Britain needed one who was working class (at least in the opinion of HO HQ).
This is a major work by Waugh and probably his best book after "A Handful of Dust." In many ways it is superior to the earlier masterpiece in that provides Waugh with a wider canvas to express himself. This is a must for all readers of Waugh.
| Evelyn Waugh |
What is the plural of Opus? | The Sword Of Honour Trilogy | Penguin Books Australia
The Sword Of Honour Trilogy
Evelyn Waugh
Author
Waugh's own unhappy experience of being a soldier is superbly re-enacted in this story of Guy Crouchback, a Catholic and a gentleman, commissioned into the Royal Corps of Halberdiers during the war years 1939-45. High comedy – in the company of Brigadier Ritchie-Hook or the denizens of Bellamy's Club – is only part of the shambles of Crouchback's war. When action comes in Crete and in Yugoslavia, he discovers not heroism, but humanitySword of Honour combines three volumes: Officers and Gentlemen, Men at Arms and Unconditional Surrender, which were originally published separately. Extensively revised by Waugh, they were published as the one-volume Sword of Honour in 1965, in the form in which Waugh himself wished them to be read.
Format & Editions
| i don't know |
What was the surname of the wartime British agent known as 'Odette'? | War heroine Odette was deemed 'too temperamental' for spying - Telegraph
War heroine Odette was deemed 'too temperamental' for spying
By Chris Hastings
12:01AM BST 11 May 2003
Odette Hallowes, the British spy awarded the George Cross for her work behind enemy lines in the Second World War, was considered too temperamental and stubborn for espionage duties, according to newly declassified government papers.
Personnel files from the wartime Special Operations Executive show that trainers regarded the French-born Hallowes - whose activities helped inspire the novel Charlotte Gray - as not possessing the "clarity of mind" required for spying.
The documents also show that she was almost deprived of her George Cross because she could not prove she had been tortured by the Nazis or that she had refused to betray fellow agents. She was given the medal, the highest honour for acts of courage outside military combat, only after her superiors produced medical records and witness statements in support of her case.
Hallowes, who died eight years ago, was born Odette Brailly in Picardy in 1912. She came to Britain in 1932 after marrying an Englishman, Roy Sansom (She later married a wine importer, Geoffrey Hallowes). She joined SOE in 1942 after responding to a War Office request for photographs of the French coast. Her later exploits, which were also recorded in the 1950 film Odette, seem far removed from SOE's sceptical early assessment of her.
One training report, compiled shortly before she was sent to her Nazi-occupied homeland in 1942, accepts that she has "enthusiasm" but points out: "She is impulsive and hasty in her judgments and has not quite the clarity of mind which is desirable in subversive activity. She seems to have little experience of the outside world. She is excitable and temperamental, although she has a certain determination."
The report adds: "Her main asset is her patriotism and keenness to do something for France; her main weakness is a complete unwillingness to admit that she could ever be wrong."
Hallowes was captured by the Gestapo in 1943 after she and her unit commander, Capt Peter Churchill, were betrayed by locals. During 14 interrogations over two years, Hallowes refused to crack. As part of her torture, her toenails were pulled out and she was branded with a hot iron. The Gestapo eventually gave up and sent her to Ravensbruck concentration camp.
The newly released files provide chilling details of the conditions she endured. At one stage, she was held in solitary confinement a few yards from the camp's crematoria. From her cell, she could hear "the screaming of the victims", says a report. "Ashes, smoke and odour all percolated into the cell and the mental torment of these things nearly drove her mad."
Hallowes was handed over to the Americans in 1945 by a German officer seeking favour from the Allies. Even then, however, her superiors had to fight for her to be awarded the George Cross in recognition of her valour.
A 1946 letter from a War Office official, known only as HBP, to Sir Colin Gubbins, the head of SOE, responds sharply to suggestions that the medal could be awarded only if there were "concrete evidence" that she had refused to speak under torture.
The author writes that such evidence is "impossible to obtain" given that she was interrogated in solitary confinement. "The only witnesses would be the torturers themselves or the Gestapo interrogators," writes HBP. "I hope and pray that these men have long since been shot."
He adds, however, that medical evidence shows she was tortured, while the fact that her colleagues were not arrested proves she did not betray them. HBP ends by asking Sir Colin to sign the George Cross citation so that it can be forwarded to the relevant committee with an explanation of the lack of evidence. Hallowes was awarded the medal later that year.
Sebastian Faulks, whose novel Charlotte Gray was inspired by the experiences of Hallowes and other SOE women, said the papers provided a fascinating insight into the workings of the executive which, he argued, was responsible for many of the problems the agents encountered.
He said: "Mistakes were made during the war and SOE operations were compromised. But, interestingly, these were largely due to errors by the service's own Baker Street HQ rather than the operatives themselves."
Marcus Binney, the author of The Women Who Lived For Danger: The Women Agents of SOE in the Second World War, said: "I think we have to remember that these were frank in-house judgments which were not meant for public consumption. The SOE wanted to be sure these people were up to the task that awaited them."
The SOE's personnel files can be studied at the National Archives, Kew.
| Winston Churchill |
Similarly, which team finished top of the Vauxhall Conference this year and has been promoted to the Coca Cola Division Two? | 5 Acts Of Real Wartime Bravery Portrayed In Films | Imperial War Museums
5 Acts Of Real Wartime Bravery Portrayed In Films
The film Carve Her Name With Pride was released in 1958. It is based on the wartime experiences of Violette Szabo , a Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent who earned a George Cross (GC) during the Second World War .
Violette Bushell was born in Paris in 1921 and moved to London when she was a schoolgirl. In 1940, she married Frenchman Etienne Szabo. In October 1942, he was killed while serving with Free French forces in North Africa and never met their daughter Tania, born June 1941. Following Etienne's death, Violette joined 'F' (French) Section of SOE . After completing her training, Violette went on her first mission to France in April 1944. Her role was a courier, working for Philippe Liewer, the organiser of a resistance circuit, codenamed 'Salesman'. They found that Liewer's network had been broken up and returned to England at the end of the month. The role of Liewer does not appear in the film; Violette works instead with 'Tony Fraser', who is based on Liewer's character.
Violette and Liewer went on another mission to France on the night of 7/8 June 1944. Their aim was to work with local resistance groups and re-establish a network of saboteurs in the Limoges area. On 10 June, Violette and a resistance leader, Jacques Dufour known as 'Anastasie', were intercepted by German soldiers at a roadblock. A gunfight ensued, Violette was taken prisoner and 'Anastasie' escaped. Violette was interrogated and tortured by her captors and was imprisoned in Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany, where she was executed in early 1945. She was awarded a posthumous George Cross , which was presented to her daughter Tania after the war. Violette Szabo was portrayed by British actress Virginia McKenna in Carve Her Name with Pride . Although McKenna did not resemble the petite, dark-haired Szabo, she later said 'the more I spoke her words and hopefully felt some of her feelings the more I seemed to identify with her'. The actress has also taken part in commemorative events in memory of Violette. The movie was based on the book of the same name by R J Minney and, apart from a few changes, is considered to be a faithful portrayal of Violette Szabo's wartime heroism.
TR 1127
The 1955 war movie, The Dambusters , recreates the true events of a daring Royal Air Force (RAF) bombing raid of 1943. Wing Commander Guy Gibson was awarded a Victoria Cross (VC) for his leadership during the mission, codenamed 'Operation Chastise' .
An experienced pilot, Gibson was commander of 617 Squadron, RAF , which was specially formed in March 1943 to carry out the operation. The aim of the raid was to destroy three dams, the Möhne, Eder and Sorpe, in Germany's industrial heartland. They were identified as being key targets in delivering a much-needed blow to both German production and morale. British scientist, Dr Barnes Wallis , developed a new weapon to attack the dams – a 'bouncing bomb'. The film shows the issues faced by Barnes Wallis as the bomb is tested and how a solution was found to the difficulty of getting the British bombers to fly at the required low height and speed. Gibson had a crucial role in preparing his men for this top-secret, high-risk and experimental mission. With the final tests complete and the bomber crews ready, the raid took place on the night of 16/17 May 1943. Flying in modified Lancaster bombers, the men took off from RAF Scampton , Lincolnshire in several waves. Gibson led the first in against the Möhne dam and was the first to attack it. All three dams were bombed but only the Möhne and the Eder were breached. An estimated 1,300 people were killed in the resulting flooding, bridges and buildings were destroyed and production in the area was brought to a standstill. It was also a propaganda victory for the British. But the costs were high. Eight aircraft were lost, 53 men were killed and three were taken prisoner.
On 28 May 1943, Gibson was awarded a VC for his bravery and leadership during the 'Dambusters Raid'. The official citation noted the risks he took after dropping his bomb, twice drawing anti-aircraft fire onto himself and away from the other attacking aircraft. Gibson was killed in September 1944 when his aircraft crashed over the Netherlands during a bombing mission. The film was based on Gibson's account of the raid, detailed in his 1944 book Enemy Coast Ahead, as well as The Dam Busters (1951) by Paul Brickhill. The screenplay was written by the well-known First World War playwright and soldier, R C Sherriff , author of Journey's End . Gibson was played by actor and former Second World War soldier Richard Todd and Barnes Wallis by British actor Michael Redgrave . In the closing scenes, Wallis and Gibson reflect on the raid and its human cost in terms of the German and British lives that were lost. The film was a huge success in Britain when it opened and has endured as one of the most popular war movies of the twentieth century.
FIR 11696
In 1950, the film Odette was released. It told the true story of French-born Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent Odette Sansom . She worked undercover in France during the Second World War and was awarded a George Cross (GC) for her bravery.
Originally from France but living in England following her marriage to an Englishman, Odette Sansom joined SOE's 'F' Section in 1942. Although her training report was not ideal, the head of 'F' Section, Maurice Buckmaster, took a chance on her. He sent her to France in October 1942. She arrived, under her codename 'Lise', in Cannes on 31 October and was met by a fellow agent, Peter Churchill ('Raoul'). She joined Churchill's resistance group, which included radio operator Adolphe Rabinovitch ('Arnaud'). Odette and Peter were betrayed to the Germans and arrested in April 1943. Odette was imprisoned at Fresnes in Paris and was tortured, but did not give any information to the Gestapo. The movie Odette reflects some of her ordeal, which included having all her toenails pulled out and a red-hot poker placed on her back. Her endurance of this harsh treatment and refusal to tell her interrogators information on her fellow agents saved many lives, including Arnaud's. In June 1944, Odette was condemned to death. But she told her captors she was related to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , so was kept alive. From July 1944 until the end of the war, she was held at Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany. During her captivity, she could hear the screams from the punishment cell next to her.
When Allied forces entered Germany, Ravensbrück's camp commandant, Fritz Suhren, wanted to escape. Believing Odette to be related to Churchill, he took her with him. But when they met American forces on 3 May 1945, Odette told the Americans to take Suhren prisoner. He was later hanged for war crimes. Soon afterwards, Odette returned home to England and her family. In 1946, she was awarded a George Cross for her protection of others. Odette became a national heroine. The movie about her was based on Jerrard Tickell's book Odette: The Story of a British Agent. She was played by Anna Neagle , Peter Churchill by Trevor Howard and Maurice Buckmaster appeared as himself. Odette was a technical advisor for the film and worked closely with Neagle to ensure accuracy. The movie was a box office success and cemented Odette as a wartime heroine. Despite this, she disliked fame and made a point of dedicating her GC to the memory of her wartime comrades who did not survive.
E 4732
The opening scenes of the 1951 film The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel portray a real-life daring commando raid in Libya in the Second World War . Leading the British commandos is Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey Keyes, who earned a posthumous Victoria Cross (VC) for his bravery.
Keyes was the son of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes and followed his father into the military. He joined the Army and in 1940 volunteered for special service. He later joined the new British Commando organisation and went into action in the Middle East. Keyes, at 24 the youngest lieutenant colonel in the British Army, led the 11th (Scottish) Commando. He was involved in planning several operations in North Africa in late 1941. He chose to lead the most dangerous of all the raids himself. It was codenamed 'Operation Flipper' and its aim was the assassination of Erwin Rommel , the commander of the Axis forces in North Africa. British reconnaissance had identified what was believed to be the headquarters of Rommel, known as the 'Desert Fox', in Libya. Keyes' raiding party was landed by dinghies on the North African coast on 14 November 1941. He led his men at night across difficult terrain towards their objective. They reached the HQ – a villa compound – on the night of 17/18 November and went into attack.
Keyes and his men silently crept through the perimeter wire and towards the house. They encountered a German sentry and Keyes shot him – the element of surprise was now gone. The commandos now rushed into the villa, shooting at any Germans they met. Keyes led them in, searching the rooms for his target, Rommel. He flung open the door to one of the rooms and was immediately shot at from within. One of his men threw in a grenade and the commandos retreated. Keyes died several minutes later. In June 1942, Geoffrey Keyes was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross . Rommel had not in fact been at the villa – or even in the country – at the time of the raid. When he heard of it, he expressed admiration for Keyes' courage. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill said, 'I would far rather have Geoffrey alive than Rommel dead.' The 'Rommel Raid' is recreated at the start of The Desert Fox. The action is tense as the commandos are shown landing on the coast, approaching the headquarters and gaining access to the compound. Following the gunfight that ensues, the character based upon Keyes is shown being shot and the raid ends in failure. The movie stars James Mason as Rommel and portrays his role in the last years of the Second World War.
Q 50473
In 1931, the movie Tell England was released. It was based on a 1922 novel of the same name, in which two British men join up and serve in the Gallipoli Campaign . The film included recreated scenes of the SS River Clyde landing at 'V' Beach, Gallipoli in April 1915, when George Drewry, Edward Unwin, William Williams, George Samson and Wilfrid Malleson each earned a Victoria Cross (VC) .
At dawn on 25 April 1915, the SS River Clyde approached 'V' Beach on the Gallipoli peninsula . The plan was for the ship to run aground and for a smaller vessel to form a bridge so that the 2,000 men aboard could run across onto the shore. Commander Edward Unwin was the captain of the River Clyde and had come up with the scheme. Midshipman George Drewry was tasked with guiding in the smaller boat – a long, flat vessel called a hopper – to bridge the gap between the ship and the beach. Also on board the hopper, helping Drewry, was Seaman George Samson. From the outset, the plan went awry. The River Clyde ran aground, but the hopper swung to the left while attempting to connect with the beach. Working quickly, Unwin managed to get two rowing boats, or lighters, in position in front of the ship. With Able Seaman William Williams, he held them in place while the troops went ashore. But, as the British soldiers surged onto the beach, they were pinned down by heavy Turkish fire. Dead and wounded piled up and Unwin recalled they soon 'were literally standing in blood'. For an hour, Williams and Unwin stood in the water, holding the boats in place. Then, hit by a shell fragment, Williams fell and died. Unwin soon collapsed with exhaustion.
Drewry waded across to help his stricken captain. Despite receiving a head wound, he worked on the lighters, encouraged men ashore, brought in the wounded and kept the landings going. He was helped by Midshipman Wilfrid Malleson . When Drewry attempted to secure the boats around the River Clyde together, Malleson went to his aid. He leapt into the water and managed to get a rope out, but soon had to give up owing to exhaustion. After a brief rest, Unwin returned to the boats and kept trying to secure them together so men could get across. He also went out in a boat to fetch in wounded men from the beach. Samson also worked to bring in the wounded, despite suffering multiple injuries himself. He had earlier assisted in the attempts to establish a bridge from the boats.
The disastrous SS River Clyde landing is recreated in the 1931 British drama film Tell England. Directed by Anthony Asquith and Geoffrey Barkas, it is based on the novel Tell England by Ernest Raymond . The movie merges the fictional story of two young men who join up to fight in the First World War with the real events at 'V' Beach of April 1915. Asquith corresponded with Unwin about the making of the film and the reconstructions of the landings are held to be largely accurate.
| i don't know |
Which Yorkshire town shares its name with the capital of a Canadian Province? | Capital Cities of Canada
Capital Cities of Canada
Toronto, Halifax and Yellowknife are among Canada's provincial capitals
Ottawa Parkway Heading Downtown. Dennis McColeman / Photographer's Choice / Getty Images
By Susan Munroe
Updated October 18, 2016.
Canada has 10 provinces and three territories, each of which has its own capital. From Charlottetown and Halifax in the east to Toronto and Winnipeg in the center, to Yellowknife in the north and Victoria in the west, each of Canada’s capital cities has its own unique identity.
The nation's capital is Ottawa, which was incorporated in 1855 and gets its name from the Algonquin word for trade. Ottawa's archaeological sites point to an indigenous population that lived there for centuries before Europeans discovered the area. Between the 17th century and 19th century, the Ottawa River was the primary route for the Montreal fur trade. By 1830, Ottawa was a major supplier of timber to Britain, and the Grand Trunk Railway secured the city's status as the country's capital.
Ottawa is home to a number of post-secondary, research and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre and the National Gallery.
Read on for more about the capital cities of Canada's provinces and territories.
Edmonton, Alberta
Edmonton , on the North Saskatchewan River, is the northernmost of Canada’s large cities and is frequently referred to as the Gateway to the North, due to its road, rail, and air transportation links.
Indigenous people inhabited Edmonton area for centuries before Europeans arrived. It’s believed that one of the first Europeans to explore the area was Anthony Henday, who visited in 1754 on behalf of the Hudson’s Bay Company. Henday sought to establish fur trading with Edmonton’s indigenous people. Fort Edmonton, named for Edmonton, London in England, was established in 1795 along the river’s northern banks.
The Canadian Pacific Railway, which arrived in Edmonton in 1885, was a boon for the local economy, bringing new arrivals from Canada, the United States, and Europe to the area. Edmonton was incorporated as a town in 1892, and later as a city in 1904. It became the capital of the newly-formed province of Alberta a year later.
Modern-day Edmonton has evolved into a city with a wide range of cultural, sporting and tourist attractions, and is the host of more than two dozen festivals each year. Most of Edmonton's population works in the service and trade industries as well as in the municipal, provincial and federal governments.
Victoria, British Columbia
Named after the English queen, Victoria is the capital city of the province of British Columbia. Victoria is a gateway to the Pacific Rim, is close to American markets, and has many sea and air links that make it a business hub. With the mildest climate in Canada, Victoria is known for its gardens and has a large retiree population. Its metropolitan area is the 15th largest in Canada.
Before Europeans arrived in western Canada in the 1700s, Victoria was inhabited by indigenous Coastal Salish people and the native Songhees, who still have a large presence in the area. Juan Perez of Spain visited in 1774, and James Cook of England arrived in 1778.
Fort Victoria was established by Hudson’s Bay trader James Douglas in 1841, although it was known as Fort Albert until 1843. Douglas became the first governor of British Columbia in 1858.
Victoria became the capital of British Columbia when the province joined the Canadian Confederation in 1871.
The focus of downtown Victoria is the inner harbor, which features the Parliament Buildings and the historic Fairmont Empress Hotel. Victoria also is home to the University of Victoria and Royal Roads University, as well as several other smaller colleges.
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Located at the geographical center of Canada, Winnipeg’s name is a Cree word meaning “muddy water.” Indigenous people inhabited Winnipeg well before the first French explorers arrived in 1738. Winnipeg was incorporated as a city in 1873 and is now the eighth-largest city in Canada.
Named for nearby Lake Winnipeg, the city sits at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. It's at the bottom of the Red River Valley, which creates humid conditions during the summer months. The city is nearly equidistant from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and considered the center of Canada's Prairie provinces.
The arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1881 led to increased development in Winnipeg, and although an earlier boom as a heavy manufacturing center has waned, the city remains the center of Canada's grain industry.
Winnipeg is still a transportation hub, with extensive rail and air links. It is a multicultural city where more than 100 languages are spoken. It’s also the home of the Royal Winnipeg Ballet, and the Winnipeg Art Gallery, which houses the largest collection of Inuit art in the world. Winnipeg hosts numerous music events and festivals and is the home ice of the NHL's newest expansion team, the Jets.
Fredericton, New Brunswick
The capital city of the province of New Brunswick, Fredericton is strategically located on the Saint John River and is within a day's drive of Halifax, Toronto, and New York City. Before Europeans arrived, the Welastekwewiyik (or Maliseet) people inhabited the Fredericton area for centuries.
The first Europeans to come to Fredericton were the French, who arrived in the late 1600s. The area was known as St. Anne's Point, and was captured by the British during the French and Indian War in 1759. New Brunswick became its own colony in 1784, with Fredericton becoming the provincial capital a year later.
Modern-day Fredericton is a center for research in the agriculture, forestry, and engineering industries. Much of this research stems from the two major colleges in the city: the University of New Brunswick and St. Thomas University, as well as a variety of training colleges and institutes.
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Although the origin of its name is somewhat mysterious, St. John's is Canada's oldest settlement, dating back to 1630. It sits on a deepwater harbor connected by the Narrows, a long inlet to the Atlantic Ocean.
The French and English battled over St. John's through the late 17th century and early 18th century, with the final battle of the French and Indian War fought there in 1762. Although it had a colonial government beginning in 1888, St. John's was not formally incorporated as a city until 1921.
In 1901, Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless (radio) signal in St. John's.
A major site for fishing, St John's local economy was depressed by the collapse of cod fisheries in the early 1990s but has since rebounded with petrodollars from offshore oil projects.
Yellowknife, Northwest Territories
The capital city of the Northwest Territories is also its only city. Yellowknife is on the shore of Great Slave Lake, just over 300 miles from the Arctic Circle. It was populated by the aboriginal Tlicho people until Europeans arrived in 1785 or 1786. The first European in Yellowknife was a North West Company fur trader. A few other Europeans ventured into the Northwest Territories, but it was not until 1898 when gold was discovered nearby, that the population saw a sharp uptick.
Gold and government administration were the mainstays of Yellowknife's economy until the late 1990s and early 2000s when the fall of gold prices led to the closure of the two main gold companies. The creation of the new territory of Nunavut in 1999 meant about a third of Yellowknife's government employees transferred to the new territory.
The discovery of diamonds in the Northwest Territories in 1991 stimulated the economy again and diamond mining, cutting, polishing and selling became major activities for Yellowknife residents. While winters in Yellowknife are cold and dark, its proximity to the Arctic Circle means summer days are long and sunny.
Halifax, Nova Scotia
The largest urban area in the Atlantic provinces, Halifax has one of world's largest natural harbors and is an important seaport. Incorporated as a city in 1841, Halifax has been inhabited by humans since the Ice Age, with Mikmaq people living in the area for some 13,000 years prior to European exploration.
The British established settlements in Halifax beginning in 1746 and pushed out the Mikmaq and Acadians living there. The local economy was boosted by the Napoleonic Wars of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, as Halifax supplied timber to the British Royal Navy.
Halifax was the site of one of the worst explosions in Canada's history in 1917 when a munitions ship collided with another ship in the harbor. Some 2,000 people were killed and 9,000 were wounded in the blast, which leveled part of the city.
Modern-day Halifax is home to the Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, and several universities, including Saint Mary’s and the University of King’s College.
Iqaluit, Nunavut
Formerly known as Frobisher Bay, Iqaluit is the capital, largest community and only city in Canada’s newest territory. Iqaluit, which means "many fish" in the Inuit language, sits at the northeast head of Frobisher Bay on southern Baffin Island.
The Inuit who inhabited the region for centuries continue to have a significant presence in Iqaluit, despite the arrival of English explorers in 1561.
Iqaluit was the site of a major airbase built at the start of World War II, which played an even larger role during the Cold War as a communications center.
Toronto, Ontario
The largest city in Canada, and the fourth-largest city in North America, Toronto is a cultural, entertainment, business and financial hub, and is the seat of the Ontario provincial government. The city has close to 3 million people, and the metro area has more than 5 million residents.
Aboriginal people have been in the area that is now Toronto for thousands of years, and until the arrival of Europeans in the 1600s, the area was a hub for the Iroquois and Wendat-Huron confederacies of native Canadians.
First explored by European fur traders, like many resource-rich and strategic areas in Canada, Toronto was the site of several battles between the French and British. During the Revolutionary War in the American colonies, many British settlers fled to Toronto. In 1793, the town of York was established; it was captured by Americans in the War of 1812. The area was renamed Toronto and incorporated as a city in 1834.
Like much of the U.S., Toronto was hard-hit by the Depression in the 1930s, but its economy rebounded during World War II, as immigrants came to the area. Toronto's population grew exponentially after the war, and several of its suburbs saw rapid expansion.
Modern-day Toronto is a highly diverse metro area, with the Royal Ontario Museum, the Ontario Science Centre and the Museum of Inuit Art among its cultural offerings. It's also home to several professional sports teams, including the Maple Leafs (hockey), the Blue Jays (baseball) and the Raptors (basketball).
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
The capital city of Canada's smallest province, Charlottetown holds a place in Canadian history as the site of the first three Canadian conferences on Confederation, which led to the creation of Canada in 1867 (even though Prince Edward Island did not join the Confederation until 1873).
Like many regions of Canada, aboriginal people inhabited Charlottetown and Prince Edward Island for some 10,000 years before Europeans arrived. French fur traders came to the area in 1720, but by 1758, the British were largely in control of the region.
During the 19th century, after Prince Edward Island was designated as a separate province from Nova Scotia, shipbuilding became a major industry in Charlottetown. In the present day, Charlottetown's biggest industry is tourism, with its historic architecture and scenic Charlottetown Harbour attracting visitors from all over the world. It's also home to Prince Edward Island University.
Quebec City, Quebec
Quebec City, the capital of the province of Quebec, is located on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River. It was occupied by aboriginal people for thousands of years before Europeans arrived in 1535. Permanent French settlement was not established in Quebec until 1608 when Samuel de Champlain set up a trading post there. It was captured by the British in 1759.
Its location along the St. Lawrence River made Quebec City a major trade hub well into the 20th century. Modern-day Quebec City remains a hub for French-Canadian culture, rivaled only by Montreal, the other large Francophone city in Canada.
Regina, Saskatchewan
Founded in 1882, Regina is only about 100 miles north of the U.S. border. The area's first inhabitants were the Plains Cree and the Plains Ojibwa. The grassy, flat plain was home to herds of buffalo that were hunted to near-extinction by European fur traders.
Regina was incorporated as a city in 1903, and when Saskatchewan became a province in 1905, Regina was named its capital. It has seen slow but steady growth since World War II, and it remains a major center of agriculture in Canada. It is home to the University of Regina and the Saskatchewan Polytechnic College.
Whitehorse, Yukon Territory
The capital city of the Yukon Territory of Canada is home to more than 70 percent of the Yukon's population. Whitehorse is within the shared traditional territory of the Ta'an Kwach'an Council (TKC) and the Kwanlin Dun First Nation (KDFN) and has a thriving cultural community. Its diversity includes French immersion programs and French schools, and it also has a sizable Filipino community.
Whitehorse is just off the Alaska Highway on the Yukon River, about 65 miles north of the British Columbia border. The Yukon River flows right through Whitehorse, and there are broad valleys and big lakes around the city. It's also bordered by three large mountains: Grey Mountain on the east, Haeckel Hill on the northwest and Golden Horn Mountain on the south.
The Yukon has been inhabited for several thousand years by aboriginal people. In the modern era, the Tutchone, Inland Tlingit and Tagish people, descendants of the Yukon First Nation people, still live in and around the Whitehorse area. The Yukon River near Whitehorse became a rest stop of sorts for gold prospectors during the Klondike Gold Rush in the late 1800s. Whitehorse is still a stop for most trucks bound for Alaska on the Alaska Highway.
Around 250,000 travelers drive through Whitehorse every year, and several airlines fly out of the Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International airport.
| Halifax (bank) |
What is the name of the Scandinavian alcoholic drink made from potatoes? | Capital Cities of Canada
Capital Cities of Canada
Toronto, Halifax and Yellowknife are among Canada's provincial capitals
Ottawa Parkway Heading Downtown. Dennis McColeman / Photographer's Choice / Getty Images
By Susan Munroe
Updated October 18, 2016.
Canada has 10 provinces and three territories, each of which has its own capital. From Charlottetown and Halifax in the east to Toronto and Winnipeg in the center, to Yellowknife in the north and Victoria in the west, each of Canada’s capital cities has its own unique identity.
The nation's capital is Ottawa, which was incorporated in 1855 and gets its name from the Algonquin word for trade. Ottawa's archaeological sites point to an indigenous population that lived there for centuries before Europeans discovered the area. Between the 17th century and 19th century, the Ottawa River was the primary route for the Montreal fur trade. By 1830, Ottawa was a major supplier of timber to Britain, and the Grand Trunk Railway secured the city's status as the country's capital.
Ottawa is home to a number of post-secondary, research and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre and the National Gallery.
Read on for more about the capital cities of Canada's provinces and territories.
Edmonton, Alberta
Edmonton , on the North Saskatchewan River, is the northernmost of Canada’s large cities and is frequently referred to as the Gateway to the North, due to its road, rail, and air transportation links.
Indigenous people inhabited Edmonton area for centuries before Europeans arrived. It’s believed that one of the first Europeans to explore the area was Anthony Henday, who visited in 1754 on behalf of the Hudson’s Bay Company. Henday sought to establish fur trading with Edmonton’s indigenous people. Fort Edmonton, named for Edmonton, London in England, was established in 1795 along the river’s northern banks.
The Canadian Pacific Railway, which arrived in Edmonton in 1885, was a boon for the local economy, bringing new arrivals from Canada, the United States, and Europe to the area. Edmonton was incorporated as a town in 1892, and later as a city in 1904. It became the capital of the newly-formed province of Alberta a year later.
Modern-day Edmonton has evolved into a city with a wide range of cultural, sporting and tourist attractions, and is the host of more than two dozen festivals each year. Most of Edmonton's population works in the service and trade industries as well as in the municipal, provincial and federal governments.
Victoria, British Columbia
Named after the English queen, Victoria is the capital city of the province of British Columbia. Victoria is a gateway to the Pacific Rim, is close to American markets, and has many sea and air links that make it a business hub. With the mildest climate in Canada, Victoria is known for its gardens and has a large retiree population. Its metropolitan area is the 15th largest in Canada.
Before Europeans arrived in western Canada in the 1700s, Victoria was inhabited by indigenous Coastal Salish people and the native Songhees, who still have a large presence in the area. Juan Perez of Spain visited in 1774, and James Cook of England arrived in 1778.
Fort Victoria was established by Hudson’s Bay trader James Douglas in 1841, although it was known as Fort Albert until 1843. Douglas became the first governor of British Columbia in 1858.
Victoria became the capital of British Columbia when the province joined the Canadian Confederation in 1871.
The focus of downtown Victoria is the inner harbor, which features the Parliament Buildings and the historic Fairmont Empress Hotel. Victoria also is home to the University of Victoria and Royal Roads University, as well as several other smaller colleges.
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Located at the geographical center of Canada, Winnipeg’s name is a Cree word meaning “muddy water.” Indigenous people inhabited Winnipeg well before the first French explorers arrived in 1738. Winnipeg was incorporated as a city in 1873 and is now the eighth-largest city in Canada.
Named for nearby Lake Winnipeg, the city sits at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. It's at the bottom of the Red River Valley, which creates humid conditions during the summer months. The city is nearly equidistant from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and considered the center of Canada's Prairie provinces.
The arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1881 led to increased development in Winnipeg, and although an earlier boom as a heavy manufacturing center has waned, the city remains the center of Canada's grain industry.
Winnipeg is still a transportation hub, with extensive rail and air links. It is a multicultural city where more than 100 languages are spoken. It’s also the home of the Royal Winnipeg Ballet, and the Winnipeg Art Gallery, which houses the largest collection of Inuit art in the world. Winnipeg hosts numerous music events and festivals and is the home ice of the NHL's newest expansion team, the Jets.
Fredericton, New Brunswick
The capital city of the province of New Brunswick, Fredericton is strategically located on the Saint John River and is within a day's drive of Halifax, Toronto, and New York City. Before Europeans arrived, the Welastekwewiyik (or Maliseet) people inhabited the Fredericton area for centuries.
The first Europeans to come to Fredericton were the French, who arrived in the late 1600s. The area was known as St. Anne's Point, and was captured by the British during the French and Indian War in 1759. New Brunswick became its own colony in 1784, with Fredericton becoming the provincial capital a year later.
Modern-day Fredericton is a center for research in the agriculture, forestry, and engineering industries. Much of this research stems from the two major colleges in the city: the University of New Brunswick and St. Thomas University, as well as a variety of training colleges and institutes.
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Although the origin of its name is somewhat mysterious, St. John's is Canada's oldest settlement, dating back to 1630. It sits on a deepwater harbor connected by the Narrows, a long inlet to the Atlantic Ocean.
The French and English battled over St. John's through the late 17th century and early 18th century, with the final battle of the French and Indian War fought there in 1762. Although it had a colonial government beginning in 1888, St. John's was not formally incorporated as a city until 1921.
In 1901, Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless (radio) signal in St. John's.
A major site for fishing, St John's local economy was depressed by the collapse of cod fisheries in the early 1990s but has since rebounded with petrodollars from offshore oil projects.
Yellowknife, Northwest Territories
The capital city of the Northwest Territories is also its only city. Yellowknife is on the shore of Great Slave Lake, just over 300 miles from the Arctic Circle. It was populated by the aboriginal Tlicho people until Europeans arrived in 1785 or 1786. The first European in Yellowknife was a North West Company fur trader. A few other Europeans ventured into the Northwest Territories, but it was not until 1898 when gold was discovered nearby, that the population saw a sharp uptick.
Gold and government administration were the mainstays of Yellowknife's economy until the late 1990s and early 2000s when the fall of gold prices led to the closure of the two main gold companies. The creation of the new territory of Nunavut in 1999 meant about a third of Yellowknife's government employees transferred to the new territory.
The discovery of diamonds in the Northwest Territories in 1991 stimulated the economy again and diamond mining, cutting, polishing and selling became major activities for Yellowknife residents. While winters in Yellowknife are cold and dark, its proximity to the Arctic Circle means summer days are long and sunny.
Halifax, Nova Scotia
The largest urban area in the Atlantic provinces, Halifax has one of world's largest natural harbors and is an important seaport. Incorporated as a city in 1841, Halifax has been inhabited by humans since the Ice Age, with Mikmaq people living in the area for some 13,000 years prior to European exploration.
The British established settlements in Halifax beginning in 1746 and pushed out the Mikmaq and Acadians living there. The local economy was boosted by the Napoleonic Wars of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, as Halifax supplied timber to the British Royal Navy.
Halifax was the site of one of the worst explosions in Canada's history in 1917 when a munitions ship collided with another ship in the harbor. Some 2,000 people were killed and 9,000 were wounded in the blast, which leveled part of the city.
Modern-day Halifax is home to the Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, and several universities, including Saint Mary’s and the University of King’s College.
Iqaluit, Nunavut
Formerly known as Frobisher Bay, Iqaluit is the capital, largest community and only city in Canada’s newest territory. Iqaluit, which means "many fish" in the Inuit language, sits at the northeast head of Frobisher Bay on southern Baffin Island.
The Inuit who inhabited the region for centuries continue to have a significant presence in Iqaluit, despite the arrival of English explorers in 1561.
Iqaluit was the site of a major airbase built at the start of World War II, which played an even larger role during the Cold War as a communications center.
Toronto, Ontario
The largest city in Canada, and the fourth-largest city in North America, Toronto is a cultural, entertainment, business and financial hub, and is the seat of the Ontario provincial government. The city has close to 3 million people, and the metro area has more than 5 million residents.
Aboriginal people have been in the area that is now Toronto for thousands of years, and until the arrival of Europeans in the 1600s, the area was a hub for the Iroquois and Wendat-Huron confederacies of native Canadians.
First explored by European fur traders, like many resource-rich and strategic areas in Canada, Toronto was the site of several battles between the French and British. During the Revolutionary War in the American colonies, many British settlers fled to Toronto. In 1793, the town of York was established; it was captured by Americans in the War of 1812. The area was renamed Toronto and incorporated as a city in 1834.
Like much of the U.S., Toronto was hard-hit by the Depression in the 1930s, but its economy rebounded during World War II, as immigrants came to the area. Toronto's population grew exponentially after the war, and several of its suburbs saw rapid expansion.
Modern-day Toronto is a highly diverse metro area, with the Royal Ontario Museum, the Ontario Science Centre and the Museum of Inuit Art among its cultural offerings. It's also home to several professional sports teams, including the Maple Leafs (hockey), the Blue Jays (baseball) and the Raptors (basketball).
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
The capital city of Canada's smallest province, Charlottetown holds a place in Canadian history as the site of the first three Canadian conferences on Confederation, which led to the creation of Canada in 1867 (even though Prince Edward Island did not join the Confederation until 1873).
Like many regions of Canada, aboriginal people inhabited Charlottetown and Prince Edward Island for some 10,000 years before Europeans arrived. French fur traders came to the area in 1720, but by 1758, the British were largely in control of the region.
During the 19th century, after Prince Edward Island was designated as a separate province from Nova Scotia, shipbuilding became a major industry in Charlottetown. In the present day, Charlottetown's biggest industry is tourism, with its historic architecture and scenic Charlottetown Harbour attracting visitors from all over the world. It's also home to Prince Edward Island University.
Quebec City, Quebec
Quebec City, the capital of the province of Quebec, is located on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River. It was occupied by aboriginal people for thousands of years before Europeans arrived in 1535. Permanent French settlement was not established in Quebec until 1608 when Samuel de Champlain set up a trading post there. It was captured by the British in 1759.
Its location along the St. Lawrence River made Quebec City a major trade hub well into the 20th century. Modern-day Quebec City remains a hub for French-Canadian culture, rivaled only by Montreal, the other large Francophone city in Canada.
Regina, Saskatchewan
Founded in 1882, Regina is only about 100 miles north of the U.S. border. The area's first inhabitants were the Plains Cree and the Plains Ojibwa. The grassy, flat plain was home to herds of buffalo that were hunted to near-extinction by European fur traders.
Regina was incorporated as a city in 1903, and when Saskatchewan became a province in 1905, Regina was named its capital. It has seen slow but steady growth since World War II, and it remains a major center of agriculture in Canada. It is home to the University of Regina and the Saskatchewan Polytechnic College.
Whitehorse, Yukon Territory
The capital city of the Yukon Territory of Canada is home to more than 70 percent of the Yukon's population. Whitehorse is within the shared traditional territory of the Ta'an Kwach'an Council (TKC) and the Kwanlin Dun First Nation (KDFN) and has a thriving cultural community. Its diversity includes French immersion programs and French schools, and it also has a sizable Filipino community.
Whitehorse is just off the Alaska Highway on the Yukon River, about 65 miles north of the British Columbia border. The Yukon River flows right through Whitehorse, and there are broad valleys and big lakes around the city. It's also bordered by three large mountains: Grey Mountain on the east, Haeckel Hill on the northwest and Golden Horn Mountain on the south.
The Yukon has been inhabited for several thousand years by aboriginal people. In the modern era, the Tutchone, Inland Tlingit and Tagish people, descendants of the Yukon First Nation people, still live in and around the Whitehorse area. The Yukon River near Whitehorse became a rest stop of sorts for gold prospectors during the Klondike Gold Rush in the late 1800s. Whitehorse is still a stop for most trucks bound for Alaska on the Alaska Highway.
Around 250,000 travelers drive through Whitehorse every year, and several airlines fly out of the Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International airport.
| i don't know |
In terms of population, which is the largest city in the world that is not a national capital? | Largest Cities in the World, Most Populous Cities of the World
Description: The map highlights, along with their urban agglomerations, top ten largest and leading cities of the world. These are Tokyo, Delhi, Shanghai, Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Mumbai, Osaka, Beijing, Newark, and Cairo.
Here's the order :
Tokyo :
Tokyo, Japan is the largest city in the World. It is situated in the southeastern region of Honshu Island and is made up of islands Ogasawara and Izu. The prefecture became a reality in 1943 after Tokyo City combined with Tokyo Prefecture. It is also the capital city of Japan.
New Delhi :
New Delhi is an important city in India by virtue of being its capital. It also operates as the capital of National Capital Territory of Delhi. It is part of the Delhi metropolitan area – it is also one of Delhi Union Territory's 9 districts. It covers an aggregate area of 16 square miles.
Shanghai :
Of all the cities in China, Shanghai has the maximum population. It is situated in eastern part of the Asian nation and lies in a central region in the Chinese coast. It is at the source of the Yangtze River. The city has attained remarkable economic growth in the previous 20 years.
Mexico City :
Mexico City functions as the synonymous North American nation's Federal District capital. It is unique in the sense that it is not a state per se but operates as an independent federation. Mexico City is the biggest city of the country and is a key political, educational, cultural and economic hub.
Sao Paulo :
In the southern and western parts of the world, Sao Paulo is the biggest city. It is the heart of the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area and has been rated as the 2nd most populated metropolitan region in both South and North America combined.
New York City :
In USA, New York has the maximum number of residents. It is also the heart of New York Metropolitan Area that is one of the most highly populated regions on a global basis. It also houses the headquarters of the United Nations and is a global commercial, media and business hub.
Osaka :
Osaka is the working heart and economic powerhouse of the Kansai region, Japan. It is the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and forms the largest part of Keihanshin Industrial Zone, the second biggest industrial and urban conglomeration in Japan. Located at the Yodo river, Osaka Bay, Osaka is the third biggest city of Japan in terms of population after Tokyo 23 wards and Yokohama. It spans a total area of 86 square miles with a population of about 2.5 million.
Newark :
Newark is the biggest city (by population) of New Jersey and the administrative center of Essex County. It is situated on the western shore of the Passaic River, only 13 kilometers from the western region of lower Manhattan Island, New York City. It is not only the second biggest city of the New York metropolitan region, but also the country's chief center for airways, railways, and shipping. It consists of a total area of about 26 square miles with a population of over 278,400.
Cairo :
Cairo, the capital of Egypt, is situated on the north eastern part of the country. It is the second biggest city in Africa and also the biggest city in the Middle-East. It is a doorway to the Nile delta, a point where the lower Nile divides into the Damietta and Rosetta branches. Dubbed as the "city of a thousand minarets" chiefly because of its predominance of the architecture of Islam, Cairo has been a hub of the region's cultural and political life. The city spans a total area of 175 square miles with a population of around seven million.
WBASH171114
14,600
World Top Ten Populous Cities of the World
With nearly 38 million residents, Tokyo-Yokohama is the largest city in the world. It has ranked third in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index.
With a population of 31.3 million, Jakarta has witnessed the addition of more than 7,000,000 residents between 2000 and 2010. It is the largest city in terms of size in the southern hemisphere.
As the national capital of India, Delhi has the second-highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India, after Mumbai.
Situated on the east coast of Manila Bay, Manila is considered as the second most populous city throughout the Philippines. It is outlined by cities, including Navotas and Caloocan.
As the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea, Seoul is home to over half of all South Koreans in addition to about 678,102 residents. In 2015, it was rated as Asia's most livable city with the second highest quality of life.
As the most populous city in China and Asia, Shanghai is a global financial center. It is popular for its extensive Lujiazui skyline, several skyscrapers and historical landmarks.
As the largest and most populous city in Pakistan, Karachi is the main seaport and financial center of the country. It is the seventh largest urban agglomeration in the world.
Beijing is located in northern China and has the world's largest airport. It is a political, educational and cultural center.
As USA's premier metropolis, New York has a brilliant geography. The city has been Unites States' largest since 1790 and greeted millions of immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Nicknamed the City of Flowers; Guangzhou serves as an important national transportation hub. It is the largest city in South Central China.
2014 World Urban Major Facts :
1. In today's time, more people are mushrooming towards urban areas, as in 2014, 54 percent of the population from across the world are living in cities. In the year 1950, 30 percent of the worldwide population was urban and it has been projected that by 2050, the world population of the urban dwellers will increase to 66 percent.
2. Presently, the most urbanized places are North America with 82 percent urban population, The Caribbean and Latin America with 80 percent, and Europe with 73 percent. On the contrary, Africa and Asia have a major rural population with 40 and 48 percent of their respective populations residing in urban places. However, in the coming decades, growth rate of urban areas is expected to increase and comparatively, Africa and Asia are urbanizing at a faster pace. By 2050, the urban population of both the continents is projected to reach 56 and 64 percent, respectively.
3. The worldwide rural population is nearly 3.4 billion today, which is presumed to drop to 3.2 billion by the year 2050. Almost 90 percent of the worldwide rural population are a part of Africa and Asia. China with 635 million has the largest rural population after India (857 million).
4. Globally, since 1950, the population of the urban areas has evolved briskly from 746 million to 3.9 billion in 2014. Today, 53 percent of the urban population of the world is from Asia followed by Europe and the Caribbean and Latin America with 14 and 13 percent, respectively.
5. Three Countries, namely India, China, and Nigeria are presumed to contribute 37 percent between 2014 and 2050 to the urban population of the world. It is projected that India will add 404 million to the world's urban population, then China with 292 million, and Nigeria with 212 million.
6. By 2050, growing population and urbanization both are projected to contribute 2.5 billion population to the world's urban population with almost 90 percent of the rise mainly from Asia and Africa.
7. Almost half of the world's urban residents live in comparatively small colonies with not more than 500,000 dwellers whereas out of eight only one get to live in the 28 big cities with over 10 million dwellers.
8. The largest city in the world is Tokyo with a population of 38 million inhabitants, then, comes Delhi having 25 million inhabitants, Shanghai having 23 million, and Sao Paulo, Mexico City , and Mumbai each with nearly 21 million residents. It is reckoned that by 2030, there will be 41 mega-cities in the world with over 10 million dwellers. It is projected that Tokyo will remain the largest city in the world with 37 million population in 2030 with Delhi following closely, where the number is projected to rise to 36 million.
9. But there are also such cities that have in recent years experienced a drop in population. Natural calamities and Economic depression are the key factors in population losses in a few cities as well. Also, the low-fertility nations of Asia and Europe have a stagnant or declining population causing a major drop in the world's population.
10. Since the world is urbanizing rapidly, sustainable progressive challenges will be increasingly posited in the urban areas, specifically in the countries with the lower-middle-income where urbanization growth is rapid. Consolidated and cohesive approach is required to raise the standard of living of both urban and rural population.
WBASH150714
(3) Regioe metropolitana; refers to the Regioe Integrada de Desenvolvimento do Distrito Federal e Entorno.
(5) Data after 2000 include urban population in Daxing, Pinggu, and Huairou Districts.
(7) For 2000, the population of the city is composed of population in all City Districts meeting the criteria such as “contiguous built-up area,” being the location of the local government,being a Street or Having a Resident Committee.
(12) 1991 and 2001 data based on a definition of urban agglomeration that is not restricted to state boundaries (National Capital Territory).
Contiguous suburban cities and towns, such as Faridabad, Gurgaon, and Ghaziabad are included in Dehli.
(16) As defined by the Statistics Bureau of Japan, Census figure of 2005 refers to Kanto major metropolitan area (M.M.A.).
(17) Zona metropolitana, which includes several municipios.
(25) Data refer to the urbanized area (UA), that is, contiguous territory that meets minimum population density requirements. Each UA is named after the most populous place or places contained within it.
Most Populous Cities of the World Video
You must be Interested to Know
| Mumbai |
In which year did Freddie Mercury die of AIDS? | Largest World Cities: 2014 | Newgeography.com
Largest World Cities: 2014
by Wendell Cox 04/24/2014
The recently released 10th edition of Demographia World Urban Areas provides estimated population, land area and population density for the 922 identified urban areas with more than 500,000 population. With a total population of 1.92 billion residents, these cities comprise approximately 51 percent of the world urban population. The world's largest cities are increasingly concentrated in Asia, where 56 percent are located. North America ranks second to Asia, with only 14 percent of the largest cities (Figure 1). Only three high income world cities are ranked in the top ten (Tokyo, Seoul and New York) and with present growth rates, Tokyo will be the lone high-income representative by the middle 2020s.
Demographia World Urban Areas is the only regularly published compendium of urban population, land area and density data for cities of more than 500,000 population. Moreover, the populations are matched to the urban land areas where sufficient data is available from national census authorities.
The City
The term "city" has two principal meanings. One is the "built-up urban area," which is the city in its physical form, encompassing virtually all of the land area encircled by rural land or bodies of water. Demographia World Urban Areas reports on cities as built-up urban areas, using the following definition (Note 1).
An urban area is a continuously built up land mass of urban development that is within a labor market (metropolitan area or metropolitan region). As a part of a labor market, an urban area cannot cross customs controlled boundaries unless the virtually free movement of labor is permitted. An urban area contains no rural land (all land in the world is either urban or rural).
The other principal definition is the labor market, or metropolitan area, which is the city as the functional (economic) entity. The metropolitan area includes economically connected rural land to the outside of the built-up up urban area (and may include smaller urban areas). The third use, to denote a municipal corporation (such as the city of New York or the city of Toronto) does not correspond to the city as a built-up urban area or metropolitan area. This can – all too often does – cause confusion among analysts and reporters who sometimes compare municipalities to metropolitan areas or to built-up urban areas.
A Not Particularly Dense Urban World
Much has been made of the fact that more than one-half of humanity lives in urban areas, for the first time in history. Yet much of that urbanization is not of the high densities associated with cities like Dhaka, New York, or even Atlanta.
The half of the world's urban population not included in Demographia World Areas lives in cities ranging in population from the hundreds to the hundreds of thousands (see: What is a Half-Urban World ). In the high income world, residents of large urban areas principally live at relatively low densities, with automobile oriented suburbanization accounting for much of the urbanization in Western Europe, North America, Japan and Australasia. This point was well illustrated in research by David L. A. Gordon et al at Queen's University (Kingston, Ontario), released last year which concluded that the metropolitan areas of Canada are approximately 80 percent suburban.
Population
There are now 29 megacities, with the addition in the last year of London . London might be thought of as having been a megacity for decades, however the imposition of its greenbelt forced virtually all growth since 1939 to exurban areas that are not a part of the urban area, keeping its population below the 10 million threshold until this year (Demographia World Urban Areas Table 1).
The largest 10 contain the same cities as last year, though there have been ranking changes. Tokyo , with 37.6 million residents, continues its half century domination, though its margin over growing developing world cities is narrowing, especially Jakarta . Manila became the fifth largest urban area in the world, displacing Shanghai , while Mexico City moved up to 9th, displacing Sao Paulo (Figure 2).
Land Area
Often seen as the epitome of urban density, the urban area of New York continues to cover, by far, the most land area of any city in the world. Its land area of nearly 4,500 square miles (11,600 square kilometers) is one-third higher than Tokyo's 3,300 (8,500 square kilometers). Los Angeles , which is often thought of as defining low-density territorial expansion ranks only fifth, following Chicago and Atlanta, with their substantially smaller populations (Figure 3). Perhaps more surprisingly is the fact that Boston has the sixth largest land area of any city in the world. Boston's strong downtown (central business district) and relatively dense core can result in a misleading perception of high urban density. In fact, Boston's post-World War II suburbanization is at urban densities little different than that of Atlanta , which is the world's least dense built-up urban area with more than 3 million population. Now, 29 cities cover land areas of more than 1,000 square miles or 2,500 square kilometers (Demographia World Urban Areas Table 3).
Urban Density
All but two of the 10 densest cities are on the Indian subcontinent. Dhaka continues to lead in density, with 114,000 residents per square mile (44,000 per square kilometer). Hyderabad (Pakistan, not India) ranks a close second. Mumbai and nearby Kalyan (Maharashtra) are the third and fourth densest cities. Hong Kong and Macau are the only cities ranking in the densest ten outside the subcontinent (Figure 4). Despite its reputation for high urban densities, the highest ranking city in China (Henyang, Hunan) is only 39th (Demographia World Urban Areas Table 4).
Smaller Urban Areas
Demographia World Urban Areas Table 2 includes more than 700 additional cities with fewer than 500,000 residents, mainly in the high income world. Unlike the main listing of urban areas over 500,000 population, the smaller cities do not represent a representative sample, and are shown only for information.
Density by Geography
Demographia World Urban Areas also provides an average built-up urban area density for a number of the geographical areas. Africa and Asia had the highest average city densities, at 18,000 per square mile (7,000 per square kilometer), followed by South America. Europe was in the middle, while North America and Oceania have the lowest average city densities (Figure 5).
Some geographies, however, had much higher average urban densities. Bangladesh was highest, at 86,800 per square mile (33,000 per square kilometer), nearly five times the Asian average. Other geographies above 30,000 per square mile (11,500 per square kilometer) included Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Philippines, India and Colombia, the only representative from the Western Hemisphere (Demographia World Urban Areas Table 5).
Wendell Cox is principal of Demographia, an international public policy and demographics firm. He is co-author of the " Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey " and author of " Demographia World Urban Areas " and " War on the Dream: How Anti-Sprawl Policy Threatens the Quality of Life ." He was appointed to three terms on the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission, where he served with the leading city and county leadership as the only non-elected member. He was appointed to the Amtrak Reform Council to fill the unexpired term of Governor Christine Todd Whitman and has served as a visiting professor at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, a national university in Paris.
----------------------
Note 1: Urban areas are called also called "population centres" (Canada), "built-up urban areas" (United Kingdom, "urbanized areas' (United States), "unités urbaines" (France) and "urban centres" (Australia). The "urban areas" of New Zealand include rural areas, as do many of the areas designated "urban" in the People's Republic of China, and, as a result, do not meet the definition of urban areas above.
Note 2: Demographia World Urban Areas is a continuing project. Revisions are made as more accurate satellite photographs and population estimates become available. As a result, the data in Demographia World Urban Areas is not intended for comparison to prior years, but is intended to be the latest data based upon the best data sources available at publication.
Photograph: Slum, Valenzuela City, Manila (by Author)
»
| i don't know |
What is the namegiven to 'fortune telling' by playing or tarot cards? | Oracle & Divination - The World of Playing Cards
Oracle & Divination
Search
Oracle & Divination including Tarot
Cartomancy and modern esoteric tarot packs have been conjured in a wide variety of conceptions. They involve use of imagination and intuition to assess one’s own thoughts and feelings from the view point of the symbolic images. This is finding meaning and answers for oneself, rather than having blind faith in religious authority.
Many contemporary tarot packs are a sort of compendium of living experience, based on the artist’s creative and spiritual perspective of life.
| Cartomancy |
In 1969 troops from the Parachute Regiment invaded which West Indian island after it declared its independence from St. Kitts - Nevis? | Metaphysical Study: Gypsy Witch Fortune Telling Cards
Gypsy Witch Fortune Telling Cards
Gypsy Witch Fortune Telling Cards
I bought these cards on Amazon because they looked interesting, plus the reviews were crazy. Many people had real experiences with these cards, saying for the most part that they were eerily right every time. These cards are neat because they are part Lenormand with the Cartomancy - not to mention the description of what each card means right on the top right below the card number.
Within this deck, you not only get the fortune telling cards, but you also get a few joker cards. That gives you 56 cards all together. Also, you can use these cards as regular playing decks and use the jokers for a yes/no question.
How to ask Yes/No questions using this deck?
1. Remove card numbers 18 and 19 from the pack and shuffle the rest of the cards, including one of the jokers. Have the person cut the cards and tell the person to make a silent "wish".
2. With the pile in your hand face down, begin to deal your cards face up and one by one into a pile. Count while you do this.
3. If the Joker appears on an even number, then the person will get their wish.
4. If the Joke appears on an odd number, then the wish is doubtful.
With all packs, you will receive an instructions booklet that gives you 2 types of readings. I will list the two here with what the booklet also says for those who have lost their booklet. If you have lost your booklet or never received one, I've read on a forum that if you communicate with US Games System, they'll send you another booklet. But that's something you'd have to double check.
(with my notes for where each card is placed first)
Short Reading:
1. Remove the joker and charge cards (18.Woman and 19.Man) from the deck and shuffle your cards, then cut - while making a wish.
2. Place 18.Woman in the center of the table for a woman's reading; or place 19.Man in the center of the table for a man's reading.
3. Deal 8 cards around this center card, then follow with 8 more on the outer edge (like in the image to the left).
4. The inner square shapes the destiny of the person, the outer square represents the forces surrounding him/her. Also - the inner square is close to the person, the outer is far away.
5. Starting with any card in the inner square, read one card at a time. Each card has a complete message on it and may be interpreted in relation to the center card.
6. Continue the same with the outer square.
7. Create your own way of interpreting the cards put down, practice, and enjoy.
(with my notes for where each card is placed first)
Long Reading:
1. Remove the joker and charge cards (18.Woman and 19.Man) from the deck and shuffle your cards, then cut - while making a wish.
2. Place 18.Woman in the center of the table for a woman's reading; or place 19.Man in the center of the table for a man's reading.
3. Deal 8 cards around the center card, then 16 on the next square, then 21 in the last. Then 5 on the side (like in the image to the left).
4. Follow the same criteria for the Short Reading, this reading is just more in-depth.
5. Create your own way of interpreting the cards put down, practice, and enjoy.
I couldn't find too much on these cards while researching. There was a YouTube video I watched, there's a site that gives you a breakdown on what they feel these cards do for them (with the booklet scanned in), then there's Donnaleigh's blog who breaks it down a bit for you. The booklet is really all you've got for layouts because the cards themselves tell you what they all mean. Great links:
| i don't know |
What was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in the 6th century BC? | The Buddhist World: Gautama Buddha
» Pilgrimage » Lumbini » Gautama Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, was born in the sixth century B.C. in what is now modern Nepal. His father, Suddhodana, was the ruler of the Sakya people and Siddhartha grew up living the extravagant life of a young prince. According to custom, he married at the young age of sixteen to a girl named Yasodhara. His father had ordered that he live a life of total seclusion, but one day Siddhartha ventured out into the world and was confronted with the reality of the inevitable suffering of life. The next day, at the age of twenty-nine, he left his kingdom and newborn son to lead an ascetic life and determine a way to relieve universal suffering.
For six years, Siddhartha submitted himself to rigorous ascetic practices, studying and following different methods of meditation with various religious teachers. But he was never fully satisfied. One day, however, he was offered a bowl of rice from a young girl and he accepted it. In that moment, he realised that physical austerities were not the means to achieve liberation. From then on, he encouraged people to follow a path of balance rather than extremism. He called this The Middle Way.
That night Siddhartha sat under the Bodhi tree, and meditated until dawn. He purified his mind of all defilements and attained enlightenment at the age of thirty-five, thus earning the title Buddha, or "Enlightened One". For the remainder of his eighty years, the Buddha preached the Dharma in an effort to help other sentient beings reach enlightenment.
Copyright © 2008 - BDEA Inc. & BuddhaNet. All rights reserved.
| Buddhism |
in the version of the Morse Code used in Great Britain, what letter of the alphabetis represented by a single dash? | A Brief Introduction to Buddhism - The Commisceo Global Blog
A Brief Introduction to Buddhism
The Commisceo Global Blog
Keeping you up to date with all the news, articles, tools, opinions and press relating to the world of cultural understanding, in and out of business.
A Brief Introduction to Buddhism
Sunday, 01 February 2015
Cultural Diversity
Buddhism, in its natural form, is not a religion; rather it is a tradition that focuses on personal spiritual development. Buddhists strive for a deep insight into the true nature of life and do not worship gods or deities.
Buddhism was founded in Northern India by the first known Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, in 6th century BC, after he attained enlightenment and assumed the title Lord Buddha (one who has awakened)
The Origin of Buddhism / Life of the Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama, later known as Buddha, was a prince of the Sakya tribe of Nepal in approximately 566 BC. At the age of 29, leaving the comforts of his home, he undertook a journey to seek the meaning of the suffering he saw around him. After six years of arduous yogic training, he abandoned the way of self-mortification and instead sat in mindful meditation beneath a bodhi tree. On the full moon day of May, Siddhartha Gautama became the Buddha, the enlightened one.
The Buddha wandered in the plains of northeastern India for over four decades, teaching the path or Dharma he had realized in that moment. Around him developed a community or Sangha of monks and, later, nuns, drawn from various tribes and castes, devoted to practicing this path. In approximately 486 BC, at the age of 80, the Buddha died. His last words are said to be... “Impermanent are all created things; Strive on with awareness.”
Demographics
Buddhism, which is followed by over 5% of the world’s population, lays claim to be the fourth largest religion in the world after Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. The 10 largest national Buddhist populations are in the countries of China, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar (formerly Burma), Sri Lanka, South Korea, Taiwan, Cambodia, Japan and India.
Buddhism has largely disappeared from its country of origin, India, except for the presence of many refugees from the Tibet region of China and a small number of converts from the lower castes of Hinduism. It has though taken firm root in Sri Lanka.
Schools of Thought
Broadly, Buddhism can be divided into two main schools, the Theravada or Hinayana in Sri Lanka and South East Asia, and the Mahayana in China, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan. A third school, the Vajrayana, has a long tradition in Tibet and Japan.
It is clear that Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, did not claim to be divine. Although several sects have elevated him to the status of a god, he clearly claimed that he was only showing the way to nirvana.
The Goal of Buddhism - Nirvana
Most people have heard of nirvana, which has come to be equated with a sort of eastern version of heaven. Nirvana, in true terms, simply means cessation – cessation of passion, aggression and ignorance; the cessation of the struggle to prove our existence to the world, to survive. We don't have to struggle to survive after all as we have already survived, the struggle is just an extra complication that we have added to our lives because we have lost our confidence in the way things are.
Festivals and Marriage Ceremony
Buddhist Festivals are always joyful occasions. The most significant celebration takes place every May on the night of the full moon, when Buddhists all over the world celebrate the birth, enlightenment and death of the Buddha over 2,500 years ago. It has come to be known as Buddha Day.
A visit to the local temple or monastery is a common custom on festive days, where the monks are served food; the ‘Five Precepts’ are also undertaken. Poor people are fed in the afternoon and a ceremony is conducted in the evening, in which people circumambulate a stupa three times. The day draws to a close with the chanting of Buddha's teachings and meditation.
Wedding ceremonies are regarded as secular affairs in Buddhist countries. The parties concerned, however, obtain blessing from monks at a local temple after the civil registration formalities are completed.
The main principles of Buddhism
The main principles of Buddhism are covered by the teachings in the form of ‘The Three Jewels’, ‘The Four Noble Truths’, ‘The Noble Eightfold Path’, ‘The Five Precepts’, ‘The Three Marks of Conditioned Existence’ and ‘Vegetarianism’. The most important ones are described below.
Triple Jewels: Taking refuge in The Triple Jewels/Gems, i.e. the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha; does not mean self-surrender, or total reliance on an external force, or third party for help or salvation.
The Four Nobel Truths: The foundation of Buddhism is centered on the Four Noble Truths given by Buddha in his first sermon after his enlightenment. The truths are:
Dukkha – The Truth of Suffering, Samudaya – The Truth of the Cause of Suffering, Nirhodha – The Truth of the End of Suffering, and Magga – The Truth of the Path that frees us from Suffering
The Eightfold Path to Enlightenment: Buddhism lays stress on ‘The Eightfold Path’ as means by which enlightenment may be realized. This was explained by the Buddha in his first sermon after his enlightenment, preserved in the ‘Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta’. Followers point to three main sections within ‘The Eightfold Path’ as Wisdom, Ethical Conduct and Mental Discipline.
“..There is a path to the cessation of suffering, the ‘eightfold path’ of right views, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. Buddhism characteristically describes reality in terms of process and relation rather than entity or substance.”
The Five Precepts: These basic training rules are observed by all practicing lay Buddhists:
1. To refrain from destroying living creatures
2.Refrain from taking that which is not given
3.Refrain from sexual misconduct
4.Refrain from incorrect speech (Abstaining from lying, divisive speech, abusive speech, and idle chatter)
5.Refrain from intoxicating drinks and drugs which lead to carelessness
Dalai Lamas
Tibetan Buddhists hold the Dalai Lama to be one of the incarnations of Avalokiteœvara, the bodhisattva of compassion. The 14th ‘Dalai Lama’, Tenzin Gyatso, soon after China’s invasion of Tibet, fled to India and now lives in exile in Dharmasala, India. He is the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for his non-violent struggle for the liberation of Tibet, and he describes himself as “a simple Buddhist Monk”
The following words of the current Dalai Lama sum up how Buddhists are supposed to view themselves and others:
"Who is more important, you or others? The conclusion is clear; even if minor suffering happens to all others; its range is infinite, whereas when something happens to me, it is limited to just one person. When we look at others in this way, oneself is not so important."
| i don't know |
What word can mean a colour, or a type of rocket? | Color | Define Color at Dictionary.com
color
noun
1.
the quality of an object or substance with respect to light reflected by the object, usually determined visually by measurement of hue, saturation, and brightness of the reflected light; saturation or chroma; hue.
2.
the natural appearance of the skin, especially of the face; complexion:
She has a lovely color.
3.
The wind and sun had given color to the sailor's face.
4.
His remarks brought the color to her face.
5.
vivid or distinctive quality, as of a literary work:
Melville's description of a whaling voyage is full of color.
6.
details in description, customs, speech, habits, etc., of a place or period:
The novel takes place in New Orleans and contains much local color.
7.
something that is used for coloring; pigment; paint; tint; dye.
8.
background information, as anecdotes about players or competitors or analyses of plays, strategy, or performance, given by a sportscaster to heighten interest in a sportscast.
9.
colors.
any distinctive color or combination or pattern of colors, especially of a badge, ribbon, uniform, or the like, worn or displayed as a symbol of or to identify allegiance to, membership in, or sponsorship by a school, group, or organization.
nature, viewpoint, or attitude; character; personality:
His behavior in a crisis revealed his true colors.
a flag, ensign, etc., particularly the national flag.
U.S. Navy. the ceremony of hoisting the national flag at 8 a.m. and of lowering it at sunset.
10.
skin complexion of a particular people or ethnic group, especially when other than white: a person of color; people of color; a man of color; alumni of color; children of color.
11.
outward appearance or aspect; guise or show:
It was a lie, but it had the color of the truth.
12.
She did it under the color of doing a good deed.
13.
Painting. the general use or effect of the pigments in a picture.
14.
to give or apply color to; tinge; paint; dye:
She colored her hair dark red.
23.
to cause to appear different from the reality:
In order to influence the jury, he colored his account of what had happened.
24.
to give a special character or distinguishing quality to:
His personal feelings color his writing.
verb (used without object)
to take on or change color:
The ocean colored at dawn.
26.
He colored when confronted with the incriminating evidence.
Idioms
call to the colors, to summon for service in the armed forces:
Thousands are being called to the colors.
28.
to blush as from embarrassment.
to turn pale, as from fear:
When he saw the size of his opponent, he changed color.
29.
| Maroon |
The author James Wight is better known as whom? | Color | Define Color at Dictionary.com
color
noun
1.
the quality of an object or substance with respect to light reflected by the object, usually determined visually by measurement of hue, saturation, and brightness of the reflected light; saturation or chroma; hue.
2.
the natural appearance of the skin, especially of the face; complexion:
She has a lovely color.
3.
The wind and sun had given color to the sailor's face.
4.
His remarks brought the color to her face.
5.
vivid or distinctive quality, as of a literary work:
Melville's description of a whaling voyage is full of color.
6.
details in description, customs, speech, habits, etc., of a place or period:
The novel takes place in New Orleans and contains much local color.
7.
something that is used for coloring; pigment; paint; tint; dye.
8.
background information, as anecdotes about players or competitors or analyses of plays, strategy, or performance, given by a sportscaster to heighten interest in a sportscast.
9.
colors.
any distinctive color or combination or pattern of colors, especially of a badge, ribbon, uniform, or the like, worn or displayed as a symbol of or to identify allegiance to, membership in, or sponsorship by a school, group, or organization.
nature, viewpoint, or attitude; character; personality:
His behavior in a crisis revealed his true colors.
a flag, ensign, etc., particularly the national flag.
U.S. Navy. the ceremony of hoisting the national flag at 8 a.m. and of lowering it at sunset.
10.
skin complexion of a particular people or ethnic group, especially when other than white: a person of color; people of color; a man of color; alumni of color; children of color.
11.
outward appearance or aspect; guise or show:
It was a lie, but it had the color of the truth.
12.
She did it under the color of doing a good deed.
13.
Painting. the general use or effect of the pigments in a picture.
14.
to give or apply color to; tinge; paint; dye:
She colored her hair dark red.
23.
to cause to appear different from the reality:
In order to influence the jury, he colored his account of what had happened.
24.
to give a special character or distinguishing quality to:
His personal feelings color his writing.
verb (used without object)
to take on or change color:
The ocean colored at dawn.
26.
He colored when confronted with the incriminating evidence.
Idioms
call to the colors, to summon for service in the armed forces:
Thousands are being called to the colors.
28.
to blush as from embarrassment.
to turn pale, as from fear:
When he saw the size of his opponent, he changed color.
29.
| i don't know |
'Myeloid Tissue' is another name for what? | Myeloid tissue | definition of myeloid tissue by Medical dictionary
Myeloid tissue | definition of myeloid tissue by Medical dictionary
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myeloid+tissue
Related to myeloid tissue: lymphoid tissue , haematopoiesis
tissue
adipose tissue connective tissue made of fat cells in a meshwork of areolar tissue.
areolar tissue connective tissue made up largely of interlacing fibers.
bony tissue osseous tissue .
brown adipose tissue (brown fat tissue) brown fat .
bursa-equivalent tissue (bursal equivalent tissue) a hypothesized lymphoid tissue in nonavian vertebrates including human beings, equivalent to the bursa of Fabricius in birds: the site of B lymphocyte maturation. It now appears that B lymphocyte maturation occurs primarily in the bone marrow.
cancellous tissue the spongy tissue of bone.
cartilaginous tissue the substance of cartilage.
chordal tissue the tissue of the notochord.
chromaffin tissue a tissue composed largely of chromaffin cells, well supplied with nerves and vessels; it occurs in the adrenal medulla and also forms the paraganglia of the body.
cicatricial tissue the dense fibrous tissue forming a cicatrix , derived directly from granulation tissue ; called also scar tissue .
connective tissue the tissue that binds together and is the support of the various structures of the body; see also connective tissue .
elastic tissue connective tissue made up of yellow elastic fibers, frequently massed into sheets.
endothelial tissue peculiar connective tissue lining serous and lymph spaces.
epithelial tissue a general name for tissues not derived from the mesoderm.
erectile tissue spongy tissue that expands and becomes hard when filled with blood.
fatty tissue connective tissue made of fat cells in a meshwork of areolar tissue.
fibrous tissue the common connective tissue of the body, composed of yellow or white parallel elastic and collagen fibers.
gelatinous tissue mucous tissue .
granulation tissue material formed in repair of wounds of soft tissue, consisting of connective tissue cells and ingrowing young vessels; it ultimately forms cicatrix.
gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) lymphoid tissue associated with the gut, including the tonsils, Peyer's patches, lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract, and appendix.
indifferent tissue undifferentiated embryonic tissue.
interstitial tissue connective tissue between the cellular elements of a structure.
lymphadenoid tissue tissue resembling that of lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, tonsils, and lymph vessels.
lymphoid tissue a latticework of reticular tissue whose interspaces contain lymphocytes .
mesenchymal tissue embryonic connective tissue composed of stellate cells and a ground substance of coagulable fluid.
mucous tissue a jellylike connective tissue, such as occurs in the umbilical cord. Called also gelatinous tissue .
muscular tissue the substance of muscle.
myeloid tissue red bone marrow .
nerve tissue (nervous tissue) the specialized tissue forming the elements of the nervous system.
osseous tissue the specialized tissue forming the bones.
reticular tissue (reticulated tissue) connective tissue composed predominantly of reticulum cells and reticular fibers.
sclerous t's the cartilaginous, fibrous, and osseous tissues.
skeletal tissue the bony, ligamentous, fibrous, and cartilaginous tissue forming the skeleton and its attachments.
splenic tissue red pulp .
subcutaneous tissue the layer of loose connective tissue directly under the skin.
tissue typing identification of tissue types for purposes of predicting acceptance or rejection of grafts and transplants . The process and purposes of tissue typing are essentially the same as for blood typing. The major difference lies in the kinds of antigens being evaluated. The acceptance of allografts depends on the hla antigens (HLA); if the donor and recipient are not HLA identical, the allograft is rejected, sometimes within minutes. The HLA genes are located in the major histocompatibility complex , a region on the short arm of chromosome 6, and are involved in cell-cell interaction, immune response , organ transplantation, development of cancer, and susceptibility to disease. There are five genetic loci, designated HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-D, and HLA-DR. At each locus, there can be any of several different alleles.
Each person inherits one chromosome 6 from the mother and one from the father; that is, each parent transmits to the child one allele for each kind of antigen (A, B, C, D, and DR). If the parents are different at both alleles of a locus, the statistical chance of one sibling being identical to another is one in four (25 per cent), the chance of being identical at one allele only (half-identical) is 50 per cent, and the chance of a total mismatch is 25 per cent.
Techniques for Tissue Typing. Histocompatibility testing involves several basic methods of assay for HLA differences. The most widely used method uses the polymerase chain reaction to compare the DNA of the person, organ, or graft being tested with known pieces of the genes encoding MHC antigens. The variability of these regions of the genes determines the tissue type of the subject.
Serologic methods are used to detect serologically defined antigens on the surfaces of cells. In general, HLA-A, -B, and -C determinants are primarily measured by serologic techniques. A second method, involving lymphocyte reactivity in a mixed lymphocyte culture, for determining HLA-D or lymphocyte-defined antigens, is now only rarely used.
Essentially, the serologic method is performed by incubating target lymphocytes (isolated from fresh peripheral blood) with antisera that recognize all known HLA antigens. The cells are spread in a tray with microscopic wells containing various kinds of antisera and are incubated for 30 minutes, followed by an additional 60-minute complement incubation. If the lymphocytes have on their surfaces antigens recognized by the antibodies in the antiserum, the lymphocytes are lysed. A dye is added to show changes in the permeability of the cell membrane and cellular death. The proportion of cells destroyed by lysis indicates the degree of histologic incompatibility. If, for example, the lymphocytes from a person being tested for HLA-A3 are destroyed in a well containing antisera for HLA-A3, the test is positive for this antigen group.
white adipose tissue (yellow adipose tissue) the adipose tissue composing the bulk of the body fat.
my·e·loid tis·sue
bone marrow consisting of the developmental and adult stages of erythrocytes, granulocytes, and megakaryocytes in a stroma of reticular cells and fibers, with sinusoidal vascular channels.
my·e·loid tis·sue
(mī'ĕ-loyd tish'ū)
Bone marrow consisting of the developmental and adult stages of erythrocytes, granulocytes, and megakaryocytes in a stroma of reticular cells and fibers, with sinusoidal vascular channels.
myeloid tissue
the tissue producing blood cells in vertebrates, normally located in bone marrow.
myeloid
| Bone marrow |
In the version of the Morse Code used in Great Britain, what letter of the alphabet is represented by a single dot? | AP Ch 7 Flashcards
The types of tissue that make up bone are:
Definition
Osseous, adipose, nervous, blood, bone marrow, and fibrous connective tissue
Term
Where does spongy bone occur?
Definition
Ends of bone, in the middle of thin bones, in the middle of the shaft
Term
What is the function of the epiphysis?
Definition
Enlarged to strengthen joint and provide added surface area for attachments of tendons and ligaments.
Term
The layer of hyaline cartilage where one bone meets another, allows for smooth movement:
Definition
Articular cartilage
Term
In children, the hyaline cartilage that separates the marrow of the epiphysis and diaphysis; zone where bones grow in length:
Definition
Also called "ectopic ossification"; may occur in lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, tendons, or arteries
Term
What happens during Appositional growth?
Definition
1. Osteoblasts on deep side of periosteum deposit osteoid tissue
2. Become trapped as tissue calcifies
3. Lay down matrix in layers parallel to surface
4. Forms circumferential lamellae over surface
5. Osteoclasts of endosteum enlarge marrow cavity
Term
Canaliculi: definition, function, type of cell junction?
Definition
Small channels or canals between lacunae that allow osteocytes to exchange wastes and bring metabolites in; osteocytes send out cytoplasmic processes into the canaliculi and contact neighboring cells through gap junctions.
Term
Which cells have a ruffled border and secrete hydrochloric acid?
Definition
| i don't know |
In the year 2000 the pop group Queen last appeared on a No. 1 hit, what was the record? | Queen on Apple Music
To preview a song, mouse over the title and click Play. Open iTunes to buy and download music.
Biography
Few bands embodied the pure excess of the '70s like Queen. Embracing the exaggerated pomp of prog rock and heavy metal, as well as vaudevillian music hall, the British quartet delved deeply into camp and bombast, creating a huge, mock-operatic sound with layered guitars and overdubbed vocals. Queen's music was a bizarre yet highly accessible fusion of the macho and the fey. For years, their albums boasted the motto "no synthesizers were used on this record," signaling their allegiance with the legions of post-Led Zeppelin hard rock bands. But vocalist Freddie Mercury brought an extravagant sense of camp to Queen, pushing them toward kitschy humor and pseudo-classical arrangements, as epitomized on their best-known song, "Bohemian Rhapsody." Mercury, it must be said, was a flamboyant bisexual who managed to keep his sexuality in the closet until his death from AIDS in 1991. Through his legendary theatrical performances, Queen became one of the most popular bands in the world in the mid-'70s; in England, they remained second only to the Beatles in popularity and collectibility in the '90s. Despite their enormous popularity, Queen were never taken seriously by rock critics -- an infamous Rolling Stone review labeled their 1979 album Jazz as "fascist." In spite of such harsh criticism, the band's popularity rarely waned; even in the late '80s, the group retained a fanatical following except in America. In the States, their popularity peaked in the early '80s, just as they finished nearly a decade's worth of extraordinarily popular records. And while those records were never praised, they sold in enormous numbers, and traces of Queen's music could be heard in several generations of hard rock and metal bands in the next two decades, from Metallica to Smashing Pumpkins. The origins of Queen lay in the hard rock psychedelic group Smile, which guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor joined in 1967. Following the departure of Smile's lead vocalist, Tim Staffell, in 1971, May and Taylor formed a group with Freddie Mercury, the former lead singer for Wreckage. Within a few months, bassist John Deacon joined them, and they began rehearsing. Over the next two years, as all four members completed college, they simply rehearsed, playing just a handful of gigs. By 1973, they had begun to concentrate on their career, releasing their debut album, Queen, that year and setting out on their first tour. Queen was more or less a straight metal album and failed to receive much acclaim, but Queen II became an unexpected British breakthrough early in 1974. Before its release, the band played Top of the Pops, performing "Seven Seas of Rhye." Both the song and the performance were smash successes, and the single rocketed into the Top Ten, setting the stage for Queen II to reach number five. Following its release, the group embarked on its first American tour, supporting Mott the Hoople. On the strength of their campily dramatic performances, the album climbed to number 43 in the States. Queen released their third album, Sheer Heart Attack, before the end of 1974. The music hall-meets-Zeppelin "Killer Queen" climbed to number two on the U.K. charts, taking the album to number two as well. Sheer Heart Attack made some inroads in America as well, setting the stage for the breakthrough of 1975's A Night at the Opera. Queen labored long and hard over the record; according to many reports, it was the most expensive rock record ever made at the time of its release. The first single from the record, "Bohemian Rhapsody," became Queen's signature song, and with its bombastic, mock-operatic structure punctuated by heavy metal riffing, it encapsulates their music. It is also the symbol for their musical excesses -- the song took three weeks to record, and there were so many vocal overdubs on the record that it was possible to see through the tape at certain points. To support "Bohemian Rhapsody," Queen shot one of the first conceptual music videos, and the gamble paid off as the single spent nine weeks at number one in England, breaking the record for the longest run at number one. The song and A Night at the Opera were equally successful in America, as the album climbed into the Top Ten and quickly went platinum. Following A Night at the Opera, Queen were established as superstars, and they quickly took advantage of all their status had to offer. Their parties and indulgence quickly became legendary in the rock world, yet they continued to work at a rapid rate. In the summer of 1976, they performed a free concert at London's Hyde Park that broke attendance records, and they released the hit single "Somebody to Love" a few months later. It was followed by A Day at the Races, which was essentially a scaled-down version of A Night at the Opera that reached number one in the U.K. and number five in the U.S. They continued to pile up hit singles in both Britain and America over the next five years, as each of their albums went into the Top Ten, always going gold and usually platinum in the process. Because Queen embraced such mass success and adoration, they were scorned by the rock press, especially when they came to represent all of the worst tendencies of the old guard in the wake of punk. Nevertheless, the public continued to buy Queen records. Featuring the Top Five double-A-sided single "We Are the Champions"/"We Will Rock You," News of the World became a Top Ten hit in 1977. The following year, Jazz nearly replicated that success, with the single "Fat Bottomed Girls"/"Bicycle Race" becoming an international hit despite the massive bad publicity surrounding their media stunt of staging a nude female bicycle race. Queen were at the height of their popularity as they entered the '80s, releasing The Game, their most diverse album to date, in 1980. On the strength of two number one singles -- the campy rockabilly "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" and the disco-fied "Another One Bites the Dust" -- The Game became the group's first American number one album. However, the bottom fell out of the group's popularity, particularly in the U.S., shortly afterward. Their largely instrumental soundtrack to Flash Gordon was coldly received later in 1980. With the help of David Bowie, Queen were able to successfully compete with new wave with the 1981 hit single "Under Pressure" -- their first U.K. number one since "Bohemian Rhapsody" -- which was included both on their 1981 Greatest Hits and 1982's Hot Space. Instead of proving the group's vitality, "Under Pressure" was a last gasp. Hot Space was only a moderate hit, and the more rock-oriented The Works (1984) also was a minor hit, with only "Radio Ga Ga" receiving much attention. Shortly afterward, they left Elektra and signed with Capitol. Faced with their decreased popularity in the U.S. and waning popularity in Britain, Queen began touring foreign markets, cultivating a large, dedicated fan base in Latin America, Asia, and Africa, continents that most rock groups ignored. In 1985, they returned to popularity in Britain in the wake of their showstopping performance at Live Aid. The following year, they released A Kind of Magic to strong European sales, but they failed to make headway in the States. The same fate befell 1989's The Miracle, yet 1991's Innuendo was greeted more favorably, going gold and peaking at number 30 in the U.S. Nevertheless, it still was a far bigger success in Europe, entering the U.K. charts at number one. By 1991, Queen had drastically scaled back their activity, causing many rumors to circulate about Freddie Mercury's health. On November 23, he issued a statement confirming that he was stricken with AIDS; he died the next day. The following spring, the remaining members of Queen held a memorial concert at Wembley Stadium that was broadcast to an international audience of more than one billion. Featuring such guest artists as David Bowie, Elton John, Annie Lennox, Def Leppard, and Guns N' Roses, the concert raised millions for the Mercury Phoenix Trust, which was established for AIDS awareness. The concert coincided with a revival of interest in "Bohemian Rhapsody," which climbed to number two in the U.S. and number one in the U.K. in the wake of its appearance in the Mike Myers comedy Wayne's World. Following Mercury's death, the remaining members of Queen were fairly quiet. Brian May released his second solo album, Back to the Light, in 1993, ten years after the release of his first record. Roger Taylor cut a few records with the Cross, which he had been playing with since 1987, while Deacon essentially retired. The three reunited in 1994 to record backing tapes for vocal tracks Mercury recorded on his deathbed. The resulting album, Made in Heaven, was released in 1995 to mixed reviews and strong sales, particularly in Europe. Crown Jewels, a box set repackaging their first eight LPs, followed in 1998. Archival live recordings, DVDs, and compilations kept appearing through the new millennium. The Queen name was revived in 2005, but this time with "+ Paul Rodgers" appended to it. Rodgers, the former lead singer of Free and Bad Company, joined Brian May and Roger Taylor (John Deacon remained retired) for several live shows, one of which was documented on 2005's Return of the Champions, a double-disc release issued by the Hollywood label. International touring continued, as did a new studio album featuring Rodgers' vocals. Released under the "Queen + Paul Rodgers" tag, The Cosmos Rocks appeared in September 2008, followed by an American release one month later. Reception was decidedly mixed. Rodgers departed from Queen in 2009 and in his wake came a new compilation called Absolute Greatest. TV appearances followed over the next two years, including a spot on the 2009 American Idol finale where they performed with Adam Lambert, and then in 2010 Queen wound up leaving their home of EMI for Island, which brought all of the group's recordings to Universal Records. A new round of reissues followed in 2011, along with a performance with Lambert at the MTV Europe Music Awards, and the vocalist soon became a fixture with the band, as Queen performed several big concerts and television performances in 2012 and 2013, followed by a full tour in 2014. Also that year, Queen released another compilation, Queen Forever, which was anchored by reworked versions of three old songs, including a solo number by Mercury where he duetted with Michael Jackson. The archival live album, A Night at the Odeon, featuring the band's 1975 Christmas Eve performance at London's Hammersmith Odeon, appeared in 2015. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine
Top Albums
| We Will Rock You |
What was founded by Nanak in the 15th century? | John Deacon
John Deacon
Date Of Birth August 19, 1951
Birthplace Leicester, England
Instruments Bass guitar, double bass, keyboards
John Deacon’s first guitar was a red plastic "Tommy Steele" special, which his parents bought for him when he was seven.
John’s father, Arthur, however, led him in a different direction, encouraging John to tinker with electronics, a hobby that Arthur himself loved. One of John's early projects included adapting an old reel-to-reel tape deck to record music from the radio - usually The Beatles and Alan Freeman's Hit Parade. John’s interest in electronics developed into a passion, and in his younger years at least, he thought of turning his hobby into a career.
But side by side with his interest in electronics, John's interest in music was also growing, particularly triggered when he bought The Beatles first two albums. Becoming a huge fan of the band, John took the decision to learn how to play the guitar. Diligently saving the money from his early morning paper round, John was able to buy a ‘proper’ guitar. He then threw himself into practising, and was soon jamming in a friend's garage. By the age of fourteen John was well practised enough to form his first band, The Opposition.
Over the next few years, The Opposition went through numerous line-up changes and played many gigs. By the end of 1966, the band had a strong following throughout John’s home turf of Leicester. But when, later that year, the Opposition's bassist left the band, it fell to John to fill the gap. So, he bought his first bass guitar, an Eko, for £22, and with the change of line-up, the band changed their name to The New Opposition, with John now playing the bass.
Several band name changes later (they were now called Art), 1969 saw John leaving the band for London, taking up studies in electronics at Chelsea College, University of London. For the moment, music took second place to electronics, but John had of course brought along his old acoustic guitar just in case an opportunity came up. John went on to achieve a First Class Honours Degree in Electronics that same year.
In October of 1970, John went to see a performance by a new band called Queen. He recalls, "They were all dressed in black, and the lights were very dim too, so all I could see were four shadowy figures. They didn't make a lasting impression on me at the time.”
But several months later, in early 1971, John again encountered Queen, when he was introduced to Brian May and Roger Taylor. For their part, they had not been impressed by the bass players they’d encountered and had just lost their seventh. They asked John if he was interested in auditioning and days later John found himself at a lecture hall at Imperial College where the band was rehearsing. He brought along his trusty bass guitar and his own custom- adapted amp, now known as the legendary ‘Deacy Amp’. He began to learn ‘Son And Daughter’ and a few other songs the group had been playing. Not long after, on 1 March 1971, John Richard Deacon became the fourth and final member of Queen, largely, as history recounts it, not only because he was a brilliant bass player, but he was also quiet and didn’t try to upstage the others, particularly the band’s lead singer, the very larger than life Freddie Mercury. At just 19, John was the youngest member to join the band.
That home-made amp, the ‘Deacy’, which helped John take his place in Queen and is also now used by Brian May, is shortly to become commercially available. John’s image as ‘the quiet one’ in Queen extended to their early recording sessions, in London, which focused on songs written by Freddie, Brian and Roger. John’s standing as the ‘invisible man’ of the group was humorously marked by the band on their first album, Queen, where they changed his name in the sleeve credits to Deacon John, rather than the other way around, to “make him sound more interesting”. This returned to normal for Queen II.
It wasn’t until the band’s third album, Sheer Heart Attack, that John’s first composition for Queen appeared, with the rather catchy ‘Misfire’. More of a Pop/Motown kind of guy - strangely at odds with Brian and Roger’s rock roots and Freddie’s grand musical landscapes - John’s writing skills flourished in the recording sessions which followed. He would go on to compose some of Queen’s biggest and most popular hits including ‘You’re My Best Friend’, ‘I Want To Break Free’ and ‘Another One Bites the Dust’, propelling Queen’s career to new heights in the US, topping the charts for three weeks and being voted the Favourite Single in the Pop/Rock category at the American Music Awards in 1981. The Another One Bites the Dust single was such a hit right across the board that it even found an audience on the black audience radio stations, reaching No. 2 in the national R & B charts. Along with ‘We Are The Champions’ and ‘We Will Rock You’, the song has passed into legend by becoming Queen’s third major sports anthem.
John took a brief foray into solo work when in 1986 he formed The Immortals, and released one single, ‘No Turning Back’, and contributing to the original soundtrack of the film Biggles, based on the Royal Flying Corps pilot character in the series of novels written by Captain W.E. Johns.
Today John lives a life retired from Queen but still takes an interest in the continuance of the legacy of the band, and remains in contact with former bandmates, Roger Taylor and Brian May.
John’s last appearance on stage with Queen was at the Paris National Théâtre de Chailioton 17 January 1997 at the Gala premiere of Maurice Béjart’s AIDS-inspired Ballet for Life, dedicated to Freddie Mercury and dancer, Jorge Donn, performing ‘The Show Must Go On’ with Elton John joining the band on vocals.
John joined his former bandmates for one final time in October 1997 for the recording of the Brian May song, ‘No-One But You (Only The Good Die Young)’, released by Queen as apersonal tribute to the late Freddie Mercury.
| i don't know |
In December 1940 three British ships attacked the German battle cruiser 'Graf Spee', forcing it into Montivideo harbour.'Exeter' and 'Ajax' were two of the ships, but what was the third? | What happened today? Part two. - Page 2 - WWII Today - WWII Forums
→ WWII Today
We Need Your Help - Become a Site Supporter
For 16 years we've been delivering WWII discussion and research, help support our efforts for the next 16 years. Become a WW2 Forums Patron !
What happened today? Part two.
Started by Friedrich , Feb 04 2003 12:32 AM
Please log in to reply
388 replies to this topic
Posted 11 February 2003 - 09:54 AM
Great pics, thanx Friedrich!
Anyway, after learning all this stuff on WW2 and especially the arguing between Monty,Patton, Bradley etc etc I must confess that I think Ike did one **** of a job holding the allied together. Without him the war might have continued for quite a long time with the mentioned generals not capable of co-operating without his orders (=advice)!
Posted 11 February 2003 - 10:46 AM
February 10
1940
- The Dutch government announces a decision to construct three new battlecruisers to be used in the Pacific.
1941
- Following German troops being allowed into Romania, the British government breaks off diplomatic relations.
- During the night, the British Royal Air Force bombers raids Hannover using 189 aircraft.
- The British Short Sterling four-engined bomber completes its first operational mission, bombing oil storage facilities in Rotterdam.
1942
- In Singapore, the allied retreat becomes confused, causing several units to fall back further than neccessary and putting the entire Jurong line in jeopardy.
- Great Britain offers 34 anti-submarine vessels with crew to the US Navy
1943
- Pressure increases on German-held Kharkov, as the Red Army closes in and captures Volchansk amd Chukuyev.
- After much deliberation, Adolf Hitler orders the creation of the 13th Waffen-Gebirgs-Division der SS "Handschar". The 13th Waffen-SS division is to be formed from Moslem Croats (Bosnians), and a recruitment campaign is immediately started, using the Moslem hatred of the Serbs. Thousands of young men flock to the ranks of the new SS division.
- In the United States, President Roosevelt announces an enforced 48 hour week in areas with labour shortages.
1944
- In the Pacific, Australian troops link up with the American forces on New Guinea.
