Datasets:

cfli
/

ssss

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 73.3k rows

question stringlengths 18 1.2k	facts stringlengths 44 500k	answer stringlengths 1 147
What was the nationality of William Baffin, who gave his name to Baffin Island?	William Baffin \| English navigator \| Britannica.com English navigator James Cook William Baffin, (born c. 1584, London , Eng.?—died Jan. 23, 1622, Persian Gulf , off the island of Qeshm [now part of Iran]), navigator who searched for the Northwest Passage and gave his name to Baffin Island , now part of the Northwest Territories , Canada, and to the bay separating it from Greenland . His determination of longitude at sea by observing the occultation of a star by the Moon in 1615 is said to have been the first of its kind on record. The earliest mention of Baffin (1612) was as a member of Captain James Hall’s expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. Aboard the Discovery with Captain Robert Bylot (1615), Baffin explored Hudson Strait , which separates Canada from Baffin Island. In 1616 Baffin again sailed as pilot of the Discovery and penetrated Baffin Bay some 300 miles (483 km) farther than the English navigator John Davis had in 1587. In honour of the patrons of his voyages, he named Lancaster, Smith, and Jones sounds, the straits radiating from the northern head of the bay. There seemed to be no hope, however, of discovering a passage to India by that route. Next, in service to the East India Company , he made surveys of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. In 1622, during his final voyage to the Persian Gulf, he was killed in an Anglo-Persian attack on Qeshm. Learn More in these related articles:	English
What is the name of Johannesburg's major cricket stadium, venue for this year's World Cup Final?	Baffin Island Information, Facts, Picture & Location - Photo by: L. Lew , Creative Commons The name comes from an explorer in 1616, William Baffin. Baffin Island lies in the East of Nunavut which is the largest federal territory of Canada. When one looks at the map, the Island is positioned at the North West of Mainland Canada and West of Greenland. It covers about 183,810 square miles which make it as the fifth biggest Island in the world that is part of the Arctic Archipelago. The majority of the people living on this island are the Inuit. The most common languages they use in the place are English, French and Inuktikut. Although there are areas where people speak English and French, the vast majority still speaks in Inuktikut which is their native language. Baffin Island is very enticing most especially to visitors because there are lots of things they can do there such as wall climbing, skiing, mountain climbing and touring. Also, it offers kayaking and viewing of the polar bears which make it even more interesting to visit. The Islands attractions include the Cumberland Peninsula where the Mount Asgard and Thor Peak is located. It is also the region in the Island where one can find the well known Akshayuk Pass where one can ride a boat to see the parks. Clyde River is another region of the Island where one can find Granite Mountains. Another region is the Bylot that is in the North of Baffin, this is where the popular Sirmilik National Park can be found. This park is where most seabirds migrate and where attractive fiords are to be found. 7 responses to “Baffin Island” Thomas Gatus	i don't know
In which Northamptonshire battle, fought on June 14th 1645, did the Parliamentarians under Fairfax, defeat Prince Rupert's Royalists?	UK Battlefields Resource Centre - The Civil Wars - The Battle of Battle of Naseby Battle of Naseby 14th June 1645 The battle of Naseby was fought on the morning of the 14th June 1645. In the open fields of that small Northamptonshire village, parliament's New Model Army destroyed King Charles I's main field army. After nearly three years of conflict, this was the decisive battle of the Civil War. Only about 4000 Royalists escaped the field, most of whom were either cavalry or senior officers, some seriously wounded. The main royalist field army had been quite literally destroyed. In the following days Leicester was recaptured. The next month the New Model went on to defeat the last significant royalist field army, at Langport. Thereafter it was largely a matter of clearing the remaining royalist garrisons. After Hastings and the Battle of Britain, which respectively began and ended the last millennium, Naseby was arguably the most important and decisive battle ever fought in England. Where those other battles were the result of challenges to the very basis of the kingdom by foreign foes, Naseby was the culmination of a bloody Civil War and the stepping stone for a political revolution. Despite the construction of the A14 road in 1992, Naseby is relatively well preserved and one of the best understood of all British battlefields. It is well worth visiting, for it is easily accessible on minor roads, from which one can gain a good feel for the character of the landscape. However there are few rights of way and thus little opportunity to explore the battlefield on foot. Sadly the interpretation at Naseby does not match the national significance of the battle. This is why the Battlefields Trust is currently developing a staged programme to enhance the on site interpretation of this key English battle.	Naseby
The English and the Scots fought which battle, on September 9th.1513, near the Northumberland village of Branxton?	English Civil War Timeline \| HistoryOnTheNet English Civil War Timeline 13th June 1625 King Charles Marries King Charles I married Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV of France at St Augustine's Church, Canterbury, Kent. The marriage was not popular because she was a Catholic . May 1626 Parliament Dismissed Parliament were unhappy with the activities of Charles' chief minister, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. Buckingham had led a failed mission to Cadiz and it appeared that he was planning to help the French to put down the Protestant Huguenot uprising. Parliament moved to have Buckingham dismissed from office. Charles retaliated by dismissing parliament. 13th March Charles needed money to finance the war with France and Spain and reluctantly recalled Parliament. 1628 Thirty-Nine Articles Charles re-issued the Thirty Nine Articles into the Church of England. This was seen as a move towards Rome and evidence of the King's Catholic leanings. 7th June 1628 Petition of Right Parliament formed a committee of grievances and prepared a Petition of Right which was presented to the King. The Petition was designed to protect subjects from any further taxation unauthorised by Parliament. Charles signed the document reluctantly. 22nd August 1628 George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, was stabbed to death by naval lieutenant John Felton. March 1629 The Three Resolutions There were outbursts in Parliament when the Petition of Right was debated and the doors were locked to keep royal guards out. The Speaker, who wanted to adjourn the proceedings, was held in his chair. Parliament passed three resolutions: 1.That they would condemn any move to change religion. 2. That they would condemn any taxation levied without Parliament's authority. 3. That any merchant who paid 'illegal' taxes betrayed the liberty of England. Charles dismissed Parliament. March 1629 MPs Arrested Charles arrested nine members of the Commons for offences against the state . Three were imprisoned. This action by the King made him more unpopular. The King, defended his action by stating his belief in his own divine right saying that 'Princes are not bound to give account of their actions, but to God alone.' 1632 Thomas Wentworth Known as 'Black Tom Tyrant' by the Irish, Thomas Wentworth, Lord Deputy of Ireland, ruled Ireland with a firm hand. However, his rule alienated the planters of Ulster and antagonised the landowners of Connaught. August 1633 Archbishop Laud Charles appointed William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury. Laud was known to have Catholic leanings and Charles hoped that his appointment would help to stop the rise of the Puritans. 18 June 1633 Charles was crowned King of Scotland at Holyrood Abbey , Edinburgh. 1634 - 1636 Ship Money This tax was paid by coastal towns to pay for the upkeep of the Royal Navy. In a bid to raise more money, Charles now imposed the tax on inland towns as well. June 1638 Ship Money John Hampden, challenged the King's right to impose such a tax but he lost the case and the court ruled that the King was the only authority that could impose such a tax. February 1638 National Covenant and Book of Common Prayer Charles demanded that the Book of Common Prayer be used in the Scottish Kirk. The Calvinist-dominated Scottish church resisted the move. There were riots and a National Covenant was formed which protested against any religious interference in Scotland by England. The Scottish Kirk was so incensed that it expelled the Bishops installed in Scotland by James I. 1639 Pacification of Berwick Thomas Wentworth's had led a scratch army against the Scots but had been defeated on the border and had been forced to sign a temporary truce at Berwick. Wentworth told the King that in order to raise an efficient army he must recall Parliament. Charles, who had enjoyed his eleven years tyranny, was forced to recall Parliament. 13th April 1640 Short Parliament The new Parliament refused to authorise any new taxes until the King agreed to abandon 'ship money'. The King said that he would only abandon ship money if Parliament would grant him enough money to re-open the war with Scotland. Parliament refused and was dismissed after three weeks. 1640 Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell was elected to Parliament for the second time. He openly criticised Charles taxes and the level of corruption in the Church of England. Oct 1640 Scotland Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, set out for the Scottish border with a makeshift army. However, the army mutinied and the Scots seized English land. The Scots demanded a daily rate be paid until a satisfactory treaty was put in place. 21 Oct 1640 Treaty of Ripon This treaty between Scotland and England allowed the Scots to stay in Durham and Northumberland until a final settlement was concluded. Nov 1640 Long Parliament Charles had to have money to pay for an efficient army with which to defeat the Scots. However, he couldn't have the money until he agreed to Parliament's demands which included an Act which stated that parliament should meet once every five years and the arrest for treason of Strafford. Charles had no choice but to comply. 20 May 1641 Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, was executed on Tower Hill. Summer 1641 Triennial Act This act allowed Parliament to be summoned without royal command and declared 'ship money' to be illegal. Late Summer 1641 Revolt in Ireland A revolt broke out in Ireland. Parliament critical of the King's handling of matters in both Ireland and Scotland, passed propositions that the Parliament and not the King should be responsible for the country's defence. 22 Oct 1641 Catholic Rebellion in Ireland A Catholic rebellion broke out in Ulster and quickly spread across the country. Many Protestant settlers were driven from their homes and the rebellion became war. November 1641 This document, put together by Pym, listed parliament's grievances against the King since his reign began. 4 Jan 1642 Charles Arrests five MPs Charles instructed his attorney-general to issue a charge of treason against one peer and five members of the Commons including Pym and Hampden. When Parliament refused to recognise the charge, Charles sent a troop of horsemen to make the arrests. However, Parliament had been warned and the five men had fled. this move by Charles was extremely unpopular and across the country people declared themselves for Parliament and against Popery. Charles removed himself and his family from Whitehall to Hampton Court. Jan 1642 Preparations for War Charles sent his wife Henrietta Maria to the Continent to enlist Catholic support for his cause against Parliament. She was also to pawn the crown jewels to buy arms. Although both sides were now preparing for war, negotiations continued. March 1642 Militia Ordinance This allowed Parliament to take control of the Militia, virtually the only armed body in the country. April 1642 Charles - Hull Charles tried to secure an arsenal of equipment left in Hull from his Scottish campaign. He was blocked by Sir John Hotham, with parliamentary and naval support and was forced to retire to York. Charles made his headquarters in York. June 1642 Nineteen Propositions The Nineteen Propositions were issued by Parliament in the hopes of reaching a settlement with the King. They called for a new constitution recognising their own supremacy; demanded that ministers and judges should be appointed by parliament not by the King and also that all Church and military matters should come under the control of Parliament. 22 Aug 1642 Civil War - Standard raised Charles raised his standard at Nottingham formally declaring war. However, both sides hoped that either war could be averted or that one decisive battle would put an end to the matter. 7 Sept 1642 The vital port and fortress of Portsmouth surrendered to Parliament. 23 Oct 1642 Battle of Edgehill In the early afternoon, Charles sent his army down the hill to meet the Parliamentary army commanded by Essex. On the royalist right was Prince Rupert who broke Essex's left flank. In the centre, reinforcements arrived and they managed to push forward putting the lives of the King's sons, Charles and James, in danger. The battle was a stalemate with neither side able to advance. 12, 13 Nov 1642 Small Battles The Royalists led by Prince Rupert managed to surprise and capture Brentford. However, the following day Rupert was surprised to find his route to the city of London barred at Turnham Green by Essex and an army of some 24,000. The Royalist commander decided to retire rather than fight. Jan 1643 The Royalists had victories over Parliament at Braddock Down and Nantwich 1643 Skirmishes and Battles Parliament took Lichfield, Reading, Wakefield, Gainsborough, Royalists took Ripple Field, Tewkesbury, Chewton Mendip, Chalgrove Field, Landsdowne Hill, Bristol and Yorkshire. Re-took Lichfield and Gainsborough, and held Cornwall, Newark and Devises 30 June 1643 Battle of Adwalton Moor the Royalist commander, William Cavendish decided to try and enclose the Parliamentarian army in Bradford. However, Fairfax, the Parliamentary commander decided that his army had a better chance of survival if they fought the Royalists in a battle rather than being surrounded and forced to surrender. The Royalists won the battle. 13 July 1643 Battle of Roundaway Down The Royalists were the first to charge but there was no counter-charge. After two more charges the Parliamentary cavalry had fled. Waller then turned his attention to the Parliamentary infantry who stood firm until a force led by Hopton attacked them from behind. Caught between two Royalist armies the majority of Parliamentarian soldiers simply fled from the battlefield giving the Royalists victory. Aug 1643 Solemn League and Covenant This document swore to preserve the Church of Scotland and reform the religion of England and Ireland 'according to the word of God and the example of the best reformed churches' and to protect 'the rights and liberties of parliaments'. It was accepted by the English Parliament in September. 20 Sept 1643 First Battle of Newbury Essex's force of tired wet and hungry Parliamentarians intended to rest at Newbury, a town sympathetic to the Parliamentarians. However, Rupert had arrived there first and Essex had no choice but to fight. Essex moved the Parliamentarians before daybreak and secured the 'Round Hill', just south of Newbury. The surrounding countryside was criss-crossed with lanes and hedgerows which offered excellent cover for the foot soldiers but was quite unsuitable for horse. Parliament won the battle June 1644 Battle of Marston Moor This was the largest single battle of the Civil War involving 45,000 men. Although the Royalists were outnumbered, they decided to fight. They were defeated by Parliament. For the first time since the Civil War had began Rupert's cavalry were beaten by a Parliamentarian cavalry charge. 27 October 1644 Second Battle of Newbury The Royalists were sandwiched between two Parliamentary forces. Each time Parliament made some gain they were beaten back by the Royalists. The battle, which lasted all day, ended in a draw. 14th June 1645 Battle of Naseby The Parliamentarians broke their siege on Oxford and forced the Royalists into battle. Initially the Royalists took up a defensive stance but later the order to attack was given. The battle lasted just three hours and saw the death of most of the Royalist foot soldiers. It was a decisive victory for Parliament. Charles fled the battlefield as soon as it was apparent that he had lost both the battle and the war. 6th May 1646 Charles I surrendered to the Scots 24th June 1646 Oxford, Charles I's capital surrendered to Parliament 30th January 1647 The Scots handed Charles over to parliament. He was imprisoned in Holdenby House, Northamptonshire November 1647 Putney Debates This was a series of debates held by different Parliamentarian forces to try to decide on a new constitution. November 1647 Charles I escaped imprisonment and fled to Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight December 1648	i don't know
Which Union leader of the American Civil War gave his name to a tree in California's 'Sequoia National Park'?	William Tecumseh Sherman \| Military Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Other work Bank manager, lawyer, college superintendent, streetcar executive William Tecumseh Sherman (February 8, 1820 – February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, educator and author. He served as a General in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the " scorched earth " policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States . [1] Military historian B. H. Liddell Hart famously declared that Sherman was "the first modern general". [2] Sherman served under General Ulysses S. Grant in 1862 and 1863 during the campaigns that led to the fall of the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg on the Mississippi River and culminated with the routing of the Confederate armies in the state of Tennessee. In 1864, Sherman succeeded Grant as the Union commander in the western theater of the war. He proceeded to lead his troops to the capture of the city of Atlanta, a military success that contributed to the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln . Sherman's subsequent march through Georgia and the Carolinas further undermined the Confederacy's ability to continue fighting. He accepted the surrender of all the Confederate armies in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida in April 1865. When Grant assumed the U.S. presidency in 1869, Sherman succeeded him as Commanding General of the Army (1869–83). As such, he was responsible for the U.S. Army's engagement in the Indian Wars over the next 15 years, in the western United States. He steadfastly refused to be drawn into politics and in 1875 published his Memoirs, one of the best-known first-hand accounts of the Civil War. Contents Edit Sherman's childhood home in Lancaster Sherman was born in 1820 in Lancaster, Ohio, near the banks of the Hocking River. His father Charles Robert Sherman , a successful lawyer who sat on the Ohio Supreme Court, died unexpectedly in 1829. He left his widow, Mary Hoyt Sherman, with eleven children and no inheritance. After his father's death, the nine-year-old Sherman was raised by a Lancaster neighbor and family friend, attorney Thomas Ewing , a prominent member of the Whig Party who served as senator from Ohio and as the first Secretary of the Interior. Sherman was distantly related to American founding father Roger Sherman and grew to admire him. [3] Sherman's older brother Charles Taylor Sherman became a federal judge. One of his younger brothers, John Sherman, served as a U.S. senator and Cabinet secretary. Another younger brother, Hoyt Sherman , was a successful banker. Two of his foster brothers served as major generals in the Union Army during the Civil War: Hugh Boyle Ewing , later an ambassador and author, and Thomas Ewing, Jr. , who would serve as defense attorney in the military trials against the Lincoln conspirators . Sherman's given names Edit Sherman's unusual given name has always attracted considerable attention. [4] Sherman reported that his middle name came from his father having "caught a fancy for the great chief of the Shawnees, ' Tecumseh .'" [5] Since an account in a 1932 biography about Sherman, it has often been reported that, as an infant, Sherman was named simply Tecumseh. According to these accounts, Sherman only acquired the name "William" at age nine or ten, after being taken into the Ewing household. His foster mother, Maria Ewing, who was of Irish ancestry, was a devout Catholic. In the Ewing home, Sherman was baptized by a Dominican priest, who named him William for the saint's day: possibly June 25, the feast day of Saint William of Montevergine . [6] But, scholars believe this colorful account may be myth. Sherman wrote in his Memoirs that his father named him William Tecumseh; Sherman was baptized by a Presbyterian minister as an infant and given the name William at that time. [7] As an adult, Sherman signed all his correspondence – including to his wife – "W.T. Sherman." [8] His friends and family always called him "Cump." [9] Sherman did not adhere to any organized religion for the latter part of his adult life, although his wife, Ellen Ewing Sherman , was a devout Catholic and their son Thomas became a Catholic priest. According to his son, Sherman attended the Catholic Church until the outbreak of the Civil War but not thereafter. [10] He was buried at Calvary Catholic Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri after his death. Military training and service Edit Young Sherman in military uniform Senator Ewing secured an appointment for the 16-year-old Sherman as a cadet in the United States Military Academy at West Point , [11] where he roomed and became good friends with another important future Civil War General, George H. Thomas . There Sherman excelled academically, but he treated the demerit system with indifference. Fellow cadet William Rosecrans would later remember Sherman at West Point as "one of the brightest and most popular fellows" and "a bright-eyed, red-headed fellow, who was always prepared for a lark of any kind." [12] About his time at West Point, Sherman says only the following in his Memoirs: "At the Academy I was not considered a good soldier, for at no time was I selected for any office, but remained a private throughout the whole four years. Then, as now, neatness in dress and form, with a strict conformity to the rules, were the qualifications required for office, and I suppose I was found not to excel in any of these. In studies I always held a respectable reputation with the professors, and generally ranked among the best, especially in drawing, chemistry, mathematics, and natural philosophy. My average demerits, per annum, were about one hundred and fifty, which reduced my final class standing from number four to six." [13] Upon graduation in 1840, Sherman entered the Army as a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery and saw action in Florida in the Second Seminole War against the Seminole tribe. He was later stationed in Georgia and South Carolina. As the foster son of a prominent Whig politician, in Charleston, the popular Lt. Sherman moved within the upper circles of Old South society. [14] While many of his colleagues saw action in the Mexican-American War , Sherman performed administrative duties in the captured territory of California. Along with fellow Lieutenants Henry Halleck and Edward Ord , Sherman embarked from New York on the 198-day journey around Cape Horn aboard the converted sloop USS Lexington . Due to the confined spaces aboard-ship, Sherman grew close to Halleck and Ord, and in his Memoirs references a hike with Halleck to the summit of Corcovado , notable as the future spot of the Cristo Redentor statue. Sherman and Ord reached the town of Yerba Buena, in California, two days before its name was changed to San Francisco. In 1848, Sherman accompanied the military governor of California, Col. Richard Barnes Mason , in the inspection that officially confirmed that gold had been discovered in the region, thus inaugurating the California Gold Rush. [15] Sherman, along with Ord, assisted in surveys for the sub-divisions of the town that would become Sacramento. Sherman earned a brevet promotion to captain for his "meritorious service", but his lack of a combat assignment discouraged him and may have contributed to his decision to resign his commission. He would eventually become one of the few high-ranking officers during the Civil War who had not fought in Mexico. [16] Marriage and business career File:LSUcannons crop.jpg In 1859, Sherman accepted a job as the first superintendent of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy in Pineville, a position he sought at the suggestion of Major D. C. Buell and secured because of General George Mason Graham . [26] He proved an effective and popular leader of that institution, which would later become Louisiana State University (LSU). [27] Colonel Joseph P. Taylor , the brother of the late President Zachary Taylor , declared that "if you had hunted the whole army, from one end of it to the other, you could not have found a man in it more admirably suited for the position in every respect than Sherman." [28] Although his brother John was well known as an antislavery congressman, Sherman did not oppose slavery and was sympathetic to Southerners' defense of the institution. He opposed, however, any attempt at dissolving the Union. [29] On hearing of South Carolina's secession from the United States, Sherman observed to a close friend, Professor David F. Boyd of Virginia, an enthusiastic secessionist, almost perfectly describing the four years of war to come: You people of the South don't know what you are doing. This country will be drenched in blood, and God only knows how it will end. It is all folly, madness, a crime against civilization! You people speak so lightly of war; you don't know what you're talking about. War is a terrible thing! You mistake, too, the people of the North. They are a peaceable people but an earnest people, and they will fight, too. They are not going to let this country be destroyed without a mighty effort to save it... Besides, where are your men and appliances of war to contend against them? The North can make a steam engine, locomotive, or railway car; hardly a yard of cloth or pair of shoes can you make. You are rushing into war with one of the most powerful, ingeniously mechanical, and determined people on Earth—right at your doors. You are bound to fail. Only in your spirit and determination are you prepared for war. In all else you are totally unprepared, with a bad cause to start with. At first you will make headway, but as your limited resources begin to fail, shut out from the markets of Europe as you will be, your cause will begin to wane. If your people will but stop and think, they must see in the end that you will surely fail. [30] In January 1861, as more Southern states were seceding from the Union, Sherman was required to accept receipt of arms surrendered to the State Militia by the U.S. Arsenal at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Instead of complying, he resigned his position as superintendent and returned to the North, declaring to the governor of Louisiana, "On no earthly account will I do any act or think any thought hostile ... to the ... United States." [31] After the war, General Sherman donated two cannons to the institution. These cannons had been captured from Confederate forces and had been used to start the war when fired at Fort Sumter , South Carolina. They are still currently on display in front of LSU's Military Science building. [32] St. Louis interlude Edit Immediately following his departure from Louisiana, Sherman traveled to Washington, D.C., possibly in the hope of securing a position in the army, and met with Abraham Lincoln in the White House during inauguration week. Sherman expressed concern about the North's poor state of preparedness but found Lincoln unresponsive. [33] Thereafter, Sherman became president of the St. Louis Railroad, a streetcar company, a position he would hold for only a few months. Thus, he was living in border-state Missouri as the secession crisis came to a climax. While trying to hold himself aloof from controversy, he observed firsthand the efforts of Congressman Frank Blair , who later served under Sherman, to hold Missouri in the Union. In early April, he declined an offer from the Lincoln administration to take a position in the War Department as a prelude to his becoming Assistant Secretary of War. [34] After the bombardment of Fort Sumter, Sherman hesitated about committing to military service and ridiculed Lincoln's call for 75,000 three-month volunteers to quell secession, reportedly saying: "Why, you might as well attempt to put out the flames of a burning house with a squirt-gun." [35] However, in May, he offered himself for service in the regular army, and his brother (Senator John Sherman) and other connections maneuvered to get him a commission in the regular army. [36] On June 3, he wrote that "I still think it is to be a long war – very long – much longer than any Politician thinks." [37] He received a telegram summoning him to Washington on June 7. [38] Civil War service Edit Portrait by Mathew Brady, c. 1864 Sherman was first commissioned as colonel of the 13th U.S. Infantry regiment , effective May 14, 1861. This was a new regiment yet to be raised, and Sherman's first command was actually of a brigade of three-month volunteers, [39] at the head of which he became one of the few Union officers to distinguish himself at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, where he was grazed by bullets in the knee and shoulder. The disastrous Union defeat at Bull Run led Sherman to question his own judgment as an officer and the capacities of his volunteer troops. President Lincoln, however, was impressed by Sherman while visiting the troops on July 23 and promoted him to brigadier general of volunteers (effective May 17, 1861, with seniority in rank to Ulysses S. Grant , his future commander). [40] He was assigned to serve under Robert Anderson in the Department of the Cumberland in Louisville, Kentucky, and in October Sherman succeeded Anderson in command of the department. Sherman considered that his new assignment broke a promise from Lincoln that he would not be given such a prominent position. [41] Breakdown Edit Having succeeded Anderson at Louisville, Sherman now had principal military responsibility for Kentucky, a border state in which Confederate troops held Columbus and Bowling Green and were present near the Cumberland Gap. [42] He became exceedingly pessimistic about the outlook for his command and he complained frequently to Washington, D.C. about shortages while providing exaggerated estimates of the strength of the rebel forces. Very critical press reports appeared about him after an October visit to Louisville by the Secretary of War, Simon Cameron , and in early November, Sherman insisted that he be relieved. [43] He was promptly replaced by Don Carlos Buell and transferred to St. Louis, Missouri. In December, he was put on leave by Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck , commander of the Department of the Missouri , who considered him unfit for duty. Sherman went to Lancaster, Ohio, to recuperate. Some scholars believe that, in Kentucky and Missouri, Sherman was in the midst of what today would be described as a nervous breakdown. While he was at home, his wife Ellen wrote to his brother, Senator John Sherman, seeking advice. She complained of "that melancholy insanity to which your family is subject." [44] Sherman later wrote that the concerns of command "broke me down," and he admitted contemplating suicide. [45] His problems were compounded when the Cincinnati Commercial described him as "insane." [46] By mid-December, Sherman was sufficiently recovered to return to service under Halleck in the Department of the Missouri. (In March, Halleck's command was redesignated the Department of the Mississippi and enlarged to unify command in the West). Sherman's initial assignments were rear-echelon commands, first of an instructional barracks near St. Louis and then in command of the District of Cairo. [47] Operating from Paducah, Kentucky, he provided logistical support for the operations of Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant to capture Fort Donelson . Grant, the previous commander of the District of Cairo, had recently won a major victory at Fort Henry and been given command of the ill-defined District of West Tennessee. Although Sherman was technically the senior officer at this time, he wrote to Grant, "I feel anxious about you as I know the great facilities [the Confederates] have of concentration by means of the River and R Road, but [I] have faith in you — Command me in any way." [48] Shiloh Edit Detail from Sherman Memorial, Washington After Grant captured Fort Donelson, Sherman got his wish to serve under Grant when he was assigned on March 1, 1862, to the Army of West Tennessee as commander of the 5th Division . [49] His first major test under Grant was at the Battle of Shiloh . The massive Confederate attack on the morning of April 6, 1862, took most of the senior Union commanders by surprise. Sherman had dismissed the intelligence reports received from militia officers, refusing to believe that Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston would leave his base at Corinth. He took no precautions beyond strengthening his picket lines, refusing to entrench, build abatis , or push out reconnaissance patrols. At Shiloh, he may have wished to avoid appearing overly alarmed in order to escape the kind of criticism he had received in Kentucky. He had written to his wife that, if he took more precautions, "they'd call me crazy again". [50] Despite being caught unprepared by the attack, Sherman rallied his division and conducted an orderly, fighting retreat that helped avert a disastrous Union rout. Finding Grant at the end of the day sitting under an oak tree in the darkness and smoking a cigar, Sherman felt, in his words, "some wise and sudden instinct not to mention retreat". In what would become one of the most notable conversations of the war, Sherman said simply: "Well, Grant, we've had the devil's own day, haven't we?" After a puff of his cigar, Grant replied calmly: "Yes. Lick 'em tomorrow, though." [51] Sherman proved instrumental to the successful Union counterattack of April 7, 1862. At Shiloh, Sherman was wounded twice—in the hand and shoulder—and had three horses shot out from under him. His performance was praised by Grant and Halleck and after the battle, he was promoted to major general of volunteers, effective May 1, 1862. [49] Beginning in late April, a Union force of 100,000 moved slowly against Corinth , under Halleck's command with Grant relegated to second-in-command; Sherman commanded the division on the extreme right of the Union's right wing (under George H. Thomas). Shortly after the Union forces occupied Corinth on May 30, Sherman persuaded Grant not to leave his command, despite the serious difficulties he was having with Halleck. Sherman offered Grant an example from his own life, "Before the battle of Shiloh, I was cast down by a mere newspaper assertion of 'crazy', but that single battle gave me new life, and I'm now in high feather." He told Grant that, if he remained in the army, "some happy accident might restore you to favor and your true place." [52] In July, Grant's situation improved when Halleck left for the East to become general-in-chief, and Sherman became the military governor of occupied Memphis. [53] Vicksburg Edit The careers of both officers ascended considerably after that time. In Sherman's case, this was in part because he developed close personal ties to Grant during the two years they served together in the West. [54] During the long and complicated campaign against Vicksburg, one newspaper complained that the "army was being ruined in mud-turtle expeditions, under the leadership of a drunkard [Grant], whose confidential adviser [Sherman] was a lunatic ." [55] Sherman's military record in 1862–63 was mixed. In December 1862, forces under his command suffered a severe repulse at the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou , just north of Vicksburg, Mississippi. [56] Soon after, his XV Corps was ordered to join Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand in his successful assault on Arkansas Post , generally regarded as a politically motivated distraction from the effort to capture Vicksburg. [57] Before the Vicksburg Campaign in the spring of 1863, Sherman expressed serious reservations about the wisdom of Grant's unorthodox strategy, [58] but he went on to perform well in that campaign under Grant's supervision. The historian John D. Winters in The Civil War in Louisiana (1963) describes Sherman: ... He had yet [before Vicksburg] to display any marked talents for leadership. Sherman, beset by hallucinations and unreasonable fears and finally contemplating suicide, had been relieved from command in Kentucky. He later began a new climb to success at Shiloh and Corinth under Grant. Still, if he muffed his Vicksburg assignment, which had begun unfavorably, he would rise no higher. As a man, Sherman was an eccentric mixture of strength and weakness. Although he was impatient, often irritable and depressed, petulant, headstrong, and unreasonably gruff, he had solid soldierly qualities. His men swore by him, and most of his fellow officers admired him. [59] Chattanooga Edit Map of the Battles for Chattanooga, 1863 After the surrender of Vicksburg to the Union forces under Grant on July 4, 1863, Sherman was given the rank of brigadier general in the regular army , in addition to his rank as a major general of volunteers. Sherman's family came from Ohio to visit his camp near Vicksburg; his nine-year-old son, Willie, the Little Sergeant, died from typhoid fever contracted during the trip. [60] While traveling to Chattanooga, Sherman departed Memphis on a train that arrived at the Battle of Collierville , Tenn., while the Union garrison there was under attack on October 11, 1863. General Sherman took command of the 550 men and successfully defended against an attack of 3,500 Confederate cavalry. Command in the West was unified under Grant ( Military Division of the Mississippi ), and Sherman succeeded Grant in command of the Army of the Tennessee . During the Battle of Chattanooga in November, under Grant's overall command, Sherman quickly took his assigned target of Billy Goat Hill at the north end of Missionary Ridge, only to discover that it was not part of the ridge at all, but rather a detached spur separated from the main spine by a rock-strewn ravine. When he attempted to attack the main spine at Tunnel Hill, his troops were repeatedly repulsed by Patrick Cleburne 's heavy division, the best unit in Braxton Bragg's army. Sherman's effort was overshadowed by George Henry Thomas 's army's successful assault on the center of the Confederate line, a movement originally intended as a diversion. [61] Subsequently, Sherman led a column to relieve Union forces under Ambrose Burnside thought to be in peril at Knoxville . In February 1864, he led an expedition to Meridian, Mississippi , to disrupt Confederate infrastructure. [62] Atlanta Edit Map of Sherman's campaigns in Georgia and the Carolinas, 1864–1865 Despite this mixed record, Sherman enjoyed Grant's confidence and friendship. When Lincoln called Grant east in the spring of 1864 to take command of all the Union armies, Grant appointed Sherman (by then known to his soldiers as "Uncle Billy") to succeed him as head of the Military Division of the Mississippi , which entailed command of Union troops in the Western Theater of the war. As Grant took overall command of the armies of the United States, Sherman wrote to him outlining his strategy to bring the war to an end concluding that "if you can whip Lee and I can march to the Atlantic I think ol' Uncle Abe will give us twenty days leave to see the young folks." [63] Sherman proceeded to invade the state of Georgia with three armies: the 60,000-strong Army of the Cumberland under George Henry Thomas , the 25,000-strong Army of the Tennessee under James B. McPherson , and the 13,000-strong Army of the Ohio under John M. Schofield . [64] He fought a lengthy campaign of maneuver through mountainous terrain against Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston 's Army of Tennessee , attempting a direct assault only at the disastrous Battle of Kennesaw Mountain . In July, the cautious Johnston was replaced by the more aggressive John Bell Hood , who played to Sherman's strength by challenging him to direct battles on open ground. Meanwhile, in August, Sherman "learned that I had been commissioned a major-general in the regular army, which was unexpected, and not desired until successful in the capture of Atlanta." [65] Sherman's Atlanta Campaign concluded successfully on September 2, 1864, with the capture of the city, which Hood had been forced to abandon. This success made Sherman a household name and helped ensure Lincoln's presidential re-election in November. In August, the Democratic Party had nominated as its candidate George B. McClellan , the popular former Union army commander, and it had seemed likely that Lincoln would lose to McClellan. Lincoln's defeat could well have meant the victory of the Confederacy, as the Democratic Party platform called for peace negotiations based on the acknowledgment of the Confederacy's independence. Thus the capture of Atlanta, coming when it did, may have been Sherman's greatest contribution to the Union cause. [66] After ordering almost all civilians to leave the city in September, Sherman gave instructions that all military and government buildings in Atlanta be burned, although many private homes and shops were burned as well. [67] This was to set a precedent for future behavior by his armies. March to the Sea Edit Green-Meldrim house, where Sherman stayed after taking Savannah in 1864 During September and October, Sherman and Hood played cat-and-mouse in north Georgia (and Alabama) as Hood threatened Sherman's communications to the north. Eventually, Sherman won approval from his superiors for a plan to cut loose from his communications and march south, having advised Grant that he could "make Georgia howl." [68] This created the threat that Hood would move north into Tennessee. Trivializing that threat, Sherman reportedly said that he would "give [Hood] his rations" to go in that direction as "my business is down south." [69] However, Sherman left forces under Maj. Gens. George H. Thomas and John M. Schofield to deal with Hood; their forces eventually smashed Hood's army in the battles of Franklin (November 30) and Nashville (December 15–16). [70] Meanwhile, after the November elections, Sherman began a march with 62,000 men to the port of Savannah, Georgia, living off the land and causing, by his own estimate, more than $100 million in property damage. [71] Sherman called this harsh tactic of material war "hard war," often seen as a species of total war . [72] At the end of this campaign, known as Sherman's March to the