1945
- Soviet submarine S-13 under captain Marinesko sinks the General von Steuben in the Baltic. Currently transporting wounded soldiers and refugees, some 3,500 people drown in the icy waters.
- In Manilla, the US 37th Infantry Division begins clearing the city in one of the most brutal fights during the war for American infantrymen. Much of city will be razed during the advance, and the civilian deathtoll very high in the house-to-house fighting.
February 11
1940
- The recent Soviet assault at Summa is more successful than previous attempts, during this attack the Soviet 7th Army manages to break through the first Finnish lines and gain ground, using mobile infantry shields and flamethrowers. The fighting rages on as the Finnish counterattack.
1943
- Lilya "The White Rose of Stalingrad" Litvyak, scores her fourth kill as she brings down a Junkers Ju-88 bomber and receives a shared credit for a Focke-Wulf Fw-190 fighter. She is currently flying a Yakovlev Yak-1 fighter with the 296th IAP over Stalingrad.
1944
- During the Korsun-Shevchenkovski operation, the German II Panzer Corps regroups and attempts to break through to the beleagured forces in the Korsun pocket from east of Winograd. The advance is projected to take place in the line of Bushanka - Lissjanka, but after Soviet forces blow the bridge at Bushanka the advance is diverted across a ford at Frankowa.
- The first German U-boat fitted with a "schnorkel", allowing it to remain underwater for extended periods, is depth-charged and forced to the surface. Commanded by Hartwig Looks, U-264 is scuttled and the crew captured.
1945
- Soviet forces seize Budapest after heavy fighting.
- The Yalta conference ends.
"Nervous wait for the whistle to blow
Rush of blood and over we go..."
- Iron Maiden, "Paschendale"
Posted 12 February 2003 - 02:24 PM
February 12
1940
- Soviet peace terms are received by the Finnish ambassador in Stockholm. The Karelian ishtmus, the area north of Lake Ladoga, and island of Hanko should be ceded to the Soviet Union.
Soviet sources claim 32 fortified positions have been captured in the Mannerheim Line during the day.
- A directive is issued by the Central Comittee of the NKVD detailing the elimination of Polish prisoners of war in the camps of Kozielsk, Ostaszkow and Starobielsk.
- German U-boat U-33 is sunk by a British minesweeper in the Clyde estuary. Vital parts from the Enigma cipher machine are recovered by divers.
- In Egypt, the first Australian and New Zealand troops are arriving in Suez.
1941
- In North Africa, the new German commander Erwin Rommel arrives in Tripoli, Libya.
1942
- Near Kiev, Sonderkommando 4b have murdered 861 people since January 14, including 139 Jews and 649 political officers.
- Battlecruisers Gneisenau and Scharnhorst, and cruiser Prinz Eugen, perform the "Channel Dash" by speeding through the English Channel, from Brest towards a home port in Germany. Numerous fighter aircraft and smaller vessels provide cover, managing to repell all attackers. While approaching Germany, the Gneisenau strikes a mine however and is temporarily halted, one and a half hour later the Scharnhorst strikes a second mine. All ships reach a German harbour, something that proves an acute embarrassment to the British, although the Royal Navy will have an easier time controlling the location of the squadron now.
- In Pearl Harbor, the battleship USS Nevada is refloated following the Japanese attack, and brought in for reconstruction.
- In the Pacific, Japanese forces enter the capital of Borneo.
1943
- In the southern Soviet Union, the city of Krasnodar is recaptured by the Soviets. The offensive continues towards Novorossisk. The situation for the German forces in Rostov is looking grim, since the city's major rail link to the west is now severed.
- In North Africa, the British 8th Army advances into southern Tunisia.
1944
- The German relief effort of the Korsun pocket continues. The Panzer Regiment "Bake" tank group of approximately 80 "Tiger" and "Panther" tanks encounter a Soviet tank assembly area north of Frankowa. The "Tigers" of of 503rd Schwere Panzer Abteilung cover the operation while the "Panthers" of 11th Panzer Regiment outflank the position to the right. The engagement results in about 70 tanks and 40 anti-tank guns destroyed on the Soviet side. German losses are 4 "Tiger" and 4 "Panther" tanks. By nightfall, Panzer Regiment Bake assumes a hedgehog defensive position a kilometer south of Tschessnowka.
- Over the Atlantic, British Royal Navy F-4F Wildcat (known in Britain as the Martlett) fighters of No.881 and No.896 Squadrons, flying off HMS Pursuer, shoots down a German Fw-200 and He-177 aircraft.
- Christian Wirth promoted to SS-Sturmbahnführer as he is transferred from the closing camp at Belzec. Wirth has supervised the killing of over 1.5 million Jews in the camps of Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka. He has developed a system for killing large amounts of people using simple internal combustion engines, rejecting the Cyclon-B gas later adopted as arousing suspicion too easily. Wirth is now transferred to Trieste, where he will supervise the deportation of Jews until his death at partisan hands on 26 May, 1944.
1945
- In the Pacific, 21 USAAF B-29 bombers from the 313th Bombardment Wing (Very Heavy), perform a mission to the heavily fortified island of Iwo Jima. The bombers drop 84 tons of bombs in an attempt to destroy gun emplacements on mount Suribachi.
- In the Philippines, the US 9th Corps closes the neck of the Bataan peninsula.
[ 12. February 2003, 08:27 AM: Message edited by: Heartland ]
"Nervous wait for the whistle to blow
Rush of blood and over we go..."
- Iron Maiden, "Paschendale"
Posted 12 February 2003 - 04:02 PM
The Channel Dash Forecast
http://www.datasync....hannel_dash.htm
Scharnhorst and Gneisenau had been cooped up in Brest on France's Atlantic coast since returning from their successful March 1941 raiding. They were subjected to almost continuous bombardment and reconnaissance by the Royal Air Force (which had prevented them from joining Bismarck and Prinz Eugen for that ill-fated voyage5). Prinz Eugen joined them in June 1941 after leaving Bismarck to its fate. In light of his surface fleet's poor showing, Hitler decided to concentrate the surface fleet to defend German-occupied Norway and to intercept the supply convoys to the Soviet Union. This would require bringing the Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Prinz Eugen from Brest on France's Atlantic coast to Germany via the English Channel6. At stake was 47 percent of Germany's capital ships (by displacement) and the German surface fleet's reputation. For Great Britain its prestige as the world's greatest naval power would be contested in the area it so proudly called - the English Channel.
While Channel Dash has been treated from various angles7 what lends to its attraction for military meteorologists and military planners in general is the intriguing manuscript of Dr. Walther Stöbe 8, Chief Meteorological Officer of Air Fleet 3, based in Paris, charged with making the critical go-no go forecast for the operation. A Luftwaffe meteorologist was making the critical forecast because air cover by the Luftwaffe was considered vital to the success of the operation codename Cerberus9. To maintain air superiority meant to be able to get sufficient aircraft into the air. While the Luftewaffe planned to have bombers, to attack British surface ships, it was the fighter cover to ward off British air power that was deemed crucial. The Luftwaffe requirements were that weather over southeast England prevent or hinder British air operations, such as a low overcast or fog, while ideal takeoff and landing weather prevail over German airfields in France and the Low Countries. However under no circumstances would it be acceptable to have the reverse and allow British aircraft to operate unhindered against the ships.
Stöbe received his tasking on 4 February 1942 and begin a series of forecasts beginning 5 February through 14 February.Because of the strict security requirements, he was unable to use the long-range forecasting expertise of the Central Weather Group10 at Luftwaffe Headquarters in Berlin. This did not greatly disturb him in that he found their routine monthly forecast too general for his exacting task.Because of the joint nature of the operation, he coordinated his forecasts with Dr. Süssenberger, Chief Meteorologist of Naval Group (West) describing the relationship as "..exemplary in very way, which, from the military viewpoint could not always be said of the Air Force and Navy. "
The Navy also realized the criticality of the weather forecasts and placed meteorologists aboard the Gneisenau and assigned three of Germany's strategic U-boat assets near Iceland as weather observing stations. Based on the U-boat observations of 9 February, Stöbe identified a developing disturbance which moved unhindered to Jutland. This indicated to Stöbe that small disturbances would continue to move through the area of operations bringing with them the changeable weather situations needed, but more importantly in a predictable sequence.
On 10 February Stöbe briefed the impending favorable weather conditions to Admiral Saalwachter, Commander, Naval Group (West); Vice-Admiral Ciliax, commander of the operation for the navy (and a former commanding officer of Scharnhorst); and Fieldmarshall Sperrle, Commander, Air Fleet 3 and his subordinate Colonel Adolph Galland who commanded the all-important fighters. Galland wryly observed: "Now the weather god had to be consulted, for he played an important if not decisive part."
Based upon Stöbe's forecast, Admiral Saalwachter gave the order for the operation to proceed.
The German ships made good time moving over 30 knots helped by the currents of over 2 knots which set to the northeast during their passage of the Channel16 and the good visibility which allowed them to safely navigate at those speeds. The tides played a crucial role because of the need to have sufficient depth for safe navigation and to provide sufficient clearance from mines, as the route was swept for mines to a depth of 12 meters.
The only casualties to the great ships were caused by mines (Scharnhorst, twice and Gneisenau, once) and the Germans lost two patrol boats, and they were able to continue to Wilhelmshaven. Ironically despite the thoroughness of the German preparations, no pilots or tugs were waiting to take the ships into their new homeports. As Gneisenau waited, strong tides pushed the ship onto submerged wreck. Only Prinz Eugen would reach port unscathed contributing to its reputation as a "Lucky Ship ".
Aftermath :The London Times would headline: "Vice-Admiral Ciliax had succeeded where the Duke of Medina-Sidonia failed. Nothing more mortifying to the pride of our seapower has happened since the seventeenth century."
But the head of the German Navy, Grand Admiral Raeder would recognize the removal of the ships from the Atlantic to the North Sea-Baltic not as a tactical victory, but a defeat.
The RAF would prevent Gneisenau from ever sortieing again. Finally in March 1945 she was towed to Gydnia, Poland and scuttled as block ship. Prinz Eugen would surrender to the Americans and end up as part of the Bikini atomic bomb tests. The ship would remain afloat after two tests and was finally towed to Kwajelain in the Marshall Islands and beached on San Carlos Island26.
Weather would have a role in the Scharnhorst's remaining operations including its demise. On 9 September 1943, Scharnhorst joined the Bismarck's sister-ship Tirpitz in an attack on the allied weather station on Spitzbergen Island. This operation would be Tirpitz's only engagement to fire its 15-inch guns offensively and would be Tirpitz's last operation.27
Later, the mistaken belief that Tirpitz and Scharnhorst were approaching the Russian-bound convoy PQ17 so unnerved the British admiralty (Sir Pound, again) that they ordered the convoy and its escorts to scatter.28 Ten ships of the convoy carrying over 100,000 tons of supples fell victim not to Scharnhorst or Tirpitz, but to U-boat and air attacks.
In retribution, Scharnhorst would fall victim to a British trap in which weather was a contributing factor. The British had expected Scharnhorst to sortie against a convoy and had deployed two squadrons of ships to lie in wait. However, upon leaving the shelter of the Norwegian bay, seas were too great for the escorting German destroyers, Admiral Bey (a "destroyerman"who had commanded the destroyers during the Channel Dash) sent a radio message to headquarters asking if the operation should be canceled. The reply would be negative. The German destroyers returned to port, and Scharnhorst proceeded alone to intercept the convoy, but the radio message was intercepted by the British who closed the trap, unhindered by a German destroyer screen, and sent the Scharnhorst to its final resting place in a torrent of torpedoes and shells on 26 December 1943 in the Battle of North Cape
Prinz Eugen
Scharnhorst and operation Cerberus
Photographed from the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen. Next ship ahead is the battleship Gneisenau, with Scharnhorst in the distance.
Posted 12 February 2003 - 05:19 PM
Panzer-Regiment "Bake"
Formed on the Eastern Front in late 43. Assigned to Pz.A.O.K.1 from late 43 to Jan 44. Assigned to III.Pz.K in Jan 44. Assigned to Pz.A.O.K.1 from Feb to Apr (?) 44. Organization: s.Pz.Abt.503 (Jan to Apr 44), & one Pz IV Bn.
sPzAbt.503
http://www.eliteforc...Battalions.html
On one particular occasion in a five day battle in the Balabonowka Pocket they destroyed 267 Soviet tanks for the loss of one Tiger and four Panthers. For this action Dr Franz Bake who commanded the regiment was awarded the Oakleaves to the Knights Cross. He went on to command the 13th Panzer Division (Feldherrnhalle 2) in the last days of the war attaining the rank of colonel.
--------------
Franz Bake was born Schwarzenfels on the 28 th Feb 1898. He fought in the great war from 1915 as a lance corporal in the 7th infantry regt. He retired from army life in 1919 & studied to become a dentist. As part of the reserves Bake went on his first army manouvre on april 1st 1937 some 18 years since his retirement. By the outbreak of war he was a luitenat reserve of the Panzerabwehr abeitlung 65(anti-tank battalion) In November he was promoted to Oberleutnant & by January had become the company commander. During the battle for Farnce Dr. Bake was wounded twice but he remained with his unit. He was again promoted to the rank of major on May 1st 1941 & by August had become the leader of the Panzerstaffel ,11 Pz regt, 6th Pz Div. He fought in Russia during Barbarossa & by 1943 had earned the Knights cross which he recieved on July 1st. On July 14th he was ordered to lead the 11th Panzer regt although some felt he was too young. The unit performed well & he was awarded the oakleaves to the Knights cross on November 3rd 1943 & promoted to Oberstleutnant. In early 1944 he was given a special command consisting of tigers from Spz Abt 503 & a mixed battalion of Panthers, stugs & sturmartillery. Christened as Panzer Regt Bake the regt took part in the desperate retreating actions towards Germany. During the battle at Balabonowka Pocket his regt was credited with 267 destroyed soviet tanks with the loss of only 1 Tiger (mechanical) & 4 Panthers (2 Mechanical). His own tally grew whilst commanding his own Panther to 79 tanks & 102 AT guns & vehicles. On Feb 21st he joined a unique group of hoilders of the swords to the Knights Cross with oakleaves. He was promoted to the rank of Oberst (Colonel) on May 4th 1944 & became the commander of Panzer Brigade 106 Feldhernhalle. During Jan 1945 he became a career soldier & undertook Division Commaander training & in March became commander of the 13th Pz Div Feldhernhalle 2 which he commanded until his surrender on May 8th 1945. He remained a Pow until 1947 where he retired to Germany.
Awards
Iron Cross 2nd Class 01/11/1940
Iron Cross First Class 01/08/1941
Knight Cross 11/01/1943
Oakleaves to Knights Cross 01/08/1943
Swords to Oakleaves to Knights Cross 21/2/1944
4 X "50" Tank Combat Badge
Infantry Assault Badge Gold
97 tanks destroyed or disabled
146 misc Afv's
Posted 13 February 2003 - 12:56 PM
Originally posted by General der Infanterie Friedrich H:
Keep going!
Jawohl, herr General! Your wish is my command... smile.gif
February 13
1940
- Finnish Foreign Minister Tanner travels to Stockholm for a meeting with Swedish Prime Minister Hansson. Tanner asks for further Swedish assistance, amounting to a direct intervention, which receives a clear-cut negative answer.
- Soviet troops widen the breach in Finnish line, capturing the town of Summa and advancing on Viipuri.
1941
- In France, Marshal Petain confers with General Franco in Montpellier.
1942
- The recent Soviet offensives have carried the Red Army to Belorussian soil once more.
- In a meeting with Rumanian Prime Minister Antonescu, Adolf Hitler makes a request for more soldiers for the Eastern Front.
- The German high command formally cancels Operation Sea Lion. The invasion of Britain has been indefinitely postponed since the autumn of 1940.
- In the pacific, Japanese troops cut the water supply to beleagured Singapore.
1943
- The Red Army recaptures Novocherkassk, and have now seized the entire Rostov-Voronezh rail line supplying the German forces in the city of Rostov.
- British bombers from the Royal Air Force strike the German U-boat base at Lorient.
- In the Pacific, the first American squadron using the Chance-Vought Corsair, Marine fighter squadron VMF-124, flies its first combat mission with the new fighter. The action takes place over Guadalcanal.
- In the United States, the Marine Corps Women's Reserve is formed.
1944
- In the German relief effort for the Korsun pocket, Panzer Regiment "Bake" is stuck on the Medwin-Lissjanka road, waiting for 1st Panzer Division to clear Lissjanka and the road ahead, something 1st Panzer Division is unable to do. During the day, 503rd Schwere Panzer Abteilung defeats a probing Soviet attack by 15 T-34 tanks.
1945
- During the night, RAF Bomber Command launches a devastating raid, part of the "Thunderclap" offensive, on the German city of Dresden. The attack is followed up with further attacks by American and British aircraft on the following day. An important communication center, Dresden is currently packed with refugees from the oncoming Red Army, resulting in the death of some 40,000 to 60,000 people, the majority from the resulting firestorm.
"Nervous wait for the whistle to blow
Rush of blood and over we go..."
- Iron Maiden, "Paschendale"
Posted 14 February 2003 - 07:53 AM
February 14
1940
- With desperate situation developing from the breach in the Mannerheim Line at Summa, Finland calls up the class of 1897. These men are thus between 42 and 43 years old.
- Britain announces that artillery and ammunition is to be sent to Finland. At the same time, the law forbidding British nationals from enlisting as volunteers in other armies are revoked.
- Germany announces that neutral ships bound for Britain and France may come under attack from U-boats.
- The British Admiralty announces that all merchant vessels in the North Sea are to be armed.
- In the Pacific, Japan calls on Chiang Kai-shek to surrender.
1941
- Hitler sends a message to the Yugoslav leaders, demanding they join the Axis, cooperate economically and allow entry of German troops. At the same time, Yugoslav Prince Paul receivs a message from President Roosevelt urging Yugoslavia not to join the Axis.
1942
- The British Air Ministry issues a new directive authorizing unrestricted area bombing. This directive will drive the British bombing campaign for much of the war, perhaps reaching its climax during the firestorm at Dresden, almost to the day 3 years later.
- In the United States, the head of the Western Defence Command (Pacific Coast) Lieutenant General John DeWitt, states that "In the war in which we are now engaged, racial affinities are not severed by migration. The Japanese race is an enemy race, and while many second- and third-generation Japanese born on United States soil, possessed of United States citizenship, have become `Americanised,' the racial strains are undiluted. ... It therefore follows that along the vital Pacific Coast over 112,000 potential enemies of Japanese extraction are at large today."
- In the Pacific, some 360 Japanese paratroopers land on Sumatra, taking the Dutch defenders by surprise at the airfield of Palembang.
1943
- The Soviet advance reaches Rostov and captures the important city, trapping Army Group A on the Taman peninsula. German Army Group Don withdraw to the old river Mius line.
- The Red Army liberates Voroshilovgrad and Krasny Sulin.
- In Italy, the Royal Air Force bombs Milan using 100 aircraft.
- In Tunisia, 5th Panzer Army under von Arnim forces the US 2nd Corps under Fredenhall to retreat in a battle at Kasserine Pass.
1944
- Near Korsun, Panzer Regiment "Bake"are fighting on the Chishinzy-Dshurshenzy road in an attempt to ultimately capture Komarowka. The attack is abandoned after the Soviet forces launch a failed night attack from the Dshurshenzy area with armoured forces. Meanwhile, the SS Sturmbrigade Wallonie suffers some 200 casualties during the day alone, including the commander Lucien Lipert. Liperts replacement, Leon Degrelle, is immidiately promoted and assumes command.
- In a message to Heinrich Himmler, head of the Luftwaffe Hermann Göring requests the use of as many concentration camp convict as possible in the air armaments inustry.
1945
- The German city of Breslau, declared as a fortress, is surrounded by Marshal Konev's 1st Ukrainian Front.
- Uruguay declares war on Germany.
"Nervous wait for the whistle to blow
Rush of blood and over we go..."
- Iron Maiden, "Paschendale"
Posted 14 February 2003 - 01:06 PM
Summa - Lahde sector
Troops in Summa and event map 16th February
1940 above
http://www.mannerhei...ma/summamap.htm
This area is one of the most famous battlefields of the Winter War. In fact, this is where the Red Army broke through the Mannerheim line. The sector is some 1.5 kilometers wide, with Summajarvi lake and swampy Majajoki river valley in the west and Munasuo swamp (called the Valley of Death by the Red Army soldiers) and Saapaas (Longboot) grove (codenamed Hammer grove by the Red Army) in the east.
The western part of the sector is dominated by the long ridge stretching from south to the north, called "Sormi" ("Finger") by the Finns and "Yazyk" "Tongue" by the Red Army. This sector was considered as the most dangerous by the Finns; respectively, strong fortifications were constructed in the area, the most famous ones being the Miljoonalinnake or Miljoonakorsu and Poppiuslinnake. Miljonalinnake stands for "millioner fort" in Finnish.
Bunker Sj4 "Poppiuslinnake" (Bunker No. 006)
This famous frontal firing bunker was built in 1937. The bunker is located on the Hill 65.5, as Red Army officially called it, close to the road leading to Lahde and then to Kamara . It was named Poppiuslinnake (Fort of Poppius) after the first commander of the fortification, Junior Lieutenant Poppius. The bunker was the key to Finnish defenses in Summa - Lahde sector. The Red Army code-named Poppius "Bunker No. 006
This bunker was spotted by the Red Army troops rather early during the combat and was subject to extremely heavy artillery fire, including open-sight fire from 45 mm and 76 mm cannons on the embrasures. Several embrasures were jammed and blocked this way.
By the day of final assault, February 10, 1940, the bunker had already been heavily damaged. The costly assault by 245th Rifle Regiment under Colonel Rosly (later awarded with the Golden Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union for the combat. The Regiment was awarded with the Order of Red Banner) in the early afternoon of February 11 succeeded and the Red flag was hoisted on the ruins of the bunker.
Fall of Poppius meant near breakthrough of Mannerheim line the only concrete fortifications behind Poppius were the test bunker and battalion HQ Sj6. Although Miljoonalinnake held out for one more day on the left flank, the Finnish troops were finally forced to retreat to the support line in some 1.5 km behind the main line of fortifications.
Sj5 was dubbed Million bunker because of its extremelly high cost for the Finnish defence budget. Together with the Poppiuslinnake it was the mainstay of Finnish defence in Summa - Lahde sector.
Assault of Sj5 Miljoonalinnake bunker
Posted 19 February 2003 - 01:24 PM
Well well, I have some catching up to do since I have been away...
February 15
1940
- The battle at Summa continues, with Soviet forces slowly widening the breakthrough by prying open the Finnish line. Field Marshal Mannerheim is forced to admit that the counter-attacks by II Corps near Summa are failing to dislodge the Soviet break-in. As a result, II Corps are ordered to start a retreat to secondary lines, and Soviet forces now stand some 11 kilometers from Viipuri.
1941
- The Royal Air Force bombs several "invasion ports" and targets in the Ruhr industrial area.
- Scattered German air raids strike targets in England and Scotland.
1942
- The Presidium of the USSR announces that all men aged 18-65, and women aged 18-45, are now eligible for draft into the armaments industry.
- In the Pacific, Singapore surrenders to Japanese as water, food and ammunition is running low. Some 60,000 British, Australian and Indian prisoners of war are taken, in addition to the 70,000 taken previously during the disastrous Malayan defense. Total Allied casualties run at 138,000 killed or captured, while the Japanese have seized 740 guns, 2,500 machinguns, 200 armoured cars and 10 aircraft. Japanese casualties run at 3,500 killed and 6,100 wounded.
- The Japanese paratroopers on Sumatra are reinforced from the sea, forcing the Dutch defenders to withdraw
1943
- The II SS Panzer Corps containing the premier Waffen-SS divisions, completely disregard Hitler's order to hold the city of Kharkov at any cost. The II SS Panzer Corps pulls back and avoids encirclement.
- In North Africa, German forces pierce the US lines in Tunisia and capture Gafsa.
- Submarine USS Gato sinks Japanese cargo ship Suruya Mara off New Georgia, Solomon Islands.
1944
- Near Korsun, Panzer Regiment "Bake" is withdrawn back to the Medwin-Lissjanka road where it was stationed two days earlier.
- During the night, British Bomber Command main force strikes Berlin in Germany, flying 875 heavy bomber sorties. Losses are 43 bombers, giving a loss rate of 4.9%. The raid is deemed successful. A smaller raid strikes Frankfurt with 24 sorties, no bombers are lost, while the raid effectiveness is deemed as unknown.
- In Italy, USAAF bombers attempts to knock out German observation posts by bombing the old monestary at Monte Cassino.
1945
- The brutal house-to-house fighting in Manilla continues for the US 37th Infantry Division.
"Nervous wait for the whistle to blow
Rush of blood and over we go..."
- Iron Maiden, "Paschendale"
Posted 19 February 2003 - 01:29 PM
February 16
1940
- A Soviet ski-brigade dispatched to break through to one of the enircled Rifle Divisions, is itself surrounded and destroyed by Finnish forces. It is clear that the Soviets have learnt the danger of only moving along the roads however, and are starting utilize more mobile and unpredictable units and tactics.
- Finnish sources insist that the Mannerheim Line is holding. However, over the last few days the increased momentum of the Red Army is becoming ever more apparent.
- A Swedish newspaper prints the story of Finnish Foreign Minister Tanners request for intervention, and the negative answer received.
- The King of Sweden also makes an announcement reinforcing the Swedish neutrality.
- Germany replies to the British announcement of arming all merchant vessels, by announcing that all such ships will now be considered warships.
- In what has become known as the "Altmark Incident" British destroyer HMS Cossack boards the Norwegian supply vessel Altmark, accompanied by loud Norwegian protests about breached neutrality. However, the British liberate 299 prisoners of war from the vessel, having been transferred there from the Graf Spee.
1941
- British naval forces begin laying a 50 by 80 mile minebelt guarding the northern approaches to fortress Singapore.
1942
- The appointed regent of Hungary, Admiral Horthy, resigns.
- German U-boats torpedo seven tankers off Curacoa and Aruba. Three of the tankers sink in the operation, codenamed "Neuland".
- German battleship Tirpitz arrives in Norway.
In the Pacific, British Royal Air Force aircraft abandon Sumatra and head for new bases on Java.
- Australian Prime Minister Curtin names the Singapore debacle as "Australia's Dunkirk".
- Following shakedown training, submarine USS Gato departs New London for Pearl Harbor via the Panama Canal and San Francisco.
1943
- Kharkov, another large and important city is recaptured by Soviet forces. Hitler promises this fourth largest Soviet city will be retaken in short order. The scene of fierce fighting during the initial invasion, the city will see further battles in this war.
- In Germany, riots take place in Munich, while demonstration take place in five other German and Austrian cities following a speach by Gauleiter Geisler.
- In North Africa, the British 8th Army captures the town of Medenine on the approaches to the Mareth Line.
1944
- The battles to relieve the trapped German forces in the Korsun pocket continue unabated. Panzer Regiment "Bake" is relieved in place by the 16th Panzer Division, and instead shifted forward into an attack towards Hill 239.0. The "Tigers" encounter and destroy 9 T-34 before the regiment is forced to pull back to the Dshurshenzy road, destroying 4 more T-34 as they do so.
- In Italy, German forces make a major attack on the Anzio beachhead. The relatively fresh and newly landed British 56th Division and US 45th Division bear the brunt of the attack by five German divisions. The Luftwaffe puts in a good performance, supporting the ground assault and attacking shipping enroute for the Allied forces. Luftwaffe aircraft manage to destroy the ammunition ship Elihu Yale off the coast. In the inland struggle, the New Zealand Corps continues the difficult attack in the Cassino sector.
- Over the Atlantic, British Royal Navy F-4F Wildcat (known in Britain as the Martlett) fighters of No.811 Squadron, flying off HMS Biter, brings down a German Ju-290 aircraft.
1945
- German forces, part of the fictively named Army Group Vistula, launches a counter-attack on the Soviet 5th Shock and 47th Armies. Attacking from the area of Stargard-Pyritz, the German units include among others the Latvian 15th SS Division, as well as the 11th Waffen-SS Panzergrenadier Division "Nordland". The operation is codenamed "Sonnenwende", and is the last German offensive of the war. It aims to cut off the advancing Soviet forces under Zhukov jutting into the German lines.
- US paratroopers land on Corregidor.
- Preliminary bombardment in support of the Iwo Jima landings begin.
"Nervous wait for the whistle to blow
Rush of blood and over we go..."
- Iron Maiden, "Paschendale"
Posted 19 February 2003 - 01:34 PM
February 17
1940
- Finnish troops have taken up positions in the secondary lines behind the Mannerheim Line, following the Soviet breach of the main defence. Soviet troops now stand some 6 kilometers from Viipuri.
- The German Army wraps up a series of wargames and map exercises on the upcoming campaign in the west. The exercises seem to indicate some problems with the plan of putting the main effort through Belgium and the Netherlands, which easily becomes subject of a decisive counter-attack. The Army leadership becomes more and more convinced that an effort throught the Ardennes forest is neccessary. The exercises will be followed with a Führer Conference on the following days.
- Following the "Altmark incident", a string of diplomatic accusations erupt. Germany accuses Britain of piracy. Norway accuses Britian of breaking the Norwegian neutrality. Britain blames Norway, noting that they should have acted on the presence of British captives on the vessel.
1941
- Turkey and Bulgaria sign a pact of friendship and non-aggression, dashing British hopes of Turkey joining the struggle against the Axis.
- Japan offers to mediate in the European war, while blaming Britian and the United States for prolonging the war.
1942
- Adolf Hitler appoints Martin Bormann as the second in line, after Hermann Göring, to succeed him. The appointment of Bormann comes after the defection of the previous second in line, Rudolf Hess.
- German submarine U-156 starts shelling the oil refineriy on Aruba in the Caribbean. However, the crew has forgotten to remove the water plug in the gun, causing an explosion that kills one sailor and wounds several others. The explosion renders the gun useless for several days, until the shattered front is sawed off.
- In the Pacific, the Empire of Japan proclaims Singapore renamed as Shonan, "Light of the South".
1943
- Hitler is worried by the operations in the Soviet Union. He flies to convene with Field Marshal Erich von Manstein, commander of the southern part of the front.
- German troops evacuate Demyansk.
- Fighter pilot Lilya "The White Rose of Stalingrad" Litvyak is awarded the Order of the Red Banner for her achievments.
- In Germany, a decision is made by German panzer developers to propose the introduction of armoured "skirts" on tanks, to Adolf Hitler. The skirts would be composed of 5mm plates on the side of the tank, and 10mm plates on the turret, weighing around 600kg.
- In the Atlantic, off Newfoundland, British destroyer HMS Fame sinks U-boat U-69 using depth-charges.
- In North Africa, the German forces under von Arnim are approaching Sbeitla, Tunisia, having brushed aside the US 1st Armored Division which has suffered heavy casualties. The attack is not driven home by the Germans however, with General von Arnim feeling the attack has achieved its purpose.
1944
- The last attacks in the relief effort of the Korsun pocket take place, with Panzer Regiment "Bake" launching a limited attack near hill 239.0 and nort-west of Potschapinzy. The eight "Tiger" and six "Panther" tanks involved destroy two T-34 tanks and 2 anti-tank guns before assuming covering positions by Hill 239.0.
- In Italy, German infantry continues the attack on the Anzio beachhead. They come close to achieving a breakthrough in the sector of the US 45th Division, but the attack is held.
- In the Pacific, US naval forces attack the Japanese base at Truk using 9 carriers and 6 battleships. The Japanese forces stationed at Truk lose 1 cruiser, 2 destroyers and a total of 140,000 tons of merchant shipping to the attack. Allied losses are less than 30 aircraft and some damage to the carrier Intrepid by an aerial torpedo.
1945
- On the night between February 16/17, the German Schwere SS Panzer Abteilung 503 is loaded onto trains and transported to the Danzig area.
During the "Sonnenwende" offensive, the "Nordland" Waffen-SS division manages to reach the high point of the attack, as it achieves complete tactical surprise and advances around two kilomteres.
- In the Pacific, troops under General Douglas MacArthur land in Manila harbour on Corregidor.
- With excellent visibility, the preliminary bombardment of Iwo Jima is picking up pace. Carrier aircraft and surface ships are hammering the island with heavy attacks.
"Nervous wait for the whistle to blow
Rush of blood and over we go..."
- Iron Maiden, "Paschendale"
Posted 19 February 2003 - 01:51 PM
February 18
1940
- Soviet forces reach the Gulf of Finland, cutting off the Finnish forces at Kovisto.
- During a Führer conference, Adolf Hitler definitely rules that an effort through the Ardennes Forest is neccessary during the western campaign slated for the summer.
1941
- South African forces capture the town of Mega in Abyssinia, taking some 1,000 Italian prisoners.
- The Australian 8th Division arrives in Singapore, further strenghtening the garrison of the fortress.
1942
- General Rommel attempts to persuade Adolf Hitler to send reinforcements to North Africa, outlining the potential importance of the theatre. The campaign in Russia is swallowing up vast amounts of men and materiel however, and only the 15th Parachute Brigade can be spared.
- In the Pacific, Allied forces are performing mass evacuation from Rangoon, following the Japanese successes on the river Billin.
1943
- The Soviet 3rd Guards Tank Army are advancing towards the river Dniepr. After a long advance following the Stalingrad offensives, the Army is down to 110 tanks. The commander, General Rybalko requests a halt for refit, but is refused by the Soviet High Command. Most of the Soviet forces are worn down and in need of rest, repair and refit.
- In North Africa, US forces withdraw from Sbeitla. German forces immideately move in and claim the city. The Germans continue their advance towards Kasserine pass.
- In a speech, Joseph Göbbels urges all Germans to wage total war.
- In Germany, the leaders of the Munich student revolt are sentenced to death.
- In the southwest Pacific, the US 6th Army is declared operational.
1944
- Panzer Regiment "Bake" leaves the positions acquired the previous day and starts a series of retreats, withdrawals and defensive engagements that will continue over the next week, until the regiment is disbanded on February 25.
- In Italy, German forces assaulting the allied beachhead commits the 26th Panzer and 29th Panzergrenadier Division to the attack. Allied artillery pounds the attackers relentlessly, causing casualties and taking the edge off the attack. The German commanders realize the goal of throwing the allied forces into the sea cannot be achieved.
1945
- The US 3rd Army resumes full offensive activity, following the reduced state from February 13.
- Low clouds and rain hampers the aerial preparations for the invasion of Iwo Jima. Bombardment from surface ships continues despite the difficulty of observing targets and results.
"Nervous wait for the whistle to blow
Rush of blood and over we go..."
- Iron Maiden, "Paschendale"
Posted 19 February 2003 - 01:55 PM
And finally...
February 19
1940
- Diplomatic activity following the "Altmark incident" continues between Norway, Germany and Britain. Meanwhile, Adolf Hitler orders the planning for "Operation Weserübung", the invasion of Norway and Denmark, accelerated.
1941
- The Luftwaffe performs a concentrated night mission on Swansea, Great Britain, following weeks of scattered raids.
- Japanese sources denounce the arrival of Australian troops in Singapore. They also claim that war with the United States will not happen unless initiated by the United States.
1942
- Japanese carrier-based aircraft bomb Port Darwin, Australia.
- President Roosevelt signs an executive order allowing citizens of Japanese origin to be interned.
1943
- Soviet forces advance and recapture the city of Oboyan, south of Kursk. The railway extending south from Kursk towards Kharkov is cleared of German resistance.
- US surface ships shell suspected Japanese position on Attu island.
1944
- In Italy, the front at Anzio stabilizes as both sides resume normal activity following the failed German attempt at pushing the Allies into the sea.
- During the night, British Bomber Command main force strikes Leipzig in Germany, flying 815 heavy bomber sorties. Losses are 78 bombers, giving a loss rate of 9.6%. The raid is deemed successful.
1945
- Operation "Sonnenwende" grinds to halt after four days. The German forces have found the going slow, making no more than a small dent in the overstretched Soviet lines due to fierce resistance. Despite being an abmysal failure, the German offensive prompts the Stavka to, probably needlessly, postpone their Berlin offensive while the flanks are secured.
- In the Pacific, US forces make first landing on the island of Iwo Jima, facing heavy resistance. The initial landing is composed of the 4th and 5th Marine Divisions.
Phew!
[ 19. February 2003, 08:38 AM: Message edited by: Heartland ]
"Nervous wait for the whistle to blow
Rush of blood and over we go..."
- Iron Maiden, "Paschendale"
Posted 20 February 2003 - 08:07 AM
February 20
1940
- The Soviet Union claims to have captured the fortress at Kovisto, cut off on January 18. Weary and bloodied Finnish troops defeat a concentrated Soviet attack aimed at forcing a crossing over the river Taipale.
- Further posturing following the "Altmark incident". Neville Chamberlain hints that unless Norway can stop German activity in their waters, Great Britain may be forced to patrol them.
- In continued preparations for "Operation Weserübung", General von Falkenhorst is appointed commander of the German troops in Norway.
- Turkey sends a warning to the Axis - any invasion in the Balkans will prompt them to join the Allies.
1941
- In North Africa, German and British troops bump into each other for the first time, near El Agheila. Minor engagements, mostly with recon detachments result in very minor losses.
- The exiled Norwegian and Dutch governments break off diplomatic relations with Rumania and Bulgaria.
1942
- German losses to frostbite during the Russian campaign has reached some 112,000 cases, with over 14,000 resulting in amputations. The total losses durin the campaign so far runs at almost 200,000 killed and 700,000 wounded. In addition, another 44,000 are missing in action.
- The Demyansk airlift begins. The Soviet winter offensive has created numerous pockets of troops on both sides, with the German 16th Army cut off in the Demyansk area. The initial force used to supply the troops are 40 Junkers Ju-52 transports, but the number is soon increased.
- A group of four submarines from the Italian navy begins operating in the Caribbean.
- Lieutenant Edward O'Hare downs five out of nine Japanese bombers attacking the carrier USS Lexington. Flying an F4F-3 Wildcat fighter, O'Hare accomplishes the kills in around ten minutes.
- President Roosevelt formally announces the decision to relocate Japanese-Americans on the Pacific coast to inland internment camps.
1943
- The Soviet attacks continue to drive a deep salient into the German lines in the Kharkov area. The Red Army recaptures Pavlovgrad and enters Krasnograd.
- In North Africa, British and American troops initially manage to halt the German advance in Tunisia. After fierce battles in the Kasserine Pass, the Germans break through and the US forces pull back.
- Colonel-General Heinz Guderian nominated Inspector-General of Panzer Forces.
- Driving tests at Kummersdorf, Germany, with armoured skirts for tanks. Firing tests are also performed, in which the skirts defeat Soviet 14.5mm anti-tank rifles at 100 meters.
- On this the 25th anniversary of the Red Army, Britain presents the city of Stalingrad with a Sword of Honor.
- The 343rd Bombardment Squadron, flying B-24 Liberator bombers, attack Naples. One bomber, named "Blonde Bomber II", receives damage to two engines and attempts to divert to Malta rather than going back to Tobruk. Lack of fuel and poor navigation results in the B-24 landing on Sicily however. The aircraft is painted in Italian colours until the Germans pressure the Italians into flying it to Germany for evaluation in June.
1944
- During the night, British Bomber Command main force strikes Stuttgart in Germany, flying 586 heavy bomber sorties. Losses are 9 bombers, giving a loss rate of 1.5%. The raid is deemed successful.
- The USAAF begins a series of attacks on vital German aircraft industry targets that is to be known under the name "Big Week". Both the 8th and 15th Air Forces are included in the strikes.
- Norwegian resistance fighters sink a ferry carrying heavy water to German laboratories.
1945
- Since the landings in Normandy on June 6, 1944, the US forces in France and Germany have reported the loss of 2,855 Sherman tanks armed with either 75mm or 76mm guns, as well as 124 Shermans with the 105mm gun. Further loss figures for armoured vehicles include 439 M-10, 120 M-18, 72 M-36 and 1,069 light tanks.
- Eisenhower confirms that Montgomery is to attack and receive the bulk of supplies, even if this means 6th and 12th Army Groups will be tied up eliminating pockets of resistance.
- The Canadian 1st Army opens a vehicle bridge across the river Maas.
PS. A bonus brownie will be sent to the first person to point out the mistake I made in my February 16 post... smile.gif
"Nervous wait for the whistle to blow
Rush of blood and over we go..."
- Iron Maiden, "Paschendale"
Posted 20 February 2003 - 01:23 PM
HMS Cossack - The Altmark Incident
On 6th August 1939 the German supply ship Altmark slipped through the English Channel and moved down to the South Atlantic. For the next 3 months she supplied the German battleship Admiral Graf Spee with oil and provisions thus allowing it to continue its forays against merchant shipping. The Altmark also became a prison ship, taking aboard survivors from ships attacked by the Graf Spee. On 13th December 1939 the Graf Spee was found and attacked by the cruisers HMS Eexter, HMS Ajax and HMS Achilles but entered the neutral port of Montivideo to avoid destruction. Altmark remained in the South Atlantic, hove to for some while with engine trouble, and then having completed repairs started the journey back to Hamburg. Keeping clear of all shipping, and with more than a little luck, she eventually crept round Iceland and reached Norwegian waters on 12th February 1940.
At midnight on 13th February 1940 six of His Majesty's Ships, the cruiser HMS Arethusa, and the destroyers HMS Cossack, HMS Sikh, HMS Nubian, HMS Ivanhoe, and HMS Intrepid, sailed from Rosyth to search the waters off the Norwegian coast. The Altmark was hugging the Norwegian coast, staying in neutral waters. Despite being "inspected", but not searched, by Norwegian patrol vessels she continued slowly on her way. Just north of Bergen she was stopped again by the Norwegian destroyer Garm but the Captain of Altmarkrefused to allow a search and was told to leave the area.
The British ships were scattered over a wide area, Captain Vian and HMS Cossack were far to the south investigating the large number of ships in the Leads and among the offshore islands. At 1250 on 16th February 1940 a wireless message was received giving the position of a ship thought to be the Altmark which had been spotted by an aircraft of Coastal Command. With HMS Cossack too far south, Captain Vian ordered HM Ships Intrepid and Ivanhoe to intercept at full speed, covered by the cruiser HMS Arethusa. At 1445 Arethusa reached Altmark and holding a parallel course, with the two destroyers also approaching, the Altmark was ordered to steer west (into international waters). HMS Intrepid ordered Altmark to heave to and fired a shot across her bows but with Norwegian patrol ships hampering the British ships, Altmark slipped into Jøssingfjord.
HMS Cossack arrived at dusk and, after a conference with the Norwegians, who insisted that the Altmark had been searched and nothing found amiss, reported by wireless to the Admiralty and awaited their reply. The First Lord of the Admiralty, Mr. Winston Churchill, ordered that Captain Vian was to offer the Norwegians assistance to escort the Altmark back to Bergen to be searched again. If that offer was refused, the Altmark was to be boarded
At 2200 Captain Vian took HMS Cossack into the fjord and then gave the Norwegians the gist of Mr. Churchill's message. They replied that they were unable to co-operate as their ships were too small to force their way through the ice! At 2312, HMS Cossack approached the Altmark and, despite evasive action and an attempt to ram, a boarding party of 3 officers and 30 ratings took her. Four Germans were killed and five wounded in the brisk action. HMS Cossack sailed out of Jøssingfjord at 2355 with 299 merchant seamen who had been released and they were landed at Leith after a fast passage home.
2
Posted 20 February 2003 - 01:33 PM
Big Week was the name given later to the coordinated six-day air offensive (ARGUMENT) launched in February 1944 by RAF Bomber Command and the US Strategic Air Forces in Europe (USSTAF) as part of the Combined Bomber Offensive.
USSTAF had been formed under General Spaatz on 1 January 1944. It comprised the Eighth and Ninth US Army Air Forces, based in the UK, and the Fifteenth USAAF which was based in Italy. The previous year Eighth USAAF had suffered heavy losses during raids on Schweinfurt and elsewhere. Consequently, US daylight raids deep into Germany had been suspended until long-range fighters to escort the bombers had been delivered, and good weather made the raids viable.
When both these conditions were met, starting on 20 February 1944, more than 3,800 USSTAF bombers and 2,351 from RAF Bomber Command dropped between them nearly 20,000 tons of bombs on German fighter factories and associated industries, the British at night, the Americans during the day. American losses amounted to 254 aircraft, including 28 fighters, while RAF Bomber Command lost 157. These were heavy losses- Eighth USAAF had a rate of attrition for February which amounted to almost 20%-but Big Week put German fighter production back two months. Its purpose had also been to begin the attrition of German fighter pilots to undermine the Luftwaffe's continuing will to resist. In this Big Week was successful as a precursor to the escorted raids that followed it (see Graphs 1 and 2). From that time the daylight bombing campaign was only partially countered and during the Normandy landings in June 1944 (OVERLORD) only a handful of German aircraft were immediately available to oppose them
2
Posted 20 February 2003 - 01:43 PM
SS-Division Totenkopf : During this period, a small but not insignificant unit, the Freikorps Danemark, was attached to the 3rd SS Division. Also during this time, the Fall and Winter of 1941, the Soviets launched a number of operations against the German lines in the Northern sector of the Front. As a result, the Division was encircled for several months in the Demyansk Pocket. The Division suffered so heavily in the Demyansk Pocket that it was renamed as Kampgruppe Eicke because of the losses it sustained. In April of 1942, the Division broke out of the Pocket and managed to reach the area of the Lovat River. A portion of the Division stayed near Demyansk on defensive operations, until the whole Division was pulled out of action for refitting in late October, 1942 and sent to France.
---------
The need for the first airlift operation arose in 1942, when major elements of Eighteenth Army were trapped in the Demyansk pocket and Hitler ordered that they be supplied by air. The First Air Force was given this mission and assigned three groups of Junkers transport planes as well as some cargo gliders to carry it out. The chief supply officer of the air force formed a special air transport staff which, in co-operation with the responsible army agencies, carried out the supply operations in accordance with requests received from the encircled units.
An adequate airstrip was available within the pocket. The surrounding terrain could be used as a parachute drop zone. The enemy territory to be crossed was narrow and fighter cover was available throughout the flight and during the take-off from the airstrip. There were but few days on which the air lift was interrupted by snow storms, the formation of ice, or fog on the ground. Under such favorable circumstances it was not too difficult to maintain the fighting strength of the encircled forces.
On return flights the carrying capacity of the aircraft was taxed to the utmost since they were loaded with sick and wounded, official and soldiers' mail, and sometimes even with scarce materiel in need of repair. Although few planes were lost through enemy action, the rate of attrition from wear and tear was very high, requiring constant replacement of the transport planes. Because of increased demands by other sectors of the front and the low rate of production, it was even necessary to employ training planes in order to fill the gaps that developed.
In addition to regular airlift operations, aerial delivery containers were dropped by bombers to various isolated units which were in immediate need of supply. In round-the-clock flights
the bombers dropped their containers at the lowest possible altitudes despite strongly increased antiaircraft fire. These missions were very costly and put the personnel to a severe test. During February 1942, I Air Corps flew 1,725 bomber sorties in direct support of ground operations and 800 supply missions for the Army; by March the supply missions required 1,104 bomber flights. These figures clearly indicate that great numbers of bombers were diverted from their original purpose and employed in an improvised supply operation.
The Demyansk pocket was eventually relieved and in the opinion of top-level Army experts the air supply operations had been of decisive importance in enabling the encircled forces to hold out.
Posted 20 February 2003 - 06:04 PM
As Kai mentioned the start of some of the most viscious air battles over the Reich, Big Week where German twin engine fighters scored many victories, the 20th alone 6 B-17's and 2 B-24's but yet got their own pants kicked when Bf 110G-2's over 18 of them from 24 sent up to assault B-17's came under attack by P-47's of the 8th A.F. 56th fighter group. III./ZG 26 could not fully form up and they lost 10 shot down and 3 additional at 60 % loss. As to giving a big blow to German industry the US A.F did not, this was only during the heavy battles of the upcoming summer/fall. Incidently the web-sources are wrong about pitilly Luftwaffe forces acting as defence of the Normandy front as more than 14 gruppen, the heaviest bulk of the day fighter units were ordered to defend the French countryside and interior with their lives. The losses were unreal as III./JG 3 for one had only about 7 pilots of its three staffeln make it through the heavy three months of fighting. Fw 190A-8 equipped III./JG 54 also suffered but scored the most against Allied a/c with 100 kills.
20 February 1945 RAF attacks over Dortmund and the Ruhr Gebeit caused losses of 26 RAF bombers from NJG's 1, 2 and 4 with Hauptmann "Nasen" Müller of NJG 11 in his Bf 109G scoring two.
E
| Achilles |
Which animal is a medium sized cat native to the Americas, and has a deep yellow coat with black striped and spotted markings? | - Submerged
Shooting Magic Alex Mustard DVD
Alex Mustard is a hugely talented and prizewinning, underwater photographer. What makes him special though is the fact that he has invented the Magic Filter, which enables any one to take stunning underwater photographs using only available light instead of a battery of strobes . All you need is a digital camera with a white balance, a magic Filter, and water. The results are truly astonishing. In this ‘How to’ DVD, beautifully shot on location by Peter Rowlands in the Red Sea, Alex personally guides you through the techniques of filter photography demonstrating both the technical and artistic considerations that go to producing amazing available light photographs. I have to say that I usually drop off when viewing these sorts of instructional DVD’s because they tend to drone on about the complexities and make it all seem far too complicated. Alex isn’t like that. He has a genuine passion for his craft and is able to communicate it clearly and concisely. Tips on composition, reading the light, and using the white balance are combined with a one to one review of the shots he has taken and a discussion of why some have worked better than others. This chaptered DVD is packed with extra features, such as fitting filters, FAQ’s, example compact camera videos and Alex discussing some of his favorite filter images The format is ideal as a refresher before a trip, or, why not take it with you as a handy reference. Running Time 90 mins. This DVD is temporarily unavailable
Blue Water
www.magic-filters.com
Here is a short bio of Alex. Dr Alexander Mustard trained and worked as a marine biologist, but since 2004 has worked full time as a professional underwater photographer and author. His photographs have won many awards including in the BBC Wildlife Photographer of the Year. His most recent book Reefs Revealed (2007) won the International Grand Prize for the best book of underwater photographs at the World Festival of Underwater Photography in Antibes, France.
Alex Mustard
Alex is the PhotoPro Columnist for BSAC’s DIVE Magazine (UK), a Senior Contributor to Underwater Photography Magazine (UK), a Contributing Editor to Wetpixel Quarterly (USA), and an honorary editor of Ocean Geographic Magazine (Australia). He has written more than 300 published articles about marine life, diving and underwater photography. He is a committee member of the British Society of Underwater Photographers, Associate Editor for Wetpixel.com and a member of the Ocean Artists Society. He has personally presented his work to Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh.
Alex Mustard and Queen Elizabeth.
Bombs And Bullets DVD
The seabed around Plymouth is littered with bombs and bullets of all kinds. Most are from the Victorian era, but many are from the last two World Wars, and up to the present day.
In this film, the team recover mainly Victorian ammunition, cannonballs, and a variety of other bullets and shells, tell you all about them, and place them in their historical context. Running Time 26 mins
This DVD is temporarily unavailable
King Henry VIII’s Mary Rose
A great detailed account of the events leading up to the discovery and eventual lifting of the Mary Rose. Very interesting, especially the bits about John Deane and his watercolours, and dispersing the Royal George. Anything you want to know about the ship is here. Recommended.
ISBN 0 285 62091 6
This is the most accessible account of the Mary Rose. It is very detailed and gives a great idea of what an endurance exercise the whole thing became.
ISBN 0 285 62544 6
The Mary Rose
The Mary Rose is probably the most famous shipwreck to be discovered in British waters. Named for Henry VIII sister Mary in 1510, the Mary Rose was the Kings flagship and served in the fleet for thirty five years before she sunk off Southsea in 1545. The tale of her discovery in the 1970’s, subsequent lifting and preservation in a museum has all the elements of an Agatha Christie novel, with the Mary Rose cast as the victim. Treachery, betrayal, ridicule, vaunting ambition, and of course the English disease, complete cock up. (well maybe in this case just a partial one).
The ship was named for Mary Tudor.
The hero in all this is the fantastic Alexander McKee, author of loads of popular history books back in the 60’s and 70’s, who’s stubbornness and dogged determination in the face of ridicule and contemptuous dismissal by the so called experts, finally triumphs seventeen years later, only to be elbowed out of the limelight by those same people that scorned him in the first place. You could hardly make it up.
And what of the corpse, the victim in all this melodrama? Well after a botched salvage, the remains now lie rotting in a so called state of preservation behind plastic sheets in a dank shed in Portsmouth, and is a disgrace to the memory of this hugely important Tudor ship.
Alexander McKee
Only the artefacts and cannon lovingly displayed in a museum nearby make you realise how fantastic this whole project could have been. A Tudor time capsule is what McKee called it, and even with all its faults, there is still that resonance about it. This was supposed to be Britain’s answer to the Vasa. It does not even come close.
John Deane
In 1782 the Royal George capsized at Spithead and sank with the loss of nine hundred men women and children. All salvage attempts on the ship failed so she was left to rot. Now fifty years on the wreck had become full of silt and mud and was proving to be a bit of an obstruction. Working on her at the time were the Deane brothers, Charles the eldest, and John. Since 1832 they had managed to recover three bronze 18 pounder’s, nineteen bronze 24 pounder’s, and eight 32 pounder’s. The Admiralty was only paying them half of what the guns were worth but the Deane’s were after the contract to blow the wreck up, so suffered the low fees with good grace.
Working on the Royal George.
The Deane brothers were by now extremely well known as they had invented the first really practical diving apparatus which almost any one could use. John had had the idea when he was passing a farm with a barn full of horses on fire. The farmer had a pump and a small hose which hardly let out any water, and the smoke was such that no one could get into the barn. Rushing into the farm house to find some buckets, he came across an old suit of armour. Suddenly inspired, he grabbed the helmet and rushed out to the fire, pushed the farmer out of the way and shoved the hose into the helmet. As the hose could pump air as well as water John was able to breathe fresh air and enter the barn and save all the horses. John was all of eighteen at the time. The two brothers secured a patent on ‘an apparatus to be worn by persons entering rooms filled with smoke’ and thought that their fortunes would be made.
John Deane at the bow of the Royal George.
The apparatus consisted of a lightweight copper helmet with a short breastplate riveted to a leather jacket. The helmet had three glass windows and a vent to allow speech. Two hoses were fixed to the helmet at the back, one supplying air which was pumped in by bellows and the other hose ran down the body to the ankles to take away the exhaled air. When the Deane brothers took their invention to the Fire Insurance Companies and the Admiralty they were shown the door. Nobody was interested. This was a serious setback, but John suddenly had a brainwave. If the helmet could be used in smoke filled rooms then it should be capable of being used underwater. At the time most salvage work was done with diving bells and they were extremely cumbersome. However diving bells were all the rage because of the exploits of the young Isambard Kingdom Brunel who had made a series of dives to the bottom of the Thames to try and find out why the tunnel his father was building at Rotherhide kept flooding.
I.G.Brunel
But imagine if the diver was free to just go just where he wanted and in relative comfort.It would be so much more efficient and people would queue to buy the helmets. The Deane brothers set too and modified their smoke hood but the results were not promising, so they redesigned the whole thing, and by 1828 had it more or less perfected. The helmet was now much heavier with narrower windows and the corselet was married to a short sleeveless jacket. The helmet now had only one hose supplied by a pump instead of bellows and the exhaled air bubbled out around the bottom of the jacket. Essentially it was a personal diving bell. Because of the need to keep warm and dry, Deane designed a waterproof one piece suit that the diver clambered into through the neck, the excess material being tied off. As long as the helmet was full of air no water could seep in through the neck. Bandages around the wrists stopped water getting in there, and lead weights slung around the chest stopped the diver popping up to the surface. When all this was finished, John and Charles became in effect the first professional hard hat divers and were soon extremely busy salvaging all sorts of ships and their cargo’s.
Deane’s Patent.
Soon their diving helmet was attracting a lot of interest and Deane teamed up with Augustus Siebe a Prussian engineer who had set up in London as a precision machinist. He made the helmets and John wrote out the instructions for their use. ‘A person equipped in this apparatus being enabled to descend to considerable depths, from 20 fathoms(120ft) to probably 30 fathoms(180ft) and to remain down several hours having the perfect use of his arms and legs and is freely able to traverse the bottom of the sea to seek out the hidden treasures of the deep.’
Over the next few years the Deans were kept very busy, and it was whilst salvaging cannon from the Royal George that they made another discovery, the wreck of the Mary Rose. Whilst they had been working down below a fishing smack had got her lines entangled on an obstruction quite near the Royal George. Deane went down to have a look and there he found another wreck with a large bronze cannon. When this was lifted it had this inscription on it that showed it was a bronze demi cannon cast by an Italian foundry in 1542 for King Henry VIII. The Deanes brought up many more cannon with Tudor Roses on them and lots of artefacts, but it cut no ice with the Admiralty.
The Inscription on the Gun
Whilst they had been busy lifting cannon others had been stealing a march on them. The job of blasting the Royal George went not to the Deane’s, but to Charles Pasley a Colonel in the Royal Engineers. One of the reasons that he got the job was because he had a much better diving suit that the Deane’s. John Deane’s suit suffered from a major drawback, in that when the diver bent down he was in danger of getting the helmet flooded. Augustus Siebe had been experimenting with a new design and by 1837 he had perfected the first closed diving suit. He made his helmet in two parts the main part of the helmet separate from the corselet. The suit was clamped to the corselet by bolts thus making a water tight seal and one the diver was inside the helmet was screwed on. Fresh air was pumped from the surface and the exiled air vented through a valve. It was far superior to the Deane brother’s suit.
Deane in the new Open Dress
While Charles Deane furiously argued his case to the Admiralty, Pasley was getting ready to blow up the Royal George with two tons of explosives. As the wreck was scattered to pieces on the sea bed a plume of water shot high into the air taking with it any hopes John had of the Admiralty ever adopting his suit. Augustus Siebe got the contract and his diving suit was adopted as the standard equipment for Naval divers and remained so in almost identical form for the next 150 years.
Deane’s watercolour of some of the cannons he found on the Mary Rose.
So Siebe won the contracts and the glory, John became Britain’s most eminent underwater engineer, and Charles Deane went mad, the result, so the Morning Chronicle said, of over taxing his brain with study. Over the years Deane became forgotten, and this was a great shame. Besides salvaging all these wrecks John Deane realized even then, that all this stuff had some historical importance and started to write a book describing his adventures and illustrated it with beautiful watercolours and drawings. Alas the book was never published, the manuscript was lost, and the water colours dispersed amongst his family. However some still remain, and can be seen in Portsmouth Museum.
How I Found The Mary Rose
Yes, that’s right, I found the Mary Rose. Well that is to say me and Able Seaman Swinfield did, and actually we didn’t know we had discovered the most famous shipwreck in Britain until months later. Even so, there I was at the start of the greatest marine archaeology project of the 20th Century. So how did I get involved I hear you ask. Well it all started in 1968 with a direct order from our diving officer Lt. Commander Bax (of Bovisand fame) I was then a Royal Marine ships diver on H.M.S.Rhyl then stationed at Portsmouth on Channel Guard duties. Bax had invited this bloke Alexander McKee on board to talk to us about the Mary Rose, and unknown to us had volunteered us to do some diving for him the following weekends.
The Dive Team.
Now we had all heard of McKee, and knew about his project. In fact just about everybody on the South Coast did. He had been banging on about discovering the Mary Rose for years and everybody, including us (who had never met him before) were quite happy to write him off as a harmless bore. However to spend a rare free evening listening to him droning on about the Mary Rose was not a very inviting prospect, and we all trooped into the lecture room that evening in low spirits. On came McKee, big hair, big beard, tweed coat, and launched straight in without even a good evening, as if frightened we would scarper if he gave us the slightest chance. It was a revelation. He was supposed to speak for forty minutes but ended up staying most of the evening to answer our questions. He told the story of the Mary Rose as if it had happened yesterday and brought the whole period to life. He was passionate in his belief that he knew where the wreck was (which turned out to be exactly where all those experts told him it could not possibly be) but he didn’t rant about the unfairness of it all, just exuded a determination to find and raise the wreck.
A bit faint, but its there. (somewhere)
Sometimes you hear somebody speaking, and you just know that he understands absolutely what he is talking about. Thats what we all felt that night about McKee, and we all volunteered to help. The next weekend we were out in an open whaler whilst McKee and his mates pored over a sonar chart that Bax had got the Navy to help compile. The weather was dreadful. It rained all the time and there was a sick making swell. The idea was to stick an instrument into some of the mounds that the sonar had found, to see if they contained any wood or were just silt and mud. I carried the fatefull instrument and Winfield stuck it in the mound (under my direction of course) Up top the machine whirred and beeped and bits of paper went round and round. Much later it was found that that mound contained some wooden wreckage.
Able Seaman Swinfield (dive storeman) and actual finder of the wreck. (under my supervision)
Yes its true, I can now reveal that it was I (well alright, we) that found the Mary Rose. I did not know of my triumph for some time as by then H.M.S.Rhyl had crossed the Atlantic and was chasing Cuban rebels all the way down the Bahamas chain. But eventually we were told. Of course our part was down played, even forgotten. Fame was not to come calling. But McKee, who was keen on what we had done had kept in touch with Lt.Commander Bax and had given us a copy of the trace, showing the fateful mound.
Royal Marine Mitchell.(director of operations)
When the Mary Rose was finally raised all those years later, I was watching it live on the telly with my Mum. As it started to break the surface I turned to her and said, ‘I was the first one to find that wreck you know’ ‘Did you son’ she replied absently. ‘What would you like for your tea?’
H.M.S.Rhyl
McKee is long gone now, but that chance encounter gave me a lifelong fascination with shipwrecks and their stories, and made me realise, that whilst the glory is nice while it lasts, the stories go on for ever.
The Hunt For The Mary Rose
The thing to remember about the sixties is that virtually nothing was known about underwater archaeology at all. Nobody really knew how wooden shipwrecks decomposed, and preserving artefacts was a very hit and miss affair. Most of the underwater archaeology sites were in the Mediterranean and they were mostly run by people who had never dived. Because of all this people stuck to outmoded practises and often made ludicrous statements about underwater shipwrecks in order to protect their positions and reputations.
The Mary Rose
By the time the Mary Rose project came along in 1965 there were a lot of so called experts, but not one who knew anything about the Tudor Navy. Various committees were formed, all convinced that they knew best, and all keeping their distance from each other in case they gave something away. Some included the Navy, and others were made up from local BSAC clubs. All tried to plot the others downfall, and of course none actually knew where the Mary Rose was. Enter Alexander Mckee arguing in essence that when the Royal George was levelled in the 1840’s,the subsequent explosions had not destroyed the Mary Rose. McKee passionately believed that she was largely intact, and that the mud would have by now buried her, and thus preserved her. Howls of derision greeted this announcement.
The Mary Professor Harold Edgerton and one of his ‘Pingers’ in 1968
The opposition contended that the Royal George was nowhere near where McKee said it was, and that the Mary Rose, if she was anywhere, it was not there. McKee grew tired of all the shouting and decided to go back and look at all the old charts. He and the opposing factions ended up in the Hydrogpher’s office and compared charts. McKee had been using a copy of a 1784 chart called the Mackensie Survey and worked out his positions from that. The opposition had another chart, Sheringhams survey of Spit head 1841. This was a huge chart and when it was unrolled, there in the middle, more or less where McKee thought it should be, was a red cross with the words Royal George. Nearby was another cross with the legend Mary Rose. Unbelievably the Navy had completely over looked this obvious clue. X really did mark the spot. It was game set and match to McKee (who to his credit didn’t crow). The Navy and the rest more or less gracefully conceded, and McKee was once more in a position to direct the hunt for the Mary Rose.
At last, a Tudor Gun.
Over the next few years a dedicated team of local divers and helpers with almost no money or resources sifted and dug away in the mud using an airlift, sonar scanned the whole area, and finally in 1970 unearthed a Tudor cannon that was the same as the one in Southsea Castle that was know to be of the same period. This proved beyond any doubt that this was indeed the site of the Mary Rose. Now the work to unearth the Mary Rose from her mud tomb could begin in earnest. Sport divers came from all over England to help, businesses donated funds and gear. The Prince of Wales became a patron and actually dived on the site, and a protection zone around the site allowed a diving barge to be stationed permanently over the wreck. Things were looking up, but there was still a huge amount of work to do.
Conservation
For a start, how much of the Mary Rose was still there? Over the next couple of years it emerged that most of one side of the wreck was still intact. In effect, over half of the wreck was still there, lying in the mud on her starboard side, remarkably well preserved. The mud had also preserved most of the ships equipment and personal remains. More guns were raised, long bows and arrows, stone moulds for casting lead shot, a shoe, a pocket sundial and a lantern were all amongst the early finds. But overshadowing all this was the sheer excitement of unearthing a ship that was last seen in 1545. The team were by now beginning to understand that the Mary Rose was more than just a shipwreck. She was an almost perfectly preserved Tudor time capsule.
Diagram of what was left of the ship.
One of the most frustrating problems, was that McKee and his team still were not sure what they were looking at. The Mary Rose was to some extent the missing link in ships architecture. No sooner had they settled on what they thought was what part of the ship when another discovery would seem to contradict it. All they had to go on was a very old painting and a model of what they thought it should look like. In the murky waters off Spit head it became increasingly difficult to identify each piece and fit it into the jigsaw. But slowly and patiently they did just that. Fighting storms, currents and poor visibility, month by weary month, year by year the team worked solidly on, and slowly and carefully unearthed the Mary Rose and her treasures, showing what life had been like on board all those centuries ago.
A theoretical model of the Mary Rose commissioned by B.P.
But it was not only treasures that they unearthed, but some of the crew as well. Skulls were found in the mud, and the bones of over a hundred and sixty crewmen were disinterred, some still with their leather jerkins. One, an officer, was found lying on his sword near the stern castle with his pockets still containing some gold coins. Finally in 1982, seventeen years after it all started the end was in sight. The ships bell dated 1510 had been found and the big lift to raise the Mary Rose had started to be organized. By this time the project had become ‘the’ thing to be involved in, in the underwater archaeology world, and had gained a life of its own. McKee was elbowed out of the way so that others could make their reputations, and a lot of big talk ended up with very little actually being done in preparation for the housing of the Mary Rose.
Every Diver’s Dream
However before the lift could take place, a few hundred tons of ballast and thousands of firebricks from the oven hearth had to be removed. A cradle to support the wreck, whilst the lift was taking place, had to be manoeuvred into place and a million and one other things had to be organised before the operation was carried out before the watching gaze of millions glued to their television sets. Although an extremely complicated undertaking, the lift went off with only one hitch, a sickening lurch halfway through in which you could hear the sound of wood snapping. How much damage it did was glossed over and the Mary Rose was triumphantly carted off to Portsmouth Dockyard were she had started all those centuries ago.
The Big Lift.
But was she safe and sound? Well the answer is maybe. The artefacts certainly are, beautifully restored in a great museum. But the ship itself was left in a temporary berth with a bit of a botched conservation regime. The money to make a proper show home for her never really materialised, and she now languishes in a rather tatty shed. Conservation of such a fragile artefact as the Mary Rose requires a ton of money and dedicated expertise. One gets the feeling that the ship itself has become less important as the problems mount, and no one seems to have the will to push this project to a final, glorious conclusion like the Swedish did with the Vasa. However, carping aside, this is still a wonderful project, and a must see for any one interested in shipwrecks. One day it will be completed, I just hope I live to see it.
Missing:The Tragic Loss Of The Submarine A7
On the morning of the 16th January 1914, the submarine A7 was exercising in Whitsands Bay. She dived to carry out a mock attack on her escorts and failed to resurface. Her crew of eleven officers and men were never seen again.
The A7’s sinking was the latest in a long lie of accidents to afflict this class of submarine, and there had been at least fifty eight deaths in the run up to the outbreak of the First World War.
The loss of the A7 caused a storm of protest, not only from the general public, but in Parliament as well. Many MPs asked why these ‘Coffin Ships’ were still allowed to operate when they were so obviously obsolete and unfit for duty.
The submarine, once seen as an unwanted oddity, was now seen as a threat to the established order, and the Royal Navy made many mistakes as it tried to embrace the huge changes in tactics that were being forced upon it by the looming reality of global warfare.
The A7 was one of those mistakes.
You can watch the full version of the Missing documentary below
Watch "Missing", the full length Submarine A7 documentary
Whitsands Bay, stretching from Rame Head to Looe is one of the great Cornish seascapes. Rugged two hundred foot high cliffs overlooking miles of sandy beaches provide an ideal setting for surfer’s, sailors, walkers, and divers.
Towards Rame Head.
It’s very setting however, open as it is to the south westerly gales, mean that over the years, it has become a magnet for shipwrecks. The last one, the Kodima (2002) almost choked the bay with her cargo of timber planks.
The View
When you have finished your walks you can go to The View which is a great little restaurant/cafe serving great food and drink overlooking the Bay. On a good day this doesn’t get much better.
Ernest Shackleton
If ever there was a Boy’s Own hero then Shackleton is it. Scott is famous for failing to return from the South Pole, but Shackleton is famous for surviving against all the odds and going back and rescuing all his men. The bitter irony of that episode is that many of his crew who endured such hardship and triumphed over all that adversity, perished in the slaughter right at the end of the First World War.
Ernest Shackleton
Ernest Henry Shackleton was born in Ireland in 1874. He left school at sixteen and joined a ship bound for Valpariso and sailed all over the place for the next ten years. In 1900 he joined Scott in the National Antartic Expedition, became ill and was sent home, which was a great blow to his pride. For a while he worked as a journalist and then organised his own Antartic Expedition, Nimrod (1907-1908) One of his parties reached the South Magnetic pole and another led by Shackleton got within 97 miles of the South Pole.
Shackletons Grave
Shackleton’s next and most famous expedition’s objective (1914-1917) was to cross the Continent from the Weddle Sea to Mucmurdo Sound. Everybody knows the tale so I will just recount it briefly. There are loads of books (some listed at the end) and other information easily available for those who want to go into more detail.
The Burial Party
The expedition set out from London on Aug 1 1914 after being given special permission by the Admiralty even though War had been declared. They reached the Weddle Sea on Jan 10 1915, where their ship the Endurance, was trapped and frozen by the pack ice for nine months. Finally the pack ice crushed the Endurance and she turned over and sank. Boats and supplies were salvaged and the crew drifted on the ice flows as far as Elephant Island in the South Shetlands.
Summer in South Georgia.
Realizing that they could not all go on to South Georgia 800 miles away, Shackleton left most of his men at Point Wild (named after his second in command) and with five others sailed on to South Georgia in a twenty two foot open boat the James Caird, arriving two weeks later. Unfortunately they were on the wrong side of the island and they could not sail around, so they had to land, and walk across the mountainous island on foot eventually reaching the whaling station at Stromnes Bay. Can you imagine, two weeks in an open boat in winter, in dreadful condition’s. Blizzards, temperatures below freezing and mountainous seas, and then when you reach land you have to struggle over the mountains to the other side. Inspirational just does not do it justice.
This was about four times bigger than the ship(still summer).
After two failed attempts, one from Gritviken, Shackleton finally rescued all his crew from Elephant Island aboard the Chilien steamer Yelcho sent from Punta Arenas one hundred and five days after he had left them. You just couldn’t make it up.It is one of the greatest survival stories of all time.
The Endurance trapped in the ice. Photo Frank Hurley.
On his final expedition (1921-1922) Shackleton, in failing health suffered a heart attack in Rio de Janerio. He recovered from this enough to carry on towards South Georgia where he suffered another attack, which killed him on 5th January 1922. His widow (for whom the term ‘long suffering’ must have been coined) chose South Georgia as his final resting place. His grave is at the old whaling station of Gritviken, alongside those of the whalers who died over the years. It’s a very evocative place, even now with the whaling station in ruins. Gritviken, South Georgia
Hauling the boats across the pack ice. Photo Frank Hurley
The graveyard is over to the left of the settlement, and to get to it you have to walk up a muddy track picking your way through elephant and fur seals and dodging the many penguins. The scenery is magnificent, and by looking at it, you get some sense of what the man must have been like.
Launching the James Caird. Photo Frank Hurley.
Shortly after my visit to Gritviken we managed to pass near Elephant island. We could not land as an iceberg almost as big as the island was blocking the channel and the ship couldn’t get in. As the weather turned from sunshine to sleet and snow and the mist came down, the Skipper cruised as close as he could to Point Wild, which is were Shackleton left the rest of his crew before going on to South Georgia. At first it did not look as if we would be able to see it but at the last moment the weather eased off and there it was, Point Wild.
Elephant Isand, you can see the icebergs to the left and right and the ice in the forground.
Half an hour later it started to snow, but there in the murk was Point Wild just to the right of the iceberg.
To have been, however briefly, in the same waters as Shackleton and his crew and to see what he had endured gave all of us a great feeling of pride in the man, and a hope that there are still their like around if we ever need them. And to think this was summer and they did it in winter. As I said before, you just couldn’t make it up.
_INSERT_CAPTION_
Taxiarcos
Rame Head with its little chapel guards the entrance to the Bay. The chapel dates back to 600AD and has been used as a church and a lookout. It was from here that a beacon was lit to warn Drake of the approach of the Spanish Armada.
Rame Chapel.
At the bottom of these cliffs lie the remains of the Greek brigantine the Taxiarcos wrecked in 1846. You won’t see anything of her unless you come around by boat and snorkel on her, but bits of her, mainly her anchors and a winch, are still there rammed into the rocks. OK, it is a bit of a stretch, but bear with me as the walk to the chapel and the views are spectacular and you won’t regret it.
The Greek BrigTaxiarcos became wrecked, not because of a storm, but because of a mix up in the course to steer and a sad lack of knowledge of the local tides.The vessel was brand new and had put into Falmouth for a Pilot. Coming up channel from the Danube under a full press of sail, the brigantine, under the command of Captain Vafrapola was bound for Hull with a cargo of grain. As she approached Rame Head on January 27th in a calm sea, the duty helmsman mistook the course and steered north east instead of southeast, and ran right into the bottom of the cliffs surrounding Rame Head.
One of the Taxiarcos’s anchors. Photo Dave Peake.
All fourteen of the crew scrambled ashore and sought refuge in the old chapel at the top of Rame Head.Local coast guards found the crew and gave them food and bedding, and in the morning they were taken to Cawsand for repatriation to their own country.As the tide ebbed, a heavy ground swell broke the ship up completely on the evening tide. The local press severley critisised the Pilot and advised that before he considered another job he should read up ‘The Remarks on the Navigation of the English Channel’ in the local tide tables.
Part of a winch drum? Photo Dave Peake.
You can scramble down the seaward side of Rame quite easily (all the shore fishermen do) and overlook the site.The views towards the Mewstone are fantastic and you will probably come across some of the wild deer that like to sun themselves on the slopes.
Coast Watch
On your way back to the car park you can visit the Coast Watch Station manned by volunteers. They took the place of the regular Coast Guard when the station was shut down with most of the others along the coast during a Government reorganization. They do an excellent job and are always happy to chat to you about what they do.
Coast Only candles in this church.
On the way to the car park you will have passed the little church of Rame It dates back to 1259, and has no electricity, so all the services are lit by candle light. It’s a lovely little church and is nearly always open. In the graveyard that surrounds it are plenty of reminders of the toll that the sea takes.
Plenty of shipwrecks to be found.
Mizzen Mast Of The Great Britain
Mizzen mast of the Great Britain
Designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the Great Britain was launched at Bristol in July 19 1843, and was the largest ship afloat in the world at that time. She arrived storm damaged at Stanley in 1886 and remained for over eighty years being used for various storage purposes, and became a familiar part of the landscape.
what’s left of the Mizzen mast
Finally abandoned and rotting she was recovered from these waters in a truly amazing salvage operation, transported back to Bristol on a huge barge, arriving in July 1970 where she underwent full restoration and is now open to the public.
All this was made possible due in large part to the generosity of Sir (Union)Jack Hayward O.B.E.
Looking towards the main jetty
Jhelum
The Jhelum is a 128 ft boat built in 1849 at Liverpool. Her name comes from a tributary of the Indus river in India. She left Calloa for Dunkirk on the 13 July 1870 overloaded, and rounded Cape Horn with great difficulty.
The Jhelum
She managed to put into Stanley on 18 Aug 1870 and her crew had so little faith in her ability to complete the voyage that they refused to put to sea in her.
The Plans of the Jhelum.Photo stanley museum.
The ship was sold locally and scuttled in her present location to serve as a jetty cum workshop and storage area.
Jhelum bows
Port Stanley, Falkland Islands Wreck Trail
In 2007 I was lucky enough to go down to the Antarctic on M.V. Discovery. On the way we stopped at the Falkland Islands where, amongst all the wonderful wildlife, they also have lots of abandoned clipper ships and other vessels.
M.V. Discovery at the Antarctic Peninsular
Many are on the other Islands, which I did not have time to see, but a few are easily accessible around Port Stanley, and there is a great museum to go and find out more.
Gentoo And Golden Chance
Named after one of the Falkland islands most common penguins, the Gentoo came to the Falklands in 1927 and then spent many years carrying supplies and wool for the farming company Dean Brothers. She later passed into the ownership of Bill Hills until 1981 when she was sold to a new arrival to the islands, who intended to convert her to a houseboat. However when she was put on a new mooring she rested on the bottom and heeled to starboard and the rising tide flooded her.
Gentoo
All I know about the Golden Chance is that she was built in 1900’s and came to the Falkland Islands in the 1940’s for sealing protection.
Golden Chance
Falkland Islands Overview
The Falkland Islands have a total land area half the size of Wales and are made up of two main large islands, and over seven hundred small ones. The islands are basically very hilly, barren and windswept rather like Dartmoor or the Brecon Beacons, and you can have sunshine and sleet in the space of a few minutes. Because of the fierce winds there are no trees on the islands and gorse bushes had to be introduced to form some sort of wind break for the sheep, which form the main farming industry.
Looking away from the main part of Stanley.
Nowadays the population is nearly three thousand strong, of which two thousand live in Stanley. The remaining one thousand live on their sheep farms, which are collectively called The Camp. However the humans are vastly outnumbered by the various species of penguin, which number just under half a million breeding pairs. Since the end of the War in 1982 much has been done to improve the lives of the Falkland Islanders. New roads have been built along with schools and a hospital. All this has to some extent halted the drift of young people moving away.
The Post Office, note the telephone boxes.
Economically the Islands are now much more prosperous mainly due to the fishing which brings in upwards of 24 million pounds a years due to fishing licences in their 200 mile unilateral zone. Tourism is also starting to make an ever bigger contribution. There is oil to be found at the moment but not in economic amounts, but if that happens then the population will definitely increase.
The Liberation Monument
Although first sighted in 1592 by the English seafarer John Davis in the ship Desire, it took until 1690 for the first recorded landing by a Captain John Strong, who claimed it for Britain. Almost certainly other seafarers had sighted the islands over the years, and that’s how Argentina’s claim started. (do more on this)In the 1840’s the islands capital was moved for purely Naval reasons from Port Louis to Port Stanley and was named after the Colonial secretary of the day.
Looking towards Stanleys main jetty.
At the end of the nineteenth century, the Falklands became very important strategically for Britain who used the islands as a major coaling station for their Atlantic fleet. During the Great War the first battle of the Falklands ensured the Britain’s supremacy over the German Fleet and secured the passage around Cape Horn, which at the time was vital to Britain’s interests. Cape Horn is notorious for its fierce storms, and as the amount of shipping increased with the expansion of world trade and the coming of the whaling fleets, the Falklands were perfectly placed to provide repair facilities for storm-damaged ships.
A grim reminder of the war. there are still plenty of minefields around.They will take years to clear.You can buy maps at the tourist office.
Many of the ships that limped into Port Stanley were often too badly damaged to be repaired and they were just abandoned where they ran aground, and you can still see them to this day.
Abandoned clipper ship.
Incidentally during the Second World War, H.M.S.Exeter retired badly damaged to Port Stanley after taking her part in the battle of the River Plate, which sealed the fate of the mighty Graff Spee. The museum has some great photos of her. In the sixties she became part of H.M.S.Bellerophen in Portsmouth where she trained young seamen and Royal Marines, like me, in the art of seamanship.
Lady Elizabeth
The Lady Elizabeth was a three masted barque, 223 ft long,1208 tonnes built in Sunderland by R. Thompson in 1879. her hulk now lies in Whalebone Cove to the east of Stanley harbour and is one of the best preserved wrecks in the Falkland Islands.
Lady Elizabeth
Up until 1889 when she was delivering bricks and cement for the construction of Stanley Cathedral, the Lady Elizabeth had had an uneventful career, but that changed in 1913 when she came to rest in Stanley harbour after her voyage from Vancover to Delagoa Bay in Mozambique was cut short. The vessel, under Captain Peterson, was battered by gales 300 miles south west of Cape Horn, loosing her deck cargo and four crew men overboard in the fierce storm.
The Lady Elizabeth limped into Berkley Sound on 12 march 1913 and on the approach to Stanley harbour she struck the Uranae Rock putting a large hole in her hull and doing considerable damage to her keel. She was eventually towed into the harbour where she was condemned as un-seaworthy and was sold to the Falkland Island Company along with her valuable cargo of timber for a mere 3350 pounds.
Lady Elizabeth as she was.Photo from Stanley Museum
On 17 February 1936 she broke her moorings in a storm and drifted down to her present position.
Montevideo Wreck Trail
Montevideo was founded by the Spanish in the early 18th century as a military stronghold. Its natural harbour soon developed into a commercial center competing with the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires.
The River Plate is the esturary formed by the combination of the Uruguay River and the Parana River. Where the rivers join it is 30 miles wide and it runs to the southwest growing to 137 miles wide where it opens onto the Atlantic Ocean, making it the widest estuary in the world.
The narrow channel into Montevideo is full of container ships and as you aproach you can see the mast of the sunken ship Highland Chieftain. The wreck of the Graff Spee is some 3 miles to your left.
The mseum also yielded a cannon from Nelson’s former flagship Agamemnon.
Graff Spee
Montivideo is the largest city, capital and chief port of Uruguay. Its harbour is one of the most important in the America’s. Surrounded by beautiful sandy beaches the city of Montivideo is a mix of historic old buildings (they have just realized what they have and are now busy preserving them) large shady squares, museums and art galleries. It feels very European. The nicest part for the tourist is the old part of the city with lots of nice bars and chi-chi restaurants. The population is nearly one point five million which is roughly 44 percent of the total population of Uruguay.
Graff Spee in Montivideo Harbour
Graff Spee scuttled.
(these two photo’s are courtesy of www.deutschland-class.dk)
This is a fantastic website. If you want to know everything about the Graff Spee, click the link
For the British and Germans however, Montivideo is most famous for the Battle of the River Plate and the destruction of the great German pocket battleship, the Graff Spee, chased into Montivideo by the British cruisers Ajax, Achilles and Exeter.Unable to escape, her Captain was ordered by Hitler to scuttle the ship, and he later commited suicide.
The massive range finder.
The massive range finder.
Right in the centre of the port is one of her huge anchors as well as the massive range finder that sat right at the top of the ship. About fifteen minutes taxi ride away along the coast is a small Naval Museum at Puerto Del Buceo.
The anchor.
Inside the museum has plenty of photographs of the Graff Spee sinking and the famous photo of Captain Langsdorff giving a naval saluted at the graveside of his fallen crew members when everybody else was giving the Nazi salute.
Langsdorff’s sword.
Some say that Hitler was insenced by his actions, seeing them as disloyal and this probably contributed to Langsdoff’s suicide as he would have most likely been put up against a wall and executed on his return to Germany.
Admiral Harwood’s uniform.
Other items of interest are Langsdorffs ceremonial sword and a uniform from one of the petty officers. Interestingly there is also a uniform donated by Admiral Harwood who masterminded the victory over the German battleship.
Gun from the Graff Spee.
Outside the museum is a 150mm gun raised from the vessel and another small anchor around the side. Its only a small museum, but it is packed full of other stuff about the Uruguayan navy and it is all very well presented.Entrance is free and it is open from 9am to 12pm, then 2pm to 6pm except Thursdays. Well worth a visit.
Photo courtesy Reuters.
On Feb 2006 the eagle figurehead from the stern of the vessel was recovered. To protect the feelings of those still sensitive to Nazi Germany, the swasita on the figurehead was covered as it was pulled out of the water. This reignited all the fears about neo nazism. However the idea is to salvage as much of the wreck as possible. Unfortunately this needs a ton of money so the Eagle will probably be sold, and it will be difficult to stop it getting into the wrong hands.
I am grateful to Simon Shaw for these photos.
I am grateful to Simon Shaw for these photos.
Highland Chieftain
As you come up the River Plate to Montevideo you can see the mast of the Highland Chieftain sticking out of the water from miles away. The un-initiated on the ship thought that this was the remains of the Graff Spee. No such luck as she lies broken up underwater some 3 miles away.
The Highland Chieftain was built in 1929 by Harland and Wolf of Belfast, and made her maiden voyage on the London toRiver Plate service, on the 21st of February and later transferred to Royal Mail in 1932. She commenced wartime trooping duties in 1939, but was damaged on the 11th of October, 1940, during a bombing raid on Liverpool.
The mast of the Highland Chieftain.
After the war she did not resume her commercial operations until 1948 on the River Plate service, and was sold out of the fleet in January of 1959 to the Calpe Shipping Company of Gibraltar and converted for use in the whaling industry,and renamed Calpean Star.
The Highland Chieftain
In March of 1960 she suffered rudder damage when off Montevideo, and after leaving under tow she suffered a boiler room explosion which resulted in her being abandoned.The wreck wasn’t cut up for scrap until 1965.
I am very grateful To Andy Jones for the following information and photos. He took the silhouette photo whilst serving on H.M.S.Protector in December 1967
Andy Jones: I believe I photographed the Highland Chieftain (Calpean Star) in 1967. At the time I was serving in the Royal Navy on board HMS Protector the navy’s antarctic patrol ship. We were entering Montevideo for the Christmas period. I was on the upper deck with my camera and took a sunlight silhouette photograph which later won a photographic competition. Oddly you say the ship was cut up for scrap in 1965, if the ship I photographed is the same ship then it was far from being cut up by late 1967. The photograph I have shows the two funnels, bridge and one deck below the funnels. Apart from the foremast, two derricks on the foredeck and two on the afterdeck the rest is sunken. I have viewed the photograph you have and cross matched it with my photograph and I am about 90% sure it is the same ship. Other photographs I have seen only show the foremast and the top of the front derricks. I may have the only photograph of the Highland Chieftain as it was in the 1960’s.
The Highland Chieftain. Photo Andy Jones
Article translated from Spanish. This vessel has known better times, of course. Was launched in 1928, Known as “Highland Chieftain” Part of a fleet of several cruise ships (passenger ships and cargo) identical. After passing the usual tests, entered service in 1929, A maiden voyage between London and Buenos Aires. It continued for years doing transatlantic voyages carrying cargo and passengers between Europe and South America. Displacing 14,000 tons and measured 163 meters long. Accommodate 150 passengers in the luxurious first class, 70 passengers in second class and to 500 in third class (something tells me that the latter were crowded, no?)
H.M.S.Protector at the Falklands. Photo Andy Jones
At the outbreak of World War II, the British seized it for use as troop transports. In that role the ship suffered bombing that severely damage it and put it out of service until 1948. In 1959 was acquired by the company “Calpe Shipping Co., and entirely refurbished and renamed Calpan Star. In early summer of 1959The ship carrying a cargo of birds and other animals to a zoo in Germany. Among them was an albatross, Large-sized seabird. Prior to arriving in port, one of the sailors gave the albatross improper food and he died. This situation is unfortunate, in the beliefs of the seamen, who identified the bird as a “symbol of friendship” and avoid disturbing them or hurting them. So it was no surprise that on reaching the next port, Liverpool, several of the crew demanded their pay and chose to stay there, knowing that the vessel had been “cursed.”
The Calpean – Highland Chieftain
With some replacement crew, Calpean Star completed its journey, being allocated to the Norwegian fleet after the Antarctic. And there the trouble began. The ship suffered first several faults in the generators. Repaired them, then detected a leak of oil into the water supply. Then a break in the main engine compressor would leave it adrift for several days. When the repairs were completed, the rudder of the ship suffered a fracture, such that it had to be towed to Montevideo to solve the problem.
I am grateful to Craig Pearson for sending the photos below of his Uncle and two friends around 1950. If anyone knows who the crew are, please get in touch.
Crew members painting ship. Photo Craig Pearson
This was done and the necessary repairs were completed. But just as “Calpean Star”Left Montevideo, a huge explosion destroyed the engine room and started a fire. Crew members drowned during abandoning ship, which many identify with the sailor who killed the albatross. And the ship would founder hopelessly damned.
More crew-names unknown. Photo Craig Pearson
The curious fact: the ship’s remaining crew were repatriated by air. And in the first leg of the trip had a problem: the landing gear of the plane broke down when it landed in Rio de Janeiro. The seamen declared that only by coming back to their land felt that the curse was over. Believe it or not.
I am grateful to Ian Fordham for this photo of his Great Uncle, Alfred Roy Murley, and the information below
Family Photo.
I attach a family photo taken in Swansea where the family lived about 1910 at some celebration, maybe Xmas? Alfred Roy Murley is on the left and his stepfather John Rowlands second right. Alfred was born Swansea in 1881, gained his masters certificate in 1902 and won the DSC at Gallipoli in May 1915 whilst Chief Officer on the Cardiganshire.He acted as a ship’s master with Royal Mail lines for many years both pre and between the wars. He served mostly on the S America run or to the west coast of the USA and Canada. At the start of WW2, I gather that the RM packets continued in service for a while before being assigned as troopships and operating with the convoys.His stepfather, John Rowlands was originally from Anglesey and also a master mariner. His boat was torpedoed by a U-boat in April 1915 off the Falklands and he went down with it. I was in a contingent of RAF trainee aircrew posted to South Africa for flying training and I boarded the Highland Chieftain in the centre of Glasgow on Sunday morning 18th July 1943. In the afternoon we sailed slowly down the Clyde and anchored in the vicinity of Gourock where a number of other ships were already assembling.The next morning we set off as part of convoy WS32 joining with convoy KMF20 the next day. We were escorted by three frigates and two sloops and joined by the cruiser Charybdis from the 22nd to 25th when we were joined by another four frigate and two destroyers until we reached Freetown on 28th.
I am grateful to Ted Gunn for the following information and photo.
Family Ted in Egypt on his return from South Africa; he is second from the right, standing.
We sailed from Freetown on 5th August and before arriving at Capetown on 18th and we were escorted in all by eight destroyers and two frigates. We sailed from Capetown on 19th arriving at Durban on 22nd. Living conditions throughout were atrocious, fresh water was available for two half hour periods a day which, from my point of view as non tea drinker, gave rise to some dehydration especially through the tropics. In spite of poor quality food, the galley staff managed on a number of afternoons to produce some excellent corned beef bread rolls which they sold to those lucky enough to get to them before they sold out.
The cruiser Charbydis
We were accommodated in the holds of this cargo ship which had been fitted out for the refrigerated transportation of meat and those who could not find a space to sling their hammocks from the cooling pipes near the ceiling slept on the floor. We were not allowed below between meals and with around 1300 service men on board finding a space to sit on deck was a problem (there were no seats) – sitting on our lifejackets provided a little comfort. This was not a cruise that would appeal to holidaymakers.
I am grateful, again, to Ian Fordham for this information about the part the Highland Chieftan in the sinking of the battleship Graff Spee.
On 8th December, 1939, the Highland Chieftan acted as ‘bait’ to draw the Graf Spee into an attack by making an announced departure from Rio de Janeiro bound for the River Plate – but secretly shadowed by a Royal Navy force commanded by Commodore Harwood and assembled to hunt for the Graf Spee. (In fact the Graf Spee was, unknown to the RN, already bound for the River Plate looking for the sister ship of the Highland Chieftan – the Highland Princess). After the Graf Spee was sighted and attacked and damaged by Harwood’s force, it took shelter in the neutral waters of the River Plate close by the anchorage of the Highland Chieftan which had by then made port. It was being held at anchor under RN orders as it was thought the Graf Spee might sail again but was not allowed, under international law, to leave port within 24 hours of a combatant merchant ship. So, the RN was allowing one British ship a day to leave and thus blocking any departure of the warship whilst it awaited reinforcements.
Graff Spee burning – courtesy Simon Shaw
The Germans were under the impression that the RN force assembled to hunt it and standing offshore was much more powerful than it really was and sought approval from Berlin to inter the ship or to scuttle rather than to venture out to sea and engage. Berlin ordered the scuttling as it did not want to risk the boat falling under British control at some point. The Highland Chieftan took on board 60 merchant seamen prisoners released by the Graf Spee when at anchor and was still close by on the night of the 18th December when the Graf Spee was scuttled. These events are recorded in the diary of the Master, T Purcel-Buret, held at Greenwich. The British Naval Attache in Buenos Aires, Capt (later Admiral) Henry McCall sent a message to London on 21st December, that the Highland Chieftan was ready to sail to the UK with the released seamen.
HMS Exeter showing her damage after action with the Graff Spee. Photo courtesy navy photos and Ian Morte
Highland Chieftan made at least 3 more voyages from the UK to the River Plate during 1940 and was damaged by German bombs when docked in Liverpool on 11th October, 1940. It then sailed twice to South Africa during 1941 following conversion as a troopship – as part of convoys WS5A and WS8B. It was thern involved in a heavy collision with the much larger troopship, Dominion Monarch during 1941 when part of convoy WS8A and, as a result, spent several months under repair in dry dock in Durban.
I am grateful to Michael Richardson for the photo of his Father, and an extract from his diary.
Michael Richardsons Father.
Diary extract: Diary of my father’s voyage from Buenos Aires to Liverpool on Highland Chieftain. Mar-Apl 1941
Sun Feb 23rd. H. Chieftain noted in Prensa. (Latin America News Agency) During the following week he was busy with a round of social engagements and completing his work in B.A. for the Gourock Ropeworks Company. Tues 4th Mar. A day on which I felt neither here not there. Furlongs came for my things about 9 o’c. …. Roberts drove me to the boat .. many on quayside seeing off volunteers (for the British forces ) .. mothers, fathers, sisters and sweethearts, I suppose. Layout of ship very familiar. Met several acquaintances in crew. At table with two ship-wrecked ships’ officers (Captain Caird and Chief Engineer from Eurylochus). Still at quayside at 10 p.m.
Wed 5th Mar. Woke up just in the same place & spent a nice sunny day by the dockside. Water too low to move. Av. Star just beside us with Mennonite settlers for Paraguay. Men with beards, women with head kerchiefs and long skirts and aprons & many children.
Th 6th Mar. We left about midnight and arrived Monte about noon. After lunch went ashore with Thomas .. back on board for dinner. Saloon practically empty. Talking to ship-wrecked Chief Engineer Creech afterwards.
Fri 7th Mar. At sea. Little to report, spent lazy day.
Sat 8th Mar. Pleasant day but not very sunny or warm. Up for P.T. with Volunteers at 7.30 and at ‘spotting’ class. Walked, talked and drank with the two ships officers etc.
Sun 9th Mar. P.T. at 7.30, quite strenuous. Service at 10.30 well attended and liked by all with the hymns all know. Played bridge after dinner with 3 Volunteers – Harding, Fitzpatrick and another.
Mon 10th Mar. Much warmer. P.T. in morning but couldn’t face second dose in evening. At classes on H.A. and Hotchkiss. Had a swim – pool filled for first time. After dinner liqueurs at Chief’s expense – he won the sweep !
Tue 11th Mar. Warm and gloriously sunny. Had a swim after morning P.T., another before lunch. H.A. and First Aid classes. Won 11/- in sweep – it all went on drinks. Dozed in deckchair till 1 a.m. Many sleeping on deck. Wed 12th Mar. Fine sunny day – got quite burned. At gun drill and Hotchkiss; 8 likely lads chosen. Up for P.T. at 7.30 & swim after it.
Th 13th Mar. Steward off sick – got no morning tea ! Swimming pool empty – to save water. P.T. at 7.30 also at H.A. gun drill and spotting talk. Sun almost overhead.
Fri 14th Mar. P.T. at 7.30 & swim in refilled pool. Military drill at 9.30. Got quite burned sunbathing & had another swim etc etc. Volunteer watches to start on Sunday.
Sat 15th Mar. Took things a bit easier. Very warm. P.T. & swim before breakfast. Boat drill in afternoon. Some excitement when we sighted another ship.
Sun 16th Mar. Cut P.T. and pool too empty for morning swim – had one before lunch. Divine Service at 10.30, siesta in afternoon. Watches begin today. I’m to start at 1 a.m.
Mon 17th Mar. St. Patrick. Did spells of duty at 1 a.m. and 3 a.m. and again in afternoon. ‘Irish’ cocktail party before dinner & I wined the table. More drinks after dinner but Caird, Creech and I quit when drunken Irish electrician arrived.
Tues 18th Mar. Up at 6.30 feeling quite fit. Had a swim, definitely cooler. On watch at 8 a.m. Sunbathed in afternoon. Had sleep after dinner and prepared for 12 o’c watch. Wed
19th Mar. Duly kept watches. Capt. C pretty bottled for his. Up 7 o’c; original cabin steward back. In sight of land (C Verde) from breakfast time and all forenoon. Siesta after lunch and slept on so kept watch 5 – 6 and 7 – 8. Dark and rather cloudy night.
Th 20th Mar. On watch 8 – 9 and 10 – 11. On first period reported ‘object’ which was shark’s dorsal fin cutting the water. We were issued with civilian respirators. After dinner we had boat drill in darkness.
Fri 21st Mar. On watch again at 1 a.m. Rising crescent of dying moon looked red and ugly. I hailed gun deck, after persuasion by partner. No 4 also reported it. Took afternoon watch. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau reported at large.
Sat 22nd Mar. Morning watch. Voyage drags. Captain Robinson hints another week.
Sun 23rd Mar. Rather cloudy. Church at 10.30. Mon 24th Mar. Wind, choppy sea and squalls of rain in forenoon. Issued with oilskins and sou’wester for morning watch. Night watch suspended.
Tue 25th Mar. Cold, windy and squally with the ship riding bravely through heavy seas. I kept morning watch. First Aid lecture by Dr Dean in afternoon.
Wed 26th Mar. Took watch from 5 a.m. Very cold and rough. Creech stayed in bed most of day. I spent afternoon in bed. Heavy seas striking the side came into cabin by the ventilator.
Th 27th Mar. Wind and sea moderated & a sunny day, though cold. On watch from 4 – 5 only.
Fri 28th Mar. Nice day, cold but sunny. Captain not having meals in saloon after today. Took watch in afternoon. On deck several times to see wonderful display of Northern Lights. North star very high – 60 ° ?
Sat 29th Mar. Nice sunny day. On watch 8 – 12 a.m. and 8 – 12 p.m. About 11.15 a short blast on the siren caused considerable excitement but it was an accident !
Sun 30th Mar. A crisp sunny day. No service as all too busy. Some light snow showers during the day. At 12.30 when I was on watch the alarm was sounded but thank God it was a Lockheed Hudson, which flew around us all afternoon. Saw some distant ships and at night lighthouses on shore. Northern Lights on view again. Mon 31st Mar. On watch from 5 a.m. to 8 a.m. The sun was red over the snow-covered hills. We came amongst the rocks and islands of the Hebrides. Saw destroyer flotilla, aircraft etc. Damn cold on watch, we had snow showers later. Siesta after lunch. Night watch postponed. Tue 1st Apl. In Irish Sea; packed in morning. Got into Mersey about 1 o’c. Played bridge till the tenders took us ashore about 5 o’c.
(He then travelled to Manchester to his in-laws house and met my mother again for the first time in eight months; they slept in the cellar that night).
Transcribed by Michael Richardson. February 2013.
Michael Richardson also sent in the drawing his dad made of his cabin with a neat description.
Drawing
That is a very bad drawing, but actually it is a very nice cabin, and of course I have lots of room in it, as it is really meant for two persons. I’ve got clothes hangers galore, and hooks on the walls besides. We ‘black out’ at 6.30 (ships time), and the sun goes down very suddenly about 7o’c. There is little twilight. The officers are now dressed in whites. I’m running round in short (sic); the Daks are very neat, but I’m not keen on the blue. A khaki drill or linen pair would have been useful.
Michael comments: I see that there continue to be a few new comments on the website, but what would be really great would be to hear from any descendants of the two shipwrecked officers that my father mentioned.
I am grateful to William McKay for the photos and information below.
Bill McKay’s dad is on the left, the other chap is called’Paddy’
y father joined the Highland Chieftain in 1939 after training at Gravesend Sea School to be a steward. At some time he left the Highland Chieftain and ended up at Portsmouth in the Lasher which supplied the troopships with goods
Bill McKay’s dad is fifth from left.
After the war he went back to his native Scotland to Cruden Bay in Aberdeenshire where he did various jobs.Fish buyer,bus depot superintendent. In 1953 he went to work at Stewarts and Lloyds the steel manufacturer in Corby doing welding and oxygen pipefitting.The rest of his life was spent in Corby.
Card
Bill McKay’s Dad is 1st from left.
William has also provided this photo, which he is sure is the Captain of the Highland Chieftain with his family.
I am grateful to Brian Nash for providing the information and photo, below, of his Grandad, William (Bill) Rogan
Most people will be familiar with the poem of the Ancient Mariner, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in which disaster follows the death of an Albatross. This is the first time I have ever come across a modern counterpart. After a ten year absence, Bill Rogan, aged sixty one, went back to sea in 1959, in order to fulfil a promise to send money back each week, to his old shipmate ‘Spud’, who had lost a leg due to an illness. Unfortunately he chose a ship, the ‘Calpean Star’ that had a reputation as a ‘hoodoo’ ship.
This photo of Bill Rogan was taken on board the Calpean Star
The Calpean Star had arrived back in Liverpool from the Antartic with a baby albatross on board. Two days later it was dead. and that’s when the troubles started. First the ships generator broke down and had to be replaced, then there was a fight and some of the crew walked off the boat to be replaced with Norwegians. A bomb hoax and a fire alongside the ship swiftly followed, and nearly a year later, Lloyds of London reported an explosion aboard the ship, which flooded the engine room, drowning Bill Rogan. He left behind seven daughters and a son.
Clipping
One of his daughters, Mrs. Eileen Sage, said that all his friends tried to stop Bill from joining the ship, but he yearned to go back to the sea.
Agamemnon
HMS Agamemnon was a Royal Navy third-rate ship of the line with an armament of 64 guns.She was 160 feet long,44 feet in the beam and had a crew of 490 officers and men. She was laid down at Bucklers Hard on the Beaulieu River in the New Forest,and was launched on 10 April 1781. She served in the Fleet until 1809, when she was lost after running aground on a shoal in the mouth of the River Plate.
Launched during the American War of Independence, she was immediately put into commission. Initially destined for the East Indies, she sighted a large Franco-Spanish fleet in the Channel and returned home to report the news to the Admiralty.
H.M.S. Agamemnon
In December 1781, she was part of a squadron of 12 of the line under Rear-Admiral Kempenfelt that was sent out to intercept a French fleet and convoy expected to sail from Brest for the West Indies. Early in 1782 she was sent out to join the British fleet in the Leeward Islands, arriving in time to take part in the Battle of the Saintes. After the end of the American War, she was laid up in ordinary (at Chatham?) until the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793.
32 pounder.
In 1793, Agamemnon was recommissioned under Captain Horatio Nelson and sent out to join the Mediterranean Fleet under Lord Hood. It was during this command that Nelson lost the sight of his right eye at the siege of Calvi, Corsica, in 1794, and started on his road to glory.By 1796 she was worn out and returned home in the summer.
The crest on the top is still quite clear.
On 22 July 1805 Vice-Admiral Robert Calder was cruising off Cape Finisterre with a fleet of 15 of the line including Agamemnon, when the combined Franco-Spanish fleet from the West Indies was sighted to windward. The British ships formed into line with Agamemnon fifth in line and engaged the enemy in a thick fog. During the action Agamemnon, which had three wounded, and Windsor Castle lost a mast. By nightfall, with his fleet scattered across the ocean, Sir Robert made the signal to break off the action.
On 21 October 1805 Agamemnon, by then under the command of Sir Edward Berry, took part in the Battle of Trafalgar. In 1806 she took part in the Battle of San Domingo, and on 20 June 1809, while putting into the River Plate in a storm, she grounded on an unmarked reef and was lost, though without loss of life.
In 1993 the wreck was located north of Gorriti Island in Maldonado Bay. Expeditions led by Mensun Bound have documented the remains and recovered a number of artifacts of which this cannon is one.
The Vasa and P.E.G.
When the vasa was hauled out of the sea she had to be drenched in a solution called polyethylene glycol, P.E.G. This became the standard for later salvage attempts like the mary Rose. How does it work? Well this extremely interesting article published in the New Scientist tells you all you could wish to know.
New Scientist Article
IT WAS one of the great finds of the 20th century. The Vasa, the pride of the Swedish navy, heeled over and sank on its maiden voyage in 1628, drowning about a third of the 150 crew – and the ship’s cat – in the catastrophe. Yet when the warship was discovered over 300 years later it was almost completely intact. Conditions at the bottom of Stockholm’s harbour where it sank were perfect for preserving the ship’s timber. The Vasa was salvaged in 1961 and has been carefully preserved in its own museum. Today this stunning ship – complete with masts, over 700 wooden sculptures and the world’s oldest sail – is Stockholm’s biggest tourist attraction.
But despite years of careful preservation, archaeologists have suddenly discovered that the warship is under attack from an enemy just as destructive as those it was originally designed to face. The very chemicals being used to preserve the ship have helped trigger a reaction in its timbers that is generating sulphuric acid on a vast scale. The ship’s oak planks and beams may already have 2 tonnes of acid in them, and if the reaction continues unchecked, the vessel could eventually begin to crumble away. And this problem isn’t unique to the Vasa. Recent studies show that other wooden ships salvaged from the seabed, including the Mary Rose at Portsmouth and the Batavia in Fremantle, Western Australia, are suffering the same problem. The discovery raises fundamental questions about the conservation of waterlogged wood. How can we hope to save the ships around the world that are threatened by acid attack? Is there a better way of conserving waterlogged wood so it can be exhibited in museums? Or would it be better to excavate a wreck, examine it where it lies and then simply rebury it with silt and sand? These are hugely important questions.
According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) there are 3 million undiscovered wrecks on the ocean floor. Most of them are wooden ships and all of them contain valuable wooden artefacts. This is an enormous slice of human history, the rotting remains of thousands of swashbuckling yarns. The Queen Anne’s Revenge, for example, thought to be the flagship of the notorious pirate Blackbeard, was found off North Carolina in 1996. The Spanish Main is littered with similar hulks. About 850 ships have foundered around the Azores alone since 1522. And there are ancient vessels dotted all over the Mediterranean. While many of these wrecks have been smashed by storms or eaten away by shipworm – the creature that rapidly destroys submerged wood – the Vasa was more fortunate. It had settled gently into the sediment at the bottom of the harbour and the Baltic’s brackish waters aren’t salty enough to sustain shipworm. The only real damage was caused by motorised anchors which had clawed away some of the ship’s timbers.
The Vasa was also the first major shipwreck to be treated with what was then a new technique for conserving wood. Wood that has been submerged for centuries is very fragile because the cellulose in the cell walls of the timber is eaten away by bacteria. It is also saturated with water: when the Vasa was raised every kilogram of wood contained 1.5 kilograms of water. However, the structure could have collapsed had it been allowed to dry out, so the water was replaced with polyethylene glycol (PEG), which takes the place of the missing cellulose and helps to strengthen the wood. Small artefacts can be simply soaked in a bath of the stuff. Larger objects need a different approach – a slow drenching that gently removes all traces of water. So the Vasa was sprayed with a solution of PEG for 17 years. The treatment proved so successful that it has now become the standard way of conserving waterlogged wood.
The first signs of a problem appeared in 2000. After a humid summer, museum staff noticed powdery deposits on the surface of some of the ship’s planks. So they called in Magnus Sandström, professor of structural chemistry at Stockholm University. He discovered that an unexpected reaction in the timbers was generating sulphuric acid (see “The acid test”). From samples of the ship’s timber, Sandström estimated that the timbers already contained 2 tonnes of acid. And if the reaction continues unchecked, he adds, it will eventually generate a further 6 tonnes of sulphuric acid, which would eat away at the wood. We don’t know how fast it’s breaking the wood down, says Sandström. “It may take 5, or who knows, 50 years before the damage is too severe for the wood to be treated.” Sandström’s immediate concern is to neutralise the sulphuric acid that has built up in the Vasa and to halt the reaction so that no more is formed. Wood does not naturally contain high levels of sulphur. The problem began on the seabed when bacteria in the sediment ran short of oxygen. “If they do not have oxygen,” says Sandström, “they take it from sulphate ions in seawater.” The bacteria reduced the sulphate ions to hydrogen sulphide, which worked its way into the timber and ended up as sulphur.
In the Vasa’s case this was compounded because the growing city of Stockholm treated the harbour as a sewer. In common with other wooden ships the Vasa contained a lot of iron, from bolts and nails to the metal fittings of muskets and cannon balls. Most of the metal corroded when the ship was on the seabed, leaving iron deposits that turned the ship’s oak planking black. When the vessel was restored, the 5500 one-metre-long bolts that held it together were replaced with new iron bolts. But PEG corrodes iron and the continuous spray treatment helped carry the iron deeper into the timber, where it catalysed a reaction between sulphur and water (from moisture in the air), forming sulphuric acid. “It was an unfortunate combination,” says Sandström. “They didn’t know that at the time.” The result is that some parts of the Vasa are extremely acidic: tests in April this year found pHs between 1 and 3.5 at 850 points around the ship. Sandström has already tried spraying the timber to neutralise the sulphuric acid. However the problem is complicated because the museum does not want to close its main attraction, so any spray treatment cannot pose even the smallest threat to public health.
“Technically it can be done,” says Sandström. “We will do it in sections, one part at a time.” His priority is to find a way of halting the acid attack and preventing the rest of the sulphur in the ship from turning into acid. The museum plans to remove the new iron bolts from the ship, but they will only be able to take out about half of them, because as the ship settled down in its new environment the wood shrank and moved, locking many of the bolts in place. And removing even half the bolts will weaken the 60-metre-long vessel. “We will have to make a cradle for the ship to support it,” says Sandström. The bolts will be replaced, possibly with ones of titanium or carbon fibre. Sandström also hopes to stop the remaining iron compounds in the wood from catalysing the acid reaction by preventing oxygen reaching the sulphur. He is also considering using chelating agents – chemicals that lock up the iron as an inert complex. This should help stop the iron from catalysing the acid reaction.
The bad news for archaeologists is that the same problem almost certainly affects most wooden wrecks salvaged from the sea. Sandström has already discovered that the Mary Rose, Henry VIII’s flagship that sank in Portsmouth harbour in 1545, also contains high levels of sulphur. Its hull is still being sprayed with PEG in its Portsmouth museum. Problems down under High levels of sulphur have also been found in the wreck of the Dutch ship Batavia, which sank off the coast of Western Australia in 1629. Part of the wreck is now preserved in the Western Australia Maritime Museum in Fremantle. “The Batavia has a lot of sulphur in it,” says Sandström, who has analysed cores taken from the ship. The Batavia also has very high levels of iron. In all, Sandström has found signs of the problem in almost all the wrecks he has tested – including three still on the seabed. In fact the only one that he has found which is effectively free of sulphur is the Bremen Cog – a 14th century trader that sank in the freshwater of the river Weser.
Ironically, because only part of the Batavia survived, it will be easier to protect from sulphuric acid than the Vasa. The Batavia was salvaged plank by plank and only reassembled in the museum, while the huge hull of the Vasa is intact, and many parts of the ship’s structure are inaccessible. Currently the Western Australia Maritime Museum is keeping the Batavia stable by controlling humidity levels around the ship. “But this is a very expensive thing to do,” says Ian Godfrey of the museum. “For the Batavia the running costs are A$100,000 a year.” Meanwhile small objects from the Vasa will be soaked in an alkali such as sodium bicarbonate to neutralise the acid. Then they will be treated with either more PEG, or with silicone oil. This latter process has a number of variations. Essentially the wood is soaked in ethyl alcohol to remove the water and then acetone to remove the alcohol. It is then soaked in silicone oil with a “cross linker”, methyl trimethoxysilane, to promote polymerisation.
According to Wayne Smith of Texas A&M University, who developed the use of silicone for conserving wood, the result is an artefact that looks like wood, handles like wood and doesn’t need any expensive environmental controls to ensure its stability. The polymer should act as a barrier to oxygen, and computer modelling of accelerated wear tests carried out on silicone-treated wood show that it will be 250 years before it needs treating again, he says. However, the use of silicone oil on wooden artefacts is highly controversial. Many museum conservators dislike the technique because the silicone forms a permanent bond with the wood. Smith dismisses these concerns. He says that PEG also bonds with wood. “There is no such thing as a totally reversible process. Reversibility is never the issue. Retreatability and long-term stability is. Polyethylene glycol is a loose cannon.”
Unfortunately the silicone treatment isn’t cheap. It is roughly three-and-a-half times more expensive than the PEG treatment (which includes the cost of controlling the museum environment). And the size of the vat required to treat an object is also a limiting factor. The biggest thing that Smith has treated so far is a sea chest. Nevertheless he points to a success that would be difficult to emulate with any other technique. Researchers at the university treated a wicker basket full of cannon balls salvaged from the wreck of La Belle, a ship lost off the coast of Texas in 1686. The wicker was weak and the basket was full of silt as well as cannon balls. “It was a mess,” says Smith. So they soaked the lot in silicone and once it was stable, “we just brushed off the dirt”, says Smith, “and excavated the cannon balls.” In December 2001, UNESCO recommended that the best long-term solution for most wrecks was not to try and conserve them out of the water but simply to rebury them once archaeologists have explored the site and recorded the remains. This is partly because of the unresolved problems with conserving waterlogged timber, but also due to the sheer number of sites: conserving all these wrecks out of water would be prohibitively expensive.
“It’s a huge problem trying to raise the money to conserve ships,” says David Gregory, who leads a team at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen researching reburial techniques. The Western Australia Maritime Museum, for example, recently drew up a plan to salvage the James Miller, a former slave trader that sank outside Fremantle in 1841, but abandoned it when the project’s sponsors decided it was too expensive. “Until the problem of conservation is resolved, it is probably best left where it is,” says Godfrey. Yet leaving shipwrecks where they are has its drawbacks. Shipworm, as well as divers searching for buried treasure, can damage sites. Even attempts to clean up the environment can backfire: the heavily polluted waters of Stockholm’s harbour helped preserve the Vasa since the lack of oxygen killed the bacteria that would have eaten away its timbers. But since the 1940s the water quality of the harbour has improved dramatically. Salmon were reintroduced in 1970. If the Vasa had been left where it sank, the cleaner waters in the harbour would have accelerated its deterioration. Who knows how much of the ship and its precious contents would have been lost forever.
From issue 2363 of New Scientist magazine, 05 October 2002, page 38 The acid test The crucial breakthrough in the Vasa’s chemistry came when Farideh Jalilehvand at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory in California analysed a series of 10-centimetre-long cores from the ship’s planks. By grinding up samples taken from different depths in the wood and subjecting them to X-ray spectroscopy, Jalilehvand and Sandström found prominent absorption peaks corresponding to elemental sulphur and sulphate ions – with a smaller peak probably due to iron sulphide. And where the sulphate peak was large the sulphur peak was correspondingly smaller. Things started to fall into place. Sulphur was being oxidised to form sulphuric acid (H2SO4): 2S + O2 + 2H2O = 2H2SO4 One of the reasons that the problem did not emerge sooner was that the Vasa was also sprayed with borax to kill wood eating bacteria. But borax is alkaline and helped to neutralise the sulphuric acid. The 5 tonnes of borax sprayed onto the Vasa would have neutralised about 1.3 tonnes of sulphuric acid.
Sandström realised that iron catalysed the oxidation of sulphur to sulphuric acid – and that polyethylene glycol was corroding the iron and spreading it throughout the vessel. To try and solve the problem, he is testing the long-term stability of two chelating agents – chemicals that form a very strong bond with iron and its compounds and effectively makes them inert. Both of the chemicals, EDMA and DTPA, are derivatives of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. EDMA, which is often used to control the take-up of iron by orange and lemon trees, is about a million times more effective than DTPA – but the iron-EDMA complex has a reddish colour. This may make it unsuitable for use on some objects whose appearance is important, although the colour change is a useful indicator that the iron has been chelated. “I think EDMA is the one we will use for the treatment of small objects,” says Sandström. “But we may spray the hull with DTPA.”
S130 E Boat
S-130
E boats were much more than just fast torpedo attack boats, they were in reality a scaled down warship. Heavily armed and extremely fast (in excess of 34 knots) they could cause immense damage to much larger enemy ships and escape unharmed. Called E boats by the British they should be more properly called Schenell-Boote or S boats. The last surviving seaworthy example of this class is at the moment (2008) languishing at Mashfords Yard near the Cremyll Ferry in Cornwall.
S-130 at Mashfords Yard 2007
I am not all that fond of preserving things just to do it. There is a perfectly good example of an E boat at Bremerhaven, but that’s a museum piece. This boat, the S 130 however has a fantastic history that would be hard to invent, and since the object of the exercise is to restore the boat so that it can once again take to the water, then I am all for it.
S-130 in the shed.
Built at the Johan Schlighting boatyard in Travemude, the S 130 was commissioned on Oct 21st 1943, under the command of Oberleutnant zur see Gunter Rabe, with the call sign Raven. At first she operated out of Rotterdam into the North Sea but soon switched to Cherbourgh to patrol the Western and Central Channel areas. During the beginning of 1944 she conducted many savage night actions and then became embroiled in the Allied, Operation Tiger, probably the biggest cock up that the British and Americans had so far made at sea. Operation Tiger was a full scale rehearsal for the American attack on Utah Beach during the forth coming D. Day landings. On the 27th April a German recognisance plane spotted the convoy off Slapton Sands in Devon and vectored two flotillas of E boats to the area. Meanwhile due to a communications mix up British escorting destroyers were removed from the convoy, leaving just a small force of M.T.B.s to cover the exercise. ( click here to read my article in ‘Tombstones’)
Looks like the Galley
At just after one o’clock in the morning in the pitch dark, the E boats, steaming at over 36 knots fell gleefully upon the convoy sinking two landing craft drowning over six hundred men and causing such chaos in the dark, that the Americans started shooting at each other’s landing crafts, killing and wounding soldiers who by now must have thought they were in hell with the night sky lit up by the burning ships and the cry’s of the wounded and dying. The E boats got away scot free leaving over six hundred and thirty nine Americans dead or missing, four times the casualty list when they did the real thing on D.Day. The dead washed in on the tide all along the coast and were buried in unmarked mass graves to hush it all up.
Some original controls.
The S 130 helped to attack the Allied Fleet on D.Day, and as the Allies stormed ever onwards towards Germany she took part in the long retreat eventually ending up in Rotterdam as the War came to its final end. Taken as a British War Prize the S 130 was used for test purposes and re-engined to give a new top speed of 45 knots. It was then decided to deploy the vessel, with other captured E boats, to British occupied Germany to spy on the Russian Fleet. The boats photographed the Russian ships and gathered huge amounts of intelligence, and if they were spotted all they had to do was roar off at high speed. The Russians had nothing fast enough to catch them. Later in 1949, she was used to insert agents into the Baltic States.
There should be three engines.
During this time the British recruited ex German Navy officers to run the boats with mostly German crew. The most notable of these was Hans Helmut Klose who later commanded a unit that landed agents on the coast to link up with the local partisans who harried the Russians in Poland, Latvia, and Estonia. He was so successful that the unit became known in secret circles as The Klose Fast patrol Group. After its success in inserting and more importantly, retrieving agents, MI6 decided to create a more permanent organization in 1951 which it ran until 1955, when due to leaky intelligence within MI6 and others, over forty agents were caught by the Russians who either sentenced them or turned them into double agents.
Interestingly all this joint operations with the ex German officers laid the foundation of what is now the German Navy’s Schnellbootflotille. In the spring of 1956 the units were abandoned and the boats including S 130, were handed back to the Germans where they were used as high speed training vessels. Most of their crews joined the German Navy, including Klose who retired in 1978 with the rank of Vice Admiral. S 130 continued to be a training vessel until 1991 when she was paid off in Willemshaven. She then became a houseboat until she was acquired by her present owners for restoration in 2003.
If you want to know more about the subjects below, click the links
Albatross: This ship was 210 tons and 107 ft long, and was built in Svelvik, Norway in 1921 as a whale catcher, but was later converted to sealing.
Albatross
Dias: This boat is an historically important vessel. She was built as a steam trawler in Beverly, England in 1906, and was originally called the Viola. She was 108 ft long and 167 tons. At first she worked out of Hull, but during the First World War she was commandeered for minesweeping and patrol duties in the North Sea. After the war she was sold to Norwegian owners and renamed Kapduen and became one of the first Norwegian trawlers.
Abandoned side by side.
After a few years she was converted to a whale catcher at Sandefjord, Norway and arrived at Gritviken in 1927 where she was employed as a whale catcher and then a sealer until 1964. She even served as a supply vessel for relieving the Argentine weather station on Laurie Island in the South Orkneys.
Dias
Gritviken Petrel
Whalecatcher Petrel.
The whale catcher Petrel (245 tons and 115 ft) was built in Oslo, Norway in 1928. She was one of the first whale catchers to have a catwalk so that the gunner could run from the bridge to the harpoon gun. She was converted for sealing in 1956 and the gun and catwalk removed. (the gun on it now is a recent addition). Each summer the Petrel visited the beaches around South Georgia and collected the cargo’s of seal blubber.
Petrel with part of the floating dock showing.
Gritviken Overview
Gritviken (the word is Swedish for Pot Cove) is the principle settlement in the UK territory of South Georgia in the South Atlantic. It was so named by a 1902 Swedish surveyor who found four old English try pots used to render seal oil at the site.
The abandoned whaleing station.
It is the best harbour on the island, consisting of a bay, ,King Edward Cove,within a bay, Cumberland East bay. The site is very sheltered, provides a substantial area of flat land suitable for building on, and has a good supply of fresh water.
One of the Try pots found at the original settlement.
The settlement at Gritviken was established on November 16, 1904, by the Norwegian sea captain Carl Anton Larson as a whaling station for his company The Argentine Fishing Company. It was extremely successful with 195 whales taken in the first season alone. The whaler’s utilized every part of the animals. The blubber, meat, bones and viscera were cooked to extract the oil and the bones and meat were turned into fertilizer and fodder.
Looking out from the abandoned whaling station.
Elephant seals were also hunted for their blubber. Around three hundred men worked at the station during its heyday, operating during the southern summer from October to march. A few remained over the winter to maintain the boats and factory. Every few months a transport ship would bring essential supplies to the station and take away the oil and other produce. The following year the Argentine Government established a meteorological station.
Carl Larson
Carl Larson the founder of Gritviken was a naturalized Briton born in Sandefjord, Norway and he had his wife, three daughters and two sons with him at the whaling station. As the manager of the Company, Larson organized the building of Gritviken, a remarkable undertaking accomplished by a team of sixty Norwegians since their arrival on 16 November until the newly built whale oil factory commenced production on 24 December 1904. Larson chose the whaling station’s site during his 1902 visit whilst in command of the ship ‘Antarctic’ of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1901-1903) led by Otto Nordenskjold.
Fur seal (they hunted these).
On that occasion, the name Gritviken was given by the Swedish archaeologist John Gunnar Andersson who surveyed part of Thatcher Peninsular and found numerous artefacts from sealers including several try pots that were used to boil the seal oil.
King penguin.
Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often lived together with their families. Amongst their offspring was Solveig Jacobson who had the distinction of being the first child ever to be born in Antarctica on 8 October 1903.
Small elephant seals (hunted these as well).
Remains of the ovens for boiling the blubber.
The whale population in the sea’s around Gritviken was substantially reduced over the following sixty years until the station was closed in December 1966 by which time the whale stocks were so reduced that it became uneconomical. Some estimate that in that time over sixty thousand whales were destroyed. Even today the shore around Gritviken is littered with whale bones and the rusting remains of the whale oil processing plants and the abandoned whaling ships.
Gritviken
I have always wanted to go to Gritviken, as it is were the great Polar explorer, Shackleton is buried (see my article about him in the Tombstones section.) Also the abandoned whaling station is very evocative of those (not so) far off days. That sort of existance seems a world away from me popping in on my cruise ship.
Elephant seal by rotting workboat.
All around are the rusting remains of old processing plants and of course the wrecks of the old whalecatchers. The area also abounds with elephant seals, fur seals, penguins and a huge amount of birds.
Gritviken, nestling at the foot of the mountains.
Its a stunning place with dramatic scenery. We were here in the summer with only small ice bergs in the bay. But in winter we would have been lucky to get ashore, as the ice comes right out and the buildings are almost buried in the snow.
Gritviken Floating Dock
Actually this is now resting on the bottom but shows quite clearly. The dock was built in 1928. The idea was that she went out to the whale catchers in the bay and they towed the whale carcasses onto the partly submerged dock.
The Floating Dock.
This was then towed back to the slip where the whale was dragged of with heavy hooks and chains and cut up on the slip. Made the whole process of unloading quicker, and let the Catch boats get back to the whales.
Carving the whale up on the slip.
Gives you some idea of the size of these whales.
S.S. Great Britain
The SS. Great Britain, built in 1843 at the Great Western Docks in Bristol was a truly innovative vessel. Designed by the great I.K. Brunel, she was the worlds first iron hulled, steam powered, propeller driven ocean going ship, and was designed to serve the ever expanding trans-Atlantic luxury passenger trade. Originally conceived as a paddle steamer, the ships builders soon realized the enormous advantages of the new technology of screw propulsion and had her engines converted to power a sixteen foot iron propeller.
The Great Brunel.
When the SS. Great Britain was launched she was the largest ship in the world weighing in at a colossal 1930 tons. Her maiden voyage to New York on 26 July 1845 was completed in an astounding fourteen days and showed her ability to do safe and speedy passages. Although she could take up to 252 passengers served by 130 crew, her voyages did not generate much money for her owners as they had miscalculated the demand for their services. When the Great Britain ran aground at Dundrum Bay in Northern Ireland in 1846, her engines were ruined and the expense of re-floating her so drained the finances of her owners that she was sold to Gibbs Bright and Company, who used her to great effect on the Australian run.
S.S. Great Britain
Gold had been recently discovered over there and so the Great Britain was remodelled as a fast luxury emigrant carrier and her accommodation was rebuilt to accommodate 750 passengers. Between 1855 and 1856 the British Government chartered the ship to transport troops to and from the Crimea War. Over 44000 troops were carried during the course of the conflict. Later she was again chartered to carry troops, this time to quell the Indian Mutiny. In 1861 she carried the very first English cricket team to tour Australia. The tour was a great success with England playing twelve games of which she won six, drew four and only lost two.
Aground in Dundrum Bay
By the late 1870’s the SS. Great Britain was starting to show her age, and her owners could no longer keep their full registration as a passenger vessel. However because she had a sleek hull and low profile she could easily be converted to a three masted ‘clipper’ ship. With her engines removed and her spar deck torn off she was unrecognisable as the ship that had been launched all those years ago in 1843. Still she was still useful and could earn money for her owners and this she did by transporting coal from Wales to San Francisco. On her third trip she ran into trouble off Cape Horn and ran for the safety of Port Stanley in the Falkland Islands. Unfortunately for the Great Britain, the cost of repairing her was not deemed economic and so she was sold off for use as a coal and wool storage hulk and remained in Port Stanley.
Abandoned in the Falkland Islands.
Here she remained all through the First World War. Coal from her holds helped refuel H.M.S. Invincible and Inflexible before the decisive Battle of the Falklands in December 1914 which saw the destruction of the German battle cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. By 1938 the Great Britain’s hull was no longer watertight and she was towed a short distance from Port Stanley to Sparrow Cove where holes were cut in her hull and she was abandoned.
But the story doesn’t end there. People always loved this ship and recognised her historic significance. Unsuccessful salvage attempts were mounted in the 1930’s and 1960’s and during the Second World War bits of her were raffled off to raise money to build Spitfires. 1967 saw the start of what in the end turned out to be the successful attempt, when a naval architect called Dr. Ewan Corlett wrote to the Times about his ambition to bring the great ship back to Bristol. After many false starts plans were laid and surveys done but money remained the biggest problem. In the end a millionaire philanthropist called Jack Hayward (known popularly as ‘Union Jack’) said that ‘he would see the ship home’, and so finally things started to move.
Being towed on the barge.
Unfortunately when the ship was fully surveyed prior to being towed home it was found that the hull was not strong enough to survive the journey. What to do? The salvors, Risdon Beasley came up with the idea of a submersible pontoon that could be placed under the ships hull then pumped out to lift the ship clear of the water. The pontoon would then effectively become a barge with the Great Britain stuck fast on top. On April 7 1970, most of the population of the Falkland Islands turned out to see the old ship start her epic voyage. At first the winds were savage and the sea exceedingly rough, but by the time the ship reached Montivideo all was calm.
Home at last.
As the tug Varius, commanded by Capt. Herzog, towed the barge with her precious cargo at a sedate five knots past Rio and onwards to Reciefe in Brazil the Atlantic Ocean beckoned. The weather remained kind to the Great Britain on the crossing and on June 18th she rounded Cape Finistere and was finally back in her home waters. On July 19th she triumphantly cruised up the Avon and slid into the dock where 127 years to the day, she was first launched by Prince Albert, Queen Victoria’s Consort.
In 1970,the BBC’s Chronicle programme, did a great report on how the ship was saved.Just click the link below to see it.
Crackington Haven E boat S89
Crackington Haven is a small village on the North Cornish coast situated between Bude and Boscastle, and easily reached from the A39. Once it was a small port importing limestone and coal and exporting slate and local produce. As the other ports in the area like Port Isaac increased in importance Crackington Haven declined and became a sleepy seaside village. In the terrible floods of 2004 that almost destroyed Boscastle, Crackington Haven fared almost as badly with its main bridge being washed away and many of the houses and the local pub being severely damaged. However all is mostly repaired now, and you would hardly know it had happened.
Crackington Haven.
To the right of the small beach is ‘High Cliff’ with a sheer drop of 735ft which takes its name from the fact that it is Cornwall’s highest cliff. Apparently Thomas Hardy used to love to walk all around this area. Our E boat thankfully, is to the left of the beach in Tremoutha Haven about half a mile from Crackington Haven. The Coast Path is well signed and at low tide you can see the E boat remains from the top of the cliffs. If you want to get down to the beach to have a good look it won’t be easy. There are no paths leading down, but at a very low tide you can just about walk around on the rocks from Crackington Haven.
High Cliff
Failing that, go past the remains until you come to a wooden bridge over a small river (more a trickle) and clamber down there. It is not for the faint hearted because the cliffs are very steep, so if in doubt, don’t bother. Once on the beach you will find it more of a boulder field which makes for tiring walking but once you get to the debris field its well worth it. There are three huge engines, a prop shaft and some gearbox and crankshaft assembly’s all grouped in one area. Scattered around are various bits of metal almost hidden amongst the rocks.
S 89 aground
As you contemplate the strenuous return journey it might seem a lot of effort but the views from above and below the cliffs are stunning, and the rocks have some really interesting markings on them showing where the rock has been forced up under huge pressure. Once you get your breath back its well worth walking up to the top of ‘High Cliff’. You will see immediately why Thomas hardy loved it so much.
You can see the remains in the far bay from the cliffs.
After all that exercise you will be ready for a spot of lunch and the local pub The Coombe Barton Inn is just the place to go. Parts of the pub are over 200 years old and it was originally built for the ‘Captain’ of the slate quarry. Try one of their great pasties washed down with a pint of Sharpes Doombar, it will make your legs ache a lot less. All in all a good day out
Maps of Tremoutha Haven and Crackington Haven.
The green star is the wreck.
History of the S 89
S 89 was one of sixteen S boats ( it means Schnell-boote, only us Brits call them E boats, a catch all name for ‘Enemy Boats’ ) ordered by the German navy on 3 Jan 1941 from the shipbuilder F. Lurssen of Vegesack in Bremen. She was nearly 35 m long, 5.28 in the beam and displaced 112 tonnes when fully loaded. She was made of timber over an aluminium alloy frame, had three huge Daimler Benz engines each developing 2050 hp driving three shafts, and had a top speed of 39 knots. The S 89 was armed with four torpedos, two guns, one back and front and some machine guns. A very tough customer indeed.
One of three engines to be found.
After working up in the Baltic in 1943 she was assigned to the 2nd S Boat Flotilla working mainly out of Ijmuidn, but also Ostend and sometimes Cherbourg. One night in Oct 1943, S 89 was in company with some other S boats off Cromer when they were surprised by the destroyer H.M.S. Worcester and S 89 was damaged in the ensuing fight. However she got away and was repaired in less than ten days and was ready for another round of dangerous encounters in the North Sea. In 1944 things were getting a bit fraught in the Black Sea and Admiral Donitz decided to send four S boats including S 89, to bolster up the German naval forces there.
These engines developed 2050hp.
In order to get to the Black Sea the boats faced a daunting journey by river and land. They started at Hamburg, first off all having their engines and all other main equipment removed to lighten the load on the road journey. The boats were then towed up the River Elbe to Dresden where they were loaded onto massive eight axle trailers for the start of their 450 km journey overland to Ingolstadt in Germany. Here they were off loaded into the River Danube and towed to a shipyard at Linz in Austria where all their engines and main fittings were replaced. By July the work was completed and the convoy of S boats left the boatyard to continue their 1250 km voyage down the Danube to the Port of Sukina on the Black Sea.
The main debris field.
Unfortunately for Donitz as the boats were on the last leg, the Russians renewed their offensive against the German and Rumanian forces. So fierce was the battle that the Rumanians capitulated and the S89 became involved in helping to fight a rearguard action. Another boat S 86 was mined and severely damaged but S 89 managed to take her in tow and successfully evaded the Russians to get them both safely back to Linz. She then did the same journey in reverse ending back at Hamburg where she joined the 1st training Flotilla.
Big boulders make for tiring walks
Not much is known about the rest of her service, but since she was operating in the Baltic and the war was coming to its end, it’s more than likely that she spent most of her time evacuating German troops and civilians ahead of the advancing Russian army. At the end of the war she surrendered herself, probably at Willemshaven, and as a war prize proceeded under her own steam across the North Sea to H.M.S. Hornet which was acting as a central depot for all these craft.
Part of a gear box?
With no real use for her the S 89 was going to be taken out and used as a target. To this end she was on tow to Wales, when on the 5 Oct 1946 she broke free of her tow in heavy weather and ran ashore in Tremoutha Haven. Before she could be re-floated more bad weather pushed her further up the beach and she started to break up and soon became a total loss.
Chancellor
If you drive from Rame Head back towards Tregantle you will come across Freathy and a large car park. Now don’t go down the path opposite because at the bottom are some steep rocks that block your entrance to the bit of beach you need. Instead, come out of the car park and turn left and walk up the road about 400 yards where you will see a footpath clearly marked. This will take you down to near Withnoe Point which is were, at low tide, you will find the remains of the steam trawler Chancellor half buried in the sand. So what happened to her?
Looking back to Withnoe Point.
On Monday 15th January 1934, the steam trawler Chancellor set sail from Plymouth bound for a few days fishing around the Eddystone. On the Wednesday the weather had got increasingly worse, and the Chancellor set off for home surrounded by thick fog and in the teeth of a south westerly gale. After a couple of hours the skipper, who could not see his hand in front of his face, was amazed to hit a rock.
The Chancellor.
Actually he had hit the bottom of Withnoe Point near Portwrinkle. Luckily the boat got wedged in between a gully which stopped it being completely turned over by the mountainous waves. The skipper ordered all eight of the crew on deck and let off all his flares. Fear full that they had not been seen, he then ordered all the bedding to be burned, and most of the crews clothes as well.
The crew of the Plymouth lifeboat ‘Robert and Marcella Beck.
The Plymouth Lifeboat turned up, but in the huge surf could not get close enough to get the men off. Fortunately the Portwrinkle Livesaving Crew managed to rig up a breaches buoy, and were so efficient that they managed to get all the crew off in under an hour. For the Chancellor however there were to be no miracles. Soon she went to pieces and her remains were scattered along the beach where you can still see them today.
There is still quite a bit of wreckage buried deep in the sand.
There is still quite a bit of wreckage buried deep in the sand.
There is still quite a bit of wreckage buried deep in the sand.
Who We Are
As you’ve probably guessed, Submerged Productions is run for fun rather than profit. Submerged Productions is essentially a cottage industry, run by myself along with a lot of support and encouragement from my wife Joyce and the invaluable help of my dive partners – Sound Diving’s Steve Carpenter, Dave "My Flower" Page, Brasso Brassington, now sadly removed to the wilds of Nottingham, Pete Hearn who also keeps the boat running,and Geof Skinner who keeps the whole show on the road with endless cups of tea and practical help. A later addition was the incomparable Sally Tyler who is a marine biologist and worked for the D.D.R.C. Luckily for her she escaped our clutches and ran off to marry a nice policeman and have a family. The latest person to join the crew is Peter Rowlands, a superb underwater photographer and contributor to many publications.
Geoff Skinner and Peter Mitchell.
I also received a wealth of research tips and treasures from Steve Johnson, John Benhenha, Dick Larn, George Sandford and Al Down,and most importantly Gordon Crimp who was invaluable in the early days.
Peter Rowlands
Without the help of Roger Webber I would have never found the A7 in the days before sats or some of the other wrecks in this site. I am also very grateful for other dive skippers like Richard King and Dick Linford who freely share their information on different dive sites.
Sally Tyler and Dave Page.
While I’d naturally be delighted if you bought any of my books and videos, all I really hope is that you enjoy the information on this site and that it contributes in some small way to your enjoyment of diving.
Forthcoming
The Fatal shore
Most of the shipwrecks along the Westcountry coast have come to grief by hitting the shore. Hundreds of ships wrecked, and thousands of poor souls drowned. This video tells their stories, and visits some of the wrecks underwater.
The Eddystone Reef
This is a working title as I am still not sure what to call this film. Its about the Eddystone reef and how it was formed, what lives there, and all the wrecks that have come too grief on its famous rocks. I also want to weave in the story of the Eddystone lighthouses as well, so its a big project.
Scylla
I am in no hurry about this one as I want to see the effects of a bad storm on this wreck. However we have started filming so we can get all the changes, especially as the fish arrive.
I followed this ship around when I was in the ‘Mob’ so I am quite interested in her history. I actually dida couple of diving jobs on her, so its a bit wierd to see her now.
This project is not iminent as I want to see the effects of a bad winter on the wreck. But I followed this ship around when I was in the ‘Mob@
Sunderland Flying Boats
If you look across the Cattewater from the Barbican you can see the huge hangars that used to be part of R.A.F. Mountbatten.The whole site was handed back to the Council some years ago, and now thriving marine businesses occupy the hangars and yuppie housing occupies the land where the air base used to be. R.A.F. Mountbatten has virtually disappeared, its task completed and the past bravery and sacrifice of its various aircrews are now just fading memories.
Mountbatten during the War.
There are several articles . The first one is about the salvage of a wrecked Sunderland and the re-uniting of it, and the crew. The second is the extraordinary tale of Capt. Frederick Thornton Peters who died in the above aircrash. The third is a gallery of photos from a relative, Flight Sgt W. Granger, who served at Mountbatten in aircraft maintenance. The fourth is about Lawrence of Arabia’s time at Mountbatten and his involvement in the development of the RAF rescue boats.
Skaala
During the Great War the opposing armies soon became locked in the bloody stalemate of trench warfare. Each few precious yards won from the enemy exacted a terrible toll in human lives, and soon it became obvious that any victory on land would be nigh on impossible without some major destruction of the enemies supply lines. The Allies had the iron shield of the British Navy, unbeaten since Trafalgar. But the Germans, unwilling to run the risk of a full blown war at sea perfected another weapon, the undersea boat, and this nearly cost the Allies the war. Dismissed by the British as a weapon of no account, the German Navy used these boats to great advantage and all but secured the downfall of the Royal Navy by rendering her much vaunted Dreadnoughts so impotent that they were mostly reduced to hiding in the remote fastness of Scapa Flow.
Cramped,frail, and dangerous to operate, the Captains of these U.boats often became national heroes, and even our own respected their courage and skill. However for a U-boat Captain to gain honors he had to sink ships and one of the favorite killing grounds was the area between Start Point and the Eddystone. Nearly all the convoys had to pass this way and all the U. Boat had to do was wait for a dark night and choose the slowest target. Christmas Day 1917 had passed quietly for the crew of UB.35. Carols had been sung and Captain Stoter had issued a round of schnapps from his own private stock to his crew. So far their trip had been quite successful and morale was high because they had just received orders to patrol the lucrative area between the Eddystone and Start Point. There were high hopes of more sinkings to come. On the evening of the following day, December 26, UB.35 was lying quietly on the surface, her silhouette hidden by the gloom of the land, when her Captain spotted a vessel approaching. That ship was the Norwegian steamer the Skaala.
Its dark down here.
Built in 1906 by the Bergens Mek, Vaterksted of Norway, the Skaala was 229 feet long with a beam of 35 feet and displaced somel129 tons. En-route from Port Talbot to Rouen she was carrying a cargo of coal briquettes. As she steamed slowly past Bolt Head, Captain Stoter made his preparations carefully and maneuvered his vessel into a position where he could use his bow tubes. All he then had to do was wait and count. As the Skaala unknowingly sailed straight into his sights, the U-Boat Captain ordered one torpedo loosed and the other made ready. His caution was not needed. U.B.35’s first torpedo sped silently towards the Skaala and burst fair and square on her starboard side. Mortally hit the Skaala started to settle and all her crew, save one killed in the explosion, abandoned ship and took to the lifeboats.
U.B.35, satisfied that its work was done, crept away in the dark and made ready to stalk yet another victim. Today the Skaala lies more or less upright on a bed of sand and shingle facing roughly north west at a depth of about 47 meters to the sea bed. The damage to her starboard side caused by the fateful I torpedo is plainly visible, and although the rest of the vessel is in quite good condition, parts of her superstructure have now started to collapse especially around the engine room area. One of the things I always like to see on a wreck is a propeller, and the Skaala’s is still there, which of course means that it is unfortunately made of iron. Even so it is well worth a look.As you swim along the deck you will come across quite a lot of fishing tackle and it is easy to get caught up so a sharp knife is a real necessity.
The holds are very dark.
The holds are open, very large and very dark. Across the top of the second one back from the bows is a small boat about twenty feet long. At first I thought that it was one of the ships lifeboats, but later I was told that it was the wreck of a fishing boat that had foundered some years later and had just happened to sink right on top of the Skaala. Scattered around the wreck on the seabed are the remains of the cargo of coal briquettes. For their size they are quite heavy and are stamped with a crown and the word Cardiff. You could still use them on your fire, but you would probably be better off varnishing one and using it as a door stop With the Skaala being so deep you really only get a snapshot of this wreck, and even after two or three dives it is still difficult to orientate your self. Still first impressions are of a large wreck, virtually intact and upright, easy to get around and inside if you have a mind to. The fish life on this wreck is not as good as say the Maine, but judging by the amount of fishing tackle, and its popularity as a fishing mark they must be there somewhere. All in all a very good dive, but one for the more committed deep wrecker.
The Geleitboot F2
Scapa Flow, the largest and most godforsaken of all the harbours ever used by the Royal Navy, is the scene of one of the most extraordinary naval episodes in history – the scuttling of an entire German High Seas battle fleet.
On 21 June 1919, eleven battleships, six battle cruisers, eight light cruisers and fifty destroyers slowly turned over and sank to the bottom of the sea. Although some were subsequently raised and others were partly salvaged, many more remain lying in the clear and rainlashed water that surges between the windswept islands making up the anchorage of Scapa Flow.
Scapa Flow Postcard.
This is awesome diving, The sheer size of wonderships like the Konig and the Brummer are almost indescribable. And the fact that most are still intact right down to their portholes and guns leaves the wrecker almost speechless with delight.
Other wrecks are merely fantastic. Our boatful of divers voted the wreck of the F2 one of the most popular wrecks to dive. This was mainly because it was all so accessible and because people were not overawed by its scale.
Strangely enough, the F2 was not a victim of the events of 1919 at all. In fact, she was not even built until the start of the Second World War. And she was wrecked more by the carelessness on the part of the British than for any other reason.
The Geleitboot F2.
The F2 was built in 1935 by Germania as an escort vessel or Geleitboot of 756 tons. She was 249 feet long, twenty nine feet wide and had a very shallow draught of only just over eight feet. Unlike the Royal Navy, the Germans did not name all their ships, tending instead to christen only the biggest and the best. Lesser vessels like destroyers and escort vessels were designated instead by a letter and a number.
With two geared turbines, she could reach speeds of over twenty eight knots. For her crew of 124 this must have been purgatory. Although excellent sea boats, they were also incredibly wet and uncomfortable. They were not really designed to house a crew for long periods. Any heavy weather and the inside of the F2 would have been a real morale buster, even compared with the lower standards of their day.
Hard Hat Divers at work.
As well as being fast, the F2 also packed a sizeable punch. It had a 4.1 50 calibre gun mounted fore and aft, four 37mm machine guns and two one pounder guns for defence against aircraft attack. In addition, there wee also two sets of depth charge throwers for submarine attack.
If all that wasn’t enough, she could also be rigged for mine laying. All in all the F2 was a very useful and versatile ship, and it is not surprising that the Germans built scores of them. The F2 survived the war, and when the Germans surrendered, she was given to the British as part of their war reparations. The British took her to Scapa Flow in December 1946 to await further instructions as to her fate.
Inside the Gun Turret.
Quite what happened next is not clear. Suffice to say that she sank on 13 December 1946 in the channel between the islands of Hoy and Fara. She was not considered worthy of salvage. The F2 soon became a total loss. Most of the F2 today lies in just fifty feet of water. With the viz usually in excess of thirty feet, the sight of this wreck is staggering. The ship lies on her side, but the bows are completely intact with an entire 4.1 gun mounting still there. The gun seemed almost to be in working order, You can easily get right inside the gun mounting and look out through the gun slits, just as if you were part of the gun crew. Lying there on your side in the turret produces an optical illusion that makes the boat stand upright. There right in front of you are the bows flaring away, perfect in every detail.
Just back from the gun mounting are the remains of the bridge, which forms a huge overhanging cave as it sets onto the seabed. You can get inside, but it is a bit dark and a tight fit. If you poke your head underneath, you can avoid any potential embarrassment but still get the full flavour or what it would have been like.
Looking down into the tangle at the stern.
Further back is the stern, all smashed up with iron plating everywhere. There’s masses of piping, broken stanchions, electrical cable and all manner of mangled bits and pieces. There should be another gun mounting, but I didn’t see one. This area is really interesting and if you have time, it is well worth a thorough examination, especially out on the sand just away from the wreck. There is plenty of broken pottery here, some with German markings.
Time starts to run out, but it is the bows and the guns that call you back for one last look. It really is a most magnificent sight.
As an encore, if the rest of your gang has not stirred up the sand too much, try this. Fin slowly towards the surface directly above the gun. When you get about ten feet from the surface, hold it and look back down. And remember the view – because there is nowhere else in the world where you can see anything quite like it. Fantastic!
Special Report: Scapa Flow:
Shipwreck and Salvage in South Africa
Cover
Shipwrecks and Salvage in South Africa
If you ‘click’ the link you can order the book online direct from Amazon.
This is a great wreck book. Well researched, plenty of photo’s and loads of dramatic stories. Besides the wrecks featured it has geographical lists of all the other wrecks.Very impressive, and very readable.
Prawle Point: Ship Trap
I have sometimes heard it said that if you could pull the plug out from the bottom of the sea, you could almost walk from Plymouth to Start Point over the remains of all the ships that have been wrecked along this part of the South Devon coast. To some this might seem an exaggeration until you realise that in 1804 for instance, on one day alone in Deadmans Bay, just yards from Plymouth’s famous Barbican, ten ships were driven ashore during fierce southerly gales. That kind of tally was by no means exceptional, and before Plymouth built its great breakwater, the port was fast becoming known as the graveyard of the British Navy.
The old Coastguard lookout at Prawle.
But bad as it was, probably the most notorious stretch of water along this treacherous coastline was, and still is, the ten miles between Bolt Tail and Start Point, and only God knows just how many men have died, and how many ships have been smashed to pieces on its unforgiving shore. In one horrific incident near Bolt Tail in 1760, the Ramillies, a 90 gun ship of the line was swept into the cave that now bears her name, and in a few short minutes was pounded to tiny fragments. Over seven hundred people died trying to scramble out of the raging seas and up the sheer cliffs to safety. What is extraordinary however, is not so much the disaster aspect of the wrecks, ( if you have ever been off this part of the coast in a storm you will quickly appreciate that any mistakes are almost bound to lead to catastrophe) but the way certain areas seem to act as magnets for stricken vessels.
The Louis Yvonne.
The Hamstone, mid way between Bolt Tail and Bolt Head for example collected three clipper ships and at least two steamers in just fifty years, and we will never know how many hit the surrounding area in vain efforts to take avoiding action. But there is one area along this coast that seems to have outstanding ability to act as a ship trap, and that is Prawle Point. On a sunny day this is the perfect spot for a picnic. The smooth sea gently laps around a rocky point, almost forming an island, and the steep cliffs gentle out to small slopes allowing easy access to the rock strewn beach. But come the storms all this calm is swept away with high waves breaking over the point and rushing savagely between the island and the shore creating a maelstrom of turbulent water and driving spray. Whilst many ships have struck the outside of Prawle Point, a significant number have managed to end up caught in between the jaws of the island and the mainland shore, and that’s where the real ship trap lies.
The Betsy Anna hard aground.
Most never escape, but in 1926 the Dutch steamer Betsy Anna had a stroke of good luck and proved to be a rare exception. She had stranded in thick fog on the morning of I7 August and ended wedged straight up between the island and the mainland. The weather however was very calm, and by the 3 October the Betsy Anna was towed off by the tug Trustee and beached near Salcombe for repairs. Nine days later she was towed towards Cowes, but as she was rounding Portland Bill her luck ran out, her tow parted and down she went.
Louis Yvonne bows in front, Heye-P stern at back.
In more recent times Prawle Point has enticed two more ships into its island trap, and they unfortunately did not escape. Today their remains lie inextricably linked together, because although their wrecking occurred over forty years apart, they both managed to end up in exactly the same place, one on top of the other. On the morning of 29 September I935 the French vessel Louis Yvonne was outward bound from Penzance to Torquay with a cargo of onions, when she ran aground in dense fog in precisely the same place as the Betsy Anne nine years earlier. The crew of four and two women managed to jump off the boat onto the rocks, and safely made their way in the fog up to the nearby village. Come the dawn it was obvious that the boat was too well jammed to get her off and it was found that the bottom had been badly stove in when she grounded. The Louis Yvonne broke up over the next few months, and until fairly recently her bows could still be seen at low tide.
The Heye-P up on the ‘Island’.
This state of affairs changed in 1979 when the 420 ton coaster Heye – P was overwhelmed by hurricane force winds on her way from Par in Cornwall to Velsen, West Germany, loaded with china clay. Drifting helplessly out of control, the Heye – P was pushed relentlessly towards Prawle Point. As huge waves broke over the ship, the crew began to realise that if the vessel struck the shore they would probably all perish. Suddenly out of the darkness came two bright beams of light from searchlights set up on the shore by the Coastguards. With their aid a rescue helicopter, its pilot nearly blinded by the huge sheets of spray whipped up by the gale force winds, managed to hover over the ship’s deck long enough to winch all three crew to safety. Minutes after the last man was plucked from the deck the ship struck the rocks with such force that she immediately broke her back, and very quickly became a total loss.
The Heye-P bows are now ontop of the Louis Yvonne. Photo taken 1981.
Today the remains of the Heye – P and the Louis Yvonne are easy to find, as both went aground almost directly underneath the coastguard station. Parts of the bows can be seen even at high tide, and some of the stern becomes visible at low tide. Almost completely hemmed in by rocks, the Heye – P and the remains of the Louis Yvonne lies in about thirty feet of water on a very rocky bottom. The bows of the Heye – P which are now on top of the Louis Yvonne point towards her stern, and lie on their side against one wall of a narrow gorge. The tide rip through this gorge can be extremely strong aid makes safe diving on the bows only possible at low tide. The wrecks are of course well broken up, and the debris of railings, old fire extinguishers, cable drums, winches, and broken iron plate litter the whole area. The stern section of the Heye – P lies with its rear end imprisoned between huge rocks, with its deck canted over at an angle of some forty-five degrees. The area abounds with rock overhangs and you have to be extremely careful, as it is very easy to swim in underneath these without noticing. Any tendency towards the surface can result in a very sore head.
I am extremely grateful to Peter Barc for the following information. He is now Captain of the Pat-M working in Cassablanca, but remembers the Heye-P at the start of his career.
Capt Peter Barc
The Heye-P is the most favourite ship I ever sailed on. I joined her in late 1969 at the age of 15 and she was partly owned by her Captain, Herman Kampen and his father in law Harald Diekhoff. They both lived in the small town in Ostrhauderfehn in Friesland Germany, and the mate onboard was Herman Kampens brother, who to this day lives in Norwich. We had a crew of four and the other sailor was a German called Stefan, who whilst on the Heye-P married a local girl in Ipswich, and is still there to this day, I am still in contact with him these days also.
Peter Barc and friend.
Capt Herman Kampen is now retired. In those days with Heye -P we ran a ten day libner service, I still remember clearly having to lash down the tractors on deck from Ipswich to Paris, I left her after about being on her for 4 years and joined the sister ship “Warfleth” who also sank in the Thames estuary. A few years after I left her (Heye-P) she got sold to a British company but I can’t remember the name, but I do remember the lady that purchased her, Heather Chaplain from Kent if I remember right and I don’t think she owned Heye-P long before that fateful night off Prawle Point. Luckily nobody got hurt, and I must admit when I drove from Exmouth to Bolt Head and saw my first ship on the rocks, and the debris floating around, it did feel surreal, a very sad and emotional time as I stood and stared at her lifting and banging on the swell. I am very grateful to Andy Cory for this first hand account, and also for the great photos.
Andy Cory.
I became officer in charge of H.M. Coastguard Prawle, South Devon in November 1978 and witnessed the ‘worst winter in living memory’ being snowed in for over a week. One winters night in January 1979 the auxiliary Coastguard ( Bob Page a local dive boat skipper ) on watch at Prawle Point Coastguard station sighted a vessel approaching from the west and heading straight for the rocks at the point. After alerting me to scramble the Landrover mobile rescue unit, staff on watch continued attempts to warn the vessel off ( radio, signal lights and rockets ). At the same time from the deployed Landrover nearer to the vessel’s actual position, I fired several rockets directly over the vessel. None of these combined actions served to alert any of the crew and it ran ashore on the rocks directly below the Prawle Point Coastguard Station around 2230.
Training excercise.
All attempts to rescue the three crew by lifeboat, and breeches buoy by the Prawle Coastguard rescue team were unsuccessful due to the storm force SW winds and mountainous seas. Positioned on top of the cliffs with my Coastguard rescue teams, sheltering behind rocks, I co-ordinated a Naval Rescue Helicopter from RNAS Culdrose, who eventually effected a heroic rescue of all three crew members despite being engulfed in dense sea spray during one attempt. In all my twenty plus years as a Coastguard Officer, this remains the most skilful and impressive helicopter operation I have ever witnessed.
Rather Andy than me.
Rather Andy than me.
Note:- the MV Heye-P was carrying a cargo of china clay from Par in Cornwall to Holland. It appeared that the crewman on watch may have fallen asleep at the wheel and the Skipper and other crewmen were only awakened as the vessel hit the rocks. The bell was recovered from the wreck by local Coastguard Officers some days later. The bell was brand new for this trip and the owner Heather Mitchell had not had time to get it engraved but donated it to the Coastguard Station Officer at the time as a memento of the rescue.
Meeting H.R.H. Princess Anne at the station.
Other wrecks to be found around Prawle Point include the Dutch East Indiaman De Boot wrecked in 1738, homeward bound from Batavia. Her cargo consisted of Ming porcelain packed into tea chests full of loose tea (good idea that) and boxes of uncut diamonds. The whole cargo back then was worth ?250 000, an absolute fortune, and extensive salvage was carried out. The ship eventually was smashed to pieces, but even today you can turn up fragments of blue and white porcelain, and apparently a six-foot iron cannon is to be found lurking in the gullies around Gull Rock although I have not seen it so far. What I have seen however are concreted cannon balls in amongst the wreckage of the Heye- P and Louis Yvonne, and they probably come from the wreck of H.M.S. Crocodile a 24-gun frigate on her way home from India. She hit Prawle Point in thick fog on the morning of May 9, 1784, and although she became a total loss all her 170 officers and men managed to escape without loss.
The Ida wrecked in 1930.
In September 1930 the steamer Ida on passage from Cardiff to Portsmouth with a cargo of coal, ran ashore just inside Prawle Point in thick fog. The Coast guards saved the crew of twelve and the ship lay broadside to the rocks until the October gales broke her into and she slipped into deeper water. However bits of her boiler and prop shaft can be seen in less that thirty feet if you can sort out what belongs to which wreck.
The Maria wrecked on Langler Rocks.
My favourite shipwreck is that of the Greek steamer Maria. She ran onto the Langler Rocks just to the west side of Prawle in thick fog on June 27 1892. The Salcombe lifeboat went out to help, but the crew, fed up with waiting rowed themselves ashore in the ships boat. The Maria had a very short life. She was launched in Sunderland in May 1891 and declared a total loss on July 19 1892. She is my favourite because I can’t find the main body of the wreck just the bits that are smashed into the rocks in less than ten metres. On a sunny day masses of tiny bits of brass that are crudded into the rock sparkle like diamonds, and objects like half a porthole seem to grow out of the rock. Small fish dart in and out and the whole area is an absolute joy. Almost on top of the Maria is the wreckage of the Dimitrios (see side bar) and it is almost impossible to sort out the tangle of wreckage. But I will do it one day, and am quite content to take my time
Poulmic
The Poulmic is a very popular wreck and is dived by hundreds of divers each year. Most of them only see what they expect to see, so these three stories might encourage you to look harder at what at first sight is just another wreck.
Z2 Georg Thiele
The Georg Thiele was a Leberect Maass Class Destroyer with a displacement of 2200 tons, and a complement of 315 officers and men. She was 374 feet long, 37 feet in the beam, and had a draught of nine and a half feet. Her machinery, performance, and armament was similar to the Dieter Von Roeder Class, except that she had four 3.7cm and six 20mm guns.
The Georg Thiele, Z2, was launched on August 18th 1935 and was completed in February 1937. She had a few teething troubles with her engines, and prior to her becoming part of Group 1 (Narvik) she was having repairs at Bremen for a troublesome water pump. However on April 6th 1940 all was repaired and the George Thiele embarked two hundred mountain troops and sped off to rendezvous with the rest of the Task Force.
Georg Thiele Z2.
After a dreadful journey in gale force winds and high sea’s the George Thiele, in company with the rest of the Destroyer group successfully disembarked her troops at Narvik. On April 10th at the start of the First Battle of Narvik, the Georg Thiele together with the Bernard Von Armin were lying in a side Fjord (Balangenfjord) and came out onto the British flank as they withdrew after successfully sinking and crippling five German Destroyers in Narvik harbour.
The bell from Z2, now in the Museum.
Amongst others, the George Thiele fired on the British Destroyer Hardy, scoring hit after hit and was mainly instrumental in driving her ashore. With the Bernard Von Armin she then turned her attention to Hunter and Hotspur, sinking Hunter with gunfire and a torpedo after she had damaged Hotspur so severely that she became uncontrollable and collided with the Hunter at thirty knots. The Georg Thiele was then hit hard herself in one of her boiler rooms, had one of her guns destroyed and her fire control system put out of action.
Georg Thiele hard aground.
By the time of the Second battle of Narvik, on April 13th, the George Thiele was only semi operational. She could manage 27 knots in a short burst, and the rest of her guns had been brought under local control so could all be fired. In addition to this she still had six torpedo’s.In the closing part of the battle, when the four surviving but badly damaged German Destroyers withdrew up Rombakisfjord, she acted as a rearguard so that the crews of the damaged destroyers could be landed before they were scuttled.
Korvttenkapitan Max-Eckart, of the Georg Thiele.
Unfortunately, she was caught by the British Destroyers Eskimo and Forester, who repeatedly blasted her with gunfire. Fighting to the end the Georg Thiele unleashed one of her torpedo’s and blew Eskimo’s bow off, before running herself hard aground.
The wreck as it is today, bows stuck up in the air.
This is the wreck I came to see. The bows stick out of the water and the stern is in 52 meters. Fantastic sight. We went down to the prop shaft where Steve had to tie on the rope This was a slight problem as it was 40 meters down and we were not exactly sure where the wreck was.Anyway as usual, Steve sorted it out, and once there it was great. Just below us was one of the guns pointing astern, the other is at 52 meters, then you come up the cliff of the hull which is lying on its side. On the right of the hull is the deck, with torpedo tubes, search lights and loads of portholes. As you go up towards the bow there are great caverns with loads more portholes with glass. All around were bits of brass and loads of switches.
One of the guns. Photo F. Bang
On the torpedo tubes on the second dive, I saw the fire selector and the rest of the tube bits including the gas bottles. Near there was a small two barrelled gun (probably anti aircraft). Near this was what looked like a breach from another gun lying on the floor. Over to one side was a broken mast with lots of electric insulators lying everywhere. When you get to the bit of the bow that hit the rocks, you can go down a tunnel back to about 40ft. This whole area is covered with plumose anemones, and there are some great anemones like snake locks but much bigger.
A search light. Photo F. Bang
On the second dive more of the same, but the highlight was to go in another little tunnel at about 60 ft and swim up through the wreck to about 15 ft. The tunnel got tighter and tighter, and on either side were holes through which you could see other compartments with loads of portholes. As it got tighter it got a bit iffy, but you could see out of the top, so all was well. Then we just swam along the keel not really wanting to leave, and gently on up to the surface. Because its right on the shore the dive boat likes to stand off, so it can be a bit of a long surface swim. This is a great wreck dive and was voted the best off all the ones we did.
Two barrels from an anti airgraft gun. Photo F. Bang
The Narvik Campaign by Johan Waage
Cover
This book was published by Gorgi in 1965 and has no ISBN number that I can find, so probably out of print. However it is easily available in second hand stores, so you should not have to much trouble getting hold of it.
Although factual it reads a bit like a novel and gives you a good flavour of all the interlinking events. Very usefull.
| i don't know |
In which musical are 'Sky Masterson' and 'Sarah Brown' centralcharacters? | Guys and Dolls (1955) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
In New York, a gambler is challenged to take a cold female missionary to Havana, but they fall for each other, and the bet has a hidden motive to finance a crap game.
Director:
Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Writers:
Jo Swerling (based upon the play: "Guys and Dolls" book by), Abe Burrows (based upon the play: "Guys and Dolls" book by) | 2 more credits »
Stars:
From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video
ON DISC
a list of 25 titles
created 19 Sep 2011
a list of 25 titles
created 28 Apr 2013
a list of 30 titles
created 25 Apr 2014
a list of 42 titles
created 14 Dec 2014
a list of 26 titles
created 6 months ago
Title: Guys and Dolls (1955)
7.3/10
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Nominated for 4 Oscars. Another 2 wins & 3 nominations. See more awards »
Photos
Two rival motorcycle gangs terrorize a small town after one of their leaders is thrown in jail.
Director: Laslo Benedek
Three sailors on a day of shore leave in New York City look for fun and romance before their twenty-four hours are up.
Directors: Stanley Donen, Gene Kelly
Stars: Gene Kelly, Frank Sinatra, Betty Garrett
The rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France.
Director: Henry Koster
The growing ambition of Julius Caesar is a source of major concern to his close friend Brutus. Cassius persuades him to participate in his plot to assassinate Caesar but they have both sorely underestimated Mark Antony.
Director: Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Paralized war vet tries to adjust to the world without the use of his limbs.
Director: Fred Zinnemann
An intelligent, articulate scholar, Harrison MacWhite, survives a hostile Senate confirmation hearing at the hands of conservatives to become ambassador to Sarkan, a southeast Asian country... See full summary »
Director: George Englund
A US air force major in Kobe confronts his own opposition to marriages between American servicemen and Japanese women when he falls for a beautiful performer.
Director: Joshua Logan
The destiny of three soldiers during World War II. The German officer Christian Diestl approves less and less of the war. Jewish-American Noah Ackerman deals with antisemitism at home and ... See full summary »
Director: Edward Dmytryk
In the Oklahoma territory at the turn of the twentieth century, two young cowboys vie with an evil ranch hand and a traveling peddler for the hearts of the women they love.
Director: Fred Zinnemann
C.K. Dexter-Haven, a successful popular jazz musician, lives in a mansion near his ex-wife's Tracy Lord's family estate. She is on the verge of marrying a man blander and safer than Dex, ... See full summary »
Director: Charles Walters
The story of Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata, who led a rebellion against the corrupt, oppressive dictatorship of president Porfirio Diaz in the early 20th century.
Director: Elia Kazan
Two sailors, one naive, the other experienced in the ways of the world, on liberty in Los Angeles, is the setting for this movie musical.
Director: George Sidney
Edit
Storyline
All the hot gamblers are in town, and they're all depending on Nathan Detroit to set up this week's incarnation of "The Oldest Established Permanent Floating Crap Game in New York"; the only problem is, he needs $1000 to get the place. Throw in Sarah Brown, who's short on sinners at the mission she runs; Sky Masterson, who accepts Nathan's $1000 bet that he can't get Sarah Brown to go with him to Havana; Miss Adelaide, who wants Nathan to marry her; Police Lieutenant Brannigan, who always seems to appear at the wrong time; and the music/lyrics of Frank Loesser, and you've got quite a musical. Includes the songs: Fugue for Tinhorns, "Luck Be a Lady", "Sit Down, You're Rocking the Boat". Written by Syam Gadde <[email protected]>
16 January 1956 (Brazil) See more »
Also Known As:
Schwere Jungen, leichte Mädchen See more »
Filming Locations:
(with overture and exit music)
Sound Mix:
4-Track Stereo (Western Electric Sound System) (magnetic prints)| Mono (optical prints)
Color:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Frank Sinatra wanted the lead role of Sky Masterson in this film, but Marlon Brando was cast instead. Likewise, Sinatra had previously wanted the part of Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront (1954) and later Don Vito Corleone in The Godfather (1972), and Brando was ultimately cast in both those roles; he even won two Academy Awards for Best Actor for those parts. See more »
Goofs
While Sky and Nathan are talking in the restaurant and Nathan is trying to get Sky to eat some cheese cake, a man walking in the street outside disappears and a woman walks past in his place. See more »
Quotes
Sky Masterson : It is my understanding that the Constitution of the United States allows everybody the free choice between cheesecake and strudel.
Music and Lyrics by Frank Loesser
Sung by Frank Sinatra and other men in the bar
Reprized as background music when Sky meets with Adelaide about Nathan
Of its own time, and still memorable
26 December 2007 | by intelearts
(the big screen) – See all my reviews
Along with South Pacific, Guys and Dolls is for grown-ups - - it is sassy, sexy, and full of men being men and women being strung along.
There is an energy and drive that makes this stand out from the pack - the strength of Jean Simmond's performance, and the charm of a young Brando, and an already masterful Sinatra add much to the overall feel and look of the piece.
Guys and Dolls wins as it is unashamedly what it is: an MGM musical.
Still good to look at and listen too with great tunes and dance numbers
it will remain one of the classics of 20th Century cinema and be
watched with pleasure for years to come.
Warmly recommended.
14 of 15 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| Guys and Dolls |
Near which city is 'Fuhlsbuttel Airport'? | Guys and Dolls, musical | Details | AllMusic
Guys and Dolls, musical
google+
Description by Anne Feeney
After the success of the now largely disappeared Where's Charley, producers Cy Feuer and Ernest H. Martin commissioned Loesser to write the songs, and Jo Swerling to write the book for a musical (billed as "a musical fable of Broadway") based on Damon Runyon's The Idyll of Miss Sarah Brown and Pick the Winner. While Feuer and Martin were delighted with the songs, the book did not match their expectations, and so eventually Abe Burrows was asked to rewrite the book, which was thus formed around the songs, a reversal of the usual process. George S. Kaufman , the director, became involved in the book as well, contributing to nearly every scene.
Like Carousel, it opens with a striking pantomime, in this case, "Runyonland," based on variations upon several of the later songs, that shows a lively panorama of deceptions and reversals, including a prizefighter knocked down by the rather wimpish tinhorn Benny, that not only conveys the gambling, hustling world of Sky and Nathan, but also sets up the eventual "falls" of both men into respectable matrimony.
The fable aspect is in the relationship between Sarah and Sky, in which each changes preconceptions and perceptions of the other. In fact, Feuer and Martin originally intended that the work would have this as a serious point, much the way that overcoming prejudice was the serious point in South Pacific. While the comedy and fun overtook this original goal, it is still admirably reflected in their music; hers becomes more alive throughout the musical, with stronger rhythms and more melodic impteuous, while his becomes more tender and lyrical. As impressive as they are, the love scenes ended up taking second place in the plot and in the popular imagination to the flavorful songs from the nightclub and gambling scenes, such as "Take back your mink," "Sit down, you're rocking the boat," (the collision of the gambling world with the prayer meeting world) "Luck be a lady tonight," and the title song. Their lively, syncopated rhythms and catchy melodies, as well as cheerfully irreverent lyrics have kept them favorites ever since.
It opened on November 24, 1950, at the 46th Street Theater (later the Richard Rogers Theater) to as close to universal critical acclaim as any Broadway performance has ever gotten, and ran for 1,194 performances, only slightly fewer than The King and I, which opened the year after. The show and performers received the New York Drama Critics Circle Award and eight Tony Awards, including Best Musical, Best Composer and Lyricist for Loesser, Best Actor in a Musical for Robert Alda, Best Supporting Actress in a Musical for Isabella Bigley, Best Authors in a Musical for Swerling (whose contract assued that his name stayed on the book) and Burrows, Best Director for George S. Kaufmann, Best Producer(s) in a Musical for Feurer and Martin, and Best Choreographer for Michael Kidd.
Samuel Goldwyn was so deeply impressed that he offered Loesser $1,000,000 for the film rights, (a sum which in the year 2000 would be worth $6.8 million), and when the film was made in 1955, paid another $4.5 million. The film starred Frank Sinatra (Nathan Detroit), Vivian Blane (Sarah), and Marlon Brando (Sky Masterson), and Loesser wrote three more songs, including "A woman in love," "Pet me, Poppa," and "Adelaide," largely to show off Sinatra's talents. ( Gene Kelly was originally part of the planned cast, but when he was unavailable, the studio made the unlikely substitution of Brando.)
The 1992 Broadway revival garnered another four Tony Awards, including Best Revival (Musical).
Parts/Movements
If I Were a Bell
My Time of Day/I've Never Been in Love Before
Entr'acte
More I Cannot Wish You
Luck Be a Lady
Sit Down, You're Rocking the Boat
Marry the Man Today
| i don't know |
In bettingshops, what name is given to clerks who calculate the winnings on betting slips? | Online Betting & Odds | Bet with Paddy Power Sports
Gambling can be addictive, please play responsibly
Paddy Power Betfair plc, Power Tower Blocks 1-3 Belfield Office Park, Beech Hill Road, Clonskeagh, Dublin 4.
Paddy Power tries to ensure all event information displayed on this site is correct, but it should be used only as a guide. The Paddy Power Rules for bet settlement still apply and as such we accept no liability for any discrepancies between information displayed here and how a bet is settled. There is delay for all In-Play bets. Transmission including the Paddy Power Live Player streaming may be delayed. The extent of the delay can vary between customers depending upon set-up factors such as connection or buffering speed.