Sea , his troops captured Savannah on December 21, 1864. [73] Sherman then dispatched a famous message to Lincoln, offering him the city as a Christmas present. [74] Sherman's success in Georgia received ample coverage in the Northern press at a time when Grant seemed to be making little progress in his fight against Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia . A bill was introduced in Congress to promote Sherman to Grant's rank of lieutenant general , probably with a view towards having him replace Grant as commander of the Union Army. Sherman wrote both to his brother, Senator John Sherman, and to General Grant vehemently repudiating any such promotion. [75] According to a war-time account, [76] it was around this time that Sherman made his memorable declaration of loyalty to Grant: "General Grant is a great general. I know him well. He stood by me when I was crazy, and I stood by him when he was drunk; and now, sir, we stand by each other always." While in Savannah, Sherman learned from a newspaper that his infant son Charles Celestine had died during the Savannah Campaign ; the general had never seen the child. [77] Final campaigns in the Carolinas General Sherman with Generals Howard , Logan , Hazen , Davis , Slocum , and Mower , photographed by Mathew Brady, May 1865 Grant then ordered Sherman to embark his army on steamers and join the Union forces confronting Lee in Virginia, but Sherman instead persuaded Grant to allow him to march north through the Carolinas , destroying everything of military value along the way, as he had done in Georgia. He was particularly interested in targeting South Carolina, the first state to secede from the Union, because of the effect that it would have on Southern morale. [78] His army proceeded north through South Carolina against light resistance from the troops of Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston . Upon hearing that Sherman's men were advancing on corduroy roads through the Salkehatchie swamps at a rate of a dozen miles per day, Johnston "made up his mind that there had been no such army in existence since the days of Julius Caesar ." [79] Sherman captured the state capital of Columbia, South Carolina, on February 17, 1865. Fires began that night and by next morning most of the central city was destroyed. The burning of Columbia has engendered controversy ever since, with some claiming the fires were accidental, others a deliberate act of vengeance, and still others that the retreating Confederates burned bales of cotton on their way out of town. [80] Sherman made a statement afterwards saying "I did not order the burning of the city, but I am not sorry that it happened." Local Native American Lumbee guides helped Sherman's army cross the Lumber River, which was flooded by torrential rains, into North Carolina. According to Sherman, the trek across the Lumber River, and through the swamps, pocosins , and creeks of Robeson County was "the damnedest marching I ever saw." [81] Thereafter, his troops did little damage to the civilian infrastructure, as North Carolina, unlike its southern neighbor, was regarded by his men as a reluctant Confederate state, having been the last to secede from the Union. Sherman's final significant military engagement was a victory over Johnston's troops at the Battle of Bentonville , March 19–21. He soon rendezvoused at Goldsborough, North Carolina, with Union troops awaiting him there after the capture of Fort Fisher and Wilmington. The Burning of Columbia, South Carolina (1865) by William Waud for Harper's Weekly In late March, Sherman briefly left his forces and traveled to City Point, Virginia, to consult with Grant. Lincoln happened to be at City Point at the same time, allowing the only three-way meetings of Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman during the war. [82] Confederate surrender Edit Following Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House and the assassination of President Lincoln , Sherman met with Johnston at Bennett Place in Durham, North Carolina, to negotiate a Confederate surrender. At the insistence of Johnston and of Confederate President Jefferson Davis , Sherman conditionally agreed to generous terms that dealt with both political and military issues. Sherman thought that those terms were consistent with the views Lincoln had expressed at City Point, but the general had not been given the authority, by General Grant, the newly installed President Andrew Johnson , or the Cabinet, to offer those terms. The government in Washington, D.C., refused to approve Sherman's terms and the Secretary of War , Edwin M. Stanton , denounced Sherman publicly, precipitating a long-lasting feud between the two men. Confusion over this issue lasted until April 26, 1865, when Johnston, ignoring instructions from President Davis, agreed to purely military terms and formally surrendered his army and all the Confederate forces in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida, in what was the largest single capitulation of the war. [83] Sherman proceeded with 60,000 of his troops to Washington, D.C., where they marched in the Grand Review of the Armies , on May 24, 1865, and were then disbanded. Having become the second most important general in the Union army, he thus had come full circle to the city where he started his war-time service as colonel of a non-existent infantry regiment. Slavery and emancipation Edit Portrait by Mathew Brady or Levin C. Handy , between 1865 and 1880 Sherman was not an abolitionist before the war and, like others of his time and background, he did not believe in "Negro equality." [84] Before the war, Sherman at times even expressed some sympathy with the view of Southern whites that the black race was benefiting from slavery, although he opposed breaking up slave families and advocated teaching slaves to read and write. [29] During the Civil War, Sherman declined to employ black troops in his armies. [85] Sherman's military campaigns of 1864 and 1865 freed many slaves, who greeted him "as a second Moses or Aaron " [86] and joined his marches through Georgia and the Carolinas by the tens of thousands. The fate of these refugees became a pressing military and political issue. Some abolitionists accused Sherman of doing little to alleviate the precarious living conditions of the freed slaves. [87] To address this issue, on January 12, 1865, Sherman met in Savannah with Secretary of War Stanton and with twenty local black leaders. After Sherman's departure, Garrison Frazier, a Baptist minister, declared in response to an inquiry about the feelings of the black community: We looked upon General Sherman, prior to his arrival, as a man, in the providence of God, specially set apart to accomplish this work, and we unanimously felt inexpressible gratitude to him, looking upon him as a man that should be honored for the faithful performance of his duty. Some of us called upon him immediately upon his arrival, and it is probable he did not meet [Secretary Stanton] with more courtesy than he met us. His conduct and deportment toward us characterized him as a friend and a gentleman. [88] Four days later, Sherman issued his Special Field Orders, No. 15 . The orders provided for the settlement of 40,000 freed slaves and black refugees on land expropriated from white landowners in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Sherman appointed Brig. Gen. Rufus Saxton , an abolitionist from Massachusetts who had previously directed the recruitment of black soldiers, to implement that plan. [89] Those orders, which became the basis of the claim that the Union government had promised freed slaves " 40 acres and a mule ", were revoked later that year by President Andrew Johnson . Although the context is often overlooked, and the quotation usually chopped off, one of Sherman's most famous statements about his hard-war views arose in part from the racial attitudes summarized above. In his Memoirs, Sherman noted political pressures in 1864–1865 to encourage the escape of slaves, in part to avoid the possibility that "'able-bodied slaves will be called into the military service of the rebels.'" [90] Sherman thought concentration on such policies would have delayed the "successful end" of the war and the "liberat[ion of] all slaves." [91] He went on to summarize vividly his hard-war philosophy and to add, in effect, that he really did not want the help of liberated slaves in subduing the South: My aim then was to whip the rebels, to humble their pride, to follow them to their inmost recesses, and make them fear and dread us. "Fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom." I did not want them to cast in our teeth what General Hood had once done at Atlanta, that we had to call on their slaves to help us to subdue them. But, as regards kindness to the race ..., I assert that no army ever did more for that race than the one I commanded at Savannah. [92] Strategies Edit General Sherman's record as a tactician was mixed, and his military legacy rests primarily on his command of logistics and on his brilliance as a strategist . The influential 20th-century British military historian and theorist B. H. Liddell Hart ranked Sherman as one of the most important strategists in the annals of war, along with Scipio Africanus , Belisarius , Napoleon Bonaparte , T. E. Lawrence , and Erwin Rommel . Liddell Hart credited Sherman with mastery of maneuver warfare (also known as the "indirect approach"), as demonstrated by his series of turning movements against Johnston during the Atlanta Campaign. Liddell Hart also stated that study of Sherman's campaigns had contributed significantly to his own "theory of strategy and tactics in mechanized warfare ", which had in turn influenced Heinz Guderian 's doctrine of Blitzkrieg and Rommel's use of tanks during the Second World War. [93] Another World War II-era student of Liddell Hart's writings about Sherman was George S. Patton , who "'spent a long vacation studying Sherman's campaigns on the ground in Georgia and the Carolinas, with the aid of [Liddell Hart's] book'" and later "'carried out his [bold] plans, in super-Sherman style'". [94] Sherman's greatest contribution to the war, the strategy of total warfare —endorsed by General Grant and President Lincoln— has been the subject of controversy. Sherman himself downplayed his role in conducting total war, often saying that he was simply carrying out orders as best he could in order to fulfill his part of Grant's master plan for ending the war. Not all were impressed with Sherman's military prowess, however. In his 1973 book on Sherman's total war tactics, John B. Walters quotes a personal friend of Sherman's as saying: "His faults as a commander are as glaring as his faults of character. As an organizer of armies for the field, as a tactician in battle, he was an utter failure. He never commanded an organized army whose discipline did not become relaxed under his administration, and he was never commander-in-chief in any battle which was not a failure. Instead of being an organizer, Sherman was a disorganizer; he was chief among the "Bummers" which he made his soldiers, and by which they were eventually designated." [95] Total warfare See also: Sherman's March to the Sea Like Grant, Sherman was convinced that the Confederacy 's strategic, economic, and psychological ability to wage further war needed to be definitively crushed if the fighting were to end. Therefore, he believed that the North had to conduct its campaign as a war of conquest and employ scorched earth tactics to break the backbone of the rebellion. He called this strategy "hard war." Sherman's advance through Georgia and South Carolina was characterized by widespread destruction of civilian supplies and infrastructure. Although looting was officially forbidden, historians disagree on how well this regulation was enforced. [96] The speed and efficiency of the destruction by Sherman's army was remarkable. The practice of heating rails and bending them around trees, leaving behind what came to be known as " Sherman's neckties ," made repairs difficult. Accusations that civilians were targeted and war crimes were committed on the march have made Sherman a controversial figure to this day, particularly in the South. 1868 engraving by Alexander Hay Ritchie depicting the March to the Sea The damage done by Sherman was almost entirely limited to the destruction of property . Though exact figures are not available, the loss of civilian life appears to have been very small. [97] Consuming supplies, wrecking infrastructure, and undermining morale were Sherman's stated goals, and several of his Southern contemporaries noted this and commented on it. For instance, Alabama-born Major Henry Hitchcock, who served in Sherman's staff, declared that "it is a terrible thing to consume and destroy the sustenance of thousands of people," but if the scorched earth strategy served "to paralyze their husbands and fathers who are fighting ... it is mercy in the end." [98] The severity of the destructive acts by Union troops was significantly greater in South Carolina than in Georgia or North Carolina. This appears to have been a consequence of the animosity among both Union soldiers and officers to the state that they regarded as the "cockpit of secession." [99] One of the most serious accusations against Sherman was that he allowed his troops to burn the city of Columbia. In 1867, Gen. O. O. Howard , commander of Sherman's 15th Corps, reportedly said, "It is useless to deny that our troops burnt Columbia, for I saw them in the act." [100] However, Sherman himself stated that "[i]f I had made up my mind to burn Columbia I would have burnt it with no more feeling than I would a common prairie dog village; but I did not do it ..." [101] Sherman's official report on the burning placed the blame on Confederate Lt. Gen. Wade Hampton III , who Sherman said had ordered the burning of cotton in the streets. In his memoirs, Sherman said, "In my official report of this conflagration I distinctly charged it to General Wade Hampton, and confess I did so pointedly to shake the faith of his people in him, for he was in my opinion a braggart and professed to be the special champion of South Carolina." [102] Historian James M. McPherson has concluded that: The fullest and most dispassionate study of this controversy blames all parties in varying proportions—including the Confederate authorities for the disorder that characterized the evacuation of Columbia, leaving thousands of cotton bales on the streets (some of them burning) and huge quantities of liquor undestroyed ... Sherman did not deliberately burn Columbia; a majority of Union soldiers, including the general himself, worked through the night to put out the fires. [103] In this general connection, it is also noteworthy that Sherman and his subordinates (particularly John A. Logan) took steps to protect Raleigh, North Carolina, from acts of revenge after the assassination of President Lincoln. [104] Modern assessment Edit Map of Sherman's advance from Atlanta to Goldsboro After the fall of Atlanta in 1864, Sherman ordered the city's evacuation. When the city council appealed to him to rescind that order, on the grounds that it would cause great hardship to women, children, the elderly, and others who bore no responsibility for the conduct of the war, Sherman sent a written response in which he sought to articulate his conviction that a lasting peace would be possible only if the Union were restored, and that he was therefore prepared to do all he could do to quash the rebellion: You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it; and those who brought war into our country deserve all the curses and maledictions a people can pour out. I know I had no hand in making this war, and I know I will make more sacrifices to-day than any of you to secure peace. But you cannot have peace and a division of our country. If the United States submits to a division now, it will not stop, but will go on until we reap the fate of Mexico , which is eternal war [...] I want peace, and believe it can only be reached through union and war, and I will ever conduct war with a view to perfect and early success. But, my dear sirs, when peace does come, you may call on me for anything. Then will I share with you the last cracker, and watch with you to shield your homes and families against danger from every quarter. [105] Literary critic Edmund Wilson found in Sherman's Memoirs a fascinating and disturbing account of an "appetite for warfare" that "grows as it feeds on the South". [106] Former U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara refers equivocally to the statement that "war is cruelty and you cannot refine it" in both the book Wilson's Ghost [107] and in his interview for the film The Fog of War . But when comparing Sherman's scorched-earth campaigns to the actions of the British Army during the Second Boer War (1899–1902)—another war in which civilians were targeted because of their central role in sustaining an armed resistance—South African historian Hermann Giliomee declares that it "looks as if Sherman struck a better balance than the British commanders between severity and restraint in taking actions proportional to legitimate needs". [108] The admiration of scholars such as Victor Davis Hanson , B. H. Liddell Hart , Lloyd Lewis, and John F. Marszalek for General Sherman owes much to what they see as an approach to the exigencies of modern armed conflict that was both effective and principled. Postbellum service 1888 photograph by Napoleon Sarony used in the second edition of Sherman's Memoirs, 1889. This photo also served as a model for the engraving of the first Sherman postage stamp issued in 1893. In May 1865, after the major Confederate armies had surrendered, Sherman wrote in a personal letter: I confess, without shame, I am sick and tired of fighting—its glory is all moonshine; even success the most brilliant is over dead and mangled bodies, with the anguish and lamentations of distant families, appealing to me for sons, husbands and fathers ... tis only those who have never heard a shot, never heard the shriek and groans of the wounded and lacerated ... that cry aloud for more blood, more vengeance, more desolation. [109] In June 1865, three months after Robert E. Lee’s surrender at Appomattox, General W. T. Sherman was given his first postwar command, originally called the Military Division of the Mississippi and later the Military Division of the Missouri. After changes, his command covered territory west of the Mississippi and east of the Rocky Mountains. On July 25, 1866, Congress created the rank of General of the Army for Grant and then promoted Sherman to lieutenant general . When Grant became president in 1869, Sherman was appointed Commanding General of the United States Army and promoted to General of the Army. After the death of John A. Rawlins , Sherman also served for one month as interim Secretary of War . His tenure as commanding general was marred by political difficulties, and from 1874 to 1876, he moved his headquarters to St. Louis, Missouri in an attempt to escape from them. One of his significant contributions as head of the Army was the establishment of the Command School (now the Command and General Staff College ) at Fort Leavenworth . One of Sherman's main concerns in postwar commands was to protect the construction and operation of the railroads from attack by hostile Indians. Sherman's views on Indian matters were often strongly expressed. He regarded the railroads "as the most important element now in progress to facilitate the military interests of our Frontier." Hence, in 1867, he wrote to Grant that "we are not going to let a few thieving, ragged Indians check and stop the progress of [the railroads]." [110] After the 1866 Fetterman Massacre , Sherman wrote Grant that "we must act with vindictive earnestness against the Sioux, even to their extermination, men, women and children." [111] After George Armstrong Custer 's defeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn , Sherman wrote that "hostile savages like Sitting Bull and his band of outlaw Sioux ... must feel the superior power of the Government." [112] He further wrote that "during an assault, the soldiers can not pause to distinguish between male and female, or even discriminate as to age." [113] Despite his harsh treatment of the warring tribes, Sherman spoke out against the unfair way speculators and government agents treated the natives within the reservations. [114] In 1875 Sherman published his memoirs in two volumes. According to critic Edmund Wilson , Sherman had a trained gift of self-expression and was, as Mark Twain says, a master of narrative. [In his Memoirs] the vigorous account of his pre-war activities and his conduct of his military operations is varied in just the right proportion and to just the right degree of vivacity with anecdotes and personal experiences. We live through his campaigns [...] in the company of Sherman himself. He tells us what he thought and what he felt, and he never strikes any attitudes or pretends to feel anything he does not feel. [115] Shoulder strap insignia, introduced by Sherman in 1872 for his use as General of the Army On June 19, 1879, Sherman delivered an address to the graduating class of the Michigan Military Academy , in which he may have uttered the famous phrase "War Is Hell". [116] On April 11, 1880, he addressed a crowd of more than 10,000 at Columbus, Ohio: "There is many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory, but, boys, it is all hell." [117] In 1945, President Harry S. Truman would say: "Sherman was wrong. I'm telling you I find peace is hell." [118] Sherman stepped down as commanding general on November 1, 1883, and retired from the army on February 8, 1884. He lived most of the rest of his life in New York City. He was devoted to the theater and to amateur painting and was much in demand as a colorful speaker at dinners and banquets, in which he indulged a fondness for quoting Shakespeare. [119] During this period, he stayed in contact with war veterans, and through them accepted honorary membership into the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity and the Irving Literary Society . Sherman was proposed as a Republican candidate for the presidential election of 1884, but declined as emphatically as possible, saying, "I will not accept if nominated and will not serve if elected." [120] Such a categorical rejection of a candidacy is now referred to as a " Shermanesque statement ." Death Sherman's death mask Sherman died in New York City at 1:50 PM on Saturday, 14 February 1891. President Benjamin Harrison sent a telegram to General Sherman's family and ordered all national flags to be flown at half mast. Harrison, in a message to the Senate and the House of Representatives, wrote that: He was an ideal soldier, and shared to the fullest the esprit du corps of the army, but he cherished the civil institutions organized under the Constitution, and was only a soldier that these might be perpetuated in undiminished usefulness and honor. [121] On 19 February, a funeral service was held at his home, followed by a military procession. General Joseph E. Johnston , the Confederate officer who had commanded the resistance to Sherman's troops in Georgia and the Carolinas, served as a pallbearer in New York City. It was a bitterly cold day and a friend of Johnston, fearing that the general might become ill, asked him to put on his hat. Johnston famously replied: "If I were in [Sherman's] place, and he were standing in mine, he would not put on his hat." Johnston did catch a serious cold and died one month later of pneumonia. [122] General Sherman's body was then transported to St. Louis, where another service was conducted on 21 February 1891 at a local Catholic church. His son, Thomas Ewing Sherman , a Jesuit priest, presided over his father's funeral mass. Sherman is buried in Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis. Major memorials to Sherman include the gilded bronze equestrian statue by Augustus Saint-Gaudens at the main entrance to Central Park in New York City and the major monument by Carl Rohl-Smith near President's Park in Washington, D.C. Other posthumous tributes include the naming of the World War II M4 Sherman tank [123] and the "General Sherman" Giant Sequoia tree , the most massive documented single-trunk tree in the world. Edit In the years immediately after the war, Sherman's conservative politics was attractive to white Southerners. By the 1880s, however, Southern "Lost Cause" writers began to demonize Sherman for his attacks on civilians in the "March." The Confederate Veteran magazine, based in Nashville, gave Sherman more attention than anyone else, in part to enhance the visibility of the western theater. His devastation of railroads and plantations mattered less than the March's insult to southern dignity, especially its unprotected womanhood. Moody criticizes English historians Field Marshal Viscount Garnet Wolseley, Maj. Gen. John F. C. Fuller, and especially Capt. Basil H. Liddell Hart, who built up Sherman's reputation by exaggerating his "atrocities" and filtering his actions through their ideas about modern warfare. [124] By contrast Sherman was a popular hero in the North and well regarded by his soldiers. Military historians have paid special attention to his Atlanta campaign and the March to the Sea, generally giving him high marks as an innovative strategist and quick-witted tactician. [125] Autobiography and memoirs Edit Sheet music for "Sherman's March to the Sea" Around 1868, Sherman began to write a "private" recollection for his children about his life before the Civil War, identified now as his unpublished "Autobiography, 1828–1861". This manuscript is held by the Ohio Historical Society . Much of the material in it would eventually be incorporated in revised form in his memoirs. In 1875, ten years after the end of the Civil War, Sherman became one of the first Civil War generals to publish a memoir. [126] His Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. By Himself, published by D. Appleton & Co. , in two volumes, began with the year 1846 (when the Mexican War began) and ended with a chapter about the "military lessons of the [civil] war" (1875 edition: Volume I ; Volume II ). The memoirs were controversial, and sparked complaints from many quarters. [127] Grant (serving as President when Sherman’s memoirs first appeared) later remarked that others had told him that Sherman treated Grant unfairly but "when I finished the book, I found I approved every word; that ... it was a true book, an honorable book, creditable to Sherman, just to his companions — to myself particularly so — just such a book as I expected Sherman would write." [128] In 1886, after the publication of Grant’s memoirs, Sherman produced a "second edition, revised and corrected" of his memoirs with Appleton. The new edition added a second preface, a chapter about his life up to 1846, a chapter concerning the post-war period (ending with his 1884 retirement from the army), several appendices, portraits, improved maps, and an index (1886 edition: Volume I , Volume II ). For the most part, Sherman refused to revise his original text on the ground that "I disclaim the character of historian, but assume to be a witness on the stand before the great tribunal of history" and "any witness who may disagree with me should publish his own version of [the] facts in the truthful narration of which he is interested." However, Sherman did add the appendices, in which he published the views of some others. [129] Sherman in his later years, in civilian evening clothes Subsequently, Sherman shifted to the publishing house of Charles L. Webster & Co., the publisher of Grant’s memoirs. The new publishing house brought out a "third edition, revised and corrected" in 1890. This difficult-to-find edition was substantively identical to the second (except for the probable omission of Sherman's short 1875 and 1886 prefaces). [130] After Sherman died in 1891, there were dueling new editions of his memoirs. His first publisher, Appleton, reissued the original (1875) edition with two new chapters about Sherman’s later years added by the journalist W. Fletcher Johnson (1891 Johnson edition: Volume I , Volume II ). Meanwhile, Charles L. Webster & Co. issued a "fourth edition, revised, corrected, and complete" with the text of Sherman’s second edition, a new chapter prepared under the auspices of the Sherman family bringing the general’s life from his retirement to his death and funeral, and an appreciation by politician James G. Blaine (who was related to Sherman's wife). Unfortunately, this edition omits Sherman’s prefaces to the 1875 and 1886 editions (1891 Blaine edition: Volume I , Volume II ). In 1904 and 1913, Sherman’s youngest son (Philemon Tecumseh Sherman) republished the memoirs, ironically with Appleton (not Charles L. Webster & Co.). This was designated as a "second edition, revised and corrected". This edition contains Sherman’s two prefaces, his 1886 text, and the materials added in the 1891 Blaine edition. Thus, this virtually invisible edition of Sherman's memoirs is actually the most comprehensive version. There are many modern editions of Sherman’s memoirs. The edition most useful for research purposes is the 1990 Library of America version, edited by Charles Royster. It contains the entire text of Sherman’s 1886 edition, together with annotations, a note on the text, and a detailed chronology of Sherman’s life. Missing from this edition is the useful biographical material contained in the 1891 Johnson and Blaine editions. Published correspondence Edit Many of Sherman's official war-time letters (and other items) appear in the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion . Some of these letters are rather personal in nature, rather than relating directly to operational activities of the army. There also are at least five published collections of Sherman correspondence: Sherman's Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860–1865, edited by Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1999) – a large collection of war-time letters (November 1860 to May 1865). Sherman at War, edited by Joseph H. Ewing (Dayton, OH: Morningside, 1992) – approximately thirty war time letters to Sherman's father-in-law, Thomas Ewing, and one of his brothers-in-law, Philemon B. Ewing. Home Letters of General Sherman, edited by M.A. DeWolfe Howe (New York: Charles Scribner's Son, 1909) – edited letters to his wife, Ellen Ewing Sherman, from 1837 to 1888. The Sherman Letters: Correspondence Between General Sherman and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891, edited by Rachel Sherman Thorndike (New York: Charles Scribner's Son, 1894) – edited letters to his brother, Senator John Sherman, from 1837 to 1891. General W.T. Sherman as College President, edited by Walter L. Fleming (Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1912) – edited letters and other documents from Sherman's 1859–1861 service as superintendent of the Louisiana Seminary of Learning and Military Academy. Artistic treatments Some of the artistic treatments of Sherman's march are the Civil War era song " Marching Through Georgia " by Henry Clay Work ; Herman Melville 's poem "The March to the Sea" ; Ross McElwee 's film Sherman's March; and E. L. Doctorow 's novel The March. At the beginning of Margaret Mitchell 's novel Gone with the Wind , first published in 1936, the fictional character Rhett Butler warns a group of upper-class secessionists of the folly of war with the North in terms very reminiscent of those Sherman directed to David F. Boyd before leaving Louisiana. Sherman's invasion of Georgia later plays a central role in the plot of the novel. Charles Beaumont in the Twilight Zone episode " Long Live Walter Jameson " has the lead character (a history professor) comment on the burning of Atlanta that the union soldiers did it unwillingly at the behest of a Sherman described as sullen and brutish. The presentation of Sherman in popular culture is now discussed at book-length in Sherman's March in Myth and Memory (Rowman and Littlefield, 2008), by Edward Caudill and Paul Ashdown. Sherman on U.S. postage Edit Sherman is one of the few generals to have appeared on several different US postage stamp issues. The first stamp issue to honor him was released on March 21, 1893, a little more than two years after his death. The engraving was modeled after a photograph taken by Napoleon Sarony in 1888. The Post Office released a second and third Sherman issue of 1895, both almost identical to the first issue, with slight changes in the framework design and color. Sherman appeared again in the US Army issue of 1937 , a commemorative postage stamp jointly honoring Generals Sherman, Grant and Sheridan . The last stamp issue to honor Sherman was released in 1995 and was a 32-cent stamp. With five different issues to his name, Sherman has featured more prominently in US postage than most US presidents. [131] Sherman name in the military Sherman lent his name to the Sherman tank . Dates of rank	William Tecumseh Sherman
In Robert Louis Stevenson's 'Treasure Island', what is the name of the sinister blind pirate?	General William Sherman - Amerifo- Info on Everything America [ show ] v · d · e American Civil War engagements involving William T. Sherman First commissions and Bull Run Sherman was first commissioned as colonel of the 13th U.S. Infantry regiment , effective May 14, 1861. This was a new regiment yet to be raised, and Sherman's first command was actually of a brigade of three-month volunteers. [37] With that command, he was one of the few Union officers to distinguish himself at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, where he was grazed by bullets in the knee and shoulder. The disastrous Union defeat led Sherman to question his own judgment as an officer and the capacities of his volunteer troops. President Lincoln, however, was impressed by Sherman while visiting the troops on July 23 and promoted him to brigadier general of volunteers (effective May 17, 1861, with seniority in rank to Ulysses S. Grant , his future commander). [38] He was assigned to serve under Robert Anderson in the Department of the Cumberland in Louisville , Kentucky, and in October succeeded Anderson in command of the department. Sherman considered his new assignment to violate a promise from Lincoln that he would not be given such a prominent position. [39] Breakdown and Shiloh Having succeeded Anderson at Louisville, Sherman now had principal military responsibility for a border state (Kentucky) in which Confederate troops held Columbus and Bowling Green and were present near the Cumberland Gap. [40] He became exceedingly pessimistic about the outlook for his command, and he complained frequently to Washington, D.C., about shortages and provided exaggerated estimates of the strength of the rebel forces. Very critical press reports appeared about him after an October visit to Louisville by the Secretary of War, Simon Cameron , and in early November Sherman insisted that he be relieved. [41] He was promptly replaced by Don Carlos Buell and transferred to St. Louis , Missouri. In December, however, he was put on leave by Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck , commander of the Department of the Missouri , who considered him unfit for duty. Sherman went to Lancaster, Ohio, to recuperate. Some consider that, in Kentucky and Missouri, Sherman was in the midst of what today would be described as a nervous breakdown . While he was at home, his wife, Ellen, wrote to his brother Senator John Sherman seeking advice and complaining of "that melancholy insanity to which your family is subject." [42] Sherman himself later wrote that the concerns of command “broke me down," and he admitted contemplating "suicide." [43] His problems were further compounded when the Cincinnati Commercial described him as "insane". [44] By mid-December, however, Sherman was sufficiently recovered to return to service under Halleck in the Department of the Missouri (in March, Halleck's command was redesignated the Department of the Mississippi and enlarged to unify command in the West). Sherman's initial assignments were rear-echelon commands, first of an instructional barracks near St. Louis and then command of the District of Cairo. [45] Operating from Paducah , Kentucky, he provided logistical support for the operations of Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant to capture Fort Donelson . Grant, the previous commander of the District of Cairo, had recently won a major victory at Fort Henry and been given command of the ill-defined District of West Tennessee. Although Sherman was technically the senior officer at this time, he wrote to Grant, "I feel anxious about you as I know the great facilities [the Confederates] have of concentration by means of the River and R Road, but [I] have faith in you — Command me in any way." [46] After Grant captured Fort Donelson, Sherman got his wish of serving under Grant when he was assigned on March 1, 1862, to the Army of West Tennessee as commander of the 5th Division . [47] His first major test under Grant was at the Battle of Shiloh . The massive Confederate attack on the morning of April 6, 1862, took most of the senior Union commanders by surprise. Sherman in particular had dismissed the intelligence reports that he had received from militia officers, refusing to believe that Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston would leave his base at Corinth . He took no precautions beyond strengthening his picket lines, refusing to entrench, build abatis , or push out reconnaissance patrols. At Shiloh, he may have wished to avoid appearing overly alarmed in order to escape the kind of criticism he had received in Kentucky. He had written to his wife that, if he took more precautions, "they'd call me crazy again". [48] Despite being caught unprepared by the attack, Sherman rallied his division and conducted an orderly, fighting retreat that helped avert a disastrous Union rout. Finding Grant at the end of the day sitting under an oak tree in the darkness smoking a cigar, he experienced, in his own words "some wise and sudden instinct not to mention retreat". Instead, in what would become one of the most famous conversations of the war, Sherman said simply: "Well, Grant, we've had the devil's own day, haven't we?" After a puff of his cigar, Grant replied calmly: "Yes. Lick 'em tomorrow, though." [49] Sherman would prove instrumental to the successful Union counterattack of April 7, 1862. At Shiloh, Sherman was wounded twice—in the hand and shoulder—and had three horses shot out from under him. His performance was praised by Grant and Halleck and after the battle, he was promoted to major general of volunteers, effective May 1, 1862. [47] Beginning in late April, a Union force of 100,000 moved slowly against Corinth , under Halleck's command with Grant relegated to a role he found unsatisfactory as second-in-command to Halleck; Sherman commanded the division on the extreme right of the Union's right wing (under George H. Thomas). Shortly after the Union forces occupied Corinth on May 30, Sherman persuaded Grant not to leave his command, despite the serious difficulties he was having with his commander, General Halleck. Sherman offered Grant an example from his own life, "Before the battle of Shiloh, I was cast down by a mere newspaper assertion of 'crazy', but that single battle gave me new life, and I'm now in high feather." He told Grant that, if he remained in the army, "some happy accident might restore you to favor and your true place." [50] In July, Grant's situation improved when Halleck left for the East to become general-in-chief, and Sherman became the military governor of occupied Memphis. [51] Vicksburg and Chattanooga The careers of both officers ascended considerably after that time. In Sherman's case, this was in part because he developed close personal ties to Grant during the two years they served together in the West. [52] However, at one point during the long and complicated Vicksburg campaign, one newspaper complained that the "army was being ruined in mud-turtle expeditions, under the leadership of a drunkard [Grant], whose confidential adviser [Sherman] was a lunatic." [53] Sherman's own military record in 1862–63 was mixed. In December 1862, forces under his command suffered a severe repulse at the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou , just north of Vicksburg , Mississippi. [54] Soon after, his XV Corps was ordered to join Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand in his successful assault on Arkansas Post , generally regarded as a politically motivated distraction from the effort to capture Vicksburg. [55] Before the Vicksburg Campaign in the spring of 1863, Sherman expressed serious reservations about the wisdom of Grant's unorthodox strategy, [56] but he went on to perform well in that campaign under Grant's supervision. Historian John D. Winters in The Civil War in Louisiana (1963) describes Sherman, accordingly: ... He had yet [before Vicksburg] to display any marked talents for leadership. Sherman, beset by hallucinations and unreasonable fears and finally contemplating suicide, had been relieved from command in Kentucky. He later began a new climb to success at Shiloh and Corinth under Grant. Still, if he muffed his Vicksburg assignment, which had begun unfavorably, he would rise no higher. As a man, Sherman was an eccentric mixture of strength and weakness. Although he was impatient, often irritable and depressed, petulant, headstrong, and unreasonably gruff, he had solid soldierly qualities. His men swore by him, and most of his fellow officers admired him. [57] After the surrender of Vicksburg to the Union forces under General Grant on July 4, 1863, Sherman was given the rank of brigadier general in the regular army in addition to his rank as a major general of volunteers. Sherman's family came from Ohio to visit his camp near Vicksburg; their visit resulted in the death of his nine-year-old son, Willie, the Little Sergeant, from typhoid fever. [58] While traveling to Chattanooga, General Sherman departed Memphis on a train that arrived at the Battle of Collierville , Tenn., while the Union garrison there was under attack on October 11, 1863. General Sherman took command of the 550 men and successfully defended against an attack of 3,500 Confederate cavalry. Thereafter, command in the West was unified under Grant ( Military Division of the Mississippi ), and Sherman succeeded Grant in command of the Army of the Tennessee . During the Battle of Chattanooga in November, under Grant's overall command, Sherman quickly took his assigned target of Billy Goat Hill at the north end of Missionary Ridge, only to discover that it was not part of the ridge at all, but rather a detached spur separated from the main spine by a rock-strewn ravine. When he attempted to attack the main spine at Tunnel Hill, his troops were repeatedly repulsed by Patrick Cleburne 's heavy division, the best unit in Braxton Bragg's army. Sherman's effort was overshadowed by George Henry Thomas 's army's successful assault on the center of the Confederate line, a movement originally intended as a diversion. [59] Subsequently, Sherman led a column to relieve Union forces under Ambrose Burnside thought to be in peril at Knoxville and, in February 1864, led an expedition to Meridian, Mississippi , to disrupt Confederate infrastructure. [60] Georgia Despite this mixed record, Sherman enjoyed Grant's confidence and friendship. When Lincoln called Grant east in the spring of 1864 to take command of all the Union armies, Grant appointed Sherman (by then known to his soldiers as "Uncle Billy") to succeed him as head of the Military Division of the Mississippi , which entailed command of Union troops in the