PPB Counterparty Services Limited, Triq il-Kappillan Mifsud, St. Venera, SVR 1851, MALTA, is licensed and regulated by the Malta Gaming Authority . Licence Number: MGA/CL2/294/2006 12 March 2013, and for customers in the UK, licensed and regulated by the Gambling Commission . Mini Games are provided by PPB Entertainment Limited, Triq il-Kappillan Mifsud, St. Venera, SVR 1851, Malta, is licensed and regulated by the Malta Gaming Authority . Licence Number: MGA/CL1/185/2004 1st July 2015, and for customers in the UK, licensed and regulated by the Gambling Commission . Tote is provided by PPB Games Limited, Triq il-Kappillan Mifsud, St. Venera, SVR 1851, Malta, is licensed and regulated by the Malta Gaming Authority . Licence Number: MGA/CL3/207/2005 22nd December 2012 and for customers in the UK, licensed and regulated by the Gambling Commission .
| Settler |
In a 22 card tarot pack, which card is the only one beginning with the letter 'L'? | ��ࡱ� > �� u s ���� j k l m n o v �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� #` �� � bjbj�� 2 � � � �� �� �� � F F F F F F F � �\ �" �" �" �" � |# 4 �e r� � �* � h. h. h. h. C/ , o0 � 2 � �� �� �� �� �� �� �� $ � h ~� � � F �2 C/ C/ �2 �2 � F F h. h. � ,� �2 �2 �2 �2 F h. F h. �� �2 �2 �� �2 �2 B �� � F F �� h. �* �r-��0� �" �2 �� f �� 4 B� 0 r� #� f ^� �2 ^� � �� �� ^� F �� �2 �2 �2 �2 �2 �2 �2 �2 � � �2 �2 �2 �2 r� �2 �2 �2 �2 �e �e �e D� �" �e �e �e �" Z n N � F F F F F F ���� HMRC has published its Tactical and Information Package (TIP) on Bookmakers. TIPs are notes used by HMRC officers, containing sector and trade information to support compliance activity. TIPs are being phased in to replace the Inland Revenue's Business Economic Notes series. This version was published in June 2007. TIP 56 - Bookmakers Contents HYPERLINK "" \l "1" Warning HYPERLINK "" \l "2" The Betting Industry HYPERLINK "" \l "3" What is a Bookmaker? HYPERLINK "" \l "4" Betting Shops � a general overview HYPERLINK "" \l "5" Licensing Requirements HYPERLINK "" \l "6" Competition HYPERLINK "" \l "7" Mechanics of betting HYPERLINK "" \l "8" Bets HYPERLINK "" \l "9" Balancing the Book HYPERLINK "" \l "10" Hedging bets HYPERLINK "" \l "11" Rule 4C HYPERLINK "" \l "12" The TOTE HYPERLINK "" \l "13" The Horserace Betting Levy Board HYPERLINK "" \l "14" Gross Profit Tax � General Betting Duty HYPERLINK "" \l "15" Betting Rings HYPERLINK "" \l "16" Rails Bookmakers HYPERLINK "" \l "17" Self employed TICS TACS HYPERLINK "" \l "18" On-course Bookmakers � Method of Operation HYPERLINK "" \l "19" On-course Bookmakers - Records HYPERLINK "" \l "20" On-course Bookmakers - Profitability HYPERLINK "" \l "21" The National Joint Pitch Council (NJPC) HYPERLINK "" \l "22" Pitch ownership and disposal HYPERLINK "" \l "23" Off-course Bookmakers � Method of Operation HYPERLINK "" \l "24" Off-course Bookmakers - Records HYPERLINK "" \l "25" Off-course Bookmakers - Profitability HYPERLINK "" \l "26" Fixed-Odds Betting Terminals (FOBTs) HYPERLINK "" \l "27" Telephone/Credit banking HYPERLINK "" \l "28" Internet betting HYPERLINK "" \l "29" Spread betting HYPERLINK "" \l "30" Agency bets HYPERLINK "" \l "31" Betting Exchanges HYPERLINK "" \l "32" This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion HYPERLINK "" \l "33" This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion HYPERLINK "" \l "34" Record Examination HYPERLINK "" \l "35" This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion HYPERLINK "" \l "36" This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion HYPERLINK "" \l "37" Private betting wins HYPERLINK "" \l "38" This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion HYPERLINK "" \l "39" The Effects of Foot and Mouth HYPERLINK "" \l "40" Sunday racing in Northern Ireland HYPERLINK "" \l "41" Gambling Act 2005 HYPERLINK "" \l "42" Associations and Organisations HYPERLINK "" \l "43" This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion HYPERLINK "" \l "44" This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion HYPERLINK "" \l "45" Appendix 1 � Bookmakers' permits and betting office licenses 2000 - 2003 HYPERLINK "" \l "46" Appendix 2 � Betting Duty � pre 6 October 2001 HYPERLINK "" \l "47" Appendix 3 � UK Racecourses HYPERLINK "" \l "48" Appendix 4 � Major race meetings in the UK HYPERLINK "" \l "49" Appendix 5 � UK Greyhound tracks HYPERLINK "" \l "50" Appendix 6 � Conversion of odds to percentage chance HYPERLINK "" \l "51" Appendix 7 � Glossary of bookmaking and betting terms HYPERLINK "" \l "52" Appendix 8 � The Irish Lottery Warning These notes are not intended to provide an exhaustive or definitive picture. Any tactical tips must be treated with a 'health warning' as the BIU cannot test or validate theories or ideas submitted to it, but merely supplies information to be used with common sense and discretion. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Links to the Internet There are a number of references to Internet addresses scattered throughout this note. These are not linked and need to be accessed separately from this TIP. Reference to commercial organisations and products This TIP may contain references to commercial organisations, together with reference to specific products or services. Please note these are included for example purposes only and are not endorsements of the organisations, products and services. This TIP may also contain information or statements from external Websites. Links to non-HMRC Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the validity of the information, data or products presented. The sole purpose of links to other sites is to indicate further information available on related topics. The Betting Industry The gambling and betting industry has expanded enormously in recent years, with betting on both sporting and non-sporting events. The medium through which bets are made is no longer dependent on visiting a bookmaker, but can be made via telephone, by email or the Internet. These mediums are now major forces within the industry. The gambling sector contributes towards the UK economy with the amount staked on all gambling activity. According to the National Audit Office this rose to around �53 billion in 2003-2004; of this just over �32 billion related to general betting (excluding: pools, casinos, National Lottery, Bingo and amusement machines). Information available from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) shows the amounts staked in various forms of betting in the UK in 2005: General Betting �47.7 million National Lottery �4.9 million Bingo �1.8 million Pool Betting �0.1 million Also according to DCMS, the latest data available shows that there are approximately 3,600 bookmakers' permits and 8,800 betting office licences in force in the UK. The large national chains are increasingly buying up smaller independent bookmakers, resulting in a larger share of the market. However there are still in the region of 1,200 independent bookmakers operating out of nearly 3,000 shops. This TIP is essentially concerned with the activities of independent bookmakers. Horseracing The following is very brief overview of the horseracing industry, which provides approximately two thirds of the betting industry's profits. Traditionally, there are two seasons in professional horse racing, the 'flat pattern' racing season ('on the flat' - no jumps or other obstacles on the course) from March to November and the 'national hunt' season (racing over hurdles and larger obstacles - steeplechasing) - from August to June. The advent of all-weather synthetic tracks means that racecourses such as Southwell and Lingfield, in addition to having a turf track offering jump racing, are also able to offer flat racing throughout the year. There are currently 59 racecourses in the UK, including 5 in Scotland and a further 25 in Ireland devoted to professional racing. According to the British Horseracing Board 1,351 fixtures were scheduled for 2005, with only 50 being abandoned due to poor weather conditions. These fixtures provided for 8,588 races to be run during the year. Racecourse attendance also continued to be high totalling around 6 million people in 2005. The season for amateur ('point to point') horse racing runs from February to June, the races being run on 30 to 40 temporary courses. Bookmakers are permitted at all tracks, although those that attend point to point races are usually specialists in that sport as the races, being local affairs, usually requires local knowledge. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Greyhound racing Although horseracing traditionally dominates the betting industry, greyhound racing has seen a transformation in recent years, with attendance reaching around 4 million people per year with an estimated �2.5 billion wagered on and off-course. There are 31 tracks in the UK operating under the rules of the National Greyhound Racing Club (NGRC) and there are also a number of smaller non-NGRC - 'independent' - tracks, which are also known as 'flapping' tracks. NGRC tracks put on over 6,000 meetings comprising over 60,000 races a year, the other tracks put on about 5,000 meetings, somewhere around 50,000 races. A number of tracks have an arrangement with the Bookmakers Afternoon Greyhound Services Ltd. (BAGS) under which races will be run whatever the attendance at the track, to provide a betting medium for the betting public at betting shops. Currently there are 16 of the 31 NGRC tracks which hold BAGS races in the morning, afternoon or evening. Bookmakers attend all tracks, although usually only those with local knowledge attend the smaller tracks. What is a Bookmaker? A bookmaker is any person who carries on the business of receiving and negotiating bets. They can only act in this capacity if a Bookmakers Permit is held; this is issued by the Betting Licensing Committee at the local Magistrate Court. Before the issuing of such a permit the Committee will need to be satisfied that the applicant is a fit and proper person to hold a permit. Bookmakers wishing to operate from premises as opposed to on-course, in addition to the Bookmakers Permit mentioned above, will also require a Betting Office Licence. Again applications for these are made to the Betting Licensing Committee. Only a person holding a Bookmakers Permit may hold a betting office licence. Licensing requirements are covered in more depth later in this note. Most of the bets accepted by bookmakers are staked on horse races, and much of the remainder on greyhound races. Horse and greyhound racing take place throughout the year, and, typically, horse racing accounts for about 70% of turnover. Betting Shops - a general overview Developments Equipment costs House rules Satellite Information Services (SIS) The 1963 Betting and Gaming Act brought about the legalisation of betting shops. Prior to its enactment, betting for cash was only permitted on racecourses. More than half of the betting shops that are open today are owned by the 'big three': Ladbrokes, William Hill and Coral. In 1974, the number of betting shops in the UK peaked at almost 14,000, but this has substantially declined. The latest figures for year end 31 March 2006 show the number of betting office licences in operation as approximately 8,800. There are variations across the United Kingdom in the number of betting shops per head of population. The main concentrations of betting offices are generally found in industrial areas, cities or large towns and some coastal resorts, for example: Nottingham and Blackpool both have over 300 betting office licences per million, whilst Merseyside has over 200 licences per million. The lowest concentrations are found in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland and parts of Wales and Cornwall. Betting shops can be grouped into three main sectors: The large multiple chains Ladbrokes, William Hill and Coral etc. each owning several hundred shops and account for over 60% of outlets in the UK. Their share of the market has risen in recent years, mainly for the reason that they have had the resources to invest in more amenities and facilities. The smaller (5 to 20 shops) chains' share of the market has remained roughly static as they have not by and large been able to refurbish their premises to the same extent as the multiples. The 'one shop' bookmaker. Developments The following provides a brief summary of how betting shop premises and facilities have developed over recent years: Up until 1986, Betting Shops were prohibited from providing refreshments or any entertainment such as music, radio or television. 1986 saw the lifting of some of these restrictions, in particular, televised coverage of racing becoming a feature in most betting shops, which, in turn, has lead to the use of Satellite Information Services (SIS) which provides coverage of race meetings from all over the world to subscribers. Evening opening was introduced in 1993. Since May 1994 on and off-course betting has been allowed on Sundays, with the inevitable consequence of Sunday opening for many betting shops. With the advent of evening and Sunday racing, a corresponding extension of opening hours: April, May, June, July and August, opening are between 7am - 10pm, for the remainder of the year the hours are reduced to 7am to 6.30pm. In 1996, betting shops were permitted for the first time to install AWP (Amusements with Prizes) machines, and this factor has in many cases significantly boosted turnover. From 19 August 2002, bookmakers were permitted to sell hot or cold meals and a range of food items, together with non-alcoholic drinks. The increasing provision and popularity of telephone and credit betting and online gambling. Due to a relaxation in restrictions bookmakers have been able to install new fixed-odds betting terminals in their shops. As alternative methods of placing bets such an Internet betting are booming, the traditional betting shops have needed to change their image. Many have carried out total 'face lifts' with air conditioning, the provision of refreshments and a cleaner environment to attract a changing customer base. House rules Bookmakers will generally have 'house rules' which should be clearly visible. These will show the maximum amount the bookmaker will pay out on a particular bet. Occasionally a bet may be refused, although this is more likely if the bookmaker is a small independent, and then the bet will only be accepted if the punter is prepared to accept shorter odds or reduce their stake. Procedures should also be displayed as to how any disputes are settled. Equipment costs The equipment costs incurred in setting up a business or for replacements will vary depending upon the equipment being new or second-hand and how technologically advanced it is. The Association of British Bookmakers (ABB) provides information on the type of equipment required and costs on its website www.abb.uk.com; to summarise: Tills - between �975 - �1,100 depending on whether it has a cash drawer or not, second-hand tills are often used and can range from �400 to �750. Security Flow Camera from �1,000. Video settler to calculate the amount of the customers' winnings - �400. Satellite Information Service (SIS) - An audio only service costs around �2,326 pa - FACTS - �10,122 pa - 12 screen text systems from SIS �3,800 pa - Provision of ante post and morning prices can also be obtained, the cost being dependent upon the suppliers charges, but around �400 pa. SIS contracts are usually for a minimum period of 2 years, although 3 and 5 years are also available. The prices quoted above are those in relation to a 5 year contract. Satellite Information Services (SIS) SIS provides live racing pictures, commentary and accompanying data, via a digital television service on horse and dog racing to Licensed Betting Offices (LBOs) in the UK, Ireland and the rest of Europe - this is the main service offered and is known as the FACTS - Full Audio and Captions Television Service. SIS also provide raw data to those customers who wish to format and process the information internally and provide their own information service (these customers are usually the large chains of betting shops) and a processed text service giving information and odds on racing. The company operates at all racecourses and the larger greyhound tracks, screening every horse race at every race meeting on every race day, as well as two dog meetings per day. In addition, they provide coverage of racing from various countries around the world. The initial odds offered by the 'on-course' bookmakers at the course or track and their subsequent variations are collated, and transmitted within seconds to betting shops throughout the UK together with any other information which may affect the outcome of the race. In due course a running commentary on the race is provided. Licensing requirements A bookmaker is defined as a person who carries on the business of receiving or negotiating bets either on-course or off-course. The Gambling Act 2005 brings major changes to the licensing process with responsibility shifting from the local magistrates/licensing justices to the newly created Gambling Commission and local licensing authorities. The Gambling Act will not be fully implemented until 1 September 2007; until then gambling in the UK continues to be subject to existing legislation. Currently anyone who wishes to act as a bookmaker must apply for a permit which is issued by the Betting Licensing Committee of the local Magistrates Court, or in Scotland the Local Authority Licensing Board. If bookmaker wishes to operate from premises, a betting shop licence is also required; again applications for these are made to either the Betting Licensing Committee or the Licensing Board. A licence to operate from premises will only be granted if a bookmakers permit is held. Permits and licences last for three years and can only be issued to named individuals, not to any other person or entity. In the case of a partnership, each partner active in the business must hold a permit in their own name. A limited company can hold a permit either in the name of the company or one of the directors. Applications can be made at any time, but local licensing authorities only grant permits at quarterly meetings. In England and Wales, meetings are held in January, April, July and October; in Scotland, the meetings are held in January, March, June and October. The applicant needs to satisfy the licensing committee that they are a proper and fit person to hold a permit. The Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) provides useful information on the necessary requirements to operate as a bookmaker and this is summarised below. To support the request, the applicant has to supply certain information to the magistrate. The following are examples of the type of information the magistrate may request to see: If the applicant is an individual, a Council Tax or utilities demand showing the name and address of the applicant, this should not be more than three months old. If a limited company, the company number, a copy of the Certificate of Incorporation, a certificate declaring the registered office, a copy of its annual return and latest accounts. As financial resources are an important consideration, evidence of a bank or building society account for the previous twelve months, will indicate whether the applicant has sufficient resources to cover potential liabilities. If the applicant's referees are not from a professional background, they will need to inform the magistrates what the relationship is with the referees. Other areas that are often addressed at hearings include: Establishing the exact nature of the trading activities, for example, on-course bookmaking, credit only facilities, or the operation of an actual betting office. Details of the maximum payouts and liabilities and what resources are available to meet such obligations. Enquiries may be made to establish experience and depth of knowledge about the intended activities. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Both permits and licences run for a three-year period after which application for a renewal has to be made. Fees are currently (2006) set at: Bookmakers permit �160, renewal �20 Betting Office Licence �125, renewal �25 To operate on-course a bookmaker also has to be registered with the National Joint Pitch Council (NJPC). Without the necessary authorisation, they will not be allowed to do so. A prospective bookmaker is required to lodge a �10,000 bond with the NJPC for six months. This is reduced to �5,000 for enclosures such the Silver Ring. They will also be required to prove previous bookmaking experience. The Licensing and authorisation requirements are likely to change with the implementation of the Gambling Act 2005 due to become effective on 1 September 2007. Although not a legislative requirement many on-course bookmakers also belong to their local Bookmaker's Protection Association (BPA). BPAs are affiliated associations making up the National Association of Bookmakers, which represents on-course bookmakers. BPAs are scattered throughout the UK and membership is dependent on where the bookmaker lives. Although membership of a BPA is not mandatory it is recommended and provides guidance and benefits to the bookmaker. This area of guidance has been withheld to protect third party data With regards on-course bookmakers wishing to operate at greyhound tracks, registration is required at each individual track. Each track management is responsible for registration and may have differing rules and regulations. However all require registration with them before a bookmaker can operate from that track. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Telephone and Internet betting Entry into a betting office is no longer essential in order to place a bet. Alternatively this can be done either by telephone or via the Internet and where these are not part of a licensed betting office, only a Bookmaker's Permit is necessary. Competition Licensing authority restrictions prevent the opening of betting shops close to one another. However it is not necessarily other bricks and mortar businesses that are the source of competition. Consideration needs to be given to the impact of credit betting, betting on the Internet, and the growing popularity of Betting Exchanges. (Unlike conventional bookmakers, betting exchanges in effect allow punters to bet against each other). The advent of the Internet has changed the way the gambling industry operates, providing easy access to a whole range of betting services and products and so increasing competition. Internet betting is attracting more female customers who may have previously been reluctant to enter a traditional betting shop and a younger customer base familiar and comfortable with online transactions. Placing bets online is usually straightforward and generally available 24 hours a day. A general search of bookmakers or online gambling on the Internet produces ample opportunities for online betting. Many of these sites offer inducements to open accounts with them and promotions such as a free �50 bet to all new clients, or free bets on specific races, usually at principle race meetings. Mechanics of betting The bulk of betting money is generally staked close to the event. For horseracing this is generally within the 15 minutes before each race, and during that time the betting shops follow the lead of the 'on-course' bookmakers as regards the odds being offered. The odds offered by different betting shops are usually much the same throughout the run-up to a particular race, due to the provision of information by Satellite Information Services (SIS). Betting on major sporting events and horse races can begin days before. This is known as 'ante post' betting. The main reason for placing ante post bets is that the odds are likely to be better or longer than those offered on the race day or day of event. Take horseracing as the example, the bookmaker retains the whole of the stake if the horse does not run, unless the race itself is cancelled or postponed, in which case the race is declared void, and all bets are returned. Betting on a race ends immediately the race begins. Starting Prices (SP) The starting prices are those which rule at the beginning of the race, they are determined by the on-course bookmakers operating in the Tattersalls ring and based on the amount punters bet on each horse. There have been a number of reviews of the SP system. A change in system was introduced in May 2000 to address weaknesses in the system. The main changes included: prices from a minimum of five bookmakers for each returner to be used in compiling the SP the price offered by the majority of the monitored bookmakers to prevail preference to be given to bookmakers that meet the National Joint Pitch Council's rules and accept each way bets. Further changes were introduced in May 2004, primarily the computerisation of the system and procedures for greater transparency and accountability. The previous system was based on two reporters or more at the larger meetings who noted the board prices displayed in the Tattersalls ring, as mentioned above, noting them in a book and comparing at the 'off' to return the starting price. The new system involves on-course bookmakers' prices being directly linked to a central computer. This should include prices showing from at least six bookmakers. It is operated by the Satellite Information Service and overseen by the Press Association, who have appointed 'validators', together with a four-man Starting Price Regulatory Board. Around 90% of off-course bets are settled on the Starting Price. It is considered that some of the larger bookmakers influence the starting prices by placing or 'hedging' large bets with other bookmakers at the racecourse. This will have the effect of shortening the starting price not just at the racecourse but in the betting shops. Industry trade sources consider that fierce competition in the betting ring in recent years has resulted in a drop in the overall profit margin. Pitching the odds Normally, on-course bookmakers accept only the simplest bets single win only single each way Off-course bookmakers, with their greater facilities, accept a wider variety of bets and odds. Bets placed at betting shops are usually automatically accepted at 'SP' odds unless the punter specifically states otherwise. Most of the bets not at 'SP' odds are accepted at 'board price' odds, which are the odds advised by SIS as being offered by on-course bookmakers when the bets are accepted. As a rough rule of thumb about 80% overall of the money bet with bookmakers is returned to the betting public, the other 20% or so remaining with the bookmaker. The Department for Culture, Media and Sport's 'Gambling Review', includes research carried out by the National Joint Pitch Council, Betting Office Licence Office and the British Greyhound Racing Board, which shows the approximate rate of pay out, that is the amount staked returned as winnings to the punters: Horseracing (On-course) - 89% Horseracing (Off-course) - 78% Greyhound racing (On-course) - 80%. The mechanics of pitching odds is basically a mathematical exercise. Most bookmakers can instinctively quote a set of opening odds that take into account the general opinion of the chances of each runner in a race, and which will also give them a profit. In the run up to a race the range of odds on offer narrows over a short space of time and becomes much the same from bookmaker to bookmaker. This is due to the keen competition among on-course traders and the effect of SIS on the odds offered by off-course traders. The bookmaker needs to be able to assess the movement of the odds, the affect of taking bets has and to consider taking action i.e. hedging or laying off bets. Therefore it would follow that generally the smaller the bookmaker's reserves of cash, the less room there is for manoeuvre. Bets On-course bookmakers generally accept only the basic 'single' bets, which are the most straightforward kind of bet. A 'single bet' is a bet placed on one runner, and this can either be a win only bet or win and place, also known as an each way bet. A single win only bet is the simplest of all bets, the runner on which the bet has been staked wins, the punter receives the stake back plus winnings. A single each-way bet consists of two separate bets on the one runner. One of the bets is a 'win only' bet; the other bet is a 'place' bet, where the punter wins if the runner is placed, which can mean second to fourth depending upon the individual bookmaker's rule and the number of runners and type of race. There is a degree of variation between individual bookmaker's rules on 'place' bets, as to which 'places' qualify and the amount payable. A winning punter receives back the money originally staked plus winnings, which is the stake multiplied by the odds accepted. For example �2 bet at 6 to 1 (6/1) Horse wins: � � the punter will receive the �2 stake back, plus �12 Total return of �14 If the same amount of money is staked at the same odds, but each way, which in effect is �1.00 to win and �1.00 place the return is: �2 each way bet at 6/1 Horse wins: � � the punter will receive �1.00 stake back, plus �6.00, and the place element will be the remaining �1.00 stake back and the place return (1/4 of the odds of �6.00), �1.50 Total return of �9.50 � If the horse does not win but finishes in a place position: the punter will receive �1.00 stake back and the place return (1/4 of the odds of �6.00) �1.50 Total return of �2.50 Remember that the returns include the original stake. A bet where the odds are Evens would result in the punter receiving the stake back plus the same amount again. Therefore a winning �1.00 bet at Evens, would result in �1.00 stake being returned, plus �1.00 in winnings. Where the betting is Odds On, this means that any winnings would be a proportion of the stake, in effect Odds On being less than Evens. The receipts for a �1 odds on bet would be: - at 'two to one on' (1/2:1), stake �1+ winnings 50p = �1.50 at 'three to one on' (1/3:1) stake �1 + winnings 33p = �1.33. Odds reflect the perceived chance of a runner winning. For instance, a runner carrying odds of, say, 'two to one' is reckoned by whoever is offering those odds of having two chances of losing to one chance of winning - that is, 1 chance of winning out of a total of 3 chances = 1/3. Similarly, 'three to one' is three chances of losing to one of winning, that is, a 1 in 4 chance of winning = 1/4 'five to one' is a 1 in 6 chance of winning = 1/6; and so on up the scale of odds lengthening against the runner. Where there is a large number of runners in a race a bookmaker may offer odds on say only five, quoting say '10 to 1 bar' for the others; that is, the odds on the others are 10 to 1 or more. Off-course bookmakers will accept both 'single' and 'multiple' bets, such as 'Doubles', 'Trebles', 'Mixed doubles/trebles', 'Accumulators', 'Yankees', 'Super Yankees', 'Any to Come', etc. Multiple bets are constructed by putting together single bets, in various combinations. The glossary at Appendix 7 provides explanations of some of the more popular multiple bets, which are designed to cover more than one race. Betting on a race ends immediately the race begins. Balancing the Book Each bet the bookmaker accepts creates a potential liability to pay out if it wins. In the run up to an event, say a horserace, as bets are being taken a check is continually being made on the total potential liability building up on each runner. A bookmaker will vary the odds being offered so as to make a runner on which a lot of money is being staked less attractive, and conversely more attractive on a runner on which a small amount has been staked. The aim is to keep the odds offered in proportion to the money being taken on each runner, to balance the 'book' and to achieve a level of profit after settling up. The on-course bookmaker has the opportunity to balance the book by offering such odds on the bets taken that, whichever runners win or are placed, the amount retained by the bookmaker on bets placed on runners that have lost is more than enough to meet the amount paid out on winning bets. Therefore provided the bookmakers: 1. pitches the odds on the runners in a race in such a way that the odds offered, if they are converted into fractions, add up to 1 For example, in a four horse race the odds offered might be:- Odds Chances three to one � (5/20) four to one 1/5 (4/20)+ evens 1/2 (10/20)+ nineteen to one 1/20 (1/20)+ � � (20/20) = 1 � � � and 2. takes the punters' money in proportion to those odds, that is, a quarter of the total amount of stake money they receive is bet on the runner quoted at 'three to one' (odds = 1/4) a fifth of the total is bet on the one quoted at 'four to one' (odds = 1/5) a half on the 'evens' favourite (odds = 1/2) and a twentieth on the 'nineteen to one' outsider (odds = 1/20) then the bookmakers will have balanced their books. Whatever the result of the race, the amount taken in on losing bets will equal the amount paid out on winning bets. For example, suppose stakes received on the runners as follows: - �250 on the horse at 3 to 1 �200 on the horse at 4 to 1 �500 on the runner at 'evens'; and �50 on the outsider at 19 to 1 A total of �1,000 If the horse at 3 to 1 won, the payout would be �750 winnings (250 staked x 3) plus returned stakes of �250 = �1,000. If the horse at 4 to 1 won, the payout would be �800 (200 staked x 4) winnings + returned stake �200 = �1,000. If the 'evens' favourite won, the payout would be �500 won plus �500 staked = 1,000. If the outsider won, the winnings are �950 (50 x 19) plus stakes �50 = �1,000. Bookmaking is a business and the aim is to make a profit. To allow for a profit margin, the bookmaker must ensure that the odds offered, when converted into fractions, add up to more than one or as is usually the case when working to percentages adds up to more than 100, which leads on to the Over - round theory. The Over - round theory In practice, a bookmaker will work to percentages rather than fractions. If the odds offered by a bookmaker on a race were 'fair and even' then all the odds added together would total 100, however to ensure a profit element, the odds added together must achieve greater than 100. The excess over 100 is known as the 'over - round'. Therefore it follows that the greater the excess over 100 is, the greater the profit margin. On some occasions, when odds greatly differ from bookmaker to bookmaker the best price percentage may drop below 100%, indicating that the best book on that event is actually in the punter's favour. Appendix 6 shows conversion of odds to percentage chance. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Hedging bets Essentially these are bets one bookmaker makes with another. Circumstances occurring during the run up to a race can throw out the balance of bets taken, for example heavier or lighter than expected betting on particular runners. The position may deteriorate to the point where the bookmaker finds that the potential liability building up on a particular runner is too large and so the bookmaker will 'hedge his bets' by placing a bet - 'a hedging' bet - with another bookmaker. The 'hedging' bet - basically, one bet that takes account of the bets which the bookmaker has taken on the runner concerned, and which effectively transfers part or all of the potential liability to another bookmaker - will win them enough to meet their own liabilities should the punters be successful. This is how bookmakers limit their exposure. However, should the punters be proved wrong the bookmaker will have then passed on part or all of the profit on the runner to the other bookmaker. It is also worth noting that in some cases, the bookmaker may receive a commission from the bookmaker with whom the hedging bets have been placed. The degree of freedom that a bookmaker has, in practice, to set odds depends on the competition from the odds being offered by bookmakers in the ring and the size of the bookmaker's own capital reserves. This is more obvious 'on-course' when a good number of bookmakers are trading close together in the betting ring. The level of competition 'on-course' can be so strong that the range of initial odds offered by individual bookmakers will quickly become very similar and any moves in the odds will be reflected by all the bookmakers on-course. Due to the Satellite Information Services (SIS) this movement will be reflected in off-course bookmakers' odds, although the competitive pressure on them will not be as strong. Where the competition is such that a bookmaker has no freedom to set their own odds but is following the 'ring', there are two alternatives a bookmaker can consider where potential liability on a particular runner is rising higher than preferred. The bookmaker can either: 'wipe (the runner) off the board', that is refuse to accept any further bets on it or continue to accept bets on it but also place a 'hedging' bet on it. If the bookmaker expects the odds to shorten then it may be necessary to place the 'hedging' bet as soon as possible. If the odds shorten too far the other bookmakers may also wipe it off their boards. The major bookmakers may seek to influence the odds being offered 'on-course', and subsequently 'off-course' by having their representatives make bets in the ring. Several thousands of pounds spent to shorten the Starting Price odds on a runner that has been heavily backed with them can save them tens of thousands should it win. The amount of money, as well as the odds accepted on each runner, affects the make-up of the 'book' on each race. Two bookmakers offering the same odds on the runners in a race but who take different amounts of money on each runner one will end up with a different profit or loss. The difference in profit margins may be significant on one race, but for off-course bookmakers tends to even out over time, since the odds they offer are identical due to the use of SIS. On-course bookmakers' margins are more variable, since the volume of business they attract varies at each of the courses they attend during the course of a season. Any off-course bookmaker must include all bets received and winnings paid out on hedged bets in their Betting Duty calculations. However the bookmaker who lays off the bet and any subsequent winnings should not include this in their betting duty calculations. Where an off-course bookmaker hedges with an on-course bookmaker, duty is only due on the original bet as the amount laid off with the on-course bookmaker will be exempt. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Rule 4C Rule 4C is a Jockey Club regulation that comes into effect when a horse, close to the start of the race, but before 'Under Starter's Orders', is withdrawn or the starter officially declares that the horse will take no part in the race, so deemed as a non-runner and there is insufficient time to form a new market. Stakes on the withdrawn horse are refunded to the punters and bookmakers are entitled to retain a proportion of winning pay-outs to compensate for their unbalanced book. The Tattersalls Committee sets the amount deducted by the bookmaker. The rate of deduction is calculated according to the Starting Price, the shorter the price of the horse concerned at the time of withdrawal, the bigger the deduction. For example - 1/9 or shorter deduction is 90p in the pound (�), 5/2 to 3/1 25p in the �, 10/1 to 14/01 5p in the � and over 14/1 no deduction. 4C Rulings are a fairly frequent occurrence and it would be exceptional if none arose during the course of a season for any particular bookmaker. The TOTE The Horserace Totalisator Board, known as The Tote, is probably one of the most well known names at racecourses; however it also has over 500 shops in the UK. The Tote windows at racecourses are generally very popular with female and novice race goers. Totepool is currently the only pool betting in operation in the UK. The Tote was originally founded by Winston Churchill in 1928 as a 'haven' for people wanting to place a bet, it being state controlled and out of the reach of illegal bookmakers. The Tote competes with the rest of the bookmaking sector and is a major player is the betting industry. Its profits are paid over to the Horserace Betting Levy Board and ploughed back into the racing industry. It is probably best known for pool betting (Totepool), which operates on the same kind of principles as football pools. The bets received on a particular race are pooled and the winners receive a percentage of the pool as a dividend, therefore punters do not know the price they are getting when placing the bet. However the odds can often be similar to those offered by the bookmakers, especially those horses that are at the top of the betting with short odds. The Tote takes out a percentage of the pool and the remainder of the money is divided between the winning tickets. However, clearly by having over 500 betting shops, the Tote takes bets for all forms of activity, not just horseracing. A review in 1999 concluded that the Tote should no longer remain within Government ownership, although it has never been in receipt of government funding or financial support. The first requirement was to change the legislation to enable the Tote to be taken into public ownership and transferred to a newly created company owned by the Government, it can then be sold to racing and compete commercially. Once the Tote is sold it will begin an exclusive licence to run pool betting for seven years, after which the licence will not be extended, as at the end of that period there will be a new regulatory regime that will allow other operators to provide pool betting. More information about the TOTE can be found on their web site at www.corporate.totesport.com Greyhound tracks run their own version of the Tote. The Horserace Betting Levy Board The Horserace Betting Levy Board (HBLB) is a statutory body whose sources of income are the Tote and a levy on both on-course and off-course bookmakers. The levy is calculated purely by reference to the gross profit achieved from the bookmaker's horserace betting business and in accordance with the relevant Levy Scheme in place. The Levy also applies to telephone and Internet betting on horseracing, spread betting, bet brokers and betting exchanges. Each year the Bookmakers' Committee, a statutory body set up to represent Bookmakers' interests to the Board, propose a levy scheme to the Board which, if agreed, is put into operation. The Levy Board is responsible for the assessing and collection of duties from bookmakers. These funds are generally used for the advancement of the industry: the improvement of breeds, horses and horse racing the advancement and development of veterinary science and education. The levy year runs from 1 April to 31 March each year. The levy, assessed on a current year basis, is payable either at the end of the year, or during the year, either in two half-yearly instalments or monthly. This levy paid by bookmakers is an allowable deduction in computing their taxable profit, BIM51251. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Alternatively the most recent years can be accessed on the Horserace Betting Levy Board at www.hblb.org.uk and by clicking on 'Levy Collection'. Gross Profits Tax - General Betting Duty On the 6th October 2001, General Betting Duty underwent major reform, introducing a new system - Gross Profits Tax, whereby a 15% tax became chargeable on bookmakers' gross profit, that is the difference between the stakes laid with a bookmaker and the winnings they pay out. 'Today sees the start of a new era for betting in Britain. Tax-free betting is great news for punters, but the benefits go much wider than that. These reforms will allow Britain's betting industry to become a world-leader in the international betting market. And as the bookmakers' turnover increases, racing and the Government revenues will share in the benefits.' Paul Boateng, Financial Secretary to the Treasury Prior to this change, Betting Duty was a tax on the total money taken by the bookmakers in stakes on off-course bets or with the Tote. Under this system the punter on placing a bet incurred an additional 9% charge on their stake, representing: 6.75% betting duty 1.25 - 1.5% approximately, horse racing levy, where appropriate a residual deduction for bookmakers' administrative costs. A summary of the system in place prior to 6 October 2001 can be found at Appendix 2. Gross Profits Tax which is also referred to as General Betting Duty, applies to all off-course bets made with UK bookmakers including the Tote (Horserace Totalisator Board) and UK bet-brokers. Other bets duty is applied to include: bets placed with brokers or agents who hold bookmakers permits will be part of the Gross Profits Tax scheme, but not bookmakers acting as agents for the Tote hedged or laid off bets pool bets made by a totalisator on an approved track and on the day of the event sponsored pool bets, such as bets placed via the TOTE free bets fixed odds bets spread betting - the spread betting industry operates differently. Spread betting firms are subject to lower rates of GPT - 3% for financial spread bets and10% for other spread bets including sports bet. As punters pay no tax on their bets, the cost of betting has reduced and so essentially punters bet more for their money/stake. The tax charge, horserace levy and administration charges under the old system are absorbed by the bookmaker. To show this net effect: � General Betting Duty Gross Profits Tax �Stake �10.00 �10.00 �Deduction �0.90 �0.00 �Return on a 2-1 �30.00 �30.00 �bet (incl stake) � � �Net gain to punter �19.10 �20.00 Not only has GPT affected the punter's return on bets, but it has also affected the gross profit rates of off-course bookmakers. The early years of GPT has seen profit margins drop, although there is an expectation that as new gambling systems are developed and there is an increasing popularity in a variety of gambling activities, margins are likely to grow. Example Pre 6 October 2001 Bets �500 + 9% tax = �545 � Less Payout �430 � Gross Profit �115 GPR 21% Less betting tax (6.75%) 545 x 6.75% �36 Profit �79 Post 6 October 2001 Bets �500 �500 � Less Payout �430 � Gross Profit �70 GPR 14% Less Gross Profits Tax (15%) 70 x 15% �10 Profit �60 The objectives of this reform have been well documented, therefore to summarise: to create the right competitive environment for the UK betting industry, on both domestic and international fronts, which will also enable them to take the opportunities presented by the development of e-commerce to give punters a better deal to support racing through increased horseracing betting turnover to protect long term revenues from betting reduce incentive for illicit gambling and the illegal untaxed gambling market. This system also recognises that profit margins are generally tighter on telephone and on-line betting than on cash betting in shops, therefore it is believed by the Government that this will give a particular boost to these areas. 'The Modernisation of Gambling Taxes: A Report on the Evaluation of the Gross Profits Tax on Betting' published on May 2003 by the former HM Customs & Excise provides the following indications of the successful introduction to GPT: a better deal for punters turnover increased in line with expectations growth in the betting industry has lead to creation of new jobs GPT has provided a 'positive boost' for smaller independent bookmakers and for online gambling and specialist sectors. More recently the National Audit Office in its review of gambling duties indicates that the introduction of GPT together with Fixed Odds Betting Terminals (FOBTs) and Betting Exchanges has also contributed to the drop in illegal betting activity. It is also worth noting that the introduction of the Gross Profits Tax came into effect at the start of a busy sporting and betting weekend: World Cup football, two of the biggest betting horse races of the year in the Cambridgeshire Handicap and the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe horse race in Paris. Press reports suggested that bookmakers experienced a rush of gambling activity as punters took advantage of tax-free betting. Where turnover is reported gross, gross profits tax is an allowable deduction as it is incurred in the course of carrying out the trade and the earning of profits. Bookmakers are exempt from VAT on bets received and paid out. On-course betting On-course bookmakers have been exempt from the duty since 29 March 1987, provided that: both the person originating the bet/the punter (intermediaries do not count) and the bookmaker, are present at the racecourse during the meeting with which the bet is concerned. This also applies to on-course bets taken for 'away' meetings as long as they meet the conditions of an off-course bet or the bet is a 'hedging' bet made to a bookmaker present at the racecourse during the meeting with which the bet is concerned. The off-course bookmaker placing the hedged the bet must account for the duty on the original bet placed either with them or through them, where acting as an Agent. Therefore bets placed at racecourses and greyhound tracks will continue to be exempt from duty under the Gross Profits Tax scheme. However from 1 September 2003, the definition of on-course bets changed. The points above still apply, but only to bets made during a horse or dog race meeting. The effect of this change is that any bets taken on sporting events other than horse or dog racing, i.e. football matches will not be treated as on-course bets and so will be liable to general betting duty. Where an on-course bookmaker accepts off-course bets, they must set up and maintain records in the same way as an off-course bookmaker. Accounting arrangements As part of the Government's recognition that small independent bookmakers in the UK, often operating out of a single shop unit, need assistance in reducing their compliance costs and improve cash-flow, HMRC introduced new accounting arrangements for the smaller bookmaker under the Gross Profits Tax system. Instead of accounting for the tax every month, those with an annual turnover below �600,000 can account for it on a quarterly basis. Record keeping requirements for Gross Profits Tax purposes see Off-course bookmakers. Betting Rings Each horse racecourse has up to three enclosures for spectators. These are known as 'rings'. In descending order: Club or Members Tattersalls Silver Ring To gain entry each bookmaker purchases a betting badge for the relevant betting ring. This usually costs up to five times the cost of public entry into Tattersalls, the charge being determined in the Betting, Gaming and Lotteries Act of 1963. Many racecourses have increased their number of pitches resulting in increased revenue from bookmakers which in turn increases the level of competition between bookmakers. Some bookmakers pay their course fees by an annual lump sum payment, while others pay on a daily basis. In addition, the racecourse carries a list of all the bookmakers who are authorised to trade on the racecourse, and at each meeting they tick off those that have actually attended. Bookmakers are also required to pay to the racecourse (who collects the monies on behalf of the NJPC) a pitch administration fee, this fee is currently �10 for Rails and Tattersalls and �3 for Silver rings (2006). Tattersalls ring is the most popular with the public and most heavily populated with bookmakers and it is often the case for minor meetings that attendance by the bookmaker in the Silver ring is not always viable. The Betting Rings are under the authority of the National Joint Pitch Council. Rules issued by the NJPC govern the conduct and administration of all those who operate in the betting rings. Rails Bookmakers The rails are the dividing barrier between Members and Tattersalls. It is usually where the large bookmaking firms are represented and are known as 'rail bookmakers', for example William Hill, Ladbrokes and Corals. In general rails bookmakers accommodate larger staking punters and can have regular customers. Until 1 January 2001, rails bookmakers were not allowed to display race odds on boards, unlike other on-course bookmakers. On 24 May 2000 the Horserace Betting Levy Board confirmed that rails bookmakers should be allowed to display their prices on boards, in the same way as other on-course bookmakers, and able to face into Members Enclosures. This took effect from 1 January 2001, although it is known that some rails bookmakers undertook to display their boards before the official start date. Following this, recent changes have allowed rails bookmakers to offer odds to members of the public in the Grandstand. The NJPC has at some courses provided mains electricity and telephone landlines, and this gives the opportunity for the bookmakers to offer debit card facilities, an option that is not available to the bookmakers in the main rings. Self employed TIC-TACS Tic-tac is a secret and complex sign language used at racecourses to indicate movements in the price of a horse. Tic-Tacs provide a service to the bookmakers, not the punters. The main tool of the trade is the Twist Card. This is in effect the race card showing details of all the races of the meeting. Tic-Tacs earn their money by selling their twist card to bookmakers in the betting ring. The numbers of the runners on the twist card are changed to enable the TicTac to relay information between bookmakers without the public, including professional punters being aware of which runners are attracting the greatest volume of betting money and odds being offered. In order to conduct business as a Tic-Tac at an Approved Racecourse they will need to have authorisation from the NJPC and as with on-course bookmakers are subject to the rules set out by the NJPC. These are wide ranging, and include the following: A Tic-Tac may only relay bets between Authorised Bookmakers, Nominated Officers, or Authorised Representatives. They must maintain a full record of all transactions conducted in the Betting Ring through or by the Tic-Tac. The Betting Ring Manager can request these for review at any time. A Tic-Tac is not allowed to lay bets on their own account, the NJPC carry out checks to ensure that this rule is adhered to. Those plying this skill usually wear white gloves and stand on wooden crates or use other methods of elevation so that they can be easily seen. On saying that the increasing use of mobile phones makes this a rarer sight. Bookmakers may employ private Tic-Tacs; these are classed as Workers. On-course Bookmakers - Method of Operation Registration with the National Joint Pitch Council Equipment Pitch and List Positions Display of terms and requirements Attendance Workers The conditions under which bookmakers trade at both horse racecourses and greyhound tracks are much the same. The main difference is that there are usually fewer betting rings, punters, and runners per race at a greyhound track than there are at horse racecourses. Bookmakers who concentrate on greyhound racing tend to operate locally. However those who attend horse race meetings will operate over a much wider area. The number of days trading will vary, some bookmakers will trade for more days than others depending upon a number of factors such as: the number of pitches owned, the number of race meetings at those race courses and the viability of undertaking long journeys to attend a meeting, especially those where attendance is anticipated to be low. In the run-up to each race the bookmaker: takes account, in their own show of odds the general betting activity and alters odds accordingly issues a numbered betting ticket for each bet taken, and gives the details to the clerk who inputs the information into the laptop, usually located behind the person taking the bet. Once the race is over and the result announced, winnings are paid out on presentation of the betting ticket. Some bookmakers also accept hedging bets from other bookmakers, including, on occasions hedging bets made by bookmakers representing the larger chains. Experienced bookmakers are always aware of their potential liabilities building up in their books, having the ability to retain this information in their heads and will try to hedge immediately when they need to. With the advent of computer usage on-course, this information should be very quickly to hand, however bookmakers will know instinctively whether they have made a profit or a loss on a race without needing to check their books. Regulations governing the trading activities of on-course bookmakers lay with the National Joint Pitch Council. Registration with the National Joint Pitch Council A bookmaker whose name is on any Bookmakers' List needs to apply to the NJPC each year in the three months ending 31 December, paying the relevant fee to ensure the name is retained on the Bookmakers' List at a racecourse. The NJPC will update the list after this date where application and fee is forthcoming. Failure to register will result in the bookmaker's name being removed from the List. The area of guidance has been withheld to protect third party data. Pitch and List Positions In order for bookmakers to operate on-course they will need to purchase an Authorisation Badge for the Betting Ring they wish to trade in, and pay the Pitch Administration Fee, which is payable to the NJPC. Each racecourse betting ring has a specified number of List Positions known as the Designated Number � bookmakers within this number are assumed to be present unless they contact the NJPC to "opt out" � this allows bookmakers on the standby list to "Opt In" if there are sufficient positions available. The 'list position' means a bookmaker's position relative to other bookmakers on the Bookmakers' List, entitling the bookmaker to select a designated pitch from which to trade and to stand their joint. Of course, pitch allocation is restricted for each race meeting. If a race course has a pitch allocation of 50, then those bookmakers holding numbers 1 to 50 are guaranteed to be allowed on the course, those with numbers 51 and higher will only be able to trade on-course if there have been any cancellations in attendance at lower numbered pitches. The allocation of numbers varies from racecourse to racecourse and also from meeting to meeting. The pitch number is an indicator of the position within the betting ring that the bookmaker has, the higher the number the further away the pitch is from the main rows or column of activity. A low number means a bookmaker has the right to choose where to stand before a high number � therefore number 1 chooses first where that bookmakers thinks most trade/ business is likely to be done on that particular day. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Details of yearly-designated numbers can be found on the NJPC website � www.njpc-ltd.co.uk. Attendance Attendance is classified as being achieved if the bookmaker or representative remains at the pitch until after the fifth race of the meeting. If a bookmaker fails to attend at least 25% of race days at the relevant racecourse in each calendar year, they may be fined by the Local Joint Pitch Council (LJPC). In serious breaches the NJPC can force the bookmaker to forfeit their List Position at the racecourse and the bookmaker's name may be removed from the Bookmakers list and then placed in a lower position as considered appropriate by the LJPC. Failure by a bookmaker who has a designated pitch number to attend any race meeting and fails to notify the NJPC by the appropriate deadline, which is usually by 1.30pm the day before the race meeting may incur penalties. (Boxing Day is the exception to the 24-hour rule in that notification has to be made before 1.30pm on 24 December.) Penalties can range from a warning letter to suspension for a period of time. Notifying the NJPC of non-attendance by the deadline allows the NJPC to reallocate the pitch to those authorised bookmakers who, although will be registered with a List position, will not have a specific pitch at that racecourse. Where a bookmaker holds a designated pitch for several racecourses, there may be a clash of meetings. Where this does occur and the bookmaker does attend one of those race meetings, the bookmaker will be deemed as being in attendance for all and will be taken into account when assessing whether attendance requirements have been met or not. Equipment The on-course bookmaker's basic equipment used to consist of a blackboard and nameplate on a tripod (to chalk up the odds offered), a satchel to hold the money, and betting tickets. However recent years have seen dramatic changes due to the introduction of computer terminals to record bets, to summarise: Standardised aluminium podiums or joints are required, and these have to be approved by the NJPC. Little information has so far been obtained on this aspect, but one advert advertised 'standard aluminium joints or podiums' at a cost of �1,300 (2006). The computerisation of records requires computer terminals at each pitch and the use of laptop systems can be seen at each pitch. There is varying software available to bookmakers which record transactions and produce formal betting slips. Rather than boards, the runners and odds are shown on an illuminated screen reflecting the changing odds as betting activity continues, although some bookmakers still choose to use traditional boards marking up the odds manually. Mobile telephones are commonly used as another means of keeping in touch with betting trends, or of making hedging bets, or of receiving credit bets. Walkie Talkies are also used for relaying information on-course. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Display of terms and requirements On-course bookmakers must display the following information on their board or joint and have to ensure that it is visible to the public in the relevant betting ring: runners in race card or betting order trading name and contact address amount of minimum bet accepted - some may not accept bets less than �5.00 amount of maximum guaranteed amount to pay out to an individual punter types of bets available - to win or each way - some on-course bookmakers will accept each way bets, but not all. Although not displayed there are rules governing circumstances where a winning bet is not claimed. These are documented under Rule 16 of the NJPC Rules. However to summarise; where a bet is not claimed, the bookmaker should leave the outstanding amount due on the winning bet with the Betting Ring Manager, together with details of the terms of the bet and the receipt number. After a period of one month if the bet remains unclaimed the winnings are returned to the bookmaker by cheque, however if it subsequently claimed at a later date it is still the liability of the bookmaker. This area of guidance has been withheld to protect third party data. Workers The on-course bookmaker will also employ Workers to carry out a number of different tasks: A Clerk, who records the bets that the bookmaker accepts, and keeps track of the liability building up on each runner. Identifying 'faces' in the crowd, such as professional punters, trainers, and stable employees or connections. They will also be looking for the activities of the large bookmakers, watching for any potential manipulation of the Starting Prices. Laying off bets Acting as a 'runner' for the bookmaker passing bets from established credit clients at the racecourse to the bookmaker in the ring. Acting as the bookmaker's own 'Tic-Tac' who advises the bookmaker, with coded hand signals, of the odds being offered by other bookmakers - the betting 'show' -and also relays to other bookmakers any hedging bets that the bookmaker needs to make. Workers are not allowed to negotiate bets. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. On-course Bookmakers - Records Traditionally the basic record for on-course bookmakers was the 'Field Book'. This consisted of pages ruled into columns (six columns for greyhound tracks and up to ten columns for horseraces). The Field Book would have been bound and have serially numbered pages. This book would have been kept even if the bookmaker did not accept bets that were liable to betting duty. Immediately after a bet was made the details were entered in the field book under the date on which the bet was received. Where a hedged bet was received from an off-course bookmaker, the details of the bookmaker including the unique trader betting duty reference were entered in the Field Book within seven days of receiving the hedged bet. January 2000 saw the introduction of computerised systems for the issue of tickets and recording of bets, and so the traditional Field Books have become less apparent and are no longer necessarily of the prime records. Betting slips or tickets must be issued to each punter for each bet accepted by the bookmaker and these must display the following information: bookmaker's name and contact address race day name or code, date and race number name or number of the horse stake amount potential return including stake odds type of bet. As records are in electronic format, printouts are generated for every race at the meeting the bookmaker attends. These sheets are very detailed and show the following data: ticket number of the bet placed amount of stake odds at the time the bet placed pay out. A summary sheet for each race is also produced showing overall bets taken, the amount paid out and the profit on that race. In addition to the individual race record, a further summary sheet is produced showing details of the total bets received, paid out and profit for the whole meeting. Of course there should also be a back-up system in place to support record keeping requirements, if the computer operations fail, for example manual recording using a Simplex book or reverting to the Field Book. Where an on-course bookmaker accepts off-course bets, the same records must be maintained as an off-course bookmaker and must ensure that records are kept of bets hedged, laid-off or placed by an off-course bookmaker, in which case the record should include the name and unique trader reference of the off-course bookmaker. On-course bookmakers may also keep a 'Cop & Blew' book as a private record of their ups and downs, which may include transactions omitted from other records, such as the record of hedging bets, who the bookmaker uses for credit bets, and in turn by which bookmakers they are used. More information on activities in connection with transactions carried out in a private capacity can be found at Private Betting Wins. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. On-course Bookmakers - Profitability All on-course bookmakers have their good and bad days, and their results will fluctuate to a greater degree than their off-course counterparts. Competition for custom is keener at race meetings. The bookmaker who offers less generous odds than rivals will attract less business, although this may be because the trader may not have as great a turnover or capital reserves as other bookmakers. The size of the on-course trader's capital reserves will determine the size of the bet that can be accepted without hedging off and possibly reducing profit on a race. 'Single win only bets' - the only kind acceptable to most on-course bookmakers - are less profitable than 'Multiple' bets. On the other hand, an on-course bookmaker has fewer overheads and can offer more profitable betting to the punter in the sense that on-course bets are not liable to betting duty. On considering an on-course bookmaker's profitability, it is possible to make a comparison between the profit rate as reported in the press for each race and that returned in accounts. This is covered more fully in the section on the Over-round theory. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. The National Joint Pitch Council (NJPC) The NJPC was established in 1998 taking on the responsibility for the administration of on-course betting rings at all race meetings, (excluding point to point courses). The NJPC is a mutual-trading company funded through the charges made to on-course bookmakers. Rules administered (the National Pitch Rules are authorised by the Horserace Betting Levy Board) by the NJPC govern the conduct and administration of bookmakers and other personnel conducting business in the betting rings. Any bookmaker wishing to operate at an Approved Racecourse must first obtain authorisation from the NJPC (in addition to applying to his/her local magistrate for a betting permit). The NJPC also has the power to withdraw its authorisation at any time or to renew the bookmakers Authorisation Badge. A bookmaker whose name is on the Bookmakers' List needs to apply to the NJPC each year in the three months ending 31 December, paying the relevant fee to ensure the name is retained on the Bookmakers' List at a racecourse. The NJPC will update the list after this date where application and fee is forthcoming. Failure to register may result in the bookmaker's name being removed from the List. As part of the NJPC assessment as to whether allow registration, the bookmaker's liabilities and financial position are considered. To the effect that a bookmaker cannot carry out the trade unless: 'he has discharged all taxes, rates, duties and charges whether parliamentary, local or of any other description which are now or may at any time hereafter be imposed, assessed or charged in respect of his business as a bookmaker'. The NJPC also provides the mechanism for the auctioning of pitches, registering all sales and transfers. This is covered in more detail in the section Pitch ownership and disposal. The NJPC appoints Betting Ring Managers who are responsible for the allocation of pitches and the enforcement of NJPC rules at each race day fixture. Previous sections in this TIP on on-course bookmakers provide a summary of the requirements put in place by the NJPC in order to operate at a racecourse. The rules also clearly indicate the authority the NJPC has in disallowing the operation of a bookmaker if these requirements are not met. As the rules are extensive, they are not fully documented here but can be viewed on the NJPC website � www.njpc-ltd.co.uk. Ring Lists A Bookmakers List Position allows the bookmaker the right to choose where to stand prior to the bookmakers hold the next List Position number - thus the holder of position number one chooses before number two and so forth. Each racecourse betting ring has a specified number of List Positions known as the Designated Number � bookmakers within this number are assumed to be present unless they contact the NJPC to "opt out" � this allows bookmakers on the standby list to "Opt In" if there are sufficient positions available. The Lists for each days racing are prepared the previous day to the race-day. The NJPC produces on its website details of Ring Lists. The information is set out in alphabetical listing of racecourses showing the names of the bookmakers (no addresses), at which they are allowed to operate. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Pitch ownership and disposal Pitch allocation to October 1998 Capital Gains implications From October 1998 Greyhound Tracks Further changes from 16 July 2002 � Pitch allocation to October 1998 Up until October 1998, the pitch committee of the appropriate Bookmakers' Protection Association (BPA) allocated the pitches at each horse racecourse on behalf of the racecourse authorities. Ten BPAs between them covered all courses and, combined, formed the National Association of Bookmakers. On-course bookmakers obtained a 'pitch' - a specified position - in Tattersalls or the Silver Ring, on which they erected a stand and traded. They were not permitted to stand in the Members enclosure. In each enclosure the pitches were arranged in rows, the front rows nearest the stands being regarded as the best from which to attract the most custom and the largest bets. The best area of all was regarded as the one next to the 'rails' by the members' enclosure, and usually occupied by representatives of the big multiple chains, accepting only the larger bets, and 'hedging' bets from other bookmakers. They also make bets themselves in order to influence starting prices. A bookmaker could have only one pitch at a racecourse at a time. A pitch was deemed to fall vacant if the occupant failed to regularly attend the course meetings, and many on-course bookmakers travelled long distances over the year to ensure regular attendance at a pitch at each of the courses on their circuit. When a pitch fell vacant, the bookmaker with the longest record of satisfactory attendance in the ring concerned was given preference if they applied for it, except that in certain circumstances a relative, usually a son or brother of the previous holder, could obtain it. A bookmaker requiring a pitch for the first time would apply to the secretary of the local BPA region, naming the courses that they wished to attend. The bookmaker would then be allocated, when available, a pitch on the back row of the silver ring, and had to trade there for a year before becoming entitled either to treat the pitch as their own, or to apply for another pitch. From October 1998 From October 1998, major changes took place in the sale and acquisition of pitches. Pitches were no longer automatically transferred between bookmakers. All pitches had to be auctioned through the National Joint Pitch Council (NJPC). Initially the NJPC took 12% of the sale price in commission, however this has since changed to 6%. Auctions are held periodically (usually four per year), and any 'lots' up for auction or bids for transfer have to be submitted two weeks prior to that date. Auctions are held at different courses throughout the year, but can include pitches from all over the country i.e. a pitch at Brighton could be auctioned at Newbury or Carlisle. There are no restrictions as to the number of pitches an owner can put up for sale. Pitches can also be sold privately between two individual bookmakers or companies. However if a pitch is disposed of by means of a private treaty sale, the NJPC charges a fee and commission based upon tariff valuations to register the transfer of the pitch. Further changes from 16 July 2002 A review carried out by Office of Fair Trading (OFT) looked at several different concerns raised by bookmakers, these generally centred on: charging structure and fees for administering auctions and transferring pitches considered excessive bookmakers being required to sell their pitches through auctions set up by the NJPC and so considered restrictive. As a result of the OFT enquiry, the NJPC has: amended its rules to allow private sales of pitches between bookmakers reduced the rate of commission for both auction and private sales reduced the daily pitch administration fee. Capital Gains Implications Tax Bulletin 43 clearly defines that: 'the right to occupy a particular 'pitch' at a particular racecourse is an asset for Capital Gains Tax purposes. Section 21(1) (a) Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 (TCGA) provides that: 'All forms of property shall be assets�including�incorporeal property generally.' Tax Bulletin 43 sets out guidance on this aspect, and this should be referred to. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Greyhound Tracks The allocation of pitches at a greyhound track is controlled by the track management. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Off-course Bookmakers - Methods of Operation A person holding a bookmaker's permit can only make an application for a betting shop licence, without which the shop cannot open. The application is made to the appropriate licensing justices; also see Betting Shops and Licensing Requirements. Betting shops can be grouped into three main sectors: The large multiple chains Ladbrokes, William Hill and Coral etc. each owning several hundred shops and account for over 60% of outlets in the UK. Their share of the market has risen in recent years, mainly for the reason that they have had the resources to invest in more amenities and facilities, such as satellite TV, and being able to supply a wide range of gambling opportunities and activities. Satellite TV enables bets to be laid on foreign races when adverse weather has caused UK races to be cancelled. Each shop will have an elaborate security system to guard against fraud and is run by a manager who operates within strictly defined rules laid down by the organisation. Any doubtful or particularly large bets will be referred to the Head Office in order to ward off the possibility that the bet is part of an attempt to rig the odds. The smaller (5 to 20 shops) chains' share of the market has remained roughly static as they have not by and large been able to refurbish their premises to the same extent as the multiples. Again, each shop will have a security system to guard against fraud but the manager is usually given more flexibility than his counterpart in the multiples' shop. The 'one shop' bookmaker's turnover has tended to drop. This type of shop will also have systems to guard against fraud but the main concern will be to ensure that the potential liability on particular races does not pose a threat of reducing capital resources. For that reason, the bookmaker is likely to have a lower limit on the amount they will pay out on any one bet, and this will be advertised in the shop. The last two categories mentioned above are also subject to fierce competition from the major players and acquisitions made by them resulting in the gradual decline of the smaller independent businesses. All shops operate on much the same lines and will have the various sporting papers available for their clients' use, supplies of betting slips, a board and televisions showing the current odds on offer for forthcoming races. Satellite Information Service (SIS) is virtually universal in off-course betting shops, consequently the odds offered will be the same or similar. Each shop will also display a list of the rules under which bets are taken. As the larger bookmakers are able to operate on tighter profit margins than their smaller competitors, they can offer more attractive bets. Small bookmakers cannot generally carry large bets and need to hedge or lay off bets with the larger bookmakers. The off-course sector of the industry i.e. betting shops employ large numbers of part time and temporary staff. As a consequence of Sunday racing (May 1994), the need for Sunday opening of betting shops arose. This saw the development of new employment rights for people within the betting industry. The changes under the provisions of the Deregulation and Contracting Out Act 1994 came into force on 3 January 1995. The provisions apply to: all those who are employed to work in or about a licensed betting office in England and Wales, and those who are employed to work at a horse racecourse or licensed track in England and Wales, and involves dealing betting transactions. The number of staff will of course vary according to the volume of business transacted. The basic jobs are those of: Counter clerk - to take the bets and stake money. The cash registers used are specifically designed for the trade, which print the date, time, and a consecutive number on a betting slip in one operation. The betting slip is placed in the register, rung up, and the duplicate part of the slip is handed to the punter in exchange for the stake money. In many shops the top part of the slip is then photographed before being handed to the settler. Settler- calculates the potential winnings due on the bet. The settler also keeps those 'multiple' bets, which may incur large liabilities constantly under review, to ensure that any necessary 'hedging' bet is made in good time. Other slips are passed to the pay out clerk. Pay out clerk - in smaller shops, the jobs of counter clerk and payout clerk are often combined. All slips are filed. The punter's copy of a winning slip is retained by the clerk and stapled to the shop's copy. It is a common practice to put an 'off time' slip through the till when a particular race starts, to indicate the time and till consecutive number reached at that point to settle any disputes that may occur if a bet is inadvertently taken after the start during a busy period. At the end of the day the used betting slips, with the exception of unclaimed winners are parcelled together for later inspection by HMRC. Most shops have a significant income from unclaimed winning bets, which are held for a time (usually specified in the shop's rules) and then treated as void. Off-course Bookmakers - Records The off-course bookmaker is required to keep both a record of all bets placed and a betting duty account book. Each month a return of the total bets received, together with the duty payable, must be forwarded to the Greenock Accounting Centre within 15 days following the end of the month to which it relates. However extended accounting periods are available under specific conditions. Also see General Betting Duty and Notice 451. There are numerous records required to support the business accounts and also to comply with Betting Duty Requirements: a general betting duty account, including calculations of how duty payment has been arrived at a daily record of bets must be kept by off-course bookmakers and totalled by 12 noon the following day a daily record of bet-related winnings paid out copy betting slips - these should be consecutively numbered, dated, show the time of the transaction and retained in batches of 200 till rolls - the more sophisticated the till rolls, the more information they have on them and in many instances reproduce all the information as entered on the betting slip bank statements cash and credit records business accounts. In accordance with the Betting and Gaming Duties Act 1981, betting slips need only to be retained for a period of 6 months after the date when bets were made. In the case of, winning bets, these must be for a period of 6 months after the winning bets were paid out or notified as payments to customer accounts. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. For betting duty requirements, these records should be retained for 3 years. The 1994 Finance Act does not provide specific guidance on this point, but leaflet SA/BK3 advises taxpayers to keep 'all appropriate records' for a minimum of 5 years from the latest date by which their SA Return is to be filed. Of course all records supporting the accounts and business transactions such as bank statements, cash and credit records, including till rolls produced by the cash register, and annual accounts have to be kept in accordance with requirements under S12B TMA 1970. On-course bookmakers are generally exempt from GPT for their on-course activities in relation to horseracing and greyhound racing. However from 1 September 2003, the definition of on-course bets changed. The effect of this change is that any bets taken on sporting events other than horse or dog racing, i.e. football matches will not be treated as on-course bets and so will be liable to general betting duty. Where an on-course bookmaker accepts off-course bets, they must set up and maintain records in the same way as an off-course bookmaker. Off-course Bookmakers - Profitability Although no two bookmakers would make the same profit or loss on one race - as they receive different amounts of money on different runners - the differences in their profit margins will tend to narrow over time. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. When reviewing profitability, if lower than expected, it could be as a result of hedging activity. Hedging bets to cover liabilities may be included in accounts. Claims that income generated in this way is not income of the business is strongly resisted by HMRC and income resulting from this activity should be treated as business income - see BIM22015 onwards. It is clear that over recent years there have been major developments within the betting industry and expansion in the number of different ways that people can participate in gambling activity. What facilities a betting shop offers will affect the profitability. The section on Betting Shops outlines developments and the opportunities for income to be generated besides the traditional betting activities for example: refreshments - many betting shops have had dispensing machines installed where customers can obtain drinks or light snacks gaming machines, AWPs - Amusements with Prizes, and where these have been installed, in many cases boosted turnover of the shop Fixed-odds betting terminals (FOBTs) Irish Lottery. As with other trade sectors, businesses need to achieve a certain level of income each week to fund trading operations and achieve a profit. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Fixed-Odds Betting Terminals (FOBTs) According to the Department for Culture, Media and Sport latest figures show that there are around 24,000 FOBTs located across the country, in all sizes of shops from multiple chains to independents. However it is likely that the smaller shops will only have one or two terminals in place. FOBTs were initially thought to offer a more sophisticated alternative to the traditional Amusement with Prizes (AWP) machines. Briefly, the terminal accepts the players bet and then displays the activity and subsequent result on screen i.e. video clip of a horse race or greyhound race. The video clips of whatever event are randomly chosen by a remote generator. Simply if the player selects horse number 3, and the random number generator also selects number 3 as the winning number, the FOBT will automatically show a race where horse number 3 wins. Although the types of games were limited in the early years, these have since expanded to include horseracing, greyhound racing, football based games and roulette. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. A Code of Conduct has been drawn up by the Association of British Bookmakers (ABB) to restrict supply and use of FOBTs in betting shops. Essentially this advises: maximum of 4 terminals (including AWPs) per shop maximum pay out of �500 maximum stake of �15 for a single bet and �100 for a multiple bet (grouped as one transaction which may consist of several bets all placed at the same time) - with chips having no greater value than �15 restriction on the speed of the games, reducing the number of games per minute casino type games restricted to roulette only. Unlike traditional AWP machines, when a player wants to stop playing and credit still remains, the cash is not obtained from the machine; FOBTs do not pay out cash. The player obtains a ticket from the FOBT showing the amount of credit and this is then cashed in at the counter in the betting shop. As FOBTs are based on fixed odds and are not programmed to pay out after a certain number of plays like AWPs this can result in two players actually winning the maximum pay out straight after one another. There are a number of ways that terminals can be acquired and installed; wholly purchased, on a profit share basis with a supplier whereby the bookmaker will make no initial outlay, or on a rental and commission basis. Budget 2006 Initial announcements were made in the Pre-Budget Report (PBR) affecting the taxation of gaming machines including FOBTs. To summarise: bookmakers' receipts from FOBTs no longer fall under the scope of General Betting Duty. This is retrospective back to 6 December 2005. Receipts from FOBTs have been placed under the scope of VAT and are subject to VAT alone for the period 6 December to 31 July 2006. From 1 August 2006 FOBTs are classed as a category B2 gaming machine and have been brought within the scope of Amusement Machine Licence Duty (AMLD) requiring them to be covered by the appropriate licence as well as meeting the VAT liability arising. BN 62 - Gaming Machines and Amusement Machine Licence Duty (AMLD), provides further information and rates payable. The cost to the bookmaker of complying with this legislation will be partly offset by the bookmaker no longer having to account for General Betting Duty. After 6 December records should reflect a decrease in Betting Duty and an increase in Output Tax/VAT. There are of course those small bookmakers who in fact are below the VAT threshold and who may stay below this threshold depending upon how many FOBTs they have and the volume of play. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Telephone/Credit betting The betting industry has traditionally been dominated by cash transactions; however advances in technology have brought about alternative betting methods. The expansion in telephone and Internet betting may mean that many punters will have not been into a traditional bookmakers. Using these mediums makes placing a bet very simple and can be done from home. All the major high street bookmakers now offer these facilities. However many smaller independent businesses have also set up telephone and Internet operations. To run a telephone or Internet based operation; business premises in the form of a betting shop are no longer necessary. As such, bookmakers only require a permit to run this type of operation; a betting office licence is not required. Credit betting generates an increasing proportion of a bookmaker's turnover. This is where clients have accounts with bookmakers and place their bets using telephone or Online. An account is opened with the bookmaker and statements are issued at intervals, one or two weeks seemingly being the norm, where there is a negative balance, payment is usually requested to be made to the bookmaker within two weeks of the statement date. Where the punter is in credit a cheque will usually accompany the statement. Bookmakers must record details of the credit bets at the time they are accepted (whatever medium is used - telephone, Internet). Capture of the bet must be included on a betting slip and through a manual or computerised accounting system. Depending on the size of the shop, the shop manager or owner may be responsible for any bets taken over the telephone from credit clients. In view of the possibilities for fraud this work is not likely to be delegated, unless to a very trusted member of staff. In some cases this aspect of the business is so important, credit bets are usually for much larger amounts than the average cash bet, that the shop owner or manager may spend most of the time on this work. Debit betting allows the bookmaker to take the money from the customer's bank account when the bet is placed. Statements are usually sent at regular intervals showing the current deposit account balance. Alternatively, a client can have an account with a bookmaker in which the punter deposits an amount of money. Each time a bet is placed the stake is debited from this account until the funds are exhausted. Any winnings which take the amount in the account above the agreed sum are paid to the client. Bookmakers who operate these systems usually have a minimum bet of at least �10, although this may vary. Similar records are required as those for cash betting. Additionally bookmakers should also be keeping customer accounts. Where any of the facilities mentioned are offered, there should be a clear audit trail of the transactions. Where credit betting facilities are provided, bookmakers need to have controls in place to address potential employee fraud. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Internet betting Remote gambling refers to any gambling activity that takes place via electronic means, away from the actual event and not present in a betting or gaming outlet. Therefore it includes gambling using the telephone, which has already been covered in this note, interactive TV betting, use of mobile phones and WAP technology and of course gambling on the Internet. A large number of sites on the Internet contain references to gambling, although many will simply be information sites, and there is a growing number providing the opportunity to gamble Online. New technology is enabling people who may have never gambled before to do so from the comfort of their own homes. This method of gambling is likely to have an adverse affect on those smaller independent betting offices which generally have a traditional 'older' and generally male customer base. If these bookmakers fail to address this growing competition as and when this customer base ceases to place bets, it is unlikely that it will be replaced by the younger computer literate sector of the population. Bookmakers have for many years been accepting bets made over the telephone from clients with credit accounts and this has been extended to betting by email. In recent years there has been a substantial increase in the number of independent bookmakers offering Internet access to betting sites. Anyone setting up an Internet betting service in the UK must hold a bookmakers permit obtained from the local licensing magistrates. The Gambling Act 2005 makes specific reference to remote gambling. Operators based in the UK must obtain an operating licence in order to provide gambling facilities such as via the Internet or Interactive TV. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Spread betting Spread Betting has traditionally been associated with betting on financial markets with specialist firms. Spread Betting enables clients/punters to trade the financial markets. The current legislation still allows for all profits from this activity to be exempt from Capital Gains Tax. Spread betting firms are licensed bookmakers and although these companies quote prices on a huge array of commodities, bonds, interest and shares, any trades are considered to be bets. As the spread betting industry operates in a different way to traditional betting activities it is subject to different regulatory requirements to the conventional bookmaker. The changes in the betting duty regime reflect the differences in this aspect of the trade which has resulted in lower Gross Profits Tax rates being applied; - 3% for financial spread bets - 10% for other spread bets, including sporting bets. Development of sports spread betting has given punters the opportunity to change their bet while a sporting event is actually taking place. For example, bets can be made on the difference on the number of goals scored between the two teams during a football match, or the number of runs in a cricket match, spread-betting companies will react to the current scores changing their spreads on the various bets throughout the game. A punter can change their bet, closing it to take a profit or change it completely to back the opposition depending on how the match is going. The most obvious difference between spread betting and traditional/fixed odds betting is that where it is a traditional bet, the punter's stake is the limit of the amount that can be lost, whereas with spread betting the punter can win or lose many times the original stake. Sports spread betting tends to be offered by the major bookmakers in the UK and although some independents may, these will still tend to be the larger firms. A small independent may not consider it worthwhile employing a spread betting specialist, or at least someone with spread betting knowledge as the majority of the clientele of this type of shop would not be participating in spread betting. Further information on spread betting and betting duty can be found in Note 451 General Betting Duty. Spread betting is also subject to the regulatory requirements imposed by the Financial Services Markets Act 2000. Agency bets Agency bets are those received or negotiated by an agent as opposed to a bookmaker. As an agent bookmaker a person can either be an agent of a principal bookmaker or an agent of a punter. Where an agent acts for someone else, they will be treated as a bet-broker and so must account for duty as if the bet was made directly with the agent. An agent will have established the status of the bets dealt with, and to this effect there should be written records that reflect the agreement with the principal bookmaker and the terms of the agency agreement. If the agent is also a bookmaker, it is possible for a punter to place bets with that person in both their capacity as an agent and their capacity as a bookmaker. A betting slip completed by a punter must be clearly identified by placing a prominent A against that bet where received by an agent. Following on from this the bookmaker must then record the details of the agency bet on a separate slip. As agents, commission will be received from the bookmakers with whom they have an agency agreement; betting duty is not due on commission. There is opportunity for manipulation of agency bets. It is possible that not all bets are simply forwarded to the main bookmaker. An agent may try and find better odds than those given to the original punter. If this is achieved and the horse wins, then the agent is in a very fortunate position as the agent will receive a proportion of the winnings, the balance between the odds given to the original punter and the better odds obtained. Of course if the horse loses, only the punter is affected, as the agent loses nothing. Any income received in this way, is not considered as private winnings, but is part of the trade and should be included in business profits. Bet Brokers The 'term bet-broker' applies to anyone who provides facilities enabling individuals to bet against each other, and to anyone who makes a bet as the agent of someone else. Bets made with a bookmaker are bets where the bookmaker acts as the principal, that is, the bookmaker stands the risk. Bets placed through a bookmaker are those where a bookmaker acts as an agent or broker for another bookmaker, the principal is the person with whom the agent bookmaker makes the bet. For general betting duty purposes a bet-broker is treated as a principal whether or not they are a permit holding bookmaker and will be required to account for duty as if the bets were made with the broker. Betting Exchanges The introduction of Betting Exchanges, which started around the very late 1990s, is having a major impact on the UK gambling industry. Betting Exchanges work by matching the bets of punters directly with other punters, without the need for bookmaker intervention, in effect person to person betting. There appears to be several characteristics typical of this activity: Odds are generally higher, the market forces dictate the odds � that is at what odds people are prepared to back and what odds people are prepared to lay at. As there is no need for a bookmaker there are none of the business/trading costs that surround a bookmaking business. Generally no restriction on size of bets. Presents opportunity to back or lay (in horseracing terms, backing a horse to lose). The exchanges make their money from commission. This is based on a percentage of net winning bets for each customer on each event. Although this varies, generally it appears to be very low at a rate of between 2% - 5%; however the rate of commission usually reduces the more a person bets. As there are many different options on what and how to bet with exchanges the process is generally more complicated than betting with a traditional bookmaker. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Press reports indicate that bookmakers are also using exchanges to lay bets off which would minimise their risk and provide opportunity to win more than they pay out. Due to the increasing popularity of betting exchanges, traditional High Street bookmakers have since claimed that they are not competing on level terms with the exchanges, as the exchanges only pay tax on the commission - 'in essence the advent of the exchanges has meant that the bookmakers can't control the prices as they could in the past and that has reduced their profits on horse racing and that has affected everyone of their shops in the country'. Source: Horserace Betting Levy Board High Street bookmakers have rallied the Government to impose tighter controls on betting exchanges, to the extent of requiring individuals using the exchanges to be classed as bookmakers and subsequently fulfil legislative requirements. Although these proposals have been rejected, the Government has decided to make it compulsory that all exchange users should be registered as a condition under which licences are to be granted to the exchanges. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Internet Many businesses, of all sizes, have now created their own websites. Some are fairly static brochure style marketing sites, while others offer interactive facilities; however they all generally provide a profile of the business, such as a detailed account of any specialist services, types of bets available, opening hours and general trading background. The information will also include the rules and regulations under which bets are laid and accepted, together with maximum pay out information. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Money Laundering The aim of a money laundering operation is usually to hide either the source or the destination of money. The term is usually used to describe the ways in which criminals process money that has been obtained by illegal activity such as drug dealing, theft, fraud, and tax evasion. By using a number of transactions the source of the money becomes obscured and so 'clean'. Gambling activity could provide opportunity for money laundering, i.e. the money launderer makes bets at low odds, any profit will be small but all returns that is - profit and stake will in fact be cleansed. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Record Examination The following is a summary of a number of points that you need to bear in mind when examining records. This section should be read in conjunction with On-course Bookmakers -Records and Off-course Bookmakers - Records. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Here are a few basic points to consider when examining betting slips: A daily record of bets must be kept by off-course bookmakers and totalled by 12 noon the following day. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion Are all consecutive numbers held? Tickets are in batches of 200. In what circumstances might batches have been split? This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion It is necessary to check how the bookmaker keeps their records. Missing numbered slips may be found several days on if the bookmaker records the payout on the actual day of payment rather than on the day the bet wins. A bookmaker may also take ante-post bets, which could be kept separate from the daily bets. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion Establish how ante post bets are dealt with and when entered in the records. How are 4C rulings accounted for in the records? Records must include details of refunded stakes to punters for the withdrawn horse, and a visible record of the adjustment to the liability of the winning horse. What happens if a punter loses their ticket, or fails to cash in a winning bet for some other reason? Records should clearly indicate which bets have not been paid out, and these should not therefore be included in the total shown as the amount paid out. Failure to correctly account for unpaid winnings reduces the gross profit declared. Need to understand or establish with the bookmaker at an early stage what the notations used in the records mean. Is there a mixture of bets - i.e. doubles, trebles, singles? The amount staked should not be restricted to just smaller amounts being laid. Other areas When considering the daily turnover for the period covered by the accounts, there should be significantly higher amounts on particular race days which attract more betting. Appendix 4 lists some principal race meetings. It should also be noted that there is no racing on Good Friday or on 24 and 25 December. Adverse weather conditions also need to be taken into account, where, for example, a cold snap wipes out all Boxing Day cards. Horse racing and gambling is allowed on Sundays, and this should be borne in mind when reviewing the bookmaker's records. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion Private betting wins The bookmaker may claim that any larger winning 'hedged' bets are private. The key question is how the bets are recorded. If the bets are recorded on the same forms and in the same way as the business transactions this is a strong indicator that the bets are not private. Any person who engages in betting should, in their own interest, keep a record of all bets and if subsequently fails to do so the investigator is entitled to reject such a claim. Brimelow v Price 49TC41 contains judicial observations on failure to keep records of betting transactions and the possibility of having them attributed to taxable profits. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. In some cases it may be possible to argue that it would be highly unlikely that apparently all 'hedged' bets were losers whereas all the apparent private bets were winners. It is important to ascertain how the bookmaker chooses the horse on which to place a hedging bet. Is it simply the horse 'carrying the risk', or can it also be a horse that the bookmaker fancies to win? Reference should be made to: BIM22018 Trade: exceptions & alternatives: betting and gambling: organised activity, which clearly advises that: 'Bookmakers may themselves place bets. Where this is done as part of the trade ('laying off'), the proceeds or losses have to be taken into account in arriving at their profit. The key feature is that the taxpayer is likely to be involved in the organisation of the activity. They are not mere punters. They are carrying on an activity where the odds are in their favour'. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Tax Cases HH v Forbes SC (1) 1977 TL (1) 113 Profits from bets on races not attended by the bookmaker � where he did not influence the odds � are still not distinct from his business and are taxable. Brimelow v Price 49TC41 - see EM2109 Evidence to prove winnings are private must be very strong otherwise they will be considered as business profits. Harvey v Caulcott 33TC165 Evidence to prove winnings are private and consistently private must be much stronger and watertight. Graham v Green 9TC309 � see BIM22017 and BIM22018 Trader was not a bookmaker by trade. He bet from his house. Profits deemed not taxable. Partridge v Mallendaine 2TC179 - see BIM 22018 A professional bookmaker systematically attended racecourses for the purpose of carrying on this activity; he could not legally recover amounts due to him. He was held to be carrying on a vocation and hence assessable Case II. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. The Effects of Foot and Mouth The Foot & Mouth outbreak was confirmed on 22 February 2001 with the ban on livestock movements commencing on 23 February 2001. The eventual all clear from Foot and Mouth was not given until midnight 14 January 2002. Racing was temporarily suspended throughout Great Britain from 28th February 2001 for a week, resuming on 7th March 2001. However racing continued to be severely restricted: those racecourses within infected areas cancelled meetings, with some racecourses outside affected areas also cancelling meetings. During the crisis, no race meeting could take place if any part of the racecourse was within 3 km of infected premises. The restriction applied for at least 30 days from the date of an outbreak, after which the situation was reviewed in conjunction with DEFRA. The guidelines below state that, before taking horses to a racecourse, the trainer had to complete a certificate of compliance to be given to the Jockey Club officials at the racecourse. Following the revised guidance dated 23rd April 2001; horses from a yard within 1 km of any infected premises were not permitted to enter a racecourse for at least 30 days from when the disease was confirmed. The British Horseracing Board and the Jockey Club issued various fact sheets for those involved in the horseracing industry including trainers and jockeys: Foot and Mouth and The Movement of Horses Instructions and Guidelines for the Racing Industry Revised Foot & Mouth Instructions and Guidelines. The knock-on effects of the restrictions need to be taken into account when considering the returns of bookmakers, especially those operating on-course. However, it is worth bearing in mind when examining returns of off-course bookmakers, although you would expect to see a downturn in trade, press reports at the time indicated that punters had been substituting UK racing for races overseas and other events. Point to Point The 2000/2001 season was scheduled to conclude on 16 June 2001. However 23 May 2001 saw the abandonment of the remainder of the season with only 30 meetings having been staged of the 209 arranged meetings. Sunday racing in Northern Ireland Sunday racing in Northern Ireland has been in existence since 1985, although betting activity was not permissible. However under the Betting and Gaming (NI) Order 2004, Sunday racing with on-course betting was approved from 26th February 2004. The first meeting of this nature took place on Sunday 21st March 2004. However the ban on placing bets in betting shops on a Sunday remains. Sunday racing, together with both on and off-course betting has taken place in the rest of the UK since starting in May 1994. Gambling Act 2005 The Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) is responsible for the law regulating gambling and racing. The DCMS website provides detailed information on the Gambling Act 2005, a summary of changes is shown below. The Gambling Act 2005 received Royal Assent on 7th April 2005. It is expected to come into full effect on 1 September 2007. Until then, the existing arrangements for the regulation of gambling continue to have effect in full. The Act can be viewed at www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts2005/20050019.htm. The DCMS is responsible for the implementation of Gambling Act 2005 which has three main regulatory objectives: gambling remains crime free making sure that players/punters know what to expect and are not exploited - to ensure that gambling is fair and open protection of children and vulnerable people. By September 2007 all current gambling laws for Great Britain will be replaced by the new Act. The Act introduces a new regulator for gambling in Great Britain - the Gambling Commission, and also a new licensing regime for commercial gambling, operated and regulated by the Commission or by licensing authorities such as local councils, depending on what is being licensed. The Act covers two main activities: the provision of facilities for gambling and using premises for gambling. In either case, a licence, permit, or registration according to the Act is required unless the activity falls under specific exemptions given by the Act. Licensing Authority to provide facilities for gambling will be subject to varying degrees of regulation, depending on: type of gambling means by which it is conducted people by whom and to whom it is offered. The responsibility for licensing and granting permission will lay with the Gambling Commission and licensing authorities, taking responsibility for all those matters previously regulated by the local magistrates/licensing justices. The Act also makes specific reference to remote gambling. Operators based in the UK must obtain an operating licence in order to provide gambling facilities such as via the Internet or Interactive TV. The Gambling Commission requires HMRC information to vet potential gambling license applicants for financial credibility. More information on the Gambling Act can be found on the DCMS website. Associations and Organisations The websites of the organisations below provide additional useful information. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Please note these/the following are included for example purposes only and are not endorsements of the organisations or their products and services. Department of Culture, Media and Sport The DCMS is responsible for the law regulating gambling and currently for the implementation of the Gambling Act 2005. www.culture.gov.uk National Joint Pitch Council Ltd 2b King's Hall St Ives Business Park St Ives Cambs PE27 4WY www.njpc-ltd.co.uk Horserace Betting Levy Board 52 Grosvenor Gardens London SW1 0AU www.hblb.org.uk Association of British Bookmakers Ltd (ABB) Formed due to the merger of: British Betting Office Association (BBOA) and Betting Office Licensees Association (BOLA). Trade association for all independent bookmakers in the UK. Regency House 1-4 Warwick Street London W1B 5LT 020 7434 2111 www.abb.uk.com National Association of Bookmakers (NAB) Represents both on and off-course bookmakers 19 Culm Valley Way Uffculme Cullumpton Devon EX15 3PZ 01884 841859 Scottish Independent Bookmakers Association Ltd 23 Hope Street Glasgow Lanarkshire G2 6AB Scottish Racing Provides information on Scottish courses and race meetings 01698 427273 www.scottishracing.co.uk Horse Racing Ireland State body responsible for the overall administration of Irish horseracing and the development and promotion of the Irish horseracing industry. www.horseracingireland.ie This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. This area of guidance had been withheld because disclosure would prejudice the assessment or collection of taxes/duties or assist tax/duty avoidance or evasion. Appendix 1 - Bookmakers' permits and betting office licences in force on 2000 - 2003 Bookmakers' permits Year England Wales Scotland Great Britain 2000 3213 208 370 3791 2003 3059 181 332 3572 � Betting Office Licences Year England Wales Scotland Great Britain 2000 7315 453 964 8732 2003 7363 438 1003 8804 Source: Department for Culture, Media and Sport Appendix 2 - Betting Duty pre 6 October 2001 On the 6th October 2001, Gross Profits Tax replaced General Betting Duty. General Betting Duty was a tax on the total money taken by bookmakers in stakes on off-course bets or with the Tote. Under this system the punter on placing a bet incurred an additional 9% charge on their stake, representing: 6.75% betting duty 1.25 - 1.5% approximately, horse racing levy, where appropriate a residual deduction for bookmakers' administrative costs. Rates of betting duty: from 1992 to 28 February 1996 - 7.75% from 1 March 1996 to 5 October 2001 - 6.75% Bookmakers generally passed their liability for the Horserace Betting Levy Board and betting duty on to the punter. This was done in one of two ways, either: A) The punter paid the 'tax' on top of the stake, this amount being calculated on the amount staked and so avoiding any deduction from the payout should the race result in a return. This is known as 'tax on'. Or B) 'Tax was paid on the stake and the winnings, known as 'tax off'. In both cases, the 'tax' charged by the bookmaker (that is, on the stake, or on the winnings) was 10 % or latterly 9%. Prior to the reduction in the rate of betting duty, the norm had been 10%. In the examples that follow to illustrate the effect of options A) or B), the rate of 10% has been used. A) Stake �5.00 add: tax (10%) 50 � �5.50 If the odds are 10 to 1, and if the horse wins, the return to the punter is �55. Taking into account the 50p 'tax' paid on placing the bet, the net gain from the exercise = �54.50 net. B) Alternatively, the punter can opt to suffer tax on returns by having the winnings reduced by 10% - a 'tax off' bet. Stake �5.00 Winnings �50.00 total �55.00 less: tax (�55 x 10%) �5.50 return �49.50 The 'tax' charged by the bookmaker in this way was intended to cover both betting duty and the Horse Race Levy. For betting duty purposes, both the stake and the 'tax' charged by the bookmaker were subject to duty. The largest firms occasionally offered 'tax free' betting - where they pay the duty - under controlled conditions, on certain races, to tempt the punter to bet with them. Multiple Bets These are a series of linked bets, in which the original stake and the winnings from the first bet are carried forward and are staked on the second race and so on. Where all the winnings and stake money due on one leg of the bet is reinvested on the next leg of the bet, these counted as one bet, with duty only being payable on the original stake. Any To Come Bets This is a bet which covers two races. If the first selection wins, a set amount from the winnings is placed on the second selection. For betting duty purposes, each leg of this bet counted as separate bets and so subject to betting duty. However rather than account for each 'ATC' bet an off-course bookmaker may have arranged with the former Customs and Excise to apply an agreed percentage uplift to the total amount of stakes received. Appendix 3 - UK Racecourses There are 59 racecourses in the UK. �AINTREE HAMILTON PARK REDCAR �ASCOT HAYDOCK PARK RIPON �AYR HEREFORD SALISBURY �BANGOR ON DEE HEXHAM SANDOWN PARK �BATH HUNTINGDON SEDGEFIELD �BEVERLEY KELSO SOUTHWELL �BRIGHTON KEMPTON PARK STRATFORD ON AVON �CARLISLE LEICESTER TAUNTON �CARTMEL LINGFIELD PARK THIRSK �CATTERICK LUDLOW TOWCESTER �CHELTENHAM MARKET RASEN UTTOXETER �CHEPSTOW MUSSLEBURGH WARWICK �CHESTER NEWBURY WETHERBY �DONCASTER NEWCASTLE WINCANTON �EPSOM NEWMARKET WINDSOR �EXETER NEWTON ABBOT WOLVERHAMPTON �FAKENHAM NOTTINGHAM WORCESTER �FOLKSTONE PERTH YARMOUTH �FONTWELL PARK PLUMPTON YORK �GOODWOOD PONTEFRACT � Appendix 4 � Major race meetings in the UK Month Meeting Course MARCH CHELTENHAM FESTIVAL CHELTENHAM APRIL GRAND NATIONAL AINTREE MAY GUINEAS NEWMARKET JUNE DERBY EPSOM JUNE ROYAL ASCOT ASCOT JULY/AUGUST GLORIOUS GOODWOOD GOODWOOD AUGUST TOTE EBOR YORK SEPTEMBER ST LEGER DONCASTER SEPTEMBER ASCOT ASCOT OCTOBER CAMBRIDGESHIRE NEWMARKET OCTOBER CESAREWICH NEWMARKET DECEMBER KING GEORGE KEMPTON PARK The above are just a few examples of major race meetings; there are many more principal and minor meetings held throughout the year. The Unit can supply more detailed information of fixtures and dates upon request. However there are many websites that provide similar information such as: www.britishracecourses.org set up by the Racecourse Association (RCA), www.britishhorseracing.co.uk and www.scottishracing.co.uk. Appendix 5 - UK Greyhound tracks Belle Vue/Manchester Peterborough Brighton & Hove Poole Brough Park/Newcastle Portsmouth Coventry Reading Crayford Romford Hall Green/Birmingham Rye House Harlow Shawfield/Glasgow Henlow Sheffield Hull Sittingbourne Kinsley/Pontefract Stainforth/Meadow Court Mildenhall Sunderland Milton Keynes Swindon Monmore Green/Wolverhampton Walthamstow/London Nottingham Wimbledon/London Oxford Great Yarmouth Perry Barr/Birmingham � Appendix 6 - Conversion of odds to percentage chance Odds % � Odds % � Odds % 5:1 on 83 � 11:8 against 42 � 15:2 against 12 4:1 on 80 � 6:4 against 40 � 8:1 against 11 3:1 on 75 � 13:8 against 38 � 17:2 against 11 11-4 on 73 � 7:4 against 36 � 9:1 against 10 5:2 on 71 � 15:8 against 35 � 10:1 against 9 9:4 on 69 � 2:1 against 33 � 11:1 against 8 2:1 on 67 � 9:4 against 31 � 12:1 against 8 15:8 on 65 � 5:2 against 29 � 14:1 against 7 7:4 on 64 � 11:4 against 27 � 16:1 against 6 13:8 on 62 � 3:1 against 25 � 18:1 against 5 6:4 on 60 � 10:3 against 23 � 20:1 against 5 11:8 on 58 � 7:2 against 22 � 25:1 against 4 5:4 on 56 � 4:1 against 20 � 28:1 against 3 6:5 on 55 � 9:2 against 18 � 30:1 against 3 11:10 on 52 � 5:1 against 17 � 33:1 against 3 evens 50 � 11:2 against 15 � 40:1 against 2 11:10 against 48 � 6:1 against 14 � 50:1 against 2 6:5 against 45 � 13:2 against 13 � 66:1 against 1 5:4 against 44 � 7:1 against 13 � 100:1 against 1 Appendix 7 - Glossary of Bookmaking and Betting terms The following glossary explains some of the more commonly used and traditional trade terms. ACCUMULATOR A bet involving several horses where the returns (stakes and winnings) from each successive winning selection are invested on the next. AGENT A person who represents a bookmaker, and who passes bets to that bookmaker. ANTE-POST BET A bet before the day of the race or event, based on the odds being offered at the time. In terms of horseracing the stake is lost if the horse is withdrawn before the race. If an ante post selection is balloted out of the race the bet is void, the stake is returned to the punter. Bets may be placed weeks or even months in advance. ANY TO COME (A/T/C) A bet covering two races. If the first selection wins, a set amount from the winnings - usually the same amount as the original stake, is placed on the second selection. BAR This refers to those horses with the longest odds and not quoted in a betting show. For example: '16-1 bar' means that the horses not quoted in that show of odds are 16-1 or longer. BETTING EXCHANGES An individual punter is matched against an individual layer through a website. For more information see Betting Exchanges. BETTING INSIDE A bookmaker is 'betting inside' when operating in Tattersalls ring. BETTING LEVY A levy payable on off-course bets to the Horserace Betting Levy Board and used for the benefit of horseracing. BETTING OUTSIDE A bookmaker operating in a minor ring. BOARD PRICES Odds displayed on the boards by an on-course bookmaker. Starting Prices are derived from these. CLEAR BOOK When the bookmaker wins all the stakes on a particular race. COMMISSION AGENT A person who is not acting as a bookmaker, but who places bets with a bookmaker or several bookmakers on behalf of a client or clients. COMPUTER STRAIGHT FORECAST (CSF) A bet predicting the first two home in a race in the correct order. The dividend is calculated by computer. COP IT When a bookmaker wins money on a race. COURSE REPRESENTATIVE A person who represents an on- course bookmaker and who passes all bets to the bookmaker. Also known as a 'representative'. A representative who fails to pass on all bets to the bookmaker should be deemed to be an on-course bookmaker. DOUBLE A bet on two races, which can be either 'win only' or 'each way'. If the runner selected for the first race wins/placed, (if appropriate) the amount that would have been paid out is automatically staked on the second race. If first bet loses, the entire bet is lost. EACH-WAY BET A pair of bets placed on the same horse, one to win and one to be placed. EARLY DOORS Early-morning exchanges between bookmakers and punters. FIVE SPOT �5. FLAPPING TRACK An unlicensed dog track. FORECAST BET Common in both greyhound racing and horse racing. A bet on the correct order of the first two runners to finish. The Tote also deal with dual forecasts - i.e. first and second in either order and 'tote exacta' bets which are first and second horse in the correct order. GRAND �1,000 HEDGING See 'Laying off'. JOCKEY CLUB The governing body of horse racing. JOINT On-course bookmaker's stand. LAYING OFF The practice where one bookmaker, who has run up too great a potential liability, places a bet with another bookmaker to 'lay off' part or all of their potential liabilities. LIVE MONEY A bet laid by a skilled punter with 'inside' information. MIXED DOUBLES/TREBLES A combination of solely 'Double' bets, or of solely 'Treble' bets, or a mixture of either. MONKEY �500. MUG MONEY An unflattering term for an unskilled punter's bet. NAP A newspapers correspondent's best bet of the day. MULTIPLE BETS A linked series of bets in which the original stake and the winnings from the first bet are staked on the second and so on. Often having interesting nick names such as 'Yankee', 'Goliath' or 'Trixie'. NATIONAL HUNT Horse racing over jumps. The races with smaller obstacles are known as hurdles, the races with higher obstacles, e.g. the Grand National, are known as steeplechases. N/O - NO OFFERS Bookmaker unwilling to offer a price on a horse and N/O is shown on their board. ODDS ON The odds being offered are less than evens; e.g. 