Western Theater of the war. As Grant took overall command of the armies of the United States, Sherman wrote to him outlining his strategy to bring the war to an end concluding that "if you can whip Lee and I can march to the Atlantic I think ol' Uncle Abe will give us twenty days leave to see the young folks." [61] Sherman proceeded to invade the state of Georgia with three armies: the 60,000-strong Army of the Cumberland under George Henry Thomas , the 25,000-strong Army of the Tennessee under James B. McPherson , and the 13,000-strong Army of the Ohio under John M. Schofield . [62] He fought a lengthy campaign of maneuver through mountainous terrain against Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston 's Army of Tennessee , attempting a direct assault only at the disastrous Battle of Kennesaw Mountain . In July, the cautious Johnston was replaced by the more aggressive John Bell Hood , who played to Sherman's strength by challenging him to direct battles on open ground. Meanwhile, in August, Sherman "learned that I had been commissioned a major-general in the regular army, which was unexpected, and not desired until successful in the capture of Atlanta." [63] Sherman's Atlanta Campaign concluded successfully on September 2, 1864, with the capture of the city, abandoned by Hood. After ordering almost all civilians to leave the city in September, Sherman ordered in November that all military and government buildings be burned, although many private homes and shops were burned as well. [64] This was to set a precedent for future behavior by his armies. Capturing Atlanta was an accomplishment that made Sherman a household name in the North and helped ensure Lincoln's presidential re-election in November. In the summer of that year, it had appeared likely that Lincoln would be defeated; in August, the Democratic Party nominated as its candidate George B. McClellan , the former Union army commander. Lincoln's defeat might well have meant the victory of the Confederacy, as the Democratic Party platform called for peace negotiations based on the acknowledgment of the Confederacy's independence. Thus the capture of Atlanta, coming when it did, may have been Sherman's greatest contribution to the Union cause. [65] During September and October, Sherman and Hood played cat-and-mouse in north Georgia (and Alabama) as Hood threatened Sherman's communications to the north. Eventually, Sherman won approval from his superiors for a plan to cut loose from his communications and march south, having advised Grant that he could "make Georgia howl". [66] This created the threat that Hood would move north into Tennessee. Trivializing that threat, Sherman reportedly said that he would "give [Hood] his rations" to go in that direction as "my business is down south." [67] However, Sherman left forces under Maj. Gens. George H. Thomas and John M. Schofield to deal with Hood; their forces eventually smashed Hood's army in the battles of Franklin (November 30) and Nashville (December 15–16). [68] Meanwhile, after the November elections, Sherman began a march with 62,000 men to the port of Savannah , Georgia, living off the land and causing, by his own estimate, more than $100 million in property damage. [69] Sherman called this harsh tactic of material war "hard war", often seen as a species of total war . [70] At the end of this campaign, known as Sherman's March to the Sea , his troops captured Savannah on December 21, 1864. [71] Sherman then dispatched a famous message to Lincoln, offering him the city as a Christmas present. [72] Sherman's success in Georgia received ample coverage in the Northern press at a time when Grant seemed to be making little progress in his fight against Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia . A bill was introduced in Congress to promote Sherman to Grant's rank of lieutenant general , probably with a view towards having him replace Grant as commander of the Union Army. Sherman wrote both to his brother, Senator John Sherman, and to General Grant vehemently repudiating any such promotion. [73] According to a war-time account, [74] it was around this time that Sherman made his memorable declaration of loyalty to Grant: "General Grant is a great general. I know him well. He stood by me when I was crazy, and I stood by him when he was drunk; and now, sir, we stand by each other always." While in Savannah, Sherman learned from a newspaper that his infant son Charles Celestine had died during the Savannah Campaign ; the general had never seen the child. [75] Final campaigns in the Carolinas For the next step, Grant initially ordered Sherman to embark his army on steamers to join the Union forces confronting Lee in Virginia. Instead, Sherman persuaded Grant to allow him to march north through the Carolinas , destroying everything of military value along the way, as he had done in Georgia. He was particularly interested in targeting South Carolina , the first state to secede from the Union, for the effect it would have on Southern morale. [76] His army proceeded north through South Carolina against light resistance from the troops of Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston . Upon hearing that Sherman's men were advancing on corduroy roads through the Salkehatchie swamps at a rate of a dozen miles per day, Johnston "made up his mind that there had been no such army in existence since the days of Julius Caesar ." [77] Sherman captured the state capital of Columbia , South Carolina, on February 17, 1865. Fires began that night and by next morning, most of the central city was destroyed. The burning of Columbia has engendered controversy ever since, with some claiming the fires were accidental, others a deliberate act of vengeance, and still others that the retreating Confederates burned bales of cotton on their way out of town. [78] Local Native American Lumbee guides helped Sherman's army cross the Lumber River through torrential rains and into North Carolina. According to Sherman, the trek across the Lumber River, and through the swamps, pocosins , and creeks of Robeson County "was the damnedest marching I ever saw." [79] Thereafter, his troops did little damage to the civilian infrastructure, as North Carolina, unlike its southern neighbor, which was seen as a hotbed of secession, was regarded by his men to be only a reluctant Confederate state, because of its position as one of the last to join the Confederacy. Sherman's last important engagement was a victory over Johnston's troops at the Battle of Bentonville , March 19–21. He soon rendezvoused at Goldsborough, North Carolina , with Union troops awaiting him there after the capture of Fort Fisher and Wilmington. In late March, Sherman briefly left his forces and traveled to City Point, Virginia, to consult with Grant. Lincoln happened to be at City Point at the same time, allowing the only three-way meetings of Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman during the war. [80] Following Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House and Lincoln's assassination, Sherman met with Johnston at Bennett Place in Durham , North Carolina, to negotiate a Confederate surrender. At the insistence of Johnston and Confederate President Jefferson Davis , Sherman conditionally agreed to generous terms that dealt with both political and military issues. Sherman thought these terms were consistent with the views Lincoln had expressed at City Point, but the general had no authority to offer such terms from General Grant, newly installed President Andrew Johnson , or the Cabinet . The government in Washington, D.C., refused to approve the terms and the Secretary of War , Edwin M. Stanton , denounced Sherman publicly, precipitating a long-lasting feud between the two men. Confusion over this issue lasted until April 26, 1865, when Johnston, ignoring instructions from President Davis, agreed to purely military terms and formally surrendered his army and all the Confederate forces in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida, becoming the largest surrender of the American Civil War. [81] Sherman proceeded with 60,000 of his troops to Washington, D.C., where they marched in the Grand Review of the Armies on May 24, 1865 and were then disbanded. Having become the second most important general in the Union army, he thus had come full circle to the city where he started his war-time service as colonel of a non-existent infantry regiment. Slavery and emancipation Though he came to disapprove of slavery , Sherman was not an abolitionist before the war, and like many of his time and background, he did not believe in "Negro equality." [82] He declined to employ black troops in his armies. [83] His military campaigns of 1864 and 1865 freed many slaves, who greeted him "as a second Moses or Aaron " [84] and joined his marches through Georgia and the Carolinas by the tens of thousands. The fate of these refugees became a pressing military and political issue. Some abolitionists accused Sherman of doing little to alleviate the precarious living conditions of the freed slaves. [85] To address this issue, on January 12, 1865, Sherman met in Savannah with Secretary of War Stanton and with twenty local black leaders. After Sherman's departure, Garrison Frazier, a Baptist minister, declared in response to an inquiry about the feelings of the black community: We looked upon General Sherman, prior to his arrival, as a man, in the providence of God, specially set apart to accomplish this work, and we unanimously felt inexpressible gratitude to him, looking upon him as a man that should be honored for the faithful performance of his duty. Some of us called upon him immediately upon his arrival, and it is probable he did not meet [Secretary Stanton] with more courtesy than he met us. His conduct and deportment toward us characterized him as a friend and a gentleman. [86] Four days later, Sherman issued his Special Field Orders, No. 15 . The orders provided for the settlement of 40,000 freed slaves and black refugees on land expropriated from white landowners in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Sherman appointed Brig. Gen. Rufus Saxton , an abolitionist from Massachusetts who had previously directed the recruitment of black soldiers, to implement that plan. [87] Those orders, which became the basis of the claim that the Union government had promised freed slaves " 40 acres and a mule ", were revoked later that year by President Andrew Johnson . Although the context is often overlooked, and the quotation usually chopped off, one of Sherman's most famous statements about his hard-war views arose in part from the racial attitudes summarized above. In his Memoirs, Sherman noted political pressures in 1864–1865 to encourage the escape of slaves, in part to avoid the possibility that "'able-bodied slaves will be called into the military service of the rebels.'" [88] Sherman thought concentration on such policies would have delayed the "successful end" of the war and the "liberat[ion of] all slaves." [89] He went on to summarize vividly his hard-war philosophy and to add, in effect, that he really did not want the help of liberated slaves in subduing the South: My aim then was to whip the rebels, to humble their pride, to follow them to their inmost recesses, and make them fear and dread us. "Fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom." I did not want them to cast in our teeth what General Hood had once done at Atlanta, that we had to call on their slaves to help us to subdue them. But, as regards kindness to the race ..., I assert that no army ever did more for that race than the one I commanded at Savannah. [90] Strategies General Sherman's record as a tactician was mixed, and his military legacy rests primarily on his command of logistics and on his brilliance as a strategist . The influential 20th century British military historian and theorist B. H. Liddell Hart ranked Sherman as one of the most important strategists in the annals of war, along with Scipio Africanus , Belisarius , Napoleon Bonaparte , T. E. Lawrence , and Erwin Rommel . Liddell Hart credited Sherman with mastery of maneuver warfare (also known as the "indirect approach"), as demonstrated by his series of turning movements against Johnston during the Atlanta Campaign. Liddell Hart also stated that study of Sherman's campaigns had contributed significantly to his own "theory of strategy and tactics in mechanized warfare ", which had in turn influenced Heinz Guderian 's doctrine of Blitzkrieg and Rommel's use of tanks during the Second World War. [91] Another World War II-era student of Liddell Hart's writings about Sherman was George S. Patton , who "'spent a long vacation studying Sherman's campaigns on the ground in Georgia and the Carolinas, with the aid of [LH's] book'" and later "'carried out his [bold] plans, in super-Sherman style'". [92] Sherman's greatest contribution to the war, the strategy of total warfare —endorsed by General Grant and President Lincoln—has been the subject of much controversy. Sherman himself downplayed his role in conducting total war, often saying that he was simply carrying out orders as best he could in order to fulfill his part of Grant's master plan for ending the war. Total warfare	i don't know
Sir Sidney Holland was Prime Minister of which Commonwealth country, between 1949 and 1957?	Holland, Sidney George – Biography – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand 1893–1961 Businessman, politician, farmer, prime minister This biography was written by Barry Gustafson and was first published in the Dictionary of New Zealand BiographyVolume 5, 2000 Sidney George Holland was born at Greendale, Canterbury, on 18 October 1893, one of eight children of English-born parents Jane Eastwood and her husband, Henry Holland, a farmer. His father later became a Christchurch merchant and in 1912 was elected mayor, standing as an independent with labour support. Subsequently, Henry moved steadily toward the right and (after standing unsuccessfully as an independent Liberal candidate) was eventually elected to Parliament in 1925 as Reform Party MP for Christchurch North. Sid Holland was educated at Christchurch West District High School, leaving when he was 15 to work first in a hardware store and then in his father’s transport business. Although influenced by a theologically conservative Methodist upbringing, he was later to move into the Anglican church. He served as a sergeant, and later a second lieutenant, in the New Zealand Field Artillery during the First World War, but became ill with hydatids and was invalided home after the battle of Messines (Mesen). He spent six months in hospital and after several operations lost a lung. When he recovered, Sid and a brother founded the Midland Engineering Company in Christchurch; he became managing director in 1918. The firm manufactured spray pumps and operated a profit-sharing scheme with its employees. As a young man Holland represented both Canterbury and the South Island at hockey. He was later to become a test match referee, and in 1932 managed a New Zealand team on a tour of Australia. He also became an authority on dahlias and gladioli. He married Florence Beatrice Drayton in the Durham Street Methodist Church, Christchurch, on 12 May 1920. They were to have two sons and two daughters. Active in a range of organisations, Holland served as president of the Canterbury Employers’ Association, the Canterbury Chamber of Commerce and the Christchurch Businessmen’s Club. He was for a time associated with the New Zealand Legion, which opposed not only the socialist New Zealand Labour Party, but also what it saw as the left-wing, interventionist policies of Gordon Coates, minister of finance in the United–Reform coalition government from 1933 to 1935. Holland did not, like some urban businessmen and Legion supporters, rally to the right-wing Democrat Party at the 1935 election, but the following year he helped bring its supporters into the New Zealand National Party, formed from the remnants of Reform, United and the Democrats. After working as his father’s election campaign organiser at the 1925, 1928 and 1931 elections, Sid succeeded him as MP for Christchurch North in 1935. He was to hold the seat, later renamed Fendalton, for 22 years. One of only two new MPs on the opposition benches after Labour’s sweeping victory, Holland quickly proved himself a very effective MP. Determined, vigorous, with a good memory and naturally aggressive, he detested socialism, which he defined as equality of income, irrespective of capacity – ‘the very antithesis of private enterprise’. He was a formidable impromptu debater, whose bluff ebullience, arrogance, tenacity and use of ridicule against the Labour government stood out in a Parliament in which the opposition was weak and divided. Within a short time Holland was seen as the obvious successor as leader of the National Party to the lacklustre Adam Hamilton, Coates’s loyal lieutenant. In July 1940, when Hamilton and Coates joined the War Cabinet, Holland and other National MPs questioned whether Hamilton could still carry out the role of leader of the opposition. Holland, who for several years had been acting as Hamilton’s private secretary, was regarded as more dynamic. Moreover, because he had only been in Parliament since 1935 he did not carry the unpopular legacy of having been a member of the government during the depression. After considerable discussion, the party’s dominion executive unanimously decided in November 1940 that Hamilton should be asked to retire in favour of Holland. Hamilton forced a caucus vote, which Holland won, reportedly by 13 votes to 8. Holland, who learnt by listening and doing rather than reading, was no theorist. But he knew what type of society he believed was best for New Zealand. In his speeches he stressed individual freedom, initiative, opportunity, enterprise, responsibility and reward. He disliked bureaucratic regulation and state ownership and, while not an uncaring man, feared that Labour’s social security system (which he once described as ‘applied lunacy’) would make people too dependent on welfare payments and would prove very costly to taxpayers. A fervent admirer of Britain, he claimed to be ‘a Britisher through and through’ and was determined to maintain New Zealand’s links with the United Kingdom. However, he also stressed that he was a New Zealander, who valued ‘a sturdy New Zealand philosophy of independence and self-reliance rather than … any imported theories’, such as socialism. In the 1940s National’s hold on rural New Zealand was insecure, especially in North Auckland and Waikato, where social credit theories and a country party had considerable impact. Holland needed to improve his image among farmers, who still tended to look to Coates and the MP for Pahiatua, Keith Holyoake, for leadership. With the advice and financial assistance of another National MP, Stanley Goosman, he purchased a farm, Greta Paddock, near Greta, North Canterbury. There, with the help of a manager, he bred Romney sheep and Aberdeen Angus cattle, and whenever possible holidayed in an old shearers’ cottage he renovated for his own use. This gave him the opportunity to present himself as a farmer who understood farmers’ problems, but throughout his career he was always more comfortable with the urban wing of his party. Holland was also successful in consolidating National’s position as New Zealand’s dominant centre-right party. Other right-wing groups, such as the People’s Movement, the New Liberal Party and a proposed soldiers’ party, had emerged in 1939–40 because of dissatisfaction with National’s performance. In early 1941 Holland persuaded them to merge with National, both through personal negotiations and his much more aggressive attacks on Labour. When Japan entered the war in December 1941, he repeated earlier demands that a coalition government should be formed. Peter Fraser, the Labour prime minister, again refused, and in June 1942 Holland somewhat reluctantly joined the War Cabinet and a larger War Administration. While the Labour cabinet retained total control over domestic administration, Holland was given ministerial responsibility for all war expenditure. But from the start he criticised economic waste, bureaucratic regulation and the government’s repressive press censorship, all of which he saw as extending and consolidating state control. When the government suspended court sentences on coalminers convicted of striking illegally at Huntly in September 1942, Holland accused Labour of abandoning the rule of law and interfering with the judicial process. He withdrew from the War Cabinet, and the War Administration was disbanded. This action was criticised by Coates and Hamilton, who left the National caucus and rejoined the War Cabinet as independent MPs. However, Holland’s leadership of the National Party was strengthened, not weakened, by their defection, and he was now free to attack the government without reservation. During the 1942–43 summer holidays at Greta Paddock Holland wrote a pamphlet in which he tried to explain more positively what he and National stood for, rather than what it opposed. Entitled Passwords to progress , it was launched early in 1943 as a speech in the Auckland Town Hall. He argued that with a National government people could have economic prosperity and social welfare, and in addition individual freedom and a minimum of bureaucratic intervention and restriction. He stressed that ‘the basis of New Zealand’s material future was a little word with big meaning – work’. Holland was disappointed when Labour won the 1943 election and devastated when it again held on to power in 1946. But in 1949 he led National to victory, winning 46 seats to Labour’s 34, and ending 14 years of Labour rule. The fourth New Zealand-born prime minister, he was to hold office until 1957, when ill health forced his retirement; from 1949 until 1954 he was also minister of finance. The outgoing Labour government had a huge majority in the ineffective, appointed upper house of the New Zealand Parliament, the Legislative Council. Holland saw no reason for an upper house and did not try to reform it. In 1947 he had introduced a private member’s bill to abolish the council and in 1950 he returned to the attack. He forced abolition through the House of Representatives and appointed a ‘suicide squad’ of 25 National supporters to the council, which then voted 26–16 to make New Zealand’s Parliament unicameral. Although he kept a promise to set up a constitutional reform committee, which recommended a senate of 32 members, Holland told a group of journalists that the committee’s report would get no further than his toilet. No action was ever taken to create a new upper house. Holland did not move as decisively to keep another promise: to abolish compulsory unionism. This idea met predictably strong opposition from unions, but was also opposed by employer organisations, who feared that it could increase the power of militants in the labour movement. The government, however, did take a hard line against more militant, communist-influenced unions such as the New Zealand Waterside Workers’ Union. This resulted in a waterfront dispute which started in February 1951 and lasted for 151 days of industrial disruption, social hardship, economic loss, political division and hatred almost unparalleled in New Zealand history. The National government enacted harsh emergency regulations, including strict censorship, and used the courts, police and armed forces to break the unions. When the Labour opposition challenged his handling of the dispute, Holland, who was concerned about fighting an election the following year over the issue of rapidly rising inflation, seized the opportunity to call a snap election. National’s slogan was ‘Who is going to govern the country?’ The voters replied by giving the government 54 per cent of the votes cast and 50 of the 80 seats in Parliament. Holland’s leadership of the National Party was at its peak in 1951. He had welded it together during the 1940s and at four successive elections significantly increased its share of both votes and seats. He earned a reputation as a tough, even autocratic leader, but he was capable of delegating power to his ministers, and beneath his gruff public persona was a man of considerable personal warmth and humour. Between 1951 and 1954 Holland’s government gradually started to deregulate the economy. Rationing of petrol, butter and other commodities was ended, and import licensing was freed up. Controls on the price of land, houses and property were removed. Producer-controlled agricultural boards were established, and full employment and social security were maintained. In foreign policy, New Zealand signed the ANZUS treaty with the United States and Australia in 1951. The 1954 election was a relatively dull affair, marked by the advent of the New Zealand Social Credit Political League as a third party, which at its first attempt won 11 per cent of the vote but no seats. Labour secured almost exactly the same number of votes as National, but the government comfortably retained office by 45 seats to 35. After this election Holland gave up the finance portfolio to his former minister of industries and commerce, Jack Watts. Over the following three years National started to rejuvenate its cabinet, fuelling speculation about Holland’s possible retirement in favour of his deputy, Holyoake. Inflation was still a problem and interest rates were also rising. The Pay As You Earn (PAYE) taxation system was introduced and the Tourist Hotel Corporation of New Zealand was established with Holland’s strong support, and against Holyoake’s opposition. By 1956 Holland’s health was starting to fail. His memory deteriorated and he lost much of his drive and eloquence. During the Suez crisis of October 1956 he suffered what appeared to be a mild heart attack or stroke, but continued working in his office for 48 hours while the crisis was resolved. The following year Holyoake, John Marshall, Watts and the party’s president, Alex McKenzie, persuaded a reluctant Holland that he would have to go. He announced his retirement to the party’s annual conference on 12 August 1957 and was replaced as prime minister by Holyoake on 20 September. He was knighted and made a minister without portfolio, retiring from Parliament at the November 1957 election, at which National lost office, holding only 39 seats to Labour’s 41. His health continued to deteriorate over the following four years, and he died in Wellington Hospital on 5 August 1961. After a state funeral his body was cremated at Karori. He was survived by his wife and children. His son Eric later became National MP for Fendalton and Riccarton (1967–81) and a cabinet minister (1975–78). Sidney Holland was one of New Zealand’s most significant politicians, not only because of his 22 years as an MP, 17 as party leader, and almost 8 as prime minister, or even because of the achievements of his government between 1949 and 1957. His major contribution was undoubtedly the role he played in the creation and establishment of the National Party, which was to dominate New Zealand politics during the latter half of the twentieth century.	New Zealand
Which TV comedy series first cast Derek Nimmo as the bumbling cleric, Reverend mervyn Noote?	Facts About New Zealand - CountryFactsInc CountryFactsInc New Zealand (Aotearoa) is an island nation made up of two main islands, North Island and South Island, and hundreds of smaller outlying islands, the largest of which is the 1,746 square kilometer Stewart Island, situated south of South Island, which between them cover a total land area of 268,021 square kilometers. The country is politically divided into sixteen regions, nine on the North Island and seven on the South Island. The country has a 15,134 kilometer coastline on the Pacific Ocean to it's east and the Tasman Sea to it's west. New Zealand has no land borders. New Zealand also controls several islands in the Pacific Ocean, which include The Chatham Islands, a group of three islands which cover an area of 966 square kilometers with a population of 640 people, the uninhabited Kermadec Archipelago, the island of Niue, an island which covers an area of 269 square kilometers and has a population of 1,398 people, and the islands of Tokelau, a group of three coral atolls which cover an area of 10 square kilometers which has a population of 1,400 people. New Zealand also controls an area known as the Ross Dependency, a 450,000 square kilometer area of Antarctica and five groups of uninhabited islands known as the Sub Antarctic Islands, situated in the Southern Ocean. New Zealand's highest point is Mount Cook - Aoraki, a mountain situated in the Southern Alps mountain range. Mount Cook has three peaks, the highest of which attains a height of 3,754 metres. New Zealand's longest river is the Waikato River, which runs for 425 kilometers from Port Waikato on the North Island's Tasman Sea coast, before draining into New Zealand's largest lake, Lake Taupo, which has a surface area of 616 square kilometers, making it the largest freswater lake in Oceania. The Waikato River joins Lake Taupo at the site of the Huka Falls, a waterfall which disgorges 220,000 litres of water every second. New Zealand is home to 3,820 lakes which have a surface area of more than one hectare and forty one of which have a surface area of more than ten square kilometers. New Zealand is also home to around eighty volcanoes, four of which are located in the Ross Dependency, twenty six located along the Kermadec Archipelago, four which are situated on the South Island, twenty one which are located on New Zealand's minor outlying islands and twenty seven which are situated on the North Island. New Zealand also has several mountain ranges, the largest of which is the Southern Alps located on South Island. The Southern alps are a chain of mountains that run for 450 kilometers through the centre of South Island which have seventeen peaks which exceed 3,000 meters in height.	i don't know
What is the name of 'Long John Silver's' parrot in the children's classic novel, 'Treasure Island'?	Long John Silver in Treasure Island NEXT Character Analysis We think Long John Silver is the best part of this book. He's totally what we imagine a pirate should be: cunning, sly, peg-legged, with a parrot on his shoulder. There's a reason why he's what we think of when we hear the word "pirate." It's in part because of Long John Silver's popularity as a character that Treasure Island has become the most popular, most enduring pirate novel ever. Long John Silver seems like the classic pirate because he's the character whom all other pirates in popular culture are based on. He's the granddaddy of them all, and we love him for it. Long John Silver is a quartermaster, which means he handles the ship's food and drink during the voyage. That's also why his fellow pirates call him Barbecue. He's apparently the only man whom the legendary pirate Captain Flint was afraid of ("Flint his own self was feared of me" (11.13)). And since we discover later in the book that Captain Flint managed to singlehandedly kill six of his crew while he was burying his treasure on the island, Long John Silver must be a pretty tough, terrifying guy. But he's first and foremost a con man, so the rage and violence that lie under the surface are hidden underneath a mask that's as smooth as pudding. We see examples over and over again of Long John Silver's incredibly persuasive manner. He tricks Squire Trelawney, who is, OK, not that bright. Still, the fact that a man as interested in duty and class as Squire Trelawney would believe a quartermaster (Long John Silver) over a captain (Captain Smollett) is a sign of how persuasive Long John Silver can be. We also get to watch him convincing young Dick Johnson to join the pirates while aboard the Hispaniola: You may imagine how I felt when I heard this abominable old rogue [Silver] addressing another in the very same words of flattery as he had used to myself. I think, if I had been able, that I would have killed him through the barrel. (11.6) What irks Jim the most about Long John Silver's show of friendliness and respect for Dick Johnson is that he recognizes that Long John Silver has been using the same lines on Jim himself! Jim may be creative and intelligent, but he's no match for the slippery Long John Silver. The thing is, Long John Silver has a lot of qualities that make him appealing to the reader: he's incredibly wily and well-spoken, he's practical and quick to change sides if he needs to, and he's brave. Actually, if you just read the descriptions without thinking "pirate," Long John Silver sounds a lot like an older, smarter version of Jim Hawkins. But of course, he is a pirate (or "gentleman of fortune," as he likes to be called), so he can't totally win out in the end. Even Stevenson, who is pretty unconventional, can't allow Silver to succeed in his original plan of killing all the non-pirates on board the Hispaniola and making off with all 700 thousand British pounds of treasure. Still, the fact that Long John Silver is so appealing means that it would be equally unsatisfying to the reader for him to be shot down like a dog (like Israel Hands) or marooned on the island (like Tom Morgan). We like him, even if he is a rogue. So the book compromises by letting Long John Silver disappear: he slips away from the Hispaniola with a sack of coins when Squire Trelawney, Doctor Livesey, and Jim Hawkins are ashore at the end of the novel. Long John Silver may not get exactly what he wants, but he escapes punishment, as all good tricksters should. Long John Silver's inconclusive ending also leaves open the possibility of future adventures. Who knows where or when this charming, cunning pirate might show up again? After all, there are still bars of silver buried on Captain Flint's island. Treasure Island's open-endedness invites the reader to imagine future adventures using the colorful character of Long John Silver as a stand-in. By leaving a question mark over his fate, we can dream of meeting him ourselves – and perhaps getting caught up in treasure hunts of our own. Blurring Boundaries Long John Silver is unlike all the other pirates in this novel in two ways: he owns property and he has a wife. (Three if you count the fact that he's smart, and most of the others are total idiots.) Long John Silver is the legitimate owner of a pub in the coastal town of Bristol, and he's married to an African woman. (Stevenson calls this woman a derogatory term for a black woman; we won't reproduce it here because we find it offensive.) Neither of these facts takes up a huge amount of space in the novel, but they indicate something special about Long John Silver: he blurs boundaries. Where the other pirates of the novel drink their fortunes away and go back to begging or crime all too quickly, Long John Silver is planning for the future. He's settling down and trying to become an actual gentleman, not just a gentleman of fortune. Even Israel Hands comments: He's no common man, Barbecue, [...] He had good schooling in his young days, and can speak like a book when so minded. (10.14) The fact that Long John Silver is an educated property owner not only differentiates him from the other (wasteful, reckless) pirates of the novel. It also suggests untold adventures in his past. What brought an educated man to piracy? How did he get to be sea-cook to Captain Flint? Long John's Silver's intriguingly unclear origins lend a sense of mystery and excitement to the character. For readers of Robert Louis Stevenson's day, Long John Silver's mixed-race marriage would have been a part of that mystery. He is married to an African woman at a time when mixed-race marriages were not common or even considered acceptable. So he lives both inside and outside the law. He owns property (inside the law), but is still a pirate (definitely outside the law). And he is married (inside the law), but to a woman of a different race (socially unacceptable in the 19th century). He breaks rules and challenges the simplistic binaries of good guy/bad guy in multiple ways, which makes him all the more alluring. The Real Life Long John The character of Long John Silver is based on a real-life buddy of Robert Louis Stevenson's (sadly, not a real-life pirate): William Ernest Henley. Like Stevenson, Henley was a writer of renown. Also like Stevenson, Henley spent much of his life sick with tuberculosis. He even had to have his leg amputated (hence Long John Silver's peg-leg). But Henley never let his illness stop him from participating actively in the literary scene of 19th-century Britain. His stubbornness, courage, and intimidation of lesser minds around him made him a compelling figure, and an excellent model for gentleman pirate Long John Silver. ( Read more about Henley here .)	Captain Flint
Hector Campora was President of which South American country in 1973?	Treasure Island, by Robert Louis Stevenson The Project Gutenberg EBook of Treasure Island, by Robert Louis Stevenson This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Treasure Island Author: Robert Louis Stevenson Illustrator: Louis Rhead Release Date: March 13, 1994 [EBook #120] Last Updated: July 14, 2014 Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII * START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREASURE ISLAND * Produced by Judy Boss, John Hamm, Arthur DiBianca and David Widger TREASURE ISLAND by Robert Louis Stevenson Illustrated by Louis Rhead The images in this file are of absolute format: they do not reduce in size for Tablets, Smart Phones, PDAs and small computer screens; on small screens the larger images may run off the side and not be completely visible. A different version of this ebook with the images made relative to the screen size is available on CLICKING HERE . 