'two to one on' or 2:1 on would return �1 on a �2 stake. OVER BROKE The bookmaker will make a loss regardless of the result of a race. 'PLACE' RULES The rules vary from bookmaker to bookmaker but generally: - less than six runners actually starting in the race - all stakes deemed to be 'win only' - six to seven runners - only the first and second to finish count as 'places'; winnings paid, one quarter of what would have been paid if the bet had been a 'win only' bet i.e. '1/4 win odds') - non handicap races of eight or more runners - first, second and third are 'places' 1/5 win odds paid - handicaps of 12/15 runners - 1st, 2nd & 3rd; 1/4 win odds - handicaps of 16/21 - 1st to 4th; 1/5 win odds - handicaps of 22+ - 1st to 4th; 1/4 win odds. PONY �25. RESULT A good result for the bookmaker SKINNER Another term for a 'clear book'. STAKE MONEY Money risked in a wager or bet with bookmaker. STARTING PRICE (SP) Odds prevailing on-course at the time the race starts. SUPER YANKEE A bet comprising 10 Doubles, 10 Trebles, and 5 Accumulators involving 4 runners, and 1 Accumulator involving 5 runners. Also known as a Canadian. TANK A bookmaker's cash in hand. TATTERSALLS The committee, composed of representatives of bookmakers' organisations and the Jockey club, can negotiate in betting disputes and can also bar punters or bookmakers from racecourses. TIC-TAC A person who provides betting information to bookmakers using a secret sign language. See Self-employed TIC �TACs. TISSUE Stems from the circulation of information in paper format. Refers to forecasts of the likely odds when the betting opens, generally made by the larger bookmakers and circulated to all the bookmakers likely to attend the meeting. TO A NAME A credit bet made on-course, recorded without the issue of a betting ticket. TOTE The Horserace Totalisator Board. A statutory body which operates as a bookmaker. Its operating profits are ploughed back into racing. TREBLE The same as 'Double' bet (see above), but it extends over three races instead of two. TWIST CARD A race card with the numbers of the runners altered, to enable the tic-tac men to pass on bets without making public which of the runners are attracting the greatest volume of betting money. WORKMAN Any person authorised to assist an authorised Bookmaker, Representative of Nominated Officer in the Betting Ring. YANKEE A bet comprising six Doubles, four Trebles, and one Accumulator, involving four runners. Appendix 8 - The Irish Lottery The Irish Lottery is one of the most popular lotteries in Europe. Originally starting in 1988 when it replaced the Irish Hospital Stakes, it first consisted of 36 numbers - 1- 36, this increased to 39 numbers in 1992 and also saw the introduction of the bonus ball. In 1994 it changed again to its current format to include 42 numbers. This lottery is played throughout Europe as players do not have to be resident in Ireland. All winnings are tax free and are paid out within 48 hours of the draw result being announced. The draw is made on Irish television every Wednesday and Saturday night. If it is not won, as with the UK National Lottery, the jackpot is rolled over to the next draw. As with other lotteries, the Irish Lottery can be played online; there are various websites advertising this facility. Licensed betting shops in the UK offer the opportunity to bet on the outcome of the Irish Lottery as opposed to participating in it. Usually a betting shop will advertise the availability of the Irish Lottery showing how the game works i.e. select any 1, 2, 3, 4 or any 5 from 6 numbers or 7 numbers and receive the appropriate odds on that selection i.e. pick 1 number and match 1 odds will be 5/1, pick 3 numbers and match 3, odds will be 500/1. Betting on the outcome of the Irish Lottery is becoming increasingly popular and often seen as an opportunity to have a low cost 'flutter', and as such it can make up a substantial part of a bookmaker's turnover. Betting on the outcome of the UK Lottery is prohibited. S \ ] ^ s t | } ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � , - D E F G \ ] i j k l � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! " * + , - C D M N O P f g � � � � � � � � � � � � � ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� h J� 0J j h J� U h J� 5�\� h J� [ > S ] ~ � � F k � � � , O � � � Q � � P � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl ed(>Dl ed(>Dl � � � � � � 6 7 O P Q R h i � � � � � � � � � � � � % & N O P Q g h � � � � � � � � � � � � E F G H ^ _ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ % 1 2 3 4 J ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� h J� 0J h J� j h J� U ^� G � � � 3 _ � � t � ] � � � 6 � � V � � [ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl J K ] ^ _ ` v w 0 1 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � r s t u � � � � � � � � [ \ ] ^ t u � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 4 5 6 7 M N � � � � � � � � � � $ % T U V ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������h J� h J� 0J j h J� U ^V W m n � � � � � � � � � � � � # $ Y Z [ \ r s � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � _ ` a � * + 9 : L M Z [ b c p q � � � � � � r" ~" ( �( �( �( �( 1 1 1 (1 )1 61 71 \1 ]1 ^1 �7 �7 �> ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������h J� CJ aJ h J� 5�\� h J� 0J h J� j h J� U X� � � � � � a � � � � @ � � � � w � � � � � � � � i kd $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If ed(>Dl ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl + : ; M [ � � { � � ~ kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���t �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If [ \ c q � { { $If ~ kdR $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���t �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl q r � � � { { $If ~ kd $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���t �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � " r" " # % �& B' ( �( � | | | | | | | | v $If ed(>Dl~ kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���t �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �( �( �( �) #+ �, �, t. �/ �0 1 1 )1 � � � � � � � � � � � � $If ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kdb $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl )1 *1 71 ]1 � { { $If ~ kd $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl ]1 ^1 �1 L5 �5 �6 l7 �7 �7 8 �9 � | | | m m m | | ^ & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl~ kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �9 �9 o: S; < �< �< c= �> �> ^@ o@ "A �A PB sB �B �C �D �D �E �F H MI eI �I � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl �> �> ^@ n@ �D �D �I �I �I �I �U wV xV yV cW lW ][ �[ �[ �[ �\ �] �] �] �] Zg og �n �n "w 7w �w �w z z z +z ,z .z /z 2z 3z gz hz |z }z { { { { ){ *{ ,{ -{ 0{ 1{ �{ �{ �{ �{ �{ �{ �| �| �| �| �| � � � !� "� 0� 1� 3� 4� ;� <� I� J� N� O� W� X� _� `� d� e� n� o� �� �� �� �� �� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������h J� CJ aJ h J� h J� 5�\�^�I VK �N �O �P OQ �Q �R �S (T cT U qU �U xV � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $If & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl xV yV �V W .W XW �X �Y ][ �[ � � � � � � � � � $If ed(>Dli kdd $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �[ �[ �\ �] � � � $If ed(>Dli kd $$If ed(>Dl�K � � �� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �] �] �] �^ �^ i_ 8b kc �c Ee %g Zg pg =h �h � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �h =i �i �i �j �k �l m +n �n �n o o 0o �p �r �r �r �r v $v �v �v �v � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl �v �v "w �w {y �y z z ,z /z � � � � � � � � � $If & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl /z 0z 3z hz }z l f f f $If � kdJ $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��$N � � � � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl }z ~z { l f $If � kd $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��$N � � � � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl { { { *{ -{ � � � � $If i kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl -{ .{ 1{ �{ �{ l f f f $If � kdz $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��$N � � � � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �{ �{ �{ �| �| l f f f $If � kd> $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��$N � � � � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �| �| �| �} G~ �~ �~ � � �� Ƃ l g g g X X g g g g & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl� kd $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��$N � � � � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl Ƃ S� �� �� � P� � � "� #� 1� 4� <� � � � � � � � � q � � � ~ kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 �� r �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If ed(>Dl ed(>Dl <� =� J� O� X� l f f f $If � kdv $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 8r �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl X� Y� `� e� o� l f f f $If � kd4 $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 8r �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl o� p� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 8r �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � 1� 2� O� P� t� u� �� �� �� �� �� t� �� :� ۑ ܑ ݑ � �� �� �� j� � � � Ѵ Ӵ �� �� �� �� �� �� y� {� |� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ʽ ˽ ѽ ҽ ؽ ٽ � � � �� �� �� � � � � � � +� ,� 3� 4� ;� <� =� Ŀ ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� h J� 5�CJ \�aJ h J� H* h J� 5�\� h J� CJ aJ h J� W�� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 8r �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kdn $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 8r �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� m� �� � )� Ҋ � l g g X X X X g g & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl� kd, $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 8r �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl � 2� 3� P� Q� � � � ' i kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dli kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If Q� u� v� �� �� � � � ' i kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dli kd. $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If �� �� �� "� �� � 8� t� �� �� :� ܑ � � � � � � | | | | | � ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dli kdr $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If ܑ ݑ � )� �� P� $� 6� �� Қ �� � b� � � � � � � � � } } � � � � & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � �� �� �� � �� �� �� �� T� Ȫ A� � ?� t� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If t� �� 0� � _� �� � 2� j� � � �� ɴ � � � � � � � � � w � � � i kdX $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl ed(>Dl M� �� u� �� ʸ � \� � F� � �� P� �� �� �� p� _� y� |� �� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $If & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��6� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� ˽ ҽ ٽ l f f f $If � kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��6� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl ٽ ڽ � �� �� l f f f $If � kdv $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��6� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� � � � l f f f $If � kd4 $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��6� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl � � ,� 4� <� l f f f $If � kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��6� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl <� =� �� �� Ŀ ڿ � � l g g g a a a $If ed(>Dl� kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��6� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl Ŀ ٿ ڿ ߿ � � � � � �� �� �� �� � � � � � � >� ?� C� D� O� P� Q� f� p� q� v� w� y� z� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� G� Y� �� �� �� �� U� d� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � 9� :� F� G� O� P� Q� �� �� �� �� � �� �� �� � � � '� � �� �� �� �� P ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� h J� 5�\� h J� h J� CJ aJ ^� � � �� �� l f f f $If � kdn $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��3 wQ �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� � � � l f f f $If � kd, $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��3 wQ �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl � � ?� D� P� l f f f $If � kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��3 wQ �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl P� Q� f� q� w� z� l g a a a $If ed(>Dl� kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��3 wQ �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl z� {� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kdf $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kd$ $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� :� � /� q� �� �� �� �� l g X X X X X g g & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl� kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� � I� �� �� c� � G� Z� �� �� �� � �� �� �� �� U� �� �� -� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl -� >� K� X� �� � �� �� �� �� 3� � 4� �� �� �� �� <� �� l� J� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $If & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl �� �� � :� � { { $If ~ kd^ $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��g� � ] �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl :� ;� G� P� � { { $If ~ kd! $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��g� � ] �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl P� Q� K� v� �� �� �� �� P� �� �� �� �� � | | m m | | | | | | | & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl~ kd�! $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��g� � ] �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� � m� -� � �� �� � � �� ?� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � i kd�" $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If ed(>Dl � (� [� W� H� /� �� � �� �� �� u� �� � � � � � � � � | � � m & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dli kd(# $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl �� �� Q � Q R [ � / � & � � � � � � | � � m m m & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dli kd�# $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��D �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl P Q R Z � � � � � � � � � � | � E F G �! �! �$ �% �% �% �% �% �% �% �% �% �% & & 4& 5& 7& 8& 9& Z& �- . �1 2 l4 �4 6 �6 �6 �6 �6 "7 �7 �7 �7 F -F �G �G �H �H �Q �R �R �R �W �X �X �X f] ^ ^ ^ !b �b �b �b �g �g �l @m Am Bm Rp ap u !u �x ~y y �y =� ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� h J� 5�\� h J� CJ aJ h J� ^& 7 � � � � � � � o K � � � � � � � | w w w w h & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kdl$ $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl / L Z | � � ? ` q � � � � � � | � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $If & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl E w � � F � � � � � � $If ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd% $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl F G p X � � u �! �! �" �# $ �$ �% � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $If ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd�% $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �% �% �% �% �% � � � � $If ed(>Dli kdR& $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �% �% �% & � { { $If ~ kd�& $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��;� � o �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl & & 5& 8& � { { $If ~ kd�' $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��;� � o �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl 8& 9& [& �' +* - �- . S/ �/ �1 2 �2 � | | | | | | | | | | | ed(>Dl~ kdd( $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��;� � o �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �2 3 �3 �3 �3 ?4 l4 �4 �4 !5 p5 �5 6 �6 � � � � � � � � � � � � � $If & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl �6 �6 �6 "7 �7 � � � � $If ed(>Dli kd ) $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �7 �7 �7 �8 9 p< �= p? =@ �A �B mC *D �D �D � � � � } } } � � � � � � � & F �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd�) $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �D E �E F �G �H �I �J L #L �M �M ON �N O HO �O |P �P �P �P �Q �R � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $If & F# �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl & F" �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl & F! �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl �R �R �R �T lV �V W �W �X � � � � � � � � $If ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd`* $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �X �X Z �[ !\ �\ �\ �\ f] ^ � � � � � � � � | $If & F$ �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd+ $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl ^ ^ /^ R_ !b �b � � � � � $If ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd�+ $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �b �b hc �c �c d �d �d �f �g �g \h qj �j �l � � � � � � � � � � � � � � & F% �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kdF, $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �l Am Bm \m eo Rp Pr @s u w xw _x �x y � � � � � � � � � � � � � ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd�, $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If y �y �y �z �} �~ j =� ߀ � � � � � � � � $If ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd�- $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl =� ހ ߀ �� � $� ܑ �� V� ]� �� S� T� U� P� Y� L� � � � �� �� � �� �� �� |� � � � Φ n� o� p� � �� �� �� �� `� a� b� ح � � �� �� �� �� #� $� %� �� E� F� G� Q� �� � �� �� �� �� �� %� '� (� )� �� ^� _� r� s� �� �� �� �� � � A� B� %� &� x� y� �� �� � ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� h J� 5�CJ \�aJ h J� H* h J� 5�\� h J� h J� CJ aJ W߀ �� �� [� � 6� m� K� �� %� 2� [� � y� �� � %� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd,. $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl %� ґ J� � ғ � � Y� n� �� � � �� T� � � � � � � � � � � � � � $If & F& �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl ed(>Dl T� U� �� Ǜ � �� P� Z� L� � � � � � � � � � � $If ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd�. $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � �� �� � � �� � � � � � � $If ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kdp/ $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� |� � � � � � $If ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd0 $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � e� Φ o� � � � | $If & F' �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd�0 $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl o� p� � �� � � � $If & F( �d �d [$\$ed(>Dli kdV1 $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� a� � � � $If & F) �d �d [$\$ed(>Dli kd�1 $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl a� b� �� �� ج K� ح � ® �� � �� � � � � � � � s s s m $If & F+ �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl & F* �d �d [$\$ed(>Dli kd�2 $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� [� �� � �� $� � � � � � � $If ed(>Dl ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd<3 $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $� %� �� -� ߷ �� F� � � � � � � $If ed(>Dli kd�3 $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl F� G� R� v� � 8� �� ƺ -� `� �� � ͼ o� �� h� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ed(>Dl ed(>Dl ed(>Dli kd�4 $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl h� �� �� -� �� �� *� ]� �� � �� �� 7� ~� �� � �� � �� �� � I� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � & F- �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl & F, �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl �� C� U� u� �� �� S� �� � 6� �� (� )� �� � � � � � � � � � � � w � i kd"5 $$If ed(>Dl�K � � ��� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If ed(>Dl & F. �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl �� _� s� t� �� �� � � { � � ~ kd�5 $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If �� �� � B� � { { $If ~ kdt6 $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl B� C� &� y� � { { $If ~ kd$7 $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl y� z� �� � � { { $If ~ kd�7 $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � K� L� y� z� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� L� `� a� g� h� p� q� w� x� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � #� $� (� )� -� .� 3� 4� :� ;� @� A� E� F� K� L� Q� R� S� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� h J� 5�\� h J� H*h J� CJ aJ h J� \� � L� z� � { { $If ~ kd�8 $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl z� {� �� �� � { { $If ~ kd49 $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� � { { $If ~ kd�9 $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� T� �� L� a� � | | w q $If ed(>Dl ed(>Dl~ kd�: $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl a� b� h� q� x� �� �� � � � � � � $If i kdD; $$If ed(>Dl�K � � �� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� �� �� B < < < < < $If � kd�; $$If ed(>Dl�K � �r ���9�Q �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� �� �� B < < < < < $If � kd�< $$If ed(>Dl�K � �r ���9�Q �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� B = 7 $If ed(>Dl� kd�= $$If ed(>Dl�K � �r ���9�Q �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � $If i kdt> $$If ed(>Dl�K � � �� �0 � � � � � � � 6� �� � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � $� )� .� 4� B < < < < < $If � kd? $$If ed(>Dl�K � �r ���9�Q �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl 4� 5� ;� A� F� L� R� B < < < < < $If � kd�? $$If ed(>Dl�K � �r ���9�Q �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl R� S� �� �� �� �� B = 8 = = ed(>Dl ed(>Dl� kd�@ $$If ed(>Dl�K � �r ���9�Q �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� 5� q� �� �� �� |� N� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � $$If a$ $If & F0 �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl ed(>Dl & F/ �d �d [$\$ed(>Dl �� �� �� �� � { r $$If a$ $If ~ kd�A $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���u �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� (� .� /� 5� 6� @� A� G� H� I� P� Q� X� Y� p� q� v� w� x� �� �� �� �� �� � � {� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � (� )� 4� 5� ;� <� F� G� R� S� `� a� s� t� � �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ h J� 5�\� h J� CJ aJ h J� >*CJ aJ h J� Z�� �� �� �� � { r $$If a$ $If ~ kdTB $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���u �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� (� /� 6� � | | | v m $$If a$ $If ed(>Dl~ kdC $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���u �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl 6� 7� A� I� � { r $$If a$ $If ~ kd�C $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl I� J� Q� Y� � { r $$If a$ $If ~ kddD $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl Y� Z� q� x� � { r $$If a$ $If ~ kdE $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl x� y� �� �� � { r $$If a$ $If ~ kd�E $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� b� � � {� �� E� b� �� �� �� �� � | | | | | | w | q q q $If ed(>Dl ed(>Dl~ kdtF $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kd$G $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kd�G $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� � l f f f $If � kd�H $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl � � � � )� l f f f $If � kd^I $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl )� *� 5� <� G� l f f f $If � kd J $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl G� H� S� a� t� l f f f $If � kd�J $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl t� u� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kd�K $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kdVL $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � *� +� 3� 4� =� >� J� K� U� V� `� a� i� j� t� u� }� ~� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � !� "� #� O� U� V� ^� _� f� g� n� o� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� h J� 5�CJ \�aJ h J� h J� CJ aJ \�� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kdM $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kd�M $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� � � � l f f f $If � kd�N $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl � !� +� 4� >� l f f f $If � kdNO $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl >� ?� K� V� a� l f f f $If � kd P $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl a� b� j� u� ~� l f f f $If � kd�P $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl ~� � �� �� �� l f f f $If � kd�Q $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kdFR $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kdS $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� � � l f f f $If � kd�S $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl � � � � "� l f f f $If � kd�T $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl "� #� O� V� _� g� l g a a a $If ed(>Dl� kd>U $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F �� 0: �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl g� h� o� �� �� l f f f $If � kd�U $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ����b �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kd�V $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ����b �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kdxW $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ����b �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � %� &� .� /� 9� :� ?� @� K� L� U� V� `� a� l� m� s� t� z� {� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � "� #� -� .� 6� 7� N� O� Y� Z� b� c� u� v� ~� � �� �� �� �� �� �� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ h J� h J� CJ aJ `�� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kd6X $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ����b �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kd�X $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ����b �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� � � &� l f f f $If � kd�Y $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ����b �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl &� '� /� :� @� l f f f $If � kdpZ $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ����b �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl @� A� L� V� a� l f f f $If � kd.[ $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ����b �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl a� b� m� t� {� l f f f $If � kd�[ $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ����b �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl {� |� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kd�\ $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ����b �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kdh] $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ����b �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� l f f f $If � kd&^ $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ����b �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� �� l g b \ \ $If ed(>Dl ed(>Dl� kd�^ $$If ed(>Dl�K � �F ����b �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl �� �� �� �� � { { $If ~ kd�_ $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� � � � { { $If ~ kdR` $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � #� � { { $If ~ kda $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl #� $� .� 7� � { { $If ~ kd�a $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl 7� 8� O� Z� � { { $If ~ kdbb $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl Z� [� c� v� � { { $If ~ kdc $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl v� w� � �� � { { $If ~ kd�c $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� � { { $If ~ kdrd $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� � { { $If ~ kd"e $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � 1� 2� >� ?� P� Q� Y� Z� i� j� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � !� #� $� 0� 1� 4� 5� 7� 8� D� E� H� I� Q� R� U� V� X� Y� f� g� j� k� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� h J� 5�CJ \�aJ h J� h J� CJ aJ \�� �� �� �� � { { $If ~ kd�e $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� � � { { $If ~ kd�f $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � 2� � { { $If ~ kd2g $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl 2� 3� ?� Q� � { { $If ~ kd�g $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl Q� R� Z� j� � { { $If ~ kd�h $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl j� k� �� �� � { { $If ~ kdBi $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � | v v v v v v v v q v v Ff�k $If ed(>Dl~ kd�i $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ��� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� � � � � � !� $� 1� 5� 8� E� I� J� R� V� Y� g� k� n� |� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Ff�t Ff�q Ff�n $If k� m� n� {� |� � �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � !� )� *� -� .� 0� 1� =� >� A� B� D� E� R� S� U� V� _� `� c� d� f� g� s� t� w� x� z� {� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ h J� h J� CJ aJ `�� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � !� "� *� .� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Ff�} Ff�z Ff�w $If .� 1� >� B� E� S� V� W� `� d� g� t� x� {� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Ffy� Ff~� Ff�� $If �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � *� +� -� .� 7� 8� ;� <� >� ?� K� L� O� P� R� S� `� a� c� d� l� m� p� q� s� t� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ h J� h J� CJ aJ `�� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � +� .� /� 8� <� ?� L� P� S� a� d� e� m� q� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Ffj� Ffo� Fft� $If q� t� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Ff[� Ff`� Ffe� $If �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � � !� "� %� &� (� )� 6� 7� 9� :� I� J� M� N� P� Q� ]� ^� a� b� d� e� r� s� u� v� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � k� l� {� |� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� G� H� [� \� �� �� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ h J� h J� CJ aJ `� � "� &� )� 7� :� ;� J� N� Q� ^� b� e� s� v� w� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � FfL� FfQ� FfV� $If �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� $� �� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � l ~ kd>� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl ed(>Dl ed(>Dl FfG� $If � � l� m� |� �� � � { � � ~ kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl $If �� �� �� �� � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� H� � { { $If ~ kdN� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl H� I� \� �� � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� .� � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� -� .� <� =� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� V� W� c� d� �� �� �� �� =� >� `� a� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � � &� '� q� r� � �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � "� #� ,� -� ?� @� M� N� r� s� z� {� �� �� �� �� U V b c � � � � ! " - . b c ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ h J� h J� CJ aJ `.� /� =� �� � { { $If ~ kd^� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� � { { $If ~ kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� W� � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl W� X� d� �� � { { $If ~ kdn� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� >� � { { $If ~ kd � $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl >� ?� a� �� � { { $If ~ kdέ $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� � { { $If ~ kd~� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� � � � � { { $If ~ kd.� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � � � { { $If ~ kdޯ $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � '� r� � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl r� s� �� �� � { { $If ~ kd>� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� � { { $If ~ kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� �� � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� � � � { { $If ~ kdN� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � #� � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl #� $� -� @� � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl @� A� N� s� � { { $If ~ kd^� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl s� t� {� �� � { { $If ~ kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl �� �� �� V � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl V W c � � { { $If ~ kdn� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � � { { $If ~ kd � $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl " � { { $If ~ kdθ $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl " # . c � { { $If ~ kd~� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl c d i � � { { $If ~ kd.� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl c h i � � � � u v � � , - > ? � � � � V W f g � � � � � � � � � . / 0 1 m n o p � � � � � � � � � � � � 5 6 C D s t � � � � � � c d j k � � � � N O X Y � � � � � � � � ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ h J� h J� CJ aJ `� � � v � { { $If ~ kd $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl v w � - � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl - . ? � � { { $If ~ kd>� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � � { { $If ~ kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl W � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl W X g � � { { $If ~ kdN� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � y y $If kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K 4� �0 ���� ` �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � y y $If kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K 4� �0 ���� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � / y y $If kdt� $$If ed(>Dl�K 4� �0 ���� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl / 0 1 n y y $If kd2� $$If ed(>Dl�K 4� �0 ���� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl n o p � y y $If kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K 4� �0 ���� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � � y y $If kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K 4� �0 ���� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � � y y $If kdl� $$If ed(>Dl�K 4� �0 ���� � �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � � { { $If ~ kd*� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl 6 � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl 6 7 D t � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl t u � � � { { $If ~ kd:� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � d � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl d e k � � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � O � { { $If ~ kdJ� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl O P Y � � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � � � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � � { { $If ~ kdZ� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � { { $If ~ kd � $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � � � � � � M N V W � � � � ���������������������� h J� h J� CJ aJ � � � � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � { { $If ~ kdj� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � N � { { $If ~ kd� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl N O W � � { { $If ~ kd�� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl � � � # � � � � � � | w w w w w w ed(>Dl ed(>Dl~ kdz� $$If ed(>Dl�K � �0 ���� �0 � � � � � � � 6� � �� � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b�it(>Dl 0 1�h/R ��. ��A!�"�#��$��%� ���� �� � $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5��#v �#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5��#v �#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5��#v �#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5��#v �#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� 85�� #v 8#v� :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� 85�� #v 8#v� :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� l#v l:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� ~5�*5�~#v ~#v*#v~:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� ,� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� ~5�*5�~#v ~#v*#v~:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� ,� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� ,� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� ~5�*5�~#v ~#v*#v~:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� ,� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� ~5�*5�~#v ~#v*#v~:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� ,� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� ~5�*5�~#v ~#v*#v~:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� ,� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� z5�R#v z#vR:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� z5�5�:#v z#v#v::V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� z5�5�:#v z#v#v::V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� z5�5�:#v z#v#v::V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� z5�5�:#v z#v#v::V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� z5�5�:#v z#v#v::V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� z5�5�:#v z#v#v::V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / #v / :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / #v / :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / #v / :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / #v / :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / #v / :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5��5��#v �#v�#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5��5��#v �#v�#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5��5��#v �#v�#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5��5��#v �#v�#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5��5��#v �#v�#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5��5��#v �#v�#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� � 5�D5��#v � #vD#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� � 5�D5��#v � #vD#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� � 5�D5��#v � #vD#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� � 5�D5��#v � #vD#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5�D5��#v / #vD#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5�D5��#v / #vD#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5�D5��#v / #vD#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5�D5��#v / #vD#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�] #v �#v] :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� �5�] /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�] #v �#v] :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� �5�] /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�] #v �#v] :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� �5�] /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �#v �:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�o #v �#vo :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� �5�o /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�o #v �#vo :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� �5�o /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�o #v �#vo :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� �5�o /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� &!#v &!:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� *5�� #v *#v� :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� *5�� #v *#v� :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� *5�� #v *#v� :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� *5�� #v *#v� :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� *5�� #v *#v� :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� *5�� #v *#v� :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� *5�� #v *#v� :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� *5�� #v *#v� :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� y#v y:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� D5�O5��5�p5��#v D#vO#v�#vp#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� D5�O5��5�p5��#v D#vO#v�#vp#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� D5�O5��5�p5��#v D#vO#v�#vp#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� y#v y:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� D5�O5��5�p5��#v D#vO#v�#vp#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� D5�O5��5�p5��#v D#vO#v�#vp#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� D5�O5��5�p5��#v D#vO#v�#vp#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� Y5�v#v Y#vv:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� Y5�v#v Y#vv:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� Y5�v#v Y#vv:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� X5��#v X#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� X5��#v X#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� X5��#v X#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� X5��#v X#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� X5��#v X#v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� d5�&5� #v d#v&#v :V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� 5�� 5��#v #v� #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� 5�� 5��#v #v� #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� 5�� 5��#v #v� #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� 5�� 5��#v #v� #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� 5�� 5��#v #v� #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� 5�� 5��#v #v� #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� 5�� 5��#v #v� #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� 5�� 5��#v #v� #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� 5�� 5��#v #v� #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� 5�� 5��#v #v� #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� 5�� 5��#v #v� #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� 5�� 5��#v #v� #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� 5�� 5��#v #v� #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� / 5��#v / #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kd�j $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kd�m $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kd�p $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kd�s $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kd�v $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kd�y $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kd�| $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kd $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kdz� $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kdu� $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kdp� $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kdk� $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kdf� $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kda� $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kd\� $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kdW� $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kdR� $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kdM� $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kdH� $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl$$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� �5�|5�� 5��5�|5�� 5��5�|#v �#v|#v� #v�#v|#v� #v�#v|:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl�kdC� $$If ed(>Dl�K � ִ ����n � � �1 �0 � � � � � � � 6� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3� 4� K a� b� it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K 4�0 � � � � � � � 6� +� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K 4�0 � � � � � � � 6� +� ,� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K 4�0 � � � � � � � 6� +� ,� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K 4�0 � � � � � � � 6� +� ,� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K 4�0 � � � � � � � 6� +� ,� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K 4�0 � � � � � � � 6� +� ,� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K 4�0 � � � � � � � 6� +� ,� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl� $$If ed(>Dl���!v h5� R 5��#v R #v�:V �K �0 � � � � � � � 6� 5� /� � 3� 4� K it(>Dl � � @ `�� @ N o r m a l CJ _HaJ mH sH tH N ` " N H e a d i n g 2 �d �d @&[$\$ 5�CJ$ \�aJ$ N ` 2 N H e a d i n g 3 �d �d @&[$\$ 5�CJ \�aJ F ` B F H e a d i n g 4 �d �d @&[$\$ 5�\� D A@��� D D e f a u l t P a r a g r a p h F o n t R i@��� R T a b l e N o r m a l � 4� l 4� a� ( k@��� ( N o L i s t B ^` � B N o r m a l ( W e b ) �d �d [$\$ 4 U`� 4 H y p e r l i n k >*ph � D V`� D F o l l o w e d H y p e r l i n k >*ph � � ����! �� �� �� �� k� �� �� ��� �� �� cq� �� �� R�� �� �� 7n� �� �� I<� �� �� J � �� �� �&� �� �� @՜ �� �� %�� �� �� �)� �� �� b�� �� �� ��� �� �� �}� �� �� Қ �� �� �}� �� �� � �� �� �ŝ �� �� �^� �� �� u?� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��� �� �� Z&� �� �� ��� �� �� �w� �� �� t[� �� �� ��� �� �� 粜 �� �� �� �� �� Q�� �� ��! ��{ �� � �1 �G 8Z �j �y t� � M� �� U� J� � /� E �. �B �T Rh K� Ǔ ؤ �� I� {� �� ?� � �� �� � > S ] ~ � � F k � � � , O � � � Q � � P � � G � � � 3 _ � � t � ] � � � 6 � � V � � [ � � � � � a � � � � @ + : ; M [ \ c q r � � � r � B � � � �! ## �$ �$ t& �' �( ) ) )) *) 7) ]) ^) �) L- �- �. l/ �/ �/ 0 �1 o2 S3 4 �4 �4 c5 �6 �6 ^8 o8 "9 �9 P: s: �: �; �< �< �= �> @ MA eA �A VC �F �H OI �I �J �K (L cL M qM �M xN yN �N O .O XO �P �Q ]S �S �S �T �U �U �U �V �V iW k[ �[ E] %_ Z_ p_ =` �` =a �a �a �b �c �d e +f �f �f g g 0g �h �j �j �j n $n �n �n �n �n "o �o {q �q r r ,r /r 0r 3r hr }r ~r s s s *s -s .s 1s �s �s �s �s �t �t �t �t �u Gv �v �v x �x �z S{ �{ �{ ~ P � � "� #� 1� 4� <� =� J� O� X� Y� `� e� o� p� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� m� �� � )� ҂ � 2� 3� P� Q� u� v� �� �� �� �� "� �� � 8� �� ׆ �� :� ܉ ݉ � )� �� P� $� 6� �� Ғ �� � b� � �� �� �� �� �� �� �� T� Ȣ A� פ � ?� t� �� 0� � _� �� � 2� j� � � �� ɬ ޭ �� u� �� ʰ � \� � F� � �� P� �� �� �� p� _� y� |� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ˵ ҵ ٵ ڵ � �� �� �� � � � � ,� 4� <� =� �� �� ķ ڷ � � � � �� �� �� � � � � ?� D� P� Q� f� q� w� z� {� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ָ ۸ � � :� � /� q� �� � ֻ �� ڼ � I� �� �� c� � G� Z� �� �� �� � �� �� �� �� �� �� -� >� K� X� �� � �� �� �� �� 3� � 4� �� �� �� �� <� �� l� �� �� �� �� �� � :� ;� G� P� Q� K� v� �� �� �� �� P� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � m� -� � �� �� � � �� ?� �� � (� [� W� H� /� �� � �� �� �� u� �� �� � Q� �� � Q� R� [� �� �� &� 7� �� �� �� �� �� �� � o K � / L Z | � � ? ` q � � � � � � | w � � F G p X � � u � � � � � � � � � � � � 5 8 9 [ � +" % �% & S' �' �) * �* + �+ �+ �+ ?, l, �, �, !- p- �- . �. �. "/ �/ �/ �/ �0 1 p4 �5 p7 =8 �9 �: m; *< �< �< = �= > �? �@ �A D #D �E �E OF �F G HG �G |H �H �H �H �I �J �J �J �L lN �N O �O �P �P R �S !T �T �T fU V V /V RW !Z �Z �Z h[ �[ �[ \ �\ �\ �^ �_ �_ \` qb �b �d Ae Be \e eg Pj @k m o xo _p �p q �q �q �r �u �v jw =x �x �x �x [y | 6| m| �� %� 2� [� � y� �� � %� ҉ J� � ҋ � � Y� n� �� � � �� T� U� �� � �� P� Z� L� � � �� �� � � �� �� �� |� � � e� Ξ o� p� � �� �� �� a� b� �� �� K� إ � ¦ �� � �� �� [� �� � �� $� %� �� -� ߯ �� F� G� R� v� � 8� �� Ʋ -� `� � ʹ o� �� h� �� �� -� ʺ �� *� ]� �� � ؽ �� 7� ~� �� � �� � �� �� � �� �� �� �� C� U� u� �� �� S� �� � 6� �� (� )� �� _� s� t� �� �� �� � B� C� &� y� z� �� � � L� z� {� �� �� �� �� �� �� T� �� L� a� b� h� q� x� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � $� )� .� 4� 5� ;� A� F� L� R� S� �� �� �� �� �� 5� q� �� �� �� |� N� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� (� /� 6� 7� A� I� J� Q� Y� Z� q� x� y� �� �� �� b� � � {� �� E� b� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � )� *� 5� <� G� H� S� a� t� u� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � !� +� 4� >� ?� K� V� a� b� j� u� ~� � �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � "� #� O� V� _� g� h� o� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � &� '� /� :� @� A� L� V� a� b� m� t� {� |� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � #� $� .� 7� 8� O� Z� [� c� v� w� � �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � 2� 3� ?� Q� R� Z� j� k� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � !� $� 1� 5� 8� E� I� J� R� V� Y� g� k� n� |� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � !� "� *� .� 1� >� B� E� S� V� W� `� d� g� t� x� {� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � +� .� /� 8� <� ?� L� P� S� a� d� e� m� q� t� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � "� &� )� 7� :� ;� J� N� Q� ^� b� e� s� v� w� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� $� �� �� � � � l� m� |� �� �� �� �� �� �� H� I� \� �� �� �� .� /� =� �� �� �� �� �� �� W� X� d� �� �� �� >� ?� a� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � '� r� s� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � #� $� -� @� A� N� s� t� {� �� �� �� V� W� c� �� �� �� � � � "� #� .� c� d� i� �� �� �� v� w� �� -� .� ?� �� �� �� � � � W� X� g� �� �� � � �� �� /� 1� n� p� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � 6� 7� D� t� u� �� �� �� �� d e k � � � O P Y � � � � � � � � � � � � N O W � � � # � � � � � �B Z �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� � �% � �% �% � �% � �% �% � �% � �% �% � �% � �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � T �% � �% �% T �% � �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� V �% �% �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� � �% T3 �% p �% �% � �% T3 �% p �% �% &B �% �% � �% T3 �% p �% �% � �% T3 �% p �% K � �% T3 �% p �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� � �% � �% �% � �% Z �% � �% �% � �% Z �% � �% �% � �% Z �% � �% �% � �% Z �% � �% �% � �% Z �% � �% �% � �% Z �% � �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� b �% �% b �% �% b �% �% b �% �% b �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B � �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� � �% $ �G � �G �G � �% $ �% � �% �% � �% $ �% � �% �% � �% $ �% � �% �% � �% $ �% � �% �% � �% $ �% � �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� � �% � �% �% �% � �% � �% �% �% � �% � �% �% �% � �% � �% �% �% �B �� ~ �% � �% �% �% ~ �% � �% �% �% ~ �% � �% �% �% ~ �% � �% �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� � �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B � �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B � � �% � �% �% � �% � �% �% � �% � �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� 1 �% �% �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B � �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B � �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B �� �0 �% �% �B �� �0 �% �% �B �� �0 �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� 1 �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� 1 �G �G �B �� �+ �% � �% K �+ �% � �% � �+ �% � �% � �+ �% � �% � �+ �% � �% � �+ �% � �% � �+ �% � �% �% �+ �% � �% K �B �� �B �� �B � �% �% � �% o �% � �% � �% � �% �% � �% o �% � �% � �% � �% �% � �% o �% � �% � �% � �% �% �B �� �% �% � �% o �% � �% � �% � �% �% � �% o �% � �% � �% � �% �% � �% o �% � �% � �% � �% �% �B �� �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� � �% � �% �% � �% � �% �% � �% � �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B � �B �� T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% T �% �% � �% �% �B � � �G � �G � �G �G � �% � �% � �% �% � �% � �% � �% �% � �% � �% � �% �% � �% � �% � �% �% � �% � �% � �% �% � �% � �% � �% �% � �% � �% � �% �% � �% � �% � �% �% � �% � �% � �% �% � �% � �% � �% �% � �% � �% � �% �% � �% � �% � �% �% �B �� �B � �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �% � �% �% �B � �G � �G 7 �% � �G � �G 7 �% �G � �G �G �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �% � �% 7 �% � �% � �% 7 �% �% � �% �% �B � �B �� � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% K � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% K � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% K � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% K � �% �6 �% K � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% K � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% K � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% �6 �% �% �6 �% K �6 �% �% �6 �% �% �6 �% �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% K � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% K � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% K � �% �6 �% �% � �% �6 �% �% �B � �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� �B �� > S ] ~ � � F k � � � , O � � � Q � � P � � G � � � 3 _ � � t � ] � � � 6 � � V � � [ � � � � � � a � � � � @ + : ; M [ \ c q r � � � r � B � � � �! ## �$ �$ t& �' �( ) ) )) *) 7) ]) ^) �) L- �- �. l/ �/ �/ 0 �1 �1 o2 S3 4 �4 �4 c5 �6 �6 ^8 o8 "9 �9 P: s: �: �; �< �< �= �> @ MA eA �A VC �F �G �H OI �I �J �K (L cL M qM �M xN yN �N O .O XO �P �Q ]S �S �S �T �U �U �U �V �V iW 8Z k[ �[ E] %_ Z_ p_ =` �` =a �a �a �b �c �d e +f �f �f g g 0g �h �j �j �j �j n $n �n �n �n �n "o �o {q �q r r ,r /r 0r 3r hr }r ~r s s s *s -s .s 1s �s �s �s �s �t �t �t �t �u Gv �v �v x �x �y �z S{ �{ �{ ~ P � � "� #� 1� 4� <� =� J� O� X� Y� `� e� o� p� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� m� �� � )� ҂ � 2� 3� P� Q� u� v� �� �� �� �� "� �� � 8� t� �� ׆ �� :� ܉ ݉ � )� �� P� $� 6� �� Ғ �� � b� � �� �� �� � �� �� �� �� T� Ȣ A� פ � ?� t� �� 0� � _� �� � 2� j� � � �� ɬ ޭ M� �� u� �� ʰ � \� � F� � �� P� �� �� �� p� _� y� |� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ˵ ҵ ٵ ڵ � �� �� �� � � � � ,� 4� <� =� �� �� ķ ڷ � � � � �� �� �� � � � � ?� D� P� Q� f� q� w� z� {� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ָ ۸ � � :� � /� q� �� � ֻ �� ڼ � I� �� �� c� � G� Z� �� �� �� � �� �� �� �� U� �� �� -� >� K� X� �� � �� �� �� �� 3� � 4� �� �� �� �� <� �� l� J� �� �� �� �� �� � :� ;� G� P� Q� K� v� �� �� �� �� P� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � m� -� � �� �� � � �� ?� �� � (� [� W� H� /� �� � �� �� �� u� �� �� � Q� �� � Q� R� [� �� /� �� &� 7� �� �� �� �� �� �� � o K � / L Z | � � ? ` q � � � � � � | E w � � F G p X � � u � � � � � � � � � � � � 5 8 9 [ � +" % �% & S' �' �) * �* + �+ �+ �+ ?, l, �, �, !- p- �- . �. �. �. "/ �/ �/ �/ �0 1 p4 �5 p7 =8 �9 �: m; *< �< �< = �= > �? �@ �A �B D #D �E �E OF �F G HG �G |H �H �H �H �I �J �J �J �L lN �N O �O �P �P R �S !T �T �T �T fU V V /V RW !Z �Z �Z h[ �[ �[ \ �\ �\ �^ �_ �_ \` qb �b �d Ae Be \e eg Rh Pj @k m o xo _p �p q �q �q �r �u �v jw =x �x �x �x [y | 6| m| K� �� %� 2� [� � y� �� � %� ҉ J� � ҋ � � Y� n� �� � � �� T� U� �� Ǔ � �� P� Z� L� � � �� �� � � �� �� �� |� � � e� Ξ o� p� � �� �� �� a� b� �� �� ؤ K� إ � ¦ �� � �� �� [� �� � �� $� %� �� -� ߯ �� F� G� R� v� � 8� �� Ʋ -� `� �� � ʹ o� �� h� �� �� -� ʺ �� *� ]� �� � ؽ �� 7� ~� �� � �� � �� �� � I� �� �� �� �� C� U� u� �� �� S� �� � 6� �� (� )� �� _� s� t� �� �� �� � B� C� &� y� z� �� � � L� z� {� �� �� �� �� �� �� T� �� L� a� b� h� q� x� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � $� )� .� 4� 5� ;� A� F� L� R� S� �� �� �� �� �� 5� q� �� �� �� |� N� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� (� /� 6� 7� A� I� J� Q� Y� Z� q� x� y� �� �� �� b� � � {� �� E� b� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � )� *� 5� <� G� H� S� a� t� u� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � !� +� 4� >� ?� K� V� a� b� j� u� ~� � �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � "� #� O� V� _� g� h� o� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � &� '� /� :� @� A� L� V� a� b� m� t� {� |� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � #� $� .� 7� 8� O� Z� [� c� v� w� � �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � 2� 3� ?� Q� R� Z� j� k� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � !� $� 1� 5� 8� E� I� J� R� V� Y� g� k� n� |� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � !� "� *� .� 1� >� B� E� S� V� W� `� d� g� t� x� {� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � +� .� /� 8� <� ?� L� P� S� a� d� e� m� q� t� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � "� &� )� 7� :� ;� J� N� Q� ^� b� e� s� v� w� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� $� �� �� � � � l� m� |� �� �� �� �� �� �� H� I� \� �� �� �� .� /� =� �� �� �� �� �� �� W� X� d� �� �� �� >� ?� a� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � '� r� s� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � #� $� -� @� A� N� s� t� {� �� �� �� V� W� c� �� �� �� � � � "� #� .� c� d� i� �� �� �� v� w� �� -� .� ?� �� �� �� � � � W� X� g� �� �� �� � � � �� �� �� /� 0� 1� n� o� p� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � 6� 7� D� t� u� �� �� �� �� d e k � � � O P Y � � � � � � � � � � � � N O W � � � # � � � � � � 0 � � (>Dl 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � ! 0 � � (>Dl � ! 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � " 0 � � (>Dl � " 0 � � (>Dl � " 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � # 0 � � (>Dl � # 0 � � (>Dl � # 0 � � (>Dl � # 0 � � (>Dl � # 0 � � (>Dl � # 0 � � (>Dl � # 0 � � (>Dl � # 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � $ 0 � � (>Dl � $ 0 � � (>Dl � $ 0 � � (>Dl � $ 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � % 0 � � (>Dl � % 0 � � (>Dl � % 0 � � (>Dl � % 0 � � (>Dl � % 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � & 0 � � (>Dl � & 0 � � (>Dl � & 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl 8 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl 8 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � ' 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � ) 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � * 0 � � (>Dl � * 0 � � (>Dl � * 0 � � (>Dl � * 0 � � (>Dl � * 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � + 0 � � (>Dl � + 0 � � (>Dl � + 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl 8 0 � � (>Dl 8 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl 8 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � , 0 � � (>Dl � , 0 � � (>Dl � , 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � - 0 � � (>Dl � - 0 � � (>Dl � - 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � . 0 � � (>Dl � . 0 � � (>Dl � . 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl 8 0 � � (>Dl 8 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � / 0 � � (>Dl � / 0 � � (>Dl � / 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 0 � � (>Dl � 0 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl � 0 � � � � 0 � � � � 0 � � �(>Dl ( 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � 0 � � (>Dl � J V �> �� Ŀ P =� � �� �� �� �� k� �� �� �� c � + < M ` s � � � � � � � � � � � � [ q � �( )1 ]1 �9 �I xV �[ �] �h �v /z }z { -{ �{ �| Ƃ <� X� o� �� �� �� � Q� �� ܑ � t� �� �� ٽ �� � <� � �� � P� z� �� �� �� �� -� �� :� P� �� � �� & F �% �% & 8& �2 �6 �7 �D �R �X ^ �b �l y ߀ %� T� � �� � o� �� a� �� $� F� h� �� �� �� B� y� � z� �� �� a� �� �� �� �� � 4� R� �� �� �� �� 6� I� Y� x� �� �� �� �� � )� G� t� �� �� �� �� � >� a� ~� �� �� �� � "� g� �� �� �� �� �� &� @� a� {� �� �� �� �� �� � #� 7� Z� v� �� �� �� �� � 2� Q� j� �� �� �� .� �� q� � �� � �� �� H� �� .� �� �� W� �� >� �� �� � � r� �� �� �� � #� @� s� �� V � " c � v - � W � � / n � � � 6 t � d � O � � � � N � � ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r t u v w x y z { | } ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ] s | ~ � � � � � � � , D F \ i k � � � � � � � � � � ! * , C M O f � � � � � � � � 6 O Q h � � � � � � % N P g � � � � � � E G ^ � � � � � � � � � $ 1 3 J ] _ v 0 � � � � � � � r t � � � � [ ] t � � � � � � � � 4 6 M � � � � � $ T V m � � � � � � # Y [ r � � � � � X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X�� �8 � @ � �� � ��� � � � �0 �( � � �B � S � � � � ? � ��4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 � � �$ �( MA �V k[ n �{ ݉ �� �� t� �� �� �� � �� �� G � �/ D �N V Be �q �x %� ҋ �� � �� �� [� �� ʹ o� ؽ �� � �� T� �� �� E� #� �� �� �� � � ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 � � �$ �( MA �V k[ n �{ ݉ �� �� t� �� �� �� � �� �� G � �/ D �N V Be �q �x %� ҋ �� � �� �� [� �� ʹ o� ؽ �� � �� T� �� �� E� #� �� �� �� � � 0 �ki ������������ � �j���������� ��e$dc����������� �U�5�n��������� �� � �x���������� ����f���������� �� Æ���������� �(M)��r���������� ��C�V ����������� ��x��:Fl��������� �+d�~������������ �;" V������������ ��j�D�f���������� �� ������������ ��V�!��� ��������� �� |&r��g��������� �\8 '/����������� ��[{'^S0���������� �ic�(������������� � ,������������ � 2-�7Ԅ��������� �+�0ZN ��������� ��l3�7����������� ��"s6*� ��������� ��Fu7������������� ��_�<�NH���������� �}�>�L*��������� ��OF���]��������� �&d�Gr�n���������� �]�G���s��������� ��E�M�p7��������� � L�S@GP���������� �� �V������������� ��sX ��v��������� �)�]L������������ �� �_������������ �0d a����������� �Ih�d������������ ��auf�u���������� ��$Th\'����������� �\Y�ix ����������� ��j����������� �P*lx�F��������� ��U�n��pL��������� ��S�uW���������� ���u������������ ��y{�j ���������� �N�~�6<���������� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( ��0 Ih�d � �OF � (M) � ��u � ic�( � �$Th � }�> � �E�M � N�~ � �sX � � � � � � �Fu7 � � � �ki � \Y�i � \8 ' � �V�! � �l3 � &d�G � L�S � �S�u � �j� � �[{' � �auf � U � �e$ � �_�< � ]�G � 0d a � � �_ � �U�n � � |& � 2- � � � � � ;" � �x� � � �V � �"s6 � +d� � +�0 � �C� � �y{ � P*l � �j � , � )�] � ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������0 ��0 (>Dl � >T J� � � + : ; M [ \ c q r � � � � � ) ) )) *) 7) ]) ^) �M xN yN ]S �S �S �T �U �U r r ,r /r 0r 3r hr }r ~r s s s *s -s .s 1s �s �s �s �s �t �t �t � � "� #� 1� 4� <� =� J� O� X� Y� `� e� o� p� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � 2� 3� P� Q� u� v� �� �� �� �� :� ܉ ݉ � �� �� j� � � y� |� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ˵ ҵ ٵ ڵ � �� �� �� � � � � ,� 4� <� =� ķ ڷ � � � � �� �� �� � � � � ?� D� P� Q� f� q� w� z� {� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ָ ۸ � � �� �� �� �� � :� ;� G� P� Q� � �� �� � �� �� � Q� R� �� �� �� | � F G � � � � � � � � 5 8 9 . �. �. "/ �/ �/ �I �J �J �O �P �P fU V V !Z �Z �Z �d Ae Be �p q �q =x �x �x �� T� U� L� � � � �� �� |� � � Ξ o� p� � �� �� �� a� b� � �� �� �� $� %� �� F� G� �� (� )� �� _� s� t� �� �� �� � B� C� &� y� z� �� � � L� z� {� �� �� �� �� �� �� L� a� b� h� q� x� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � $� )� .� 4� 5� ;� A� F� L� R� S� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� (� /� 6� 7� A� I� J� Q� Y� Z� q� x� y� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � )� *� 5� <� G� H� S� a� t� u� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � !� +� 4� >� ?� K� V� a� b� j� u� ~� � �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � "� #� O� V� _� g� h� o� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � &� '� /� :� @� A� L� V� a� b� m� t� {� |� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � #� $� .� 7� 8� O� Z� [� c� v� w� � �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � 2� 3� ?� Q� R� Z� j� k� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � !� $� 1� 5� 8� E� I� J� R� V� Y� g� k� n� |� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � !� "� *� .� 1� >� B� E� S� V� W� `� d� g� t� x� {� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � +� .� /� 8� <� ?� L� P� S� a� d� e� m� q� t� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � "� &� )� 7� :� ;� J� N� Q� ^� b� e� s� v� w� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � l� m� |� �� �� �� �� �� �� H� I� \� �� �� �� .� /� =� �� �� �� �� �� �� W� X� d� �� �� �� >� ?� a� �� �� �� �� � � � � � � � '� r� s� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � � #� $� -� @� A� N� s� t� {� �� �� �� V� W� c� �� �� �� � � � "� #� .� c� d� i� �� �� �� v� w� �� -� .� ?� �� �� �� � � � W� X� g� �� �� �� � � � �� �� �� /� 0� 1� n� o� p� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � � � 6� 7� D� t� u� �� �� �� �� d e k � � � O P Y � � � � � � � � � � � � N O W � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �@ � dk � @ @ �� U n k n o w n �� �� �� �� �� �� g� �z � � T i m e s N e w R o m a n T i m e s N e w R o m a n A� � S y m b o l T i m e s ?&� �z � � A r i a l S a n s W5� �z � � C o u r i e r N e w C o u r i e r N e w ]� � W i n g d i n g s H a e t t e n s c h w e i l e r " 1� ���h �ڻF�ڻF .N �� ! � .N �� ! � e � ��� � ��4 � � ;� � � LX �� ? � ��������������������� J� 2 �� K H M R C h a s p u b l i s h e d i t s T a c t i c a l a n d I n f o r m a t i o n P a c k a g e ( T I P ) o n B o o k m a k e r s w o t t o n a r w o t t o n a r � 0 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / �� �����Oh�� +'��0 � � � � � $ 8 L X x � � � � � � � L HMRC has published its Tactical and Information Package (TIP) on Bookmakers wottonar Normal.dot wottonar 2 Microsoft Office Word @ @ T���0�@ T���0� ! .N �� �� ��՜.�� +,��D ��՜.�� +,��� @ h p � � � � � � � � � � LexisNexis UK � � � L HMRC has published its Tactical and Information Package (TIP) on Bookmakers Title X 8 @ _PID_HLINKS � A 8 5 2 � 5 2 5 1 � 5 1 5 0 � 5 0 4 9 � 4 9 4 8 � 4 8 4 7 � 4 7 4 6 � 4 6 4 5 � 4 5 4 4 � 4 4 4 3 ~ 4 3 4 2 { 4 2 4 1 x 4 1 4 0 u 4 0 3 9 r 3 9 3 8 o 3 8 3 7 l 3 7 3 6 i 3 6 3 5 f 3 5 3 4 c 3 4 3 3 ` 3 3 3 2 ] 3 2 3 1 Z 3 1 3 0 W 3 0 2 9 T 2 9 2 8 Q 2 8 2 7 N 2 7 2 6 K 2 6 2 5 H 2 5 2 4 E 2 4 2 3 B 2 3 2 2 ? 2 2 2 1 < 2 1 2 0 9 2 0 1 9 6 1 9 1 8 3 1 8 1 7 0 1 7 1 6 - 1 6 1 5 * 1 5 1 4 ' 1 4 1 3 $ 1 3 1 2 ! 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ���� ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m ����o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ����[ \ ] ^ _ ` a ����c d e f g h i ��������������������������������r ��������������������������������������������������������R o o t E n t r y �������� � F P@E��0�t � D a t a ������������ *� 1 T a b l e ���� n *� W o r d D o c u m e n t ���� 2 S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( ������������ Z D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 �������� b C o m p O b j ������������ q ������������ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �� ���� � F Microsoft Office Word Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 �9�q R o o t E n t r y �������� � F �B �0�t � D a t a ������������ *� 1 T a b l e ���� n *� W o r d D o c u m e n t ���� 2 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ����[ \ ] ^ _ ` a �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����x y z { | } ~ ���������� ��՜.�� +,��D ��՜.�� +,��� @ h p � � � � � � � � � � LexisNexis UK � � � L HMRC has published its Tactical and Information Package (TIP) on Bookmakers Title X 8 @ _PID_HLINKS � A 8 5 2 � 5 2 5 1 � 5 1 5 0 � 5 0 4 9 � 4 9 4 8 � 4 8 4 7 � 4 7 4 6 � 4 6 4 5 � 4 5 4 4 � 4 4 4 3 ~ 4 3 4 2 { 4 2 4 1 x 4 1 4 0 u 4 0 3 9 r 3 9 3 8 o 3 8 3 7 l 3 7 3 6 i 3 6 3 5 f 3 5 3 4 c 3 4 3 3 ` 3 3 3 2 ] 3 2 3 1 Z 3 1 3 0 W 3 0 2 9 T 2 9 2 8 Q 2 8 2 7 N 2 7 2 6 K 2 6 2 5 H 2 5 2 4 E 2 4 2 3 B 2 3 2 2 ? 2 2 2 1 < 2 1 2 0 9 2 0 1 9 6 1 9 1 8 3 1 8 1 7 0 1 7 1 6 - 1 6 1 5 * 1 5 1 4 ' 1 4 1 3 $ 1 3 1 2 ! 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( ������������ Z D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 �������� w C o m p O b j ������������ q ������������
| i don't know |
Who Directed the 'Oscar' winning film of 2000, 'American Beauty'? | 'American Beauty' Tops the Oscars; Main Acting Awards Go to Kevin Spacey and Hilary Swank - The New York Times
The New York Times
Movies |'American Beauty' Tops the Oscars; Main Acting Awards Go to Kevin Spacey and Hilary Swank
Search
Continue reading the main story
Capping what many regard as among the strongest recent years in motion pictures, ''American Beauty'' took home five Oscars tonight, including best picture. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences could hardly restrain itself from tossing rose petals at the bayonet-edged comedy about a pair of the most dysfunctional suburban households in movie history.
Kevin Spacey won best actor as the film's narrator, a lovesick 40-something man going through his painful second adolescence. ''This is the highlight of my day,'' Mr. Spacey said. Sam Mendes, an acclaimed stage director who brought the most recent revival of ''Cabaret'' to Broadway, won the director's prize for his first film, while veteran television writer Alan Ball won the original screenplay award for his first produced film. Conrad L. Hall, one of the most respected cinematographers in Hollywood, won his second Oscar. (His first, 31 years ago, was for ''Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid.'')
''I guess we're all part of a wonderful, wonderful dysfunctional family called the human race,'' Mr. Hall said.
Not a bad evening for DreamWorks, the mini-studio formed by Steven Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen that made ''American Beauty'' and was having its best Oscar night ever. And quite a difference from last year, when the studio lost the best picture award for its ''Saving Private Ryan'' to ''Shakespeare in Love.''
Continue reading the main story
Hilary Swank, 25, in her first significant movie role, won best actress for playing a young woman who pretended to be a man in the independent film ''Boys Don't Cry,'' providing ''American Beauty'' with its main disappointment of the evening when the actress honors did not go to Annette Bening as Mr. Spacey's adulterous wife.
Advertisement
Continue reading the main story
''The Cider House Rules,'' an adaptation by the director Lasse Hallstrom of John Irving's novel about the residents of a Maine orphanage, won awards for Michael Caine's supporting performance (his second Oscar) as the orphanage's kindly doctor and for Mr. Irving's adapted screenplay.
The evening's biggest loser was ''The Insider,'' Michael Mann's thriller about the collision between the worlds of big tobacco and big media that came into the night nominated for seven Oscars and went home with none.
The academy handed out its 72nd annual Academy Awards at the Shrine Auditorium here, with a pregnant nominee about to give birth in the audience, a series of recent Oscar mishaps to be chewed over by the host, Billy Crystal, and an unusually large number of major categories with no clear front-runner.
American bought more than $7.5 billion worth of movie tickets in 1999, an eight percent increase over the previous year, and a record number of films earning more than $100 million, including three of the nominees for the best picture Oscar: the pre-awards favorite, ''American Beauty,'' ''The Sixth Sense'' and ''The Green Mile.''
In the early going, the awards were a bit of a mix, with no clear trend developing except that ''The Matrix,'' a science-fiction thriller about a machine-dominated future with some of the jazziest effects of the year, was extremely popular in some of the less heralded categories, winning for best film editing, best sound, best sound effects editing and best visual effects.
When he wons his award, Mr. Caine said: ''I wasn't here the last time, so it's very different when you're here than being told over the phone. That is very nerve-wracking out there.'' His previous Oscar was for Woody Allen's ''Hannah and her Sisters'' in 1986. Mr. Caine hefted his Oscar as he spoke to journalists backstage after winning. ''It's heavy,'' Mr. Caine said. ''But it fits kinda nice.''
Angelina Jolie, a first-time nominee who played an ostentatiously rebellious mental patient in ''Girl, Interrupted,'' won the award for best supporting actress.
Among others, she thanked her father, Oscar-winning actor Jon Voight. ''I've never actually held an Oscar before,'' Ms. Jolie said backstage just after accepting the award. ''It's quite amazing. My dad's mother had his in a goldfish bowl way up on a mantlepiece, and I've never held it.''
Advertisement
Continue reading the main story
Warren Beatty was awarded the Irving G. Thablerg Award for a lifetime of achievement in the movie business and was introduced by his friend, Jack Nicholson, while his wife, an extremely pregnant and about-to-deliver Annette Bening, sat beside him.
''Because of the dignity of the occasion, Miss Bening's delicate condition and the recipient's advanced age, there will be no sex jokes,'' Mr. Nicholson said. ''And I'm very sorry for that.''
Mr. Beatty paid tribute to his fellow actors, to the friends who led him through his wilder single years and to his wife, and made reference to his recent flirtation with a campaign for president. ''If you had your choice and, say, could have the Thalberg Award or, oh, the White House, I'd stick with this,'' Mr. Beatty said.
Pedro Almodovar won the award for the best foreign language film for ''All About My Mother,'' and had to be dragged from the stage by a co-presenter, Antonio Banderas, when his acceptance speech rambled on.
Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box.
Invalid email address. Please re-enter.
You must select a newsletter to subscribe to.
Sign Up
Privacy Policy
The documentary filmmaker Arthur Cohn won his third Oscar, this one for ''One Day in September,'' a film he made with Kevin Macdonald, about the attack on Israeli athletes during the Munich Olympics. What was noteworthy was that this was the first awards ceremony since the academy reformed its procedures for nominating documentaries, in part to make it likelier that popular box-office hits would be nominated. Yet ''One Day in September'' is a film that has not yet even been released and was up against such box-office successes as ''The Buena Vista Social Club.''
Phil Collins won the best original song award for ''You'll be in My Heart'' from the animated Disney film, 'Tarzan.'' John Corigliano scored a surprise by winning an Oscar for ''The Red Violin's'' musical score, beating out more heavily favored composers for ''American Beauty'' and ''The Cider House Rules.''
The costume design Oscar went to Lindy Hemming for Mike Leigh's ''Topsy Turvy,'' a sumptuous recreation of Gilbert and Sullivan's collaboration on ''The Mikado.'' The film also won for best makeup.
A bright red banner was strung across the front of the Shrine Auditorium as though announcing some kind of Stalinist reunion, mirroring the red-carpet gantlet of television cameras and jostling, screaming journalists.
It had been a rocky road to this year's ceremonies. First, 4,200 Oscar nominating ballots disappeared and new ballots had to be rushed out and the voting deadline extended by two days. (The ballots had mistakenly been put into a third-class mail storage area at a postal warehouse.) Then a shipment of 55 Oscar statuettes were stolen off a loading dock operated by Roadway Express, which was driving them from their factory in Chicago. A Roadway Express employee was charged with stealing the statuettes, which were discovered beside a trash container in the Koreatown section of Los Angeles by a self-employed repairman and scavenger, who was later invited to join tonight's ceremony.
Advertisement
Continue reading the main story
The first-time producers of this year's awards telecast, Richard and Lili Zanuck, were promising a break from previous shows, with nods to the new digital and music technologies, and a complete absence of the widely reviled dance sequences from previous ceremonies.
''American Beauty'' opened in only a handful of theaters in September to generally thunderously positive reviews. But over the next few months the scabrous comedy about a strangely blissful suburban father recounting the last year of his life, a kind of second adolescence spurred by his lustful attraction to a high-school cheerleader, opened in gradually more and more theaters. It was a classic platform release, the kind that studio movies rarely receive in these days of 3,000-screen opening weekend blockbusters. And it worked.
Academy Award Winners
| Sam Mendes |
Who was the last monarch to award one of his sons the title 'Duke of Clarence'? | Academy Awards Best Director - Facts & Trivia
Warren Beatty/Buck Henry for Heaven Can Wait (1978) (nominated)
John Singleton for Boys N the Hood (1991) (nominated)
Rob Marshall for Chicago (2002) (nominated)
Bennett Miller for Capote (2005) (nominated)
Paul Haggis for Crash (2005) (nominated)
Benh Zeitlin for Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012) (nominated)
Directors With Two Best Director Nominations in the Same Year:
Only three directors have received two Best Director nominations in the same year:
Michael Curtiz, for Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) and Four Daughters (1938)
Steven Soderbergh for Erin Brockovich (2000) and Traffic (2000) (win)
Duo Directing Teams Nominated for Best Director:
Only four duo directing teams have been nominated for Best Director in Oscars history, and only twice have the duo-directors won:
Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise for West Side Story (1961) - (win) - two Best Director Oscars were awarded to co-directors Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise; it marked the first time that awards went to co-directors. The only Best Director Oscar winner to win for the only film he ever directed was also Jerome Robbins
Joel and Ethan Coen for No Country for Old Men (2007) - (win) - the first time a sibling team had been nominated in the category, and the second directing duo to win Best Director
Warren Beatty and Buck Henry for Heaven Can Wait (1978)
Joel and Ethan Coen were again nominated as Best Director for True Grit (2010)
The Director with the Most Film Nominations in a Single Year:
Director W.S. (Woody) Van Dyke holds the single-year record for the most films to receive Oscar nominations (7):
Van Dyke directed The Thin Man (1934) that had four nominations (Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Director, and Best Adaptation)
Van Dyke directed Manhattan Melodrama (1934) that won Best Original Story
Van Dyke directed Hide-out (1934) that was nominated for Best Original Story
Van Dyke directed Eskimo (1934) that won Best Film Editing
The Director with the Most Oscar Wins For Films in the Same Year:
Director Steven Spielberg holds the record for the most Oscars wins for multiple films in the same year:
Schindler's List (1993) - with 12 nominations (and 7 wins)
African-American (Black) Best Director Nominees/Winners:
No African-American (or black) has ever won Best Picture.
African-Americans (or blacks) nominated as Best Director include:
John Singleton for Boyz N the Hood (1991) - the first
Lee Daniels for Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire (2009) - the second African-American nominated director; it was the first-ever Best Picture nominee to be directed by an African-American filmmaker
British director Steve McQueen for Best Picture-winning 12 Years a Slave (2013) [Note: If McQueen had won Best Director, he would have been the first black filmmaker to win the title.]
Spike Lee was never nominated for Best Director (only for screenwriting and documentary).
Female Directors: The Only Winner - and the Only Ones Nominated
There have only been four female Best Director nominees:
Italian film director Lina Wertmuller for Seven Beauties (1976, It.) - the first woman to be nominated for Best Director
New Zealander Jane Campion for Best Picture-nominated The Piano (1993)
Sofia Coppola for her Best Picture-nominated Lost in Translation (2003) - the first American woman nominated for Best Director and only the third woman ever to be nominated for Best Director
Kathryn Bigelow for her Best Picture-nominated The Hurt Locker (2009) - the second American woman nominated as Best Director and only the fourth woman nominated in the category
The only female Best Director winner: Kathryn Bigelow for Best Picture-winning The Hurt Locker (2009).
A number of films directed by women have been nominated for Best Picture (without corresponding Best Director nominations), including Randa Haines' Children of a Lesser God (1986), Penny Marshall's Awakenings (1990), Barbra Streisand's The Prince of Tides (1991), Valerie Faris' (with Jonathan Dayton) Little Miss Sunshine (2006), Lone Scherfig's An Education (2009), Lisa Cholodenko's The Kids Are All Right (2010) and Debra Granik's Winter's Bone (2010).
Foreign-Born Best Director Nominees and Winners:
Note: Only a sampling of the most significant foreign-born directors are included here. There are many others, either from the UK or other Central/Western European countries, such as Pedro Almodóvar (Spain), Roberto Benigni (Italy), Ingmar Bergman (Sweden), Bernardo Bertolucci (Italy), Federico Fellini (Italy), Costa-Gavras (Greece), Michael Curtiz (Austria-Hungary), Miloš Forman (Czech.), Lewis Milestone (Russia), Mike Nichols (Germany), Wolfgang Petersen (Germany), Billy Wilder (Austria-Hungary/Poland), William Wyler (Germany), and Fred Zinnemann (Austria-Hungary). There are numerous UK-born (includes NZ, and CAN) and French-born (FR) directors that have been nominated or have won: Michel Hazanavicius (FR), Tom Hooper, Danny Boyle, Peter Jackson (NZ), Roman Polanski (FR, but considered himself Polish), Sam Mendes, James Cameron (CAN), Anthony Minghella, Richard Attenborough, François Truffaut (FR), to name just a few.
Mexican film-maker Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu won his first Best Director Oscar for the Best Picture-winning Birdman (2014), and won Best Original Screenplay for the same film. The next year, he also won Best Director for Best Picture-nominated The Revenant (2015). He became the first person in 65 years and only the third ever to win back-to-back Best Director Oscars since Joseph L. Mankiewicz's A Letter To Three Wives (1949) and All About Eve (1950) , and only the third in history, also after John Ford's The Grapes Of Wrath (1940) and How Green Was My Valley (1941) . [Note: Inarritu had three previous Oscar nominations: Best Foreign Language Film Amores Perros (2000, Mex.), and Best Director/ Best Picture for Babel (2006).] The Mexican director became the fifth consecutive non-American to win Best Director, following Britisher Tom Hooper for The King's Speech (2010), Frenchman Michel Hazanavicius for The Artist (2011), Taiwanese-born Ang Lee for Life of Pi (2012), and fellow Mexican filmmaker Alfonso Cuaron for Gravity (2013).
Mexican film director Alfonso Cuarón, although a three-time nominee, was nominated for the first time as Best Director, and won the Oscar for Gravity (2013). He was the first Mexican-born director to win Best Director.
Ang Lee was the first Asian (or non-white) filmmaker to win Hollywood's main filmmaking honor for Brokeback Mountain (2005). He also won Best Director for Life of Pi (2012). He was also nominated as Best Director for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000).
Other Asian Best Director nominees include Hiroshi Teshigahara for Woman in the Dunes (1964), Akira Kurosawa for Ran (1985), and M. Night Shyamalan for The Sixth Sense (1999).
In 2012, German-born directorial nominee Michael Haneke was nominated as Best Director for Amour (2012, Austria). Frenchman Michel Hazanavicius won for The Artist (2011).
In 2006, Alejandro González Iñárritu was the first Mexican director nominated for the top prize for Babel (2006). French film director Michel Hazanavicius was nominated for The Artist (2011). In the year 2006, the Mexican directing troika of Alejandro González Iñárritu, Guillermo del Toro and Alfonso Cuaron took a combined 16 nominations for their films Babel (2006) (with seven nominations), Pan's Labyrinth (2006) (with six nominations) and Children of Men (2006) (with three nominations), respectively.
For the 2004 awards, Brazilian-born Fernando Meirelles was nominated as Best Director for City of God (2002) (aka Cidade de Deus).
The first Canadian to win Best Director was James Cameron, for Titanic (1997).
In 1987, all five of the Best Director nominees were foreign-born:
Bernardo Bertolucci (Italy) - the winner
Lasse Hallstrom (Sweden)
2013
Best Director and Best Picture Correlations:
There is a direct correlation between the Best Picture and Director awards. Usually, the film voted Best Picture has been directed by the person named (or at least nominated) as Best Director. In a number of cases, however, the Best Picture win went to one film and Best Director went to another even though the helmer of the big winner was nominated.
Of the 88 films (through the year 2015) that have been awarded Best Picture, 63 have also been awarded Best Director. About a quarter of the time, however, in Academy history, the Best Picture and Best Director winners have been for different films.
The Oscars (through the year 2015) have split Best Picture and Best Director 24 times: see years 2015, 2013, 2012, 2005, 2002, 2000, 1998, 1989, 1981, 1972, 1967, 1956, 1952, 1951, 1949, 1948, 1940, 1937, 1936, 1935, 1931/32, 1930/31, 1928/29, 1927/28 (two Best Director co-winners didn't win Best Picture).
In the first ten years of Oscar awards, seven of the first 10 Best Picture winners didn't include any honor for the directors beyond a nomination. [The exceptions were in the years 1929/30, 1932/33, and 1934, when the Academy honored the director as Best Director for a corresponding Best Picture.]
Here are some examples in more recent years (from 1967 onwards):
The Graduate (1967)
1972: Francis Ford Coppola's multi-award winning
The Godfather (1972) took Best Picture, while Bob Fosse won Best Director for Cabaret (1972) (Cabaret won eight Academy Awards a record for the most Oscars won by a movie that didn't win Best Picture)
1981: director Hugh Hudson's Chariots of Fire (1981) won Best Picture, but Warren Beatty won Best Director for Reds (1981)
1989: director Bruce Beresford's Driving Miss Daisy (1989) won Best Picture, while Oliver Stone won Best Director for Born on the Fourth of July (1989)
1998: director John Madden's Shakespeare in Love (1998) won Best Picture, but Steven Spielberg won Best Director for Saving Private Ryan (1998)
2000: director Ridley Scott's Gladiator (2000) won Best Picture, but Steven Soderbergh won Best Director for Traffic (2000)
2002: director Rob Marshall's Chicago (2002) won Best Picture, but Roman Polanski won Best Director for The Pianist (2002)
2005: director Paul Haggis' Crash (2005) won Best Picture, but Ang Lee won Best Director for Brokeback Mountain (2005)
2012: director Ben Affleck's Argo (2012) won Best Picture, but Ang Lee won Best Director for Life of Pi (2012)
2013: director Steve McQueen's 12 Years a Slave (2013) won Best Picture, but Alfonso Cuaron won Best Director for Gravity (2013)
2015: director Tom McCarthy's Spotlight (2015) won Best Picture, but Alejandro Iñárritu won Best Director for The Revenant (2015)
It has often happened that a Best Director winner is not also honored with a simultaneous Best Picture win, especially in regards to John Ford and George Stevens. John Ford won Best Director three times even though his film lost the big prize, and George Stevens had the same shock twice:
1935: John Ford won Best Director for The Informer (1935), while director Frank Lloyd's Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) won Best Picture
1940: John Ford won Best Director for
1956: George Stevens won Best Director for Giant (1956), while director Michael Anderson Sr.'s Around the World in 80 Days (1956) won Best Picture
The Only Best Picture-Winning Films Without Best Director Nominations:
It is very rare for a film to win the Best Picture Oscar while omitting the film's director from the Best Director nominations - this has happened only four times:
1927/28: Wings (1927/28) from un-nominated director William Wellman won Best Picture, while the Best Director award went to Frank Borzage for Seventh Heaven (1927/28)
1931/32: Grand Hotel (1931/32) , the Best Picture winner was directed by unnominated Edmund Goulding - Frank Borzage won Best Director for Bad Girl (1931/32)
1989: Driving Miss Daisy (1989) was the Best Picture winner, but its director Bruce Beresford was not nominated, while Oliver Stone won Best Director for Born on the Fourth of July (1989)
2012: Argo (2012) from un-nominated director Ben Affleck won Best Picture, while the Best Director award went to Ang Lee for Life of Pi (2012)
The Only Films to Win Best Director Without a Best Picture Nomination:
Two Arabian Knights (1927/28), not nominated for Best Picture, but Lewis Milestone won Best Director (Comedy)
The Divine Lady (1928/29), not nominated for Best Picture, but Frank Lloyd won Best Director
The Most Best Picture Nominations: William Wyler - the Winning-est Best Picture Director
Up until 2015, William Wyler held the record for the most nominations and wins for his films in all categories: 127 nominations and 39 awards. Half of the nominations he received were in the major categories of Best Picture, Acting, and Directing. With his Best Picture nomination for Bridge of Spies (2015), Spielberg's films have now earned 128 nominations, the most of any director of all time, passing up William Wyler (127).
William Wyler holds the record for directing more Best Picture nominees (13) and more Best Picture winners (3) than anyone else.
His 13 Best Picture-nominated and winning films (marked with *) were:
26 years (and 279 days)
Orson Welles for
29 years (and 66 days)
Kenneth Branagh for Henry V (1989)
29 years (and 113 days)
Claude Lelouch for A Man and a Woman (1966)
29 years (and 193 days)
M. Night Shyamalan for The Sixth Sense (1999)
29 years (and 281 days)
George Lucas for American Graffiti (1973)
30 years (and 88 days)
Benh Zeitlin for Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012)
30 years (and 95 days)
Jason Reitman for Juno (2007)
30 years (and 116 days)
Spike Jonze for Being John Malkovich (1999)
31 years (and 65 days)
[Note: the youngest woman ever to earn a nomination, 32-year old Sofia Coppola for Lost in Translation (2003).]
Runner-Ups:
33 years (and 228 days)
Lewis Milestone for Two Arabian Nights (1927/28)
34 years (and 238 days)
Sam Mendes for American Beauty (1999)
35 years (and 23 days)
Frank Borzage for 7th Heaven (1927/28)
35 years (and 36 days)
Lewis Milestone for
35 years (and 313 days)
Tony Richardson for Tom Jones (1963)
36 years (and 1 day)
Francis Ford Coppola for
78 years (and 193 days)
Charles Crichton for A Fish Called Wanda (1988)
76 years (and 357 days)
Robert Altman for Gosford Park (2001)
76 years (and 318 days)
David Lean for A Passage to India (1984)
76 years (and 237 days)
Clint Eastwood for Letters From Iwo Jima (2006)
76 years (and 54 days)
Woody Allen for Midnight in Paris (2011)
75 years (and 319 days)
Akira Kurosawa for Ran (1985)
74 years (and 239 days)
Clint Eastwood for Million Dollar Baby (2004)
73 years (and 241 days)
Clint Eastwood for Mystic River (2003)
71 years (and 181 days)
Cecil B. DeMille for The Greatest Show on Earth (1952)
Runner-Ups:
69 years (and 217 days)
Roman Polanski for The Pianist (2002)
65 years (and 272 days)
64 years (and 100 days)
Martin Scorsese for The Departed (2006)
62 years (and 302 days)
Clint Eastwood for Unforgiven (1992)
62 years (and 105 days)
Carol Reed for Oliver! (1968)
59 years (and 346 days)
Fred Zinnemann for A Man For All Seasons (1966)
59 years (and 225 days)
Richard Attenborough for Gandhi (1982)
59 years (and 46 days)
John Ford for
| i don't know |
Other than the United States' Bobby Fischer, which country provided the last non-Russian World Chess Champion? | The Chess Olympiads, Part I: From Founding to Soviet Boycott | World Chess | News, ratings, events in a chess world
The Chess Olympiads, Part I: From Founding to Soviet Boycott
By Dr. Timothy Harding Aug 29 — 8:00 AM
Image by David Eldan
514
With the Chess Olympiad starting this week in Baku, Azerbaijan, we begin a look back at the history of the world’s pre-eminent international chess competition.
In 1924, the Summer Olympics were to be held in Paris. A group of chess players decided to organize an international amateur tournament in order to be part of the action, even if only indirectly. Alexander Alekhine, the future World Champion, who now lived in France, was present during the organizing meetings and planned to co-author a book about the event, but it was never completed.
There were 54 players from 18 countries in that first Olympics tournament. They were assigned to nine preliminary groups, from which the winners qualified for a round-robin final. The remaining 45 contested an eight-round Swiss system tournament. Some nations had three or four representatives; others only one or two, but the aggregate scores of individual players (in both rounds) from each country decided which won the team prize.
The overall winner of the individual competition was Hermanis Matisons of Latvia, while the team honors went to Czechoslovakia (none of whose players were in the group final), with Hungary second and Switzerland third.
More significant than the results was that the World Chess Federation, or FIDE (for Fédération Internationale des Echecs) was founded at a meeting on the final day of the competition. When FIDE met for its first congress, in Budapest in 1926, it voted to establish the Chess Olympiad tournaments for teams of four. The first official one (albeit under a different name) would be held the next year in London.
The dream of the organizers of the first tournament in 1924, and of every one after, was that chess would eventually be included in the regular and official Olympic Games. Though FIDE gained recognition from the International Olympic Committee as an official sports federation in 1999, the possibility that chess will someday be part of the regular Olympics seems remote. The fact that chess is not a physical sport and the fact that many leading players are professionals – and for decades, the Olympics barred professionals – have so far been insurmountable barriers.
But there have also always been some advantages of not being directly connected with the Olympic movement. One was that FIDE could stage its competitions whenever it wished. They held four in five years (1927, 1928, 1930, and 1931) before the two-year system was adopted. There were then four more official Olympiads in the 1930s, and from 1950 onwards Chess Olympiads have been held in each even-numbered year. According to Árpád Földeák, in his book Chess Olympiads, the term “Chess Olympiad,” did not become the official title until 1952.
FIDE gained recognition from the International Olympic Committee as an official sports federation in 1999.
Sixteen national teams (with a total of 70 players) contested the first official FIDE Olympiad which opened in London on 18 July 1927. Except for Argentina, all teams were European. Russia did not compete as it was not a FIDE member until after the war.
Each nation played a match against every other in London, and Hungary emerged as winners of the Hamilton-Russell Cup (named for Frederick Hamilton-Russell, an English tycoon, who supplied the trophy), ahead of the surprising team from Denmark, while England, the host nation, finished third.
Several famous grandmasters met on the top boards, where the best individual result was achieved by Richard Réti of Czechoslovakia, whose team finished fifth. Réti played every round, winning nine games, drawing five, and losing only one for a score of 76.7%. Percentages of 70% or better were also achieved by Ernst Grünfeld for Austria (6 wins and 7 draws), Géza Maróczy for Hungary (6 wins and 6 draws), and Max Euwe for the Netherlands (7 wins, 7 draws and one loss). The venerable Dr. Siegbert Tarrasch scored 56.7% on the top board for Germany at the age of 65.
Bundesarchiv
Bobby Fischer, left, playing Mikhail Tal during the 1960 Oympiad in Leipzig, Germany.
Two other players made 80% scores which contributed greatly to their teams’ success. They were Holger Norman-Hansen on second board for Denmark (11 wins, two draws and two losses) and Sir George Thomas on Board 3 for England (nine wins and six draws). Thomas actually played Board 2 sometimes as England had a reserve.
A rule prevented professionals from competing in the second FIDE Olympiad at The Hague in 1928, but left the definition of amateurism to national federations. No grandmasters competed and neither England nor Yugoslavia sent a team. Nevertheless there were 17 countries and again they all played each other. Hungary won again, with the United States (led by Isaac Kashdan and Herman Steiner) second and Poland third. A noteworthy participant was ‘Dada’ artist Marcel Duchamp, who drew most of his games on Board 3 for France; he also played in subsequent Olympiads.
Professionals were allowed back for the third Olympiad, played at Hamburg in 1930. Again it was a round-robin tournament and the number of teams increased to 18. Given the location, it was perhaps not surprising that that they were all European, apart from the United States. In the first round Poland defeated Hungary 3.5-0.5 but Hungary gradually fought back thanks to their reserve, a master named Kornél Havasi. He played White in all but one of his games and scored ten wins and four draws. How was that possible? In his book, Földeák explained that team board order was not fixed for the first three Olympiads but from 1931 the rule was adopted that teams must adhere to the board order submitted before the competition began.
Poland took gold, by half a game point, but would also have won if the modern system of counting match results had been in force. Hungary finished second with Germany third.
Alekhine, who was now World Champion, played for France, winning all nine of his games, but avoided the toughest opponents. Three other top boards scored over 80% while playing every round: Akiva Rubinstein for Poland (13 wins and four draws), Salo Flohr for Czechoslovakia (14 wins, a draw and two losses), and Kashdan for the United States (12 wins, four draws and a loss). Other noteworthy participants were Savielly Tartakower (Board 2 for Poland), Frank J. Marshall (Board 2 for the United States), and Mir Sultan Khan, who was Indian but played Board 1 for England.
At Prague in 1931, the number of teams rose to 19 with most leading grandmasters representing their countries. The United States (Kashdan, Marshall, Arthur Dake, I.A. Horowitz and Herman Steiner) scored the first of a run of victories with Reuben Fine making his first appearance, this time on Board 3. Poland finished second.
Entries fell to 15 in 1933, played at Folkestone in England, where the Americans won comfortably, Czechoslovakia coming second. The outstanding individual performance came from the Czechoslovak fourth player, Karel Opočenský, who went undefeated with ten wins and three draws.
An Olympiad played at Munich in 1936, to coincide with the Olympic Games in Berlin, was not part of the official series.
Twenty teams competed at Warsaw in 1935 with Argentina returning to the competition; there was also a Jewish team playing under the flag of Palestine. The United States made it three in row, despite losing their first two matches, to Sweden and Hungary. The performance of their fourth board, Dake, was outstanding: 13 wins and five draws, resting only for one match. Among stars of the future making their appearance were Mojsze (later Miguel) Najdorf (Board 3 for Poland) and Paul Keres of Estonia. For the first time, Alekhine played every match, scoring seven wins and ten draws, but France could only finish tenth. Euwe, his nemesis in the world championship match later that year, was absent as the Dutch sent no team to Warsaw.
An “extra” Olympiad played at Munich in 1936, to coincide with the Olympic Games in Berlin, is not counted in the official series. Nazi Germany was not a member of FIDE and the event clashed with the major international tournament at Nottingham. Although the United, States, Argentina and England were missing, 21 countries including Brazil participated. As the tournament was for teams of eight instead of four, this was the largest chess event until the 1960s in terms of participants; 1680 games were played. Eventually Hungary won, ahead of Poland and Germany.
The next FIDE Olympiad was in 1937 at Stockholm, when the United States (led by Sammy Reshevsky for the first time) came first ahead of 19 teams without losing a match — they drew two. Hungary were runners-up. The best results on the top boards were achieved by Flohr for Czechoslavkia (78.1%), Keres (73.3%) and Euwe (73.1%). There was no French team.
The shadow of war hung over the 1939 Buenos Aires Olympiad, the first to be played outside Europe. For the one and only time, José Raúl Capablanca, the former World Champion, represented Cuba, scoring seven wins and nine draws without loss. This was also Alekhine’s last Olympiad and he too was undefeated, scoring nine wins and seven draws. When Cuba played France in the 12th round of the final, Capablanca chose to avoid a last duel with his old rival.
With ten Latin-American teams, including the hosts, there were too many entries to play a round-robin. Instead the 27 teams were divided into four preliminary groups, with the top four in each qualifying to compete for the Hamilton-Russell Cup in the main final.
On Sept. 1, the day after the preliminaries concluded, Germany invaded Poland and two days later Britain declared war on Germany. The English team (which finished third in Group 1) withdrew and returned home and their place in the final was left vacant.
In the final, six matches including those of France, Palestine and Poland against Germany, were not played and scored as 2-2 draws. Germany eventually won the Olympiad with Poland second and Estonia third. Several chess masters had their lives transformed by missing the outbreak of war. The five members of the German team, led by Austrian-born Erich Eliskases, made the wise decision to remain in South America. He, the Polish second board, Najdorf, and Czech third board, Jirí Pelikan, eventually became Argentine citizens and were leading players for their adopted country after the war.
Although the Olympic Games were revived in 1948, it was 1950 before another FIDE Olympiad was held, at Dubrovnik in Croatia (then part of Yugoslavia). For the first time, teams could bring two reserve players — which was fortunate because the event, according to Földeák, was played during a heatwave. Sixteen teams (including Greece for the first time) contested a round-robin and the host nation, led by Svetozar Gligorić, won, with Argentina (led by Najdorf) second and West Germany third.
A new era really began in 1952 when Helsinki was the venue, starting about a week after the close of the Olympic Games in the Finnish capital. The 25 teams were divided into three qualifying groups followed by A, B and C finals.
The Soviet Union sent its first team to the 1952 Olympiad, held in Helsinki.
For the first time the Soviet Union sent a team (Keres, Vasily Smyslov, David Bronstein, Efim Geller, Isaac Boleslavsky, and Alexander Kotov) who were strong favorites. They were held to a draw in three of their matches. but eventually the Soviets took the gold medal, with Argentina as runners-up.
For the next forty years (with one exception) the Soviet Union almost only had to turn up to win the Olympiad, although they occasionally suffered upsets in individual matches as, for example, in 1956 to, Hungary, and in 1964 to West Germany (1 to 3). In total, the Soviets captured the gold in 18 Olympiads.
Since the Soviet Union was usually a lock for gold, the real competition was for silver and bronze. The following is a list of the silver medalists:
1954 Amsterdam (11th Olympiad), Argentina; 1956 Moscow,Yugoslavia. 1958 Munich, Yugoslavia. 1960 Leipzig (East Germany), U.S.A. 1962 Varna (Bulgaria), Yugoslavia. 1964 Tel Aviv, Yugoslavia. 1966 Havana, U.S.A. 1968 Lugano (Switzerland), Yugoslavia. 1970 Siegen (West Germany), Hungary. 1972 Skopje (Yugoslavia), Hungary. 1974 Nice (France), Yugoslavia.
In 1956, Bent Larsen of Denmark emerged as a new star, scoring 11 wins, 6 draws and only one loss, earning him the grandmaster title. At Leipzig in 1960, Jonathan Penrose of England became the first player to win a game against Mikhail Tal since the latter became World Champion.
Also at Leipzig, Bobby Fischer led the American team for the first time, scoring 10 wins, 6 draws (one being a lively skirmish against Tal) and two losses. It was at Varna in 1962, at the height of the Cold War, that Fischer played his only game with Mikhail Botvinnik, who had regained the world title from Tal in 1961. The game drew a great deal of attention and was a titanic battle. Fischer found a brilliant refutation of the Russian’s opening preparation and won a pawn, but a couple of inferior moves led to a rook endgame just before the adjournment. The Soviet team, led by grandmaster Geller, analyzed through the night to find a way for the champion to save the game, which he duly did after 68 moves. Botvinnik later wrote about the game, “With a face as white as a sheet, Fischer shook my hand and left the hall with tears in his eyes.”
As the years went by, the number of entries rose. There were 34 teams at Moscow (not including the United States, which did not play for political reasons), and 40 in Leipzig.
The one and only game between Bobby Fischer and Mikhail Botvinnik was at the 1962 Varna Olympiad. The game was drawn.
There were 50 teams at Tel-Aviv, then 52 at Havana which was organized on a lavish scale as a propaganda exercise by the government of Fidel Castro. Cuba paid for the air travel of all the visiting teams and provided each of them with a chauffeur-driven car during the event. Both Castro and government minister, Ernesto “Che” Guevara, were keen chess players and enjoyed playing with the visiting grandmasters. The event ended with a giant simultaneous display by numerous masters against 6,480 opponents.
The matches between the United States and Soviet Union always attracted special interest. At Havana, the Soviet Union was originally awarded a win by default because Fischer refused to play until after sunset on Saturdays. The Americans protested that they had been promised a postponement and eventually the match was played on a free day when Fischer drew with Boris Spassky. The Soviets won the match, 2.5-1.5, with the margin of victory provided by Tal’s win over Robert Byrne.
In 1968, Fischer refused at the last minute to play the Olympiad at all because he considered the lighting inadequate. The weakened American team lost to Denmark in the preliminaries and could only score half a point against the Soviet Union in the A Final, ultimately finishing fourth.
Siegen 1970 was the first time that the United States team included both Fischer and Reshevsky, who were bitter personal rivals. This was also Fischer’s last Olympiad. He made a good score but lost to Spassky, who was now World Champion, which probably contributed to Spassky’s underestimating his rival when preparing for their 1972 World Championship match. The other games in the match ended in draws, so the Soviets once again beat the Americans, 2.5-1.5.
After 74 teams played at Nice in 1974, FIDE decided that future Olympiads should be played under the Swiss system.
The sequence of Soviet victories finally ended in 1976 for political reasons because the Soviet Union refused to play as the Olympiad was held in Israel. Several Arab nations and several eastern European countries also boycotted. Col. Muammar Gaddafi, Libya’s ruler, financed an “anti-Olympiad,” held in Tripoli, in which 34 teams competed. The very fact that El Salvador won the tournament shows that few masters competed and how weak the competition was. The real Olympiad, held in Haifa, was the first played under the Swiss system, although the boycott meant that only 48 nations participated. For the first time, there was also a Women’s Olympiad, which was organized as a round-robin. In the absence of the Soviet Union and many other chess powerhouses, the United States (even without Fischer) were top seeds and eventually won by half a game point over the Netherlands.
After nearly four decades, the United States had finally returned to the winner’s circle.
————————————————————
Dr. Timothy Harding, who has a PhD in history from Trinity College Dublin, is a senior international master of correspondence chess who has written many books on the game. His most recent, “Joseph Henry Blackburne: A Chess Biography,” published by McFarland, has received favorable critical reviews.
Dr. Harding is on on Twitter ( @TimDHarding ). He has a Web site and a list of his books can be found at GoodReads .
By Dr. Timothy Harding
| Netherlands |
What type of garments were 'Topis' and 'Toques'? | The World Chess Champion could be an American for the first time since Bobby Fischer in 1972
1.2350
0.00 (0.13%)
The World Chess Champion could be an American for the first time since Bobby Fischer in 1972
Matthew DeBord
(Da Nes via flickr)
Bobby Fischer, the last US World Chess Champion.
It's been a very long drought for Americans when it comes to the World Chess Championship. The last American to win was, famously, Bobby Fischer in 1972. Fischer defeated Boris Spassky in Iceland, but never defended his title.
It was of course a long drought before 1972: in the modern era, post-1900, there had never been a World Chess Champion from the United States, prior to Fischer, and the only players who even had a shot after him were Robert Byrne and Gata Kamsky.
Norways's Magnus Carlsen, the current WCC, is actually the first player from the West since Fischer to claim the title.
On Friday in Moscow, the next World Championship cycle began, with the 2016 Candidates Tournament. Eight Grandmasters will compete to face Carlsen in New York in November . And for the first time ever, two Americans are in the field, both with excellent chances to win.
Fabiano Caruana, 23, is the number three player in the world by ranking. Hikaru Nakamura, 28, is number six.
As it turns out, the players faced each other in Round 1 of the Candidates; Naka had the white pieces, Fabby had the black, and they played to a draw, splitting a point.
The remainder of the field consists of only three other players in the current world top ten, as ranked by FIDE, chess's governing body: Anish Giri of the Netherlands, Levon Aronian of Armenia, and Veselin Topalov of Bulgaria. The Candidates lineup isn't selected based on ratings, but rather on competitive criteria derived from a variety of different tournaments and tournament cycles. Viswanathan Anand, for example, is in because he won the last Candidates and met Carlsen for the WCC match, ultimately losing for the second straight time.
That said, Anand, the world number 12, seems to save his best for the Candidates: he notched a win in the first round with white against Topalov (who was the World Champ in 2005).
World 13 Sergey Karjakin and wildcard Peter Svidler, world number 16, both from Russia, round out the field.
View photos
(US Chess Championship)
GM Hikaru Nakamura.
But all eyes will be on the Americans, for obvious reasons: Carlsen is the most captivating World Champion since Fischer, a global celebrity; the WCC is coming to New York; and while Anand was a great World Champion, five times, and spurred a chess boom in India, a Carlsen vs. Nakamura or Caruana would be a spectacle and boost chess to a level of excitement it hasn't seen since the Fischer boom.
Of the two, Nakamura has on paper the better chances, given that his form has been solid for several years . He won a big tournament in Zurich recently. But he a dismal record against Carlsen, no wins and 12 losses (18 draws). He has had Carlsen on the ropes a few times and still lost in demoralizing fashion.
View photos
(Alina L'Ami)
GM Fabiano Caruana.
Caruana's recent play, after an astonishing 2014, has been iffy. However, he is ranked higher than Nakamura (although his rating, 2794, is only slightly better than Naka's 2790). And he switched his affiliation from Italy to the US only last year . That said, he's beaten Carlsen more than he's lost to the World Champion, 5 wins against 8 losses and 10 draws.
Carlsen himself said that he thinks Caruana has the best chance of the two Americans to win the Candidates — but that could just be Carlsen trying to get in Nakamura's head.
Read More
The Candidates is pretty grueling: 14 rounds played over the next two weeks. I'll try to highlight the more interesting games and keep track of the American challengers.
View photos
| i don't know |
'Red Lion' was for may years accepted as the most popular pubname in Great Britain. What pub name has now succeeded this? | The Unicorn Of Scotland - Our Mystical National Animal
Search This Site
The Mystical Unicorn Of Scotland
What says 'magic' more loudly than choosing the mystical and powerful Unicorn of Scotland as the country's National Animal?
A country's 'National Animal' should represent the best, and defining, qualities of the nation who chose it.
Scots have a strong sentimental streak under that practical and reserved exterior, and Scottish culture is rich in superstitions, myths and legends.
So, choosing a heraldic symbol as awe-inspiring as the unicorn makes perfect sense!
Chances are you don't know too much about this fantastic creature, so let's start there.
(But if you want to jump straight to how, when & why it was chosen CLICK HERE )
Unicorns Abound In History & Legend
The stories and legends surrounding the Unicorn go about as far back in history as the human race.
These beautiful creatures were worshiped by the ancient Babylonians, and written descriptions of them appear throughout ancient history, and as early as the first century AD.
In the 5th Century AD, interpretation of a passage in the Hebrew Old Testament described an animal that scholars believed was a Unicorn.
This may be the beginning of their association with Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary, which is the basis for the legends that claimed only a Virgin could tame the Unicorn.
It could also explain the Unicorn's popularity in Christian Art, particularly during the Middle Ages.
Click on image to buy or browse
They were seen in the early writings and drawings of many different countries and cultures, including Greece, Persia (now Iran), Egypt, India and Africa.
The Persians, the Romans, the Greek philosophers ,and even ancient Jewish scholars, all describe a horse-like creature whose single horn had magical properties that could heal any disease or illness.
Unicorns were considered to be very rare and precious, a lunar symbol (ie symbolized the moon), and they were given differing characteristics depending on the culture and country that was describing them. These included:
Innocence
Virility
Nurturing Powers
Although they're often thought of as imaginary, or purely mythical animals, the appearance of Unicorns in the history and writings of so many different countries, over many, many centuries seems to me to be more than imagination or coincidence.
Even today, fantasy fiction and art is full of unicorn imagery, so that fascination continues.