34. And Last TREASURE ISLAND To S.L.O., an American gentleman in accordance with whose classic taste the following narrative has been designed, it is now, in return for numerous delightful hours, and with the kindest wishes, dedicated by his affectionate friend, the author. TO THE HESITATING PURCHASER If sailor tales to sailor tunes, Storm and adventure, heat and cold, If schooners, islands, and maroons, And buccaneers, and buried gold, And all the old romance, retold Exactly in the ancient way, Can please, as me they pleased of old, The wiser youngsters of today: —So be it, and fall on! If not, If studious youth no longer crave, His ancient appetites forgot, Kingston, or Ballantyne the brave, Or Cooper of the wood and wave: So be it, also! And may I And all my pirates share the grave Where these and their creations lie! TREASURE ISLAND PART ONE—The Old Buccaneer 1 The Old Sea-dog at the "Admiral Benbow" QUIRE TRELAWNEY, Dr. Livesey, and the rest of these gentlemen having asked me to write down the whole particulars about Treasure Island, from the beginning to the end, keeping nothing back but the bearings of the island, and that only because there is still treasure not yet lifted, I take up my pen in the year of grace 17__ and go back to the time when my father kept the Admiral Benbow inn and the brown old seaman with the sabre cut first took up his lodging under our roof. I remember him as if it were yesterday, as he came plodding to the inn door, his sea-chest following behind him in a hand-barrow—a tall, strong, heavy, nut-brown man, his tarry pigtail falling over the shoulder of his soiled blue coat, his hands ragged and scarred, with black, broken nails, and the sabre cut across one cheek, a dirty, livid white. I remember him looking round the cover and whistling to himself as he did so, and then breaking out in that old sea-song that he sang so often afterwards: "Fifteen men on the dead man's chest— Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!" in the high, old tottering voice that seemed to have been tuned and broken at the capstan bars. Then he rapped on the door with a bit of stick like a handspike that he carried, and when my father appeared, called roughly for a glass of rum. This, when it was brought to him, he drank slowly, like a connoisseur, lingering on the taste and still looking about him at the cliffs and up at our signboard. "This is a handy cove," says he at length; "and a pleasant sittyated grog-shop. Much company, mate?" My father told him no, very little company, the more was the pity. "Well, then," said he, "this is the berth for me. Here you, matey," he cried to the man who trundled the barrow; "bring up alongside and help up my chest. I'll stay here a bit," he continued. "I'm a plain man; rum and bacon and eggs is what I want, and that head up there for to watch ships off. What you mought call me? You mought call me captain. Oh, I see what you're at—there"; and he threw down three or four gold pieces on the threshold. "You can tell me when I've worked through that," says he, looking as fierce as a commander. And indeed bad as his clothes were and coarsely as he spoke, he had none of the appearance of a man who sailed before the mast, but seemed like a mate or skipper accustomed to be obeyed or to strike. The man who came with the barrow told us the mail had set him down the morning before at the Royal George, that he had inquired what inns there were along the coast, and hearing ours well spoken of, I suppose, and described as lonely, had chosen it from the others for his place of residence. And that was all we could learn of our guest. He was a very silent man by custom. All day he hung round the cove or upon the cliffs with a brass telescope; all evening he sat in a corner of the parlour next the fire and drank rum and water very strong. Mostly he would not speak when spoken to, only look up sudden and fierce and blow through his nose like a fog-horn; and we and the people who came about our house soon learned to let him be. Every day when he came back from his stroll he would ask if any seafaring men had gone by along the road. At first we thought it was the want of company of his own kind that made him ask this question, but at last we began to see he was desirous to avoid them. When a seaman did put up at the Admiral Benbow (as now and then some did, making by the coast road for Bristol) he would look in at him through the curtained door before he entered the parlour; and he was always sure to be as silent as a mouse when any such was present. For me, at least, there was no secret about the matter, for I was, in a way, a sharer in his alarms. He had taken me aside one day and promised me a silver fourpenny on the first of every month if I would only keep my "weather-eye open for a seafaring man with one leg" and let him know the moment he appeared. Often enough when the first of the month came round and I applied to him for my wage, he would only blow through his nose at me and stare me down, but before the week was out he was sure to think better of it, bring me my four-penny piece, and repeat his orders to look out for "the seafaring man with one leg." How that personage haunted my dreams, I need scarcely tell you. On stormy nights, when the wind shook the four corners of the house and the surf roared along the cove and up the cliffs, I would see him in a thousand forms, and with a thousand diabolical expressions. Now the leg would be cut off at the knee, now at the hip; now he was a monstrous kind of a creature who had never had but the one leg, and that in the middle of his body. To see him leap and run and pursue me over hedge and ditch was the worst of nightmares. And altogether I paid pretty dear for my monthly fourpenny piece, in the shape of these abominable fancies. But though I was so terrified by the idea of the seafaring man with one leg, I was far less afraid of the captain himself than anybody else who knew him. There were nights when he took a deal more rum and water than his head would carry; and then he would sometimes sit and sing his wicked, old, wild sea-songs, minding nobody; but sometimes he would call for glasses round and force all the trembling company to listen to his stories or bear a chorus to his singing. Often I have heard the house shaking with "Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum," all the neighbours joining in for dear life, with the fear of death upon them, and each singing louder than the other to avoid remark. For in these fits he was the most overriding companion ever known; he would slap his hand on the table for silence all round; he would fly up in a passion of anger at a question, or sometimes because none was put, and so he judged the company was not following his story. Nor would he allow anyone to leave the inn till he had drunk himself sleepy and reeled off to bed. His stories were what frightened people worst of all. Dreadful stories they were—about hanging, and walking the plank, and storms at sea, and the Dry Tortugas, and wild deeds and places on the Spanish Main. By his own account he must have lived his life among some of the wickedest men that God ever allowed upon the sea, and the language in which he told these stories shocked our plain country people almost as much as the crimes that he described. My father was always saying the inn would be ruined, for people would soon cease coming there to be tyrannized over and put down, and sent shivering to their beds; but I really believe his presence did us good. People were frightened at the time, but on looking back they rather liked it; it was a fine excitement in a quiet country life, and there was even a party of the younger men who pretended to admire him, calling him a "true sea-dog" and a "real old salt" and such like names, and saying there was the sort of man that made England terrible at sea. In one way, indeed, he bade fair to ruin us, for he kept on staying week after week, and at last month after month, so that all the money had been long exhausted, and still my father never plucked up the heart to insist on having more. If ever he mentioned it, the captain blew through his nose so loudly that you might say he roared, and stared my poor father out of the room. I have seen him wringing his hands after such a rebuff, and I am sure the annoyance and the terror he lived in must have greatly hastened his early and unhappy death. All the time he lived with us the captain made no change whatever in his dress but to buy some stockings from a hawker. One of the cocks of his hat having fallen down, he let it hang from that day forth, though it was a great annoyance when it blew. I remember the appearance of his coat, which he patched himself upstairs in his room, and which, before the end, was nothing but patches. He never wrote or received a letter, and he never spoke with any but the neighbours, and with these, for the most part, only when drunk on rum. The great sea-chest none of us had ever seen open. He was only once crossed, and that was towards the end, when my poor father was far gone in a decline that took him off. Dr. Livesey came late one afternoon to see the patient, took a bit of dinner from my mother, and went into the parlour to smoke a pipe until his horse should come down from the hamlet, for we had no stabling at the old Benbow. I followed him in, and I remember observing the contrast the neat, bright doctor, with his powder as white as snow and his bright, black eyes and pleasant manners, made with the coltish country folk, and above all, with that filthy, heavy, bleared scarecrow of a pirate of ours, sitting, far gone in rum, with his arms on the table. Suddenly he—the captain, that is—began to pipe up his eternal song: "Fifteen men on the dead man's chest— Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum! Drink and the devil had done for the rest— Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!" At first I had supposed "the dead man's chest" to be that identical big box of his upstairs in the front room, and the thought had been mingled in my nightmares with that of the one-legged seafaring man. But by this time we had all long ceased to pay any particular notice to the song; it was new, that night, to nobody but Dr. Livesey, and on him I observed it did not produce an agreeable effect, for he looked up for a moment quite angrily before he went on with his talk to old Taylor, the gardener, on a new cure for the rheumatics. In the meantime, the captain gradually brightened up at his own music, and at last flapped his hand upon the table before him in a way we all knew to mean silence. The voices stopped at once, all but Dr. Livesey's; he went on as before speaking clear and kind and drawing briskly at his pipe between every word or two. The captain glared at him for a while, flapped his hand again, glared still harder, and at last broke out with a villainous, low oath, "Silence, there, between decks!" "Were you addressing me, sir?" says the doctor; and when the ruffian had told him, with another oath, that this was so, "I have only one thing to say to you, sir," replies the doctor, "that if you keep on drinking rum, the world will soon be quit of a very dirty scoundrel!" The old fellow's fury was awful. He sprang to his feet, drew and opened a sailor's clasp-knife, and balancing it open on the palm of his hand, threatened to pin the doctor to the wall. The doctor never so much as moved. He spoke to him as before, over his shoulder and in the same tone of voice, rather high, so that all the room might hear, but perfectly calm and steady: "If you do not put that knife this instant in your pocket, I promise, upon my honour, you shall hang at the next assizes." Then followed a battle of looks between them, but the captain soon knuckled under, put up his weapon, and resumed his seat, grumbling like a beaten dog. "And now, sir," continued the doctor, "since I now know there's such a fellow in my district, you may count I'll have an eye upon you day and night. I'm not a doctor only; I'm a magistrate; and if I catch a breath of complaint against you, if it's only for a piece of incivility like tonight's, I'll take effectual means to have you hunted down and routed out of this. Let that suffice." Soon after, Dr. Livesey's horse came to the door and he rode away, but the captain held his peace that evening, and for many evenings to come. 2 Black Dog Appears and Disappears T was not very long after this that there occurred the first of the mysterious events that rid us at last of the captain, though not, as you will see, of his affairs. It was a bitter cold winter, with long, hard frosts and heavy gales; and it was plain from the first that my poor father was little likely to see the spring. He sank daily, and my mother and I had all the inn upon our hands, and were kept busy enough without paying much regard to our unpleasant guest. It was one January morning, very early—a pinching, frosty morning—the cove all grey with hoar-frost, the ripple lapping softly on the stones, the sun still low and only touching the hilltops and shining far to seaward. The captain had risen earlier than usual and set out down the beach, his cutlass swinging under the broad skirts of the old blue coat, his brass telescope under his arm, his hat tilted back upon his head. I remember his breath hanging like smoke in his wake as he strode off, and the last sound I heard of him as he turned the big rock was a loud snort of indignation, as though his mind was still running upon Dr. Livesey. Well, mother was upstairs with father and I was laying the breakfast-table against the captain's return when the parlour door opened and a man stepped in on whom I had never set my eyes before. He was a pale, tallowy creature, wanting two fingers of the left hand, and though he wore a cutlass, he did not look much like a fighter. I had always my eye open for seafaring men, with one leg or two, and I remember this one puzzled me. He was not sailorly, and yet he had a smack of the sea about him too. I asked him what was for his service, and he said he would take rum; but as I was going out of the room to fetch it, he sat down upon a table and motioned me to draw near. I paused where I was, with my napkin in my hand. "Come here, sonny," says he. "Come nearer here." I took a step nearer. "Is this here table for my mate Bill?" he asked with a kind of leer. I told him I did not know his mate Bill, and this was for a person who stayed in our house whom we called the captain. "Well," said he, "my mate Bill would be called the captain, as like as not. He has a cut on one cheek and a mighty pleasant way with him, particularly in drink, has my mate Bill. We'll put it, for argument like, that your captain has a cut on one cheek—and we'll put it, if you like, that that cheek's the right one. Ah, well! I told you. Now, is my mate Bill in this here house?" I told him he was out walking. "Which way, sonny? Which way is he gone?" And when I had pointed out the rock and told him how the captain was likely to return, and how soon, and answered a few other questions, "Ah," said he, "this'll be as good as drink to my mate Bill." The expression of his face as he said these words was not at all pleasant, and I had my own reasons for thinking that the stranger was mistaken, even supposing he meant what he said. But it was no affair of mine, I thought; and besides, it was difficult to know what to do. The stranger kept hanging about just inside the inn door, peering round the corner like a cat waiting for a mouse. Once I stepped out myself into the road, but he immediately called me back, and as I did not obey quick enough for his fancy, a most horrible change came over his tallowy face, and he ordered me in with an oath that made me jump. As soon as I was back again he returned to his former manner, half fawning, half sneering, patted me on the shoulder, told me I was a good boy and he had taken quite a fancy to me. "I have a son of my own," said he, "as like you as two blocks, and he's all the pride of my 'art. But the great thing for boys is discipline, sonny—discipline. Now, if you had sailed along of Bill, you wouldn't have stood there to be spoke to twice—not you. That was never Bill's way, nor the way of sich as sailed with him. And here, sure enough, is my mate Bill, with a spy-glass under his arm, bless his old 'art, to be sure. You and me'll just go back into the parlour, sonny, and get behind the door, and we'll give Bill a little surprise—bless his 'art, I say again." So saying, the stranger backed along with me into the parlour and put me behind him in the corner so that we were both hidden by the open door. I was very uneasy and alarmed, as you may fancy, and it rather added to my fears to observe that the stranger was certainly frightened himself. He cleared the hilt of his cutlass and loosened the blade in the sheath; and all the time we were waiting there he kept swallowing as if he felt what we used to call a lump in the throat. At last in strode the captain, slammed the door behind him, without looking to the right or left, and marched straight across the room to where his breakfast awaited him. "Bill," said the stranger in a voice that I thought he had tried to make bold and big. The captain spun round on his heel and fronted us; all the brown had gone out of his face, and even his nose was blue; he had the look of a man who sees a ghost, or the evil one, or something worse, if anything can be; and upon my word, I felt sorry to see him all in a moment turn so old and sick. "Come, Bill, you know me; you know an old shipmate, Bill, surely," said the stranger. The captain made a sort of gasp. "Black Dog!" said he. "And who else?" returned the other, getting more at his ease. "Black Dog as ever was, come for to see his old shipmate Billy, at the Admiral Benbow inn. Ah, Bill, Bill, we have seen a sight of times, us two, since I lost them two talons," holding up his mutilated hand. "Now, look here," said the captain; "you've run me down; here I am; well, then, speak up; what is it?" "That's you, Bill," returned Black Dog, "you're in the right of it, Billy. I'll have a glass of rum from this dear child here, as I've took such a liking to; and we'll sit down, if you please, and talk square, like old shipmates." When I returned with the rum, they were already seated on either side of the captain's breakfast-table—Black Dog next to the door and sitting sideways so as to have one eye on his old shipmate and one, as I thought, on his retreat. He bade me go and leave the door wide open. "None of your keyholes for me, sonny," he said; and I left them together and retired into the bar. For a long time, though I certainly did my best to listen, I could hear nothing but a low gattling; but at last the voices began to grow higher, and I could pick up a word or two, mostly oaths, from the captain. "No, no, no, no; and an end of it!" he cried once. And again, "If it comes to swinging, swing all, say I." Then all of a sudden there was a tremendous explosion of oaths and other noises—the chair and table went over in a lump, a clash of steel followed, and then a cry of pain, and the next instant I saw Black Dog in full flight, and the captain hotly pursuing, both with drawn cutlasses, and the former streaming blood from the left shoulder. Just at the door the captain aimed at the fugitive one last tremendous cut, which would certainly have split him to the chine had it not been intercepted by our big signboard of Admiral Benbow. You may see the notch on the lower side of the frame to this day. That blow was the last of the battle. Once out upon the road, Black Dog, in spite of his wound, showed a wonderful clean pair of heels and disappeared over the edge of the hill in half a minute. The captain, for his part, stood staring at the signboard like a bewildered man. Then he passed his hand over his eyes several times and at last turned back into the house. "Jim," says he, "rum"; and as he spoke, he reeled a little, and caught himself with one hand against the wall. "Are you hurt?" cried I. "Rum," he repeated. "I must get away from here. Rum! Rum!" I ran to fetch it, but I was quite unsteadied by all that had fallen out, and I broke one glass and fouled the tap, and while I was still getting in my own way, I heard a loud fall in the parlour, and running in, beheld the captain lying full length upon the floor. At the same instant my mother, alarmed by the cries and fighting, came running downstairs to help me. Between us we raised his head. He was breathing very loud and hard, but his eyes were closed and his face a horrible colour. "Dear, deary me," cried my mother, "what a disgrace upon the house! And your poor father sick!" In the meantime, we had no idea what to do to help the captain, nor any other thought but that he had got his death-hurt in the scuffle with the stranger. I got the rum, to be sure, and tried to put it down his throat, but his teeth were tightly shut and his jaws as strong as iron. It was a happy relief for us when the door opened and Doctor Livesey came in, on his visit to my father. "Oh, doctor," we cried, "what shall we do? Where is he wounded?" "Wounded? A fiddle-stick's end!" said the doctor. "No more wounded than you or I. The man has had a stroke, as I warned him. Now, Mrs. Hawkins, just you run upstairs to your husband and tell him, if possible, nothing about it. For my part, I must do my best to save this fellow's trebly worthless life; Jim, you get me a basin." When I got back with the basin, the doctor had already ripped up the captain's sleeve and exposed his great sinewy arm. It was tattooed in several places. "Here's luck," "A fair wind," and "Billy Bones his fancy," were very neatly and clearly executed on the forearm; and up near the shoulder there was a sketch of a gallows and a man hanging from it—done, as I thought, with great spirit. "Prophetic," said the doctor, touching this picture with his finger. "And now, Master Billy Bones, if that be your name, we'll have a look at the colour of your blood. Jim," he said, "are you afraid of blood?" "No, sir," said I. "Well, then," said he, "you hold the basin"; and with that he took his lancet and opened a vein. A great deal of blood was taken before the captain opened his eyes and looked mistily about him. First he recognized the doctor with an unmistakable frown; then his glance fell upon me, and he looked relieved. But suddenly his colour changed, and he tried to raise himself, crying, "Where's Black Dog?" "There is no Black Dog here," said the doctor, "except what you have on your own back. You have been drinking rum; you have had a stroke, precisely as I told you; and I have just, very much against my own will, dragged you headforemost out of the grave. Now, Mr. Bones—" "That's not my name," he interrupted. "Much I care," returned the doctor. "It's the name of a buccaneer of my acquaintance; and I call you by it for the sake of shortness, and what I have to say to you is this; one glass of rum won't kill you, but if you take one you'll take another and another, and I stake my wig if you don't break off short, you'll die—do you understand that?—die, and go to your own place, like the man in the Bible. Come, now, make an effort. I'll help you to your bed for once." Between us, with much trouble, we managed to hoist him upstairs, and laid him on his bed, where his head fell back on the pillow as if he were almost fainting. "Now, mind you," said the doctor, "I clear my conscience—the name of rum for you is death." And with that he went off to see my father, taking me with him by the arm. "This is nothing," he said as soon as he had closed the door. "I have drawn blood enough to keep him quiet awhile; he should lie for a week where he is—that is the best thing for him and you; but another stroke would settle him." 3 The Black Spot BOUT noon I stopped at the captain's door with some cooling drinks and medicines. He was lying very much as we had left him, only a little higher, and he seemed both weak and excited. "Jim," he said, "you're the only one here that's worth anything, and you know I've been always good to you. Never a month but I've given you a silver fourpenny for yourself. And now you see, mate, I'm pretty low, and deserted by all; and Jim, you'll bring me one noggin of rum, now, won't you, matey?" "The doctor—" I began. But he broke in cursing the doctor, in a feeble voice but heartily. "Doctors is all swabs," he said; "and that doctor there, why, what do he know about seafaring men? I been in places hot as pitch, and mates dropping round with Yellow Jack, and the blessed land a-heaving like the sea with earthquakes—what to the doctor know of lands like that?—and I lived on rum, I tell you. It's been meat and drink, and man and wife, to me; and if I'm not to have my rum now I'm a poor old hulk on a lee shore, my blood'll be on you, Jim, and that doctor swab"; and he ran on again for a while with curses. "Look, Jim, how my fingers fidges," he continued in the pleading tone. "I can't keep 'em still, not I. I haven't had a drop this blessed day. That doctor's a fool, I tell you. If I don't have a drain o' rum, Jim, I'll have the horrors; I seen some on 'em already. I seen old Flint in the corner there, behind you; as plain as print, I seen him; and if I get the horrors, I'm a man that has lived rough, and I'll raise Cain. Your doctor hisself said one glass wouldn't hurt me. I'll give you a golden guinea for a noggin, Jim." He was growing more and more excited, and this alarmed me for my father, who was very low that day and needed quiet; besides, I was reassured by the doctor's words, now quoted to me, and rather offended by the offer of a bribe. "I want none of your money," said I, "but what you owe my father. I'll get you one glass, and no more." When I brought it to him, he seized it greedily and drank it out. "Aye, aye," said he, "that's some better, sure enough. And now, matey, did that doctor say how long I was to lie here in this old berth?" "A week at least," said I. "Thunder!" he cried. "A week! I can't do that; they'd have the black spot on me by then. The lubbers is going about to get the wind of me this blessed moment; lubbers as couldn't keep what they got, and want to nail what is another's. Is that seamanly behaviour, now, I want to know? But I'm a saving soul. I never wasted good money of mine, nor lost it neither; and I'll trick 'em again. I'm not afraid on 'em. I'll shake out another reef, matey, and daddle 'em again." As he was thus speaking, he had risen from bed with great difficulty, holding to my shoulder with a grip that almost made me cry out, and moving his legs like so much dead weight. His words, spirited as they were in meaning, contrasted sadly with the weakness of the voice in which they were uttered. He paused when he had got into a sitting position on the edge. "That doctor's done me," he murmured. "My ears is singing. Lay me back." Before I could do much to help him he had fallen back again to his former place, where he lay for a while silent. "Jim," he said at length, "you saw that seafaring man today?" "Black Dog?" I asked. "Ah! Black Dog," says he. "He's a bad un; but there's worse that put him on. Now, if I can't get away nohow, and they tip me the black spot, mind you, it's my old sea-chest they're after; you get on a horse—you can, can't you? Well, then, you get on a horse, and go to—well, yes, I will!—to that eternal doctor swab, and tell him to pipe all hands—magistrates and sich—and he'll lay 'em aboard at the Admiral Benbow—all old Flint's crew, man and boy, all on 'em that's left. I was first mate, I was, old Flint's first mate, and I'm the on'y one as knows the place. He gave it me at Savannah, when he lay a-dying, like as if I was to now, you see. But you won't peach unless they get the black spot on me, or unless you see that Black Dog again or a seafaring man with one leg, Jim—him above all." "But what is the black spot, captain?" I asked. "That's a summons, mate. I'll tell you if they get that. But you keep your weather-eye open, Jim, and I'll share with you equals, upon my honour." He wandered a little longer, his voice growing weaker; but soon after I had given him his medicine, which he took like a child, with the remark, "If ever a seaman wanted drugs, it's me," he fell at last into a heavy, swoon-like sleep, in which I left him. What I should have done had all gone well I do not know. Probably I should have told the whole story to the doctor, for I was in mortal fear lest the captain should repent of his confessions and make an end of me. But as things fell out, my poor father died quite suddenly that evening, which put all other matters on one side. Our natural distress, the visits of the neighbours, the arranging of the funeral, and all the work of the inn to be carried on in the meanwhile kept me so busy that I had scarcely time to think of the captain, far less to be afraid of him. He got downstairs next morning, to be sure, and had his meals as usual, though he ate little and had more, I am afraid, than his usual supply of rum, for he helped himself out of the bar, scowling and blowing through his nose, and no one dared to cross him. On the night before the funeral he was as drunk as ever; and it was shocking, in that house of mourning, to hear him singing away at his ugly old sea-song; but weak as he was, we were all in the fear of death for him, and the doctor was suddenly taken up with a case many miles away and was never near the house after my father's death. I have said the captain was weak, and indeed he seemed rather to grow weaker than regain his strength. He clambered up and down stairs, and went from the parlour to the bar and back again, and sometimes put his nose out of doors to smell the sea, holding on to the walls as he went for support and breathing hard and fast like a man on a steep mountain. He never particularly addressed me, and it is my belief he had as good as forgotten his confidences; but his temper was more flighty, and allowing for his bodily weakness, more violent than ever. He had an alarming way now when he was drunk of drawing his cutlass and laying it bare before him on the table. But with all that, he minded people less and seemed shut up in his own thoughts and rather wandering. Once, for instance, to our extreme wonder, he piped up to a different air, a kind of country love-song that he must have learned in his youth before he had begun to follow the sea. So things passed until, the day after the funeral, and about three o'clock of a bitter, foggy, frosty afternoon, I was standing at the door for a moment, full of sad thoughts about my father, when I saw someone drawing slowly near along the road. He was plainly blind, for he tapped before him with a stick and wore a great green shade over his eyes and nose; and he was hunched, as if with age or weakness, and wore a huge old tattered sea-cloak with a hood that made him appear positively deformed. I never saw in my life a more dreadful-looking figure. He stopped a little from the inn, and raising his voice in an odd sing-song, addressed the air in front of him, "Will any kind friend inform a poor blind man, who has lost the precious sight of his eyes in the gracious defence of his native country, England—and God bless King George!—where or in what part of this country he may now be?" "You are at the Admiral Benbow, Black Hill Cove, my good man," said I. "I hear a voice," said he, "a young voice. Will you give me your hand, my kind young friend, and lead me in?" I held out my hand, and the horrible, soft-spoken, eyeless creature gripped it in a moment like a vise. I was so much startled that I struggled to withdraw, but the blind man pulled me close up to him with a single action of his arm. "Now, boy," he said, "take me in to the captain." "Sir," said I, "upon my word I dare not." "Oh," he sneered, "that's it! Take me in straight or I'll break your arm." And he gave it, as he spoke, a wrench that made me cry out. "Sir," said I, "it is for yourself I mean. The captain is not what he used to be. He sits with a drawn cutlass. Another gentleman—" "Come, now, march," interrupted he; and I never heard a voice so cruel, and cold, and ugly as that blind man's. It cowed me more than the pain, and I began to obey him at once, walking straight in at the door and towards the parlour, where our sick old buccaneer was sitting, dazed with rum. The blind man clung close to me, holding me in one iron fist and leaning almost more of his weight on me than I could carry. "Lead me straight up to him, and when I'm in view, cry out, 'Here's a friend for you, Bill.' If you don't, I'll do this," and with that he gave me a twitch that I thought would have made me faint. Between this and that, I was so utterly terrified of the blind beggar that I forgot my terror of the captain, and as I opened the parlour door, cried out the words he had ordered in a trembling voice. The poor captain raised his eyes, and at one look the rum went out of him and left him staring sober. The expression of his face was not so much of terror as of mortal sickness. He made a movement to rise, but I do not believe he had enough force left in his body. "Now, Bill, sit where you are," said the beggar. "If I can't see, I can hear a finger stirring. Business is business. Hold out your left hand. Boy, take his left hand by the wrist and bring it near to my right." We both obeyed him to the letter, and I saw him pass something from the hollow of the hand that held his stick into the palm of the captain's, which closed upon it instantly. "And now that's done," said the blind man; and at the words he suddenly left hold of me, and with incredible accuracy and nimbleness, skipped out of the parlour and into the road, where, as I still stood motionless, I could hear his stick go tap-tap-tapping into the distance. It was some time before either I or the captain seemed to gather our senses, but at length, and about at the same moment, I released his wrist, which I was still holding, and he drew in his hand and looked sharply into the palm. "Ten o'clock!" he cried. "Six hours. We'll do them yet," and he sprang to his feet. Even as he did so, he reeled, put his hand to his throat, stood swaying for a moment, and then, with a peculiar sound, fell from his whole height face foremost to the floor. I ran to him at once, calling to my mother. But haste was all in vain. The captain had been struck dead by thundering apoplexy. It is a curious thing to understand, for I had certainly never liked the man, though of late I had begun to pity him, but as soon as I saw that he was dead, I burst into a flood of tears. It was the second death I had known, and the sorrow of the first was still fresh in my heart. 4 The Sea-chest LOST no time, of course, in telling my mother all that I knew, and perhaps should have told her long before, and we saw ourselves at once in a difficult and dangerous position. Some of the man's money—if he had any—was certainly due to us, but it was not likely that our captain's shipmates, above all the two specimens seen by me, Black Dog and the blind beggar, would be inclined to give up their booty in payment of the dead man's debts. The captain's order to mount at once and ride for Doctor Livesey would have left my mother alone and unprotected, which was not to be thought of. Indeed, it seemed impossible for either of us to remain much longer in the house; the fall of coals in the kitchen grate, the very ticking of the clock, filled us with alarms. The neighbourhood, to our ears, seemed haunted by approaching footsteps; and what between the dead body of the captain on the parlour floor and the thought of that detestable blind beggar hovering near at hand and ready to return, there were moments when, as the saying goes, I jumped in my skin for terror. Something must speedily be resolved upon, and it occurred to us at last to go forth together and seek help in the neighbouring hamlet. No sooner said than done. Bare-headed as we were, we ran out at once in the gathering evening and the frosty fog. The hamlet lay not many hundred yards away, though out of view, on the other side of the next cove; and what greatly encouraged me, it was in an opposite direction from that whence the blind man had made his appearance and whither he had presumably returned. We were not many minutes on the road, though we sometimes stopped to lay hold of each other and hearken. But there was no unusual sound—nothing but the low wash of the ripple and the croaking of the inmates of the wood. It was already candle-light when we reached the hamlet, and I shall never forget how much I was cheered to see the yellow shine in doors and windows; but that, as it proved, was the best of the help we were likely to get in that quarter. For—you would have thought men would have been ashamed of themselves—no soul would consent to return with us to the Admiral Benbow. The more we told of our troubles, the more—man, woman, and child—they clung to the shelter of their houses. The name of Captain Flint, though it was strange to me, was well enough known to some there and carried a great weight of terror. Some of the men who had been to field-work on the far side of the Admiral Benbow remembered, besides, to have seen several strangers on the road, and taking them to be smugglers, to have bolted away; and one at least had seen a little lugger in what we called Kitt's Hole. For that matter, anyone who was a comrade of the captain's was enough to frighten them to death. And the short and the long of the matter was, that while we could get several who were willing enough to ride to Dr. Livesey's, which lay in another direction, not one would help us to defend the inn. They say cowardice is infectious; but then argument is, on the other hand, a great emboldener; and so when each had said his say, my mother made them a speech. She would not, she declared, lose money that belonged to her fatherless boy; "If none of the rest of you dare," she said, "Jim and I dare. Back we will go, the way we came, and small thanks to you big, hulking, chicken-hearted men. We'll have that chest open, if we die for it. And I'll thank you for that bag, Mrs. Crossley, to bring back our lawful money in." Of course I said I would go with my mother, and of course they all cried out at our foolhardiness, but even then not a man would go along with us. All they would do was to give me a loaded pistol lest we were attacked, and to promise to have horses ready saddled in case we were pursued on our return, while one lad was to ride forward to the doctor's in search of armed assistance. My heart was beating finely when we two set forth in the cold night upon this dangerous venture. A full moon was beginning to rise and peered redly through the upper edges of the fog, and this increased our haste, for it was plain, before we came forth again, that all would be as bright as day, and our departure exposed to the eyes of any watchers. We slipped along the hedges, noiseless and swift, nor did we see or hear anything to increase our terrors, till, to our relief, the door of the Admiral Benbow had closed behind us. I slipped the bolt at once, and we stood and panted for a moment in the dark, alone in the house with the dead captain's body. Then my mother got a candle in the bar, and holding each other's hands, we advanced into the parlour. He lay as we had left him, on his back, with his eyes open and one arm stretched out. "Draw down the blind, Jim," whispered my mother; "they might come and watch outside. And now," said she when I had done so, "we have to get the key off that; and who's to touch it, I should like to know!" and she gave a kind of sob as she said the words. I went down on my knees at once. On the floor close to his hand there was a little round of paper, blackened on the one side. I could not doubt that this was the black spot; and taking it up, I found written on the other side, in a very good, clear hand, this short message: "You have till ten tonight." "He had till ten, Mother," said I; and just as I said it, our old clock began striking. This sudden noise startled us shockingly; but the news was good, for it was only six. "Now, Jim," she said, "that key." I felt in his pockets, one after another. A few small coins, a thimble, and some thread and big needles, a piece of pigtail tobacco bitten away at the end, his gully with the crooked handle, a pocket compass, and a tinder box were all that they contained, and I began to despair. "Perhaps it's round his neck," suggested my mother. Overcoming a strong repugnance, I tore open his shirt at the neck, and there, sure enough, hanging to a bit of tarry string, which I cut with his own gully, we found the key. At this triumph we were filled with hope and hurried upstairs without delay to the little room where he had slept so long and where his box had stood since the day of his arrival. It was like any other seaman's chest on the outside, the initial "B" burned on the top of it with a hot iron, and the corners somewhat smashed and broken as by long, rough usage. "Give me the key," said my mother; and though the lock was very stiff, she had turned it and thrown back the lid in a twinkling. A strong smell of tobacco and tar rose from the interior, but nothing was to be seen on the top except a suit of very good clothes, carefully brushed and folded. They had never been worn, my mother said. Under that, the miscellany began—a quadrant, a tin canikin, several sticks of tobacco, two brace of very handsome pistols, a piece of bar silver, an old Spanish watch and some other trinkets of little value and mostly of foreign make, a pair of compasses mounted with brass, and five or six curious West Indian shells. I have often wondered since why he should have carried about these shells with him in his wandering, guilty, and hunted life. In the meantime, we had found nothing of any value but the silver and the trinkets, and neither of these were in our way. Underneath there was an old boat-cloak, whitened with sea-salt on many a harbour-bar. My mother pulled it up with impatience, and there lay before us, the last things in the chest, a bundle tied up in oilcloth, and looking like papers, and a canvas bag that gave forth, at a touch, the jingle of gold. "I'll show these rogues that I'm an honest woman," said my mother. "I'll have my dues, and not a farthing over. Hold Mrs. Crossley's bag." And she began to count over the amount of the captain's score from the sailor's bag into the one that I was holding. It was a long, difficult business, for the coins were of all countries and sizes—doubloons, and louis d'ors, and guineas, and pieces of eight, and I know not what besides, all shaken together at random. The guineas, too, were about the scarcest, and it was with these only that my mother knew how to make her count. When we were about half-way through, I suddenly put my hand upon her arm, for I had heard in the silent frosty air a sound that brought my heart into my mouth—the tap-tapping of the blind man's stick upon the frozen road. It drew nearer and nearer, while we sat holding our breath. Then it struck sharp on the inn door, and then we could hear the handle being turned and the bolt rattling as the wretched being tried to enter; and then there was a long time of silence both within and without. At last the tapping recommenced, and, to our indescribable joy and gratitude, died slowly away again until it ceased to be heard. "Mother," said I, "take the whole and let's be going," for I was sure the bolted door must have seemed suspicious and would bring the whole hornet's nest about our ears, though how thankful I was that I had bolted it, none could tell who had never met that terrible blind man. But my mother, frightened as she was, would not consent to take a fraction more than was due to her and was obstinately unwilling to be content with less. It was not yet seven, she said, by a long way; she knew her rights and she would have them; and she was still arguing with me when a little low whistle sounded a good way off upon the hill. That was enough, and more than enough, for both of us. "I'll take what I have," she said, jumping to her feet. "And I'll take this to square the count," said I, picking up the oilskin packet. Next moment we were both groping downstairs, leaving the candle by the empty chest; and the next we had opened the door and were in full retreat. We had not started a moment too soon. The fog was rapidly dispersing; already the moon shone quite clear on the high ground on either side; and it was only in the exact bottom of the dell and round the tavern door that a thin veil still hung unbroken to conceal the first steps of our escape. Far less than half-way to the hamlet, very little beyond the bottom of the hill, we must come forth into the moonlight. Nor was this all, for the sound of several footsteps running came already to our ears, and as we looked back in their direction, a light tossing to and fro and still rapidly advancing showed that one of the newcomers carried a lantern. "My dear," said my mother suddenly, "take the money and run on. I am going to faint." This was certainly the end for both of us, I thought. How I cursed the cowardice of the neighbours; how I blamed my poor mother for her honesty and her greed, for her past foolhardiness and present weakness! We were just at the little bridge, by good fortune; and I helped her, tottering as she was, to the edge of the bank, where, sure enough, she gave a sigh and fell on my shoulder. I do not know how I found the strength to do it at all, and I am afraid it was roughly done, but I managed to drag her down the bank and a little way under the arch. Farther I could not move her, for the bridge was too low to let me do more than crawl below it. So there we had to stay—my mother almost entirely exposed and both of us within earshot of the inn. 5 The Last of the Blind Man Y curiosity, in a sense, was stronger than my fear, for I could not remain where I was, but crept back to the bank again, whence, sheltering my head behind a bush of broom, I might command the road before our door. I was scarcely in position ere my enemies began to arrive, seven or eight of them, running hard, their feet beating out of time along the road and the man with the lantern some paces in front. Three men ran together, hand in hand; and I made out, even through the mist, that the middle man of this trio was the blind beggar. The next moment his voice showed me that I was right. "Down with the door!" he cried. "Aye, aye, sir!" answered two or three; and a rush was made upon the Admiral Benbow, the lantern-bearer following; and then I could see them pause, and hear speeches passed in a lower key, as if they were surprised to find the door open. But the pause was brief, for the blind man again issued his commands. His voice sounded louder and higher, as if he were afire with eagerness and rage. "In, in, in!" he shouted, and cursed them for their delay. Four or five of them obeyed at once, two remaining on the road with the formidable beggar. There was a pause, then a cry of surprise, and then a voice shouting from the house, "Bill's dead." But the blind man swore at them again for their delay. "Search him, some of you shirking lubbers, and the rest of you aloft and get the chest," he cried. I could hear their feet rattling up our old stairs, so that the house must have shook with it. Promptly afterwards, fresh sounds of astonishment arose; the window of the captain's room was thrown open with a slam and a jingle of broken glass, and a man leaned out into the moonlight, head and shoulders, and addressed the blind beggar on the road below him. "Pew," he cried, "they've been before us. Someone's turned the chest out alow and aloft." "Is it there?" roared Pew. "The money's there." The blind man cursed the money. "Flint's fist, I mean," he cried. "We don't see it here nohow," returned the man. "Here, you below there, is it on Bill?" cried the blind man again. At that another fellow, probably him who had remained below to search the captain's body, came to the door of the inn. "Bill's been overhauled a'ready," said he; "nothin' left." "It's these people of the inn—it's that boy. I wish I had put his eyes out!" cried the blind man, Pew. "There were no time ago—they had the door bolted when I tried it. Scatter, lads, and find 'em." "Sure enough, they left their glim here," said the fellow from the window. "Scatter and find 'em! Rout the house out!" reiterated Pew, striking with his stick upon the road. Then there followed a great to-do through all our old inn, heavy feet pounding to and fro, furniture thrown over, doors kicked in, until the very rocks re-echoed and the men came out again, one after another, on the road and declared that we were nowhere to be found. And just the same whistle that had alarmed my mother and myself over the dead captain's money was once more clearly audible through the night, but this time twice repeated. I had thought it to be the blind man's trumpet, so to speak, summoning his crew to the assault, but I now found that it was a signal from the hillside towards the hamlet, and from its effect upon the buccaneers, a signal to warn them of approaching danger. "There's Dirk again," said one. "Twice! We'll have to budge, mates." "Budge, you skulk!" cried Pew. "Dirk was a fool and a coward from the first—you wouldn't mind him. They must be close by; they can't be far; you have your hands on it. Scatter and look for them, dogs! Oh, shiver my soul," he cried, "if I had eyes!" This appeal seemed to produce some effect, for two of the fellows began to look here and there among the lumber, but half-heartedly, I thought, and with half an eye to their own danger all the time, while the rest stood irresolute on the road. "You have your hands on thousands, you fools, and you hang a leg! You'd be as rich as kings if you could find it, and you know it's here, and you stand there skulking. There wasn't one of you dared face Bill, and I did it—a blind man! And I'm to lose my chance for you! I'm to be a poor, crawling beggar, sponging for rum, when I might be rolling in a coach! If you had the pluck of a weevil in a biscuit you would catch them still." "Hang it, Pew, we've got the doubloons!" grumbled one. "They might have hid the blessed thing," said another. "Take the Georges, Pew, and don't stand here squalling." Squalling was the word for it; Pew's anger rose so high at these objections till at last, his passion completely taking the upper hand, he struck at them right and left in his blindness and his stick sounded heavily on more than one. These, in their turn, cursed back at the blind miscreant, threatened him in horrid terms, and tried in vain to catch the stick and wrest it from his grasp. This quarrel was the saving of us, for while it was still raging, another sound came from the top of the hill on the side of the hamlet—the tramp of horses galloping. Almost at the same time a pistol-shot, flash and report, came from the hedge side. And that was plainly the last signal of danger, for the buccaneers turned at once and ran, separating in every direction, one seaward along the cove, one slant across the hill, and so on, so that in half a minute not a sign of them remained but Pew. Him they had deserted, whether in sheer panic or out of revenge for his ill words and blows I know not; but there he remained behind, tapping up and down the road in a frenzy, and groping and calling for his comrades. Finally he took a wrong turn and ran a few steps past me, towards the hamlet, crying, "Johnny, Black Dog, Dirk," and other names, "you won't leave old Pew, mates—not old Pew!" Just then the noise of horses topped the rise, and four or five riders came in sight in the moonlight and swept at full gallop down the slope. At this Pew saw his error, turned with a scream, and ran straight for the ditch, into which he rolled. But he was on his feet again in a second and made another dash, now utterly bewildered, right under the nearest of the coming horses. The rider tried to save him, but in vain. Down went Pew with a cry that rang high into the night; and the four hoofs trampled and spurned him and passed by. He fell on his side, then gently collapsed upon his face and moved no more. I leaped to my feet and hailed the riders. They were pulling up, at any rate, horrified at the accident; and I soon saw what they were. One, tailing out behind the rest, was a lad that had gone from the hamlet to Dr. Livesey's; the rest were revenue officers, whom he had met by the way, and with whom he had had the intelligence to return at once. Some news of the lugger in Kitt's Hole had found its way to Supervisor Dance and set him forth that night in our direction, and to that circumstance my mother and I owed our preservation from death. Pew was dead, stone dead. As for my mother, when we had carried her up to the hamlet, a little cold water and salts and that soon brought her back again, and she was none the worse for her terror, though she still continued to deplore the balance of the money. In the meantime the supervisor rode on, as fast as he could, to Kitt's Hole; but his men had to dismount and grope down the dingle, leading, and sometimes supporting, their horses, and in continual fear of ambushes; so it was no great matter for surprise that when they got down to the Hole the lugger was already under way, though still close in. He hailed her. A voice replied, telling him to keep out of the moonlight or he would get some lead in him, and at the same time a bullet whistled close by his arm. Soon after, the lugger doubled the point and disappeared. Mr. Dance stood there, as he said, "like a fish out of water," and all he could do was to dispatch a man to B—— to warn the cutter. "And that," said he, "is just about as good as nothing. They've got off clean, and there's an end. Only," he added, "I'm glad I trod on Master Pew's corns," for by this time he had heard my story. I went back with him to the Admiral Benbow, and you cannot imagine a house in such a state of smash; the very clock had been thrown down by these fellows in their furious hunt after my mother and myself; and though nothing had actually been taken away except the captain's money-bag and a little silver from the till, I could see at once that we were ruined. Mr. Dance could make nothing of the scene. "They got the money, you say? Well, then, Hawkins, what in fortune were they after? More money, I suppose?" "No, sir; not money, I think," replied I. "In fact, sir, I believe I have the thing in my breast pocket; and to tell you the truth, I should like to get it put in safety." "To be sure, boy; quite right," said he. "I'll take it, if you like." "I thought perhaps Dr. Livesey—" I began. "Perfectly right," he interrupted very cheerily, "perfectly right—a gentleman and a magistrate. And, now I come to think of it, I might as well ride round there myself and report to him or squire. Master Pew's dead, when all's done; not that I regret it, but he's dead, you see, and people will make it out against an officer of his Majesty's revenue, if make it out they can. Now, I'll tell you, Hawkins, if you like, I'll take you along." I thanked him heartily for the offer, and we walked back to the hamlet where the horses were. By the time I had told mother of my purpose they were all in the saddle. "Dogger," said Mr. Dance, "you have a good horse; take up this lad behind you." As soon as I was mounted, holding on to Dogger's belt, the supervisor gave the word, and the party struck out at a bouncing trot on the road to Dr. Livesey's house. 