There are many weird and wonderful animals alive in the world today, and many that have become extinct (even in my lifetime). So, how hard is it to imagine a horse with a single horn?
The Scot in me believes that Unicorns truly did live on Earth (and in Scotland) a long time ago. How about you?
Click on image to buy or browse
They're considered to be imaginary, or purely mythical animals.
But the appearance of Unicorns in the history and writings of so many different countries, over many, many centuries seems to me to be more than imagination or coincidence.
Even today, fantasy fiction and art is full of unicorn imagery, so that fascination continues.
There are many weird and wonderful animals alive in the world today, and many that have become extinct (even in my lifetime).
So, how hard is it to imagine a horse with a single horn?
The Scot in me believes that Unicorns truly did live on Earth (and in Scotland) a long time ago.
How about you?
The Unicorn Of Scotland As A Heraldic Symbol
Unicorns have been associated with Royalty and heraldry since at least the time of the Romans, and over the centuries their appearance and personality traits have had more than a few 'upgrades'!
They grew to become an exotic creature... a magnificent horse with cloven hooves, the tail of a lion, and a perfect spiraled horn in the middle of their foreheads.
In Celtic Mythology the Unicorn of Scotland symbolized innocence and purity, healing powers, joy and even life itself.
It was also seen as a symbol of masculinity and power.
Two sides of the same coin as it were, a blend of male virility and female nurturing - perhaps the perfect mix!
It was seen as a wild, freedom-loving creature.
Fierce, bold, proud and intelligent.
Beautiful and courageous.
Dangerous if running free and impossible to capture alive - except if lured into an ambush by a virgin (perhaps another reference perhaps to the Virgin Mary connection).
You might notice that when he's featured on heraldic symbols, the Unicorn often has chains wrapped around him. This is a 'nod' to this medieval belief that he was a dangerous creature.
To a country as bold, fierce and proud as Scotland, one that was fighting for it's independence from 'oppressors' this was the perfect choice as the 'National Animal' that would appear on heraldic symbols.
It would seem that the Scottish people believed in the reality of the Unicorn.
The connection and respect for him is clear in this 17th century description written by John Guillim in his 'Displays of Heraldry'....
'Some have made doubt whether there be any such beast as this or no, but the great esteem of his horn (in many places to be seen) may take away that needless scruple.
The greatness of his mind is such that he rather chooseth to die than be taken alive; wherein the Unicorn and valiant-minded soldier are alike, which both contemn death, and rather than they will be compelled to undergo any base servitude or bondage they will lose their lives'
It's not quite clear exactly when the Unicorn first appeared in Scottish heraldry, but one of the earliest examples is seen in the 'Royal Coat of Arms' at Rothesay Castle which is believed to have been carved sometime before the 15th century.
Before England and Scotland came under joint rule, Scotland's Coat of Arms featured two Unicorns supporting a shield.
In 1603 the reigning King of Scotland, King James VI, also succeeded Queen Elizabeth 1st of England and become King James the 1st of England. This was known as the Union of the Crowns.
Although the new country of Great Britain did not legally exist for another century, this union seemed to require a new Royal Coat of Arms, and work began on creating the design you see today which features the Unicorn of Scotland on the right, and the English Lion on the left.
Click on image to buy or browse
This was supposed to symbolize the accepted union of the two countries.
In real life the actual union was less than friendly, and this conflict was immortalized in the well-known British Nursery Rhyme
'The Lion & The Unicorn'.
So by now I hope you can see why this mythical creature is actually the perfect National Animal for Scotland.
Hopefully you've also enjoyed learning a bit more about the magic and reality of it's role in Scottish heraldry.
If we've whetted your appetite and you want to learn more about Scottish symbolism, here are a few pages that you'll have fun reading!
If you'd like to add a little bit of Scottish Unicorn magic to your life, here are a few beautiful items for you to check out...
| The Crown |
Which Roman emperor issued 'The Edict of Milan' and endedthe persecution of Christians? | Rutland Pride October 2016 by Pride Magazines Ltd - issuu
issuu
Cover - Rutland 171.qxp 05/09/2016 14:12 Page 1
OCT 2016
RESTAURANT OF THE YEAR COMPETITION
DAIRY FARMING IN RUTLAND
COVERING STAMFORD & THE WHOLE OF RUTLAND
RutlandPride
THE LIFESTYLE MAGAZINE FOR HIGH QUALITY HOMES
Start your festive shopping early, with our Christmas Gift Guide...
Oakham’s Own Rio Olympian Crista Cullen... EXCLUSIVE
Page 26
Preserving the area’s heritage varieties this ‘Apple Day’ Page 32
STATELY HOMES
Profiling Rutland’s grand properties
Page 16
Autumn Style FASHION
OCTOBER 2016
Your New Season Wardrobe with Oakham’s Cavells... This Month: Aston Martins roar into the Burghley House Parkland...
Eating Out
The Lord Nelson in Oakham and Stamford’s No3
Page 52
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 2
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 3
Oakham School educated Crista Cullen took gold in this year’s Rio Olympics, whilst Peterborough gymnast Louis Smith brought home similar success.
JULIAN WILKINSON MANAGING DIRECTOR & PUBLISHER
This year’s Burghley Horse Trials also proved itself a world class sporting fixture once more, and contributed £20m to the local economy in the process, whilst Rutland’s Birdfair raised £350,000 for conservation charities. Everywhere you look right now, the area is proving a success not for our own communities, but for the UK, and beyond. I’m occasionally asked why Rutland Pride is so named. Hopefully these few examples validate the name of our magazine. This month, we’re meeting the volunteers of another local conservation project - The Stamford Community Orchard Group - to find out how they’re protecting local varieties of apples and celebrating Apple Day on 1st October. Also promoting Rutland food is Alan and Jane Hewson, who have resurrected Rutland Slipcote cheese - we’ll meet them later in this edition, too!
ROB DAVIS, EDITOR 01529 469977, [email protected]
RutlandPride
RESTAURANT OF THE YEAR COMPETITION
DAIRY FARMING IN RUTLAND
COVERING STAMFORD & THE WHOLE OF RUTLAND
THE LIFESTYLE MAGAZINE FOR HIGH QUALITY HOMES
Oakham’s Own Rio Olympian Crista Cullen... EXCLUSIVE
Page 26
Preserving the area’s heritage varieties this ‘Apple Day’ Page 32
STATELY HOMES
Profiling Rutland’s grand properties
Page 16
Autumn Style FASHION
Your New Season Wardrobe with Oakham’s Cavells... This Month: Aston Martins roar into the Burghley House Parkland...
Eating Out
The Lord Nelson in Oakham and Stamford’s No3 Page 52
COVER PHOTO
We’re always looking for great covers - if you’re a keen photographer, send your pictures to us via [email protected].
Finally, this month, we’re gearing up for a season of celebration by launching our annual Restaurant of the Year competition and the first of our Christmas Gift Guides. Best wishes for a great month, Rob Davis, Editor
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 4
RutlandPride
RESTAURANT OF THE YEAR COMPETITION
DAIRY FARMING IN RUTLAND
COVERING STAMFORD & THE WHOLE OF RUTLAND
THE LIFESTYLE MAGAZINE FOR HIGH QUALITY HOMES
Oakham’s Own Rio Olympian Crista Cullen... EXCLUSIVE
Page 26
Preserving the area’s heritage varieties this ‘Apple Day’ Page 32
STATELY HOMES
Profiling Rutland’s grand properties
Page 16
Your New Season Wardrobe with Oakham’s Cavells...
Eating Out
The Lord Nelson in Oakham and Stamford’s No3
Page 52
This Month: Aston Martins roar into the Burghley House Parkland...
With best wishes from the Rutland Pride team Managing Director and Publisher: Julian Wilkinson. General Manager: Ian Bagley. Executive Editor: Rob Davis. Features Editor: Tilly Wilkinson. Customer Care Manager: Mandy Bray. Distribution: Joe Proctor. Office Manager: Sue Bannister. Account Manager: Lauren Chambers. National Sales Manager: Zoie Wilkinson. Sales Manager: Roberta Hall. Sales Executives: Sian Jarratt, Emily Brown, Carissa Clay, Hayley Scott, Jessica Cobbold, Sarah Allen, Yvette Coates, Aileen Perolio-Jones and Cassy Ayton.
www.facebook.com/rutlandpride Why not follow us on Facebook? You can keep up to date with any news we may have for our lovely magazine!
twitter.com/@RutlandPride Follow us on Twitter so you can read our tweets. We’ll let you know what’s going on and keep you well informed! By supplying editorial or adverts to Rutland Pride you accept in full the terms and conditions which can be found online at www.pridemagazines.co.uk. In the event of an advert or editorial being published incorrectly, where Pride Magazines Ltd admits fault, we will include an advert of equivalent size, or equivalent sized editorial, free of charge to be used in a future edition, at our discretion. This gesture is accepted as full compensation for the error(s) with no refunds available. Selected images in our content may be sourced from www.shutterstock.com.
Enjoy Rutland Pride, read it cover to cover. Pick it up, put it down and when you have finished with it pass it on. When everyone has had a good read, pop it in the recycle bin!
Pride Magazines Elm Grange Studios East Heckington, Boston Lincolnshire PE20 3QF Tel: 01529 469977 Fax: 01529 469978
www.pridemagazines.co.uk [email protected]
Page 32: 30: Stamford’s Community Orchard Group.
Contents
06 16 26 32 52 77 126 137
October 2016
Good news only, and lots to do in the area. That’s what our NEWS AND WHAT’S ON guides provide this month.
The grandest properties and best visitor attractions this month as we profile Stamford and Rutland’s STATELY HOMES... This month, we meet Rutland’s home-grown Olympian, CRISTA CULLEN, fresh from gold medal winning hockey success in Rio. Stamford’s Community Orchard Group look after the area’s heritage apple varieties, and this month they’re celebrating APPLE DAY.
This month FOOD & DRINK pages feature Oakham’s Lord Nelson, Stamford’s No3, and our Restaurant of the Year competition.
Get an early start on your festive shopping with the first of our CHRISTMAS GIFT GUIDES, featuring the area’s independent retailers.
Rutland FARMING this month, visiting Belvoir Ridge Creamery near Whissendine to discover Rutland’s long lost Slipcote cheese... Meanwhile, our FASHION pages look at new season outfits from Oakham’s Cavells, and we’ve autumn cosmetics, too.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 5
5
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 6
County News Hambleton Hall praised in Waitrose Good Food Guide Supermarket’s Good Food Guide names its favourite restaurant, and Hambleton Hall is praised with Head Chef Aaron’s finesse ‘burning as brightly as ever...’
Rutland’s Hambleton Hall is one of just 10 dining rooms featured in a new restaurant guide, published by Waitrose.
The hotel, owned by Tim and Stefa Hart, has a Michelin-star quality restaurant headed up by Aaron Patterson, singled out in the guide by Editor Elizabeth Carter, who praised the restaurant’s food, which was slightly simplified this year, as reported in May’s Rutland Pride. “His enthusiasm and finesse burn as brightly as ever,” says Elizabeth. “A simpler approach recently is yielding dividends in terms of the lack of presentational distraction on the plate, allowing ingredients their star roles.” The restaurant guide also praises Hambleton Hall’s
Plans submitted for 75 new homes in Uppingham...
Uppingham is set to gain 75 new homes after developer Bloor Homes submitted its revised plans for a new development of Leicester Road. The plans reflect an increased amount of open spaces and a new mix of house types more in keeping with Uppingham’s aesthetic.
Max Whitehead of the developer said: “We’re confident these changes will enable us to deliver a development which provides much-needed new housing for Uppingham and also blends in sympathetically with its surroundings.” n For more information on the development, call 01530 270100 or see www.bloorhomes.com.
6
Downton Abbey’s Anna tells story of Rutland’s Tom Ray Feature film about Rutlanders Tom and Nicola Ray was written and shot entirely in the county, and was directed by Seaton resident Bill Clark...
bread and wines, describing them as ‘sensational,’ and identifies Aaron’s Old Spot Pork dish was reported to be a particular highlight. The Good Food guide is owned by Waitrose and names the UK’s best 50 restaurants.
In our region, Clipsham’s Olive Branch and Wymondham’s Berkeley Arms are mentioned. First overall was L’Enclume in Cumbria for the fourth year running. Third overall was Nottinghamshire’s Sat Bains.
This month Rutland Pride launches its own Restaurant of the Year awards, where we invite readers to nominate their favourite restaurants in return for complimentary meals out at our partner restaurants in 2017. Rutland couple Tom and Nicola Ray’s story will be told next month as the film Starfish reaches UK cinemas.
The story, written and directed by Seaton filmmaker Bill Clark, tells how the couple’s lives changed dramatically following the onset of septicaemia in 1999.
The condition saw Tom having to endure amputation of both arms and legs, and having part of his face removed. With the support of his two children and wife Nicola, Tom has overcome many struggles in the 10 years since then. Starfish was not only written in the county, but filmed here too, with locations including Rutland Water and Kendrew Barracks. Joanne Froggatt from Downton Abbey and Tom Riley will play the Nicola and Tom Ray. The film’s release is scheduled for late October.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 7
Send your press releases and county news to: Features Editor via [email protected].
Strong ‘A’ level results at Stamford Endowed Schools Students at the Stamford Endowed Schools are again celebrating strong ‘A’ level examination results with 175 pupils enjoying top marks... Stamford Endowed Schools (Stamford Boys’ School and Stamford High School) ‘A’ level pupils were celebrating their success last month after some very successful exam results. Overall the 175 students gained grades of A*, A, B or C in 86% of their examinations. The percentage of A*, A and B grades was a pleasing 66%. Will Phelan, Principal of the Endowed Schools, said “I am delighted to congratulate the students on their exam results.”
“Overall the results have been strong, and there were many outstanding individual performances which are the culmination of two years of hard work. Their good grades will give them a strong advantage in the job market or University applications. I would also like to thank the teaching staff for all of their professionalism and their commitment to the students.”
n Rutland & Leicestershire will gain over 100 additional police officers in 2017/18 after years of frozen budgets. It’s not yet known exactly whereabouts in the area they will be deployed, but the recruitment will comprise at least 80 police constables and 20 PCSOs.
n Sacrewell Farm has marked the first anniversary of the reopening of its watermill after a £1.8m refurbishment. The attraction has enjoyed over 100,000 visitors since it reopened last July.
n Peterborough’s Queensgate Shopping Centre is due to welcome upmarket chocolatier Hotel Chocolat as Pride goes to press. The new store will open in the mall’s Westgate Arcade and will include a cocoa bar café.
n Rutland Water Golf Club is encouraging its members to donate their unused or unwanted clubs to be shipped to Kenya in order to encourage young people across Africa to take up the game.
Rutland Water makes a splash with Green Flag eco-award The county’s reservoir is one of five Anglian Water sites to have retained their Green Flag awards for well-managed green spaces...
n The school will host its Sixth Form Open Evening on Wednesday 12th October. See www.ses.lincs.sch.uk.
n Uppingham’s Fête, Flower & Produce Show enjoyed a record number of visitors last month, with 20 stallholders and 230 entries plus 31 exhibitors in the show tent.
n Rutland’s Sir Alan Duncan has appointed a new ‘deputy’ in his fresh role as Teresa May’s Foreign Office minister. The Rutland MP’s dog Noodle joined him in office and met Foreign Office cat Palmerston. The old adage of ‘fighting like cat and dog’ proved inaccurate, as the two reportedly get on very well... a reflection on the office’s penchant for fostering a culture of diplomacy, perhaps?
Rutland Water is one of five Anglian Water reservoirs and water parks to have retained its coveted Green Flag statuses as some of the best green spaces in the country. The reservoir is joined by Cambridgeshire’s Grafham Water and Northamptonshire’s Pitsford Water in retaining a Green Flag.
The award is a sign to visitors that the parks are well-maintained and well-managed green spaces, with excellent facilities. Green flags will be flown at car parks around the reservoirs for the next year to mark the status.
This year, 1,686 parks and green spaces across the country will fly the flags, ensuring that even more of us now have access to wellmanaged, high-quality green spaces close to our doorsteps.
Jake Williams, Head of Parks and Conservation at Anglian Water, said: “We are extremely proud of our Green Flag awards. They are the result of a lot of hard work and dedication from staff and volunteers at Anglian Water and we are delighted to share these awards with them. “It’s a fantastic achievement to be awarded with five this year. Our reservoirs were created to provide water for millions of households but it’s fantastic that they can also provide a home for wildlife and a place for people to enjoy themselves as well.” The award comes as visitors have enjoyed the country’s largest inflatable waterpark, new for 2016, and the return of the temporary ‘beach’ created on the reservoir’s shores during the school holidays.
7
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 8
County News Stamford’s Tolethorpe Hall hosts 40th anniversary gala... Open air theatre celebrates four decades by staging a VIP performance of the first play it ever performed Stamford Shakespeare Company, based at Tolethorpe Hall, held a gala performance of Macbeth last month to celebrate 40 years of performances at the open air theatre venue. ‘The Scottish play’ was the first production to be held at the theatre back in 1977, and a
champagne reception and host of VIPs made the performance particulary special.
Theatre founder Jean Harley’s sons attended the performance, along with the Lord Lieutenant of Rutland Dr Laurence Howard and the High Sheriff of Rutland Dr Sarah Furness.
New PR Venture Rooting for Rutland’s Rural Firms... PR firm to provide support for Rutland’s rural firms with founder Megan Allen already representing Oakham Castle and Peterborough’s Sacrewell Farm...
Rutland now has a new media and public relations company, specialising in promoting the county’s rural businesses. Rural Roots PR is based upon a blog of the same name launched by former local journalist Megan Allen, from Oakham. “The idea for Rural Roots started a while ago. I moved back to Rutland from London and had much more success in my career once I was living rurally.” “I want to prove that to be successful you don’t have to live in a city,” Megan explained. “Most small businesses can’t afford to employ full-time PR and social media specialists, which is where I can help.” “Having grown up in the country I understand the needs and challenges faced by rural firms, and can offer realistic public 8
relations solutions that do not cost the Earth.” So far, Megan has worked in marketing for Peterborough attraction Sacrewell Farm and for Oakham Castle. n For more information call 07730 599358 or see www.rural-roots.co.uk
THE BOOK CLUB This month we have some gripping horror stories to read, just in time for Halloween... Slade House, David Mitchell Turn down Slade Alley, find the door, enter the garden of an old house that doesn't quite look right. A stranger greets you. At first, you won’t want to leave. Later, you’ll find that you can’t. This tale begins in 1979 and comes to its conclusion around Halloween 2015. Because every nine years, on the last Saturday of October, a guest is summoned to Slade House. But why has that person been chosen and who chose them? The answers lies at the top of the stairs... Alice, Christina Henry In crumbled buildings stands a hospital. Inside is a woman Her hair once blonde hangs in tangles. She doesn’t remember why she’s in such a terrible place. Then, one night, a fire at the hospital gives her a chance to escape. She can uncover the truth about her, only something else has escaped with her...
The House on Cold Hill, Peter James Ollie Harcourt is dreading moving house with his wife Caro and their 12 year old daughter Jade. But when they view Cold Hill House, a Georgian mansion, he is filled with excitement. But it soon becomes clear that the they aren’t the only residents in the house.
The Last Days of Jack Sparks, Jason Arnopp Jack Sparks died writing this. It was no secret he had been researching the occult for his book. He’d already caused a Twitter storm by mocking an exorcism. Then there was that video. 40 seconds of footage that Jack said was not his, yet was posted from his YouTube account. Nobody knew what happened to Jack- until now.
The Loney, Andrew Hurley The locals called it the Loney; the area between the Wyre and the Lune. It was impossible to truly know the place. It changed with each influx and retreat, and the neap tides would reveal skeletons of those who thought they could escape its insidious currents. No one ever went near the water. No one apart from us, that is.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 9
Visionary Trends
Any Internet, Network, Wi-Fi or Printing Problems Solved Remote Management, Backups and Disaster Recovery Web Hosting & Site Development, Email & Cloud Services Professional IT Management and Provisioning VOIP, Telecoms, & Smart Home Automation
Visionary Trends • 07530 615104 www.trendy.org.uk, [email protected].
9
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 10
NE
1 THE VILLAGE, ORTON LONGUEVILLE
£1,150,000
A FORMER GRADE II LISTED RECTORY, 1 THE VILLAGE IS A CHARMING GEORGIAN PROPERTY SET IN SECLUDED GROUNDS INCLUDING FORMAL LAWNED GARDENS, WHICH DATES BACK TO THE MID-19TH CENTURY 3
8
4
Fine & Country 2 St. Mary’s Street, Stamford, Lincs PE9 2DE Telephone: (01780) 750200 Email: [email protected] www.fineandcountry.com
EPC Rating: Exempt
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 11
NE
£625,000
91 ELTON ROAD, SIBSON CUM STIBBINGTON
SET ON THE EDGE OF THE NENE VALLEY, IT COMBINES A SEMI-RURAL LOCATION WITH CLOSE PROXIMITY TO THE VILLAGE OF WANSFORD AND EASY ACCESS TO STAMFORD AND PETERBOROUGH 5
4
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 13
facebook.com/struttandparker twitter.com/struttandparker
Rutland, Langham
Guide Price ÂŁ650,000
A charming thatched cottage, listed Grade II, with beautiful views to St Peter and St Paul church, in a much sought after Rutland village. 4 Reception Rooms | 5 Bedrooms Double Garage | Mature Gardens
Rutland, Whissendine
Guide Price ÂŁ525,000
An unlisted stone farmhouse in an edge of village location with delightful countryside views and paddock land available by separate negotiation. 3 Reception Rooms | 4 Bedrooms | 2 Bathrooms | Garage | South facing garden
Market Harborough 01858 433123 [email protected]
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 14
ASHWELL Guide Price £2.10 Million A very fine, substantial Grade II Listed Georgian Country House set on the edge of the village with the benefit of an accompanying 3-bedroom detached Bungalow located within the grounds. Ashwell House offers extensive, beautifully proportioned and elegant accommodation which has recently undergone an extensive refurbishment programme, whilst retaining a wealth of original features. The accommodation comprises: 4 Reception Rooms, Kitchen with Eating Area, Cloakroom, Utility, Cellars, Principal Bedroom Suite, 6 further Bedrooms, 3 Further Bathrooms (1 En Suite), Playroom, Store Room. Outside: Coach House with Stables, Tack Room and Loft, Garaging, Summer House, Outdoor heated Swimming Pool, beautifully maintained and mature Gardens and Grounds of approx. 2.2 acres. EPC Exempt.
H IT D W AN L
CAREBY Guide Price £1.49 Million A beautifully presented and substantial family residence, set within gardens and grounds of over 2.0 acres located in a delightful secluded riverside setting. Accommodation comprises: Reception Hall, Drawing Room, Dining Room, Family Room, large Living Kitchen, Study, Master Bedroom Suite, 4 further Bedrooms (3 ensuite). The property offers equestrian facilities to include grass paddock, detached building with 2 purpose built stables, further outbuildings and a 3 bay barn. Energy Rating: D.
WING
£670,000
Charming detached house dating back from 1893 situated in one of Rutland’s prettiest villages and providing well-proportioned accommodation with 4 dle bedrooms. The self-contained 1-bedroom Annex is highly adaptable, with potential for an office, guest house, granny flat or childrens/teen play area. The large private garden is beautifully stocked and tended enjoying open countryside views. Energy Rating: F.
H IT & W ND NG I L A BL A ST
SOMERBY
£525,000
Substantial stone-built period house situated a short distance from the village church and providing spacious four-double-bedroom accommodation set over three levels with a wealth of character features. 3 Reception Rooms, Breakfast Kitchen, Utility, Cloakroom/WC, Workshop, Cellar, 4 dbl Bedrooms, Bathroom, Shower Room, Games Room. Single Garage, parking, gardens. Energy Rating: F.
SOMERBY
£495,000
A charming character property in a delightful, thriving village, surrounded by idyllic countryside. The house offers 2 Reception Rooms, Breakfast Kitchen, 3 Bedrooms (with en-suite to the master bedroom) and Family Bathroom. The gardens enjoy glorious views over open countryside and parkland and include a turnout paddock extending to approximately 1/2 acres and stabling for up to 4 horses. Energy Rating: D.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 15
Ketton – Price £735,000
A desirable 5 bedroom 4 reception room detached family home with an impressive living/kitchen room with bespoke kitchen units and scope for further accommodation in the hobbies room/loft space (subject to planning). Built by the present owners for their own occupation, the property boasts underfloor heating throughout, the principal bedroom with a dressing room and an ensuite shower room, 3 further shower/bathrooms, The property enjoys a secluded corner in Pinfold Gate a small enclave of individual homes with a partially walled west facing rear garden and oversized double garage.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 16
RUTLAND’S o A Guide t
STATELY HOMES
There are two unbeatable activities for a Sunday afternoon in the eyes of a Rutlander; Sunday Lunch at one of the high quality pub restaurants in Rutland, or afternoon tea at one of the incredible stately homes. This month we discover what else the latter has to offer, the history hidden behind the century-old walls, the ghost stories some of the manor houses have to tell for Halloween adventures, and what stately homes in Rutland have to offer visitors in the 21st century... Words: Tilly Wilkinson.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 17
- STATELY HOMES -
Sunday. For most of us, it’s the day of the week we can have off from our busy working lives, and people in Rutland like to spend it at a pub restaurant or at home tucking into a roast dinner. On special occasions, Sundays are spent at the wealth of stately homes in the county and the surrounding area. Enjoy a delicious three-tiered afternoon tea of sandwiches, scones and cakes, followed by a tour of the house and a walk through the grounds, if the weather prevails.
Rutlanders, and the British as a whole, are immensely lucky to be able to spend Sundays this way, exploring the heritage and culture our ancestors have left us, learning about the history of our market towns and manors during the Industrial Revolution, the World Wars, the Victorian times, and in some cases, right back to Tudor times. Stately homes are beautiful and hold so much history, but the main reason why stately homes are still standing is because they’re still useful. We are using them, not as
“RUTLANDERS, AND THE BRITISH AS A WHOLE, ARE IMMENSELY LUCKY TO HAVE A WEALTH OF STATELY HOMES TO EXPLORE...”
Boughton House,
NR ROCKINGHAM Boughton House is a country house three miles from Kettering, residing in a 11,000 acre estate. It is one of the seats of the Duke of Buccleuch, and famed for its beauty, its collections, and the fact it has survived almost unchanged since the 18th century. It has a medieval interior, but a French chateaux exterior, so it’s referred to as the English Versailles.
Sir Edward Montagu (pictured) Lord Chief Justice to Henry VIII, purchased it in 1528 just prior to
STOKE ROCHFORD HALL, NR GREETHAM
homes for one family anymore, but for the general public as National Trust sites, hotels, spas, restaurants, pubs, wedding venues and even schools.
The halls, manors, houses, castles and gardens in Rutland often hold special events too. The Burghley Horse Trials was last month, held in the grounds of Burghley House in Stamford, seeing people from across the world attend the sporting event, and Belvoir Castle holds an incredible firework display every year in August. A lot of the homes contributed to the war effort, some being considerably damaged or even destroyed competely.
Before the war, the Tudors, Georgians, Stuarts and Victorians left their marks on the manors especially some of the gardens and exterior construction, with some undergoing major renovations throughout the eras. This feature introduces you to the county’s stately homes and what they can offer you on a Sunday afternoon... the Dissolution of the Monasteries and began to convert it into a mansion.
Once a servants’ hall next to the kitchen, the armoury is now home to what many experts regard as one of the finest armouries in the country.
Boughton House is now a venue for events, weddings, corporate activities and organised groups. The House opens on specific dates for guided tours. n For more information, call 01536 515731 or visit www.boughtonhouse.co.uk.
Stoke Rochford Hall is just ten minutes north of Greetham and is a stunning stately home with an interesting past. The remains of a Roman villa and a bath house were found on the site.
The present building dating from 1843 was built for Christopher Turnor. His grandson held many summer conferences at the hall. In 1940 the hall was requisitioned by the War Office, and used for headquarters for the Parachute Regiment. It was in the library at Stoke Rochford that the 1944 Arnhem ‘drop’ was planned. Purchased in 1948 by Kesteven County Council, the hall was home to Kesteven College of Education, a teacher-training college which closed in 1978. In 2005 a fire gutted the interior of the hall. It was restored by English Heritage for £12m. Stoke Rochford Hall is now a hotel, restaurant, bar, conference centre, wedding reception, leisure club and golf course. n For more info, call 01476 530337 or visit www.stokerochfordhall.co.uk.
>>
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 18
- STATELY HOMES -
>> DEENE PARK,
CORBY
Deene Park, the seat of the Brudenell family since 1514, is a country manor. Seven of the Brudenell family were Earls of Cardigan, the most notable being the 7th Earl who led the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava in 1854. The estate was inherited by its current owner, Robert Brudenell, in 2014; he is the son of Edmund and Marian Brudenell, who devoted their lives to the rehabilitation of Deene Park and are largely responsible for the estate’s present appearance. The large gardens designed by David Nightingale Hicks feature a parterre overlooking the lake, and a newly planted avenue. The manor is located in the countryside not far from the Harringworth Viaduct and is surrounded by historic villages and hamlets. St Peter’s Church, Deene, in the grounds, has the funeral monuments of the Brudenells. The house, gardens and parkland are open to the public on Sundays and bank holiday Mondays during the summer months, and for private group tours on selected days throughout the year. There is also a teashop on site for you to visit after a garden or house tour.
n For more information on Deene Park and the gardens or to book a tour, please visit www.deenepark.com or call the Brudenell’s on 01780 450278.
APETHORPE PALACE Apethorpe Palace is a Grade I listed country house dating back to the 15th century and was royal residence for James I. It is one of the finest Jacobean stately home in England. Apethorpe holds an important place in history because of its status with Tudor and Stuart monarchs. Elizabeth I inherited the palace from her father Henry VIII. Her successor James I contributed to its extension. There were at least 13 extended royal visits between 1566 and 1636, and the palace was also lived in regularly by Charles I.
After funding an extensive programme of restoration, English Heritage sold the house into private hands in 2014. Before the sale, English Heritage and the new owner agreed
“APETHORPE HOLDS A VITAL PLACE IN HISTORY BECAUSE OF ITS STATUS WITH TUDOR AND STUART MONARCHS...”
to rename the house Apethorpe Palace due to its royal ownership and use, along with its historic and architectural significance. n For more information, call 03703 331181 or visit www.english-heritage.org.uk.
HARLAXTON MANOR Harlaxton Manor was built in 1837 but the current mansion is the second Harlaxton Manor, with an earlier 14th century one built at a different site. The manor has served as the British campus for the University of Evansville since 1971. It’s also a popular wedding venue.
The manor is a popular location for filming. The Ruling Class, The Last Days of Patton, The Lady and the Highwayman, The Haunting and The Young Visitors were all filmed here. We recommend watching the Haunting before visiting at Halloween! n For more information on the manor’s wedding facilities, please visit www.harlaxton.co.uk or call 01476 403020.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:32 Page 19
Oakham Castle
Oakham Castle is in the heart of our county and was constructed between 1180 and 1190 for Walchelin de Ferriers, Lord of the Manor of Oakham.
Above: Grimsthorpe Castle. Left: The gardens at Deene Park. Top: Apethorpe Palace and Harlaxton Manor.
GRIMSTHORPE CASTLE, BOURNE Lying within a 3,000 acre park of rolling pastures, lakes, and woodland landscaped by Capability Brown, Grimsthorpe Castle has been home to the de Eresby family since 1516. The present owner is Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby. It is quite possible that the castle was built around 1140. During Queen Mary’s reign, the castle’s owners, Katherine Willoughby and Richard Bertie, were forced to leave it due to their Anglican views. When the Queen Elizabeth succeeded to the throne they returned with their daughter, Susan, who became Countess of Kent, and their son Peregrine, the 13th baron.
The Castle is mostly known for its collection of massive horseshoes and is also recognised as one of the best examples of domestic Norman architecture in England. Due to its small size, Oakham Castle doesn’t look like the usual castle. But what is now called Oakham Castle was originally the Great Hall of a much larger fortified manor house. This had many of the traditional features of a castle such as a curtain wall, a gatehouse and a drawbridge with iron chains. There is also
evidence to suggest that Oakham Castle possessed towers at strategic points along the walls as well as a moat. Admission to the castle is free, and it’s owned and managed by the Rutland County Council, Oakham Castle is licensed for civil ceremonies. The Castle was temporarily closed for an extensive restoration of the Castle, including the curtain wall. Oakham Castle was awarded a £2m grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund in 2014. The castle reopened recently in May with a wealth of local events. n For more information, please visit www.oakhamcastle.wordpress.com or call 01572 758440.
Above: Oakham Castle has recently undergone major renovations. Left: Susan Bertie was the daughter of Katherine Willoughby, owner of Grimsthorpe Castle. There are upside down horseshoes in Oakham Castle, a tradition whereby peers of the realm donated one on visiting.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:33 Page 20
EASTON WALLED GARDENS The gardens are about 400 years old covering 12 acres and were home to the Cholmeley family for 14 generations. There had been a house on this site since at least 1592.
The Hall was described in 1872 as large and handsome, elegantly furnished, containing many valuable paintings and other works of art. US President Franklin Roosevelt described the gardens as “A dream of Nirvana” and “Almost too good to be true.” He spent part of his honeymoon here with his bride, Eleanor.
Easton Hall was requisitioned during WWII. It became home to units of the Royal Artillery and of The Parachute Regiment, and suffered considerable damage. In 1951 the Hall was demolished, but a renovation project began in 2001. The Cholmeley family still live in the village and are responsible for the 2005 renovation of the hall’s gardens. n For more information, call 01476 530063 or visit the website www.visiteaston.co.uk.
“US PRESIDENT FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT DESCRIBED EASTON AS A DREAM OF NIRVANA, AFTER VISITING ON HIS HONEYMOON...”
ELTON HALL Elton Hall is a baronial hall near Peterborough. It has been the ancestral home of the Proby family since 1660. The hall lies in a 3,800 acre estate through which the River Nene runs. The building incorporates 15th, 17th, 18th and 19th century parts and is a Grade I listed building. The Victorian gardens have been skilfully restored in recent years and contain a knot garden, a new rose and herbaceous garden, fine hedges and a gothic orangery built to celebrate the Millennium. n For more information, call 01832 280468 or visit the website www.eltonhall.com. STAPLEFORD PARK Stapleford Park is a Grade I listed country house in Stapleford, near Melton Mowbray which is now used as a hotel, spa, golf course and restaurant.
It was originally the seat of the Sherard family, later the Earls of Harborough and, from 1894, of the Gretton family, who would become the Barons Gretton. n For more information, please call 01572 787000 or visit the website www.staplefordpark.com.
Top: Stapleford Park. Above: Soldiers at Easton when it was a hospital around 1917. Below: Elton Hall. Right: Easton Hall before it was demolished.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:33 Page 21
- STATELY HOMES -
Woolsthorpe Manor may not be as grand or as large as some of the stately homes in the area, but its relevance in history is phenomenal... Woolsthorpe Manor, not far from Greetham, is the birthplace and was the family home of Sir Isaac Newton. He was born there on 25th December 1642. At that time it was a yeoman’s farmstead, principally rearing sheep. Newton returned here in 1666 when Cambridge University closed due to the plague, and here he performed many of his most famous experiments, most notably his work on light and optics. This is also said to be the site where Newton, observing an apple fall from a tree, was inspired to formulate his law of universal gravitation. Now in the hands of the National Trust and open to the public all year round, it is presented as a typical seventeenth century yeoman’s farmhouse, or as near to that as possible, taking into account modern living, health and safety requirements and structural changes that have been made to the house since Newton’s time. New areas of the house, once private, were opened up to the public in 2003, with the old rear steps that once led up to the hay loft and grain store and often seen in drawings of the period, being rebuilt, and the old walled kitchen garden to the rear of the house being restored. One of the former farmyard buildings has been equipped so that visitors can have a very hands on experience of the physical principles investigated by Newton in the house. n Call 01476 862823 or visit www.nationaltrust.org.uk/ woolsthorpe-manor.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:33 Page 22
- STATELY HOMES -
One of the biggest, best and most used stately homes in the county has to be Burghley House in Stamford. It has a wealth of history, and modern features too...
Burghley was built for Sir William Cecil, who was Lord High Treasurer to Queen Elizabeth I, between 1558 and 1587. It was the residence of his descendants, and since 1801, the Marquesses of Exeter. The House has featured in many films including, The Da Vinci Code, Pride & Prejudice, Elizabeth: The Golden Age and Batman Begins.
Burghley is open to the public, hosting many events, including the Burghley Horse Trials, and weddings. If you haven’t already, explore the house and gardens! n For more information, call for details on 01780 752451 or see www.burghley.co.uk.
Right: Sir William Cecil, Lord High Treasurer of Queen Elizabeth I and resident at Burghley House. Below: Belvoir Castle.
The Four Ages of Belvoir Castle: A Norman Legacy... BELVOIR CASTLE HAS A RICH HISTORY AND IF YOU THOUGHT THERE WAS ONLY ONE CASTLE, YOU’D BE MISTAKEN...
Castle No.1
A Norman castle was built for William d'Aubigny. It was left to his granddaughter Isabel, who married Robert de Ros in 1234. When that family died out in 1508, the manor and castle passed to George Manners. His son was created Earl of Rutland in 1525. Sadly the Norman Castle was left to ruins after 1464.
22
Castle No.2
Castle No.3
During the English Civil War, it was one of the more notable strongholds of the king’s supporters, and King Charles spent a night here on his way into Lincolnshire.
Work was completed by 1668 and cost £11,730, equivalent to £1,820,000 in 2016.
John Manners, 9th Earl of Rutland started construction of a new castle from 1528.
However, in 1649, Castle No.2 was destroyed by the Parliamentarians.
A new building was started in 1654 which was designed as a large family home.
In 1816 it was almost completely destroyed by a fire. The loss was about £120,000, £8,280,000 in 2016, including pictures by Titian, Rubens, Van Dyck and Reynolds.
Castle No.4
It was rebuilt again by the wife of the 5th Duke at a cost of £82,000, about £6,870,000 in 2016, and was completed by 1832. The castle is open to the public. The tour shows the staterooms, the Regents Gallery and the Roman State Dining Room. n For more information, call 01476 871001 or visit www.belvoircastle.com.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:33 Page 23
23
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:33 Page 24
To view and purchase photographs from The Event visit www.pridemagazines.co.uk
World Class Eventing at The Land Rover Burghley Horse Trials 2016 Year on year, the Land Rover Burghley Horse Trials sees over 160,000 visitors flood through the gates over the four days flocking to the 600 trade stands or to see a few of the 100 top international competitors. Christopher Burton held the trophy in the air this year, despite lowering four fences in the final phase of the competition. He took home part of the total prize fund this year which was an incredible £250,000.
The Dressage and Cross Country events throughout the weekend were a great success, as were the profits made in the ‘pop-up’ shopping village, with a range of stands showcasing products from exclusive fashion, jewellery and gourmet food products to quality tack, stabling and products for your home and garden. n For more information about The Land Rover Burghley Horse Trials 2016, please visit www.burghley-horse.co.uk.
Feature your event in our magazine. 24
Call 01529 469977 and speak to our Events Desk...
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:33 Page 25
Purchase photographs from this event online. Visit www.pridemagazines.co.uk.
25
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:33 Page 26
- CRISTA CULLEN-
RIO RUTLAND TO
Former Oakham student Crista Cullen has completed her third stint as an Olympian, representing Great Britain in Rio. After beating defending champions the Netherlands in a dramatic penalty shootout, Crista took gold along with teammates, the country’s first top accolade in the sport, so what next for Rutland’s home grown Olympian? Words: Rob Davis.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:33 Page 27
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:33 Page 28
- RUTLAND’S GOLD METAL OLYMPIAN -
To say you need a sense of determination to compete in sport at the top level is stating the obvious somewhat. But for Crista and her teammates at this year’s Rio Olympics, not winning was not an option.
“At no stage did we have any doubt,” says Crista, one of just 366 athletes representing Team GB, taking one of the 27 coveted gold medals. “Even when we were a goal down we knew we were coming back.”
Crista’s performance was down not just to her physical effort, but her psychological determination too, the culmination of a four year plan with her sports psychologist. For Rutland’s home grown Olympian, it was gold or nothing, and the mindset of a professional sportsperson is integral to the whole family.
Above: Crista, third left, with teammates as they prepared to take on the Netherlands in Rio. Right: The Olympian hopes to become an ambassador for the sport and encourage others to pick up a stick.
“I was born in Lincolnshire but left as a very young baby. We moved to Kenya, where my family still live, running Hemingways, a hotel near Watamu. My father was Garry Cullen, a professional golfer, my mother was a professional squash player and my brother debuted for the Kenya national rugby union team.”
Crista returned to the UK at the age of 12 and attended Oakham School from 1998 to 2003. There she was given the chance to play hockey and excelled at both that and athletics. “I went to Birmingham to have national tryouts for both athletics and hockey, but chose the latter because a team sport really appealed.” “There’s no guarantee of selection, but when you receive the email there’s a real element of relief.”
Throughout her entire hockey career Crista has been dedicated to Leicester Hockey Club and has been an influential part of the team for over ten years. Leicester have successfully won the English Premier League 28
CRISTA CULLEN Born: Boston, Lincolnshire, August 1985. Education: Oakham School, Rutland 1998-2003. Nottingham Business School 2003-2006. Olympic Achievements: Took part in Beijing games at 23 years old, then London in 2012 at 27 and Rio in 2016 at 31. Achieved bronze in London and gold in womens’ field hockey at Rio. Teammates (Rio 2016): Maddie Hinch, Sam Quek, Laura Unsworth, Alex Danson, Giselle Ansley, Hannah Macleod, Sophie Bray, Georgie Twigg, Hollie Webb, Helen Richardson-Walsh, Shona McCallin, Susannah Townsend, Lily Owsley, Kate Richardson-Walsh and Nicola White.
title on four occasions, and Crista has gone on to represent us in Europe, achieving a silver medal in 2011.
Crista got her first taste of Olympic-level competition at Beijing at just 23, then at the London games at age 27 where she took bronze and finally achieved gold in Rio, still just 31 years of age. In between, She went on to study Business Studies at Nottingham Trent University achieving a 2:1 Hons degree. The Olympian has also worked at Sports Recruitment International before London 2012 as their Marketing Manager. In total, she’s achieved over 185 Great Britain and England combined caps; plus Commonwealth, World Cup and European cup bronze medals and was named
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:33 Page 29
Great Britain’s Hockey Player of the Year in 2006, also being named three times in the International Hockey Federation’s World All Stars Team in 2006, 2007 and 2010.
“I’m really fortunate in that we had National Lottery money to finance our training. It’s a full time job.”
“It was boiling hot in Rio, but I’m lucky in the sense that we typically played in the evening, staying up late and attending technical meetings, looking at lots of video coaching footage and analysing our rivals’ tactics,” she says. “You spend so much time with your teammates that you literally know exactly what each of them is thinking. It’s a relationship beyond a typical working relationship.” “During the games there’s a social media blackout, and a sort of odd mindset, maintaining absolute focus but also trying to keep the adrenaline going.”
“The medal itself is really heavy, people are quite surprised. It’s about half a kilo, despite being only seven centimetres or so in diameter - really dense. We were presented with it by the by one of the dignitaries of the Field of International Hockey Association, and it felt hugely special to stand on the podium.” “Since the games we’ve gone our separate ways, all being pulled in different directions for interviews and so on, but there’s a reunion on the way, definitely.”
“After that I’m not sure. I live in London now and I’d like to be an ambassador for the sport, inspiring future players and encouraging them to pick up the stick and creating a legacy. The medal hasn’t really left my side yet but I’m still not quite sure where it’s going to go, nor where it’s going to take me, either!”
Wherever it goes, Rutland has a new hero, one whose achievements have been recognised not just nationally, but in front of the whole wide world. n 29
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:33 Page 30
30
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:33 Page 31
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:33 Page 32
- STAMFORD COMMUNITY ORCHARD GROUP -
Local to the
CORE When it comes to heritage varieties of apples, Stamford is renowned as an epicentre of epicureanism, with over 40 local varieties historically cultivated around the town. Many of those varieties have been lost over time, but Stamford Community Orchard Group is seeking to resurrect and preserve as many varieties as possible, even using techniques like DNA testing. This month, we join the group for its annual Apple Day on 1st October... Words & Images: Rob Davis. 32
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:33 Page 33
Perhaps you have an apple tree in your garden. If so, do you know the variety of fruit it yields? It’s worth checking because among Stamford’s many other quirky facets - from its cameos in film and on TV, its role as the home of the Burghley Horse Trials, and its reputation as one of the best places to live in the UK - it’s also renowned as the home of a great many heritage apple varieties. This month sees Apple Day celebrated by the Stamford Community Orchard Group SCOG for short - and having enjoyed a bumper crop in their orchard this year, they’re also hoping for bumper support as they invite the public along to discover more about the area’s apple growing heritage. Modern practices in the livestock sector of agriculture favour commercial breeds which yield the most meat or milk, and grow the quickest. Likewise, our supermarkets stock very few of the 2,300 different varieties of apple on display at The National Fruit Collection in Kent, and the 7,500 cultivars of apples overall.
The UK orchard fruit market is worth £681m, with 19,000 hectares dedicated to growing apples and pears. We produce just 575 tonnes of apples, then import 1,500 tonnes from the EU and 2,200 tonnes from outside the EU.
Braeburn, Gala and Golden Delicious are the three most common varieties grown and sold in volume for the UK market, both at home and abroad. So, shockingly, only 14% of the apples we consume in this country are grown here, and what’s worse, sales of varieties traditionally associated with English orchards - Granny Smith and Cox - are down between 30% - 35%, as supermarkets favour volume and uniformity over heritage. Take a Cox apple tree, in good health. Of the apples it produces, only 65% or so of the fruit harvested will be deemed ‘class one,’ the best looking, and the ones that the >>
33
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:33 Page 34
- STAMFORD COMMUNITY ORCHARD GROUP -
>> supermarket will sell to the consumer. For a modern variety such as Gala, that figure rises to as high as 90%.
For that reason, the humble Cox has fallen out of favour, but worse still, many varieties have become all but ‘extinct.’ Fortunately, heritage apple varieties still have a few champions left fighting their corner, especially in Stamford, where a group of volunteers formed the Stamford Community Orchard Group around 14 years ago.
“Commercial varieties of apples have muscled out some local ones, and whilst many towns had their own ‘local’ apples, Stamford was quite prolific. We believe the town has over 40 local apple varieties, of which about seven remain,” say Annie Hall and Mark Davies, chair and treasurer for SCOG. “The town’s heyday for apple production was around the 1850s. Many acres around the town were dedicated to fruit growing - an activity which was popular at the time anyway.” “The town has good soil, albeit with pockets of heavier clay soil which doesn’t drain quite as well, and it had a good railway connection for moving fruit around the country.” Gradually these orchards were built on, with apple trees replaced by new houses. But their legacy remains, in the form of local varieties from Stamford and Rutland - Ketton was a particularly well-regarded apple growing area. SCOG is a non-profit group, comprising about 40 ‘friends’ with a committee of 12 plus various other supporters. Its mission statement is to rediscover Stamford’s lost apple varieties, and to ensure these are preserved for future generations by planting them in local orchards.
From this overriding goal came the creation of a community orchard on Stamford’s Christ Church Close in the town. The orchard covers around a quarter of an acre and comprises around 48 trees and already contains no fewer than 40 varieties of apple - many local to the area.
The ‘community’ in the group’s name refers to the fact that anyone is invited into the orchard to enjoy the trees and to try the odd apple. A noticeboard outside the orchard provides a guide to the different varieties on display, and where they can be found in the orchard.
One of the nicest aspects of Stamford and Rutland is the number of older properties in the area, and often country properties with larger gardens feature establish fruit trees. So if you’ve an apple tree in your garden but you’re unsure of the variety of fruit it Above: Lord Burghley is one of 40 apple varieties local to Stamford. Many have been lost over the years.
34
Centre: Custodians of the mower and pruning saw Andy Cole and Paul Bennett manage the group’s orchard.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:34 Page 35
yields, a trip to the orchard may solve the mystery. If not, group’s Denis Smith has an absolutely encyclopaedic knowledge of apple varieties and is SCOG’s resident apple guru.
If you’re still struggling to identify your heritage apple, the group can even help with DNA testing, working with the Brogdale Research Centre in Kent, established, like SCOG, to curate England’s heritage fruit varieties and ensure they don’t become extinct.
SCOG also has two further sites for growing apples; a nursery on Queens’ Walk and an allotment on Uffington Road, from which the group also offers trees for sale. One of Denis’s skills is grafting heritage varieties from scions - a piece of last year’s growth with three or four mature buds - onto existing rootstocks. The group regularly participates in so-called ‘Scion Swaps’ with other groups in the East Midlands. In addition, SCOG also holds workshops and ‘how to’ sessions detailing how to grow
apple trees, conduct grafting, and covering subjects like how to prune and manage orchard trees. They’re not the only events in the group’s calender, either.
This month sees SCOG celebrating Apple Day, another exercise in identification and in offering its varieties for sale, as well as a celebration of the fruit itself. This will be the 13th event, held at Stamford Arts Centre on 1st October, attracting around 1,200 visitors, the group will display over 200 varieties of apple and will draft in its own apple gurus, as well as visiting experts to identify apple varieties from your garden from just an apple, a branch & a couple of leaves.
“STAMFORD COMMUNITY ORCHARD GROUP‘S MISSION IS TO FIND AND PLANT STAMFORD’S LOST APPLE VARIETIES, AND ENSURE THESE ARE PRESERVED FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS...”
Heritage variety apple trees will be on sale, and the event will also feature numerous stalls covering gardening, conservation and permaculture - beekeeping for example - and perhaps best of all, local catering students will be creating fruit pies for the public to enjoy too. Other demonstrations at the vent include apple pressing and cider making. >>
n Stamford Community Orchard Group’s Apple Day will take place on 1st October at Stamford Arts Centre, and is set to attract over 1,200 people. See over the page for further details.
Top: SCOG’s Apple Day will include over 200 different varieties of apples. If you’ve an apple tree in your own garden but remain unsure of the exact variety, take along an apple and a couple of leaves!
35
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:34 Page 36
- STAMFORD COMMUNITY ORCHARD GROUP -
“THE GROUP HAS ITS OWN APPLE PRESS, PURCHASED WITH LOTTERY MONEY, THAT MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC CAN HIRE TO MAKE APPLE JUICE AND CIDER...”
Above/Right: Annie Hall and Mark Davies are just two of the 12 committee members of the Stamford Community Orchard Group.
36
>> The group has its own apple press purchased with lottery money that members of the public can hire, along with a scratter the device that reduces apples down to about a quarter of an inch ready for pressing.
A further SCOG event will take place in January, too, as the group celebrates Wassail, an Anglo Saxon tradition where groups would gather in orchards to sing songs to the trees in order to promote a good harvest for the coming year.
The term ‘wæs þu hæl’ translates as be thou hale, or be in good health. Stamford’s modern interpretation involves banging wooden spoons on saucepan lids, drinking cider and eating apple flapjack - just about the level of organised religion I can cope with - whilst Stamford-based choir Wovan Chords will attend too, to sing folk songs.
An ancient tradition it may be, but it’s also a lighthearted way to celebrate the group’s dedication to keeping heritage varieties of
apples in the town and no matter how quirky it seems, it clearly works as the group is celebrating a bumper harvest in 2016.
It’s little wonder, since conditions this year have been ideal for fruit tree production; we’ve had a warm spring with plenty of summer rain. It takes a fruit tree around five years to yield good fruit, so varieties planted by SCOG a few years ago are just beginning to proliferate an abundant harvest.
Fruit trees can pretty much be planted all year round, but in the winter, they make roots, whilst in the summer, they produce leaves and fruit, so purchasing heritage trees from the group’s nursery means you can plant them in your garden or create an orchard of your own during a mild autumn. If you are trying to establish a fruit tree or two (or more), it’s difficult to overwater them.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:34 Page 37
STAMFORD’S
LOCAL APPLE VARIETIES 1. Lord Burghley Brisk, aromatic quality; plenty of sugar, juicy, firm flesh. 2. Barnack Beauty Strong, brisk taste, slight richness and aromatic quality; dense flesh.
A bucket of water a day is about right, and watering should continue as the fruit begins to swell. Sunny, sheltered spaces work best, and soil with good draining properties is preferable - some of SCOG’s orchard soil is clay based, and therefore quite heavy. Trees should be pruned each year - an entire subject in itself, and once you see a few windfall apples, you can harvest your crop to keep in a cool dark place - cellars are ideal, though good ventilation is important.
The best orchards are those which are not just designed for fruit growing, but which yield other soft fruit, and have the odd beehive and areas to sit and enjoy the presence of nature. SCOG’s orchard itself is looking especially lovely, with other fruit bushes planted along the edges of the site,
and areas of grass kept deliberately long to promote biodiversity, with wild flowers proliferating and windfall apples which are left for local wildlife to enjoy. There are so many reasons to enjoy SCOG’s activities - whether you’re a gardener, an historian, a keen cook or a nature lover.
Preserving Stamford’s apple varieties means preserving a piece of the town’s heritage, too, not to mention promoting the slow food movement and enjoying home grown food. A community orchard which the whole town can enjoy is a great resource, so we’re happy to recommend going along to the group’s Apple Day this month.
After all, when it comes to apples, and when it comes to the crunch, it’s good to preserve Stamford’s past.
n For more information on the Stamford Community Orchard Group, which meets on the third Wednesday of the month from 7.30pm at The Crown Hotel, call 01780 484180 or see www.scog.org.uk.
3. Allington Pippin Mellows to an intense fruity drop of pineapple taste, although still fairly sharp by Christmas. 4. Peasgood Nonsuch Brisk, juicy. Cooks to sweet, delicately flavoured puree. 5. Brown’s Seedling Quite sweet, rich, good flavour in December. Cooks to sweet bright lemon puree. Tasting Notes courtesy of Mark Davies, SCOG.
37
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:34 Page 38
38
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:34 Page 39
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:34 Page 40
- DE MONTFORT HALL -
The Sound of Lucy
IN LEICESTER
De Montfort Hall is alive with the Sound of Music, their latest production starring Andrew Lancel as Captain Von Trapp and Lucy O’Byrne as Maria. The venue in Leicester will host the cast for eight matinée and evening performances, showcasing the very best of the Von Trapp family. Playing the iconic Maria in the show and fresh from her success as the runner-up on BBC One’s talent show The Voice last year, Lucy has been working on her vocal range with chart-topper will.i.am... Celebrity stars, an incredible venue and a musical that is guaranteed to put a smile on your face. These are a few of my favourite things when it comes to productions, and the Sound of Music at De Montfort Hall includes every single one. The story notably depicted by Julie Andrews in 1965, is touring the country’s theatres with Andrew Lancel - super-villain Frank Foster in Coronation Street and DI Neil Manson in the Bill and Lucy O’Byrne, Irish singer and actress who came second on BBC’s the Voice, a talent show with tough competition. Lucy has always had music in her life from a very young age, starting with musical theatre and delving into operatics.
never expected. I moved to London for a job in theatre, but while I was still in Ireland, my training included opera singing. This was purely for the technique and stamina because I knew what show schedules were like and I wanted to keep my voice in good condition.” “As I started learning classical music, I fell in love with it, so I continued with musical theatre but also practiced opera singing whenever I could.”
“Watching previous series of the show, popstar will.i.am was looking for an opera singer to work with. I went to audition and kept getting through each round with Will’s support, until I reached the final. It was one of the most amazing things I’ve ever done. That and performing Habanera with Will on stage - I still have a screenshot of that performance as my desktop background on my computer!”
“I was hesitant at first to audition for the competition; it’s scary to have four judges decide on whether your voice is good enough in front of millions of viewers..!”
“My father was a singer and actor, my mother was a dancer, choreographer and actor, and my sister is an actor too, so I’ve always been involved and influenced by musical theatre,” says Lucy in an exclusive interview with Pride. “I started in musical theatre but opera has been a large part of my life too, something I 40
Words: Tilly Wilkinson.
Lucy’s opera singing managed to get her through to the final in the Voice, an experience she will never forget.
“My opera teacher encouraged me to take part in the show. I was hesitant at first; it’s a very daunting experience to have a panel of judges decide on whether your voice is good enough in front of millions of viewers!”
“Another incredible achievement is receiving this role; it’s the biggest part I’ve ever played. Having said that, I believe Maria is one of the biggest roles I could ever play. I’m so lucky to sing such amazing songs. I pinch myself everyday on the way to work.”
The part of Maria is a truly passionate role that Lucy’s enthusiasm suits perfectly. Just to refresh your memory, the story is about Maria, a woman who had longed to be a nun since she was young, yet when she became old enough, discovered that it wasn’t at all what she thought. Often in trouble and doing the wrong things, Maria is sent to the
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:34 Page 41
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:34 Page 42
house of a retired naval captain, named Captain Von Trapp, to care for his seven children. Von Trapp was widowed several years before and was left to care for the seven rowdy children, who had run off a countless amount of governesses.
Maria soon learns that all these children need is a little love and the sound of music to change their attitudes - and so too does Captain Von Trapp. “I’ve recently performed my 150th show as Maria and in the 150 shows,
I’ve never been bored, I still love absolutely every second of being on the stage.”
Lucy works alongside Andrew Lancel who plays Captain Von Trapp in the touring Sound of Music show.
“It’s great to work alongside someone who’s so well known and so lovely!” says Lucy.
“Andrew is lovely, and he has such a powerful voice. People know him as Frank Foster, so they’re often surprised when they see him as Captain Von Trapp! It’s good to work with him; it
“I’VE NEVER BEEN TO LEICESTER OR ANY OF THE DESTINATIONS ON THE TOUR. IT MEANS I GET TO BE A TOURIST IN BETWEEN REHEARSALS DURING THE DAY AND PERFORMANCES EVERY OTHER DAY AND AT NIGHT...” 42
makes touring the country easier when you’re working with nice people.”
“It’s nice to tour the country too! I’ve never been to Leicester or any of the destinations on the tour; I’m from Ireland first of all, but also, when you’re working in London, it’s very hard to see the rest of the UK. When we tour, it means I get to be a tourist when we’re not rehearsing or performing.” “The tour will finish in October so it’s quite hard to think about what I’m doing after the tour, especially when we have performances almost everyday.”
“However, I’ll hopefully be doing a lot of work on my album called Debut over Christmas - a classical music album - which came out in March.” “So that means there will be a number of solo performance gigs in London,
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:34 Page 43
- DE MONTFORT HALL -
Above: Lucy O’Byrne as Maria. Left: The Von Trapp family summoned by the Captain’s whistle, and the Captain above playing the guitar. Opposite: Liesl and Rolf, the Captain’s eldest.
something I haven’t been able to do over the past few months of course! I’m very excited about it, to take a break from acting and focus more on singing.”
So how do you solve a problem like having nothing to do next month? Book tickets to see Lucy and Andrew, and the rest of the Von Trapp family, at De Montfort Hall in Leicester.
It’s a truly breathtaking performance and powerful singing with songs you’re sure to know, including Edelweiss, My Favourite Things, Do-Re-Mi, Climb Ev’ry Mountain, So Long, Farewell and of course, the title song, The Sound of Music.
If you’re interested in other musical events at the venue, De Montfort Hall has a number of events from reggae band UB40 to a Symphony Orchestra to Simply Gershwin, a dance duo.
DE MONTFORT HALL’S CALENDAR Monday 3rd October
Sunday 16th October
Robin Campbell, Duncan Campbell, Earl Falconer, Brian Travers, Jimmy Brown, and Norman Hassan will be performing at De Montfort Hall with classic hits like Red, Red Wine, I Got You Babe, Falling in Love with You and Kingston Town, £35/tickets.
In a major musical event for Leicester, the Bardi’s 30th Anniversary Season opens with a landmark performance of Edward Elgar’s oratorio The Dream of Gerontius, £18/tickets.
UB40
Tuesday 11th - 15th October
The Sound of Music
See Lucy O’Byrne as Maria and Andrew Lancel as Captain Von Trapp at De Montfort Hall from the 11th October to the 15th. There are afternoon and evening showings, £42/tickets.
Bardi Symphony Orchestra
Simply Gershwin
George and Ira Gershwin perform with a 25-piece London Concert Orchestra in Leicester, £36/tickets.
n Visit De Montfort Hall, Granville Road, Leicester LE1 7RU, call 0116 233 3111, or see www.demontforthall.co.uk.
43
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:34 Page 44
What’s On... UB40
Find out What’s On this month with events taking place in different venues across the county. October is a great month to laugh at comedians and experience some stellar performances... HAMLET
Tuesday 27th - 28th September Denmark, a Black Empire of modern England, where an intelligent young student discovers the world he once knew has crumbled. Implored to defend what is left of his father’s decaying legacy, Hamlet now faces the greatest moral challenge - to kill or not to kill.
01733 207239, www.vivacity-peterborough.com
MORPURGO’S KING ARTHUR
Tuesday 27th - 28th September An epic tale of magic, heroism, love and betrayal adapted from the novel Arthur: High King of Britain, by Michael Morpurgo.
01733 207239, www.vivacity-peterborough.com
10CC IN CONCERT
Thursday 29th September Celebrating the 40th anniversary of their seminal album Sheet Music, which included top 10 hit The Wall Street Shuffle, 10cc will embark on a 26-date theatre tour, including De Montfort Hall in Leicester. 01162 333111, www.demontforthall.co.uk
BURGHLEY FLOWER FESTIVAL
Saturday 1st - 9th October Burghley Flower Festival will transform the State Rooms in with beautiful floral displays created by local flower societies. 2016 will also see the Leicestershire Society of Botanical Illustrators whose artworks will be displayed in the Great Hall. 01780 752451, www.burghley.co.uk
44
Monday 3rd October UB40 are Robin and Duncan Campbell, Earl Falconer, Brian Travers, Jimmy Brown, and Norman Hassan. They will be performing smash hits like Red, Red Wine, Kingston Town and I Got You Babe.
01162 333111, www.demontforthall.co.uk
UB40...
RESERVED RAMBLE
Saturday 29th October Visit the nature reserve for a ghoulishly good time and join the team for a scarily spooky walk as darkness falls. Test your pumpkin carving skills and make a lantern to take home at Rutland Water.
01572 770651, www.rutlandwater.org.uk
SCARY SPOOKTACULAR
Sunday 30th October Come for a walk in the weird woods, take part in the terrifying treasure hunt or carve your own petrifying pumpkin to take home at Barnsdale Gardens. Children who come in costume visit for free.
01572 813200, www.barnsdalegardens.co.uk
HAUNTED HALLOWEEN
Sunday 30th October Come along to the Nature Reserve to carve a scary pumpkin and no witch or wizard is complete without a broomstick so make a magical one to take home. Discover what goes on under the cover of darkness with the dissection of owl pellets and take part in some super spooky craft making at Rutland Water.
01572 770651, www.rutlandwater.org.uk
THE SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION
Monday 3rd - 8th October Based on The Shawshank Redemption film, this thrilling stage production examines desperation, injustice, friendship and hope behind the claustrophobic bars of a maximum security facility. The show is at the Curve Theatre in Leicester.
01162 423560, www.curveonline.co.uk
AUDIENCE WITH LESLEY GARRETT
Tuesday 4th October Join Britain’s most popular soprano at Key Theatre in Peterborough for a delightful evening of song, reminiscences and chat. Her behind the scenes stories and anecdotes will give audiences a unique insight into her life on the stage.
01733 207239, www.vivacity-peterborough.com
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:34 Page 45
Send your press releases and events to: Features Editor via [email protected].
THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST
Thursday 6th - 29th October Regarded as one of the finest comedies in the English language, Wilde’s play explodes with his trademark razor sharp wit and brilliant exploration of the hypocrisies of a society where what we see on the outside is very different from what lies beneath. Expect an evening of absolutely hilarious misadventure, mischief and matchmaking which elegantly ridicules the Victorian social order and standards of the time. With a stylish new look, delightful twists and turns, and a nanny with a dubious story about a handbag!
Dean of Peterborough...
The Importance of Being Earnest...
- HIDDEN ENGLAND -
PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL
Saturday 1st October The Dean’s farewell service will take place this month after a special Evensong. The Dean will preside at the Sunday Eucharist on 25th September which will be the 40th anniversary of his Ordination.
01733 355315, www.peterborough-cathedral.org.uk
THE TEMPEST
Friday 7th October This fresh adaptation of Shakespeare’s classic stays entirely faithful to the original text, whilst offering a riotous departure from the norm. The Hope Theatre in London will visit venues across the UK with their performance of the Tempest, including Uppingham Theatre.
01572 820820, www.uppthearts.co.uk
BURGHLEY HOUSE
Saturday 15th - 30th October During October why not come and join Burghley House for the Burghley Pumpkin Trail around the Sculpture Garden. Tread through the autumn leaves and find the hidden pumpkins to receive a treat. Afterwards warm up in the Garden Cafe with a hot chocolate or a cup of soup.
EASTON WALLED GARDENS
Saturday 22nd - 28th October Pumpkin Rolling will be happening again this half term at Easton Walled Gardens. Children of all ages will roll pumpkins down the grass terraces, and the furthest roller wins! The tearoom will be open serving warming food and cake, or, if the weather allows it, bring your own picnic.
01476 530063, www.visiteaston.co.uk
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:34 Page 46
What’s On...
Send your press releases and events to: Features Editor via [email protected].
NICK ROSS ORCHESTRA
Saturday 8th October Recapture the sounds of a bygone era as the Nick Ross Orchestra presents an unmissable evening of music and song in the Key Theatre in Peterborough, bringing back the classic Big Band sound of the 1940s, £20.50/tickets.
- ROYAL CONCERT -
HAPPY & GLORIOUS
Sunday 2nd October Lord-Lieutenant of Leicestershire is hosting a charity concert to celebrate the 90th birthday of Queen Elizabeth II at the Curve in Leicestershire. The Applause Team supported by Curve and BBC Radio Leicester who staged the popular Pack Up Your Troubles and We’ll Meet Again spectaculars now present a show to celebrate Her Majesty The Queen’s 90th Birthday. Local stars and celebrity guests will come together to perform songs from across the decades, from those popular at royal occasions to those that Her Majesty likes and enjoys.
This show will tell the story of the Queen personally, nationally and locally using BBC Archive materials and your memories of Her Majesty’s visits to Leicester over the last 60 years, all set to a score including music from The Beatles, Matt Monro, Les Miserables and much more.
All proceeds from Happy and Glorious will support LOROS and Menphys. £27.50/tickets for the Lord-Lieutenant’s reception and show. 01162 423560, www.curveonline.co.uk
46
01733 207239, www.vivacity-peterborough.com The Nick Ross Orchestra...
THE SOUND OF MUSIC
Tuesday 11th - 15th October See Lucy O’Byrne as Maria and Andrew Lancel as Captain Von Trapp at De Montfort Hall from the 11th October to the 15th in the fabulous touring performance of the Sound of Music. There are afternoon and evening showings, £42/tickets.
01162 333111, www.demontforthall.co.uk
SWAN LAKE
Friday 14th October This perfect romantic ballet of all time performed to Tchaikovsky’s haunting and unforgettable score will be at Key Theatre in Peterborough on Friday 14th October. This tale of tragic romance has it all, capturing all human emotions, £29/tickets.
01733 207239, www.vivacity-peterborough.com
BARDI SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA
Sunday 16th October In a major musical event for Leicester’s De Montfort Hall, the Bardi’s 30th Anniversary Season opens with a landmark performance of Edward Elgar’s oratorio The Dream of Gerontius, £18/tickets. 01162 333111, www.demontforthall.co.uk
PRIDE & PREJUDICE
Tuesday 18th - 22nd October As the Bennet sisters search for love in Jane Austen’s ultimate romantic comedy, it is Mr Darcy who unwittingly finds his match. The performance is at the Curve in Leicester.
01162 423560, www.curveonline.co.uk
LION, WITCH AND WARDROBE
Wednesday 26th October From APL Theatre, the creators of sellout 2015 UK tour of The Snow Queen, comes this festive new adaptation of C. S. Lewis’s timeless story, which promises to be a magical and thrilling adventure for the whole family at the Stamford Corn Exchange.
01780 766455, www.stamfordcornexchange.co.uk
WHITNEY: QUEEN OF THE NIGHT
Saturday 29th October A stunning celebration of the music and life of one of the greatest singers of our time. This award winning production features a rising West End star Rebecca Freckleton delivering a powerhouse performance as Whitney at Key Theatre in Peterborough.
01733 207239, www.vivacity-peterborough.com
MARTIN TAYLOR IN CONCERT
Monday 31st October Taylor’s remarkable musical career has spanned five decades, with more than 100 recordings to his name, an MBE, two honorary doctorates and many international awards. He shows raw emotion and a strong stage presence, that make this a show not to miss at Uppingham Theatre.
01572 820820, www.uppthearts.co.uk Swan Lake...
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:34 Page 47
47
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:34 Page 48
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:34 Page 49
49
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:35 Page 50
To view and purchase photographs from The Event visit www.pridemagazines.co.uk
Stamford School
and BGL Sport Bash 2016 at the playing fields...
BGL Sport Bash 2016, now in its fifth year, returned to Stamford School’s playing fields last month. The annual event is a firm fixture in Stamford’s social calendar, providing a fun filled day during the school holidays, featuring free activities, live music, food and a star-studded cricket spectacle, including a host of former international greats that took to the field. Organised by former England cricketer and Stamford Endowed School’s Head of Cricket, Dean Headley, BGL Sport Bash aims to support charitable causes through the power of sport. This year the event raised money for a host of good causes, including The Matt Hampson Foundation, The Seb Goold Trust and Team George. Ongoing entertainment throughout the day included Humberts Cup Kwik Cricket competition, a skydiving display and street performers. A host of refreshments, sourced by the finest local food and drink vendors, including Grasmere, Stamford Deli, Batemans and Burleigh’s Gin was available to purchase throughout the day. n For more information about Stamford School’s facilities, call 01780 750300 or visit www.ses.lincs.sch.uk.
Feature your event in our magazine. 50
Call 01529 469977 and speak to our Events Desk...
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:35 Page 51
Purchase photographs from this event online. Visit www.pridemagazines.co.uk.
51
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:35 Page 52
Main Image: The Lord Nelson’s most popular dish is its Indian burger - a deliciously different ‘gourmet’ burger with Indian spices, mango chutney and a sweet onion bhaji.
MUST Knead’s
A visit to The Lord Nelson, part of the Knead Pubs group, is a must this month, with a new menu of winter warmers, plenty of special offers, cosy dining rooms, plus the promise of a warm welcome... Words & Images: Rob Davis.
52
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:35 Page 53
- EATING OUT -
There have been many attempts to define happiness. Writers, philosophers, theologians, they’ve all had a crack at it. This month though happiness was redefined for me. Not with the birth of a child or as a spiritual reawakening, or anything as predictable and naff as that, but rather as a simple saucepan of gooey warm Belgian chocolate, served with a few dough balls, honeycomb, marshmallows and strawberries. It was the crescendo of a meal at Oakham’s Lord Nelson, the quaint pub tucked away in the corner of the town’s Market Place.
I say pub because the place is conspicuously so, with flagstones floors, stripped pine tables and a bar serving wine and real ale.
The place used to be a private dwelling, then a restaurant with a few letting rooms above. Exactly five years ago though, Knead Pubs took it over and ‘Farrow & Balled’ it, keeping the character but upping the quality.
The place is a rabbit warren of places to sit from a newly refurbished flower filled terrace overflowing with blooms during our visit, to the downstairs bar, to the rear kitchen with its bright red Aga. Upstairs are four different dining rooms, and I secreted myself in the one with Morris wallpaper and wood panelling, next to a window, for the purposes of photography.
The place was busy - it was market day - and it does about 140 covers on a good night too. No wonder, because this is a pub whose food is about satisfaction and flavour, rather than an attempt to corner the fine dining market.
meet the CHEF ZSOLT KASZAS, HEAD CHEF OF THE LORD NELSON, MARKET PLACE, OAKHAM Food Experience: “I’ve been here for about two and a half years, and in Oakham for about a decade. I love the fact that we produce our own meat from our Lincoln red beef and Texel tups herds, which we farm over in Tallington...”
There’s a single menu, but with a deceptively large variety of dining options. The current Mrs Davis has a policy of never sharing food in all but life-limiting conditions, but if your dining companion is more amenable to doing so, there are three sharing platters, from charcuterie and tapas, to a stunning bar board with little Yorkshire puddings, pigs in blankets and a homemade Scotch egg.
Alternatively there are 17 options under the snacks, starters and sides section of the menu. There are also 12 main course options and on Sunday, a choice of three roast meats with roast beef and lamb from the pub’s farm in Tallington, plus duck fat roasties and homemade Yorkies for £13.95. >>
Food Wisdom: “Listen to your diners... notice what goes down well and deliver customer satisfaction every single time!” Food Heaven: “A good steak is heavenly, and I love the way we present ours, sliced, with some watercress, sautéed potatoes and confit tomatoes.” Food Hell: ”Blue cheese!”
Top: Lime and chilli beef steak salad, cooked pink, with sautéed thyme potatoes, lime and glazed onions.
Above: One of the venue’s pizzas, and an Asian style roast salmon with sesame and wasabi mash.
53
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:36 Page 54
- EATING OUT -
>> Knead Pubs love varying traditional main courses, putting their own stamp on them. So, a shepherd’s pie is made with pulled shoulder of lamb, the ‘gourmet’ burger has an Indian theme, whilst a smoked haddock rarebit is served as an Italian rarebit dish with artichokes and pesto.
The pub also has a pizza menu, with two sizes and about 40 toppings to mix and match. There’s a special offer of two pizzas plus a bottle of wine for £23.95 available until 7pm, or to take away. Stone baked pizzas have been on trend in pubs and restaurants lately, but the Lord Nelson team have been producing them for over 12 years. Whatever main course you opt for, leave space for dessert, from our mascarpone passion fruit cheesecake served with mango sorbet and passionfruit purée to the aforementioned chocolate melting pot dessert. It’s a superb dessert options, gentler than a fondue, perfect for warming up your winter.
Like all Knead Pubs - the Tobie Norris, Crown Hotel and Prince Rupert - The Lord
OPEN FOR FOOD Monday to Friday 12noon - 2.30pm; 6.00pm - 9.00pm. Saturday 12noon - 5.00pm; 6.00pm - 9.00pm. Sunday Lunch Menu 12 noon to 8.00pm.
54
Nelson likes to look after its customers and does so with a beer card and coffee card (buy a few; have your card stamped; get one free), plus a loyalty card (earn points; enjoy a bottle of wine on the house). There’s also a Prosecco offer running this autumn whereby customers who retain their cork can return to the bar after depleting one bottle to enjoy £10 off their next one.
Winter will also see the arrival of mulled wine and cider at The Lord Nelson, too, whilst October is ‘Pie & Pint’ month across all four Knead pubs. Each pub’s chef will design a pie which will be available at all of the group’s venues, one per week for a month, with a pie plus trimming and a pint for £13.95.
I’m not a ‘chocolate’ person, but, honestly, sitting and enjoying a few minutes in chocolate heaven really did brighten up my day no end. It’s characteristic of The Lord Nelson’s aim of giving customers a really enjoyable dining experience. We’ll be back, if not for the flawless dining, lovely restaurant environment, good service and warm welcome, then for that warm, lovely chocolate!
“WE’LL BE BACK, IF NOT FOR THE FLAWLESS DINING, LOVELY DINING ENVIRONMENT, GOOD SERVICE AND WARM WELCOME, THEN SIMPLY FOR THAT WARM, LOVELY CHOCOLATE!”
Top: A total of 140 covers is divided up into five little dining rooms which can be set aside for private dining or groups like the local French club or ukulele group. Opposite: Chocolate melting for two to share, with honeycomb, strawberries and marshmallows.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:36 Page 55
on the MENU FROM THE LORD NELSON’S MAIN MENU Starters/Sharing
Yorkshire puddings and duck fat potatoes with dipping gravy £6.95.
Yorkshire puddings with dipping gravy, pigs in blankets with mustard mayonnaise, homemade Scotch egg with piccalilli and rosemary and garlic potatoes £18.95/for two. Main Courses
Rump steak (cooked pink) sliced, with fresh lime and chilli peppers, on a salad of coriander and curry leaves £15.95.
A burger of minced beef, infused with Indian spices, topped with mango chutney with sag aloo and a sweet onion bhaji £14.95. Pizzas
Duck breast, spring onions and cucumber pizza on a hoisin sauce base, topped with mozzarella £10.50/medium; £11.95/large. Desserts
Belgium chocolate with honeycomb, strawberries, sugar coated dough balls and marshmallows £10.95/for two. NB: Featured dishes are subject to change. n The Lord Nelson, Market Place, Oakham LE15 6DT. Call for bookings on 01572 868340 or see www.knead.pubs.co.uk 55
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:36 Page 56
Meaty Mains
THIS MONTH WE’RE DISCOVERING MEATY MAINS. RESTAURANTS IN RUTLAND ALREADY PROVIDE MEALS OF THE HIGHEST QUALITY, BUT MEAT DISHES AVAILABLE TO RUTLANDERS CAN’T COMPARE...
NICE & SPICY
The Crown Hotel in Stamford served a meaty - and spicy - main course of Harissa spiced lamb chops for just £16.95. 01780 763136 or see www.kneadpubs.co.uk.
n The Olive Branch in Clipsham is an award-winning pub. They won one of Rutland Pride’s Restaurant of the Year awards in 2015, so it’s no surprise that their food is of exceptional quality.
n Barnsdale Lodge presented us with a main course of spring lamb with pea risotto and pea shoots on our visit. 01572 724678, www.barns dalelodge.co.uk.
56
Their meaty mains are heartwarming dishes like this casserole, or their pork belly, or perhaps roast leg and braised shoulder of lamb.
01780 410355, www.theolivebranchpub.com.
n THE MARQUESS OF EXETER serve grilled peppered loin of wild boar with rösti potato and tapenade onion rings.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:36 Page 57
- SAMPLE DISHES -
presented beautifully
Hambleton Hall has been Rutland Pride’s Restaurant of the Year for several years running now, and it’s no wonder when they serve mains like this loin of fallow venison with chocolate and celeriac.
01572 756991, www.hambletonhall.com.
DUCK, DUCK, GOOSE!
Jamie Allsopp, Red Lion, Great Bowden.
The Red Lion at Great Bowden served slow braised duck leg with cherry jus and creamed mash in a gravy sauce.
01858 463571, www.redlion-greatbowden.co.uk.
The Woodhouse Arms in Corby Glen serves a mouthwatering meaty duo of roasted
belly pork and fillet with apple and gooseberry puree and olive oil mash for just £12.95.
01476 552452, www.thewoodhousearms.co.uk. 01572 822477, www.marquessexeter.co.uk.
n Featured dishes are representative examples of our featured chefs’ skills... the menus of our featured restaurants change frequently so dishes are subject to availability. Check each restaurant’s website prior to your visit for an up-to-date menu.
57
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 15:51 Page 58
CHRISTMAS IS COMING... PARTY NIGHTS IN DECEMBER Bring your Party to ours this Christmas 3 course Dinner and Disco £30 per person December Lunchtime Special Menus from £14.95 for 2 courses, £16.95 for 3 courses. Available 28th Nov – 23rd Dec (excluding Sundays) BOOK EARLY TO AVOID DISAPPOINTMENT
SUNDAY LUNCHES £21.95 for 3 courses in restaurant only. Bar meals also available.
58
OPEN TO NON RESIDENTS Lunch Monday to Saturday 12 noon – 2.30pm, Dinner 6pm – 9.30pm. Food served all day Sunday, last orders 7.45pm
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:36 Page 59
59
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:36 Page 60
SECRET
St amford’s Best Kept No3 The Yard is one of Stamford’s best restaurants, and yet, secreted in a little courtyard just off Ironmonger Street, it’s also one of its most understated. Here, we fly the flag for a restaurant offering great value quality dining... Words & Images: Rob Davis.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:36 Page 61
- EATING OUT -
meet the CHEF TIMOTHY LUFF, HEAD CHEF AT No3 THE YARD
We’re tempted to say that Stamford’s No3 The Yard is small but perfectly formed. However, with a decent number of covers 60, arranged over four dining rooms - it’s not that small at all.
It is, however, situated in a pretty courtyard, just off Ironmonger Street, which is quaint enough, but ludicrously impractical for the team of three chefs working in quite a small kitchen at the foot of the restaurant’s stairs. To say the team is coping OK, working in close quarters, is an understatement, for No3 is definitely one of Stamford’s best restaurants, one we’re absolutely happy to recommend. The Grade II listed building was formerly known as Jim’s Yard, and was converted from a private house into a restaurant about
“THE FOOD THAT No3 SERVES IS NOT ONLY OF EXCELLENT QUALITY, IT’S ALSO RATHER COMPETITIVELY PRICED, TOO, ESPECIALLY FOR ‘MEMBERS...’”
Food Experience: “I moved to Oakham with my parents and worked at the Olive Branch from the age of 19 to 29. I ran the successful Northwick Arms until it was sold by the brewery, then came here to No3, previously known as Jim’s Yard.”
a decade ago, before being taken over by new owner Simon McEnery about two years ago. Simon has previous form in the kitchen, having worked as a chef at places like Bentley’s, a seafood restaurant on Mayfair frequented by bankers and financiers - serving lobster to sharks, one might say. However, current Head Chef Timothy Luff stuck around through the transition of ownership, and that’s no bad thing, because the food that No3 serves is not only of excellent quality, it’s also competitively priced too.
The bar area of the restaurant is a little cramped, but the conservatory, upstairs >>
Food Wisdom: “A good dining experience isn’t just about the kitchen, a good front of house team is essential, and we’re lucky to have a great team here!” Food Heaven: “Oxtail, I love cheap cuts of meat, slowly cooked for hearty dishes. Winter is the best time to be a chef! Food Hell: “Pig’s liver. Yuck!”
61
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:37 Page 62
>> dining room and private dining lounge and back dining rooms are all well-spaced diners aren’t on top of one another, which overcomes one of my most common restaurant bugbears. There’s also a really pretty courtyard, which is also heated, that diners will enjoy even in autumn. The courtyard has an exclusive lunch menu comprising five lunchtime specials - wild mushrooms on brioche, king prawn and Iberico chorizo salad - but a main lunchtime menu is also available both al fresco and indoors too.
OPEN FOR BUSINESS Lunch Tuesday to Saturday, 12 Noon to 2pm. Dinner Tuesday to Saturday, 6.00pm to 9.30pm. Sunday Closed.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:37 Page 63
- EATING OUT -
on the MENU À LA CARTE MENU AT No3 THE YARD
Starters
Tequila and lime scallops ceviche, fried tortilla, sauce mole avocado £8.75. Chinese marinated pork belly, coconut and chilli noodle salad £9.50.
Main Courses
Monkfish wrapped in Parma ham, sage & onion gnocchi, spinach, brown shrimp beurre noisette £20.50 Pan fried chicken breast, spinach and wild mushrooms, fondant potato £15.50.
This comprises a set lunch offer of £15.95/two courses; £19.50/three courses, with two options for each course. An additional provision of à la carte options provides the choice of six starters, seven main courses.
Evening service is much the same, with a set menu; £22.00/three courses, two options, or à la carte dining with seven starter and seven main course options.
During both lunchtime and evening service, there’s a choice of five dessert options plus a choice of five home made petit fours, an additional mini-dessert and cheese option.
Happily, No3 uses the best local suppliers, with lamb sourced from Sophie Arlott of Lavinton Lamb - who also supplied Fortnum & Masons and Harrods - as well as Grasmere Farm and Rutland Charcuterie.
Vegetables used in the restaurant are grown locally where possible and over the summer, strawberries and asparagus were sourced from the Makey family over at Rutland Water Golf Course.
The restaurant’s ice creams will be made in house from this winter, and its bread is baked to an exclusive recipe by Peterborough Bakery, who supply it daily. One of the nicest aspects of the restaurant is the role that suppliers now have in advising of especially good ingredients for its constantly changing menus. If one criticism could be levelled at the restaurant in Jim’s Yard days, is that menus didn’t change that often. Happily Timothy and the team keep regular diners satisfied with constantly changing options. Regular diners, too, are looked after via an option to become a member. There’s no charge - just the submission of an email address for the occasional mailing, in return for a fiver off the cost of set menus.
No3 may be situated in an odd little building, but there’s plenty of character, and it’s nicely presented, just like the food itself. Plenty of flavour, a mix of English favourites and international influences, plus quality ingredients and technically flawless chefcraft all contribute to a dining experience that’s both enjoyable and highly recommended. n
Lavinton lamb roast leg steak, garlic mash, peas à-la-Francais £17.50.
Desserts
Lemon meringue slice, raspberry sorbet £7.95.
Poached pear with chocolate sauce and vanilla ice cream £7.95.
Cheese
Artisan UK and French cheese selection £9.95/three; £13.75/for two to share NB: Featured dishes are subject to change.
n No3 The Yard, Ironmonger Street, Stamford PE9 1PL. Call 01780 756080 or see www.no3theyard.co.uk. 63
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:37 Page 64
64
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:37 Page 65
Mamma Mia! An Italian G&T?
Wine of the Month
An Italian gin might seem like a new and rather different iteration of our favourite night-time tipple, but the Poli family has been producing Marconi 46 in their artisanal distillery since 1898. It has a clean taste, long lasting aroma and elegant sensations from cardamom and coriander.
Rasteau from Rhône Valley, 70cl, 14.5%, £27.85 The Coulon family at Domaine de Beaurenard combine ambition and modesty to winning effect.
Pair it with Staffordshires Franklin & Sons excellent tonic, for a deliciously different, but refreshing G&T.
The Wine Cellar n Marconi 46 £42.95/75cl.
THIS MONTH WE’RE DISCOVERING AN UNUSUAL ITALIAN GIN AND A FRESH NEW TONIC, PLUS THREE SUPER WHITES TO HELP Words: Harish Khanderia. YOUR BONFIRE NIGHT GO WITH A BANG...! AUTUMN WHITES: THREE GRAPES FOR WHEN THE EVENINGS DRAW IN...
1. Produced at Domaine du Daley in Switzerland’s Vaud region, this ‘Chasselas Grand Reserve’ is a delicate expression of Switzerland’s grape, with apple, lemon and pear aromas and a mineral palate £24.75. 2. A Brazilian sauvignon blanc leading the country’s charge into the export market. Aromas of tropical fruits, guava, passion fruit and citrus fruit. Refreshing, soft with mineral notes. One of Brazil’s premium wines at £13.95.
3. Muré’s signature wines, produced in Alsace. René is the eleventh generation in charge of the estate, and has created this aromatic ‘Pinot Blanc’ wine with its floral aroma, and gently peachy fruit £12.99.
They have run this estate for seven generations (its history can be traced back even further, to 1695) and it currently consists of thirty-two hectares in Châteauneuf and twenty-five in Rasteau. All thirteen permitted varieties are found here, and the vines average 45 years old. Red fruits, spice and earthy notes on the nose lead onto a soft, full-bodied palate with notes of stone fruits, cherry, black fruits, spices and pear. n
quick, quick SLOE, SLOE
A taste of autumn hedgerows with traditional sloe gin made at Sloeberry Spirits, Oakham. Fill up your hip flask with this warming tipple and you’ll be all set for a morning of riding. The fruit is locally foraged, and infused for several months for a deep flavour. If you’re not drinking it neat on horseback, try it as an accompaniment to your cheese course, or mix it with tonic water or lemonade. n 25% ABV, £18.95/35cl, or five litres as shown here £call. n Our featured wines are available from Oakham Wines, High Street, Oakham LE15 6AH. Call 01572 757124 or visit www.oakhamwines.co.uk.
65
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:37 Page 66
- RESTAURANT OF THE YEAR -
WIN FREE MEALS OUT ...with Pride’s Restaurant of the Year Awards 2016! Words: Rob Davis.
66
We’re seeking your help to find Stamford and Rutland’s very best restaurants. In return, we’re offering the chance to win free meals out in 2017, as we launch this year’s Restaurant of the Year competition...
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:38 Page 67
Main: Toad in the Hole Sean Hope style, at The Olive Branch. Clipsham. Left: Hambleton Hall was named one of our three Restaurants of the Year .
Dine out for free in 2017, as we once more invite you to nominate your favourite restaurant, bistro or coffee shop and to name your ‘food hero.’
It’s time to launch our annual Restaurant of the Year competition, and the way it works is simple. We ask our readers for vote for Stamford and Rutland’s best restaurants and food related businesses, then randomly select one of our readers to enjoy free dining our at our six prize partner restaurants throughout 2017.
“We ask our readers to nominate their favourite restaurants for a very simple reason,” says Rob Davis. “It gives us a much more objective, comprehensive
overview of where our readers like to dine, and frees the awards from any commercial bias.”
“You can vote for any restaurant, regardless of whether they advertise or not, and because our readers are based right across the county, and have a wide range of budgets, we’ll see entries from all over Stamford and Rutland, from village pubs to fine dining restaurants.”
“As always, we’ve divided up our awards into three categories. We’re seeking nominations for our readers’ Restaurant of the Year, for our flagship award. These can be pubs, restaurants and hotels offering daytime and evening dining.” >>
WE’VE THREE CATEGORIES FOR YOU TO VOTE IN RESTAURANT OF THE YEAR, BISTRO OR COFFEE SHOP OF THE YEAR AND ‘FOOD HERO’
Above: Brian Baker’s chocolate fondant at Lyddington’s Marquess of Exeter. Above/Left: Kilworth House, Leicestershire.
>>
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:38 Page 68
Main: Hambleton Hall. Centre: Sean Hope of Clipsham’s Olive Branch was named our Food Hero last year.
>> “Good food needn’t be expensive; it just needs to be well-executed, with local ingredients and a good dining environment. For that reason we’re not simply seeking the county’s ‘posh’ restaurants, but pub restaurants too.”
profiled our partner restaurants opposite for a sneak preview of where you could be dining next year. “Our Restaurant of the Year competition is one of my favourite features,” says Rob. “I look forward to counting the votes each year and always enjoy the diversity of nominations.”
“Next, we’re seeking nominations for our Bistro or Coffee Shop of the year category. These are venues which offer lighter bites, casual dining or simply the chance to enjoy coffee and a slice of cake.”
“And finally, we ask our readers to nominate a county ‘food hero.’ This can be a local farmer, food producer or a chef who goes out of their way to be a good ambassador for the county’s dining community or local
“They serve to provide us with suggestions for future features in our magazines and help us to keep in mind which restaurants are valued by our readers.”
food producers, someone who’s passionate about the county in which they live and work, and about quality food and drink.”
When our nominations are collated, we’ll award three awards in each category, and reveal the results in our January edition. Each winner will receive a plaque to display outside their business, too.
In addition, we’ll select one reader from our Lincolnshire magazine and one reader from our Rutland magazine to enjoy meals out at one of our six partner restaurants.
Each meal is for two diners, with alcohol at the discretion of each venue, and we’ve 68
You can vote by post, simply by filling out the form overleaf, or you can visit our website to cast your vote electronically. >>
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:38 Page 69
- RESTAURANT OF THE YEAR -
Main: The White Horse at Baston and its main dining room.
Dine Out for Free in 2017
VOTE FOR YOUR FAVOURITE RESTAURANT, AND YOU COULD WIN FREE DINING OUT AT THE FOLLOWING RESTAURANTS...
The Cherry House, Werrington
The Crown Hotel, Stamford
Owned by Andrew Corrigan and set in a beautiful 400 year old thatched cottage, you’ll enjoy a beautiful setting and fine dining just a stone’s throw from Peterborough at the excellent Cherry House.