6 The Captain's Papers E rode hard all the way till we drew up before Dr. Livesey's door. The house was all dark to the front. Mr. Dance told me to jump down and knock, and Dogger gave me a stirrup to descend by. The door was opened almost at once by the maid. "Is Dr. Livesey in?" I asked. No, she said, he had come home in the afternoon but had gone up to the hall to dine and pass the evening with the squire. "So there we go, boys," said Mr. Dance. This time, as the distance was short, I did not mount, but ran with Dogger's stirrup-leather to the lodge gates and up the long, leafless, moonlit avenue to where the white line of the hall buildings looked on either hand on great old gardens. Here Mr. Dance dismounted, and taking me along with him, was admitted at a word into the house. The servant led us down a matted passage and showed us at the end into a great library, all lined with bookcases and busts upon the top of them, where the squire and Dr. Livesey sat, pipe in hand, on either side of a bright fire. I had never seen the squire so near at hand. He was a tall man, over six feet high, and broad in proportion, and he had a bluff, rough-and-ready face, all roughened and reddened and lined in his long travels. His eyebrows were very black, and moved readily, and this gave him a look of some temper, not bad, you would say, but quick and high. "Come in, Mr. Dance," says he, very stately and condescending. "Good evening, Dance," says the doctor with a nod. "And good evening to you, friend Jim. What good wind brings you here?" The supervisor stood up straight and stiff and told his story like a lesson; and you should have seen how the two gentlemen leaned forward and looked at each other, and forgot to smoke in their surprise and interest. When they heard how my mother went back to the inn, Dr. Livesey fairly slapped his thigh, and the squire cried "Bravo!" and broke his long pipe against the grate. Long before it was done, Mr. Trelawney (that, you will remember, was the squire's name) had got up from his seat and was striding about the room, and the doctor, as if to hear the better, had taken off his powdered wig and sat there looking very strange indeed with his own close-cropped black poll. At last Mr. Dance finished the story. "Mr. Dance," said the squire, "you are a very noble fellow. And as for riding down that black, atrocious miscreant, I regard it as an act of virtue, sir, like stamping on a cockroach. This lad Hawkins is a trump, I perceive. Hawkins, will you ring that bell? Mr. Dance must have some ale." "And so, Jim," said the doctor, "you have the thing that they were after, have you?" "Here it is, sir," said I, and gave him the oilskin packet. The doctor looked it all over, as if his fingers were itching to open it; but instead of doing that, he put it quietly in the pocket of his coat. "Squire," said he, "when Dance has had his ale he must, of course, be off on his Majesty's service; but I mean to keep Jim Hawkins here to sleep at my house, and with your permission, I propose we should have up the cold pie and let him sup." "As you will, Livesey," said the squire; "Hawkins has earned better than cold pie." So a big pigeon pie was brought in and put on a sidetable, and I made a hearty supper, for I was as hungry as a hawk, while Mr. Dance was further complimented and at last dismissed. "And now, squire," said the doctor. "And now, Livesey," said the squire in the same breath. "One at a time, one at a time," laughed Dr. Livesey. "You have heard of this Flint, I suppose?" "Heard of him!" cried the squire. "Heard of him, you say! He was the bloodthirstiest buccaneer that sailed. Blackbeard was a child to Flint. The Spaniards were so prodigiously afraid of him that, I tell you, sir, I was sometimes proud he was an Englishman. I've seen his top-sails with these eyes, off Trinidad, and the cowardly son of a rum-puncheon that I sailed with put back—put back, sir, into Port of Spain." "Well, I've heard of him myself, in England," said the doctor. "But the point is, had he money?" "Money!" cried the squire. "Have you heard the story? What were these villains after but money? What do they care for but money? For what would they risk their rascal carcasses but money?" "That we shall soon know," replied the doctor. "But you are so confoundedly hot-headed and exclamatory that I cannot get a word in. What I want to know is this: Supposing that I have here in my pocket some clue to where Flint buried his treasure, will that treasure amount to much?" "Amount, sir!" cried the squire. "It will amount to this: If we have the clue you talk about, I fit out a ship in Bristol dock, and take you and Hawkins here along, and I'll have that treasure if I search a year." "Very well," said the doctor. "Now, then, if Jim is agreeable, we'll open the packet"; and he laid it before him on the table. The bundle was sewn together, and the doctor had to get out his instrument case and cut the stitches with his medical scissors. It contained two things—a book and a sealed paper. "First of all we'll try the book," observed the doctor. The squire and I were both peering over his shoulder as he opened it, for Dr. Livesey had kindly motioned me to come round from the side-table, where I had been eating, to enjoy the sport of the search. On the first page there were only some scraps of writing, such as a man with a pen in his hand might make for idleness or practice. One was the same as the tattoo mark, "Billy Bones his fancy"; then there was "Mr. W. Bones, mate," "No more rum," "Off Palm Key he got itt," and some other snatches, mostly single words and unintelligible. I could not help wondering who it was that had "got itt," and what "itt" was that he got. A knife in his back as like as not. "Not much instruction there," said Dr. Livesey as he passed on. The next ten or twelve pages were filled with a curious series of entries. There was a date at one end of the line and at the other a sum of money, as in common account-books, but instead of explanatory writing, only a varying number of crosses between the two. On the 12th of June, 1745, for instance, a sum of seventy pounds had plainly become due to someone, and there was nothing but six crosses to explain the cause. In a few cases, to be sure, the name of a place would be added, as "Offe Caraccas," or a mere entry of latitude and longitude, as "62o 17' 20", 19o 2' 40"." The record lasted over nearly twenty years, the amount of the separate entries growing larger as time went on, and at the end a grand total had been made out after five or six wrong additions, and these words appended, "Bones, his pile." "I can't make head or tail of this," said Dr. Livesey. "The thing is as clear as noonday," cried the squire. "This is the black-hearted hound's account-book. These crosses stand for the names of ships or towns that they sank or plundered. The sums are the scoundrel's share, and where he feared an ambiguity, you see he added something clearer. 'Offe Caraccas,' now; you see, here was some unhappy vessel boarded off that coast. God help the poor souls that manned her—coral long ago." "Right!" said the doctor. "See what it is to be a traveller. Right! And the amounts increase, you see, as he rose in rank." There was little else in the volume but a few bearings of places noted in the blank leaves towards the end and a table for reducing French, English, and Spanish moneys to a common value. "Thrifty man!" cried the doctor. "He wasn't the one to be cheated." "And now," said the squire, "for the other." The paper had been sealed in several places with a thimble by way of seal; the very thimble, perhaps, that I had found in the captain's pocket. The doctor opened the seals with great care, and there fell out the map of an island, with latitude and longitude, soundings, names of hills and bays and inlets, and every particular that would be needed to bring a ship to a safe anchorage upon its shores. It was about nine miles long and five across, shaped, you might say, like a fat dragon standing up, and had two fine land-locked harbours, and a hill in the centre part marked "The Spy-glass." There were several additions of a later date, but above all, three crosses of red ink—two on the north part of the island, one in the southwest—and beside this last, in the same red ink, and in a small, neat hand, very different from the captain's tottery characters, these words: "Bulk of treasure here." Over on the back the same hand had written this further information: Tall tree, Spy-glass shoulder, bearing a point to the N. of N.N.E. Skeleton Island E.S.E. and by E. Ten feet. The bar silver is in the north cache; you can find it by the trend of the east hummock, ten fathoms south of the black crag with the face on it. The arms are easy found, in the sand-hill, N. point of north inlet cape, bearing E. and a quarter N. J.F. That was all; but brief as it was, and to me incomprehensible, it filled the squire and Dr. Livesey with delight. "Livesey," said the squire, "you will give up this wretched practice at once. Tomorrow I start for Bristol. In three weeks' time—three weeks!—two weeks—ten days—we'll have the best ship, sir, and the choicest crew in England. Hawkins shall come as cabin-boy. You'll make a famous cabin-boy, Hawkins. You, Livesey, are ship's doctor; I am admiral. We'll take Redruth, Joyce, and Hunter. We'll have favourable winds, a quick passage, and not the least difficulty in finding the spot, and money to eat, to roll in, to play duck and drake with ever after." "Trelawney," said the doctor, "I'll go with you; and I'll go bail for it, so will Jim, and be a credit to the undertaking. There's only one man I'm afraid of." "And who's that?" cried the squire. "Name the dog, sir!" "You," replied the doctor; "for you cannot hold your tongue. We are not the only men who know of this paper. These fellows who attacked the inn tonight—bold, desperate blades, for sure—and the rest who stayed aboard that lugger, and more, I dare say, not far off, are, one and all, through thick and thin, bound that they'll get that money. We must none of us go alone till we get to sea. Jim and I shall stick together in the meanwhile; you'll take Joyce and Hunter when you ride to Bristol, and from first to last, not one of us must breathe a word of what we've found." "Livesey," returned the squire, "you are always in the right of it. I'll be as silent as the grave." PART TWO—The Sea-cook 7 I Go to Bristol T was longer than the squire imagined ere we were ready for the sea, and none of our first plans—not even Dr. Livesey's, of keeping me beside him—could be carried out as we intended. The doctor had to go to London for a physician to take charge of his practice; the squire was hard at work at Bristol; and I lived on at the hall under the charge of old Redruth, the gamekeeper, almost a prisoner, but full of sea-dreams and the most charming anticipations of strange islands and adventures. I brooded by the hour together over the map, all the details of which I well remembered. Sitting by the fire in the housekeeper's room, I approached that island in my fancy from every possible direction; I explored every acre of its surface; I climbed a thousand times to that tall hill they call the Spy-glass, and from the top enjoyed the most wonderful and changing prospects. Sometimes the isle was thick with savages, with whom we fought, sometimes full of dangerous animals that hunted us, but in all my fancies nothing occurred to me so strange and tragic as our actual adventures. So the weeks passed on, till one fine day there came a letter addressed to Dr. Livesey, with this addition, "To be opened, in the case of his absence, by Tom Redruth or young Hawkins." Obeying this order, we found, or rather I found—for the gamekeeper was a poor hand at reading anything but print—the following important news: Old Anchor Inn, Bristol, March 1, 17— Dear Livesey—As I do not know whether you are at the hall or still in London, I send this in double to both places. The ship is bought and fitted. She lies at anchor, ready for sea. You never imagined a sweeter schooner—a child might sail her—two hundred tons; name, Hispaniola. I got her through my old friend, Blandly, who has proved himself throughout the most surprising trump. The admirable fellow literally slaved in my interest, and so, I may say, did everyone in Bristol, as soon as they got wind of the port we sailed for—treasure, I mean. "Redruth," said I, interrupting the letter, "Dr. Livesey will not like that. The squire has been talking, after all." "Well, who's a better right?" growled the gamekeeper. "A pretty rum go if squire ain't to talk for Dr. Livesey, I should think." At that I gave up all attempts at commentary and read straight on: Blandly himself found the Hispaniola, and by the most admirable management got her for the merest trifle. There is a class of men in Bristol monstrously prejudiced against Blandly. They go the length of declaring that this honest creature would do anything for money, that the Hispaniola belonged to him, and that he sold it me absurdly high—the most transparent calumnies. None of them dare, however, to deny the merits of the ship. So far there was not a hitch. The workpeople, to be sure—riggers and what not—were most annoyingly slow; but time cured that. It was the crew that troubled me. I wished a round score of men—in case of natives, buccaneers, or the odious French—and I had the worry of the deuce itself to find so much as half a dozen, till the most remarkable stroke of fortune brought me the very man that I required. I was standing on the dock, when, by the merest accident, I fell in talk with him. I found he was an old sailor, kept a public-house, knew all the seafaring men in Bristol, had lost his health ashore, and wanted a good berth as cook to get to sea again. He had hobbled down there that morning, he said, to get a smell of the salt. I was monstrously touched—so would you have been—and, out of pure pity, I engaged him on the spot to be ship's cook. Long John Silver, he is called, and has lost a leg; but that I regarded as a recommendation, since he lost it in his country's service, under the immortal Hawke. He has no pension, Livesey. Imagine the abominable age we live in! Well, sir, I thought I had only found a cook, but it was a crew I had discovered. Between Silver and myself we got together in a few days a company of the toughest old salts imaginable—not pretty to look at, but fellows, by their faces, of the most indomitable spirit. I declare we could fight a frigate. Long John even got rid of two out of the six or seven I had already engaged. He showed me in a moment that they were just the sort of fresh-water swabs we had to fear in an adventure of importance. I am in the most magnificent health and spirits, eating like a bull, sleeping like a tree, yet I shall not enjoy a moment till I hear my old tarpaulins tramping round the capstan. Seaward, ho! Hang the treasure! It's the glory of the sea that has turned my head. So now, Livesey, come post; do not lose an hour, if you respect me. Let young Hawkins go at once to see his mother, with Redruth for a guard; and then both come full speed to Bristol. John Trelawney Postscript—I did not tell you that Blandly, who, by the way, is to send a consort after us if we don't turn up by the end of August, had found an admirable fellow for sailing master—a stiff man, which I regret, but in all other respects a treasure. Long John Silver unearthed a very competent man for a mate, a man named Arrow. I have a boatswain who pipes, Livesey; so things shall go man-o'-war fashion on board the good ship Hispaniola. I forgot to tell you that Silver is a man of substance; I know of my own knowledge that he has a banker's account, which has never been overdrawn. He leaves his wife to manage the inn; and as she is a woman of colour, a pair of old bachelors like you and I may be excused for guessing that it is the wife, quite as much as the health, that sends him back to roving. J. T. P.P.S.—Hawkins may stay one night with his mother. J. T. You can fancy the excitement into which that letter put me. I was half beside myself with glee; and if ever I despised a man, it was old Tom Redruth, who could do nothing but grumble and lament. Any of the under-gamekeepers would gladly have changed places with him; but such was not the squire's pleasure, and the squire's pleasure was like law among them all. Nobody but old Redruth would have dared so much as even to grumble. The next morning he and I set out on foot for the Admiral Benbow, and there I found my mother in good health and spirits. The captain, who had so long been a cause of so much discomfort, was gone where the wicked cease from troubling. The squire had had everything repaired, and the public rooms and the sign repainted, and had added some furniture—above all a beautiful armchair for mother in the bar. He had found her a boy as an apprentice also so that she should not want help while I was gone. It was on seeing that boy that I understood, for the first time, my situation. I had thought up to that moment of the adventures before me, not at all of the home that I was leaving; and now, at sight of this clumsy stranger, who was to stay here in my place beside my mother, I had my first attack of tears. I am afraid I led that boy a dog's life, for as he was new to the work, I had a hundred opportunities of setting him right and putting him down, and I was not slow to profit by them. The night passed, and the next day, after dinner, Redruth and I were afoot again and on the road. I said good-bye to Mother and the cove where I had lived since I was born, and the dear old Admiral Benbow—since he was repainted, no longer quite so dear. One of my last thoughts was of the captain, who had so often strode along the beach with his cocked hat, his sabre-cut cheek, and his old brass telescope. Next moment we had turned the corner and my home was out of sight. The mail picked us up about dusk at the Royal George on the heath. I was wedged in between Redruth and a stout old gentleman, and in spite of the swift motion and the cold night air, I must have dozed a great deal from the very first, and then slept like a log up hill and down dale through stage after stage, for when I was awakened at last it was by a punch in the ribs, and I opened my eyes to find that we were standing still before a large building in a city street and that the day had already broken a long time. "Where are we?" I asked. "Bristol," said Tom. "Get down." Mr. Trelawney had taken up his residence at an inn far down the docks to superintend the work upon the schooner. Thither we had now to walk, and our way, to my great delight, lay along the quays and beside the great multitude of ships of all sizes and rigs and nations. In one, sailors were singing at their work, in another there were men aloft, high over my head, hanging to threads that seemed no thicker than a spider's. Though I had lived by the shore all my life, I seemed never to have been near the sea till then. The smell of tar and salt was something new. I saw the most wonderful figureheads, that had all been far over the ocean. I saw, besides, many old sailors, with rings in their ears, and whiskers curled in ringlets, and tarry pigtails, and their swaggering, clumsy sea-walk; and if I had seen as many kings or archbishops I could not have been more delighted. And I was going to sea myself, to sea in a schooner, with a piping boatswain and pig-tailed singing seamen, to sea, bound for an unknown island, and to seek for buried treasure! While I was still in this delightful dream, we came suddenly in front of a large inn and met Squire Trelawney, all dressed out like a sea-officer, in stout blue cloth, coming out of the door with a smile on his face and a capital imitation of a sailor's walk. "Here you are," he cried, "and the doctor came last night from London. Bravo! The ship's company complete!" "Oh, sir," cried I, "when do we sail?" "Sail!" says he. "We sail tomorrow!" 8 At the Sign of the Spy-glass HEN I had done breakfasting the squire gave me a note addressed to John Silver, at the sign of the Spy-glass, and told me I should easily find the place by following the line of the docks and keeping a bright lookout for a little tavern with a large brass telescope for sign. I set off, overjoyed at this opportunity to see some more of the ships and seamen, and picked my way among a great crowd of people and carts and bales, for the dock was now at its busiest, until I found the tavern in question. It was a bright enough little place of entertainment. The sign was newly painted; the windows had neat red curtains; the floor was cleanly sanded. There was a street on each side and an open door on both, which made the large, low room pretty clear to see in, in spite of clouds of tobacco smoke. The customers were mostly seafaring men, and they talked so loudly that I hung at the door, almost afraid to enter. As I was waiting, a man came out of a side room, and at a glance I was sure he must be Long John. His left leg was cut off close by the hip, and under the left shoulder he carried a crutch, which he managed with wonderful dexterity, hopping about upon it like a bird. He was very tall and strong, with a face as big as a ham—plain and pale, but intelligent and smiling. Indeed, he seemed in the most cheerful spirits, whistling as he moved about among the tables, with a merry word or a slap on the shoulder for the more favoured of his guests. Now, to tell you the truth, from the very first mention of Long John in Squire Trelawney's letter I had taken a fear in my mind that he might prove to be the very one-legged sailor whom I had watched for so long at the old Benbow. But one look at the man before me was enough. I had seen the captain, and Black Dog, and the blind man, Pew, and I thought I knew what a buccaneer was like—a very different creature, according to me, from this clean and pleasant-tempered landlord. I plucked up courage at once, crossed the threshold, and walked right up to the man where he stood, propped on his crutch, talking to a customer. "Mr. Silver, sir?" I asked, holding out the note. "Yes, my lad," said he; "such is my name, to be sure. And who may you be?" And then as he saw the squire's letter, he seemed to me to give something almost like a start. "Oh!" said he, quite loud, and offering his hand. "I see. You are our new cabin-boy; pleased I am to see you." And he took my hand in his large firm grasp. Just then one of the customers at the far side rose suddenly and made for the door. It was close by him, and he was out in the street in a moment. But his hurry had attracted my notice, and I recognized him at glance. It was the tallow-faced man, wanting two fingers, who had come first to the Admiral Benbow. "Oh," I cried, "stop him! It's Black Dog!" "I don't care two coppers who he is," cried Silver. "But he hasn't paid his score. Harry, run and catch him." One of the others who was nearest the door leaped up and started in pursuit. "If he were Admiral Hawke he shall pay his score," cried Silver; and then, relinquishing my hand, "Who did you say he was?" he asked. "Black what?" "Dog, sir," said I. "Has Mr. Trelawney not told you of the buccaneers? He was one of them." "So?" cried Silver. "In my house! Ben, run and help Harry. One of those swabs, was he? Was that you drinking with him, Morgan? Step up here." The man whom he called Morgan—an old, grey-haired, mahogany-faced sailor—came forward pretty sheepishly, rolling his quid. "Now, Morgan," said Long John very sternly, "you never clapped your eyes on that Black—Black Dog before, did you, now?" "Not I, sir," said Morgan with a salute. "You didn't know his name, did you?" "No, sir." "By the powers, Tom Morgan, it's as good for you!" exclaimed the landlord. "If you had been mixed up with the like of that, you would never have put another foot in my house, you may lay to that. And what was he saying to you?" "I don't rightly know, sir," answered Morgan. "Do you call that a head on your shoulders, or a blessed dead-eye?" cried Long John. "Don't rightly know, don't you! Perhaps you don't happen to rightly know who you was speaking to, perhaps? Come, now, what was he jawing—v'yages, cap'ns, ships? Pipe up! What was it?" "We was a-talkin' of keel-hauling," answered Morgan. "Keel-hauling, was you? And a mighty suitable thing, too, and you may lay to that. Get back to your place for a lubber, Tom." And then, as Morgan rolled back to his seat, Silver added to me in a confidential whisper that was very flattering, as I thought, "He's quite an honest man, Tom Morgan, on'y stupid. And now," he ran on again, aloud, "let's see—Black Dog? No, I don't know the name, not I. Yet I kind of think I've—yes, I've seen the swab. He used to come here with a blind beggar, he used." "That he did, you may be sure," said I. "I knew that blind man too. His name was Pew." "It was!" cried Silver, now quite excited. "Pew! That were his name for certain. Ah, he looked a shark, he did! If we run down this Black Dog, now, there'll be news for Cap'n Trelawney! Ben's a good runner; few seamen run better than Ben. He should run him down, hand over hand, by the powers! He talked o' keel-hauling, did he? I'll keel-haul him!" All the time he was jerking out these phrases he was stumping up and down the tavern on his crutch, slapping tables with his hand, and giving such a show of excitement as would have convinced an Old Bailey judge or a Bow Street runner. My suspicions had been thoroughly reawakened on finding Black Dog at the Spy-glass, and I watched the cook narrowly. But he was too deep, and too ready, and too clever for me, and by the time the two men had come back out of breath and confessed that they had lost the track in a crowd, and been scolded like thieves, I would have gone bail for the innocence of Long John Silver. "See here, now, Hawkins," said he, "here's a blessed hard thing on a man like me, now, ain't it? There's Cap'n Trelawney—what's he to think? Here I have this confounded son of a Dutchman sitting in my own house drinking of my own rum! Here you comes and tells me of it plain; and here I let him give us all the slip before my blessed deadlights! Now, Hawkins, you do me justice with the cap'n. You're a lad, you are, but you're as smart as paint. I see that when you first come in. Now, here it is: What could I do, with this old timber I hobble on? When I was an A B master mariner I'd have come up alongside of him, hand over hand, and broached him to in a brace of old shakes, I would; but now—" And then, all of a sudden, he stopped, and his jaw dropped as though he had remembered something. "The score!" he burst out. "Three goes o' rum! Why, shiver my timbers, if I hadn't forgotten my score!" And falling on a bench, he laughed until the tears ran down his cheeks. I could not help joining, and we laughed together, peal after peal, until the tavern rang again. "Why, what a precious old sea-calf I am!" he said at last, wiping his cheeks. "You and me should get on well, Hawkins, for I'll take my davy I should be rated ship's boy. But come now, stand by to go about. This won't do. Dooty is dooty, messmates. I'll put on my old cockerel hat, and step along of you to Cap'n Trelawney, and report this here affair. For mind you, it's serious, young Hawkins; and neither you nor me's come out of it with what I should make so bold as to call credit. Nor you neither, says you; not smart—none of the pair of us smart. But dash my buttons! That was a good un about my score." And he began to laugh again, and that so heartily, that though I did not see the joke as he did, I was again obliged to join him in his mirth. On our little walk along the quays, he made himself the most interesting companion, telling me about the different ships that we passed by, their rig, tonnage, and nationality, explaining the work that was going forward—how one was discharging, another taking in cargo, and a third making ready for sea—and every now and then telling me some little anecdote of ships or seamen or repeating a nautical phrase till I had learned it perfectly. I began to see that here was one of the best of possible shipmates. When we got to the inn, the squire and Dr. Livesey were seated together, finishing a quart of ale with a toast in it, before they should go aboard the schooner on a visit of inspection. Long John told the story from first to last, with a great deal of spirit and the most perfect truth. "That was how it were, now, weren't it, Hawkins?" he would say, now and again, and I could always bear him entirely out. The two gentlemen regretted that Black Dog had got away, but we all agreed there was nothing to be done, and after he had been complimented, Long John took up his crutch and departed. "All hands aboard by four this afternoon," shouted the squire after him. "Aye, aye, sir," cried the cook, in the passage. "Well, squire," said Dr. Livesey, "I don't put much faith in your discoveries, as a general thing; but I will say this, John Silver suits me." "The man's a perfect trump," declared the squire. "And now," added the doctor, "Jim may come on board with us, may he not?" "To be sure he may," says squire. "Take your hat, Hawkins, and we'll see the ship." 9 Powder and Arms HE Hispaniola lay some way out, and we went under the figureheads and round the sterns of many other ships, and their cables sometimes grated underneath our keel, and sometimes swung above us. At last, however, we got alongside, and were met and saluted as we stepped aboard by the mate, Mr. Arrow, a brown old sailor with earrings in his ears and a squint. He and the squire were very thick and friendly, but I soon observed that things were not the same between Mr. Trelawney and the captain. This last was a sharp-looking man who seemed angry with everything on board and was soon to tell us why, for we had hardly got down into the cabin when a sailor followed us. "Captain Smollett, sir, axing to speak with you," said he. "I am always at the captain's orders. Show him in," said the squire. The captain, who was close behind his messenger, entered at once and shut the door behind him. "Well, Captain Smollett, what have you to say? All well, I hope; all shipshape and seaworthy?" "Well, sir," said the captain, "better speak plain, I believe, even at the risk of offence. I don't like this cruise; I don't like the men; and I don't like my officer. That's short and sweet." "Perhaps, sir, you don't like the ship?" inquired the squire, very angry, as I could see. "I can't speak as to that, sir, not having seen her tried," said the captain. "She seems a clever craft; more I can't say." "Possibly, sir, you may not like your employer, either?" says the squire. But here Dr. Livesey cut in. "Stay a bit," said he, "stay a bit. No use of such questions as that but to produce ill feeling. The captain has said too much or he has said too little, and I'm bound to say that I require an explanation of his words. You don't, you say, like this cruise. Now, why?" "I was engaged, sir, on what we call sealed orders, to sail this ship for that gentleman where he should bid me," said the captain. "So far so good. But now I find that every man before the mast knows more than I do. I don't call that fair, now, do you?" "No," said Dr. Livesey, "I don't." "Next," said the captain, "I learn we are going after treasure—hear it from my own hands, mind you. Now, treasure is ticklish work; I don't like treasure voyages on any account, and I don't like them, above all, when they are secret and when (begging your pardon, Mr. Trelawney) the secret has been told to the parrot." "Silver's parrot?" asked the squire. "It's a way of speaking," said the captain. "Blabbed, I mean. It's my belief neither of you gentlemen know what you are about, but I'll tell you my way of it—life or death, and a close run." "That is all clear, and, I dare say, true enough," replied Dr. Livesey. "We take the risk, but we are not so ignorant as you believe us. Next, you say you don't like the crew. Are they not good seamen?" "I don't like them, sir," returned Captain Smollett. "And I think I should have had the choosing of my own hands, if you go to that." "Perhaps you should," replied the doctor. "My friend should, perhaps, have taken you along with him; but the slight, if there be one, was unintentional. And you don't like Mr. Arrow?" "I don't, sir. I believe he's a good seaman, but he's too free with the crew to be a good officer. A mate should keep himself to himself—shouldn't drink with the men before the mast!" "Do you mean he drinks?" cried the squire. "No, sir," replied the captain, "only that he's too familiar." "Well, now, and the short and long of it, captain?" asked the doctor. "Tell us what you want." "Well, gentlemen, are you determined to go on this cruise?" "Like iron," answered the squire. "Very good," said the captain. "Then, as you've heard me very patiently, saying things that I could not prove, hear me a few words more. They are putting the powder and the arms in the fore hold. Now, you have a good place under the cabin; why not put them there?—first point. Then, you are bringing four of your own people with you, and they tell me some of them are to be berthed forward. Why not give them the berths here beside the cabin?—second point." "Any more?" asked Mr. Trelawney. "One more," said the captain. "There's been too much blabbing already." "Far too much," agreed the doctor. "I'll tell you what I've heard myself," continued Captain Smollett: "that you have a map of an island, that there's crosses on the map to show where treasure is, and that the island lies—" And then he named the latitude and longitude exactly. "I never told that," cried the squire, "to a soul!" "The hands know it, sir," returned the captain. "Livesey, that must have been you or Hawkins," cried the squire. "It doesn't much matter who it was," replied the doctor. And I could see that neither he nor the captain paid much regard to Mr. Trelawney's protestations. Neither did I, to be sure, he was so loose a talker; yet in this case I believe he was really right and that nobody had told the situation of the island. "Well, gentlemen," continued the captain, "I don't know who has this map; but I make it a point, it shall be kept secret even from me and Mr. Arrow. Otherwise I would ask you to let me resign." "I see," said the doctor. "You wish us to keep this matter dark and to make a garrison of the stern part of the ship, manned with my friend's own people, and provided with all the arms and powder on board. In other words, you fear a mutiny." "Sir," said Captain Smollett, "with no intention to take offence, I deny your right to put words into my mouth. No captain, sir, would be justified in going to sea at all if he had ground enough to say that. As for Mr. Arrow, I believe him thoroughly honest; some of the men are the same; all may be for what I know. But I am responsible for the ship's safety and the life of every man Jack aboard of her. I see things going, as I think, not quite right. And I ask you to take certain precautions or let me resign my berth. And that's all." "Captain Smollett," began the doctor with a smile, "did ever you hear the fable of the mountain and the mouse? You'll excuse me, I dare say, but you remind me of that fable. When you came in here, I'll stake my wig, you meant more than this." "Doctor," said the captain, "you are smart. When I came in here I meant to get discharged. I had no thought that Mr. Trelawney would hear a word." "No more I would," cried the squire. "Had Livesey not been here I should have seen you to the deuce. As it is, I have heard you. I will do as you desire, but I think the worse of you." "That's as you please, sir," said the captain. "You'll find I do my duty." And with that he took his leave. "Trelawney," said the doctor, "contrary to all my notions, I believed you have managed to get two honest men on board with you—that man and John Silver." "Silver, if you like," cried the squire; "but as for that intolerable humbug, I declare I think his conduct unmanly, unsailorly, and downright un-English." "Well," says the doctor, "we shall see." When we came on deck, the men had begun already to take out the arms and powder, yo-ho-ing at their work, while the captain and Mr. Arrow stood by superintending. The new arrangement was quite to my liking. The whole schooner had been overhauled; six berths had been made astern out of what had been the after-part of the main hold; and this set of cabins was only joined to the galley and forecastle by a sparred passage on the port side. It had been originally meant that the captain, Mr. Arrow, Hunter, Joyce, the doctor, and the squire were to occupy these six berths. Now Redruth and I were to get two of them and Mr. Arrow and the captain were to sleep on deck in the companion, which had been enlarged on each side till you might almost have called it a round-house. Very low it was still, of course; but there was room to swing two hammocks, and even the mate seemed pleased with the arrangement. Even he, perhaps, had been doubtful as to the crew, but that is only guess, for as you shall hear, we had not long the benefit of his opinion. We were all hard at work, changing the powder and the berths, when the last man or two, and Long John along with them, came off in a shore-boat. The cook came up the side like a monkey for cleverness, and as soon as he saw what was doing, "So ho, mates!" says he. "What's this?" "We're a-changing of the powder, Jack," answers one. "Why, by the powers," cried Long John, "if we do, we'll miss the morning tide!" "My orders!" said the captain shortly. "You may go below, my man. Hands will want supper." "Aye, aye, sir," answered the cook, and touching his forelock, he disappeared at once in the direction of his galley. "That's a good man, captain," said the doctor. "Very likely, sir," replied Captain Smollett. "Easy with that, men—easy," he ran on, to the fellows who were shifting the powder; and then suddenly observing me examining the swivel we carried amidships, a long brass nine, "Here you, ship's boy," he cried, "out o' that! Off with you to the cook and get some work." And then as I was hurrying off I heard him say, quite loudly, to the doctor, "I'll have no favourites on my ship." I assure you I was quite of the squire's way of thinking, and hated the captain deeply. 10 The Voyage LL that night we were in a great bustle getting things stowed in their place, and boatfuls of the squire's friends, Mr. Blandly and the like, coming off to wish him a good voyage and a safe return. We never had a night at the Admiral Benbow when I had half the work; and I was dog-tired when, a little before dawn, the boatswain sounded his pipe and the crew began to man the capstan-bars. I might have been twice as weary, yet I would not have left the deck, all was so new and interesting to me—the brief commands, the shrill note of the whistle, the men bustling to their places in the glimmer of the ship's lanterns. "Now, Barbecue, tip us a stave," cried one voice. "The old one," cried another. "Aye, aye, mates," said Long John, who was standing by, with his crutch under his arm, and at once broke out in the air and words I knew so well: "Fifteen men on the dead man's chest—" And then the whole crew bore chorus:— "Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!" And at the third "Ho!" drove the bars before them with a will. Even at that exciting moment it carried me back to the old Admiral Benbow in a second, and I seemed to hear the voice of the captain piping in the chorus. But soon the anchor was short up; soon it was hanging dripping at the bows; soon the sails began to draw, and the land and shipping to flit by on either side; and before I could lie down to snatch an hour of slumber the Hispaniola had begun her voyage to the Isle of Treasure. I am not going to relate that voyage in detail. It was fairly prosperous. The ship proved to be a good ship, the crew were capable seamen, and the captain thoroughly understood his business. But before we came the length of Treasure Island, two or three things had happened which require to be known. Mr. Arrow, first of all, turned out even worse than the captain had feared. He had no command among the men, and people did what they pleased with him. But that was by no means the worst of it, for after a day or two at sea he began to appear on deck with hazy eye, red cheeks, stuttering tongue, and other marks of drunkenness. Time after time he was ordered below in disgrace. Sometimes he fell and cut himself; sometimes he lay all day long in his little bunk at one side of the companion; sometimes for a day or two he would be almost sober and attend to his work at least passably. In the meantime, we could never make out where he got the drink. That was the ship's mystery. Watch him as we pleased, we could do nothing to solve it; and when we asked him to his face, he would only laugh if he were drunk, and if he were sober deny solemnly that he ever tasted anything but water. He was not only useless as an officer and a bad influence amongst the men, but it was plain that at this rate he must soon kill himself outright, so nobody was much surprised, nor very sorry, when one dark night, with a head sea, he disappeared entirely and was seen no more. "Overboard!" said the captain. "Well, gentlemen, that saves the trouble of putting him in irons." But there we were, without a mate; and it was necessary, of course, to advance one of the men. The boatswain, Job Anderson, was the likeliest man aboard, and though he kept his old title, he served in a way as mate. Mr. Trelawney had followed the sea, and his knowledge made him very useful, for he often took a watch himself in easy weather. And the coxswain, Israel Hands, was a careful, wily, old, experienced seaman who could be trusted at a pinch with almost anything. He was a great confidant of Long John Silver, and so the mention of his name leads me on to speak of our ship's cook, Barbecue, as the men called him. Aboard ship he carried his crutch by a lanyard round his neck, to have both hands as free as possible. It was something to see him wedge the foot of the crutch against a bulkhead, and propped against it, yielding to every movement of the ship, get on with his cooking like someone safe ashore. Still more strange was it to see him in the heaviest of weather cross the deck. He had a line or two rigged up to help him across the widest spaces—Long John's earrings, they were called; and he would hand himself from one place to another, now using the crutch, now trailing it alongside by the lanyard, as quickly as another man could walk. Yet some of the men who had sailed with him before expressed their pity to see him so reduced. "He's no common man, Barbecue," said the coxswain to me. "He had good schooling in his young days and can speak like a book when so minded; and brave—a lion's nothing alongside of Long John! I seen him grapple four and knock their heads together—him unarmed." All the crew respected and even obeyed him. He had a way of talking to each and doing everybody some particular service. To me he was unweariedly kind, and always glad to see me in the galley, which he kept as clean as a new pin, the dishes hanging up burnished and his parrot in a cage in one corner. "Come away, Hawkins," he would say; "come and have a yarn with John. Nobody more welcome than yourself, my son. Sit you down and hear the news. Here's Cap'n Flint—I calls my parrot Cap'n Flint, after the famous buccaneer—here's Cap'n Flint predicting success to our v'yage. Wasn't you, cap'n?" And the parrot would say, with great rapidity, "Pieces of eight! Pieces of eight! Pieces of eight!" till you wondered that it was not out of breath, or till John threw his handkerchief over the cage. "Now, that bird," he would say, "is, maybe, two hundred years old, Hawkins—they live forever mostly; and if anybody's seen more wickedness, it must be the devil himself. She's sailed with England, the great Cap'n England, the pirate. She's been at Madagascar, and at Malabar, and Surinam, and Providence, and Portobello. She was at the fishing up of the wrecked plate ships. It's there she learned 'Pieces of eight,' and little wonder; three hundred and fifty thousand of 'em, Hawkins! She was at the boarding of the viceroy of the Indies out of Goa, she was; and to look at her you would think she was a babby. But you smelt powder—didn't you, cap'n?" "Stand by to go about," the parrot would scream. "Ah, she's a handsome craft, she is," the cook would say, and give her sugar from his pocket, and then the bird would peck at the bars and swear straight on, passing belief for wickedness. "There," John would add, "you can't touch pitch and not be mucked, lad. Here's this poor old innocent bird o' mine swearing blue fire, and none the wiser, you may lay to that. She would swear the same, in a manner of speaking, before chaplain." And John would touch his forelock with a solemn way he had that made me think he was the best of men. In the meantime, the squire and Captain Smollett were still on pretty distant terms with one another. The squire made no bones about the matter; he despised the captain. The captain, on his part, never spoke but when he was spoken to, and then sharp and short and dry, and not a word wasted. He owned, when driven into a corner, that he seemed to have been wrong about the crew, that some of them were as brisk as he wanted to see and all had behaved fairly well. As for the ship, he had taken a downright fancy to her. "She'll lie a point nearer the wind than a man has a right to expect of his own married wife, sir. But," he would add, "all I say is, we're not home again, and I don't like the cruise." The squire, at this, would turn away and march up and down the deck, chin in air. "A trifle more of that man," he would say, "and I shall explode." We had some heavy weather, which only proved the qualities of the Hispaniola. Every man on board seemed well content, and they must have been hard to please if they had been otherwise, for it is my belief there was never a ship's company so spoiled since Noah put to sea. Double grog was going on the least excuse; there was duff on odd days, as, for instance, if the squire heard it was any man's birthday, and always a barrel of apples standing broached in the waist for anyone to help himself that had a fancy. "Never knew good come of it yet," the captain said to Dr. Livesey. "Spoil forecastle hands, make devils. That's my belief." But good did come of the apple barrel, as you shall hear, for if it had not been for that, we should have had no note of warning and might all have perished by the hand of treachery. This was how it came about. We had run up the trades to get the wind of the island we were after—I am not allowed to be more plain—and now we were running down for it with a bright lookout day and night. It was about the last day of our outward voyage by the largest computation; some time that night, or at latest before noon of the morrow, we should sight the Treasure Island. We were heading S.S.W. and had a steady breeze abeam and a quiet sea. The Hispaniola rolled steadily, dipping her bowsprit now and then with a whiff of spray. All was drawing alow and aloft; everyone was in the bravest spirits because we were now so near an end of the first part of our adventure. Now, just after sundown, when all my work was over and I was on my way to my berth, it occurred to me that I should like an apple. I ran on deck. The watch was all forward looking out for the island. The man at the helm was watching the luff of the sail and whistling away gently to himself, and that was the only sound excepting the swish of the sea against the bows and around the sides of the ship. In I got bodily into the apple barrel, and found there was scarce an apple left; but sitting down there in the dark, what with the sound of the waters and the rocking movement of the ship, I had either fallen asleep or was on the point of doing so when a heavy man sat down with rather a clash close by. The barrel shook as he leaned his shoulders against it, and I was just about to jump up when the man began to speak. It was Silver's voice, and before I had heard a dozen words, I would not have shown myself for all the world, but lay there, trembling and listening, in the extreme of fear and curiosity, for from these dozen words I understood that the lives of all the honest men aboard depended upon me alone. 11 What I Heard in the Apple Barrel O, not I," said Silver. "Flint was cap'n; I was quartermaster, along of my timber leg. The same broadside I lost my leg, old Pew lost his deadlights. It was a master surgeon, him that ampytated me—out of college and all—Latin by the bucket, and what not; but he was hanged like a dog, and sun-dried like the rest, at Corso Castle. That was Roberts' men, that was, and comed of changing names to their ships—Royal Fortune and so on. Now, what a ship was christened, so let her stay, I says. So it was with the Cassandra, as brought us all safe home from Malabar, after England took the viceroy of the Indies; so it was with the old Walrus, Flint's old ship, as I've seen amuck with the red blood and fit to sink with gold." "Ah!" cried another voice, that of the youngest hand on board, and evidently full of admiration. "He was the flower of the flock, was Flint!" "Davis was a man too, by all accounts," said Silver. "I never sailed along of him; first with England, then with Flint, that's my story; and now here on my own account, in a manner of speaking. I laid by nine hundred safe, from England, and two thousand after Flint. That ain't bad for a man before the mast—all safe in bank. 'Tain't earning now, it's saving does it, you may lay to that. Where's all England's men now? I dunno. Where's Flint's? Why, most on 'em aboard here, and glad to get the duff—been begging before that, some on 'em. Old Pew, as had lost his sight, and might have thought shame, spends twelve hundred pound in a year, like a lord in Parliament. Where is he now? Well, he's dead now and under hatches; but for two year before that, shiver my timbers, the man was starving! He begged, and he stole, and he cut throats, and starved at that, by the powers!" "Well, it ain't much use, after all," said the young seaman. "'Tain't much use for fools, you may lay to it—that, nor nothing," cried Silver. "But now, you look here: you're young, you are, but you're as smart as paint. I see that when I set my eyes on you, and I'll talk to you like a man." You may imagine how I felt when I heard this abominable old rogue addressing another in the very same words of flattery as he had used to myself. I think, if I had been able, that I would have killed him through the barrel. Meantime, he ran on, little supposing he was overheard. "Here it is about gentlemen of fortune. They lives rough, and they risk swinging, but they eat and drink like fighting-cocks, and when a cruise is done, why, it's hundreds of pounds instead of hundreds of farthings in their pockets. Now, the most goes for rum and a good fling, and to sea again in their shirts. But that's not the course I lay. I puts it all away, some here, some there, and none too much anywheres, by reason of suspicion. I'm fifty, mark you; once back from this cruise, I set up gentleman in earnest. Time enough too, says you. Ah, but I've lived easy in the meantime, never denied myself o' nothing heart desires, and slep' soft and ate dainty all my days but when at sea. And how did I begin? Before the mast, like you!" "Well," said the other, "but all the other money's gone now, ain't it? You daren't show face in Bristol after this." "Why, where might you suppose it was?" asked Silver derisively. "At Bristol, in banks and places," answered his companion. "It were," said the cook; "it were when we weighed anchor. But my old missis has it all by now. And the Spy-glass is sold, lease and goodwill and rigging; and the old girl's off to meet me. I would tell you where, for I trust you, but it'd make jealousy among the mates." "And can you trust your missis?" asked the other. "Gentlemen of fortune," returned the cook, "usually trusts little among themselves, and right they are, you may lay to it. But I have a way with me, I have. When a mate brings a slip on his cable—one as knows me, I mean—it won't be in the same world with old John. There was some that was feared of Pew, and some that was feared of Flint; but Flint his own self was feared of me. Feared he was, and proud. They was the roughest crew afloat, was Flint's; the devil himself would have been feared to go to sea with them. Well now, I tell you, I'm not a boasting man, and you seen yourself how easy I keep company, but when I was quartermaster, lambs wasn't the word for Flint's old buccaneers. Ah, you may be sure of yourself in old John's ship." "Well, I tell you now," replied the lad, "I didn't half a quarter like the job till I had this talk with you, John; but there's my hand on it now." "And a brave lad you were, and smart too," answered Silver, shaking hands so heartily that all the barrel shook, "and a finer figurehead for a gentleman of fortune I never clapped my eyes on." By this time I had begun to understand the meaning of their terms. By a "gentleman of fortune" they plainly meant neither more nor less than a common pirate, and the little scene that I had overheard was the last act in the corruption of one of the honest hands—perhaps of the last one left aboard. But on this point I was soon to be relieved, for Silver giving a little whistle, a third man strolled up and sat down by the party. "Dick's square," said Silver. "Oh, I know'd Dick was square," returned the voice of the coxswain, Israel Hands. "He's no fool, is Dick." And he turned his quid and spat. "But look here," he went on, "here's what I want to know, Barbecue: how long are we a-going to stand off and on like a blessed bumboat? I've had a'most enough o' Cap'n Smollett; he's hazed me long enough, by thunder! I want to go into that cabin, I do. I want their pickles and wines, and that." "Israel," said Silver, "your head ain't much account, nor ever was. But you're able to hear, I reckon; leastways, your ears is big enough. Now, here's what I say: you'll berth forward, and you'll live hard, and you'll speak soft, and you'll keep sober till I give the word; and you may lay to that, my son." "Well, I don't say no, do I?" growled the coxswain. "What I say is, when? That's what I say." "When! By the powers!" cried Silver. "Well now, if you want to know, I'll tell you when. The last moment I can manage, and that's when. Here's a first-rate seaman, Cap'n Smollett, sails the blessed ship for us. Here's this squire and doctor with a map and such—I don't know where it is, do I? No more do you, says you. Well then, I mean this squire and doctor shall find the stuff, and help us to get it aboard, by the powers. Then we'll see. If I was sure of you all, sons of double Dutchmen, I'd have Cap'n Smollett navigate us half-way back again before I struck." "Why, we're all seamen aboard here, I should think," said the lad Dick. "We're all forecastle hands, you mean," snapped Silver. "We can steer a course, but who's to set one? That's what all you gentlemen split on, first and last. If I had my way, I'd have Cap'n Smollett work us back into the trades at least; then we'd have no blessed miscalculations and a spoonful of water a day. But I know the sort you are. I'll finish with 'em at the island, as soon's the blunt's on board, and a pity it is. But you're never happy till you're drunk. Split my sides, I've a sick heart to sail with the likes of you!" "Easy all, Long John," cried Israel. "Who's a-crossin' of you?" "Why, how many tall ships, think ye, now, have I seen laid aboard? And how many brisk lads drying in the sun at Execution Dock?" cried Silver. "And all for this same hurry and hurry and hurry. You hear me? I seen a thing or two at sea, I have. If you would on'y lay your course, and a p'int to windward, you would ride in carriages, you would. But not you! I know you. You'll have your mouthful of rum tomorrow, and go hang." "Everybody knowed you was a kind of a chapling, John; but there's others as could hand and steer as well as you," said Israel. "They liked a bit o' fun, they did. They wasn't so high and dry, nohow, but took their fling, like jolly companions every one." "So?" says Silver. "Well, and where are they now? Pew was that sort, and he died a beggar-man. Flint was, and he died of rum at Savannah. Ah, they was a sweet crew, they was! On'y, where are they?" "But," asked Dick, "when we do lay 'em athwart, what are we to do with 'em, anyhow?" "There's the man for me!" cried the cook admiringly. "That's what I call business. Well, what would you think? Put 'em ashore like maroons? That would have been England's way. Or cut 'em down like that much pork? That would have been Flint's, or Billy Bones's." "Billy was the man for that," said Israel. "'Dead men don't bite,' says he. Well, he's dead now hisself; he knows the long and short on it now; and if ever a rough hand come to port, it was Billy." "Right you are," said Silver; "rough and ready. But mark you here, I'm an easy man—I'm quite the gentleman, says you; but this time it's serious. Dooty is dooty, mates. I give my vote—death. When I'm in Parlyment and riding in my coach, I don't want none of these sea-lawyers in the cabin a-coming home, unlooked for, like the devil at prayers. Wait is what I say; but when the time comes, why, let her rip!" "John," cries the coxswain, "you're a man!" "You'll say so, Israel when you see," said Silver. "Only one thing I claim—I claim Trelawney. I'll wring his calf's head off his body with these hands, Dick!" he added, breaking off. "You just jump up, like a sweet lad, and get me an apple, to wet my pipe like." You may fancy the terror I was in! I should have leaped out and run for it if I had found the strength, but my limbs and heart alike misgave me. I heard Dick begin to rise, and then someone seemingly stopped him, and the voice of Hands exclaimed, "Oh, stow that! Don't you get sucking of that bilge, John. Let's have a go of the rum." "Dick," said Silver, "I trust you. I've a gauge on the keg, mind. There's the key; you fill a pannikin and bring it up." Terrified as I was, I could not help thinking to myself that this must have been how Mr. Arrow got the strong waters that destroyed him. Dick was gone but a little while, and during his absence Israel spoke straight on in the cook's ear. It was but a word or two that I could catch, and yet I gathered some important news, for besides other scraps that tended to the same purpose, this whole clause was audible: "Not another man of them'll jine." Hence there were still faithful men on board. When Dick returned, one after another of the trio took the pannikin and drank—one "To luck," another with a "Here's to old Flint," and Silver himself saying, in a kind of song, "Here's to ourselves, and hold your luff, plenty of prizes and plenty of duff." Just then a sort of brightness fell upon me in the barrel, and looking up, I found the moon had risen and was silvering the mizzen-top and shining white on the luff of the fore-sail; and almost at the same time the voice of the lookout shouted, "Land ho!" 12 Council of War HERE was a great rush of feet across the deck. I could hear people tumbling up from the cabin and the forecastle, and slipping in an instant outside my barrel, I dived behind the fore-sail, made a double towards the stern, and came out upon the open deck in time to join Hunter and Dr. Livesey in the rush for the weather bow. There all hands were already congregated. A belt of fog had lifted almost simultaneously with the appearance of the moon. Away to the south-west of us we saw two low hills, about a couple of miles apart, and rising behind one of them a third and higher hill, whose peak was still buried in the fog. All three seemed sharp and conical in figure. So much I saw, almost in a dream, for I had not yet recovered from my horrid fear of a minute or two before. And then I heard the voice of Captain Smollett issuing orders. The Hispaniola was laid a couple of points nearer the wind and now sailed a course that would just clear the island on the east. "And now, men," said the captain, when all was sheeted home, "has any one of you ever seen that land ahead?" "I have, sir," said Silver. "I've watered there with a trader I was cook in." "The anchorage is on the south, behind an islet, I fancy?" asked the captain. "Yes, sir; Skeleton Island they calls it. It were a main place for pirates once, and a hand we had on board knowed all their names for it. That hill to the nor'ard they calls the Fore-mast Hill; there are three hills in a row running south'ard—fore, main, and mizzen, sir. But the main—that's the big un, with the cloud on it—they usually calls the Spy-glass, by reason of a lookout they kept when they was in the anchorage cleaning, for it's there they cleaned their ships, sir, asking your pardon." "I have a chart here," says Captain Smollett. "See if that's the place." Long John's eyes burned in his head as he took the chart, but by the fresh look of the paper I knew he was doomed to disappointment. This was not the map we found in Billy Bones's chest, but an accurate copy, complete in all things—names and heights and soundings—with the single exception of the red crosses and the written notes. Sharp as must have been his annoyance, Silver had the strength of mind to hide it. "Yes, sir," said he, "this is the spot, to be sure, and very prettily drawed out. Who might have done that, I wonder? The pirates were too ignorant, I reckon. Aye, here it is: 'Capt. Kidd's Anchorage'—just the name my shipmate called it. There's a strong current runs along the south, and then away nor'ard up the west coast. Right you was, sir," says he, "to haul your wind and keep the weather of the island. Leastways, if such was your intention as to enter and careen, and there ain't no better place for that in these waters." "Thank you, my man," says Captain Smollett. "I'll ask you later on to give us a help. You may go." I was surprised at the coolness with which John avowed his knowledge of the island, and I own I was half-frightened when I saw him drawing nearer to myself. He did not know, to be sure, that I had overheard his council from the apple barrel, and yet I had by this time taken such a horror of his cruelty, duplicity, and power that I could scarce conceal a shudder when he laid his hand upon my arm. "Ah," says he, "this here is a sweet spot, this island—a sweet spot for a lad to get ashore on. You'll bathe, and you'll climb trees, and you'll hunt goats, you will; and you'll get aloft on them hills like a goat yourself. Why, it makes me young again. I was going to forget my timber leg, I was. It's a pleasant thing to be young and have ten toes, and you may lay to that. When you want to go a bit of exploring, you just ask old John, and he'll put up a snack for you to take along." And clapping me in the friendliest way upon the shoulder, he hobbled off forward and went below. Captain Smollett, the squire, and Dr. Livesey were talking together on the quarter-deck, and anxious as I was to tell them my story, I durst not interrupt them openly. While I was still casting about in my thoughts to find some probable excuse, Dr. Livesey called me to his side. He had left his pipe below, and being a slave to tobacco, had meant that I should fetch it; but as soon as I was near enough to speak and not to be overheard, I broke immediately, "Doctor, let me speak. Get the captain and squire down to the cabin, and then make some pretence to send for me. I have terrible news." The doctor changed countenance a little, but next moment he was master of himself. "Thank you, Jim," said he quite loudly, "that was all I wanted to know," as if he had asked me a question. And with that he turned on his heel and rejoined the other two. They spoke together for a little, and though none of them started, or raised his voice, or so much as whistled, it was plain enough that Dr. Livesey had communicated my request, for the next thing that I heard was the captain giving an order to Job Anderson, and all hands were piped on deck. "My lads," said Captain Smollett, "I've a word to say to you. This land that we have sighted is the place we have been sailing for. Mr. Trelawney, being a very open-handed gentleman, as we all know, has just asked me a word or two, and as I was able to tell him that every man on board had done his duty, alow and aloft, as I never ask to see it done better, why, he and I and the doctor are going below to the cabin to drink your health and luck, and you'll have grog served out for you to drink our health and luck. I'll tell you what I think of this: I think it handsome. And if you think as I do, you'll give a good sea-cheer for the gentleman that does it." The cheer followed—that was a matter of course; but it rang out so full and hearty that I confess I could hardly believe these same men were plotting for our blood. "One more cheer for Cap'n Smollett," cried Long John when the first had subsided. And this also was given with a will. On the top of that the three gentlemen went below, and not long after, word was sent forward that Jim Hawkins was wanted in the cabin. I found them all three seated round the table, a bottle of Spanish wine and some raisins before them, and the doctor smoking away, with his wig on his lap, and that, I knew, was a sign that he was agitated. The stern window was open, for it was a warm night, and you could see the moon shining behind on the ship's wake. "Now, Hawkins," said the squire, "you have something to say. Speak up." I did as I was bid, and as short as I could make it, told the whole details of Silver's conversation. Nobody interrupted me till I was done, nor did any one of the three of them make so much as a movement, but they kept their eyes upon my face from first to last. "Jim," said Dr. Livesey, "take a seat." And they made me sit down at table beside them, poured me out a glass of wine, filled my hands with raisins, and all three, one after the other, and each with a bow, drank my good health, and their service to me, for my luck and courage. "Now, captain," said the squire, "you were right, and I was wrong. I own myself an ass, and I await your orders." "No more an ass than I, sir," returned the captain. "I never heard of a crew that meant to mutiny but what showed signs before, for any man that had an eye in his head to see the mischief and take steps according. But this crew," he added, "beats me." "Captain," said the doctor, "with your permission, that's Silver. A very remarkable man." "He'd look remarkably well from a yard-arm, sir," returned the captain. "But this is talk; this don't lead to anything. I see three or four points, and with Mr. Trelawney's permission, I'll name them." "You, sir, are the captain. It is for you to speak," says Mr. Trelawney grandly. "First point," began Mr. Smollett. "We must go on, because we can't turn back. If I gave the word to go about, they would rise at once. Second point, we have time before us—at least until this treasure's found. Third point, there are faithful hands. Now, sir, it's got to come to blows sooner or later, and what I propose is to take time by the forelock, as the saying is, and come to blows some fine day when they least expect it. We can count, I take it, on your own home servants, Mr. Trelawney?" "As upon myself," declared the squire. "Three," reckoned the captain; "ourselves make seven, counting Hawkins here. Now, about the honest hands?" "Most likely Trelawney's own men," said the doctor; "those he had picked up for himself before he lit on Silver." "Nay," replied the squire. "Hands was one of mine." "I did think I could have trusted Hands," added the captain. "And to think that they're all Englishmen!" broke out the squire. "Sir, I could find it in my heart to blow the ship up." "Well, gentlemen," said the captain, "the best that I can say is not much. We must lay to, if you please, and keep a bright lookout. It's trying on a man, I know. It would be pleasanter to come to blows. But there's no help for it till we know our men. Lay to, and whistle for a wind, that's my view." "Jim here," said the doctor, "can help us more than anyone. The men are not shy with him, and Jim is a noticing lad." "Hawkins, I put prodigious faith in you," added the squire. I began to feel pretty desperate at this, for I felt altogether helpless; and yet, by an odd train of circumstances, it was indeed through me that safety came. In the meantime, talk as we pleased, there were only seven out of the twenty-six on whom we knew we could rely; and out of these seven one was a boy, so that the grown men on our side were six to their nineteen. PART THREE—My Shore Adventure 13 How My Shore Adventure Began HE appearance of the island when I came on deck next morning was altogether changed. Although the breeze had now utterly ceased, we had made a great deal of way during the night and were now lying becalmed about half a mile to the south-east of the low eastern coast. Grey-coloured woods covered a large part of the surface. This even tint was indeed broken up by streaks of yellow sand-break in the lower lands, and by many tall trees of the pine family, out-topping the others—some singly, some in clumps; but the general colouring was uniform and sad. The hills ran up clear above the vegetation in spires of naked rock. All were strangely shaped, and the Spy-glass, which was by three or four hundred feet the tallest on the island, was likewise the strangest in configuration, running up sheer from almost every side and then suddenly cut off at the top like a pedestal to put a statue on. The Hispaniola was rolling scuppers under in the ocean swell. The booms were tearing at the blocks, the rudder was banging to and fro, and the whole ship creaking, groaning, and jumping like a manufactory. I had to cling tight to the backstay, and the world turned giddily before my eyes, for though I was a good enough sailor when there was way on, this standing still and being rolled about like a bottle was a thing I never learned to stand without a qualm or so, above all in the morning, on an empty stomach. Perhaps it was this—perhaps it was the look of the island, with its grey, melancholy woods, and wild stone spires, and the surf that we could both see and hear foaming and thundering on the steep beach—at least, although the sun shone bright and hot, and the shore birds were fishing and crying all around us, and you would have thought anyone would have been glad to get to land after being so long at sea, my heart sank, as the saying is, into my boots; and from the first look onward, I hated the very thought of Treasure Island. We had a dreary morning's work before us, for there was no sign of any wind, and the boats had to be got out and manned, and the ship warped three or four miles round the corner of the island and up the narrow passage to the haven behind Skeleton Island. I volunteered for one of the boats, where I had, of course, no business. The heat was sweltering, and the men grumbled fiercely over their work. Anderson was in command of my boat, and instead of keeping the crew in order, he grumbled as loud as the worst. "Well," he said with an oath, "it's not forever." I thought this was a very bad sign, for up to that day the men had gone briskly and willingly about their business; but the very sight of the island had relaxed the cords of discipline. All the way in, Long John stood by the steersman and conned the ship. He knew the passage like the palm of his hand, and though the man in the chains got everywhere more water than was down in the chart, John never hesitated once. "There's a strong scour with the ebb," he said, "and this here passage has been dug out, in a manner of speaking, with a spade." We brought up just where the anchor was in the chart, about a third of a mile from each shore, the mainland on one side and Skeleton Island on the other. The bottom was clean sand. The plunge of our anchor sent up clouds of birds wheeling and crying over the woods, but in less than a minute they were down again and all was once more silent. The place was entirely land-locked, buried in woods, the trees coming right down to high-water mark, the shores mostly flat, and the hilltops standing round at a distance in a sort of amphitheatre, one here, one there. Two little rivers, or rather two swamps, emptied out into this pond, as you might call it; and the foliage round that part of the shore had a kind of poisonous brightness. From the ship we could see nothing of the house or stockade, for they were quite buried among trees; and if it had not been for the chart on the companion, we might have been the first that had ever anchored there since the island arose out of the seas. There was not a breath of air moving, nor a sound but that of the surf booming half a mile away along the beaches and against the rocks outside. A peculiar stagnant smell hung over the anchorage—a smell of sodden leaves and rotting tree trunks. I observed the doctor sniffing and sniffing, like someone tasting a bad egg. "I don't know about treasure," he said, "but I'll stake my wig there's fever here." If the conduct of the men had been alarming in the boat, it became truly threatening when they had come aboard. They lay about the deck growling together in talk. The slightest order was received with a black look and grudgingly and carelessly obeyed. Even the honest hands must have caught the infection, for there was not one man aboard to mend another. Mutiny, it was plain, hung over us like a thunder-cloud. And it was not only we of the cabin party who perceived the danger. Long John was hard at work going from group to group, spending himself in good advice, and as for example no man could have shown a better. He fairly outstripped himself in willingness and civility; he was all smiles to everyone. If an order were given, John would be on his crutch in an instant, with the cheeriest "Aye, aye, sir!" in the world; and when there was nothing else to do, he kept up one song after another, as if to conceal the discontent of the rest. Of all the gloomy features of that gloomy afternoon, this obvious anxiety on the part of Long John appeared the worst. We held a council in the cabin. "Sir," said the captain, "if I risk another order, the whole ship'll come about our ears by the run. You see, sir, here it is. I get a rough answer, do I not? Well, if I speak back, pikes will be going in two shakes; if I don't, Silver will see there's something under that, and the game's up. Now, we've only one man to rely on." "And who is that?" asked the squire. "Silver, sir," returned the captain; "he's as anxious as you and I to smother things up. This is a tiff; he'd soon talk 'em out of it if he had the chance, and what I propose to do is to give him the chance. Let's allow the men an afternoon ashore. If they all go, why we'll fight the ship. If they none of them go, well then, we hold the cabin, and God defend the right. If some go, you mark my words, sir, Silver'll bring 'em aboard again as mild as lambs." It was so decided; loaded pistols were served out to all the sure men; Hunter, Joyce, and Redruth were taken into our confidence and received the news with less surprise and a better spirit than we had looked for, and then the captain went on deck and addressed the crew. "My lads," said he, "we've had a hot day and are all tired and out of sorts. A turn ashore'll hurt nobody—the boats are still in the water; you can take the gigs, and as many as please may go ashore for the afternoon. I'll fire a gun half an hour before sundown." I believe the silly fellows must have thought they would break their shins over treasure as soon as they were landed, for they all came out of their sulks in a moment and gave a cheer that started the echo in a faraway hill and sent the birds once more flying and squalling round the anchorage. The captain was too bright to be in the way. He whipped out of sight in a moment, leaving Silver to arrange the party, and I fancy it was as well he did so. Had he been on deck, he could no longer so much as have pretended not to understand the situation. It was as plain as day. Silver was the captain, and a mighty rebellious crew he had of it. The honest hands—and I was soon to see it proved that there were such on board—must have been very stupid fellows. Or rather, I suppose the truth was this, that all hands were disaffected by the example of the ringleaders—only some more, some less; and a few, being good fellows in the main, could neither be led nor driven any further. It is one thing to be idle and skulk and quite another to take a ship and murder a number of innocent men. At last, however, the party was made up. Six fellows were to stay on board, and the remaining thirteen, including Silver, began to embark. Then it was that there came into my head the first of the mad notions that contributed so much to save our lives. If six men were left by Silver, it was plain our party could not take and fight the ship; and since only six were left, it was equally plain that the cabin party had no present need of my assistance. It occurred to me at once to go ashore. In a jiffy I had slipped over the side and curled up in the fore-sheets of the nearest boat, and almost at the same moment she shoved off. No one took notice of me, only the bow oar saying, "Is that you, Jim? Keep your head down." But Silver, from the other boat, looked sharply over and called out to know if that were me; and from that moment I began to regret what I had done. The crews raced for the beach, but the boat I was in, having some start and being at once the lighter and the better manned, shot far ahead of her consort, and the bow had struck among the shore-side trees and I had caught a branch and swung myself out and plunged into the nearest thicket while Silver and the rest were still a hundred yards behind. "Jim, Jim!" I heard him shouting. But you may suppose I paid no heed; jumping, ducking, and breaking through, I ran straight before my nose till I could run no longer. 