There are five venues in the Knead Pubs group, including the Lord Nelson, profiled in this edition. However, we love Stamford’s Crown Hotel in particular for its character, funky interior, and excellent dining.
Church St, Werrington, Peterborough PE4 6QF
01733 571721 www. cherryhouse restaurant.co.uk
All Saints Place, Stamford PE9 2AG
01780 763136 www.kneadpubs.co.uk /our-pubs/the-crown-hotel
The White Horse, at Baston
The Finch’s Arms, Hambleton
Loch Fyne Seafood Restaurant, Elton
Formerly a farmhouse, Barnsdale Lodge was converted by Thomas Noel in 1989 and has since gained a reputation for relaxed luxury. Excellent dining in the garden room, with a warm welcome guaranteed.
We love The White Horse at Baston for its relaxed approach to quality dining. Ben & Germaine Larter preside over a beautifully refurbished whose food output is both creative and flawlessly executed.
The Finch’s Arms is a 17th century pub restaurant enjoying an enviable position on the Hambleton peninsula. The pub serves everything from barn snacks to three course meals, and use only fresh local ingredients.
The Loch Fyne Restaurant in Elton used to be an old dairy and boasts a great rustic but classy feel. Just 10 minutes outside Peterborough. The restaurant has an à la carte menu of fresh and seasonal dishes.
The Avenue, Exton, Oakham LE15 8AH
01572 724678 www.barnsdale lodge.co.uk
Church St, Baston, Peterborough PE6 9PE
01778 560923 www.thewhitehorse baston.co.uk
The Old Dairy, Elton, Cambs PE8 6SH
01832 280298 www.lochfyne seafoodandgrill.co.uk
n By voting for your food hero, favourite coffee shop or bistro and nominating your Restaurant of the Year, you’ll automatically be entered into our prize draw to win dining out at each of our partner restaurants in 2017. Cast your vote by filling in the form over the page, or vote online at www.pridemagazines.co.uk. 69
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:38 Page 70
- RESTAURANT OF THE YEAR -
$ Welcome to Rutland Pride Magazine’s food awards, in which we want our readers to nominate their favourite restaurant, bistro/coffee shop and the county’s ‘Food Hero.’ This entry form will ensure your vote is counted, and in return, we’ll pick one reader at random to win meals out at our partner restaurants in 2017...
1
Vote for your favourite restaurant, and a favourite bistro or coffee shop below. We’d also like you to nominate a ‘Food Hero’ — perhaps a butcher, baker, food producer, chef or similar: Restaurant of the Year (name & location):............................................ ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... Bistro/Coffee Shop of the Year (name & location): ............................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... Food Hero of the Year (inc. reason for your nomination): .................... ........................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................
$
...........................................................................................................
70
Terms & Conditions: One entry per household. Photocopies/multiple entries will not be counted. Competition is available to anyone in the county or surrounding area. You must not be personally or professionally allied with nominations. Votes received for each venue will be counted up to determine the eventual three winners for each category and seven runners-up. The Editor’s decision as to our competition winners is final and further terms and conditions may apply.
2
Please provide your name, address, and telephone number (we will need to contact you if you’re our lucky winner!):
Name: ................................................................................................ Address: ............................................................................................. ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................
3
Postcode:............................................................................................ Telephone:.......................................................................................... Send your entry to: Rutland Pride Restaurant of the Year Awards 2016, Pride Magazines, Elm Grange Studios, East Heckington, Boston, Lincolnshire PE20 3QF.
We’ll pick one voter at random to win complimentary meals in 2017. If one of your nominations wins, we may want to quiz you on why you voted for them!
Alternatively, you can vote on our website by visiting
www.pridemagazines.co.uk/vote
Closing Date: Tuesday 1st November 2016
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:38 Page 71
71
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:38 Page 72
THE BEST
CHRISTMAS
PARTIES
Save yourself the work on Christmas Day and enjoy time with the family, or organise your office bash, courtesy of our roundup of festive restaurant offerings.. Words: Rob Davis
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:38 Page 73
- CHRISTMAS PARTIES -
‘Tis the season to celebrate in the county this month, as Rutland’s pubs and restaurants reveal their special menus and packages designed to entice festive diners.
Enjoy Rutland’s Olive Branch, the Michelin starred pub restaurant in the pretty village of Clipsham, as the talents of Sean Hope and his brigade host a menu for the festive season. Available for hire is The Barn, a private dining room for festive functions, and Beech House, providing six beautifully appointed letting rooms if you’d prefer to say over (01780 410355, www.theolivebranchpub.com).
Alternatively, celebrate the season with colleagues or friends at The Woodhouse Arms, and enjoy this pretty quality pub restaurant’s open fires and rustic charm. Christmas dining via a dedicated menu provides a choice of four starters, five main courses and four desserts, for £16.50/two courses; £19.95/three courses (01778 590614, www.thewoodhousearms.co.uk). No3 The Yard, as featured in this edition, was formerly known as Jim’s Yard and is hidden away just off Ironmonger Street, conveniently located in town. Festive menus and Christmas offers will be available as Pride goes to press, but this is a great in-town restaurant under the ownership of Simon McEnery and Head Chef Tim Luff (01780 756 080, www.no3theyard.co.uk).
Meanwhile, Baston’s White Horse provides Festive dining near Stamford. Christmas parties can be easily accommodated, with a choice of four starters, main courses and desserts for £20/two courses, £24/three courses. Christmas Day dining, too, is a six course treat including amuse bouche and palate cleaner for £69.95/head (01778 560923, www.thewhitehorsebaston.co.uk).
Dine in style this winter at The Cherry House. This 400 year old cottage on a former cherry farm just a stone’s throw from Peterborough. Christmas menus are due to be finalised as Pride goes to press, but with a convenient location, private dining provision and the very best chefcraft, we can
certainly recommend the place for both Christmas and New Year dining (01733 571721, www.cherryhouserestaurant.co.uk).
Christmas in Duddington means enjoying the hospitality of The Royal Oak. Pre-Christmas bash £29.95/three courses on Friday 25th November and Friday 2nd December. Christmas party nights £37.95/three courses, and Christmas Day lunch £75/adults. Menus are now available to view online (01780 444267, www.theroyaloakduddington.com). Great Bowden’s brilliantly styled gastro pub, The Red Lion, was profiled in our last edition. Less than half an hour from Oakham and Uppingham, and established for over two years with an innovative brigade in the kitchen, The Red Lion is a great Christmas proposition with menus now available to view online (01858 463571, www.redlion-greatbowden.co.uk). Finally, Rutland Water Golf Course’s dedicated marquee-lined barn is available for functions and Christmas parties, and the venue will be hosting Christmas party nights throughout the season. A new addition is six letting rooms for those seeking to stay over and of course, there are beautiful views over the water, too (call 01572 737525, or see www.rutlandwatergolfcourse.co.uk). >>
FOR FIRST CLASS DINING IN YOUR HOME OR OFFICE...
If the thought of entertaining fills you with dread, make things easy and enlist the help of outside caterer Sarah Rivett, The Rutland Gourmet. Based in Morcott, Sarah can cater for between 10 to 1,000 covers, either in or own home, in your place or work, or even in a marquee. She’s fully mobile with a whole host of outside catering equipment, and can create anything from canapés, to buffets, hog roasts or three course meals. 01572 747909, www.rutlandgourmet.co.uk
Five Way to Ensure Festive Cheer 1. Easier Entertaining: Use any of our suppliers and you’ll enjoy great quality food without the hassle. They’re not only great for office parties and suchlike, but for avoiding lots of work catering for the family on Christmas Day! 2. A Better Atmosphere: If you’ve a smaller workplace, take a part to a party and graft your festivities onto a party night at a larger venue, for a better atmosphere.
3. Avoid Disappointment: Think it’s too early to begin Christmas party planning? We beg to differ! Many dates are already becoming booked up, so organise your festive entertaining as soon as possible!
4. Think About Transport: Don’t just book your venue early - think about transport too, especially later in the evening when taxis may already be pre-booked. 5. Accommodation: Over the page we’ve recommendations for venues with festive accommodation for offices with staff who live all over the county.
73
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 07/09/2016 08:59 Page 74
- CHRISTMAS ACCOMMODATION -
The Crown Hotel, Stamford... Festive Party menus are now available for Stamford’s Crown Hotel, part of the Knead Pubs group, and 28-room sister hotel to the Lord Nelson pub featured in this edition.
Hambleton Hall...
One of Rutland’s finest country house hotel offers log fires, beautiful Christmas trees and sensational Christmas decorations as well as a festive menu available for parties wishing to celebrate the season. Dine Sunday to Thursday at £60/head and enjoy four courses delivered via the talented Aaron Patterson. 01572 756991, www.hambletonhall.co.uk
CHRISTMAS PARTIES AT BARNSDALE LODGE
Christmas is always a pleasure at Barnsdale Lodge, with festive party nights in December, and a festive lunch menu. Other offers to be confirmed as Pride goes to press. Christmas menus and offers are available to download from the hotel’s website now, with early booking strongly recommended. 01572 724678, www.barnsdalelodge.co.uk
Private dining rooms available, with a dedicated festive party menu for £22.95/two courses; £28.95/three courses. Christmas Day lunch is also available with a dedicated menu; £80/head. 01780 763136 www.kneadpubs.co.uk
RUSHTON HALL...
Party nights are now available at the beautiful Rushton Hall, from 2nd December until 22nd December, £55/head. Also available, Christmas afternoon teas, Christmas Eve dining (£55/three courses), Christmas Day dining £125/six courses) and New Year’s Eve gourmet dinner £140/person. Christmas brochure now online. 01536 713001, www.rushtonhall.com
KILWORTH HOUSE...
Festive afternoon teas are now available at Kilworth House from £35/person, festive lunches from £32/two courses, £38/three courses, and three course festive dinners from £38/person. Dine on Christmas Day for £150/head including Champagne reception, and a sublime six course lunch. Enjoy Kilworth’s beautiful setting and stunning winter parkland. 01858 880058, www.kilworthhouse.co.uk
n Look out for each of our featured restarant and hotels’ festive offers in this edition of Pride - and book early to avoid disappointment. Don’t forget, we’ve eating out recommendations each month in Pride - and if you’ve particularly enjoyed a meal somewhere recently, don’t forget to vote in our Restaurant of the Year Awards! 74
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:38 Page 75
75
1s Sat Open t O ur s cto day be r
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 07/09/2016 08:56 Page 76
Christmas begins with a trip to
Gates Garden Centre
Browse through over 3,000sqft of Christmas decorations and 12 themed displays... Choose from the many inspiring gift ideas for the whole family… Meet Santa and his Elves in our magical winter grotto (from end of Nov)... Enjoy festive dining by the log burner in our cosy, 360-seat Garden Restaurant...
Somerby Road, Cold Overton, Oakham LE15 7QB 01664 454309 • gatesgardencentre.co.uk Open Seven Days a Week • Free Parking
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:38 Page 77
- CHRISTMAS GIFTS -
GIFTS s a m t s i r h C
Celebrate the season and give your loved one a gift they’ll treasure courtesy of the county’s best independent retailers. This month we’ve asked them to suggest thoughtful gifts for ladies, gents and younger members of the family too... Above: Lambswool scarf from Sinclairs of Stamford, pearl necklace from You & Beyond, The Rutland Notebook and a pear green Watson jacket from Butler Stewart.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:39 Page 78
- CHRISTMAS GIFTS -
Earrings Vivienne Westwood Glitzy Jordan Earring in gold vintage rose from You & Beyond, £95, 01780 755996, www.youandbeyond.co.uk.
Vintage Cushions created from old Kilim or rugs, 40cm2 £40, from Oakham Rugs, The Maltings, 01572 724441, www.oakhamorientalrugs.co.uk.
Fine Art The Perfect Summer’s Day by Sherree Valentine Daines, framed price £795, 01572 722790, www.trentgalleries.co.uk.
Barbour Scarf, Tartan 100% Lambswool Scarf in Grey, 25cm x 180cm, Sinclairs of Stamford £27.95, 01780 765 421, www.sinclairsonline.co.uk.
Plate Emma Bridgewater Joy Robin Cake Plate from Sarah Harding Interiors, £49.95. 01572 823389, www.sarahhardinginteriors.co.uk.
Necklace by Nour of London £95.99 AW16 collection at Duo Boutique in Oakham 01572 722116 www.duoboutique.co.uk.
Watch Ladies Bering Time rose watch from Maude’s Jewellers, £149, 01205 367959, www.maudesthejewellers.co.uk.
Cushion Designed by Hannah Dale from Wrendale Designs, £34.99, 01664 454309, www.gatesgardencentre.co.uk.
Notebook The Rutland Notebook, made in Stamford, leather, available in nine colours, £19.95, 01780 762550, www.stamfordnotebooks.co.uk.
Mug Set Emma Bridgewater We Three Kings two half pint mug set boxed, £39.95, 01572 823389, www.sarahhardinginteriors.co.uk.
Necklace by Treaty £42.99. Handmade, antique silver plated at Duo Boutique in Oakham 01572 722116 www.duoboutique.co.uk.
78
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 06/09/2016 09:30 Page 79
RutlandPride Rutland ide Pride RutlandPr SEPT 2016
RY OF CH THE HISTO N CHUR NORMANTO
AUG 2016
WINE TASTING AT ORD &BRANCH THE OLIVE STAMF ND COVERINGE OF RUTLA THE WHOL
THE GARDENS OF ELTON HALL
THE WHOLE OF RUTLAND JUL Y 2016 COVERING STAMFORD &
EXCLUSI VE PHO 2016’S RUTLAN TOS D SHOOF W
SMITH ELIO BOLLYW OOD T’S BASH
COV THE ERING STAM
WHOLE FORD T H E L I F E S T Y L E M A £G3A. Z INE FOR HIGH QUALITY HOMES £3.70 OF RUT 70 & THE LAND S LIFE HOME STY ALITY LE M GH QU AGA FASHION OR HI ZINE INE F THE INT AGAZ FOR ERVIEW YLE M HIG IFEST H Q THE L UAL ITY HOM ES ION £ 3.70 FASH
try clothing d The counate d in Rutlan brand crein August Eating Out Branch & Olive
The Hotel... The Crown
D RUTLAN two... POLO IN a chukka or
Page 58
Sir A Dun our Fulan ture in can on the EU. ..
Featured Restaurants
The Red Lion & Corby Glen’s Woodhouse Arms
Page Page xx xx
ART & CRAFTS Glass Artist and artisan tableware Page Page xx xx
MAN’S BEST FRIEND Dog Photography with John Ferrett
ANGE LA HARD
Bird Art ING the villa ist based in ge of Win g...
Page 154
SHAK ESPEAR IN STAM E
Tolethorp FORD e the 40th ann iversaryatre’s ...
Eating Out in Page 47
July The M Exeter, arquess of Lydding & Kilw orth Ho ton use
Daniel Made Rutland iew inFood Lambe Celebrating & Part of ng VDrink rt of Stam our quirk A Stunthenivas t sunny Produced Locally yA fo Page xx
LOCAL FOOD
the Enjoyings of Deene Park parterre
Page 60
Page xx
rd & Ru -Z tland...
This This Month: We set sail onfor theOspreys 20th anniversary osprey cruise... Looking out on a Rutland Belle twilight cruise... Month: Welcome Home to a wate pictures... - exclusive rside coun Farmers’ Ball try hom more Hunt’s e in Edit : The Cottes h West on... This Month
Rutland Pride Gift Subscription £29.50/12 months, £14.75/six months. 01529 469977, www.pridemagazines.co.uk
Handbag by Abro in oxblood. Removable shoulder strap. Also available in grey £165, CoCo, Oakham. 01572 757646, www.cocooakham.co.uk.
Mug Emma Bridgewater Robins in a Starry Night Tiny Mug boxed, £12.95, 01572 823389, www.sarahhardinginteriors.co.uk.
GIFT VOUCHER
Our gift voucher of the month is from John Ferrett at John Ferrett Photography. He’s giving a huge discount for clients who mention the magazine... Hampers created to order from £50-£200, from Otters Fine Food of Mill Street, Oakham. 01572 756481, www.ottersfinefoods.co.uk.
Pearl Necklace White topaz and freshwater pearl mounted on Sterling Silver by Jersey Pearl, £160, 01780 755996, www.youandbeyond.co.uk.
Ankle Boots by Paul Green at CoCo, Oakham. Navy suede with block heel, £150. 01572 757646, www.cocooakham.co.uk.
Portrait Sitting with Rutland Photographic Studio, Oakham, £95 inc free framed 10 x 8” print. 01572 868485, www.rutlandphotographic.uk.
John Ferrett Photography - £50 Voucher If you have a relative who adores their pet, the perfect gift for them would be a pet photography voucher. Pre-book a photography session to receive a £50 discount when you mention Rutland Pride on any of John Ferrett’s printing packages. 01522 754274, www.jferrettphotography.com.
79
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 06/09/2016 11:40 Page 80
- CHRISTMAS GIFTS -
Rutland Pies Locally made game, meat, pork or dessert pies delivered anywhere in the UK £call. 01572 722058, www.rutlandpie.co.uk.
Fine Art Blaze IV is an original by Gary Benfield, framed price £1995, from Trent Galleries, 01572 722790, www.trentgalleries.co.uk.
Home Decorations Libra Family Bench from Gates Nurseries giftware department, £69.99, 01664 454309, www.gatesgardencentre.co.uk.
ALL WRAPPED UP
CHRISTMAS TIPS
Traveller’s Journal Made in Stamford, refillable, leather, pocket size £35, medium size £45, 01780 762550, www.stamfordnotebooks.co.uk.
A rotary cutter cuts long straight or decorative edges on wrapping paper. Use it with a ruler to get quick, even cuts; swap out the blades to create decorative pinked and wavy edges. Always use double-sided tape to hide nasty looking streaks of sticky tape.
Dog Collar Dubarry dog collar, £59, from Giles & Bella in Newark, 01636 643733, www.gilesandbella.com.
Colour code your wrapping: Assign each family member a different colour paper, and you won’t even need gift tags.
Prevent wrapping paper from unravelling with kitchen roll tubes.
The secret to a beautifully wrapped box? Not using too much paper, which causes bulky, sloppy folds. Before trimming, wrap the paper around the box - the ends should overlap just a couple of inches.
Tweed Jacket Luxury tailored Watson tweed Jacket in Pear Green with a traditional classic cut, £345, 07941 513650, www.butlerstewart.co.uk.
8080
Hip Flask embossed leather in brown, £44.95 from Sinclairs of Stamford. 01780 765 421, www.sinclairsonline.co.uk.
Silk Ties Butler Stewart do a range of silk ties from £40 made with 100% Italian silk, 07941 513650, www.butlerstewart.co.uk.
Men’s Gift Set A Man’s Ritual set, with shower gel, soap, shaving gel & balm £30, Sinclairs of Stamford. 01780 765 421, www.sinclairsonline.co.uk.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 15:16 Page 81
81
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:39 Page 82
Fit for a
Words: Tilly Wilkinson.
82
This month’s featured property is definitely fit for a king with a tower taking centre stage and commanding views across the countryside and the six acres of landscaped gardens and paddocks that immediately surround the home...
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:39 Page 83
WARREN FARM, AT LITTLE BYTHAM A man’s home is his castle. The saying could not be more accurate for Warren Farm in Little Bytham. The property is a very attractive and striking period house built of stone with a tiled roof and dating from the 1700s.
The farm originally formed part of the Grimsthorpe Estate and, in 1848, Lord Ancaster commissioned an extension to be built with a tower as the centre piece. Another extension was added in 2005.
Sitting on top of raised land, the house commands far reaching views over rolling countryside.
The approach to Warren Farm is via a long sweeping driveway, accessed by electric gates, flanked by parkland fencing. The drive goes through the main paddock.
“A MAN’S HOME IS HIS CASTLE. THE SAYING COULD NOT BE MORE ACCURATE FOR WARREN FARM NEAR GRANTHAM...”
near STAMFORD
Left: The quirky country property has a featured tower commanding views.
A barn to the south of the house has been converted into accommodation often used as a party barn, with a games room as well as a board room.
The barn has a mezzanine floor as well as a shower room and with further conversion, it could create an annex.
Another outbuilding provides a log store and two storerooms, used as an office and a garage. There is a further, more recently built, oak garage block which provides two garages and two carports.
Location: Stamford eight miles, Oakham 14 miles. Style: An 18th century castle with a tower commanding views over the rolling countryside. Bedrooms: Six, three with en suites and one in a separate barn on a mezzanine floor. Receptions: Five, arranged as drawing room, dining room, kitchen breakfast room, sitting room and library. Guide Price: £1,295,000.
As you enter Warren Farm, you’re greeted with a hallway and a drawing room to the left. This room has French doors at both ends, an Ancaster stone fireplace with a Clearview woodburning stove and oak flooring. The dining room is further along the hallway, and again has oak flooring and a woodburning stove. The room leads through to an extensive 83
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:39 Page 84
breakfast kitchen with a scullery and wine cellar coming off it. The kitchen has a four oven Aga, a central island, Fired Earth oak cabinetry and a double Belfast sink.
Above: The kitchen has a four oven Aga and Fired Earth oak cabinetry.
Beyond the kitchen is the extension which occurred in 2005 creating a sitting room with French doors, a wet room, a utility room and a boiler room on the ground floor.
Upstairs, the principal bedroom has an en suite bathroom and there are four further bedrooms, two of which have an en suite, and a family bathroom.
In the centre of the house, and joining the principal bedroom and second bedroom to the rest of the bedrooms, is a library. This is a room that is full of character; you can imagine it in the heart of a castle in the 1700s, used for relaxation after a day’s shooting or travelling the county.
It has a beautiful tartan carpet, floor to ceiling bookshelves surrounding it, a central Clearview woodburning stove and French doors opening onto a small roof terrace with a circular iron staircase leading down to the terrace below. It’s a great little hideaway in the house. The gardens surrounding the house are mainly set to lawn, sectioned by stone walls and mature hedging which lead to various patio areas on different levels.
“IN THE CENTRE OF THE HOUSE IS A LIBRARY. THIS IS A ROOM THAT IS FULL OF CHARACTER; YOU CAN IMAGINE IT IN THE HEART OF A CASTLE IN THE 1700S, A RETREAT AFTER A BUSY DAY...” 84
The home is very horse-friendly. The paddocks, of which there are six, run to the north-west of the house and all have water. There are two wooden stables immediately to the north of the house, which could be used as a good investment opportunity if you’re looking into livery, or simply to keep your own horses in. This is an incredibly beautiful and traditional property, that’s different to the norm. If you’re looking into living the high life, this is the home for you.
Right: One of the living areas, also featuring the same tartan style that is used throughout the house.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:40 Page 85
- RUTLAND HOMES -
“THE HOME IS HORSE-FRIENDLY. THE PADDOCKS, OF WHICH THERE ARE SIX, RUN TO THE NORTH-WEST OF THE HOUSE AND ALL HAVE WATER. THERE ARE ALSO TWO WOODEN STABLES...” Left: The principal bedroom with featured stag wallpapering.
Below: King Arthur’s ‘square table’ in the barns on tartan carpet.
Bottom: The library is at the very centre of the property with tartan carpets too.
n Warren Farm in Little Bytham is currently on the market with Strutt & Parker for £1.3m. Call 01858 438723 or visit the estate agents’ website www.struttandparker.com.
85
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:40 Page 86
86
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:40 Page 87
87
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:40 Page 88
88
LODGE Rushton Hall’s Shooting - RUTLAND HOMES -
Words: Tilly Wilkinson.
88
With immaculate interior design and equally immaculate exteriors, White Lodge in Pipewell is absolutely stunning. It’s situated within the old grounds of Rockingham Forest and is steeped in history dating back to the 19th century...
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:40 Page 89
WHITE LODGE,
PIPEWELL
White Lodge is just over the border in Northamptonshire in Pipewell. It’s one of the smallest hamlets in the county, a secluded country home in the heart of the old grounds of Rockingham Forest.
The home is formally part of the Rushton Hall estate. It’s an impressive Georgian farmhouse built between 1830 and 1850 that has recently gone a full renovation and refurbishment by its current owners. This is so rare with period properties, often featuring outdated and tired interiors.
The property is approached through double gates across a large gravelled driveway with mature trees and gardens laid to lawn with shrubbery borders on either side.
The driveway leads to parking for several vehicles and an attractive timber outbuilding
“THE HOME IS FORMALLY PART OF THE RUSHTON HALL ESTATE, AND WAS BUILT BETWEEN 1830 AND 1850...”
near ROCKINGHAM Above: The duck egg front door contrasts well with the creamy exterior walls.
used as a garage and storage. A further brick built outbuilding allows for additional accommodation and office space whilst the formal garden is to the side with direct access points from the main house leading onto a stone entertaining area and lawned garden. Entering through the front door into the stunning hallway, a door leads into the dining room, historically used for the shooting party luncheons from Rushton Hall, with high ceilings, feature fireplace, and large dual aspect sash windows.
Location: Two miles from Rushton, 11 miles from Uppingham. Style: A beautiful Georgian property in Rockingham Forest, part of the Rushton Hall estate. Bedrooms: Five, two with en suites, one with dressing room. Receptions: Five, including the drawing room, dining room, dining breakfast kitchen, family room, and office in an external outbuilding. Guide Price: £1,050,000.
The wonderfully spacious and light filled drawing room again boasts a feature fireplace and large bay window. Another door from the hallway leads to the beautiful dining kitchen with bespoke cabinetry, range cooker, solid wood and granite work surfaces and triple aspect windows and doors leading to the garden and outdoor entertaining area.
89
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:40 Page 90
>> This room in turn leads through to the family room with original beamed ceilings.
Above: The kitchen has a range cooker and beautifully designed bespoke cabinetry.
Steps from the hallway lead down to the fully refurbished cellar, currently used as a work space and storage. The main staircase rises to the first floor where the master bedroom takes advantage of the stunning bay window with a dramatic view, dressing room and ensuite shower room.
Of the four remaining double bedrooms, two have dual aspect windows and one has an en suite shower room. There’s also a family bathroom with a bath and shower on the first floor.
In the grounds of the home, there is a stunning natural wildflower meadow of almost two acres, secured and bounded by both hedging and post and rail fencing and currently mown to provide for pathways winding through the natural vegetation, all with an open aspect across the surrounding countryside.
This area provides a natural habitat for all kinds of wildlife which includes brown hares and a variety of birds. It has the potential for a variety of uses and if you’ve equestrian interests, it could be reverted back to a paddock, which is what it was originally, if necessary.
As it’s part of the Rushton Hall estate, any guests you may not be able to cater for, can stay in the luxury rooms available in the Rushton Hall Hotel, and you can enjoy spa and expert dining facilities right on your doorstep. In addition to Rushton, there’s also nearby Kelmarsh Hall and Rockingham Castle, both open to the public with a range of events on throughout the year such as jazz nights, painting workshops, International Horse Trials and Country Shows.
“IN THE GROUNDS OF THE HOME, THERE IS A STUNNING NATURAL WILDFLOWER MEADOW White Lodge is the perfect home if you’re OF ALMOST TWO ACRES, WITH MOWN PATHWAYS looking for seclusion without being too far RUNNING THROUGH THE VEGETATION...” away from the luxuries in life. 90
Right: The living room has an open fireplace.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:40 Page 91
- RUTLAND HOMES -
“AS IT’S PART OF THE RUSHTON HALL ESTATE, YOU CAN ENJOY SPA AND EXPERT DINING FACILITIES RIGHT ON YOUR DOORSTEP, OR THE LUXURIES AVAILABLE AT NEARBY ROCKINGHAM CASTLE...” Left: The principal bedroom has beautiful views over the gardens.
Below: There are two dining rooms in the home, one in the kitchen area.
Bottom: The main bathroom is modern and designed for practicality.
n White Lodge in Pipewell is on the market with Fine & Country for just over £1m. Visit the estate agents’ website www.fineandcountry.com or call 01522 287008 for more info.
91
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:40 Page 92
Creative Touch INTERIORS & DESIGN BESPOKE SOFT FURNISHINGS, MADE IN OUR OWN WORKROOM
Beautifully Bespoke Curtains, Blinds & Accessories, Wallpaper, Paint, Carpets and Lighting...
01778 345777 www.creativetouchinteriors.co.uk | [email protected]
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:40 Page 93
93
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:40 Page 94
FLOWER
POWER
This season the county’s smartest homes will benefit from a floral makeover and soft pastels thanks to new fabric and wallcovering collections from leading brands. We’ve sought the expertise of Uppingham’s Sarah Harding Interiors to find out more... Words: Rob Davis.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:40 Page 95
- HOMES -
Uppingham based Sarah Harding Interiors has been established for over 15 years, but that doesn’t mean the interiors specialist and creator of bespoke soft furnishings has run out of ideas. Fresh collections from leading names and continued innovation from suppliers of fabrics and wallcoverings, such as Designer’s Guild, Zoffany and Jane Churchill, ensures that anyone can find inspiration in Sarah’s studio. “We love to create bespoke curtains, bespoke sofas & chairs, and can supply Main Image: New from Designer’s Guild is Jardin des Plantes. It’s a flowery collection with large, bold wallcovering and fabric prints. Inspiration comes from flowers, butterflies, and birds.
paint and wallcoverings to create your entire room.”
“We think that design should be an empowering process, so we never impose our own will, but rather give our clients the tools and brands they need to enjoy creating their home.” “We’ve some superb new collections, with Designer’s Guild’s Jardin des Plantes currently on display, and new popular collections like Zoffany’s Edo and Villa Nova’s Aymara to help you achieve any look in your home.”
Are You Sitting
COMFORTABLY?
Also seen here (right) is Aymara from Villa Nova. Using pastel colours like duck egg and amber, its linen mix weaves are hard-wearing for country homes, and evoke a hand-crafted, folk art feel. Seen below is Jane Churchill’s Beatrice and Nova cushions in indigo and copper.
Above: Columbus three seater sofa by Covercraft.
Get the Look...
Below/Left: Chatsworth wing chair.
4 Sarah, Viv and the team
at Sarah Harding Interiors can create bespoke furnishings for any room. 4 Be bold with prints. 4 Introduce at least one strong highlight colour.
Above: Chesterfield by Whitehead, covered in a fabric of your choice.
Our featured products and suppliers are all available from Sarah Harding Interiors,
6 Market St, Uppingham, LE15 9QH, 01572 823389, www.sarahhardinginteriors.co.uk. 95
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:40 Page 96
CRAFTING INTERIORS FOR OVER 60 YEARS
Martin Barratt & Tim Swann
KITCHENS - BEDROOMS - STUDIES - STAIRCASES - FURNITURE
96
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:40 Page 97
97
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:40 Page 98
98
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:40 Page 99
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:41 Page 100
- HOMES -
9.
10.
THIS AUTUMN SEES A WEALTH OF QUIRKY NEW PRODUCTS ARRIVING AT ELIZABETH AND STEVENS - WITH INSPIRING ITEMS FOR YOUR HOME AND UNIQUE GIFTS TOO...
From unique and thoughtful gifts, to impressive items for your home, a visit to Elizabeth & Stevens is always worth a visit, but with new deliveries of quirky items for Autumn, we particularly recommend a visit this month.
From large ironwork and gates or stone sculptures for larger properties to antique and reclaimed furniture, and sofas, right down to cushions, throws and the smallest finishing touches, the retailer has an eclectic mix of items. If you’re looking for the perfect finishing touch for your room, an unusual gift for a friend or a way to add interest to your garden as part of your winter landscaping the retailer is certainly worth a visit!
11.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:41 Page 101
5.
6.
7.
1. ‘To the Moon and Back’ battery powered illuminated hanging £35. 2. Cow hide from a selection £call. 3. Rule Britannia and Pug cushions £28/ea. 4. Boston Terrier in resin £24.50, approx 50cm. 5. Noir open bookcase measuring approx 2m x 3m £2,300. 6. Chanel and perfume prints on quality card, 30cm x 40cm by Ros Shiers £24.99/ea. 7. Crystal and diamanté glasses £38.50/set four. 8. T-Rex replica wall mount in hand-painted resin £110, approx 50cm tall. 9. Bronze prancing horse £299. 10. Trio of clocks, not to scale, illuminated Westminster 1m dia, £375; faux metal numeral clock
45cm £23; chrome and metal Dublin clock £75. 11. Faux fur throw in silver £175.50. 12. Chesterfield sofa in charcoal vintage Italian leather 216cm x 70cm x 78cm £1,900. 13. Large cockerel, approx 1.5m tall, £164. 14. Stone lion, 2m long, for outdoor £call/pair. 15. GR/ER restored postboxes, various colours £call; postbox money box £15. 16. Resin parrot, UV protected for outdoor or indoor £145. 17. Antique dowry chest 117cm x 70cm x 78cm £1,500. 18. Leather/nickel hurricane lamp £50; timber hurricane lamp 57.50; XL candle with five wicks £49.99. n
17.
15.
18.
n Featured items available from Elizabeth & Stevens, The Showrooms, A1, Markham Moor Retford DN22 0QU. Call 01636 822000 or see www.elizabethandstevens.com.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:41 Page 102
102
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:41 Page 103
103
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:41 Page 104
OUNDLE CARPETS & CURTAINS –––– the elegant way to choose –––– CARPETS, WOOD & VINYL FLOORING. READY MADE AND HAND MADE CURTAINS AND BLINDS. ALL FOR HOME & BUSINESS PREMISES
Unit 5 Eastwood Road, Oundle, Peterborough PE8 4DF Carpets - 01832 275009 / Curtains - 01832 273078 www.oundlecarpetsandcurtains.co.uk SHOWROOMS OPEN 6 DAYS A WEEK
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:41 Page 105
105
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:41 Page 106
- GRANITE EARTH -
Worktops
By worktop specialists Granite Earth
Purchasing a new kitchen or giving it a makeover can be costly. Using a kitchen retailer can be simple but expensive, and they can’t always offer the extensive range of stone worktops that are available in the market. Granite Earth cuts out the middle man by installing beautifully crafted worktops direct to you and on budget... Words: Tilly Wilkinson. 106
The kitchen is generally the hub of the home. Families use this room the most whether it’s for a bowl of cereal in the morning, a glass of wine at night, or cooking a roast on a Sunday afternoon. This is why when you want to give your kitchen a new look it’s important to choose the right worktop. Granite Earth are specialists in granite, Quartz and Corian worktops for all styles and budgets. They know exactly what surface would best suit your kitchen and your family, they offer highly competitive pricing and an experienced team that can make the order process very simple. Granite Earth are gold fabricators for Silestone, Cosentino, the leading quartz manufacturer, this product comes with 25 years manufacturer warranty. Even their Cosentino branded Sensa range of granite comes with 10 years warranty, which is most unusual for a granite/natural stone surface. Richard Allen is the Sales Manager of the family-run Grantham based business. “We can offer any kind of worktop you’re looking for; if we don’t have it, we can get it,” says Richard. “There’s nothing we can’t offer the range really is that extensive.”
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 107
SEE WHAT THE Customers HAD TO SAY... “I am very pleased with the communications that took place before ordering and the service throughout. I have a stunning Silestone Quartz work surface that I am more than happy with. Richard and his team were very professional and knowledgable.” “I researched other companies and Granite Earth provided a very competitive quote. I would highly recommend them. Very quick turnaround once ordered.” Mrs McCulloch, Chalton Bedfordshire
“Kitchen retailers use specialists like us to supply and fit work surfaces for their projects.”
“We can also offer our services directly to the client, saving them money and making them more aware of the products out there.”
that looks great and is virtually bullet proof. See website for details.
Perhaps your kitchen doesn’t need a complete makeover but the surfaces are now marked and are in desperate need of replacement. Granite Earth can upgrade the kitchen worktops to granite, quartz or Corian with their worktop replacement service, were they remove and dispose of your old outdated worktops!
Richard and the rest of the team at Granite Earth know exactly what will work well with “Send your kitchen plan and worktop preferences across, and we will recommend kitchen designs, and the best worktop what worktop will based on your withstand day-to-day design and budget. “THERE’S NO KIND OF family life. We first template SURFACE THAT GRANITE “Kitchen companies your design on site EARTH CAN’T OFFER; may pledge allegiance and then use the to a particular THE RANGE REALLY IS latest manufacturing quartz or Acrylic technology to fabricate THAT EXTENSIVE...” solid surface brand your worktops for the and have a very perfect fit! Template limited granite range, to final fitting is normally around one week. whereas we can advise on a number of brands and see what suits your budget. n Richard and his team at Granite Earth are fitting work surfaces throughout the surrounding areas. We also specialise in Dekton surfaces now Their Showroom is by appointment only call for too. It’s a revolutionary new 20mm thick further information 01636 629091 and visit ceramic product for kitchen work surfaces www.graniteearth.co.uk. 107
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 108
108
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 109
LISHED TAB ES
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 110
All images shown are from recent QKS installations.
Our Vision...
FROM DESIGN TO BUILD Company A Local The Showroom, Unit 4, Priory Industry, Cherryholt Lane, Stamford PE9 2EQ
01780 756666 • www.qks-ltd.co.uk Est 1 981 - 35 Years
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 111
CREATIVITY FOR YOU - From the initial consultation
WORKING AS ONE - We really do believe in the
LIVING THE DREAM - Your dream becomes our
through to construction, we share an aspiration of
concept of the word “Team” – together everyone
passion. We will leave no stone unturned to create
building exquisite things – a visual concept that goes
achieves more.
the perfect addition to your home, exactly as you
further than bricks and mortar. It’s the inimitable relationship that allows us to create your project. Creating your vision should be inspirational and stress free – from design to build we are here to make your dream become a reality. DESIGN - Our concept of design and build goes beyond the aesthetic appeal. It encompasses beauty and also importantly durability.
visualise it. You can rest assured, safe in the All members of our staff pride themselves on complet-
knowledge, that we share the same desire as you.
ing the design to build process in the most efficient and professional manner with the result of providing
READY TO GO - Sharing your dream with us allows
you with the complete service.
us to work alongside you, covering every detail, whether large or small, to ensure the build process
We are proud to have our own in-house designers,
is as smooth and trouble free as you would expect.
surveyors, architects, builders, electrician, in fact,
Planning is the key to our success.
we have everything covered under one roof. We work together out of a shared belief in what we do.
HOW DO YOU DEFINE QUALITY? - In our book, quality is defined as the best products and services
We will never settle for second best – our team work
PUTTING YOU FIRST - The journey always starts
to fit your budget. We will tailor the build to provide
tirelessly to meet the standards you expect.
with you. It’s your project, your vision. So before
you with the finest designs and concepts at a price
Understanding a brand before designing for its audience
we can start any design work, we make sure we
you can afford. We never compromise quality. Our
is key to the success of a project.
know what you have in mind.
prices may not be the cheapest on the market, how-
Our highly skilled team are always on hand throughout
With over 35 years’ experience, we have the
the process to offer our professional advice and care
know-how to get it right to industry standards –
for your design. You become a fundamental part of
we build what we design. We strive to keep a leading
the design process, with access to everyone involved.
edge against our competitors and work closely with
In other words, you will be part of the team!
quality suppliers to provide the best for you.
ever, our value for money, we believe, is unmatchable. Put us to the test... you’ll be pleasantly surprised!
111
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 112
Bridging The Property Knowledge Gap Professional property finder Kate Vincent discusses latest trends in the local property market and what key factors buyers are considering
In recent weeks market conditions, both nationally and locally, have changed as a result of the EU referendum outcome triggering a ‘pause for thought’ amongst some buyers. In many cases this pause comes as a result of the confusion and concern about what is really going on in the market, further fuelled by conflicting media reports. The question being asked Buyers are acutely aware that they can only spend every pound once and accordingly in a period of market volatility are questioning; will the house I buy today be worth less tomorrow? In reality, nobody can give a reliable answer at the present time, but it is reasonable to assume that longer term some downward pressure on prices is inevitable as uncertainty takes its toll on confidence. However, there are currently limited factors to create significant price falls, unless a rise in forced sellers causes stock levels of homes for sale to increase rapidly. Buyers who are prepared to commit to a purchase under these conditions will find less competition, more choice and will be in a position to benefit from the upside, as and when confidence returns.
What can we learn from history? It is widely accepted that the property market moves in cycles and any rational buyer wants to pay as little as possible, and any seller wants to achieve the top price possible for their home. However, timing can be everything in terms of making the right property move. The graph shows us that whilst the rate of price growth has fluctuated during periods of market uncertainty, the average price of property has risen almost without a break for the past 20 years. Even under the extreme circumstances of the Global Financial Crisis the UK market proved resilient, bouncing back after a period of weakness.
Kate Vincent Garrington
by 11% in the latter stages of the recession in January 2009. However, by early 2016, prices for this ‘average’ property have increased significantly to £474,000, 49% higher than 7 years earlier. This further underlines how periods of volatility can create opportunity for property buyers considering medium to longterm ownership.
With news that rents are rising at roughly double the rate of wage inflation and with the Bank of England having recently reduced the base rate to a new historical low of 0.25%, the financial logic supporting property ownership in all of its forms appears stronger than ever.
Irrespective of future immigration policies created by Brexit, demand for homes in the UK is severely outstripping the supply of property being constructed and the cross-party Economic Affairs Committee recently released their report ‘Building More Homes’ which concluded that the Government’s target of 150,000 new homes per annum needs to be doubled to meet the nations’ demand for homes.
The country will undoubtedly be going through a period of significant change over the next few years which will create threats and opportunities. For the well informed property purchaser willing to adopt a medium to long term view on property ownership, the months ahead are likely to present an interesting and historical window of opportunity.
Where to from here? As any good financial advisor will tell you; past performance does not guarantee future performance, but despite four General Elections and eight milestone political or economic events, the property market returns to status quo after the initial shock effect as each event passes.
Navigating unchartered waters Buying a property in times of uncertainty can be disconcerting due to ‘fear of the unknown’ and the knowledge gap of how best to approach a purchase. In such circumstances the first and most important step is for buyers to surround themselves with the right advisors who can provide objective advice tailored around individual circumstances.
By way of example at a more local level, a detached property bought in central Stamford in early 2005 (just before the General Election) would have cost on average, approximately £352,000, but this would have dropped in value If you would like further information about how Garrington can save you money and time either locally or across the UK on your next property purchase contact Kate Vincent: Tel: 01780 408377 Or visit: www.garringtoneastmidlands.co.uk. Additionally, if you would like to receive copies of our market research, then please email ‘subscribe’ to [email protected]
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 113
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 114
- PROPERTY INVESTMENT -
We all dream of a place in the sun. But construction businessman David Jagger, who comes from Woodhall Spa, turned that dream into reality with the creation of his second home in Florida.
A High Flying PROPERTY If you’re seeking a place in the sun, and a property investment, local businessman David Jagger has a compelling suggestion in the form of his Florida home which he’s offering for sale to a Lincolnshire based family... Words & Images: Julie Fetko.
114
“Professionally, I’ve alway been in the construction industry, but in my personal life I’ve a long-standing appreciation for planes,” says David. “I gained my pilot’s license in 1977 and would fly from a private airstrip I created near Woodhall.”
David’s interests in property and aviation intersected on a visit to Florida, where a friend had recently created a home on a plot known as Eagle’s Nest. Adjacent was a new development, the Mount Royal Airpark, and with his interest piqued, David purchased a plot and began to realise his dream of a property in the Florida sun.
“I purchased the land six years ago and had my architect in Lincolnshire draw up the plans for the perfect holiday home. It took around three months to build, and the result is a really wonderful holiday home that we’ve visited ever since.” With fewer opportunities to travel abroad these days, David is offering the fully furnished property for sale, and believes it will appeal especially to former pilots and RAF personnel living in Lincolnshire and the surrounding area. The airpark’s 3,000ft paved runway provides easy access, and as the
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 115
property, near Welaka, is located on St John’s River, it’s ideal for those with an interest in boating, too. “The estate has over 100 homes; around half for permanent residents and half created as holiday homes. It’s a superb location not just in terms of the landscaping, with lush foliage and mature oak woodland, but because of its accessibility too.”
Left: Lincolnshire businessman David’s property was created in 2008 on the Mount Royal Airpark, with its aviation facilities. Above: The property comprises three bedrooms, two en suites, a living room, kitchen and screen room.
“The property is around an hour and a half to two hours from the attractions of Disneyworld, Cape Canaveral and Daytona, and only an hour or so from Orlando International airport. This ensures regular flights with Virgin via Manchester Airport.
David’s brief to his architect was to create a comfortable home with three bedrooms, two en suites, and a screen room for enjoying the Florida sunshine. A kitchen diner and lounge area provides plenty of additional living space whilst the creation of a hangar ensures that families and those with a special interest in aviation can make best use of its location.
“IT’S A GREAT PROPERTY BUT WITH FEWER CHANCES TO ENJOY IT, I’M PUTTING IT ONTO THE MARKET, AS A ‘PLACE IN THE SUN...’”
American Dream LIVING THE
“We’ve had RVs, boats and aircraft, and for those who want to establish a place in America it’s hard to imagine being anywhere better. We’ve excellent neighbours called Buddy & Francis. They welcome us back when we visit.” “It’s a great property but with fewer chances to enjoy it, I’m putting it onto the market, fully furnished, as seen here, and ready to move into.” “It’d be lovely to think of a Lincolnshire family being able to enjoy it was much as we have, so in addition to marketing it over in the US, we want to spread the word a little over here, too, and would enjoy talking to anyone from the area who wants to enjoy their very own ‘place in the sun.’” n
Location: Mount Royal Airpark, Welaka, Florida.
Style: Modern holiday home on aviation park created in 2008.
Position: Around an hour and a half key attractions, e.g.: Disneyworld, Cape Canaveral, Universal Studios.
Property: Three bedrooms with en suite to master plus living kitchen and lounge, garage and hangar. Guide Price: $349,000 (£230,000).
Contact: David Jagger on 01526 268591 or contact Julie Fetko, realtor, via www.albatrosslady.com.
115
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 116
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 117
117
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 118
n e p O e h T
GARDEN
October’s garden is an ‘open’ garden. Not only does it open up onto rolling Rutland countryside views beyond, and not only does the stream that runs through it open up onto a pond at the end of the garden, but owners Tony and Jane Bews open it for visitors to come in, enjoy the views and a slice of cake, and raise money for charity in the process... Words: Tilly Wilkinson.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 119
- GARDENS -
Shapinsay in MANTON Usually we visit a garden that is planning to open for the National Gardens Scheme in the coming month. However, as October isn’t a very exciting month for gardens across Rutland, we decided to join in the fun and attend an open garden event ourselves. Shapinsay in Manton was open for the charity LOROS this year, and they hoped for around 70 visitors.
Instead, 140 visitors came to the garden event for a cup of tea, a slice of cake, a stroll around the garden and participation in a garden quiz for a chance to win Welland Vale Garden Centre gift vouchers. The event raised an incredible £950 for LOROS.
“SHAPINSAY IN MANTON OPENED FOR LOROS THIS YEAR. 140 VISITORS CAME, AND THEY RAISED AN ENORMOUS SUM OF £950 FOR THE CHARITY...”
Jane is the lady in charge of the garden, and she says the passion for gardening was in her genes.
“I used to teach mathematics and I never really had the time or passion for gardening,” says Jane. “However since I’ve been retired, gardening has just become a big part of my life, I love spending time in the garden.”
The couple moved to the house in December in 1981, and the garden had a few mature trees and shrubs but there were no borders. Jane wanted to make her garden a little different to other gardens, so instead of making it rectangular, she introduced curves and circled lawn areas. “The stream and pond is five years old,” says Jane. “It just introduces something a little different to the garden and makes it more interesting. It also meant that we could use water plants in the garden.” Tony and Jane open their garden every year usually for the National Gardens Scheme, with a selection of other gardens across the village of Manton.
OUR FEATURED GARDEN FOR OCTOBER...
Owner: Tony & Jane Bews. Garden: A beautiful garden with curved edges. Features: A stream and pond and panoramic views. Contact: Call 01572 737416 for more information. Above: Pink lilies in the garden. Right: Jane Bews. Top: One of the small ponds that runs to the big pond. Left: The incredible view beyond the garden.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 120
- GARDENS -
“I was delighted to be asked to open my garden for the National Gardens Scheme. My husband always used to think it was a waste of time doing the garden, because it was only we who saw it.”
It’s nice to be able to share the garden with people, swap advice, learn more about horticulture and just let people have a lovely Sunday afternoon. I also enjoy having a plan too, a target of making the garden look good and making sure there’s enough food and drink for everyone. This was a hard target to hit for our LOROS open day though with double the expected number of visitors!” “I’ve tried to make the garden look good throughout the year. In October there will be autumn colours, purple asters and the hydrangeas will probably still be out. In winter it competely changes and it’s barer, but because of the stream and the pond, it still looks good.” “My favourite time of year is probably June when all of the colour is in the garden, and when it gets to July and August, everything becomes a little overgrown and scruffy, and it’s a tough job to keep on top of it all.” “I do like the garden in spring too, because you’ve seen the garden in winter for the past few months and everything is just starting to come back to life again. The borders become greener, the colourful flowers start
PLANT of the MONTH Name: Pumpkin. Description: The bright orange root vegetable we get every year for Halloween. This month: Carve the scariest faces you can and send us the pictures! Email your work to tilly@pride magazines.co.uk.
120
to come out, there’s a sunlight that reflects in the water and everything just looks a little happier. It’s this build-up of potential that I really enjoy seeing.” “My favourite area of the garden has to be the pond. It’s like the garden’s secret, hidden at the end and colour reflects off its surface from the amount of plants and water plants that surround it.”
Jane and Tony will open again next year for the National Gardens Scheme along with five other gardens in Manton like they’ve done in previous years.
“THE BORDERS BECOME GREENER, THE COLOUR STARTS TO COME OUT IN THE FLOWERS, THERE’S A SUNLIGHT THAT REFLECTS IN THE WATER AND EVERYTHING LOOKS A LITTLE HAPPIER...”
There will be teas and cakes served at the village hall (which Jane is particularly delighted about!) and you can take your time strolling around each garden. Each promises something a little different but the same stunning panoramic view over the rolling Rutland countryside.
Above: A rockery on the patio that overlooks the garden.
Top: Visitors taking a look at the herbaceous borders around the garden.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 121
Jobs for
OCTOBER TOP JOBS FOR YOUR GARDEN, VEGETABLE PATCH, AND PLANTS...
4 Divide established 4 4 4 4 4 4
rhubarb crowns to create new plants. Divide any herbaceous perennials and cut back the perennials that have died down. Remember to move tender plants into a greenhouse or conservatory. Plant spring cabbages and harvest apples, pears, grapes and nuts. Finish collecting seeds from the garden to sow next year. October is really your last chance to mow lawns and trim hedges in mild areas. It’s also the month to renovate old lawns or create new grass areas by laying turf.
Above: Harvest apples in Octob er as well as peas, grapes and nuts.
n For more information on Jane and Tony’s garden, call 01572 737416 or visit www.ngs.org.uk. 121
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 122
Nature
NOTES
October is the month when dew gathers on spiders’ webs and starling murmurations are seen on the horizon. Richard Owens discusses nature in our county....
Creepy
CRAWLIES It is believed there are well in excess of 750 million spiders in the UK! You’ll see a lot of house spiders, daddy long legs spiders and lace web spiders...
As we move into October, things are turning rather autumnal. The days rapidly become shorter and the sun becomes lower in the sky.
The autumn equinox, when day and night are of equal length, will have already passed you by on 22nd September.
Sunsets in autumn can be quite spectacular, and the mornings misty with the threat of the first frosts always looming. However, this is a time of nature’s plenty, with Lincolnshire’s many hedgerows throwing out a late harvest of blackberries, rose hips, crab apples, hazel nuts and seeds. Many wildlife species will take
advantage of natures harvest to build up reserves of fat for migration, hibernation or simply store to help them survive the long winter months ahead.
If you wake up to a heavy cool morning, it’s well worth taking a good look outside and you’ll suddenly realise how many spiders there are in your garden! You should easily spot spider webs outlined in the dew on the lawn, and even on your car wing mirrors. Spider silk is truly amazing - if you’re fortunate enough to find a spider making a web, take a moment to watch how intricate it is.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 123
- NATURE -
MUSHROOMS:
Knowing the Difference
It’s important to know the difference when you’re mushroom hunting as some are poisonous in the country... Amanita Phalloides “Death Cap” Although they taste pleasant and they resemble many safer varieties of mushroom, just 30 grams can kill a human.
Above: The peregrine falcon gets put off by the starlings’ defence tactic of staying together. Top/Opposite: Discover fungi in autumn. Left/Opposite: A starling murmuration silhouette. Far Left/Opposite: A dewy spiders’ web.
October is also a time when many birds start to form flocks. The one that always impresses me the most with their dancing formations is of course the starling. Forming what is commonly known as a murmuration, these birds flock in their tens of thousands.
It’s a safety in numbers strategy disorientating birds of prey such as the majestic peregrine falcon, and also to generate communal warmth as they come down to roost at night. Take a moment to watch and admire. If you can spare a few logs from the firewood pile, make a small log pile in a shady part of the garden
to attract not just insects, but also create habitat for a toad or hedgehog to safely spend the winter. With hedgehog numbers down at the moment, it’s important that as many people do all they can to help the creatures so a little log pile house is the perfect solution.
You will also create a host for fungi which will turn dead wood eventually back into soil. Natures way of recycling!
n Richard Owens, has spent his career promoting bio-diversity within the world of turf and he is the former UK Golf Course Conservation Greenkeeper of the Year.
Amanita Muscaria “Fly Agaric” This is the cliché toadstool of children’s fairytales. It is poison although eating one is more likely to make you feel sick or delirious rather than kill you. Cortinarius Rubellus “Deadly Webcap” Often found more in the north of England rather than in the south, the cortinarius rubellus is usually found with another mushroom called C.Orellanus or ‘Fool’s Webcap,’ also poisonous. Stay clear!
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 124
124
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 125
125
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 126
- RUTLAND FARMING -
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 127
CHEESE In Search of Rutland’s Lost Have you heard of Rutland Slipcote? If not, Alan and Jane Hewson are about to change all that. The couple are beginning to push their heritage cheese, produced just a stone’s throw from Whissendine, and based on an old recipe rescued from the archives. We visited the couple at their dairy and enjoyed a throwback from our childhood, as well as Rutland’s own version of ‘brie...’ Words: Rob Davis. Images: Ashley Jouhar.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:42 Page 128
- RUTLAND FARMING -
Of the many fond memories I have of my childhood, I especially remember fighting with my brother each morning when we heard the tinkling of bottles in the milkman’s crates. We’d rush to open the milk bottle first, to secure the layer of cream at the top, which would turn our cereal into a real treat.
Of course, that’s all gone now. Modern milk is subject to the process of homogenisation, a filtration process which sees all the cream dispersed evenly through the milk. Turning up at Alan and Jane Hewson’s creamery, Belvoir Ridge, on the border of Rutland and Leicestershire just a stone’s throw from Whissendine, I noted with delight that the couple had a ‘vending machine’ providing the public with ‘raw 128
milk’ - milk that hasn’t gone through the process of pasteurisation or homogenisation.
I’m glad that the couple are selling proper milk, not the processed stuff sold in supermarkets at knock down prices currently decimating our dairy industry - four pints of milk - 2.2 litres - currently costs £1. For the same amount of money, you can buy just 750ml of Perrier or San Pellegrino, making water more expensive than milk, a terrible indictment of the way we pay farmers.
“ALAN AND JANE ARE WORKING HARD TO RESURRECT RUTLAND’S ‘EXTINCT’ WHISSENDINE SLIPCOTE CHEESE...”
Dairy farmers are struggling to turn a profit, so they’re looking to focus on a different market with products like their raw milk, and it’s not the only product they’re resurrecting especially in our part of the world.
Have you heard of Rutland Slipcote? If not, you soon will as Alan and Jane are seeking to resurrect Rutland’s ‘lost cheese,’ using their own milk to produce it from their herd at their own dairy. “We’re exclusively dairy farmers and have about 100 acres. Our herd consists predominantly of Red Polls - 50 milkers and a couple of bulls - plus a few Kerrys,” says Alan.
“We work with the Rare Breed Survival Trust to ensure continuity of Original Population Dairy Shorthorn versus commercial breeds - predominantly Dutch Holsteins, which produce three time as much milk and
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:43 Page 129
have usurped our native breeds. Alan and Jane believe their cows produce a better flavour of milk, richer, creamier, less watery.
The herd is grazed outside whenever possible, too, and fed fed hay & silage in the winter. They also live longer; yielding eight or nine calves, rather than two or three in large scale dairies.
Each cow produces around 4,000 litres a year, which equates to about 72,000 pints. About a third of this output is sold at the farm gate,with another 20% or so going to commercial customers like Hambleton Hall and Hambleton Bakery, and Leicester’s Gelato Village. That leaves about 50% of the dairy’s output remaining, and as well as finding a wonderful wife, Alan has also managed to land himself a skilled cheesemaker in Jane, whose
previous experience as a smallholder with a herd of goats made her the ideal partner in a new venture.
About four years ago, the couple created a heritage cheese which had all but been forgotten about. The cheese was to become Rutland Slipcote, but the other cheese they were working on simultaneously, their Colwick soft pasteurised cheese somewhat overtook its sibling, attracting the attention of Jamie Oliver. With a serious demand, development of Slipcote was put on the back burner for a while. >>
Opposite Page: The couple attracted the attention of Jamie Oliver and Jimmy Doherty, appearing on TV with them. They’ve ‘done’ BBC Countryfile, too.
Above: The couple work in their dairy, on the Rutland/Leicestershire dairy, milking twice a day and creating their two artisan cheeses Colwick and Rutland’s (‘Whissendine’) Slipcote.
129
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:43 Page 130
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:43 Page 131
- RUTLAND FARMING -
Hall, Lyddington’s Marquess of Exeter, The Olive Branch at Clipsham, and in the King’s Arms at Wing.
>> Colwick is soft and curdy, comparable to continental cheese like Ricotta and Halloumi (and can be substituted for such in a recipe). It doesn’t need time to mature and settles under its own weight rather than needing to be pressed.
Slipcote - originally Whissendine Slipcote meanwhile is an entirely different product. Its white, mould-ripened, akin to a brie or a Camembert in texture, but with a different flavour. Originally created in the sixteenth century, the cheese disappeared from production in the Victorian era, and was due to be consigned to history, but for a chance conversation between Alan and a local restauranteur, who was lamenting the lack of an indigenous Rutland cheese. To recreate the recipe meant scouring the archives until a description was found in the
to be salted and wrapped in nettles, rather like a Cornish Yarg. ‘The cheese will come to his eating in eight or nine dayes [sic],’ the recipe concludes. The name derives from the ripening method of the cheese. It would mature in moulds or presses, traditionally made of wood, into which the cheese would be placed, with
“FOR ALAN, CHEESE PRODUCTION ISN’T SIMPLY A COMMERCIAL VENTURE, IT’S A WAY OF REMAINING IN AN INDUSTRY HE LOVES. “MY GRANDFATHER, AND FATHER BOTH FARMED HERE TOO. THIS IS A LEGACY, ONE I WANT TO KEEP ALIVE...” 1653 book A True Gentlewoman’s Delight which we suppose is a sort of Mrs Beeton for any self-respecting interregnum housewife. The recipe calls for five quarts of milk, one quart of water, then following the process of separation, call for ‘him’ - which is, curiously, how the cheese is referred to throughout -
drainage holes to allow excess whey liquid to run out - and today excess whey is fed to the couple’s pigs.
Modern production methods have caused the couple to make a few concessions, but Alan and Jane believe it is as faithful to the original as is possible, albeit with no existing product with which to compare it.
Perhaps one of the reasons the cheese fell out of favour commercially is the fact that it dries out quickly. With a better understanding of maturation than in Victorian times, and refrigeration, and a knowledge of how to keep cheese these days though, there’s no reason we can’t begin enjoying the product again, perhaps with warm bread, and a light red wine such as a beaujolais. It has already featured on the cheese boards of Hambleton
In addition it’s sold at the farm gate alongside the couple’s raw milk, and will shortly be available to purchase on the couple’s website - in the process of being constructed as Pride goes to press. Production of the farm’s Colwick and Slipcote cheese currently stands at a ratio of about 60% and 40% respectively. “It’s hard work; up at five in the morning, milking every day. But my grandfather, and father both farmed here too. This is our legacy, and it’s one I want to keep alive.”
The couple have five children, each of whom have their own career interests. It’s perhaps understandable, having seen the hard work first hand, that they’ve chosen to leave behind a life of farming, especially given the problems in the dairy sector. For Alan, making cheese is about more than turning a profit or resurrecting a lost food, it’s a matter of pride in farming; “I’m a farmer and I want to farm in such a way that they’re looked after and have a good life, and in a way that proves a small farm can still be profitable. If I can resurrect one of Rutland’s lost products too, that’s a real bonus! n
ALAN and JANE’S RED POLL CATTLE Traditional native dual purpose (i.e.: milk and beef) breed, ‘polled’ (hornless), and produced by crossing the milky Suffolk Dun with the meaty Norfolk Red in the early part of the 19th century.Typically 550kg (cows), represented by the Red Poll Cattle Society.
n Rutland Slipcote and Colwick are both available from Belvoir Ridge Creamery, Cross Roads Farm, Eastwell, LE14 4EF. Call 01949 860242 or visit the couple at Oakham Farmer’s Market on the third Saturday of each month.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:43 Page 132
The Garden PARTY Words: Tilly Wilkinson. Photographer: David Stubbs Photography, www.davidstubbsphotography.co.uk, 07814 417759.
meet our COUPLE Hollie is a primary school teacher and Harry works as an associate director for a recruitment firm. Both local, the couple met on a night out in Stamford. They have just relocated back from Hong Kong after living there for the past five years. Harry proposed just before Christmas. They had only been together eight months, when Harry planned a romantic picnic at Burghley House. Torrential rain wasn’t going to stop him, but he eventually admitted defeat and went down on one knee in the pouring rain in Stamford! They celebrated at the George Hotel.
132
“We began to plan our wedding two years before the big day,” says Hollie. “The first thing that we organised was the reception venue and once organised, it helped us to visualise how all of the other parts of the day would fit together. We decided on The William Cecil as it ticked all of our boxes.”
“I found my dress at Bradgate Brides after visiting a few bridal boutiques. It was a Benjamin Roberts dress. I think my mum fell in love with the dress more than I did! I loved the simplicity of the dress and the beautiful lace detail on the back. It was strange as I only saw the dress twice before we got married as we were living in Hong Kong. I think I only truly appreciated how lovely it was on the morning of the actual wedding.” “Our flowers were by The Flower House of Stamford. Tracy went above and beyond to
meet our expectations and visions for the day. I was blown away by her beautiful bouquets that were delivered to The William Cecil on the morning of the wedding. Upon arriving at the reception venue I couldn’t believe how what I had imagined in my head, was actually there before my eyes. We had so many comments throughout the day about how beautiful the flowers were. Our wedding cake was kindly made by Harry’s mum and we had beautiful vintage inspired cupcakes made by a friend of a friend.” “We had our rings designed and made for us by a jewellers called Haywards in Hong Kong. Harry had a plain silver band and I had diamonds and sapphires - my birth stone - in mine.”
“Our photographer was the fabulous David Stubbs, his work speaks for itself. The images
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:43 Page 133
- WEDDINGS -
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:43 Page 134
- WEDDINGS -
>>
that he captured are truly beautiful and so natural. We didn’t want lots of staged photos as we wanted our photographs to truly capture the essence of the day which is why we chose David. We were overwhelmed by the photos that he produced for us.” “Decorations were vintage inspired with teacups, cake stands and bunting being at the forefront in keeping with our vintage garden party theme.”
“Walking down the aisle was nerve racking and very emotional. I think I was crying before I even reached the top of the aisle! I would say mine was more of a sprint down the aisle than a walk; I certainly didn’t savour my moment and I don’t think my poor mum’s feet touched the ground!”
“The wedding reception highlights were the emotional but light hearted speeches. We had a wonderful acoustic musician called George Simpson too who played the most beautiful music whilst guests arrived at the church and afterwards during the garden party.” “We hired an ice cream bicycle which we loved and added something a bit different. Our guests really enjoyed the ice cream whilst the sun shone at least!”
“We had a hog roast in the evening which enabled us to make use of the beautiful lantern lit terrace at The William Cecil.”
“We had a lovely honeymoon in Mykonos directly after the wedding. We went for four days and stayed in a beautiful hotel on a hillside with the most spectacular views. The hotel was called Myconian villa collection. We also had another mini honeymoon at Christmas time but this time with our little boy where we visited The Shangri La in Boracay, Philippines.” “We have so many thank yous to make for our wonderful wedding day. Family and friends, particularly my mum and Harry’s parents, worked incredibly hard to help us to make favours, orders of service, seating plans and everything else that was needed.
“The staff at The William Cecil also deserve a thank you. They pulled out all of the stops on the day to ensure that it all ran smoothly.”
Photographer: David Stubbs Photography, www.davidstubbsphotography.co.uk, 07814 417759.
134
“We had a hog roast in the evening which enabled us to make use of the beautiful lantern lit terrace at The William Cecil in Stamford...” Top: The venue at the William Cecil. Left: Hollie’s dress was a full length Benjamin Roberts dress with capped sleeves and lace detailing. Below: The couple had a cupcake wedding cake as well as their cake! Bottom/Left: Hollie and Harry’s first dance.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:43 Page 135
Bespoke & Made to Measure Suits by a Savile Row Tailor, Andrew Musson
Andrew J Musson Bespoke Tailor of Lincoln
CALL TODAY TO ARRANGE AN APPOINTMENT FOR A BESPOKE OR MADE TO MEASURE SUIT. 39 High Street, Lincoln LN5 8AS
Tel: (01522) 520142 [email protected] www.andrewjmusson.com
135
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:43 Page 136
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:43 Page 137
- FASHION This Page: Karen looks stunning in this beautiful cashmere sweater, £215, and striped culottes, £125, both from Weekend Max Mara.
New Names for
AUTUMN
STYLE For a stylish, warm autumn, look to Cavells on Oakham’s Mill Street. This month the retailer takes delivery of a whole host of new autumn/winter fashions from both established and new brands, plus a wealth of shoes and bags to match... Words & Images: Rob Davis.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:43 Page 138
- FASHION -
Established for over 23 years, Cavells and Cavells Country have long been a fixture in the town of Oakham, renowned for its role as one of the area’s most successful independent fashion retailers in the UK. For this autumn/winter season Cavells has a host of new fashions to suit any occasion, from the more established brands such as Joseph and Marc Cain through to the more eclectic as with Munthe and Des Petits Hauts. This month we are previewing some of Cavells top trends for the coming season including some great footwear and fabulous bags from Mulberry. Our shoot took place in Cottesmore and we thank Emma and Roger for the use of their beautiful garden. n
This Page, Main Image: Loving Karen’s heart print cashmere sweater from Chinti and Parker, £375 and DL 1961 coated jeans £180. This Page, Below: Claire is wearing a cashmere Joseph dress £395.
138
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:43 Page 139
This Page, Main Image: The girls look ready for the colder weather in their cosy coats. Karen wears Des Petits Hauts faux fur Prudence coat £240 with Weekend Max Mara silk shirt £194, Hudson jeans £180 and Alpe boots £89. Claire wearing weekend Max Mara reversible coat £494, 7FAM jeans £189 and Alpe brogue boots £95. This Page, Bottom: Karen looks gorgeous in this floral skirt, £190, and fairisle sweater, £160 both by Oilily. Claire wears this striking Patrizia Pepe poncho £238.
139
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:44 Page 140
- FASHION -
Main: Claire wears this amazing sheer print shirt from Munthe £149, teamed with faux leather trousers also from Munthe £175. Below: New to Cavells for this season are Rogues shoes. Pomme trim brogue £185, silver Spangle brogue £179. Bottom: Karen wears gold printed top from Munthe £159.
140
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:44 Page 141
Main: Claire is rocking this leather jacket, £379, and wide leg trouser, £125, both from Oui. Top: Mulberry small Bayswater £845. Above: Karen in Munthe leather fronted top £229.
141
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:44 Page 142
- FASHION Main: This big floral coat by Marc Cain, £495, looks stunning on Claire worn with contrasting trouser, £249, also by Marc Cain, finished with a metallic brogue from Calpiere £155. Below: Mulberry Camden burgundy bag £1,195 and Mulberry Anthony grey cross body bag £495. Bottom: Vic Matie boot £298.
Find Out More: Featured items are available from Cavells, Mill Street, Oakham, Rutland LE15 6EA. Tel: 01652 600690. www.cavells.co.uk. The retailer will host its in-store fashion mornings, from 10am followed by lunch at Hambleton Hall on Wednesday 12th October (Colourful Autumn), Thursday 3rd November (Fashion’s Most Wanted) and Wednesday 16th November (Wrap up for Winter).
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:44 Page 143
143
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:44 Page 144
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:44 Page 145
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:44 Page 146
146
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:44 Page 147
- COSMETICS -
1. LUXURY FOR THE SKIN This is a comfortable creamy and rich cleanser. The Clarins anti-pollution cream cleanser is a real pleasure to use thanks to it’s luxury buttery texture.While mango rehydrates and shea butter softens, the use of moringa extract banishes away pollution particles from the surface. Skin is left feeling radiant and it is decongested; £25.
A Deep Cleanse 2. Gold Dust...
Start your day with a natural cleanser from Goldfaden MD. Hydrolyzed wheat protein strengthens and hydrates while grapefruit extract repairs and protects the skin from aging; £32.
3. Serenity...
Calm easily reactive skin with this gel cleanser from Dermatologica. Skin-repairing ingredients of oats, lavender and cucumber instantly reduce redness and irritation; £27.50.
4. A Man’s World Created just for men, Clinique Charcoal Face Wash exhilarates and deeply cleanses. Charcoal absorbs all the dirt in our skin leaving skin feeling soothed; £18.
CLEANSE THE SKIN DEEPLY AND EFFECTIVELY WITH THESE TOP 5 MUST-HAVE CLEANSERS...
5. POWDERED
TO PERFECTION
If a powder cleanse is good enough for a perfectionist Geisha then it’s great for me and you. Discover this complexion perfection secret from Japan. The DHC face wash powder contains lavender to soothe common skin problems whilst honey mel acts as a natural antiseptic. Experience your very first powder-to-foam cleanser with DHC; £9.50.
n John Rohnan-Wharff is a beauty and makeup blogger, who reviews and rates products at www.mr-wharff.com. All products available from good independent local stockists unless otherwise stated, prices are RRP.
147
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:44 Page 148
Matching Clients with CAREGivers at
HOME INSTEAD Regaining independence, receiving high quality care and having a great companion rather than just a carer, who is happy to be helping you in your own home, is what people are striving for when it comes to care. Home Instead Senior Care is the UK’s leading home care service that offers these three basic principals. Gail Devereux-Batchelor, Rutland’s Home Instead Director, told us why she decided to get involved... Words: Tilly Wilkinson.
148
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:44 Page 149
- HOME INSTEAD -
Caring for relatives, whether they’re elderly parents or grandparents, brothers or sisters, sons or daughters that are unable to care for themselves, it is a tricky subject to approach. Home Instead is a company that allows carers to dedicate their time to making clients happy and meet their every need, whether they are 24 or 104. CAREGivers allow the client to go about their everyday business, whether it’s a visit to a garden centre, a summer fête, a doctor’s appointment or simply meeting friends; they give them their independence. What’s so special about what Home Instead offer, is how personal the service is. Carers aren’t simply there to help - they offer valuable companionship, and Home Instead match a carer with a client to ensure they both look forward to spending time with each other. This means if a client particularly likes to spend time in the garden, so will their carer.
“It’s providing someone who is going to be reliable, someone who is happy to help, and someone who can do everything the client used to do,” says Gail Devereux-Batchelor, Director of Home Instead in Rutland, Market Harborough and Corby.
“CARERS ARE APPROACHABLE, PUNCTUAL, FRIENDLY, HELPFUL AND CARING. I WOULD NOT BE WITHOUT THEIR VALUABLE SERVICE.” - JOHN.T, CLIENT
WHY GAIL WANTED TO
GET INVOLVED
“It’s a bespoke service, not "any old how" caring. If the client needs someone to support them at a granddaughter’s wedding or when they visit family in London or even abroad, the carer can travel with them.”
“And the carers get so much out of it as well. Some have previously worked as volunteers. From all walks of life, we find people quite often through our Community events, Dementia and Scam awareness talks bring people forward who have kind hearts and really care about making a difference. Our caregivers are paid as part time employees, properly insured and trained, and of course, with criminal and reference checks. Part time flexible hours gives them that bit of extra money and a truly rewarding job.”
“We often have caregiver coffee mornings too, to give the carers a sense of teamwork, we host fun days for families to understand what their family member does.” Caregivers make such a huge difference in so many people’s lives, and from previous experience, it’s of the utmost importance to Gail that this service is offered in Rutland.
Facts & Figures 1 hour: This is the minimum amount of time carers will spend with a client on one visit. They take their time to understand what the client really needs or wants to do in that day, and nothing is ever rushed. 56th: Home Instead ranked 56th in the Sunday Times’s 100 best companies to work for. 96%: This is the amount of clients who would go away and recommend Home Instead, and 96% is the same amount of caregivers who say they are proud to be working for the firm. 5: Home Instead is the only homecare provider with six CQC overall outstanding ratings. CQC is the independent regulator of health and social care in the UK, monitoring all standards of care from safety to responsiveness. 2016: This year, Home Instead recieved the Queen’s Award for Innovation in recognition of quality care.
Gail Devereux-Batchelor is the Director of Home Instead in Rutland, and she started the company after a first-hand experience of how bad some care companies can be. “I had two relatives who were receiving poor quality care. It wasn’t personal, just people employed to do their job. After I saw my husband’s great-aunt receive an outstanding level of care from Home Instead elsewhere, I realised that there was nothing like that in our area and I’m passionate about caring for people unable to care for themselves.” “With a background in running my own successful business and and a passion for great service, it was very natural for me to bring these skills together, undergo the appropriate training, and run my own franchise of Home Instead.” “I’ve never looked back and I’ve enjoyed every second of growing the business, building my team up, and turning people’s lives around whether they’re a client or a carer themselves.” “I like to get every small detail right, and I feel that’s exactly what’s needed with care. There is no one size fits all, the service has to be bespoke.” “Most of the caregivers who work for Home Instead don’t usually have a background in care, just a level head and common sense. There is no uniform, it’s just relaxed and what has been missing from the care sector. I’m just happy this service is finally available.” n For more info about Home Instead, call 01572 898 147 or visit www.homeinstead.co.uk/mh.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:44 Page 150
- HEALTH -
Alternatives to
HRT
What are the alternatives to HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy) for women today? Find out from Stamford practitioner Jo George… The biggest ever study published this August shows that HRT triples the risk of breast cancer. Following more than a decade of controversy about HRT, the study by the Institute of Cancer Research and Breast Cancer shows that some previous studies underestimated the risk of breast cancer with combined oestrogen-progestogen HRT.
The study of 100,000 women over 40 years found those who took the combined oestrogen and progestogen pill for around five years were 2.7 times more likely to develop cancer compared to women who took nothing, or only the oestrogen pill. The risk rose to 3.3 times for women who took the drugs for 15 years or more. Around 14 in 1,000 women in their 50s are expected to develop breast cancer, but that rises to 34 in 1000 for women taking the combined pill, the study suggests.
We asked local Stamford Chinese herbalist and acupuncturist Jo George, to talk to us about the alternatives to HRT and the role of Adaptogen Chinese herbs in Peri menopause and Menopause She says ‘Women are socialised to be the caretakers of others. More women than men have both a career outside the home and continue to try to juggle traditional responsibilities after hours. In fact, over 70 per cent of married women with children under the age of 18 are employed outside the home. Women are often known as “multi-taskers’ — struggling to balance a career with the role as ‘perfect’ wife and mother at home. Women face these stressors on a daily basis, as well as lack of physical exercise, insufficient rest, poor diet, environmental toxins, electromagnetic radiation, which all undermine the adrenal, hormonal and stress regulating systems at a critical time of change.’
Jo explains further “One of the important factors for a woman during “The Change” is the health of her adrenal glands, yet we hear very little about it. During peri-menopause, when our ovaries decrease their production of estrogen and progesterone, our adrenals are part of a back-up system for us, making smaller but steady amounts of these hormones. They also regulate minerals in the body, aid in digestion, and work with the thyroid to maintain energy levels. The adrenals are commonly known as our “stress glands”
150
because they release hormones including adrenaline in response to stress. What my patients see and hear about peri-menopause and menopause often focuses solely on estrogen “deficiency,” while adrenals are ignored.” So, what effect does this have on the perimenopause and menopause? Jo George says “A lot - for one thing, many of the symptoms of adrenal burnout are the same ones often attributed to menopause itself: high blood pressure, dizziness, headaches, sleepdisturbances, overwhelming fatigue, and mood disorders. For another, if the adrenals aren’t functioning properly they will be unable to do their part in making the replacement hormones our bodies need to compensate for the ovaries’ decreased output. Therefore, supporting and protecting the adrenals is a major part of my treatment approach as a practitioner of (TCM) Traditional Chinese Medicine; This approach is the most successful when my patients ask for support in coming off of HRT and want to stabilise their bodies whilst they withdraw the drug”
Jo George goes on to explain “When we're under stress (including the stress of peri-menopause), our nutritional needs dramatically increase, and the adrenal glands need higher concentrations of key elements to function. Diets high in refined foods like white flour products and sugar take nutrients away from us. Products containing caffeine like coffee, teas, chocolate have the same effect, as does alcohol. When we eat these foods we are not only depriving our bodies of nutrients that we should be getting from our food, but we are also adding yet another stress to the system, further contributing to adrenal burnout.
The Role of Chinese herbs (Adaptogens) in Peri Menopause/ Menopause Adaptogenic herbs are one of the most important groups of herbs to take into the 21st century, and have been used for centuries by Chinese medicine. Adaptogens not only increase the resistance to the adverse effects of long-term stress but the majority
are also tonifying, immune-stimulating and increase the general sense of well-being.
Premenstrual syndrome and perimenopause are their own kind of stress on the system and many women find their threshold of tolerating stress decreases and fatigue can result. Fluctuations in estrogen, progesterone, cortisol and thyroid interact with brain neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, GABA and therefore can cause depression and high anxiety. Ginseng therefore is used commonly in Chinese medicine as a beneficial herb to restore vitality in women who are chronically fatigued or who have decreased mental and physical performance and/or stamina and decrease anxiety. Finally, Jo George says “we need to put all this into a bigger picture which involves getting enough sleep and enough relaxation and down time during the day. It is during these times that the adrenals restore themselves. Regular exercise is also important for glandular health, as well as simplifying our lives to make them less stressful.’
n Jo George is a fully registered and insured member of the BacC and RCHM which are the leading regulatory body of acupuncture and herbs in the UK. Jo George is highly trained professional to Masters (distinction) level, and very experienced practitioner with over 14 years clinical knowledge. For a free informal preliminary chat with Jo call 07914 851995. or contact The Broad Street Practice, Stamford on 01780 480889. For more information on Jo’s work go to www.lifemedicineclinic.com.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:44 Page 151
glen eden MEDICAL  AESTHETICS
Look YOUNGER AnD BooST your CONFIDENCE... Painless, permanent hair removal anywhere on the body... Permanent removal of unwanted tattoos... Offered alongside cosmetic treatments like muscle relaxing injections for fine lines and wrinkles...
Call 01476 550056 www.glen-edenmedical.co.uk Market Cross Surgery, Bourne Road, Corby Glen, Stamford NG33 4BB
The Latest Laser and Injectable cosmetic procedures performed by fully qualified GP or Nurse Practitioner
151
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:44 Page 152
Taming Your
TECH
James Trend is the computer guy with a difference - clear, practical and personable. No matter what the size of your business, he can help to ensure your investment in technology pays off and that your equipment works properly, solving IT issues and helping your business to quickly recover from a computer disaster... Words & Photos: Rob Davis.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:44 Page 153
- IT SUPPORT -
James Trend is a great bloke to know. Imagine an IT professional who really knows his stuff, who can solve any problem, one who’s business minded and practical, and yet, one who also speaks plain English. The trouble is, too few people know of him until disaster strikes. We’re all dependent on our computers, mobile phones and on the internet, these days. So much so, that when they fail, it’s a disaster for our businesses.
That’s where James comes in, usually solving IT problems for businesses at the point of crisis, but often sticking around at the request of companies to solve other issues and ensure disaster doesn’t happen twice. “I was born in Wales but moved around a bit, eventually arriving in Rutland with my family in 2014,” he says. “After completing an IT and Biology degree in the mid-90s, I began working in broadcasting, setting up TV studios, and then in hospitals, setting up digital equipment in operating theatres.” “Both areas are mission critical - that is, computers in medicine and broadcasting have to be completely and totally reliable. That’s why planning and maintenance of our systems were so important.” “I set up my IT company, Visionary Trends, nearly two years ago, and today I work in different business sectors from retail (for example, electronic point of sale or business accounting) to media to construction, to broadcasting and in the medical sector.”
“My services include helping with the setup and troubleshooting of networks, the usual slow internet, spyware and viruses, and solving other IT problems, but with a difference.
“YOU DON’T ACHIEVE GOOD IT BY JUST BUYING MORE STUFF, BUT UTILISING THE EQUIPMENT YOU HAVE TO ITS BEST EFFECT...”
James’s Five IT tips for Business... 1. Security: Back-ups are vital; ensure multiple, back-up plans, preferably automatic, test them regularly and keep them off site, so you always have your data in two places.
2. Don’t Just Spend: But don’t scrimp either - utilise your IT equipment to best effect before adding more to your setup. 3. Make it Mobile: Ensure all of your data is available to you anywhere, both for security and convenience.
4. Don’t Put up with Problems: Your IT works for you, not the other way - don’t put up with little inconveniences!
5. Explore New Technology: It can be incredibly enabling and technology is generally easier to use than ever before.
Some clients want to understand their systems and know about the technical details, but most just ‘want it to work,’ and it’s that approachability, clarity and simplicity that I like to bring to the fore, alongside all of the technical know-how you’d expect.” “I work in people’s homes too, but mostly in businesses, from small firms with 5-10 employees to huge companies. It’s surprising how many people have no provision for their computers going wrong, or measures they think will keep them safe but which, when the worst happens, prove inadequate; backups that are on-site instead of being kept off the premises, for example.”
“The secrets of maintaining good IT infrastructure in your business is planning. You don’t achieve good IT by just buying more stuff, but by planning purchases, utilising the computers you have to best effect, and with good planning to ensure your systems are well-maintained with good backup and maintenance provision.” “It’s a shame I’m usually called in at point of crisis, but once I’ve helped a client recover from an IT disaster, I’m usually drafted in to review their use of computers. Even if you’ve in-house IT staff, an independent review by a ‘second set of eyes’ can be useful. I take steps to ensure peace of mind and help with ongoing problems that people otherwise put up with. Technology is incredibly enabling, but our dependence on it makes having someone you can trust on the end of the phone - someone local, someone knowledgeable - an absolute essential.”
“I can work on a ‘per visit’ basis or on a retainer, and can certainly visit a business for a one-off review of a firm’s IT, to solve any existing issues and put measures in place in case of disaster. Having moved to Rutland I’m looking to build up a client base, so I hope to be able to provide peace of mind for businesses across the county as the business becomes more well-known.”
n James Trend’s business is Visionary Trends, based in Knights Yard Gaol Street, Oakham, Rutland, LE15 6AQ. Call 07530 615104 or see www.trendy.org.uk or email your problems to [email protected]. 153
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:45 Page 154
To view and purchase photographs from The Event visit www.pridemagazines.co.uk
A Festival of Aston Martin
Over 600 supercars roar into the Burghley Parkland...
What better sound is there than an Aston Martin? How about... 600 Aston Martins? That’s how many supercars bearing the Great British badge roared into the parkland of Stamford’s Burghley House recently. The Festival of Aston Martin event was organised by Aston enthusiast Ed Cunningham and was a charity gathering of both heritage but also modern models, raising £46,000 for good causes, and was stewarded by Ed’s friends and family who made the event run seamlessly. As well as classics - a host of ‘James Bond’ DB5 models, and models from the 1970s and 1980s such as the V8 and Volanté, a special appearance of ultra modern Aston Martins included the new DB11 model - which debuted in prototype form in Spectre - the Jet 2+2 shooting brake style estate concept based on the Rapide four seater, and several ‘hypercars’ like £1.2m the One-77 model and the £1.8m Aston Martin Vulcan. n Images by Steve Wright. For more pictures or purchase images from the day, see www.skwimages.com.
Feature your event in our magazine. 154
Call 01529 469977 and speak to our Events Desk...
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:45 Page 155
Purchase photographs from this event online. Visit www.pridemagazines.co.uk.
155
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:45 Page 156
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:45 Page 157
BACK TO THE
FUTURE - MOTORS -
MORGAN’S NEW THREE WHEELED CAR REPRESENTS A RETURN TO THE DESIGN OF ITS 1930s VEHICLES, BUT WITH A MODERN TWIST. PICTURED HERE IS THE LATEST ECO-FRIENDLY ELECTRIC CAR TO REACH THE MARKET. PARADOXICALLY, IT’S A VEHICLE THAT HARKS BACK TO THE PAST, WHILST LOOKING TO THE FUTURE... Words: Rob Davis.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:46 Page 158
- MOTORS -
Old dog... new tricks. The Morgan Motor Company was founded in 1909. More than a century later, though, it hasn’t modernised its lineage with the ubiquitous hatchback, small family car, large company car and SUV. Rather, the company has remained faithful to its heritage, producing hand-made cars from its Worcestershire headquarters roadsters, mostly with four wheels and two seats, Ford sourced engines and traditional hand-worked metal shells over ash wood frames.
Making its debut at the Geneva Motor Show, though, was a new model which is both decidedly retro, but thoroughly modern, too. Granted, you’ll either love it or hate it, and it’s hardly a practical family car, but to us, its quirkiness makes it a compelling prospect as something fun to keep in the garage.
Available to order from this quarter, you’re looking at the Morgan EV3. It’s as traditional as any model in the company’s portfolio, an open top roadster with a decidedly minimalist cabin, few concessions to modern motoring and its wooden chassis.
It’s also short of a wheel. The firm produced its V-Twin three-wheel models from 1911, then made its ‘F-Series’ three-wheel models from 1932-1952, before adding an extra wheel in its 4/4 (four wheel; four cylinder) model, which is still on sale today, albeit in a more modern incarnation.
The EV3 has just one seat, an offset driving position and a single off-centre headlight flanked by two side lights. It’s there that the car’s pretence of tradition ends though. 158
That’s because, despite its appearance as a car for those who smoke pipes and wear flat caps and tinker in sheds, the EV3 is, as its name suggests, an electric car with a thoroughly modern drivetrain.
The EV3 car pictured is currently in its pre-production phase, with final specifications due to be finalised. We know, though, that underneath the car’s tubular space-frame chassis will be a 20KWh lithium battery, with a 46kW motor which drives a single rear wheel.
Usually electric cars have significant kerb weights, but at less than 500kg (a more conventional Ford Fiesta, by comparison, weighs double that), the Morgan will reach 60mph in less than nine seconds. That’s nippy, rather than record-breaking, as is the top speed of 90mph. However, with one wheel ‘missing,’ and a more pared-back >>
“THE EV3 HAS JUST ONE SEAT, AND AN OFFSET DRIVING POSITION...”
Top/Right: The EV3 has a digital dashboard and automatic transmission.
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:46 Page 159
THE UK’S BEST SELLING CARS The half-year sales figures are in for the UK’s new car market. The first six months of 2016 have seen record sales thanks to the continued trend for personal contract plans (PCP) and lease agreements which see drivers renewing their cars every three years. Over 1,420,000 new cars were registered in the first half of the year, with the sale of diesel cars up 2.3% and petrol cars up by 3%. Sales of alternatively fuelled cars - electric or hybrid vehicles grew by an impressive 21.3%, bolstered by generous tax concessions in the company vehicle sector. As is to be expected, small hatchbacks are the most popular classification of vehicles, and Ford & Vauxhall the most popular manufacturers with the most cars sold and the greatest number of models in the top ten. The UK’s most popular SUV is the Nissan Qashqai, available as a two or four wheel drive vehicle, whilst the best selling executive car is Mercedes’s C-Class, available as a saloon, estate, coupé or convertible. If sales remain healthy, 2016 will break the record established by 2015 for the most number of cars sold in a year, since records began.
The UK’s Top Ten New Cars :
1. Ford Fiesta (pictured): 71,823 cars sold. 2. Vauxhall Corsa: 47,962 cars sold. 3. Ford Focus: 43,625 cars sold. 4. Volkswagen Golf: 42,096 cars sold. 5. Nissan Qashqai: 38,183 cars sold. 6. Vauxhall Astra: 33,345 cars sold. 7. Volkswagen Polo: 32,112 cars sold. 8. Mini Hatchback: 26,553 cars sold. 9. Vauxhall Mokka: 25,783 cars sold. 10. Mercedes C-Class: 25,084 cars sold.
159
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:46 Page 160
- MOTORS -
>> driving experience, it’s likely that it’ll feel faster than raw figures suggest, and it’s unlikely you’ll be daring or foolhardy enough to demand more performance, either. With a range of over 150 miles, and no hybrid petrol engine to provide the reassurance of an alternative means of propulsion if you stray too far from a recharging point, long-haul trips will have to be planned carefully. Having said that, with the low-slung driving position, open air motoring experience and exhilaration typically associated with any Morgan model, you’re unlikely to find a car that’s more exciting. Morgan did release a petrol three-seater of the EV3 in 2011/2012, which is still on sale for around £30,000. That car had a thrashy engine, slick gearchange, and a bouncy ride which manages to be enthusiastic and playful, adventurous, with great 160
feedback, but entirely incomparable to either two-seater motorcycles or four-wheeled cars.
With no press or production-models yet available, it’ll be impossible even for motoring journalists to get into the cockpit of an EV3, and equally impossible to speculate how the driving experience differs with an electric powertrain. Anticipate punchy performance though, as electric cars always enjoy an immediate delivery of torque compared to petrol engined cars. We’d be surprised if the cost of the car was less than £52,000, which is a lot for a car with little in the way of creature comforts.
You’ll probably need to factor in a helmet to protect you from road debris, too. But if you’re the kind of driver who values the thrill of the open road, and you’re prepared to stand out, the EV3 is a thrilling prospect! n
Morgan EV3 Roadster
Price: £52,000 (est; on sale Q4). Engine: 46kW electric motor. Range: 150 miles (zero emissions). Top Speed: 90mph; 0-60mph 9secs. Equipment: Automatic gearbox, leather seat. Optional: Wide range of colours and decals. Opt for RAF green with matching ‘Spitfire’ decals and lots of chrome - nothing too garish please!
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:46 Page 161
The Automatic Choice for Air Conditioning Since 1974
Making your conservatory comfortable, all year round...
ONLY
BESPOKE INSTALLATIONS FOR ANY ROOM IN YOUR HOME
•
FREE SURVEY & QUOTATION
n Air Conditioning systems provide energy efficient heating as well as cooling... n Seven year parts and labour warranty n Government backed - only 5% VAT
Call for a free, no obligation quote on 01522 788799
See www.lynxac.com or email [email protected]
The Automatic Choice for Air Conditioning Since 1974
5% VAT
A-RATED FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
1 - Rutland Pride OCT 171.qxp_Layout 2 copy 05/09/2016 14:46 Page 162
Crosswords CRYPTIC CROSSWORD Test your lateral thinking skills with this month’s Cryptic Crossword. Each puzzle has a set of perplexing clues to unravel, and as every lover of logic knows, the frustration is all part of the fun!