14 The First Blow WAS so pleased at having given the slip to Long John that I began to enjoy myself and look around me with some interest on the strange land that I was in. I had crossed a marshy tract full of willows, bulrushes, and odd, outlandish, swampy trees; and I had now come out upon the skirts of an open piece of undulating, sandy country, about a mile long, dotted with a few pines and a great number of contorted trees, not unlike the oak in growth, but pale in the foliage, like willows. On the far side of the open stood one of the hills, with two quaint, craggy peaks shining vividly in the sun. I now felt for the first time the joy of exploration. The isle was uninhabited; my shipmates I had left behind, and nothing lived in front of me but dumb brutes and fowls. I turned hither and thither among the trees. Here and there were flowering plants, unknown to me; here and there I saw snakes, and one raised his head from a ledge of rock and hissed at me with a noise not unlike the spinning of a top. Little did I suppose that he was a deadly enemy and that the noise was the famous rattle. Then I came to a long thicket of these oaklike trees—live, or evergreen, oaks, I heard afterwards they should be called—which grew low along the sand like brambles, the boughs curiously twisted, the foliage compact, like thatch. The thicket stretched down from the top of one of the sandy knolls, spreading and growing taller as it went, until it reached the margin of the broad, reedy fen, through which the nearest of the little rivers soaked its way into the anchorage. The marsh was steaming in the strong sun, and the outline of the Spy-glass trembled through the haze. All at once there began to go a sort of bustle among the bulrushes; a wild duck flew up with a quack, another followed, and soon over the whole surface of the marsh a great cloud of birds hung screaming and circling in the air. I judged at once that some of my shipmates must be drawing near along the borders of the fen. Nor was I deceived, for soon I heard the very distant and low tones of a human voice, which, as I continued to give ear, grew steadily louder and nearer. This put me in a great fear, and I crawled under cover of the nearest live-oak and squatted there, hearkening, as silent as a mouse. Another voice answered, and then the first voice, which I now recognized to be Silver's, once more took up the story and ran on for a long while in a stream, only now and again interrupted by the other. By the sound they must have been talking earnestly, and almost fiercely; but no distinct word came to my hearing. At last the speakers seemed to have paused and perhaps to have sat down, for not only did they cease to draw any nearer, but the birds themselves began to grow more quiet and to settle again to their places in the swamp. And now I began to feel that I was neglecting my business, that since I had been so foolhardy as to come ashore with these desperadoes, the least I could do was to overhear them at their councils, and that my plain and obvious duty was to draw as close as I could manage, under the favourable ambush of the crouching trees. I could tell the direction of the speakers pretty exactly, not only by the sound of their voices but by the behaviour of the few birds that still hung in alarm above the heads of the intruders. Crawling on all fours, I made steadily but slowly towards them, till at last, raising my head to an aperture among the leaves, I could see clear down into a little green dell beside the marsh, and closely set about with trees, where Long John Silver and another of the crew stood face to face in conversation. The sun beat full upon them. Silver had thrown his hat beside him on the ground, and his great, smooth, blond face, all shining with heat, was lifted to the other man's in a kind of appeal. "Mate," he was saying, "it's because I thinks gold dust of you—gold dust, and you may lay to that! If I hadn't took to you like pitch, do you think I'd have been here a-warning of you? All's up—you can't make nor mend; it's to save your neck that I'm a-speaking, and if one of the wild uns knew it, where'd I be, Tom—now, tell me, where'd I be?" "Silver," said the other man—and I observed he was not only red in the face, but spoke as hoarse as a crow, and his voice shook too, like a taut rope—"Silver," says he, "you're old, and you're honest, or has the name for it; and you've money too, which lots of poor sailors hasn't; and you're brave, or I'm mistook. And will you tell me you'll let yourself be led away with that kind of a mess of swabs? Not you! As sure as God sees me, I'd sooner lose my hand. If I turn agin my dooty—" And then all of a sudden he was interrupted by a noise. I had found one of the honest hands—well, here, at that same moment, came news of another. Far away out in the marsh there arose, all of a sudden, a sound like the cry of anger, then another on the back of it; and then one horrid, long-drawn scream. The rocks of the Spy-glass re-echoed it a score of times; the whole troop of marsh-birds rose again, darkening heaven, with a simultaneous whirr; and long after that death yell was still ringing in my brain, silence had re-established its empire, and only the rustle of the redescending birds and the boom of the distant surges disturbed the languor of the afternoon. Tom had leaped at the sound, like a horse at the spur, but Silver had not winked an eye. He stood where he was, resting lightly on his crutch, watching his companion like a snake about to spring. "John!" said the sailor, stretching out his hand. "Hands off!" cried Silver, leaping back a yard, as it seemed to me, with the speed and security of a trained gymnast. "Hands off, if you like, John Silver," said the other. "It's a black conscience that can make you feared of me. But in heaven's name, tell me, what was that?" "That?" returned Silver, smiling away, but warier than ever, his eye a mere pin-point in his big face, but gleaming like a crumb of glass. "That? Oh, I reckon that'll be Alan." And at this point Tom flashed out like a hero. "Alan!" he cried. "Then rest his soul for a true seaman! And as for you, John Silver, long you've been a mate of mine, but you're mate of mine no more. If I die like a dog, I'll die in my dooty. You've killed Alan, have you? Kill me too, if you can. But I defies you." And with that, this brave fellow turned his back directly on the cook and set off walking for the beach. But he was not destined to go far. With a cry John seized the branch of a tree, whipped the crutch out of his armpit, and sent that uncouth missile hurtling through the air. It struck poor Tom, point foremost, and with stunning violence, right between the shoulders in the middle of his back. His hands flew up, he gave a sort of gasp, and fell. Whether he were injured much or little, none could ever tell. Like enough, to judge from the sound, his back was broken on the spot. But he had no time given him to recover. Silver, agile as a monkey even without leg or crutch, was on the top of him next moment and had twice buried his knife up to the hilt in that defenceless body. From my place of ambush, I could hear him pant aloud as he struck the blows. I do not know what it rightly is to faint, but I do know that for the next little while the whole world swam away from before me in a whirling mist; Silver and the birds, and the tall Spy-glass hilltop, going round and round and topsy-turvy before my eyes, and all manner of bells ringing and distant voices shouting in my ear. When I came again to myself the monster had pulled himself together, his crutch under his arm, his hat upon his head. Just before him Tom lay motionless upon the sward; but the murderer minded him not a whit, cleansing his blood-stained knife the while upon a wisp of grass. Everything else was unchanged, the sun still shining mercilessly on the steaming marsh and the tall pinnacle of the mountain, and I could scarce persuade myself that murder had been actually done and a human life cruelly cut short a moment since before my eyes. But now John put his hand into his pocket, brought out a whistle, and blew upon it several modulated blasts that rang far across the heated air. I could not tell, of course, the meaning of the signal, but it instantly awoke my fears. More men would be coming. I might be discovered. They had already slain two of the honest people; after Tom and Alan, might not I come next? Instantly I began to extricate myself and crawl back again, with what speed and silence I could manage, to the more open portion of the wood. As I did so, I could hear hails coming and going between the old buccaneer and his comrades, and this sound of danger lent me wings. As soon as I was clear of the thicket, I ran as I never ran before, scarce minding the direction of my flight, so long as it led me from the murderers; and as I ran, fear grew and grew upon me until it turned into a kind of frenzy. Indeed, could anyone be more entirely lost than I? When the gun fired, how should I dare to go down to the boats among those fiends, still smoking from their crime? Would not the first of them who saw me wring my neck like a snipe's? Would not my absence itself be an evidence to them of my alarm, and therefore of my fatal knowledge? It was all over, I thought. Good-bye to the Hispaniola; good-bye to the squire, the doctor, and the captain! There was nothing left for me but death by starvation or death by the hands of the mutineers. All this while, as I say, I was still running, and without taking any notice, I had drawn near to the foot of the little hill with the two peaks and had got into a part of the island where the live-oaks grew more widely apart and seemed more like forest trees in their bearing and dimensions. Mingled with these were a few scattered pines, some fifty, some nearer seventy, feet high. The air too smelt more freshly than down beside the marsh. And here a fresh alarm brought me to a standstill with a thumping heart. 15 The Man of the Island ROM the side of the hill, which was here steep and stony, a spout of gravel was dislodged and fell rattling and bounding through the trees. My eyes turned instinctively in that direction, and I saw a figure leap with great rapidity behind the trunk of a pine. What it was, whether bear or man or monkey, I could in no wise tell. It seemed dark and shaggy; more I knew not. But the terror of this new apparition brought me to a stand. I was now, it seemed, cut off upon both sides; behind me the murderers, before me this lurking nondescript. And immediately I began to prefer the dangers that I knew to those I knew not. Silver himself appeared less terrible in contrast with this creature of the woods, and I turned on my heel, and looking sharply behind me over my shoulder, began to retrace my steps in the direction of the boats. Instantly the figure reappeared, and making a wide circuit, began to head me off. I was tired, at any rate; but had I been as fresh as when I rose, I could see it was in vain for me to contend in speed with such an adversary. From trunk to trunk the creature flitted like a deer, running manlike on two legs, but unlike any man that I had ever seen, stooping almost double as it ran. Yet a man it was, I could no longer be in doubt about that. I began to recall what I had heard of cannibals. I was within an ace of calling for help. But the mere fact that he was a man, however wild, had somewhat reassured me, and my fear of Silver began to revive in proportion. I stood still, therefore, and cast about for some method of escape; and as I was so thinking, the recollection of my pistol flashed into my mind. As soon as I remembered I was not defenceless, courage glowed again in my heart and I set my face resolutely for this man of the island and walked briskly towards him. He was concealed by this time behind another tree trunk; but he must have been watching me closely, for as soon as I began to move in his direction he reappeared and took a step to meet me. Then he hesitated, drew back, came forward again, and at last, to my wonder and confusion, threw himself on his knees and held out his clasped hands in supplication. At that I once more stopped. "Who are you?" I asked. "Ben Gunn," he answered, and his voice sounded hoarse and awkward, like a rusty lock. "I'm poor Ben Gunn, I am; and I haven't spoke with a Christian these three years." I could now see that he was a white man like myself and that his features were even pleasing. His skin, wherever it was exposed, was burnt by the sun; even his lips were black, and his fair eyes looked quite startling in so dark a face. Of all the beggar-men that I had seen or fancied, he was the chief for raggedness. He was clothed with tatters of old ship's canvas and old sea-cloth, and this extraordinary patchwork was all held together by a system of the most various and incongruous fastenings, brass buttons, bits of stick, and loops of tarry gaskin. About his waist he wore an old brass-buckled leather belt, which was the one thing solid in his whole accoutrement. "Three years!" I cried. "Were you shipwrecked?" "Nay, mate," said he; "marooned." I had heard the word, and I knew it stood for a horrible kind of punishment common enough among the buccaneers, in which the offender is put ashore with a little powder and shot and left behind on some desolate and distant island. "Marooned three years agone," he continued, "and lived on goats since then, and berries, and oysters. Wherever a man is, says I, a man can do for himself. But, mate, my heart is sore for Christian diet. You mightn't happen to have a piece of cheese about you, now? No? Well, many's the long night I've dreamed of cheese—toasted, mostly—and woke up again, and here I were." "If ever I can get aboard again," said I, "you shall have cheese by the stone." All this time he had been feeling the stuff of my jacket, smoothing my hands, looking at my boots, and generally, in the intervals of his speech, showing a childish pleasure in the presence of a fellow creature. But at my last words he perked up into a kind of startled slyness. "If ever you can get aboard again, says you?" he repeated. "Why, now, who's to hinder you?" "Not you, I know," was my reply. "And right you was," he cried. "Now you—what do you call yourself, mate?" "Jim," I told him. "Jim, Jim," says he, quite pleased apparently. "Well, now, Jim, I've lived that rough as you'd be ashamed to hear of. Now, for instance, you wouldn't think I had had a pious mother—to look at me?" he asked. "Why, no, not in particular," I answered. "Ah, well," said he, "but I had—remarkable pious. And I was a civil, pious boy, and could rattle off my catechism that fast, as you couldn't tell one word from another. And here's what it come to, Jim, and it begun with chuck-farthen on the blessed grave-stones! That's what it begun with, but it went further'n that; and so my mother told me, and predicked the whole, she did, the pious woman! But it were Providence that put me here. I've thought it all out in this here lonely island, and I'm back on piety. You don't catch me tasting rum so much, but just a thimbleful for luck, of course, the first chance I have. I'm bound I'll be good, and I see the way to. And, Jim"—looking all round him and lowering his voice to a whisper—"I'm rich." I now felt sure that the poor fellow had gone crazy in his solitude, and I suppose I must have shown the feeling in my face, for he repeated the statement hotly: "Rich! Rich! I says. And I'll tell you what: I'll make a man of you, Jim. Ah, Jim, you'll bless your stars, you will, you was the first that found me!" And at this there came suddenly a lowering shadow over his face, and he tightened his grasp upon my hand and raised a forefinger threateningly before my eyes. "Now, Jim, you tell me true: that ain't Flint's ship?" he asked. At this I had a happy inspiration. I began to believe that I had found an ally, and I answered him at once. "It's not Flint's ship, and Flint is dead; but I'll tell you true, as you ask me—there are some of Flint's hands aboard; worse luck for the rest of us." "Not a man—with one—leg?" he gasped. "Silver?" I asked. "Ah, Silver!" says he. "That were his name." "He's the cook, and the ringleader too." He was still holding me by the wrist, and at that he give it quite a wring. "If you was sent by Long John," he said, "I'm as good as pork, and I know it. But where was you, do you suppose?" I had made my mind up in a moment, and by way of answer told him the whole story of our voyage and the predicament in which we found ourselves. He heard me with the keenest interest, and when I had done he patted me on the head. "You're a good lad, Jim," he said; "and you're all in a clove hitch, ain't you? Well, you just put your trust in Ben Gunn—Ben Gunn's the man to do it. Would you think it likely, now, that your squire would prove a liberal-minded one in case of help—him being in a clove hitch, as you remark?" I told him the squire was the most liberal of men. "Aye, but you see," returned Ben Gunn, "I didn't mean giving me a gate to keep, and a suit of livery clothes, and such; that's not my mark, Jim. What I mean is, would he be likely to come down to the toon of, say one thousand pounds out of money that's as good as a man's own already?" "I am sure he would," said I. "As it was, all hands were to share." "And a passage home?" he added with a look of great shrewdness. "Why," I cried, "the squire's a gentleman. And besides, if we got rid of the others, we should want you to help work the vessel home." "Ah," said he, "so you would." And he seemed very much relieved. "Now, I'll tell you what," he went on. "So much I'll tell you, and no more. I were in Flint's ship when he buried the treasure; he and six along—six strong seamen. They was ashore nigh on a week, and us standing off and on in the old Walrus. One fine day up went the signal, and here come Flint by himself in a little boat, and his head done up in a blue scarf. The sun was getting up, and mortal white he looked about the cutwater. But, there he was, you mind, and the six all dead—dead and buried. How he done it, not a man aboard us could make out. It was battle, murder, and sudden death, leastways—him against six. Billy Bones was the mate; Long John, he was quartermaster; and they asked him where the treasure was. 'Ah,' says he, 'you can go ashore, if you like, and stay,' he says; 'but as for the ship, she'll beat up for more, by thunder!' That's what he said. "Well, I was in another ship three years back, and we sighted this island. 'Boys,' said I, 'here's Flint's treasure; let's land and find it.' The cap'n was displeased at that, but my messmates were all of a mind and landed. Twelve days they looked for it, and every day they had the worse word for me, until one fine morning all hands went aboard. 'As for you, Benjamin Gunn,' says they, 'here's a musket,' they says, 'and a spade, and pick-axe. You can stay here and find Flint's money for yourself,' they says. "Well, Jim, three years have I been here, and not a bite of Christian diet from that day to this. But now, you look here; look at me. Do I look like a man before the mast? No, says you. Nor I weren't, neither, I says." And with that he winked and pinched me hard. "Just you mention them words to your squire, Jim," he went on. "Nor he weren't, neither—that's the words. Three years he were the man of this island, light and dark, fair and rain; and sometimes he would maybe think upon a prayer (says you), and sometimes he would maybe think of his old mother, so be as she's alive (you'll say); but the most part of Gunn's time (this is what you'll say)—the most part of his time was took up with another matter. And then you'll give him a nip, like I do." And he pinched me again in the most confidential manner. "Then," he continued, "then you'll up, and you'll say this: Gunn is a good man (you'll say), and he puts a precious sight more confidence—a precious sight, mind that—in a gen'leman born than in these gen'leman of fortune, having been one hisself." "Well," I said, "I don't understand one word that you've been saying. But that's neither here nor there; for how am I to get on board?" "Ah," said he, "that's the hitch, for sure. Well, there's my boat, that I made with my two hands. I keep her under the white rock. If the worst come to the worst, we might try that after dark. Hi!" he broke out. "What's that?" For just then, although the sun had still an hour or two to run, all the echoes of the island awoke and bellowed to the thunder of a cannon. "They have begun to fight!" I cried. "Follow me." And I began to run towards the anchorage, my terrors all forgotten, while close at my side the marooned man in his goatskins trotted easily and lightly. "Left, left," says he; "keep to your left hand, mate Jim! Under the trees with you! Theer's where I killed my first goat. They don't come down here now; they're all mastheaded on them mountings for the fear of Benjamin Gunn. Ah! And there's the cetemery"—cemetery, he must have meant. "You see the mounds? I come here and prayed, nows and thens, when I thought maybe a Sunday would be about doo. It weren't quite a chapel, but it seemed more solemn like; and then, says you, Ben Gunn was short-handed—no chapling, nor so much as a Bible and a flag, you says." So he kept talking as I ran, neither expecting nor receiving any answer. The cannon-shot was followed after a considerable interval by a volley of small arms. Another pause, and then, not a quarter of a mile in front of me, I beheld the Union Jack flutter in the air above a wood. PART FOUR—The Stockade 16 Narrative Continued by the Doctor: How the Ship Was Abandoned T was about half past one—three bells in the sea phrase—that the two boats went ashore from the Hispaniola. The captain, the squire, and I were talking matters over in the cabin. Had there been a breath of wind, we should have fallen on the six mutineers who were left aboard with us, slipped our cable, and away to sea. But the wind was wanting; and to complete our helplessness, down came Hunter with the news that Jim Hawkins had slipped into a boat and was gone ashore with the rest. It never occurred to us to doubt Jim Hawkins, but we were alarmed for his safety. With the men in the temper they were in, it seemed an even chance if we should see the lad again. We ran on deck. The pitch was bubbling in the seams; the nasty stench of the place turned me sick; if ever a man smelt fever and dysentery, it was in that abominable anchorage. The six scoundrels were sitting grumbling under a sail in the forecastle; ashore we could see the gigs made fast and a man sitting in each, hard by where the river runs in. One of them was whistling "Lillibullero." Waiting was a strain, and it was decided that Hunter and I should go ashore with the jolly-boat in quest of information. The gigs had leaned to their right, but Hunter and I pulled straight in, in the direction of the stockade upon the chart. The two who were left guarding their boats seemed in a bustle at our appearance; "Lillibullero" stopped off, and I could see the pair discussing what they ought to do. Had they gone and told Silver, all might have turned out differently; but they had their orders, I suppose, and decided to sit quietly where they were and hark back again to "Lillibullero." There was a slight bend in the coast, and I steered so as to put it between us; even before we landed we had thus lost sight of the gigs. I jumped out and came as near running as I durst, with a big silk handkerchief under my hat for coolness' sake and a brace of pistols ready primed for safety. I had not gone a hundred yards when I reached the stockade. This was how it was: a spring of clear water rose almost at the top of a knoll. Well, on the knoll, and enclosing the spring, they had clapped a stout loghouse fit to hold two score of people on a pinch and loopholed for musketry on either side. All round this they had cleared a wide space, and then the thing was completed by a paling six feet high, without door or opening, too strong to pull down without time and labour and too open to shelter the besiegers. The people in the log-house had them in every way; they stood quiet in shelter and shot the others like partridges. All they wanted was a good watch and food; for, short of a complete surprise, they might have held the place against a regiment. What particularly took my fancy was the spring. For though we had a good enough place of it in the cabin of the Hispaniola, with plenty of arms and ammunition, and things to eat, and excellent wines, there had been one thing overlooked—we had no water. I was thinking this over when there came ringing over the island the cry of a man at the point of death. I was not new to violent death—I have served his Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland, and got a wound myself at Fontenoy—but I know my pulse went dot and carry one. "Jim Hawkins is gone," was my first thought. It is something to have been an old soldier, but more still to have been a doctor. There is no time to dilly-dally in our work. And so now I made up my mind instantly, and with no time lost returned to the shore and jumped on board the jolly-boat. By good fortune Hunter pulled a good oar. We made the water fly, and the boat was soon alongside and I aboard the schooner. I found them all shaken, as was natural. The squire was sitting down, as white as a sheet, thinking of the harm he had led us to, the good soul! And one of the six forecastle hands was little better. "There's a man," says Captain Smollett, nodding towards him, "new to this work. He came nigh-hand fainting, doctor, when he heard the cry. Another touch of the rudder and that man would join us." I told my plan to the captain, and between us we settled on the details of its accomplishment. We put old Redruth in the gallery between the cabin and the forecastle, with three or four loaded muskets and a mattress for protection. Hunter brought the boat round under the stern-port, and Joyce and I set to work loading her with powder tins, muskets, bags of biscuits, kegs of pork, a cask of cognac, and my invaluable medicine chest. In the meantime, the squire and the captain stayed on deck, and the latter hailed the coxswain, who was the principal man aboard. "Mr. Hands," he said, "here are two of us with a brace of pistols each. If any one of you six make a signal of any description, that man's dead." They were a good deal taken aback, and after a little consultation one and all tumbled down the fore companion, thinking no doubt to take us on the rear. But when they saw Redruth waiting for them in the sparred galley, they went about ship at once, and a head popped out again on deck. "Down, dog!" cries the captain. And the head popped back again; and we heard no more, for the time, of these six very faint-hearted seamen. By this time, tumbling things in as they came, we had the jolly-boat loaded as much as we dared. Joyce and I got out through the stern-port, and we made for shore again as fast as oars could take us. This second trip fairly aroused the watchers along shore. "Lillibullero" was dropped again; and just before we lost sight of them behind the little point, one of them whipped ashore and disappeared. I had half a mind to change my plan and destroy their boats, but I feared that Silver and the others might be close at hand, and all might very well be lost by trying for too much. We had soon touched land in the same place as before and set to provision the block house. All three made the first journey, heavily laden, and tossed our stores over the palisade. Then, leaving Joyce to guard them—one man, to be sure, but with half a dozen muskets—Hunter and I returned to the jolly-boat and loaded ourselves once more. So we proceeded without pausing to take breath, till the whole cargo was bestowed, when the two servants took up their position in the block house, and I, with all my power, sculled back to the Hispaniola. That we should have risked a second boat load seems more daring than it really was. They had the advantage of numbers, of course, but we had the advantage of arms. Not one of the men ashore had a musket, and before they could get within range for pistol shooting, we flattered ourselves we should be able to give a good account of a half-dozen at least. The squire was waiting for me at the stern window, all his faintness gone from him. He caught the painter and made it fast, and we fell to loading the boat for our very lives. Pork, powder, and biscuit was the cargo, with only a musket and a cutlass apiece for the squire and me and Redruth and the captain. The rest of the arms and powder we dropped overboard in two fathoms and a half of water, so that we could see the bright steel shining far below us in the sun, on the clean, sandy bottom. By this time the tide was beginning to ebb, and the ship was swinging round to her anchor. Voices were heard faintly halloaing in the direction of the two gigs; and though this reassured us for Joyce and Hunter, who were well to the eastward, it warned our party to be off. Redruth retreated from his place in the gallery and dropped into the boat, which we then brought round to the ship's counter, to be handier for Captain Smollett. "Now, men," said he, "do you hear me?" There was no answer from the forecastle. "It's to you, Abraham Gray—it's to you I am speaking." Still no reply. "Gray," resumed Mr. Smollett, a little louder, "I am leaving this ship, and I order you to follow your captain. I know you are a good man at bottom, and I dare say not one of the lot of you's as bad as he makes out. I have my watch here in my hand; I give you thirty seconds to join me in." There was a pause. "Come, my fine fellow," continued the captain; "don't hang so long in stays. I'm risking my life and the lives of these good gentlemen every second." There was a sudden scuffle, a sound of blows, and out burst Abraham Gray with a knife cut on the side of the cheek, and came running to the captain like a dog to the whistle. "I'm with you, sir," said he. And the next moment he and the captain had dropped aboard of us, and we had shoved off and given way. We were clear out of the ship, but not yet ashore in our stockade. 17 Narrative Continued by the Doctor: The Jolly-boat's Last Trip HIS fifth trip was quite different from any of the others. In the first place, the little gallipot of a boat that we were in was gravely overloaded. Five grown men, and three of them—Trelawney, Redruth, and the captain—over six feet high, was already more than she was meant to carry. Add to that the powder, pork, and bread-bags. The gunwale was lipping astern. Several times we shipped a little water, and my breeches and the tails of my coat were all soaking wet before we had gone a hundred yards. The captain made us trim the boat, and we got her to lie a little more evenly. All the same, we were afraid to breathe. In the second place, the ebb was now making—a strong rippling current running westward through the basin, and then south'ard and seaward down the straits by which we had entered in the morning. Even the ripples were a danger to our overloaded craft, but the worst of it was that we were swept out of our true course and away from our proper landing-place behind the point. If we let the current have its way we should come ashore beside the gigs, where the pirates might appear at any moment. "I cannot keep her head for the stockade, sir," said I to the captain. I was steering, while he and Redruth, two fresh men, were at the oars. "The tide keeps washing her down. Could you pull a little stronger?" "Not without swamping the boat," said he. "You must bear up, sir, if you please—bear up until you see you're gaining." I tried and found by experiment that the tide kept sweeping us westward until I had laid her head due east, or just about right angles to the way we ought to go. "We'll never get ashore at this rate," said I. "If it's the only course that we can lie, sir, we must even lie it," returned the captain. "We must keep upstream. You see, sir," he went on, "if once we dropped to leeward of the landing-place, it's hard to say where we should get ashore, besides the chance of being boarded by the gigs; whereas, the way we go the current must slacken, and then we can dodge back along the shore." "The current's less a'ready, sir," said the man Gray, who was sitting in the fore-sheets; "you can ease her off a bit." "Thank you, my man," said I, quite as if nothing had happened, for we had all quietly made up our minds to treat him like one of ourselves. Suddenly the captain spoke up again, and I thought his voice was a little changed. "The gun!" said he. "I have thought of that," said I, for I made sure he was thinking of a bombardment of the fort. "They could never get the gun ashore, and if they did, they could never haul it through the woods." "Look astern, doctor," replied the captain. We had entirely forgotten the long nine; and there, to our horror, were the five rogues busy about her, getting off her jacket, as they called the stout tarpaulin cover under which she sailed. Not only that, but it flashed into my mind at the same moment that the round-shot and the powder for the gun had been left behind, and a stroke with an axe would put it all into the possession of the evil ones abroad. "Israel was Flint's gunner," said Gray hoarsely. At any risk, we put the boat's head direct for the landing-place. By this time we had got so far out of the run of the current that we kept steerage way even at our necessarily gentle rate of rowing, and I could keep her steady for the goal. But the worst of it was that with the course I now held we turned our broadside instead of our stern to the Hispaniola and offered a target like a barn door. I could hear as well as see that brandy-faced rascal Israel Hands plumping down a round-shot on the deck. "Who's the best shot?" asked the captain. "Mr. Trelawney, out and away," said I. "Mr. Trelawney, will you please pick me off one of these men, sir? Hands, if possible," said the captain. Trelawney was as cool as steel. He looked to the priming of his gun. "Now," cried the captain, "easy with that gun, sir, or you'll swamp the boat. All hands stand by to trim her when he aims." The squire raised his gun, the rowing ceased, and we leaned over to the other side to keep the balance, and all was so nicely contrived that we did not ship a drop. They had the gun, by this time, slewed round upon the swivel, and Hands, who was at the muzzle with the rammer, was in consequence the most exposed. However, we had no luck, for just as Trelawney fired, down he stooped, the ball whistled over him, and it was one of the other four who fell. The cry he gave was echoed not only by his companions on board but by a great number of voices from the shore, and looking in that direction I saw the other pirates trooping out from among the trees and tumbling into their places in the boats. "Here come the gigs, sir," said I. "Give way, then," cried the captain. "We mustn't mind if we swamp her now. If we can't get ashore, all's up." "Only one of the gigs is being manned, sir," I added; "the crew of the other most likely going round by shore to cut us off." "They'll have a hot run, sir," returned the captain. "Jack ashore, you know. It's not them I mind; it's the round-shot. Carpet bowls! My lady's maid couldn't miss. Tell us, squire, when you see the match, and we'll hold water." In the meanwhile we had been making headway at a good pace for a boat so overloaded, and we had shipped but little water in the process. We were now close in; thirty or forty strokes and we should beach her, for the ebb had already disclosed a narrow belt of sand below the clustering trees. The gig was no longer to be feared; the little point had already concealed it from our eyes. The ebb-tide, which had so cruelly delayed us, was now making reparation and delaying our assailants. The one source of danger was the gun. "If I durst," said the captain, "I'd stop and pick off another man." But it was plain that they meant nothing should delay their shot. They had never so much as looked at their fallen comrade, though he was not dead, and I could see him trying to crawl away. "Ready!" cried the squire. "Hold!" cried the captain, quick as an echo. And he and Redruth backed with a great heave that sent her stern bodily under water. The report fell in at the same instant of time. This was the first that Jim heard, the sound of the squire's shot not having reached him. Where the ball passed, not one of us precisely knew, but I fancy it must have been over our heads and that the wind of it may have contributed to our disaster. At any rate, the boat sank by the stern, quite gently, in three feet of water, leaving the captain and myself, facing each other, on our feet. The other three took complete headers, and came up again drenched and bubbling. So far there was no great harm. No lives were lost, and we could wade ashore in safety. But there were all our stores at the bottom, and to make things worse, only two guns out of five remained in a state for service. Mine I had snatched from my knees and held over my head, by a sort of instinct. As for the captain, he had carried his over his shoulder by a bandoleer, and like a wise man, lock uppermost. The other three had gone down with the boat. To add to our concern, we heard voices already drawing near us in the woods along shore, and we had not only the danger of being cut off from the stockade in our half-crippled state but the fear before us whether, if Hunter and Joyce were attacked by half a dozen, they would have the sense and conduct to stand firm. Hunter was steady, that we knew; Joyce was a doubtful case—a pleasant, polite man for a valet and to brush one's clothes, but not entirely fitted for a man of war. With all this in our minds, we waded ashore as fast as we could, leaving behind us the poor jolly-boat and a good half of all our powder and provisions. 18 Narrative Continued by the Doctor: End of the First Day's Fighting E made our best speed across the strip of wood that now divided us from the stockade, and at every step we took the voices of the buccaneers rang nearer. Soon we could hear their footfalls as they ran and the cracking of the branches as they breasted across a bit of thicket. I began to see we should have a brush for it in earnest and looked to my priming. "Captain," said I, "Trelawney is the dead shot. Give him your gun; his own is useless." They exchanged guns, and Trelawney, silent and cool as he had been since the beginning of the bustle, hung a moment on his heel to see that all was fit for service. At the same time, observing Gray to be unarmed, I handed him my cutlass. It did all our hearts good to see him spit in his hand, knit his brows, and make the blade sing through the air. It was plain from every line of his body that our new hand was worth his salt. Forty paces farther we came to the edge of the wood and saw the stockade in front of us. We struck the enclosure about the middle of the south side, and almost at the same time, seven mutineers—Job Anderson, the boatswain, at their head—appeared in full cry at the southwestern corner. They paused as if taken aback, and before they recovered, not only the squire and I, but Hunter and Joyce from the block house, had time to fire. The four shots came in rather a scattering volley, but they did the business: one of the enemy actually fell, and the rest, without hesitation, turned and plunged into the trees. After reloading, we walked down the outside of the palisade to see to the fallen enemy. He was stone dead—shot through the heart. We began to rejoice over our good success when just at that moment a pistol cracked in the bush, a ball whistled close past my ear, and poor Tom Redruth stumbled and fell his length on the ground. Both the squire and I returned the shot, but as we had nothing to aim at, it is probable we only wasted powder. Then we reloaded and turned our attention to poor Tom. The captain and Gray were already examining him, and I saw with half an eye that all was over. I believe the readiness of our return volley had scattered the mutineers once more, for we were suffered without further molestation to get the poor old gamekeeper hoisted over the stockade and carried, groaning and bleeding, into the log-house. Poor old fellow, he had not uttered one word of surprise, complaint, fear, or even acquiescence from the very beginning of our troubles till now, when we had laid him down in the log-house to die. He had lain like a Trojan behind his mattress in the gallery; he had followed every order silently, doggedly, and well; he was the oldest of our party by a score of years; and now, sullen, old, serviceable servant, it was he that was to die. The squire dropped down beside him on his knees and kissed his hand, crying like a child. "Be I going, doctor?" he asked. "Tom, my man," said I, "you're going home." "I wish I had had a lick at them with the gun first," he replied. "Tom," said the squire, "say you forgive me, won't you?" "Would that be respectful like, from me to you, squire?" was the answer. "Howsoever, so be it, amen!" After a little while of silence, he said he thought somebody might read a prayer. "It's the custom, sir," he added apologetically. And not long after, without another word, he passed away. In the meantime the captain, whom I had observed to be wonderfully swollen about the chest and pockets, had turned out a great many various stores—the British colours, a Bible, a coil of stoutish rope, pen, ink, the log-book, and pounds of tobacco. He had found a longish fir-tree lying felled and trimmed in the enclosure, and with the help of Hunter he had set it up at the corner of the log-house where the trunks crossed and made an angle. Then, climbing on the roof, he had with his own hand bent and run up the colours. This seemed mightily to relieve him. He re-entered the log-house and set about counting up the stores as if nothing else existed. But he had an eye on Tom's passage for all that, and as soon as all was over, came forward with another flag and reverently spread it on the body. "Don't you take on, sir," he said, shaking the squire's hand. "All's well with him; no fear for a hand that's been shot down in his duty to captain and owner. It mayn't be good divinity, but it's a fact." Then he pulled me aside. "Dr. Livesey," he said, "in how many weeks do you and squire expect the consort?" I told him it was a question not of weeks but of months, that if we were not back by the end of August Blandly was to send to find us, but neither sooner nor later. "You can calculate for yourself," I said. "Why, yes," returned the captain, scratching his head; "and making a large allowance, sir, for all the gifts of Providence, I should say we were pretty close hauled." "How do you mean?" I asked. "It's a pity, sir, we lost that second load. That's what I mean," replied the captain. "As for powder and shot, we'll do. But the rations are short, very short—so short, Dr. Livesey, that we're perhaps as well without that extra mouth." And he pointed to the dead body under the flag. Just then, with a roar and a whistle, a round-shot passed high above the roof of the log-house and plumped far beyond us in the wood. "Oho!" said the captain. "Blaze away! You've little enough powder already, my lads." At the second trial, the aim was better, and the ball descended inside the stockade, scattering a cloud of sand but doing no further damage. "Captain," said the squire, "the house is quite invisible from the ship. It must be the flag they are aiming at. Would it not be wiser to take it in?" "Strike my colours!" cried the captain. "No, sir, not I"; and as soon as he had said the words, I think we all agreed with him. For it was not only a piece of stout, seamanly, good feeling; it was good policy besides and showed our enemies that we despised their cannonade. All through the evening they kept thundering away. Ball after ball flew over or fell short or kicked up the sand in the enclosure, but they had to fire so high that the shot fell dead and buried itself in the soft sand. We had no ricochet to fear, and though one popped in through the roof of the log-house and out again through the floor, we soon got used to that sort of horse-play and minded it no more than cricket. "There is one good thing about all this," observed the captain; "the wood in front of us is likely clear. The ebb has made a good while; our stores should be uncovered. Volunteers to go and bring in pork." Gray and Hunter were the first to come forward. Well armed, they stole out of the stockade, but it proved a useless mission. The mutineers were bolder than we fancied or they put more trust in Israel's gunnery. For four or five of them were busy carrying off our stores and wading out with them to one of the gigs that lay close by, pulling an oar or so to hold her steady against the current. Silver was in the stern-sheets in command; and every man of them was now provided with a musket from some secret magazine of their own. The captain sat down to his log, and here is the beginning of the entry: Alexander Smollett, master; David Livesey, ship's doctor; Abraham Gray, carpenter's mate; John Trelawney, owner; John Hunter and Richard Joyce, owner's servants, landsmen—being all that is left faithful of the ship's company—with stores for ten days at short rations, came ashore this day and flew British colours on the log-house in Treasure Island. Thomas Redruth, owner's servant, landsman, shot by the mutineers; James Hawkins, cabin-boy— And at the same time, I was wondering over poor Jim Hawkins' fate. A hail on the land side. "Somebody hailing us," said Hunter, who was on guard. "Doctor! Squire! Captain! Hullo, Hunter, is that you?" came the cries. And I ran to the door in time to see Jim Hawkins, safe and sound, come climbing over the stockade. 