ACROSS
1. Intrusive ads showing dad dancing, maybe, with son (3-3) 4. Hit parade captures heart of the one rejected by her stepson (7) 9. Jazz star torn apart – she killed herself (9) 10. Try to hold distinctive movement device (5) 11. Lecher acted like an MP with time reduced? (5) 12. Finch’s wild statement (9) 13. Was too prone to apply veneer? (7) 15. Bike twisted round barrel, as might be found in well (6) 17. PC sort of old washer (6) 19. Oscar’s sort of thing: backing horse, herding swine (7) 22. Deodorised free-range hens feed across river (9) 24. Sloth possibly inhaling argon gas (5) 26. It appears here, chapter heading with bullets reversed (5) 27. Truck, comparatively blue, carries weight (3-6) 28. Lincoln’s habit of putting everything into the other things? (4,3) 29. Want symbolic home to have entrane changed (6)
DOWN
ACROSS
1. Emotionally and mentally stable (4-8) 9. Motor vehicle — languished (5) 10. Long tapering ags (7) 11. Cause pain to (4) 12. Old member of the family — no traces (anag) (8) 14. Doctor Who’s time machine (6) 15. Buy back (6) 18. Feign sickness to avoid work. (8) 20. Amaze (4) 22. Itinerant (7) 23. Unit of weight of gemstones (5) 24. Reduced to the bare essentials (8,4)
DOWN
2. Ruler (7) 3. Youngsters (4) 4. Taking 8 (6) 5. Surplus to requirements (8) 6. Food fish (5) 7. Show prejudice (12) 8. Speed, uppers etc (12) 13. Enlisted in the armed forces (6,2) 16. Humiliate oneself (3,4) 17. Free from captivity (6) 19. Less effective — realm (anag) (5) 21. Sarcastic — tart (4)
CRYPTIC ANSWERS
| i don't know |
Which eel-like fish has a sucker mouth with horny teeth, and a rough tongue, but no scales, paired fins, or jaws? | Vertebrates - Chordates - Rob Lewis - Biology 1309 with Lewis at Austin Community College - StudyBlue
Size: 32 Views: 13
What is a coelom?
The cavity contains digestive ect... A coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity that is completely lined by tissue created from the mesoderm, the middle layer of the primary cells found in an embryo.
What is a protostome?
"Mouth first". A multicellular organism whose mouth develops from a primary embryonic opening, such as an annelid, mollusk, or arthropod.
Advertisement )
Who are (the protostome) they?
Arthropods, nematodes, platyhelminthes, rotifers, molluscs, annelids.
What is a deuterostome?
"Mouth second". Distinguished by embryonic development: the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus (in protostomes it becomes the mouth) also known as enterocoelomates because their coelom develops through enterocoely.
Who are the Chordates (they)?
Vertebrates, echinoderms, acorn worms, worm-like animals( xenoturbellida).
What is a chordate?
An animal of the large phylum Chordata, comprising the vertebrates together with the sea squirts and lancelets.
What characteristics do (chordates) they all share?
They share four common characteristics: stiff, rod-like notochord running down the back (serves as a skeleton), hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal (turns into the jaw) slits (in throat region) and muscular postanal tail.
What characteristics do (chordates) they all share?
They share four common characteristics: stiff, rod-like notochord running down the back (serves as a skeleton), hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal (turns into the jaw) slits (in throat region) and muscular postanal tail.
What is a cephalochordate?
Small fish-like chordates retain all four chordate characteristics throughout their lives. (Consider these guys to be invertebrate chordates.) The presence of a notochord that persists throughout life. It is represented in the modern oceans by the Amphioxiformes (lancelets, also known as amphioxus).
What is a Lancelet?
A small elongated marine invertebrate that resembles a fish but lacks jaws and obvious sense organs. Lancelets possess a notochord and are among the most primitive chordates.
Why is it (cephalochordata) called an "invertebrate chordate"?
Because invertebrate chordates do not have a backbone. Invertebrate chordates include tunicates and lancelets. Both are primitive marine organisms.
What is a urochordate?
Urochordates are small marine animals with larvae that swim freely and adults that attach themselves to the ocean floor.
What is a sea squirt?
The sea squirt is an immobile filter feeder that live on the ocean floor.
What are the characteristics of a sea squirt?
The sea squirt have all these features as larvae, when they resemble tadpoles. The sea squirt then undergoes a transformation, rearranging its organs.
What is a craniate?
Hagfish and vertebrates. The Craniata, or craniates, include all animals having a skull (or cranium, hence their name), be it cartilaginous or bony.
Advertisement
What is a hagfish?
A primitive jawless marine vertebrate distantly related to the lampreys, with a slimy eel like body, a slitlike mouth surrounded by barbels, and a rasping tongue used for feeding on dead or dying fish.
What is a lamprey?
An eel like aquatic jawless vertebrate that has a sucker mouth with horny teeth and a rasping tongue. The adult is often parasitic, attaching itself to other fish and sucking their blood.
What is a gnathostome?
These animals have jaws and paired appendages (fins or limbs) that include: cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles (including birds) and mammals.
What important advancement do (gnathostome) they show?
An important advancement for this group was jaws, allowing biting teeth to evolve.
Give some examples (of the gnathostome) :
Cartilaginous fishes main characteristics are: cartilage skeletons, placoid scales (similar to teeth anatomy), jaws, heavier than water examples? Bony Fish main characteristics are: bony skeleton, swim bladders, fins with rays.
What is significance of lobed-fin fishes?
The most important features of lobe-finned fish is the lobe in their fins. Unlike other fish, Lobe-finned fish have a central appendage in their fins containing many bones and muscles. The fins are very flexible and potentially useful for supporting the body on land, as in lungfish and tetrapods (vertebrates with four limbs).
Are there any modern day lobed-fin fishes?
It is still unclear exactly where the transition from water to land took place ecologically.
The Amniotes egg Includes:
| Lamprey |
What word describes the property of a metal which allows it to be stretched into wire? | ��ࡱ� > �� w y ���� v �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5@ �� 0 �7 bjbj�2�2 V �X �X �/ �� �� �� � & * * * * F \ & ?m 2 � ^ : F Z �l �l �l �l �l �l �l qn R �p � �l � � � �l �l �# �# �# � � �l �# � �l �# � �# �% z �` � �l � ��F��� * �! � �i � �l 4 m 0 ?m �j � Yq \" T Yq � �l & & Yq �l f � L � �# � � t 0 f f f �l �l & & * �# & & * NRE 311/511 FISHES AND OTHER VERTEBRATES Winter 2004 Fish � are similar to aquatic macroinvertebrates: Act as bioindicators of water quality over long time periods Require varying dissolved oxygen concentrations Are not particular about food type generally Some have life stage metamorphosis Possess complicated mating/spawning/juvenile rearing behavior Phylum Chordata (chordates) � Subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates) 1 � 5) Class Agnatha (lampreys and hagfishes) Family Petromyzontidae (lampreys) eel-like and jawless Large, circular mouth, adapted for sucking Lacks scales, jaws, gill covers and paired fins Spawn and lay eggs in brooks and rivers Ammocete larvae in muck for 3 to 7 years; blind, no sucking disc, feed on detritus; eggs laid in swift streams; undergo metamorphosis to become adults Some species are anadromous (ascends rivers from the sea to reproduce), move to sea for 1-2 years until mature, then return to rivers to reproduce and generally die or fresh water Predaceous on invertebrates, parasitic, or nonfeeding Teeth-like spines suck out blood and juices, use sucker to attach themselves to fishes Many species sensitive to water pollution 5 Michigan species Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes) 5 � 7) Order Lepisosteiformes Lepidos (scales) + osteon (bone) Family Lepisoteidae (gars) long, thin body with long beak-like jaws, sharp teeth olive colored above, gray below thick, ganoid (diamond-shaped) scales can use atmospheric oxygen, and may bask on the surface habitat: large streams and rivers, backwaters, also shallow, weedy lakes; usually near vegetation food: predators 8 � 9) Order Amiiformes Family Amiidae (bowfin) ID long dorsal fin that meets the caudal fin black spot at upper caudal base large mouth, extends past eye primitive fish lung-like gas bladder one living species (Amia calva) of formerly diverse group habitat: sluggish waters, such as lakes, swamps, sloughs, pools, and backwaters of lowland streams, usually near vegetation reproduction: in spring, male builds circular nests among weeds, guards eggs and young food: fishes, crayfish 10 � 19) Order Clupeiformes Family Salmonidae (trout and salmon) large fishes with long, skinny body adipose fin and single dorsal fin large fishes, important sport and commercial fishes many species migratory (anadromous), often spawning in same streams where they were hatched habitat: cool to cold, well-oxygenated streams and lakes (often cooler than 21 C) food: insects, plankton, and bottom organisms all cold water predators 20 �22) Family Umbridae (mudminnows) small, red-brown fishes with oblong body, with faint vertical bars blunt snout, scaled head, and rounded tail with dark bar at its base no lateral line, no adipose fin Dark bar at caudal peduncle burrow into mud when alarmed, resistant to adverse conditions (even freezing) habitat: soft-bottomed sluggish or stagnant water food: insects, crustaceans, some vegetation 23 � 25) Family Esocidae (pikes) large, distinctive long cylindrical body, with forked caudal fin duck-billed snout, sharp teeth dorsal and anal fins located far back on body, opposite each other Other habitat: vegetated waters of pools or sluggish sections of streams, also lakes and swamps food: fish and frogs, voracious predators and fighting behavior make them popular sport fishes Order Cypriniformes 26 � 33) Family Cyprinidae (minnows, carps) Carp in Latin largest family of freshwater fishes one solid dorsal fin generally have thin lips (stonerollers has horny edge extending to edge of lower lip, used to scrape algae, but different in shape from that of suckers) lack teeth in mouth, but have 1-3 rows of teeth on comb-like row in throat habitat: widespread in lentic and lotic waters food: usually carnivores on small crustaceans and insects; some are herbivores Blacknose Dace : Rhinichthys, from the Greek, "snout fish" atratulus, from the Greek, "wearing black", as for mourning. Common Name from the dark band which runs across its nose. Other common names include: brook minnow, dace, eastern blacknose dace, , redfin dace, slicker, striped dace, western blacknose dace 34 �36) Family Catostomidae (suckers) suckers in mouth thick and large lips, protrusible premaxillae, used to �vacuum� and ingest invertebrates teeth located in throat in single comb-like row spawn in spring individuals often move in large schools habitat: rivers, lake beds; because of large size and abundance, suckers often account for a large amount of biomass in streams and lakes food: insects and other invertebrates on bottom Northern redhorse: (Shorthead Redhorse) "shorthead" refers to this species small head; "redhorse" is a reference to the bright red fin color of several species including this one. They prefer water ranging from clear to moderately turbid (cloudy) with bottoms of sand, gravel, and rock. It is common to find this fish living with silver redhorse, HYPERLINK "http://www.gen.umn.edu/faculty_staff/hatch/fishes/blackside_darter.html" blackside darters, HYPERLINK "http://www.gen.umn.edu/faculty_staff/hatch/fishes/smallmouth_bass.html" smallmouth bass, golden redhorse, HYPERLINK "http://www.gen.umn.edu/faculty_staff/hatch/fishes/hornyhead_chub.html" hornyhead chubs, and central stonerollers. 37 � 41) Family Ictaluridae (catfishes) small to large fishes 4 pairs of barbels (�whiskers�) around the mouth no scales adipose fin stout spines at dorsal and pectoral fin origins; glandular cells in skin surrounding fin spines of madtoms are venomous, resulting in painful reaction usually bottom feeders and active at night some species of commercial food and aquaculture value spawning usually in spring and summer 42 � 49) Order Perciformes Family Percidae (perches and darters) The perch family (Percidae), the rainbow darter is common across much of the eastern United States. With at least 153 species, the family Percidae is the second most diverse family of fishes in North America. The genus Etheostoma contains approximately 90 species of darters, all of which are native to North America. 2 separate dorsal fins, one with rays and one soft. large pectoral fins long slender bodies most small in size (~10 cm), several are large (over 0.5 m) Other all but several species are darters, which are some of our most colorful fishes large ones (walleye, logperch) are popular sport fishes most have lost gas bladder, dart about bottoms of streams and lakes Johnny Darter - They prefer clear water with sandy or gravely bottoms and slow or still waters, but they do very well in moderately turbid (cloudy), moving water. They seem to tolerate many kinds of water pollution, more so then other darters species. They often found living with the HYPERLINK "http://www.gen.umn.edu/faculty_staff/hatch/fishes/American_brook_lamprey.html" American brook lamprey, HYPERLINK "http://www.gen.umn.edu/faculty_staff/hatch/fishes/white_sucker.html" white suckers, bigmouth shiners, central stonerollers, blacknose dace, and other species of darters. 50 � 56) Family Centrarchidae (sunfishes and basses) thin, oblong or circular bodies dorsal fins are completely joined, half spiny half soft colorful males make shallow depression for nest, guard eggs and fry food: macroinvertebrates and fish habitat: lentic and lotic waters, usually of warmer temperatures popular game fishes � good eatin� 57 � 59) Family Cottidae (sculpin) Mottled sculpin: sculpin comes from the Latin word for "sea scorpion" and mottled refers to the dark blotches on the body large fanlike pectoral fins small fish with large mouth, wide body that tapers to slender, compressed caudal peduncle dorsolaterally flattened preopercle spines dark and drab color largely a marine group, a few freshwater species habitat: streams and lakes, often rocky substrates 60- 61) Family Gasterosteidae (sticklebacks) - unique for their separate dorsal spines followed by normal dorsal fin scaleless extremely narrow caudal peduncle males build elaborate nests of plants and sticks held together by kidney secretion, guard eggs and young habitat: shallow vegetated areas of lakes, ponds, and mud-bottomed substrates of sluggish streams, also creeks and small rivers over sand or mud food: small insects and crustaceans 62) Eel Family (Anguillidae) The American eel, Anguilla rostrata, also known as the common or freshwater eel, can be found in a variety of habitats across an extensive geographic range. Anguilla and rostrata are both Latin, meaning "eel" and "beaked," It probably has the broadest diversity of habitats of any fish species in the world. The American eel occurs in freshwater rivers and lakes, estuaries, coastal areas and open ocean from the southern tip of Greenland, along the Atlantic coast of North America, throughout the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, to Venezuela, and inland in the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes. The eel is an abundant resident of all tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay in its yellow eel phase. Before reaching this life-history phase, which comprises most of its life, the eel has undergone several physical and geographical changes. Life Cycle:The life history of the American eel is complex and not fully understood. It is a catadromous species, which spends most of its life in rivers, lakes and estuaries, but migrates to the ocean to spawn. The eel begins and ends its life in the waters of the Sargasso Sea, an area north of the Bahamas. The leptocephalus, a pelagic larvae of less than two inches in length, drifts with the ocean currents for 9 to12 months before entering coastal waters. When it reaches approximately 2.4 inches in length, the leptocephalus metamorphoses into a transparent, "glass" eel. In autumn the glass eels migrate into estuaries along the Atlantic coast, including Chesapeake Bay, where they become pigmented. These eels are known as elvers. Some elvers remain in the estuaries, but others migrate varying distances upstream, often for several hundred kilometers, overcoming seemingly impassible obstacles such as spillways, dams, falls and rapids. Now in their yellow eel phase, the American eels will remain in the brackish and fresh waters of these rivers for the majority of their lives�for at least 5 � 20 years. The yellow eels are uniformly greenish-brown to yellowish-brown dorsally, and whitish-gray ventrally. Females reach a maximum length of five feet, and males grow as long as two feet. Once the female eel has reached maturity (after 10-20 years in the freshwater streams and lakes), These residents of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries are nocturnally active omnivores, feeding on insects, mollusks, crustaceans, worms and other fish. Before beginning its life-ending migration back to the waters of the Sargasso Sea to spawn, the eel must undergo further profound physical changes. Just prior to the reproductive migration, the eel stops feeding, the eyes and pectoral fins enlarge, the visual pigments change and the body color pattern transforms. The sexually mature eel has a gray back, pure white belly, and a silvery bronze sheen on its flanks. The migration occurs throughout autumn nights with adults descending streams and rivers, swimming through deep grass and shallow ditches, for a January spawning in the warm Caribbean waters. Class Amphibia 64 �65) Order Salientia (Frogs and Toads) There is no scientific distinction between frogs and toads. However� Frogs: usually smooth-skinned, have long hind limbs for leaping, live in water. Toads: warty, drier skins with shorter hind limbs for hopping, live on land 66 � 69) Order Caudata (Salamanders and Newts) Salamanders: distinguished from other amphibians by presence of a tail in all larvae, juveniles, and adults; limbs set at right angles to the body with forelimbs and hindlimbs of approx. equal size. Newts: rough-skinned species in the salamander family 70) Order Gymnophiona (Caecilians) Tropical burrowing amphibian, worm-like Has jaws, teeth, and scales embedded in skin Predatory: eats worms, caterpillars, termites, small burrowing snakes 4 5 7 i q s � � � � % & c d � � � � � � � � { � � � � � Y g % D M � � � � � [ ��������������������ǻ������ǻǻǻ��Ǩ�ǛǓDžǓǓ� h�7j hN8� 5�CJ \�aJ h�7j CJ aJ h�7j hN8� 0J CJ aJ $h�7j hN8� 0J 5�6�CJ \�]�aJ h�7j hN8� >*CJ aJ h�7j hN8� CJ aJ h�7j CJ \�aJ h�7j h�7j CJ \�aJ h�7j h�7j 5�CJ aJ h�7j hN8� 5�CJ aJ 2 6 7 i � � & d � � � � 8 h � ' � h � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � & Fb �h� �� ^�� & F �h� �� ^�� & F �h� �� ^�� ��^�� & Fr � T�#gd�7j � ��# �7 � � � � � % [ { � � = M N f � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � & Fa �h� �� ^�� gd�7j & Fa �h� �� ^�� �p^�p & F �h� �� ^�� & F �h� �� ^�� ��^�� ��^�� & F �h� �� ^�� � � M � " 9 : ; W ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � v & FV �h� �� ^�� & FT �h� �� ^�� gd�7j & FT �h� �� ^�� ��^�� & F` �h� �� ^�� & F_ �h� �� ^�� & F^ �h� �� ^�� & F] �h� �� ^�� & F[ �h� �� ^�� & FZ �h� �� ^�� � V � � � � ] � � � / b � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � & FM �h� �� ^�� & F �h� �� ^�� ��^�� & F �h� �� ^�� & FY �h� �� ^�� & FX �h� �� ^�� & FW �h� �� ^�� � V ] � - g h � � < � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � & FK �h� �� ^�� & FJ �h� �� ^�� & FI �h� �� ^�� & Fp & FF �h� �� ^�� & FS �h� �� ^�� & FR �h� �� ^�� �p^�p & FP �h� �� ^�� & FN �h� �� ^�� � C D l } � B � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ����^��`�� & F? �h� �� ^�� & F@ �h� �� ^�� & FA �h� �� ^�� & FB �h� �� ^�� gd�7j & FD �h� �� ^�� ��^�� ���d �d [$\$^�� & FL �h� �� ^�� � � � � 4 ? L ~ � H � � � � � � � � � � � s & F< �h� �� ^�� & F; �h� �� ^�� & F: �h� �� ^�� & F: �h� �� ^�� gd�7j & F9 �h� �� ^�� & F8 �h� �� ^�� & F7 �h� �� ^�� & F6 �h� �� ^�� ��^�� & Fp �@ p�� ^�� gd�7j [ \ � � � � � � + , ? @ � � � � o x � � � $ 0 � # {" |" �" �" �" �" �" �" C# D# Q# R# �# �# �# �# ��������������������寞�������������s� h�7j B*CJ aJ ph $h�7j hN8� 0J >* B*CJ aJ ph h�7j hN8� >*CJ aJ h�7j hN8� >*B*CJ aJ ph h�7j hN8� B*CJ aJ ph h�7j CJ aJ h�7j hN8� 5�CJ \�aJ !h�7j hN8� 0J B* CJ aJ ph �h�7j hN8� CJ aJ j h�7j hN8� CJ UaJ *H n o � � % 9 M � � � ! ^! �# �# �# $ ;$ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � & F( �h� �� ^�� � \$ gd�7j & F3 �h� �� ^�� & F0 �h� �� ^�� & F/ �h� �� ^�� & F1 �h� �� ^�� ��^�� �p^�p & F= �h� �� ^�� �# �# .% >% !& :& J' k' l' �+ �+ ,- =- -. 8. �. �. �/ �/ �4 �4 �4 �4 A5 F5 �5 �5 �5 �5 �6 �6 �6 �6 �7 ��������������������������������� hN8� hN8� >*CJ aJ h�7j hN8� >*CJ aJ h�7j hN8� 5�CJ \�aJ h�7j hN8� CJ aJ h�7j hN8� 5�CJ aJ !;$ D$ �$ �$ �$ % % �% �% !& :& L& a& �& � � � � � � � � � � � � | & F" �h� �� ^�� & F$ �h� �� ^�� & F! �h� �� ^�� & F �h� �� ^�� & F- �h� �� ^�� & F, �h� �� ^�� & F+ �h� �� ^�� & F* �h� �� ^�� & F( �h� �� ^�� gd�7j �& �& �& �& ?' J' l' �' h( �( �( �+ �, ,- �- � � � � � � � � � � � � & Fl �d �d [$\$ gd�7j & F �h� �� ^�� & F �h� �� ^�� & F �h� �� ^�� & F �h� �� ^�� gdN8� & F �h� �� ^�� & Fp �@ p�� ^�� �p^�p & F% �h� �� ^�� �- ;. �. �/ W0 p1 2 m4 n4 ~4 �4 �4 A5 �5 �5 �5 �6 �6 �6 �6 7 <7 �7 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ����^��`�� ��^�� ���0�^��`�0� ��^�� ��`�� gd�7j & Fl �d �d [$\$ ��/ ��=!��"��#��$��%� � < @�� < N o r m a l CJ _HmH sH tH 8 @ 8 H e a d i n g 1 $@& 5� D A@��� D D e f a u l t P a r a g r a p h F o n t V i@��� V T a b l e N o r m a l :V � 4� 4� l a� ( k@��� ( N o L i s t L C@ � L B o d y T e x t I n d e n t ���0�^��`�0� P ^@ P N o r m a l ( W e b ) �d �d [$\$ B*aJ ph 6 U@� 6 H y p e r l i n k >*B*ph � . X@� !. E m p h a s i s 6�]�V R@ 2V B o d y T e x t I n d e n t 2 �h�d �d [$\$`�h F V@� AF F o l l o w e d H y p e r l i n k >*B* ph� � �/ V ���� 6 7 i � � & d � � � � 8 h � ' � h � � � � % [ { � � = M N f � � � � � � M � " 9 : ; W ~ � � � V � � � � ] � � � / b � � � � V ] � - g h � � < � � � C D l } � B � � � � � � � 4 ? L ~ � H n o � � % 9 M � � � ^ � � � ; D � � � � � ! : L a � � � � ? J l � h � � �# �$ ,% �% ;& �& �' W( p) * m, n, ~, �, �, A- �- �- �- �. �. �. �. / � ��FL��������� �~� d%0�� �': d%0�� |2s "*���������� �& d%0�� �G� d%0�� 0�!d%0�� � "d%0�� $; #d%0�� }}W#d%0�� ��%d%0�� FU&��Zv��������� �N:)d%0�� ��)d%0�� �W�)d%0�� �B*d%0�� TjT+d%0�� �+d%0�� � �.d%0�� 7�.d%0�� \p�/d%0�� �D 0d%0�� � k1d%0�� J4d%0�� ,'�4�d�s� s?�6d%0�� #w}7�d�s� �Y�7d%0�� p�8�d�s� ;�8d%0�� #1:d%0�� P~ ;d%0�� �m
d%0�� �?d%0�� �f Dd%0�� �F�Dd%0�� '^ME\����������� L7Fd%0�� � Gd%0�� ,rGd%0�� "�I��he��������� ({Kd%0�� �d�Md%0�� :�Pd%0�� �<"Qd%0�� j �Qd%0�� � �Qd%0�� �h�Rd%0�� Z9Vd%0�� n Vd%0�� G�Xd%0�� vxLYd%0�� �R+[d%0�� Pq|[d%0�� '�[d%0�� ��]d%0�� �H�]d%0�� WG:ad%0�� l(�ad%0�� )�dd%0�� w�ed%0�� u'�gd%0�� _q hd%0�� �hd%0�� V{Xjd%0�� 3tjd%0�� � kd%0�� Q?�k�d�s� �Plz]B���������� {`5md%0�� +eUod%0�� E*p%H���������� yqd%0�� �Z{qd%0�� �7Dsd%0�� �@vsd%0�� �N�sd%0�� 'y2td%0�� �otd%0�� �F�td%0�� �~vd%0�� ;V�xd%0�� qbm{d%0�� �"�|d%0�� �V�|d%0�� �_~d%0�� �H���� H^�H`���o( - �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� �H���� H^�H`���o( - �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� h �8���� 8^�8`���OJ QJ o( �� � h ����� ^�`���OJ QJ o( o � h �� ���� � ^�� `���OJ QJ o( �� � h �� ���� � ^�� `���OJ QJ o( �� � h �x���� x^�x`���OJ QJ o( o � h �H���� H^�H`���OJ QJ o( �� � h ����� ^�`���OJ QJ o( �� � h ������ �^��`���OJ QJ o( o � h ������ �^��`���OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �H���� H^�H`���o( - �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� ��h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���OJ QJ o( -� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���OJ QJ o( -� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���OJ QJ o( -� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� h ������ �^��`���OJ QJ o( �h �H �� � h ������ �^��`���OJ QJ ^J o( �h �H o � h �P���� P^�P`���OJ QJ o( �h �H �� � h � ���� ^� `���OJ QJ o( �h �H �� � h �� ���� � ^�� `���OJ QJ ^J o( �h �H o � h ��!���� �!^��!`���OJ QJ o( �h �H �� � h ��$���� �$^��$`���OJ QJ o( �h �H �� � h �`'���� `'^�`'`���OJ QJ ^J o( �h �H o � h �0*���� 0*^�0*`���OJ QJ o( �h �H �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� h �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���OJ QJ o( �h �H �� � h ����� ^�`���OJ QJ o( o � h ������ �^��`���OJ QJ o( �� � h ������ �^��`���OJ QJ o( �� � h ������ �^��`���OJ QJ o( o � h �P���� P^�P`���OJ QJ o( �� � h � ���� ^� `���OJ QJ o( �� � h �� ���� � ^�� `���OJ QJ o( o � h ��!���� �!^��!`���OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���OJ QJ o( -� h ����� ^�`���OJ QJ o( �h �H �� � h �� ���� � ^�� `���OJ QJ ^J o( �h �H o � h �� ���� � ^�� `���OJ QJ o( �h �H �� � h �x���� x^�x`���OJ QJ o( �h �H �� � h �H���� H^�H`���OJ QJ ^J o( �h �H o � h ����� ^�`���OJ QJ o( �h �H �� � h ������ �^��`���OJ QJ o( �h �H �� � h ������ �^��`���OJ QJ ^J o( �h �H o � h �� ���� � ^�� `���OJ QJ o( �h �H �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( o � �p���� p^�p`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �@ ���� @ ^�@ `���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ����� ^�`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � ������ �^��`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� � �P���� P^�P`���CJ OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( �� �h���� h^�h`���B* OJ QJ o( ��r ,'�4 Q?�k #w}7 p�8 WG:a �W�) �7Ds x� �N:) o �N�s Z9V w�e {`5m 4vZ yQ@ � �Q s?�6 G�X �[M �V� �& )�d �>� ��) � �. C| yq ?b ;�8 �n� 3tj �"�| _q h g8 � " �g! #1: �V �': /� �~v �<"Q �@vs +eUo %.� �Z{q l(�a ;V�x �R+[ �h %� �ot ,rG �V�| �Y�7 J4 �B* e� n V �G� �m< ({K V{Xj u'�g Pq|[ �h�R qbm{ �F�D \p�/ �? L7F �D 0 0�! 'y2t TjT+ �H�] � G �d�M B` �f D :�P � �6� ��% P~ ; $; # dd: \� }}W# �X� �~� �F�t vxLY �+ > ��] �~� � k 7�. FU& �_~ �+� � k1 '�[ vU j �Q E*p g � |2s �Y "�I '^ME �Pl ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������r ��r �� 2`�b�m&��n�V�|L6"��� ��cȮ8��� S��N���y*��R�~�ܕH}� "����B
? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q �� �����Oh�� +'��0 � � � � � � � , 8 T ` l x � � � � � ' Class Agnatha (lampreys and hagfishes) f las carlsonm ath arl arl Normal m nggilles ath 13 i Microsoft Word 10.0 @ j�� @ � ����@ �"���@ �D��� l( �� ��՜.�� +,��D ��՜.�� +,��h $ h p � � � � � � � � � � University of Michigan V k/ A ' Class Agnatha (lampreys and hagfishes) Title 8 @ _PID_HLINKS � A � L D h t t p : / / w w w . g e n . u m n . e d u / f a c u l t y _ s t a f f / h a t c h / f i s h e s / w h i t e _ s u c k e r . h t m l q N h t t p : / / w w w . g e n . u m n . e d u / f a c u l t y _ s t a f f / h a t c h / f i s h e s / A m e r i c a n _ b r o o k _ l a m p r e y . h t m l ` > F h t t p : / / w w w . g e n . u m n . e d u / f a c u l t y _ s t a f f / h a t c h / f i s h e s / h o r n y h e a d _ c h u b . h t m l c 0 G h t t p : / / w w w . g e n . u m n . e d u / f a c u l t y _ s t a f f / h a t c h / f i s h e s / s m a l l m o u t h _ b a s s . h t m l C H h t t p : / / w w w . g e n . u m n . e d u / f a c u l t y _ s t a f f / h a t c h / f i s h e s / b l a c k s i d e _ d a r t e r . h t m l ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + ����- . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e ����g h i j k l m ����o p q r s t u ��������x ��������������������������������R o o t E n t r y �������� � F 0��F���z � 1 T a b l e ���� ���� , -s W o r d D o c u m e n t �������� V S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( ���� f D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 ������������ n C o m p O b j ������������ j ������������ ������������ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �� ���� � F Microsoft Word Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 �9�q
| i don't know |
Which 'HMC' by David Essex was No. 1 in October 1975? | The UK Number Ones : 1975-1979
Week Ending ACT + Links TITLE Weeks TALLY COMMENT 18 Jan 1975 Status Quo Down Down 1
Only No 1
This famous band of head bangers had 22 Top 10s out of 52 hits between 1968 and 1996, but only this No 1.
25 Jan 1975 Tymes Ms Grace 1
Only No 1
US group that first charted in 1963. They had only two other hits before this No 1.
1 Feb 1975 Pilot January 3
Only No 1
British group whose two follow-ups failed even make the Top 30.
22 Feb 1975 Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Make Me Smile (Come Up And See Me) 2
Only No 1
They had two Top 10s before this. Harley went solo in 1976 but never made the big time.
8 Mar 1975 Telly Savalas If 2
Only No 1
Actor who starred in the tv cop show "Kojak". He spoke his way through this song by David Gates from Bread.
22 Mar 1975 Bay City Rollers Bye Bye Baby 6
1st No 1
Scottish band that dressed in tartan and built up a fanatical teen following. Best-selling single of 1975.
3 May 1975 Mud Oh Boy 2
3rd & last No 1
Buddy Holly hit from 1958. They had a further 4 Top 10 hits by the end of 1976.
17 May 1975 Tammy Wynette Stand By Your Man 3
Only No 1
Legendary US country music singer for whom this song became a trade mark.
7 Jun 1975 Windsor Davies & Don Estelle Whispering Grass 3
Only No 1
Spin-off from the BBC sitcom " It Ain't Half Hot Mum ". This pair were the stars.
28 Jun 1975 10 CC I'm Not In Love 2
2nd No 1
Classic love song and radio play list favourite. They were major stars of the 1970s.
12 Jul 1975 Johnny Nash Tears On My Pillow 1
Only No 1
Texan who specialised in soft reggae arrangements, and had much success in the UK.
19 Jul 1975 Bay City Rollers Give A Little Love 3
2nd & last No 1
"Rollermania" had been coined by this time, but by mid-77, it was all over.
9 Aug 1975 Typically Tropical Barbados 1
Only No 1
Two recording engineers created this reggae dance hit, but became One-hit Wonders. The song, with new words and title made No 1 again in 1999.
16 Aug 1975 Stylistics Can't Give You Anything (But My Love) 3
Only No 1
Philadelphian satin soul group who charmed the UK with a succession of smooth ballads.
6 Sep 1975 Rod Stewart Sailing 4
3rd No 1
One of his classic anthems, which returned to No 3 the following year, after use in a tv documentary series.
4 Oct 1975 David Essex Hold Me Close 3
2nd & last No 1
He was at the height of his popularity at this time. In the 1980s he concentrated on stage musicals.
25 Oct 1975 Art Garfunkel I Only Have Eyes For You 2
1st No 1
Having separated from Paul Simon, he recorded mostly MOR standards.
8 Nov 1975 David Bowie Space Oddity 2
1st No 1
He made No 5 with this in 1969. Rick Wakeman provides synthesiser backing.
22 Nov 1975 Billy Connolly D.I.V.O.R.C.E. 1
Only No 1
Scottish comedian who made this parody of a Tammy Wynette hit.
29 Nov 1975
Xmas No 1 Queen Bohemian Rhapsody 9
1st No 1
All-time classic which was accompanied by a video, and was the first No 1 to benefit from tv exposure. In 1991, the record was back at No 1.
31 Jan 1976 Abba Mamma Mia 2
2nd No 1
Two years after their first No 1 they were back, and their careers took off.
14 Feb 1976 Slik Forever And Ever 1
Only No 1
Scots band led by Midge Ure . He went on to groups Visage and Ultravox , but his next No 1 was solo in 1985.
21 Feb 1976 Four Seasons December '63 2
Only No 1
Major 60s act, with falsetto vocalist, Frankie Valli, who made a strong return in the 70s with the band and solo.
6 Mar 1976 Tina Charles I Love To Love 3
Only No 1
She once recorded budget cover versions and was in band 5000 Volts. Solo, she had two other Top 10 hits.
27 Mar 1976 Brotherhood Of Man Save Your Kisses For Me 6
1st No 1
UK Eurovision winner, which shot them to stardom for a couple of years. Best-selling single of 1976.
8 May 1976 Abba Fernando 4
3rd No 1
The momentum was now picking up - Abbamania began.
5 Jun 1976 J J Barrie No Charge 1
Only No 1
Slushy, sentimentality from the Canadian. Female vocals are by Vicky Brown, late wife of 60s' rocker Joe Brown .
12 Jun 1976 Wurzels Combine Harvester (Brand New Key) 2
Only No 1
Cider-drinking folkies from the West Country with a reworking of Melanie's hit.
26 Jun 1976 Real Thing You To Me Are Everything 3
Only No 1
TV talent show winners from Liverpool who enjoyed hits for the rest of the decade.
17 Jul 1976 Demis Roussos The Roussos Phenomenon EP (main track: Forever And Ever) 1
Only No 1
Overweight Greek star, prone to wearing kaftans. Most of his success came from live performances.
24 Jul 1976 Elton John & Kiki Dee Don't Go Breaking My Heart 6
1st No 1 for Elton, Only No 1 for Kiki
The British legend had scored five No 1s in the US before this one. His next UK No 1 was 14 years away.
4 Sep 1976 Abba Dancing Queen 6
4th No 1
This classic dance track was their only US No 1. Still heard on radio in to the 2000s.
11 Oct 1976 Pussycat Mississippi 4
Only No 1
First Dutch act to make the UK top spot. Success was short lived.
13 Nov 1976 Chicago If You Leave Me Now 3
Only No 1
They started as rockers in late 60s, but settled into AOR and became the darlings of American FM radio.
4 Dec 1976 Showaddywaddy Under The Moon Of Love 3
Only No 1
Rock 'n' roll revival group from Leicester who had nine Top 10 hits with remakes.
25 Dec 1976
Xmas No 1 Johnny Mathis When A Child Is Born 3
Only No 1
American MOR star who first charted in 1958, and was 41 by the time he got to No 1 with this Christmas classic.
15 Jan 1977 David Soul Don't Give Up On Us 4
1st No 1
One half of top tv cop show "Starsky & Hutch" (he was blonde Hutch) who was a singer before he became an actor. Written by Tony Macaulay. Top seller of 1977.
12 Feb 1977
400th No 1 Julie Covington Don't Cry For Me Argentina 1
Only No 1
From the Tim Rice & Andrew Lloyd-Webber musical "Evita". Julie was in tv series "Rock Follies", but did not take a role in the "Evita" stage production.
19 Feb 1977 Leo Sayer When I Need You 3
Only No 1
Discovered and managed by Adam Faith , Leo had 10 Top 10 hits over nearly 10 years. Written by Albert Hammond & Carole Bayer Sager.
12 Mar 1977 Manhattan Transfer Chanson D'Amour 3
Only No 1
MOR mixed harmony group who worked in New York gay bars, singing 40s and 50s swing classics.
2 Apr 1977 Abba Knowing You Knowing Me 5
5th No 1
Their previous release had stalled at No 3, but they returned for another run of chart toppers.
7 May 1977 Deniece Williams Free 2
Only No 1
She was in in Stevie Wonder's backing group in the early 70s, and gained a few solo hits until 1984.
21 May 1977 Rod Stewart I Don't Want To Talk About It / First Cut Is The Deepest 4
4th No 1
He was now enjoying super star status with world-wide popularity.
18 Jun 1977 Kenny Rogers Lucille 1
1st No 1
Country music singer with US hits in the late 60s. This hit gave him stardom in the UK.
25 Jun 1977 Jacksons Show You The Way To Go 1
Only No 1
Four members of the Jackson Five, including Michael. They had several disco hits 77-81.
2 Jul 1977 Hot Chocolate So You Win Again 3
Only No 1
Led by Errol Brown , they had 30 hits from 1970 to 1984. Remixed hits charted into the 1990s.
23 Jul 1977 Donna Summer I Feel Love 4
Only No 1
US disco diva produced by Giorgio Moroder. She had scored 40 hits by 1999.
20 Aug 1977 Brotherhood Of Man Angelo 1
2nd No 1
Two girls and two men who were tackling Abba head-on, but were destined to lose.
27 Aug 1977 Floaters Float On 1
Only No 1
Soul/funk act from Detroit, formed in 1964. Top US soul hit of 1977. One-hit Wonders.
3 Sep 1977 Elvis Presley Way Down 5
17th No 1
Released just before the King died on 16/8/77, it shot to No 1 as a result. It put him equal with the Beatles, each amassing 17 No 1 hits.
8 Oct 1977 David Soul Silver Lady 3
2nd & last No 1
He had 5 hits which all made the Top 12. After that his successes were back in acting.
29 Oct 1977 Baccara Yes Sir I Can Boogie 1
Only No 1
First Spanish act to reach the UK No 1, and first female duo to do so. One more hit and they were gone.
5 Nov 1977 Abba The Name Of The Game 4
6th No 1
The Abba success wagon was at full speed now, with a film in the can and a world tour having taken place.
3 Dec 1977
Xmas No 1 Wings Mull Of Kintyre 9
Only No 1
(1st for Paul McCartney)
Paul's first No 1 since he was a Beatle in 1969. Before his next he had disbanded Wings.
4 Feb 1978 Althia & Donna Up Town top Ranking 1
Only No 1
Two Jamaican teenagers who put some Carribean slang to existing music. One-hit Wonders.
11 Feb 1978 Brotherhood Of Man Figaro 1
3rd & last No 1
The formula worked again, but after this the hits faded away and they turned to the cabaret circuit.
18 Feb 1978 Abba Take A Chance On Me 3
7th No 1
Still riding high, they completed a second hat trick of chart toppers.
11 Mar 1978 Kate Bush Wuthering Heights 4
Only No 1
Somewhat freaky, this talented singer/songwriter enjoyed 10 years of stardom, but only one No 1.
8 Apr 1978 Brian & Michael Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs 3
Only No 1
Celebrating the work of northern painter, L S Lowry, the backing vocals are by the St Winifred's School Choir, who had a No 1 in 1980.
29 Apr 1978 Bee Gees Night Fever 2
3rd No 1
They wrote the soundtrack to "Saturday Night Fever", and relaunched their careers as kings of disco.
13 May 1978 Boney M Rivers Of Babylon 5
1st No 1
Carribean act, recorded in Germany, who were major stars in the late 70s. Best selling single of 1978.
17 Jun 1978 John Travolta & Olivia Newton John You're The One That I Want 9
1st No 1
From the soundtrack of "Grease", the film and music from it dominated the second half of 1978.
19 Aug 1978 Commodores Three Times A Lady 5
Only No 1
Led by Lionel Richie who wrote the song, they had considerable success until Richie went solo in 1982.
23 Sep 1978 10 CC Dreadlock Holiday 1
3rd & last No 1
30 Sep 1978 John Travolta & Olivia Newton John Summer Nights 7
2nd No 1 for Olivia; 2nd & last No 1 for Travolta.
Another classic track from the film "Grease". The album was second best selling of 1978, beaten by "Saturday Night Fever".
18 Nov 1978 Boomtown Rats Rat Trap 2
1st No 1
Irish new wave outfit led by the now-legendary Sir Bob Geldorf.
2 Dec 1978 Rod Stewart Da Ya Think I'm Sexy 1
5th No 1
He jumped on the disco bandwagon for this hit. It was remixed in 1997 by N-Trance, reaching No 7.
9 Dec 1978
Xmas No 1 Boney M Mary's Boy Child / Oh My Lord 4
2nd & last No 1
Remake of a 1957 No 1. They had two more Top 10s, but faded in the early 80s.
6 Jan 1979 Village People Y.M.C.A. 3
Only No 1
Classic disco hit from New Yorkers who started out in the Big Apple's gay bars.
27 Jan 1979 Ian Dury & The Blockheads Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick 1
Only No 1
They were a popular part of the new wave scene, but this is more of a novelty item.
3 Feb 1979 Blondie Heart Of Glass 4
1st No 1
Led by the charismatic Debbie Harry, they found considerable success between 1978 and 1982.
3 Mar 1979 Bee Gees Tragedy 2
4th No 1
By then a major disco act, this was from their No 1 album, "Spirits Having Flown".
17 Mar 1979 Gloria Gaynor I Will Survive 4
Only No 1
Established US disco diva who finally got to No 1 with a song that became the karaoki No 1 in the 1990s.
14 Apr 1979 Art Garfunkel Bright Eyes 6
2nd & last No 1
From the cartoon film "Watership Down". Written by Wombles voice Mike Batt .
26 May 1979 Blondie Sunday Girl 3
2nd No 1
Originally regarded as new wave, their material was now finding a broader audience.
16 Jun 1979 Anita Ward Ring My Bell 2
Only No 1
She was a gospel singer in Memphis, but ended up recording disco tracks. One-hit Wonder.
30 Jun 1979 Tubeway Army ( Gary Numan ) Are 'Friends' Electric 4
1st No 1
Numan provided vocals, guitar and synthesiser for this locally recorded hit.
28 Jul 1979 Boomtown Rats I Don't Like Mondays 4
2nd & last No 1
Geldorf was later famous for his Live Aid fund raising event. He went into TV production in the 1990s.
25 Aug 1979 Cliff Richard We Don't Talk Anymore 4
10th No 1
After a lean time through most of the 70s, this first No 1 for 11 years started run of Top 10 hits throughout the 80s.
22 Sep 1979 Gary Numan Cars 1
2nd & last No 1
After a string of hits through the 80s, he turned to flying, and now concentrates on his active web site .
29 Sep 1979 Police Message In A Bottle 3
1st No 1
Led by Sting, who wrote the songs, they were to become one of the major bands of the 1980s.
20 Oct 1979 Buggles Video killed The Radio Star 1
Only No 1
A studio band featuring producer Trevor Horn . Famously, it was the first ever item played on MTV.
27 Oct 1979 Lena Martell One Day At A Time 3
Only No 1
British MOR album artist who had this unexpected hit. One-hit Wonder.
17 Nov 1979 Dr Hook When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman 3
Only No 1
US country-rock act formed in 1969. They found favour in the UK with a series of melodic love songs.
8 Dec 1979 Police Walking On The moon 1
2nd No 1
Like their first No 1, this came from their album "Reggatta De Blanc".
15 Dec 1979
Xmas No 1 Pink Floyd Another Brick In The Wall 5
Only No 1
They had charted in 1967, but in the 70s concentrated on albums, their most famous being "The Dark Side Of The Moon". They returned to live concerts in the 1990s.
NOTES:
"One-hit Wonders" are acts that achieved just one number one, and had no other hits at all.
The dates and total weeks at No 1 shown may not always appear to line up. This is because some number ones fell from the top and returned a week or so later. The "weeks" shows the total of all periods at number one.
No link to your favourite artist's web site? Please e-mail me with details of your recommended sites.
Other Decades
| Hold Me Close |
In the Old Testament, what was the name of the devise that contained the 'Ark of the Covenant'? | David Essex - IMDb
IMDb
Actor | Soundtrack | Music Department
David Essex was born on July 23, 1947 in Plaistow, London, England as David Albert Cook. He is an Singer, Performer and actor, for The Devil's Rejects (2005), That'll Be the Day (1973) and Stardust (1974). He has been married to Susan Hallam-Wright since September 20, 2010. He was previously married to Carlotta Chrccisty and Maureen Neal. See full bio »
Born:
a list of 25 people
created 02 Feb 2013
a list of 25 people
created 10 Jul 2015
a list of 8338 people
created 23 Sep 2015
a list of 76 people
created 5 months ago
a list of 1955 people
created 4 months ago
Do you have a demo reel?
Add it to your IMDbPage
How much of David Essex's work have you seen?
User Polls
Nominated for 1 BAFTA Film Award. See more awards »
Known For
1977 David Essex (TV Series)
Host
1975 The Christmas Messenger (TV Short)
The Storyteller (voice)
1973 Sez Les (TV Series)
Special Guest
- The Twelve Divas of Christmas (2016) ... (performer: "A Winter's Tale" - uncredited)
2016 Lorraine (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode dated 18 October 2016 (2016) ... (performer: "Hold Me Close", "Rock On", "A Winter's Tale" - uncredited)
- 2015 Christmas Special with Kim Wilde (2015) ... (performer: "A Winter's Tale")
2015 Detectorists (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode #2.2 (2015) ... (performer: "Silver Dream Machine")
2014 Cut Snake (performer: "Rock On") / (writer: "Rock On" - as D. Essex)
2012 EastEnders (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Miscarriage of Justice (2009) ... (writer: "Rock On" - uncredited)
Cold Case (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2008) (writer - 1 episode, 2008)
- Glory Days (2008) ... (performer: "Rock On") / (writer: "Rock On")
2007 War of the Servers (performer: "Brave New World")
The Sopranos (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2007) (writer - 1 episode, 2007)
- Remember When (2007) ... (performer: "Rock On") / (writer: "Rock On")
Extras (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2005) (writer - 1 episode, 2005)
- Patrick Stewart (2005) ... (performer: "Gonna Make You A Star" - uncredited) / (writer: "Gonna Make You A Star" - uncredited)
2005 The Long Weekend (performer: "Hold Me Close") / (writer: "Hold Me Close")
2005 The Devil's Rejects (performer: "Rock On") / (writer: "Rock On")
Six Feet Under (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2003) (writer - 1 episode, 2003)
- Perfect Circles (2003) ... (performer: "Rock On") / (writer: "Rock On")
2002 For Earth Below (Short) (performer: "Rock On") / (writer: "Rock On")
2000 Savage Honeymoon (performer: "Rock On") / (writer: "Rock On")
1999 Dick (performer: "Rock On") / (writer: "Rock On")
1993-1999 Stars in Their Eyes (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes)
- Episode #10.6 (1999) ... (writer: "Hold Me Close")
- Episode #4.5 (1993) ... (writer: "Hold Me Close")
1994 Car Trouble, Darlin' (Short) (performer: "Rock On") / (writer: "Rock On")
Baywatch (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1994) (writer - 1 episode, 1994)
- Second Time Around (1994) ... (performer: "Rock On" - uncredited) / (writer: "Rock On" - uncredited)
1989 Dream a Little Dream (writer: "Rock On")
Happy Families (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes, 1985) (writer - 1 episode, 1985)
- Cassie (1985) ... (performer: "Gonna Make You A Star")
- Edith (1985) ... (performer: "Gonna Make You a Star") / (writer: "Gonna Make You a Star")
| i don't know |
What is 'Crepe de Chine'? | Silk Crepe de Chine Fabric | Buy Cloth Material by the Yard | Mood Fabrics
Crepe De Chine
Silk Crepe de Chine Fabric
French for crepe from China, silk Crepe de Chine is best known for its unmatched versatility. Not only is this material satisfyingly lustrous but it consists of a delicate texture with an exceptional drape. One of the more durable cultivated silk fabrics, this material is ideal for bridal and formal wear in addition to blouses and men’s shirts. Known as a more forgiving silk, crepe de chine takes thread well, but is still recommended to be dry-cleaned. Crepe de Chine silk is one of the best sellers at Mood. None offers 160 varieties in finest Crepe de Chine.
Designer: Oscar de la Renta
Product #: 312964
Designer: Oscar de la Renta
Product #: 313213
Designer: Oscar de la Renta
Product #: 312965
| silk fabric |
In which country is the Ogaden? | My Textile Notes: Difference among Chiffon, Crepe, Crepe-de-Chine, Georgette, Organza,
Difference among Chiffon, Crepe, Crepe-de-Chine, Georgette, Organza,
Organza Silk
Silk Organza is a sheer, thin open-weave fabric that is heavier and crisper than silk gauze. It has a smooth, flat finish, is strong and durable, and gets its stiffness from tightly twisted yarns. Often used as the base fabric for embellished fabrics.
This plain weave sheer silk is made with a loose plain weave and tightly twisted yarns that have 10 to 20 turns per inch. Organza is similar to cotton organdy except it is made with silk and is transparent. Organza has a crisp drape, which requires special sewing techniques for seams, facings, and hems because they can be seen from the outside of the garment. It is mostly used for interfacing, veils, and undergowns.
Chiffon Silk
Chiffon literally means “rag” in French. This elegant, sheer fabric is quite limp, with a beautiful drape. It has a soft, supple, thin hand and a flat, crepe-like texture.It made from silk, cotton, nylon, polyester, or rayon.It is basically refers to a light plain woven sheer fabric. It is delicate in appearance, it is a relatively strong, balanced fabric and can be dyed or printed for use in dresses, millinery, scarves, and lampshades. This fabric can be difficult to work with because of its light and slippery textures. Due to this delicate nature, chiffon must be hand washed very gently.It adds a magical look to the dress and wearer's personality.
A very light, diaphanous fabric, Chiffon is made with a loose, plain weave and tightly twisted single crêpe yarns in both warp and weft. Unlike in crêpe de Chine, the weft yarn is either S or Z twist. The characteristic wrinkles in the finished fabric are created by the weft yarns being pulled in one direction.
Chiffon is elegant and sheer, with a slightly rough feel to it. Sometimes called Crepe Chiffon, this fabric is highly suited for special occasion dresses, Scarves, nightgowns, and linings. Chiffon is softer and thinner than Georgette. [Georgette is made like chiffon, but with a two or three ply yarn.] Because of its slippery quality, chiffon is difficult to cut and sew.
This fabric is a good choice for manufacturing blouses,dupattas and various types of ladies dresses. It is also used for making bridal gowns,scarves and evening and formal wears
Crepe Fabric
A fabric characterized by a crinkled, puckered or pebbly surface with highly twisted yarns in the weft and sometimes in the warp or both. Crepe is usually made with a plain weave. The crinkly texture of this soft and pliable fabric can be smooth or quite rough. The fabric is woven from all of the major fibers, natural or man-made. Surface textures range from fine, flat crepes to pebbled and mossy effects; some surfaces resemble tree bark.
Crepe Silk
Silk Crepe is a luxurious fabric with a good sheen and a pebbly texture obtained by using high twist yarns. Silk Crepe has a beautiful drape, and is extensively used to make dresses, slacks, skirts, lightweight suits, bridal gowns, and evening wear.
Crepe de Chine
Crepe de Chine ('krape dee sheen'), French for “Crepe from China,” is similar to Silk Crepe, but lighter weight and less textured fabric made with S and Z highly twisted filament yarns alternating in the weft and with a normally twisted filament warp. The matte surface and pebbled texture of this graceful fabric reflect individual pinpoints of light, giving it wonderful chromatic depth and striking eye-appeal. This luxurious silk has the additional virtues of great durability and excellent wrinkle resistance. Lightweight with a pleasing drape, designers choose it among silk fabrics for elegant slacks, skirts, dresses, suits, and eveningwear.
Crepe/Geogette Yarn
Twisted yarn usually with 2000 to 3600 tpm (twists per meter), generally made of two threads of raw silk.
Crepe Yarn
Highly twisted yarn generally with 1200 to 4000 tpm (twists per meter) used for producing crepe effect in woven or knit fabrics.
Georgette Silk
Fine, lightweight, plain weave, crêpe fabric, usually having two highly twisted S and two highly twisted Z yarns alternately in both warp and weft. Made of crepe yarn, silk georgette has a grainy texture, a sheer feel, and a thin, very dry hand. It is heavier than chiffon, and is similar to silk crepe, but is not as soft or lustrous as crepe. Georgette is durable, but snags easily. Drapes very fluidly, and falls into soft ripples.
With its creped surface, this sheer and strong silk fabric is great for blouses, bias-cut flared skirts, evening wear, dresses, and scarves. Doesn't show pin marks, and doesn’t hold a crease. Relatively difficult to sew.
Kashmere Silk
| i don't know |
With what was the 'Plowden Report' concerned? | Plowden Report Revisited: Individuality, equality and discovery | News
Plowden Report Revisited: Individuality, equality and discovery
24th January 1997 at 00:00
Share this
English primary education badly needs appreciating in two senses of the word - a favourable recognition of its achievements and a sensitive understanding and appraisal of its strengths and weaknesses; Children and their Primary Schools (the Plowden Report) provided both for in the Sixties. Its celebration of achievement may have been over the top, its appraisal may have been flawed in important respects, and the trends it identified may have failed to materialise, but it stands as a significant landmark in the history of primary education and one which inspired (or frustrated!) many primary teachers.
The Consultative Committee of the Board of Education in 1926 first officially recommended the establishment of primary and secondary education as two distinct stages to replace the notion of elementary education. It was the committee's second report in 1931 (The Primary School, known as the Hadow Report) that established a rationale for primary education and made recommendations on its curriculum, teaching, organisation and staffing based on what was known of children's physical and mental development. It viewed the curriculum in terms of "activity" and "experience", but also in terms of "knowledge to be acquired" and "facts to be stored". It acknowledged "the great and special virtues" of class teaching but pointed out that there were "limits to its flexibility and therefore its usefulness" because of the "varying needs of children or the natural movement of their minds". If the rest of philosophy can be regarded as footnotes to Plato, then in a very real sense Plowden provided the footnotes to Hadow, with its developmental emphasis and with its eclectic approach to curriculum and pedagogy.
In the intervening period, between the publication of the two reports, there were many significant events - not least a world war and, in education, a new Act (1944) which formally established primary education as a distinct stage in the English educational system. Post war, government's chief concerns for the new sector related to problems of teacher supply, "roofs over heads" for the fast-burgeoning population of young pupils and the replacement of "all-through" schools by primary and secondary provision (a process not completed until after the publication of Plowden).
In very many areas junior schools and the junior departments of newly established primary schools were in thrall to the selection examination at 11-plus. Those schools large enough to stream pupils by ability did so. For older primary pupils in particular, the developments advocated by the Hadow Report largely went unrealised; their curriculum remained dominated by the teaching of reading, writing, number and "intelligence" in preparation for the selection examination.
However, with younger children a long-established developmental tradition did increase its influence on practice after the Second World War. In many,though not all infant schools, the rigidities of the timetable were dispensed with; work related to centres of interest or topics was introduced; children were given more choice of activity and encouraged to take a measure of responsibility for their own learning; classrooms were reorganised along "informal" lines; more individual and small-group teaching took place; and there was an increasing emphasis on methods involving discovery, creativity and first-hand experience. Such approaches also began to affect junior-aged pupils in schools in a number of local education authorities such as Oxfordshire, the West Riding and Leicestershire. It was developments such as these that Plowden sought to publicise, celebrate and disseminate for the benefit of all pupils up to the age of 12 (its recommended age of transfer).
There are a number of important points to be made about the report. First and foremost it was a serious attempt "to consider primary education in all its aspects". It took more than three years to complete; it involved commissioning a great deal of research; it drew on a survey by HMI of all English primary schools; it called on oral or written evidence from a very wide range of interested parties; it also involved a small element of comparison with primary education overseas.
The Plowden committee amassed facts, canvassed opinions but was not afraid to make generalisations, judgments and recommendations on the basis of the evidence it had collected. The report provided a rich, detailed, comprehensive appreciation of a developing sector.
Allied to this was the principled approach adopted in the report. It made its underlying values very explicit: equality of opportunity, compensation for handicaps, respect for individuality and a commitment to the highest education standards" involving "special stress on individual discovery, on first-hand experience and on opportunities for creative work". It treated research findings with caution; it revealed the wide spectrum of opinion it solicited but was not frightened to make its stand in favour of the "developmental tradition". It asserted, rather too confidently as it turned out, that "the gloomy forebodings of the decline of knowledge which would follow progressive methods have been discredited".
But most amazing of all to the reader who revisits the report after 30 years was its positive, affirmative tone. Not only was the future of English society viewed optimistica lly, but teachers, schools and, above all, children were valued both for what they had achieved and what they could achieve in the future. The report praised rather than castigated, celebrated rather than derided, encouraged rather than carped. In a number of places its plaudits verged on the hyperbolica l and made many readers sceptical of the judgments of the committee and of the representativeness of the practice it characterised - "English primary education at its best .. . is very good indeed. Only rarely is it very bad. The average is good" (my italics).
Partly because of its very positive stance, the report was criticised by many practitioners (including me) for being far too utopian. With its composite vignettes of "good practice" and its inevitably selective use of illustrations to support its aspirations it presented a view of practice far removed from the reality of very many primary teachers toiling with classes of more than 40 in urban contexts, coping with the demands (and backlash) of the "11-plus" and very often still imbued with the attitudes, expectations and practices associated with the elementary school tradition.To many, Plowden's aspirations, both for them as teachers and for their pupils, appeared utterly remote and unrealistic. To use Sixties' language, it probably put off more teachers than it "turned on". In too many cases its advocacy of what it considered excellent practice militated against the generality of practice advancing towards what it would see as good.
One of its most appealing features, its purple prose, proved a mixed blessing since phrases taken out of context could be, and were, seized upon by its critics and its uncritical devotees. "The child is the agent in his own learning", the "danger sign" of "too much time spent on teaching" and the all-too-confident assertion that "finding out" has proved to be better for children than "being told" were seen by some as implying an abdication of the teacher's responsibility to teach. Both the critics and the zealots conveniently forgot other passages: "from the start there must be teaching as well as learning" or "we certainly do not deny the value of 'learning by description' or the need for practice of skills and consolidation of knowledge". The devil can quote scripture to suit his purposes; that was also true of both the antagonists and the protagonists of Plowden.
The effects of the report are difficult to summarise. For some teachers it provided, and still provides, a perennial source of inspiration - a view of what might be possible "in the best of all possible worlds". Its support for individuality and creativity led to some outstanding work by individual schools or teachers which demonstrated how untapped by conventional schooling is the potential of so many children. It provided powerful support for the abolition of selection (already gaining ground for other reasons) and it helped remove the widespread practice of streaming by ability and the inequalities and waste that system of internal organisation had wreaked. It transformed the physical layout of many schools and classrooms.
But it had other effects, too. The value it placed on the individual led, in too many schools, to an undue emphasis on individual learning, impossible to implement effectively in all but very small classes, and denying too many children sustained interaction with the teacher and other pupils. A minority of teachers did effectively abdicate their responsibilities for teaching. Too often more attention was paid to the niceties of classroom layout, display and learning environment and not enough attention to the content of the curriculum or the means by which it might be taught. The laissez-faire curriculum of the Seventies and early Eighties owed much to the lack of a clear lead from Plowden. Having said that, there was no significant "primary school revolution" along Plowden lines; the "quickening trend" it identified failed to materialise.
The publication of the Plowden Report in 1967 contributed to an exceptional context in which primary schools operated, albeit for a short time only. For a few years primary education was regarded by government as a particularly important stage in the educational system and primary teachers were made to feel valued and good about themselves and their profession. Those two conditions had not coincided before; they have not coincided since; they show no signs of coinciding in the future.
In retrospect it is clear that Plowden's optimism was misplaced, but far better that misplaced optimism than the misplaced pessimism that so weakens and demoralises primary education today.
Colin Richards is a former HMI,a professor of education and a consultant working in primary schools and higher education
Subscribe to get access to the content on this page.
If you are already a TES/ TESS subscriber please log in with your username or email address to get full access to our back issues, CPD library and membership plus page.
Not a subscriber? Find out more about our subscription offers.
| An Education |
"Which American actress plays ""Roxie Hart"" in the film, 'Chicago'?" | Plowden article by AH Halsey and Kathy Sylva
AH Halsey and Kathy Sylva
1987
Introduction to the special Plowden Twenty Years On edition of the Oxford Review of Education Volume 13 Number 1 1987
� Copyright 1987 Carfax Publishing
This article was first published in the Oxford Review of Education Vol. 13 No. 1 1987. It is reproduced here by kind permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd , owners of Carfax Publishing, and with the approval of the authors.
Page numbers are from the journal.
[page 3]
AH HALSEY & KATHY SYLVA
POLICY
That this Review should revisit the Plowden Report after twenty years was a suggestion not to be refused. Children and Their Primary Schools was the last delivery to government from the Central Advisory Council for Education. Anthony Crosland, the Secretary of State at the DES, surprised me on the day after publication in 1967 by confident assertion that it was the last of the line. His confidence was based on the instinct of an outstanding politician that the amiable reflections of an essentially amateur Establishment of the 'great and good' were too unwieldy and too slow to be of service to modern government. He already had the notion that planning backed by economic and sociological research could be internalised into DES administration in such a way as to enable an energetic Secretary of State to link social scientific knowledge to political and popular opinion as it expressed itself in Westminster. I, as his part-time adviser, needed no persuasion then, being an enthusiast for the potential capacity of social science to raise the level of political debate and, in the mood of the 1960s, ambivalent if not hostile to the role of the establishment as a benign brake on the engine of progress towards democratic socialism in Britain.
Crosland was right: there have been no CACE reports since Plowden and the apparatus has now been dismantled. Whether both Crosland and I were wrong in our optimism that the relation between government and social science could be developed as a powerful source of guidance to policy and thus as a means to promoting the wealth and welfare of the nation is a more difficult question to which we hoped commissioned papers might contribute answers.
THE CONTRIBUTORS
So we sought contributors of two kinds - those who knew the subsequent political and administrative history of education and those who had been involved in subsequent research in and on schools. Some key figures, alas, we could not ask. Anthony Crosland and Edward Boyle among politicians, Derek Morrell and Ralph Fletcher among DES officials, Sir Lionel Russell among Chief Education Officers and Alan Little among researchers have all in the meantime died. But we were able to turn to Lady Plowden herself, to Maurice Kogan who was the Secretary to the Committee, to George Smith who had joined the EPA Action-Research Programme in 1968 and has maintained his interest ever since, to David Winkley who is distinguished for his heroic pragmatism in the running of an ethnically mixed inner city primary school and to Roger Scruton* who
[*The article by Roger Scruton is not currently online.]
[page 4]
has emerged in recent years as the leading voice of what was called the 'black paper' view in the early Plowden years. For classroom research we turned to Neville Bennett and Maurice Galton, both skilled investigators of life inside classrooms and its effects on pupil performance. For a 'balance sheet' on current practice and teacher education we turned to Philip Gammage, and to Andrew Wilkinson for specialist knowledge about the contribution of Plowden to language teaching. Finally, we sought from Karl Gruber* the views of a European on the impact of the Report on educational debate and practice outside Britain, in this case Germany and Austria. Thus our contributors range in their discussions from global perspectives on policy formulation to the microanalysis of teacher-pupil interaction.
It is not our purpose here to rehearse the arguments and descriptions on either the policy or the research side which are set out in the papers. Our intention is, rather, to offer a context in which the papers may be read.
FORMATION OF POLICY
First we must offer some remarks on the formation as distinct from the content of policy. In the 1960s, whether or not Plowden was to be the last CACE report, the issue might have been taken to be settled. Education, and especially compulsory primary education, was firmly established as a state enterprise. Its policies were to be settled by the testing and dissemination of ideas and innovations in a decentralised system of comparatively autonomous schools and local education authorities loosely surveyed by a national inspectorate with traditions of advisory support rather than conveyance of central direction. Of course financial and legal control was ultimately in the hands of the Secretary of State answerable to Parliament. And, of course, party political policy could make its way through parliament back through the bureaucracy and the inspectorate to the schools. But, at least after the 1944 Act, the system was remarkably detached from partisan politics - a central-local-professional partnership rather passively coordinated by Whitehall. Occasional review by a CACE fitted naturally to such a system.
Experiments in the incorporation of social and psychological science have intermittently marked the subsequent history of policy making. The Schools Council, the Educational Research Board of the SSRC (now ESRC), the development of a planning division in the DES, the use of advisers to the Secretary of State and the increased frequency of reports by HM Inspectorate have all had mixed fortunes in what can be thought of as an evolution of the relation between social science and political administration.
Yet most observers will share the dissatisfied verdict of Professor Kogan that the CACE tradition is 'inadequate for the far more complex challenges of the 1980s'. We agree and would also concur that 'a more detached and expert entity capable of analysing the state of education is needed'. We would, moreover, stress both expertise and independence. Education, we suggest, needs a National Academy or Institute for policy research. Such a body should have no monopoly: indeed political parties, the professional teaching associations and the universities and polytechnics which train teachers all need the support of their own policy research if they are to function effectively. The DES must have its in-house accommodation for research in the service of policy and planning. A national institute for policy studies might well take commissioned research from any of these governmental and non-governmental organi-
[*The article by Karl Gruber is not currently online.]
[page 5]
sations but should be controlled by none of them. Its responsibility would be to monitor education, to carry out empirical enquiry, to act as a forum for policy debate in the light of social and psychological knowledge and to disseminate the results of both research and debate. It would be the point at which social science and government would meet to negotiate their mutual interest - the one in objective enquiry, the other in usable knowledge.
THE SUBSTANCE OF POLICY
With respect to the content of policy we may begin with the reminder that Plowden belongs to the post-war period of the thirty years in which Britain enjoyed steady economic growth (albeit with a less burgeoning plenitude than that of other Western European countries) and a political consensus concerning the balanced pursuit of freedom and equality in which both the democratic state and the school were assumed to have a large part to play. The oil crisis of 1973-74 brought that period to an end and ushered in recession and retrenchment. There followed rising levels of unemployment, a long agony of industrial reconstruction, mounting social and economic problems in the cities which had been built on classical industrialism, growing doubt and criticism about the efficacy of the central state and of organised education as means to the ends of wealth and its fair distribution and finally a sharpening of political conflict centring on the revival of doctrines of economic liberalism.
None of these developments was anticipated or could seriously have been expected to be anticipated by the authors of the two volumes presented to Crosland by Lady Plowden. It was not so much that there were no economic difficulties, and indeed Crosland's persuasion of the Cabinet to give �16m for buildings and enhancement of new school buildings in educational priority areas was considered a considerable coup at a time when the national economic plan of the Labour government of 1964-70 was failing and the Chancellor of the Exchequer was playing his customary role as a watchdog of the ambitions of spending ministers. Nor was it that cheerfulness about the efficacy of social reform towards less inequality through educational reform had been thrown into doubt as it was later to be in the wake of the failed hopes of the American war on poverty and the attack mounted by such writers as Christopher Jencks. The difficulties were thought of more in terms of limits to the rising proportion of GNP spent on education in competition with the demands from other fields of social policy including housing, health and social services. Moreover the programme of expansion in higher education launched before but associated mostly with the Robbins Report of 1963 made Crosland and his circle aware that a very large commitment of public expenditure had already mortgaged educational policy for the 1970s. The binary system has to be understood in these terms. And there was still the unsolved problem of private schooling which Crosland fended off, against my passionate advice, with yet another commission of enquiry.
In this context the Plowden Report seemed to me at the time to be a welcome push in the direction of solving the central problem of educational inequality through its concern with the mainstream of state-provided schools for the vast majority as distinct from concern with the superstructure of higher education - a stage by which social inequality through selection was not directly remediable - or with the declining fringe of marketed education for the well-to-do which could, I thought and think, be dealt with by a combination of improving standards in the state system and a bargain with
[page 6]
the 'public' or 'commercial' schools that their continued existence is tolerated on condition of per capita resources equal to those spent on equivalent forms of education in the public mainstream.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLICY
It was against this background that some of us took up the main policy messages of Plowden, i.e. positive discrimination through an EPA area policy, the development of pre-schooling in the same terms, and third, the fostering of the idea of the community school so that a new partnership between parents and teachers could emerge as a force enabling every EPA community to stand on its own feet like any other and rejuvenate its own world.
At first things went well. Michael Young had been an inventive and persistent proponent of these ideas in the Plowden Committee and had become the Chairman of the SSRC. Crosland was sceptically enthusiastic about the idea of action research in EPAs to develop in the British context what he hoped might become a viable geographical theory of social deprivation. Together we devised an EPA programme for a three-year cycle of action research funded jointly by the DES (action) and SSRC (research) based independently in the Department of Social and Administrative Studies in Oxford and located in four deprived districts in England as well as an associated project in Scotland where LEA cooperation was secured. Enthusiastic staff were recruited, notably Eric Midwinter in Liverpool, and thus a programme conceived in Curzon Street, born in Oxford and brought up in Deptford, Birmingham, Liverpool, the West Riding and Dundee was finally returned as a mature set of findings and recommendations to Mrs Thatcher, the newly arrived Secretary of State at the DES under the Heath government.
One of my most vivid memories is of a long discussion with Mrs Thatcher of the concept of positive discrimination from which I learned in 1972 that the political redefinition of an expansive idea could be transformed back towards restrictionism by way of emphasis on selection in the distribution of public funds to those most in need. But at that time the Conservative administration was still thinking in expansionist terms and had yet to develop the overriding resolve to subjugate all social policy to the overriding imperative of a reduced total public expenditure. Mrs Thatcher's White Paper of 1972 had the title Education: A Framework for Expansion (CMND 5174) and clearly reflected our Plowden/EPA influence.
Nevertheless the reflections were vague, muted and partial. We had called for a particular type of pre-school programme and the government promised a Plowden level of provision. But the schedule was a slow one. The Plowden target was not to be reached until 1981 and the sums made immediately available were extremely modest. We asked for positive discrimination and Mrs Thatcher decreed 'priority will be given in the early stages of the programme to areas of disadvantage'. That was far too vague. It ought to have been written in terms of precise measurement and as an explicit financial formula. There was hopeful reference to the experience of the urban programme which used the techniques of phasing and further grant aid only after inspection. But again, a positively discriminatory programme had to have close central control. It was dangerous to leave too much to local councils. We wanted and advocated local diagnosis before plans were made for pre-school provision but within the framework of firm control at the centre for grant aid and a strong central
[page 7]
organisation to ensure that the pre-school resources flowed to where they were most needed. This could not happen unless the DES was prepared to set up a division concerned with what Mrs Thatcher had invented, viz pre-schooling as a new stage of education at the foundation of the system. It also required that, for pre-schooling to flourish, there should be firm inter-departmental arrangements between the DES and the DHSS.
As a result of our EPA experiences we advocated local diagnosis and avoidance of standard national formulae as to the organisation and curricula of nursery education and the response of the White Paper was that 'the government attaches importance to a full assessment of local resources and needs, and will welcome diversity'. We advocated the hybrid vigour of professional nurseries and parent-involved play-groups and the government announced that it would guide and encourage local authorities to equip voluntary groups and provide them with qualified teachers, recognising that 'the maturity and experience (of mothers) are important assets' and that 'nursery education probably offers the best opportunities for enlisting parental understanding and support for what schools are trying to achieve'. There was no doubt that our post-Plowden EPA pronouncements had found their way into the White Paper and to a circular to local authorities as a result of our discussions with Mrs Thatcher and the civil servants in the DES. But Mrs Thatcher had been careful to define needs in terms of parental wishes - a recipe for negative discrimination or, in other words, the traditional social process of skimming. And again, diagnosis could easily and fatally be left to unguided and unaided local government interests. The educational anthropology which we had advocated as the basis for deciding on forms of provision required task forces to work with the local interests, both statutory and voluntary and both educational and social service.
THE LESSON OF PLOWDEN
The key words in both Plowden and the EPA reports were 'community' and 'equality'. For realisation they had to be set in a viable theory of community and a realistic appraisal of the role of education in social change. In the early years of EPA and CDP attempts were made to forge a theory and to develop realistic views of the possibilities of social change through education. We learnt painfully that educational reform had not in the past and was unlikely in the future ever to bring an egalitarian society unaided. Plowden policies in effect assumed fundamental reforms in the economic and social institutions of the country at large. Given these reforms, which include the devolution of power to localities, democratic control by community members over national and professional purveyors of expertise in planning, health, employment and education, income and capital equalisation, coordinated employment policies and well planned housing and civic amenities, realistic demands can be put on the education system. The schools can be asked, in partnership with the families they serve, to bring up children capable of exercising their political, economic and social rights and duties in such a society. They can be so constituted as to socialise children in anticipation of such a society: but to do so without the wider reforms is to court frustration for individuals if not disaster for the social order.
We learned in other words the complexity of social policy for a rich, fair and educated society. We learned the limitations of unaided school reform. We learned the frailties of the connection between social science knowledge and political action. And
[page 8]
we learned the limitations of area policies as distinct from policies targeted on individuals and their needs.
Is it possible now to take up again the Plowden vision? The papers which follow may be read as an appraisal of the advances made in research as well as in thinking about public policy mechanisms which might give a more secure base for action than that which was possible for us in the pioneering days of the late 1960s and early 1970s.
AH HALSEY
| i don't know |
In the film, 'The Quiet American', who gives a powerful performance as a foreign correspondent? | The Quiet American | DVD Review | Film @ The Digital Fix
Extras
Extras
Commentary (cast and crew), Featurette, Anatomy of a Scene, Historical Timeline of Vietnam, Original reviews of the novel, Trailers
Soundtracks
Subtitles
English where necessary, English HOH
Michael Caine and Brendan Fraser find themselves in a love triangle in 1950s Vietnam. Phillip Noyce proves that he's not as bad a director as some of his work has implied. A compelling film and some good extras on the DVD.
Saigon 1952: Tom Fowler (Caine) has fallen in love with Vietnam and with the gorgeous Phuong (Do Thi Hai Yen), his Vietnamese mistress. His position as a foreign correspondent for a UK newspaper allows him to meander round Saigon and do the occasional piece of reporting but lately the newspaper has decided that there's little to cover in Vietnam and are recalling him to London. This spells disaster for Fowler as Alden Pyle (Fraser), an American doctor, seems to be showing too much interest towards Phuong. Can he convince her to return to London with him or will she prefer the younger charms of the American?
Though many films bombed or were delayed due to 11/09/01 (Donnie Darko, Buffalo Soldiers...), The Quiet American seems to have suffered the most from the fallout. Miramax, not renowned for being a spineless studio, decided that the US public was not ready to have their foreign policy scrutinised (albeit 50 years down the line). Michael Caine had to do his utmost to get it released in the States, desperately hoping for an Oscar nomination but the film was only given minimal studio backing and a staggered worldwide release meaning, as with Buffalo Soldiers, the UK was the first country to see the film.
Noyce seems to have been working overtime recently to restore the reputation of his early years. It's hard to imagine this is indeed the same man who gave us the stupendously dire Bone Collector or the disastrous The Saint, as The Quiet American is an all round success. The acting is pitch perfect - Caine is controlled and gives the cynical British journalist he incarnates a fragile but powerful presence. Brendan Fraser also does well to keep up with Caine with a strong performance as the delightfully complex Pyle who's characterisation thankfully avoids the pitfall of stereotyping. Do Thi Hai Yen seems to only appear on screen to make the audience understand why Caine and Fraser would be fighting over her and gives a controlled and delicate performance without overplaying.
The cinematography, under the able direction of Christopher Doyle, brings out warm colours and exhudes that je-ne-sais-quoi that makes every film Doyle touches glow. The script tends to keep things moving despite some obvious lengths - though Noyce tends to over-explicate the plot at times and is a little clumsy in so doing, the plot stands up despite of this. The fantastic production design probably helps make every second interesting thanks to its detail and depth. The most remarkable element of the film is how prophetic Greene's novel was especially with the US' current situation in Iraq and gives the film a surprising modernity despite the timeframe. A very good effort from Noyce which will hopefully be seen in the future as a missed gem.
The DVD:
The image:
Though generally the image is very good, I found that certain scenes didn't come through as sharp as they did in the cinema and are somewhat murky and grainy. Granted these scenes are few and far between and the rest of the transfer is problem-free with a good balance of colours and contrast.
The sound:
The soundtrack works well with a good use of surround effects and the sub-woofer when needed - the street scenes benefit from this too with the sounds of Saigon enveloping the viewer. Most of the dialogue however is focused in the center, making it a conservative but excellent soundtrack.
The extras:
The major extra is the commentary which features members of the cast (Caine, Fraser, Tzi Ma), Noyce and his vietnamese assistant and many more... Thanks to the sheer quantity of particpants, it never tends to go quiet but seems at times too dense to be grasped in one sitting and at times a little difficult to be certain who is speaking. Still it's a very good commentary replete with interesting facts about the making of the film, the genesis of the script etc.
Added to this we get a detailed timeline of Vietnam from the 40s - though it's not that easy to navigate, it's a good addition for those slightly confused about the chain of events that led to the war. The Sundance Channel also made an excellent half-hour long feature (Anatomy of a scene) on one of the pivotal scenes in the film - spoilers abound however so though an excellent addition to the commentary, it is best left unviewed until you've seen the film.
Closing the extras, there's the usual trailer, a rather dull and short (5 mins) featurette that seems more like a short film promo and a series of reviews of Greene's novel - all of these are slightly dissapointing and feel more like padding than anything else.
Conclusions:
The DVD provides some very good extras along with good image and sound making it a must buy for anyone who missed the film in the cinema.
| Michael Caine |
"Which entertainer once quipped ""What you said hurt me very much - I cried all the way to the bank""?" | View All Photos (14)
Movie Info
Graham Greene's allegorical novel about America's role in the Vietnam conflict, and how it was perceived by the rest of the world, is brought to the screen for the second time in this adaptation directed by Phillip Noyce. Thomas Fowler (Michael Caine) is a British journalist who in 1952 is covering the early stages of the war in Indo-China for the London Times, not a demanding assignment since few in England are especially interested in the conflict. When not filing occasional reports, Fowler spends his time with Phuong (Do Thi Hai Yen), a beautiful woman who shares lovemaking and opium with Fowler and is willing to accept the fact the married journalist will never make her his wife. Fowler becomes friendly with Alden Pyle (Brendan Fraser), a cheerful and articulate if seemingly naïve American who is in Saigon as part of a medical mission. As Fowler and Pyle develop a closer friendship, Pyle is introduced to Phuong, and the American soon becomes infatuated with her. When Fowler's editors suggest he return to London, he responds by digging himself deeper in covering the war, and Pyle attempts to take Phuong away; she soon rejects him. Undaunted, Pyle continues with his work, but Fowler discovers that medical help is not what the American is bringing to Vietnam. Pyle is in fact a CIA operative who is helping to organize and finance a "Third Force" who will battle Ho Chi Min's forces as well as the French and their allies. Fowler also learns that Pyle is behind a series of bombings which are believed to have been carried out by Communist extremists, and faces the ugly fact that his American friend is in fact a terrorist killing in the name of Uncle Sam's political interests. While completed in the fall of 2001, The Quiet American went unreleased until late 2002; after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the film's producers felt the film's critical view of America's role in the Vietnam war might be considered especially offensive. ~ Mark Deming, Rovi
Rating:
R (for images of violence and some language)
Genre:
| i don't know |
"Which American once described Margaret Thatcher as ""the best man in England""?" | Reagan and Thatcher, political soul mates - US news - The Legacy of Ronald Reagan | NBC News
Advertise
In her memoir “The Downing Street Years,” Thatcher recalled their first meeting in 1975, when she was leader of the Opposition and he was governor of California. She was won over by Reagan’s “warmth, charm and complete lack of affectation — qualities which never altered in the years of leadership which lay ahead.”
“Above all, I knew that I was talking to someone who instinctively felt and thought as I did,” she added.
Thatcher biographer Hugo Young called their relationship “the most enduring personal alliance in the Western world throughout the 1980s.”
Thatcher, Young noted in his biography “One of Us,” “was a kind of Baptist to Reagan’s Messiah.”
Together, they boosted military spending, won the Cold War and championed low-tax, low-regulation economies.
The relationship flourished despite the leaders’ differences. She was a workaholic who immersed herself in the details of policy and slept less than six hours a night; he was laid-back, concerned with the big picture but happy to delegate responsibility for the details.
They had disagreements, notably over her refusal to negotiate with Argentina during the 1982 Falkland Islands war and over the U.S. invasion of Grenada a year later.
During the Falkland war, Reagan called to ask for a cease-fire. Thatcher refused.
“This conversation was a little painful at the time but it had a worthwhile effect,” she wrote.
Thatcher also said she felt “dismayed and let down” by the 1983 U.S. invasion of Granada, which ended a left-wing coup in the former British colony.
But their deep friendship endured, even after both left office. In 1999, Thatcher said she was sad she could no longer share talks with the Alzheimer’s-afflicted former president.
Thatcher is now 78, and frail after a series of small strokes. She rarely appears in public.
In 1995, she said she was confident history would be kind to her legacy — and to Reagan’s.
“I believe when historians get down to their serious work, which will be long after I have finished with mine, they will judge that decade very favorably in both countries,” she said.
© 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
| Ronald Reagan |
"Ronaldo collected the ""World Footballer Of The Year Award"" in 1996 and 1997, when playing for which club?" | Margaret Thatcher
Blog
Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Thatcher, known as �The Iron Lady," was born on October 13, 1925, in Grantham, Lincolnshire, England. Thatcher was 53 years old when she became prime minister and served for 11 years and 209 days (1979�1992). She was Britain's first female PM and the first to serve three consecutive terms. In her retirement, Thatcher has continued to be an outstanding influence in British politics.
Education
Margaret was educated at the local grammar school, Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School, and Somerville College, Oxford, where she studied chemistry. She also became president of the university Conservative association. Her father, a shopkeeper and the mayor of Grantham, was a major formative influence. Following graduation, Margaret became a research chemist, yet politics was her first love. In 1950, she ran for Parliament unsuccessfully, then took a job testing cake fillings and ice creams for a London company while she read for the Bar. She worked at night to become a barrister (attorney) before being elected in 1959 as the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Finchley. Her marriage in 1951 to Denis Thatcher freed her to devote herself to politics.
Marriage
Denis Thatcher, as the first male PM spouse in history, was likely to be the center of media attention. When Margaret met him, she remarked, "It was clear to me at once that Denis was an exceptional man � he had a certain style and dash." Described as a man of integrity, humor and common sense, he fought with the Royal Artillery during World War II and had a strong business background. It was said that Denis was in "the Thatcher party, not the Tory party." He once famously remarked, "It's better to keep my mouth shut and be thought a fool rather than open it and remove all doubt."
When Denis died in 2003, his wife paid tribute: "Being PM is a lonely job. In a sense, it ought to be � you cannot lead from a crowd. But with Denis there I was never alone. What a man. What a husband. What a friend."
Conservative politics
An advocate of privatization of state-owned industry and utilities, strict trade union restrictions, and reduced social expenditures across the board, Thatcher's initial impact on Britain was economic. While the economy grew, many felt it was at an excessive cost: Between 1979 and 1981, economic output declined by 15 percent, and unemployment rose to the three million mark.
Prevailing political opinion avers that without the 1982 Falkland Islands War and a disorganized opposition party, Thatcher never would have won a second term in 1983 � which she managed in a landslide. In 1984, an IRA (Irish Republican Army) bomb explosion at the Conservative party conference in Brighton nearly killed her and members of her government, but in stoic Thatcher style she insisted that the conference carry on.
Along with her ally and friend, President Ronald Reagan , Thatcher forged the 1980s into a decade of conservatism and anti-communist sentiment in the midst of the Cold War . The Soviets negatively dubbed her "The Iron Lady" � a nickname she embraced.
Thatcher took a vehement stand against persistently contested European integration.* In addition, the creation of a much-hated poll tax led to a leadership challenge, and she resigned as prime minister on November 28, 1990.
Epilogue
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was a woman of formidable will in the face of doubt. Her political philosophy took the moniker "Thatcherism." Her impact on Britain was sweeping and lasting, leaving a market economy and a more right-wing Conservative party. In 1990 she was awarded the Order of Merit and in 1994 she was made a baroness.
*In 1957, the Treaty of Rome was signed by six European countries (France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands), thus establishing the European Economic Community (EEC), better known as the Common Market. The EEC sought to abolish tariffs and trade restrictions among member countries. The dilemma for Britain lay in that it retained considerable extra-European trading links and a strong relationship with the United States � although it thought it would clearly benefit from closer trade with Western Europe.
In response, Britain formed the European Free Trade Area, consisting of seven members (the Scandinavian countries and Switzerland) in 1959. Britain attempted to join the EEC in 1961 and 1967, but both applications were vetoed by French president Charles de Gaulle. Following the election of a Conservative government in 1970, Prime Minister Edward Heath re-opened negotiations with the EEC and, in 1973, Britain became a member of the Community, along with the Irish Republic and Denmark.
The drive for deeper integration has continued. The Maastricht Treaty of 1991, which promotes closer economic and political ties through the establishment of a European currency, central bank, and harmonization of defense, foreign and social policies, resulted in the transformation of the EEC to the European Union (EU).
Off-site search results for "Margaret Thatcher"...
| i don't know |
"For which club was Zinedine Zidane signed when voted ""World Footballer Of The Year"" in 1998 and 2000?" | Zidane (Zinedine Yazid Zidane) | All Football Players
Zidane (Zinedine Yazid Zidane)
Zlatan Ibrahimović
Zidane (Zinedine Yazid Zidane)
Zinedine Zidane is a retired French football player and the only three-time FIFA World Player of the Year winner. Zidane received the Ballon d’Or in 1998, and in 2004 he was voted as the best European footballer of the previous 50 years in UEFA’s 50th anniversary Golden Jubilee Poll. He helped France to victories in the 1998 World Cup as well as in the 2000 European Championship, and he also captained France to the 200 World Cup Final where he was awarded with the FIFA Golden Ball as the tournament’s most outstanding player.
Career
At the age of ten, Zidane joined the junior team of US Saint-Henri, a local club based in La Castellane. After a year and a half he switched to SO Septèmes Valons. When he was 14 years old he was selected to attend a training camp run by the French Football Federation and was spotted by a talent scout for the AS Cannes. Zidane travelled to Cannes for a six-week stay, but ended up staying with the club for four years as a pro. At first the 14 year old lived in a dormitory with other trainees, but soon he moved in with Cannes director Jean-Claude Elineau and his family. Zidane played his first Ligue 1 match for Cannes in 1989, at the age of 17. During Zidanes first full season with Cannes, the team qualified for the UEFA Cup for the first time in the history of the club.
In the 1992/1993 season Zidane was transferred to Girondins de Bordeaux where he stayed until 1996. Girondins de Bordeaux won the 1995 Intertoto Cup and finished second in the 1995/1996 UEFA Cup. Zidane was transferred to Juventus for £3.2 millions in 1996.
Juventus won the 1996/1997 Serie A and the 1996 Intercontinental Cup, and finished second in the 1997 UEFA Champions League. Juventus then proceeded to win the 1997/1998 Serie A and once again finish second in the UEFA Champions League. In 2000/2001, the team finished second in Serie A. During his time with Juventus, Zidane was named Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year for both 1997 and 2001.
In 2001, Zidane signed a four year contract and transferred to Real Madrid for a record breaking transfer fee of 150 billion Italian lire (roughly €75 millions). Real Madrid won the 2002 UEFA Champions League, and in the next season Zidane helped his team secure a victory in La Liga. During Zidane’s last season for Real Madrid, he was their second highest goal scorer and assists provider with 9 goals and 10 assists over the course of 28 games. Zidane played his last home match for Real Madrid in May 2006.
Private life
Zinedine Zidane was born in Marseille, France in 1972.
His parents Smaïl and Malika comes from Aguemone, a village in Kabylia, a Berber-speaking part of Algeria. They emigrated to France in 1953. In Marseille, Smaïl worked as a warehouseman at a department store while Malika was a house wife.
Zinedine grew up in La Castellane, a low-income suburb in northern Marseille.
Zinedine has three older brothers and one older sister.
At the age of five, Zinedine started playing football in his neighborhood.
Zinedine is married to Véronique Fernandez. They have four sons; Enzo (born 1995), Luca (born 1998), Theo (born 2002),and Elyaz (born 2006). Enzo, Luca and Theo have joined the Real Madrid Academy.
Zenidine has promoted several charity projects in various ways. By playing charity matches, he has helped raise money for UNICEF, for the United Nations Development Programme and for the Keuydaroon children’s AIDS charity. Zenidine is also a UN goodwill ambassador.
| Juventus F.C. |
What nationality was Vitus Bering, after whom the strait separating Alaska and Russia was named? | Zidane – UEFA.com
Playing career: AS Cannes, FC Girondins de Bordeaux, Juventus, Real Madrid CF
Coaching career: Real Madrid CF
• Born in Marseille to Algerian immigrant parents, Zidane took his first steps towards footballing superstardom at Cannes, transferring to Bordeaux in 1992. Blossomed into a French international, scoring twice on his debut against the Czech Republic in August 1994.
• Left Bordeaux after helping them reach the 1996 UEFA Cup final and joined Juventus, where he was a Serie A winner and UEFA Champions League runner-up in each of his first two seasons. Lifted no further trophies, however, in his last three campaigns in Turin prior to a then world-record €78m switch to Madrid in 2001.
• Made up for a lack of club silverware by inspiring France to 1998 FIFA World Cup glory – scoring two headers in the Saint-Denis final against Brazil – and at UEFA EURO 2000, where he was player of the tournament; winner of the Ballon d'Or in 1998, he was also voted FIFA World Player of the Year in 1998, 2000 and 2003.
• Made it third time lucky in the UEFA Champions League final by hitting a spectacular volleyed winner in Madrid's 2-1 victory over Bayer 04 Leverkusen in the 2002 showpiece at Hampden Park. Landed the UEFA Super Cup, European/South American Cup and Spanish Liga the following season.
• Announced his international retirement after UEFA EURO 2004 yet returned a year later and proved inspirational at the 2006 World Cup – especially with a virtuoso display in a quarter-final triumph over holders Brazil; however, was dismissed for a headbutt on Marco Materazzi in the final against Italy – the last match of his career.
• Stayed at Madrid in an advisory role, becoming assistant to Carlo Ancelotti in 2013/14 – the season the club claimed their tenth European title. Took charge of Real Madrid Castilla for the next campaign, and in January 2016 succeeded Rafael Benítez as head coach, promptly leading the club to yet another European Cup that May – the seventh to lift the trophy as player and coach. Added the UEFA Super Cup three months later, making him the fifth man to win that trophy in both guises.
©UEFA.com 1998-2017. All rights reserved.
Last updated: 21/10/16 15.04CET
| i don't know |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.