19 Narrative Resumed by Jim Hawkins: The Garrison in the Stockade S soon as Ben Gunn saw the colours he came to a halt, stopped me by the arm, and sat down. "Now," said he, "there's your friends, sure enough." "Far more likely it's the mutineers," I answered. "That!" he cried. "Why, in a place like this, where nobody puts in but gen'lemen of fortune, Silver would fly the Jolly Roger, you don't make no doubt of that. No, that's your friends. There's been blows too, and I reckon your friends has had the best of it; and here they are ashore in the old stockade, as was made years and years ago by Flint. Ah, he was the man to have a headpiece, was Flint! Barring rum, his match were never seen. He were afraid of none, not he; on'y Silver—Silver was that genteel." "Well," said I, "that may be so, and so be it; all the more reason that I should hurry on and join my friends." "Nay, mate," returned Ben, "not you. You're a good boy, or I'm mistook; but you're on'y a boy, all told. Now, Ben Gunn is fly. Rum wouldn't bring me there, where you're going—not rum wouldn't, till I see your born gen'leman and gets it on his word of honour. And you won't forget my words; 'A precious sight (that's what you'll say), a precious sight more confidence'—and then nips him." And he pinched me the third time with the same air of cleverness. "And when Ben Gunn is wanted, you know where to find him, Jim. Just wheer you found him today. And him that comes is to have a white thing in his hand, and he's to come alone. Oh! And you'll say this: 'Ben Gunn,' says you, 'has reasons of his own.'" "Well," said I, "I believe I understand. You have something to propose, and you wish to see the squire or the doctor, and you're to be found where I found you. Is that all?" "And when? says you," he added. "Why, from about noon observation to about six bells." "Good," said I, "and now may I go?" "You won't forget?" he inquired anxiously. "Precious sight, and reasons of his own, says you. Reasons of his own; that's the mainstay; as between man and man. Well, then"—still holding me—"I reckon you can go, Jim. And, Jim, if you was to see Silver, you wouldn't go for to sell Ben Gunn? Wild horses wouldn't draw it from you? No, says you. And if them pirates camp ashore, Jim, what would you say but there'd be widders in the morning?" Here he was interrupted by a loud report, and a cannonball came tearing through the trees and pitched in the sand not a hundred yards from where we two were talking. The next moment each of us had taken to his heels in a different direction. For a good hour to come frequent reports shook the island, and balls kept crashing through the woods. I moved from hiding-place to hiding-place, always pursued, or so it seemed to me, by these terrifying missiles. But towards the end of the bombardment, though still I durst not venture in the direction of the stockade, where the balls fell oftenest, I had begun, in a manner, to pluck up my heart again, and after a long detour to the east, crept down among the shore-side trees. The sun had just set, the sea breeze was rustling and tumbling in the woods and ruffling the grey surface of the anchorage; the tide, too, was far out, and great tracts of sand lay uncovered; the air, after the heat of the day, chilled me through my jacket. The Hispaniola still lay where she had anchored; but, sure enough, there was the Jolly Roger—the black flag of piracy—flying from her peak. Even as I looked, there came another red flash and another report that sent the echoes clattering, and one more round-shot whistled through the air. It was the last of the cannonade. I lay for some time watching the bustle which succeeded the attack. Men were demolishing something with axes on the beach near the stockade—the poor jolly-boat, I afterwards discovered. Away, near the mouth of the river, a great fire was glowing among the trees, and between that point and the ship one of the gigs kept coming and going, the men, whom I had seen so gloomy, shouting at the oars like children. But there was a sound in their voices which suggested rum. At length I thought I might return towards the stockade. I was pretty far down on the low, sandy spit that encloses the anchorage to the east, and is joined at half-water to Skeleton Island; and now, as I rose to my feet, I saw, some distance further down the spit and rising from among low bushes, an isolated rock, pretty high, and peculiarly white in colour. It occurred to me that this might be the white rock of which Ben Gunn had spoken and that some day or other a boat might be wanted and I should know where to look for one. Then I skirted among the woods until I had regained the rear, or shoreward side, of the stockade, and was soon warmly welcomed by the faithful party. I had soon told my story and began to look about me. The log-house was made of unsquared trunks of pine—roof, walls, and floor. The latter stood in several places as much as a foot or a foot and a half above the surface of the sand. There was a porch at the door, and under this porch the little spring welled up into an artificial basin of a rather odd kind—no other than a great ship's kettle of iron, with the bottom knocked out, and sunk "to her bearings," as the captain said, among the sand. Little had been left besides the framework of the house, but in one corner there was a stone slab laid down by way of hearth and an old rusty iron basket to contain the fire. The slopes of the knoll and all the inside of the stockade had been cleared of timber to build the house, and we could see by the stumps what a fine and lofty grove had been destroyed. Most of the soil had been washed away or buried in drift after the removal of the trees; only where the streamlet ran down from the kettle a thick bed of moss and some ferns and little creeping bushes were still green among the sand. Very close around the stockade—too close for defence, they said—the wood still flourished high and dense, all of fir on the land side, but towards the sea with a large admixture of live-oaks. The cold evening breeze, of which I have spoken, whistled through every chink of the rude building and sprinkled the floor with a continual rain of fine sand. There was sand in our eyes, sand in our teeth, sand in our suppers, sand dancing in the spring at the bottom of the kettle, for all the world like porridge beginning to boil. Our chimney was a square hole in the roof; it was but a little part of the smoke that found its way out, and the rest eddied about the house and kept us coughing and piping the eye. Add to this that Gray, the new man, had his face tied up in a bandage for a cut he had got in breaking away from the mutineers and that poor old Tom Redruth, still unburied, lay along the wall, stiff and stark, under the Union Jack. If we had been allowed to sit idle, we should all have fallen in the blues, but Captain Smollett was never the man for that. All hands were called up before him, and he divided us into watches. The doctor and Gray and I for one; the squire, Hunter, and Joyce upon the other. Tired though we all were, two were sent out for firewood; two more were set to dig a grave for Redruth; the doctor was named cook; I was put sentry at the door; and the captain himself went from one to another, keeping up our spirits and lending a hand wherever it was wanted. From time to time the doctor came to the door for a little air and to rest his eyes, which were almost smoked out of his head, and whenever he did so, he had a word for me. "That man Smollett," he said once, "is a better man than I am. And when I say that it means a deal, Jim." Another time he came and was silent for a while. Then he put his head on one side, and looked at me. "Is this Ben Gunn a man?" he asked. "I do not know, sir," said I. "I am not very sure whether he's sane." "If there's any doubt about the matter, he is," returned the doctor. "A man who has been three years biting his nails on a desert island, Jim, can't expect to appear as sane as you or me. It doesn't lie in human nature. Was it cheese you said he had a fancy for?" "Yes, sir, cheese," I answered. "Well, Jim," says he, "just see the good that comes of being dainty in your food. You've seen my snuff-box, haven't you? And you never saw me take snuff, the reason being that in my snuff-box I carry a piece of Parmesan cheese—a cheese made in Italy, very nutritious. Well, that's for Ben Gunn!" Before supper was eaten we buried old Tom in the sand and stood round him for a while bare-headed in the breeze. A good deal of firewood had been got in, but not enough for the captain's fancy, and he shook his head over it and told us we "must get back to this tomorrow rather livelier." Then, when we had eaten our pork and each had a good stiff glass of brandy grog, the three chiefs got together in a corner to discuss our prospects. It appears they were at their wits' end what to do, the stores being so low that we must have been starved into surrender long before help came. But our best hope, it was decided, was to kill off the buccaneers until they either hauled down their flag or ran away with the Hispaniola. From nineteen they were already reduced to fifteen, two others were wounded, and one at least—the man shot beside the gun—severely wounded, if he were not dead. Every time we had a crack at them, we were to take it, saving our own lives, with the extremest care. And besides that, we had two able allies—rum and the climate. As for the first, though we were about half a mile away, we could hear them roaring and singing late into the night; and as for the second, the doctor staked his wig that, camped where they were in the marsh and unprovided with remedies, the half of them would be on their backs before a week. "So," he added, "if we are not all shot down first they'll be glad to be packing in the schooner. It's always a ship, and they can get to buccaneering again, I suppose." "First ship that ever I lost," said Captain Smollett. I was dead tired, as you may fancy; and when I got to sleep, which was not till after a great deal of tossing, I slept like a log of wood. The rest had long been up and had already breakfasted and increased the pile of firewood by about half as much again when I was wakened by a bustle and the sound of voices. "Flag of truce!" I heard someone say; and then, immediately after, with a cry of surprise, "Silver himself!" And at that, up I jumped, and rubbing my eyes, ran to a loophole in the wall. 20 Silver's Embassy URE enough, there were two men just outside the stockade, one of them waving a white cloth, the other, no less a person than Silver himself, standing placidly by. It was still quite early, and the coldest morning that I think I ever was abroad in—a chill that pierced into the marrow. The sky was bright and cloudless overhead, and the tops of the trees shone rosily in the sun. But where Silver stood with his lieutenant, all was still in shadow, and they waded knee-deep in a low white vapour that had crawled during the night out of the morass. The chill and the vapour taken together told a poor tale of the island. It was plainly a damp, feverish, unhealthy spot. "Keep indoors, men," said the captain. "Ten to one this is a trick." Then he hailed the buccaneer. "Who goes? Stand, or we fire." "Flag of truce," cried Silver. The captain was in the porch, keeping himself carefully out of the way of a treacherous shot, should any be intended. He turned and spoke to us, "Doctor's watch on the lookout. Dr. Livesey take the north side, if you please; Jim, the east; Gray, west. The watch below, all hands to load muskets. Lively, men, and careful." And then he turned again to the mutineers. "And what do you want with your flag of truce?" he cried. This time it was the other man who replied. "Cap'n Silver, sir, to come on board and make terms," he shouted. "Cap'n Silver! Don't know him. Who's he?" cried the captain. And we could hear him adding to himself, "Cap'n, is it? My heart, and here's promotion!" Long John answered for himself. "Me, sir. These poor lads have chosen me cap'n, after your desertion, sir"—laying a particular emphasis upon the word "desertion." "We're willing to submit, if we can come to terms, and no bones about it. All I ask is your word, Cap'n Smollett, to let me safe and sound out of this here stockade, and one minute to get out o' shot before a gun is fired." "My man," said Captain Smollett, "I have not the slightest desire to talk to you. If you wish to talk to me, you can come, that's all. If there's any treachery, it'll be on your side, and the Lord help you." "That's enough, cap'n," shouted Long John cheerily. "A word from you's enough. I know a gentleman, and you may lay to that." We could see the man who carried the flag of truce attempting to hold Silver back. Nor was that wonderful, seeing how cavalier had been the captain's answer. But Silver laughed at him aloud and slapped him on the back as if the idea of alarm had been absurd. Then he advanced to the stockade, threw over his crutch, got a leg up, and with great vigour and skill succeeded in surmounting the fence and dropping safely to the other side. I will confess that I was far too much taken up with what was going on to be of the slightest use as sentry; indeed, I had already deserted my eastern loophole and crept up behind the captain, who had now seated himself on the threshold, with his elbows on his knees, his head in his hands, and his eyes fixed on the water as it bubbled out of the old iron kettle in the sand. He was whistling "Come, Lasses and Lads." Silver had terrible hard work getting up the knoll. What with the steepness of the incline, the thick tree stumps, and the soft sand, he and his crutch were as helpless as a ship in stays. But he stuck to it like a man in silence, and at last arrived before the captain, whom he saluted in the handsomest style. He was tricked out in his best; an immense blue coat, thick with brass buttons, hung as low as to his knees, and a fine laced hat was set on the back of his head. "Here you are, my man," said the captain, raising his head. "You had better sit down." "You ain't a-going to let me inside, cap'n?" complained Long John. "It's a main cold morning, to be sure, sir, to sit outside upon the sand." "Why, Silver," said the captain, "if you had pleased to be an honest man, you might have been sitting in your galley. It's your own doing. You're either my ship's cook—and then you were treated handsome—or Cap'n Silver, a common mutineer and pirate, and then you can go hang!" "Well, well, cap'n," returned the sea-cook, sitting down as he was bidden on the sand, "you'll have to give me a hand up again, that's all. A sweet pretty place you have of it here. Ah, there's Jim! The top of the morning to you, Jim. Doctor, here's my service. Why, there you all are together like a happy family, in a manner of speaking." "If you have anything to say, my man, better say it," said the captain. "Right you were, Cap'n Smollett," replied Silver. "Dooty is dooty, to be sure. Well now, you look here, that was a good lay of yours last night. I don't deny it was a good lay. Some of you pretty handy with a handspike-end. And I'll not deny neither but what some of my people was shook—maybe all was shook; maybe I was shook myself; maybe that's why I'm here for terms. But you mark me, cap'n, it won't do twice, by thunder! We'll have to do sentry-go and ease off a point or so on the rum. Maybe you think we were all a sheet in the wind's eye. But I'll tell you I was sober; I was on'y dog tired; and if I'd awoke a second sooner, I'd 'a caught you at the act, I would. He wasn't dead when I got round to him, not he." "Well?" says Captain Smollett as cool as can be. All that Silver said was a riddle to him, but you would never have guessed it from his tone. As for me, I began to have an inkling. Ben Gunn's last words came back to my mind. I began to suppose that he had paid the buccaneers a visit while they all lay drunk together round their fire, and I reckoned up with glee that we had only fourteen enemies to deal with. "Well, here it is," said Silver. "We want that treasure, and we'll have it—that's our point! You would just as soon save your lives, I reckon; and that's yours. You have a chart, haven't you?" "That's as may be," replied the captain. "Oh, well, you have, I know that," returned Long John. "You needn't be so husky with a man; there ain't a particle of service in that, and you may lay to it. What I mean is, we want your chart. Now, I never meant you no harm, myself." "That won't do with me, my man," interrupted the captain. "We know exactly what you meant to do, and we don't care, for now, you see, you can't do it." And the captain looked at him calmly and proceeded to fill a pipe. "If Abe Gray—" Silver broke out. "Avast there!" cried Mr. Smollett. "Gray told me nothing, and I asked him nothing; and what's more, I would see you and him and this whole island blown clean out of the water into blazes first. So there's my mind for you, my man, on that." This little whiff of temper seemed to cool Silver down. He had been growing nettled before, but now he pulled himself together. "Like enough," said he. "I would set no limits to what gentlemen might consider shipshape, or might not, as the case were. And seein' as how you are about to take a pipe, cap'n, I'll make so free as do likewise." And he filled a pipe and lighted it; and the two men sat silently smoking for quite a while, now looking each other in the face, now stopping their tobacco, now leaning forward to spit. It was as good as the play to see them. "Now," resumed Silver, "here it is. You give us the chart to get the treasure by, and drop shooting poor seamen and stoving of their heads in while asleep. You do that, and we'll offer you a choice. Either you come aboard along of us, once the treasure shipped, and then I'll give you my affy-davy, upon my word of honour, to clap you somewhere safe ashore. Or if that ain't to your fancy, some of my hands being rough and having old scores on account of hazing, then you can stay here, you can. We'll divide stores with you, man for man; and I'll give my affy-davy, as before to speak the first ship I sight, and send 'em here to pick you up. Now, you'll own that's talking. Handsomer you couldn't look to get, now you. And I hope"—raising his voice—"that all hands in this here block house will overhaul my words, for what is spoke to one is spoke to all." Captain Smollett rose from his seat and knocked out the ashes of his pipe in the palm of his left hand. "Is that all?" he asked. "Every last word, by thunder!" answered John. "Refuse that, and you've seen the last of me but musket-balls." "Very good," said the captain. "Now you'll hear me. If you'll come up one by one, unarmed, I'll engage to clap you all in irons and take you home to a fair trial in England. If you won't, my name is Alexander Smollett, I've flown my sovereign's colours, and I'll see you all to Davy Jones. You can't find the treasure. You can't sail the ship—there's not a man among you fit to sail the ship. You can't fight us—Gray, there, got away from five of you. Your ship's in irons, Master Silver; you're on a lee shore, and so you'll find. I stand here and tell you so; and they're the last good words you'll get from me, for in the name of heaven, I'll put a bullet in your back when next I meet you. Tramp, my lad. Bundle out of this, please, hand over hand, and double quick." Silver's face was a picture; his eyes started in his head with wrath. He shook the fire out of his pipe. "Give me a hand up!" he cried. "Not I," returned the captain. "Who'll give me a hand up?" he roared. Not a man among us moved. Growling the foulest imprecations, he crawled along the sand till he got hold of the porch and could hoist himself again upon his crutch. Then he spat into the spring. "There!" he cried. "That's what I think of ye. Before an hour's out, I'll stove in your old block house like a rum puncheon. Laugh, by thunder, laugh! Before an hour's out, ye'll laugh upon the other side. Them that die'll be the lucky ones." And with a dreadful oath he stumbled off, ploughed down the sand, was helped across the stockade, after four or five failures, by the man with the flag of truce, and disappeared in an instant afterwards among the trees. 21 The Attack S soon as Silver disappeared, the captain, who had been closely watching him, turned towards the interior of the house and found not a man of us at his post but Gray. It was the first time we had ever seen him angry. "Quarters!" he roared. And then, as we all slunk back to our places, "Gray," he said, "I'll put your name in the log; you've stood by your duty like a seaman. Mr. Trelawney, I'm surprised at you, sir. Doctor, I thought you had worn the king's coat! If that was how you served at Fontenoy, sir, you'd have been better in your berth." The doctor's watch were all back at their loopholes, the rest were busy loading the spare muskets, and everyone with a red face, you may be certain, and a flea in his ear, as the saying is. The captain looked on for a while in silence. Then he spoke. "My lads," said he, "I've given Silver a broadside. I pitched it in red-hot on purpose; and before the hour's out, as he said, we shall be boarded. We're outnumbered, I needn't tell you that, but we fight in shelter; and a minute ago I should have said we fought with discipline. I've no manner of doubt that we can drub them, if you choose." Then he went the rounds and saw, as he said, that all was clear. On the two short sides of the house, east and west, there were only two loopholes; on the south side where the porch was, two again; and on the north side, five. There was a round score of muskets for the seven of us; the firewood had been built into four piles—tables, you might say—one about the middle of each side, and on each of these tables some ammunition and four loaded muskets were laid ready to the hand of the defenders. In the middle, the cutlasses lay ranged. "Toss out the fire," said the captain; "the chill is past, and we mustn't have smoke in our eyes." The iron fire-basket was carried bodily out by Mr. Trelawney, and the embers smothered among sand. "Hawkins hasn't had his breakfast. Hawkins, help yourself, and back to your post to eat it," continued Captain Smollett. "Lively, now, my lad; you'll want it before you've done. Hunter, serve out a round of brandy to all hands." And while this was going on, the captain completed, in his own mind, the plan of the defence. "Doctor, you will take the door," he resumed. "See, and don't expose yourself; keep within, and fire through the porch. Hunter, take the east side, there. Joyce, you stand by the west, my man. Mr. Trelawney, you are the best shot—you and Gray will take this long north side, with the five loopholes; it's there the danger is. If they can get up to it and fire in upon us through our own ports, things would begin to look dirty. Hawkins, neither you nor I are much account at the shooting; we'll stand by to load and bear a hand." As the captain had said, the chill was past. As soon as the sun had climbed above our girdle of trees, it fell with all its force upon the clearing and drank up the vapours at a draught. Soon the sand was baking and the resin melting in the logs of the block house. Jackets and coats were flung aside, shirts thrown open at the neck and rolled up to the shoulders; and we stood there, each at his post, in a fever of heat and anxiety. An hour passed away. "Hang them!" said the captain. "This is as dull as the doldrums. Gray, whistle for a wind." And just at that moment came the first news of the attack. "If you please, sir," said Joyce, "if I see anyone, am I to fire?" "I told you so!" cried the captain. "Thank you, sir," returned Joyce with the same quiet civility. Nothing followed for a time, but the remark had set us all on the alert, straining ears and eyes—the musketeers with their pieces balanced in their hands, the captain out in the middle of the block house with his mouth very tight and a frown on his face. So some seconds passed, till suddenly Joyce whipped up his musket and fired. The report had scarcely died away ere it was repeated and repeated from without in a scattering volley, shot behind shot, like a string of geese, from every side of the enclosure. Several bullets struck the log-house, but not one entered; and as the smoke cleared away and vanished, the stockade and the woods around it looked as quiet and empty as before. Not a bough waved, not the gleam of a musket-barrel betrayed the presence of our foes. "Did you hit your man?" asked the captain. "No, sir," replied Joyce. "I believe not, sir." "Next best thing to tell the truth," muttered Captain Smollett. "Load his gun, Hawkins. How many should say there were on your side, doctor?" "I know precisely," said Dr. Livesey. "Three shots were fired on this side. I saw the three flashes—two close together—one farther to the west." "Three!" repeated the captain. "And how many on yours, Mr. Trelawney?" But this was not so easily answered. There had come many from the north—seven by the squire's computation, eight or nine according to Gray. From the east and west only a single shot had been fired. It was plain, therefore, that the attack would be developed from the north and that on the other three sides we were only to be annoyed by a show of hostilities. But Captain Smollett made no change in his arrangements. If the mutineers succeeded in crossing the stockade, he argued, they would take possession of any unprotected loophole and shoot us down like rats in our own stronghold. Nor had we much time left to us for thought. Suddenly, with a loud huzza, a little cloud of pirates leaped from the woods on the north side and ran straight on the stockade. At the same moment, the fire was once more opened from the woods, and a rifle ball sang through the doorway and knocked the doctor's musket into bits. The boarders swarmed over the fence like monkeys. Squire and Gray fired again and yet again; three men fell, one forwards into the enclosure, two back on the outside. But of these, one was evidently more frightened than hurt, for he was on his feet again in a crack and instantly disappeared among the trees. Two had bit the dust, one had fled, four had made good their footing inside our defences, while from the shelter of the woods seven or eight men, each evidently supplied with several muskets, kept up a hot though useless fire on the log-house. The four who had boarded made straight before them for the building, shouting as they ran, and the men among the trees shouted back to encourage them. Several shots were fired, but such was the hurry of the marksmen that not one appears to have taken effect. In a moment, the four pirates had swarmed up the mound and were upon us. The head of Job Anderson, the boatswain, appeared at the middle loophole. "At 'em, all hands—all hands!" he roared in a voice of thunder. At the same moment, another pirate grasped Hunter's musket by the muzzle, wrenched it from his hands, plucked it through the loophole, and with one stunning blow, laid the poor fellow senseless on the floor. Meanwhile a third, running unharmed all around the house, appeared suddenly in the doorway and fell with his cutlass on the doctor. Our position was utterly reversed. A moment since we were firing, under cover, at an exposed enemy; now it was we who lay uncovered and could not return a blow. The log-house was full of smoke, to which we owed our comparative safety. Cries and confusion, the flashes and reports of pistol-shots, and one loud groan rang in my ears. "Out, lads, out, and fight 'em in the open! Cutlasses!" cried the captain. I snatched a cutlass from the pile, and someone, at the same time snatching another, gave me a cut across the knuckles which I hardly felt. I dashed out of the door into the clear sunlight. Someone was close behind, I knew not whom. Right in front, the doctor was pursuing his assailant down the hill, and just as my eyes fell upon him, beat down his guard and sent him sprawling on his back with a great slash across the face. "Round the house, lads! Round the house!" cried the captain; and even in the hurly-burly, I perceived a change in his voice. Mechanically, I obeyed, turned eastwards, and with my cutlass raised, ran round the corner of the house. Next moment I was face to face with Anderson. He roared aloud, and his hanger went up above his head, flashing in the sunlight. I had not time to be afraid, but as the blow still hung impending, leaped in a trice upon one side, and missing my foot in the soft sand, rolled headlong down the slope. When I had first sallied from the door, the other mutineers had been already swarming up the palisade to make an end of us. One man, in a red night-cap, with his cutlass in his mouth, had even got upon the top and thrown a leg across. Well, so short had been the interval that when I found my feet again all was in the same posture, the fellow with the red night-cap still half-way over, another still just showing his head above the top of the stockade. And yet, in this breath of time, the fight was over and the victory was ours. Gray, following close behind me, had cut down the big boatswain ere he had time to recover from his last blow. Another had been shot at a loophole in the very act of firing into the house and now lay in agony, the pistol still smoking in his hand. A third, as I had seen, the doctor had disposed of at a blow. Of the four who had scaled the palisade, one only remained unaccounted for, and he, having left his cutlass on the field, was now clambering out again with the fear of death upon him. "Fire—fire from the house!" cried the doctor. "And you, lads, back into cover." But his words were unheeded, no shot was fired, and the last boarder made good his escape and disappeared with the rest into the wood. In three seconds nothing remained of the attacking party but the five who had fallen, four on the inside and one on the outside of the palisade. The doctor and Gray and I ran full speed for shelter. The survivors would soon be back where they had left their muskets, and at any moment the fire might recommence. The house was by this time somewhat cleared of smoke, and we saw at a glance the price we had paid for victory. Hunter lay beside his loophole, stunned; Joyce by his, shot through the head, never to move again; while right in the centre, the squire was supporting the captain, one as pale as the other. "The captain's wounded," said Mr. Trelawney. "Have they run?" asked Mr. Smollett. "All that could, you may be bound," returned the doctor; "but there's five of them will never run again." "Five!" cried the captain. "Come, that's better. Five against three leaves us four to nine. That's better odds than we had at starting. We were seven to nineteen then, or thought we were, and that's as bad to bear."* The mutineers were soon only eight in number, for the man shot by Mr. Trelawney on board the schooner died that same evening of his wound. But this was, of course, not known till after by the faithful party. PART FIVE—My Sea Adventure 22 How My Sea Adventure Began HERE was no return of the mutineers—not so much as another shot out of the woods. They had "got their rations for that day," as the captain put it, and we had the place to ourselves and a quiet time to overhaul the wounded and get dinner. Squire and I cooked outside in spite of the danger, and even outside we could hardly tell what we were at, for horror of the loud groans that reached us from the doctor's patients. Out of the eight men who had fallen in the action, only three still breathed—that one of the pirates who had been shot at the loophole, Hunter, and Captain Smollett; and of these, the first two were as good as dead; the mutineer indeed died under the doctor's knife, and Hunter, do what we could, never recovered consciousness in this world. He lingered all day, breathing loudly like the old buccaneer at home in his apoplectic fit, but the bones of his chest had been crushed by the blow and his skull fractured in falling, and some time in the following night, without sign or sound, he went to his Maker. As for the captain, his wounds were grievous indeed, but not dangerous. No organ was fatally injured. Anderson's ball—for it was Job that shot him first—had broken his shoulder-blade and touched the lung, not badly; the second had only torn and displaced some muscles in the calf. He was sure to recover, the doctor said, but in the meantime, and for weeks to come, he must not walk nor move his arm, nor so much as speak when he could help it. My own accidental cut across the knuckles was a flea-bite. Doctor Livesey patched it up with plaster and pulled my ears for me into the bargain. After dinner the squire and the doctor sat by the captain's side awhile in consultation; and when they had talked to their hearts' content, it being then a little past noon, the doctor took up his hat and pistols, girt on a cutlass, put the chart in his pocket, and with a musket over his shoulder crossed the palisade on the north side and set off briskly through the trees. Gray and I were sitting together at the far end of the block house, to be out of earshot of our officers consulting; and Gray took his pipe out of his mouth and fairly forgot to put it back again, so thunder-struck he was at this occurrence. "Why, in the name of Davy Jones," said he, "is Dr. Livesey mad?" "Why no," says I. "He's about the last of this crew for that, I take it." "Well, shipmate," said Gray, "mad he may not be; but if he's not, you mark my words, I am." "I take it," replied I, "the doctor has his idea; and if I am right, he's going now to see Ben Gunn." I was right, as appeared later; but in the meantime, the house being stifling hot and the little patch of sand inside the palisade ablaze with midday sun, I began to get another thought into my head, which was not by any means so right. What I began to do was to envy the doctor walking in the cool shadow of the woods with the birds about him and the pleasant smell of the pines, while I sat grilling, with my clothes stuck to the hot resin, and so much blood about me and so many poor dead bodies lying all around that I took a disgust of the place that was almost as strong as fear. All the time I was washing out the block house, and then washing up the things from dinner, this disgust and envy kept growing stronger and stronger, till at last, being near a bread-bag, and no one then observing me, I took the first step towards my escapade and filled both pockets of my coat with biscuit. I was a fool, if you like, and certainly I was going to do a foolish, over-bold act; but I was determined to do it with all the precautions in my power. These biscuits, should anything befall me, would keep me, at least, from starving till far on in the next day. The next thing I laid hold of was a brace of pistols, and as I already had a powder-horn and bullets, I felt myself well supplied with arms. As for the scheme I had in my head, it was not a bad one in itself. I was to go down the sandy spit that divides the anchorage on the east from the open sea, find the white rock I had observed last evening, and ascertain whether it was there or not that Ben Gunn had hidden his boat, a thing quite worth doing, as I still believe. But as I was certain I should not be allowed to leave the enclosure, my only plan was to take French leave and slip out when nobody was watching, and that was so bad a way of doing it as made the thing itself wrong. But I was only a boy, and I had made my mind up. Well, as things at last fell out, I found an admirable opportunity. The squire and Gray were busy helping the captain with his bandages, the coast was clear, I made a bolt for it over the stockade and into the thickest of the trees, and before my absence was observed I was out of cry of my companions. This was my second folly, far worse than the first, as I left but two sound men to guard the house; but like the first, it was a help towards saving all of us. I took my way straight for the east coast of the island, for I was determined to go down the sea side of the spit to avoid all chance of observation from the anchorage. It was already late in the afternoon, although still warm and sunny. As I continued to thread the tall woods, I could hear from far before me not only the continuous thunder of the surf, but a certain tossing of foliage and grinding of boughs which showed me the sea breeze had set in higher than usual. Soon cool draughts of air began to reach me, and a few steps farther I came forth into the open borders of the grove, and saw the sea lying blue and sunny to the horizon and the surf tumbling and tossing its foam along the beach. I have never seen the sea quiet round Treasure Island. The sun might blaze overhead, the air be without a breath, the surface smooth and blue, but still these great rollers would be running along all the external coast, thundering and thundering by day and night; and I scarce believe there is one spot in the island where a man would be out of earshot of their noise. I walked along beside the surf with great enjoyment, till, thinking I was now got far enough to the south, I took the cover of some thick bushes and crept warily up to the ridge of the spit. Behind me was the sea, in front the anchorage. The sea breeze, as though it had the sooner blown itself out by its unusual violence, was already at an end; it had been succeeded by light, variable airs from the south and south-east, carrying great banks of fog; and the anchorage, under lee of Skeleton Island, lay still and leaden as when first we entered it. The Hispaniola, in that unbroken mirror, was exactly portrayed from the truck to the waterline, the Jolly Roger hanging from her peak. Alongside lay one of the gigs, Silver in the stern-sheets—him I could always recognize—while a couple of men were leaning over the stern bulwarks, one of them with a red cap—the very rogue that I had seen some hours before stride-legs upon the palisade. Apparently they were talking and laughing, though at that distance—upwards of a mile—I could, of course, hear no word of what was said. All at once there began the most horrid, unearthly screaming, which at first startled me badly, though I had soon remembered the voice of Captain Flint and even thought I could make out the bird by her bright plumage as she sat perched upon her master's wrist. Soon after, the jolly-boat shoved off and pulled for shore, and the man with the red cap and his comrade went below by the cabin companion. Just about the same time, the sun had gone down behind the Spy-glass, and as the fog was collecting rapidly, it began to grow dark in earnest. I saw I must lose no time if I were to find the boat that evening. The white rock, visible enough above the brush, was still some eighth of a mile further down the spit, and it took me a goodish while to get up with it, crawling, often on all fours, among the scrub. Night had almost come when I laid my hand on its rough sides. Right below it there was an exceedingly small hollow of green turf, hidden by banks and a thick underwood about knee-deep, that grew there very plentifully; and in the centre of the dell, sure enough, a little tent of goat-skins, like what the gipsies carry about with them in England. I dropped into the hollow, lifted the side of the tent, and there was Ben Gunn's boat—home-made if ever anything was home-made; a rude, lop-sided framework of tough wood, and stretched upon that a covering of goat-skin, with the hair inside. The thing was extremely small, even for me, and I can hardly imagine that it could have floated with a full-sized man. There was one thwart set as low as possible, a kind of stretcher in the bows, and a double paddle for propulsion. I had not then seen a coracle, such as the ancient Britons made, but I have seen one since, and I can give you no fairer idea of Ben Gunn's boat than by saying it was like the first and the worst coracle ever made by man. But the great advantage of the coracle it certainly possessed, for it was exceedingly light and portable. Well, now that I had found the boat, you would have thought I had had enough of truantry for once, but in the meantime I had taken another notion and become so obstinately fond of it that I would have carried it out, I believe, in the teeth of Captain Smollett himself. This was to slip out under cover of the night, cut the Hispaniola adrift, and let her go ashore where she fancied. I had quite made up my mind that the mutineers, after their repulse of the morning, had nothing nearer their hearts than to up anchor and away to sea; this, I thought, it would be a fine thing to prevent, and now that I had seen how they left their watchmen unprovided with a boat, I thought it might be done with little risk. Down I sat to wait for darkness, and made a hearty meal of biscuit. It was a night out of ten thousand for my purpose. The fog had now buried all heaven. As the last rays of daylight dwindled and disappeared, absolute blackness settled down on Treasure Island. And when, at last, I shouldered the coracle and groped my way stumblingly out of the hollow where I had supped, there were but two points visible on the whole anchorage. One was the great fire on shore, by which the defeated pirates lay carousing in the swamp. The other, a mere blur of light upon the darkness, indicated the position of the anchored ship. She had swung round to the ebb—her bow was now towards me—the only lights on board were in the cabin, and what I saw was merely a reflection on the fog of the strong rays that flowed from the stern window. The ebb had already run some time, and I had to wade through a long belt of swampy sand, where I sank several times above the ankle, before I came to the edge of the retreating water, and wading a little way in, with some strength and dexterity, set my coracle, keel downwards, on the surface. 23 The Ebb-tide Runs HE coracle—as I had ample reason to know before I was done with her—was a very safe boat for a person of my height and weight, both buoyant and clever in a seaway; but she was the most cross-grained, lop-sided craft to manage. Do as you pleased, she always made more leeway than anything else, and turning round and round was the manoeuvre she was best at. Even Ben Gunn himself has admitted that she was "queer to handle till you knew her way." Certainly I did not know her way. She turned in every direction but the one I was bound to go; the most part of the time we were broadside on, and I am very sure I never should have made the ship at all but for the tide. By good fortune, paddle as I pleased, the tide was still sweeping me down; and there lay the Hispaniola right in the fairway, hardly to be missed. First she loomed before me like a blot of something yet blacker than darkness, then her spars and hull began to take shape, and the next moment, as it seemed (for, the farther I went, the brisker grew the current of the ebb), I was alongside of her hawser and had laid hold. The hawser was as taut as a bowstring, and the current so strong she pulled upon her anchor. All round the hull, in the blackness, the rippling current bubbled and chattered like a little mountain stream. One cut with my sea-gully and the Hispaniola would go humming down the tide. So far so good, but it next occurred to my recollection that a taut hawser, suddenly cut, is a thing as dangerous as a kicking horse. Ten to one, if I were so foolhardy as to cut the Hispaniola from her anchor, I and the coracle would be knocked clean out of the water. This brought me to a full stop, and if fortune had not again particularly favoured me, I should have had to abandon my design. But the light airs which had begun blowing from the south-east and south had hauled round after nightfall into the south-west. Just while I was meditating, a puff came, caught the Hispaniola, and forced her up into the current; and to my great joy, I felt the hawser slacken in my grasp, and the hand by which I held it dip for a second under water. With that I made my mind up, took out my gully, opened it with my teeth, and cut one strand after another, till the vessel swung only by two. Then I lay quiet, waiting to sever these last when the strain should be once more lightened by a breath of wind. All this time I had heard the sound of loud voices from the cabin, but to say truth, my mind had been so entirely taken up with other thoughts that I had scarcely given ear. Now, however, when I had nothing else to do, I began to pay more heed. One I recognized for the coxswain's, Israel Hands, that had been Flint's gunner in former days. The other was, of course, my friend of the red night-cap. Both men were plainly the worse of drink, and they were still drinking, for even while I was listening, one of them, with a drunken cry, opened the stern window and threw out something, which I divined to be an empty bottle. But they were not only tipsy; it was plain that they were furiously angry. Oaths flew like hailstones, and every now and then there came forth such an explosion as I thought was sure to end in blows. But each time the quarrel passed off and the voices grumbled lower for a while, until the next crisis came and in its turn passed away without result. On shore, I could see the glow of the great camp-fire burning warmly through the shore-side trees. Someone was singing, a dull, old, droning sailor's song, with a droop and a quaver at the end of every verse, and seemingly no end to it at all but the patience of the singer. I had heard it on the voyage more than once and remembered these words: "But one man of her crew alive, What put to sea with seventy-five." And I thought it was a ditty rather too dolefully appropriate for a company that had met such cruel losses in the morning. But, indeed, from what I saw, all these buccaneers were as callous as the sea they sailed on. At last the breeze came; the schooner sidled and drew nearer in the dark; I felt the hawser slacken once more, and with a good, tough effort, cut the last fibres through. The breeze had but little action on the coracle, and I was almost instantly swept against the bows of the Hispaniola. At the same time, the schooner began to turn upon her heel, spinning slowly, end for end, across the current. I wrought like a fiend, for I expected every moment to be swamped; and since I found I could not push the coracle directly off, I now shoved straight astern. At length I was clear of my dangerous neighbour, and just as I gave the last impulsion, my hands came across a light cord that was trailing overboard across the stern bulwarks. Instantly I grasped it. Why I should have done so I can hardly say. It was at first mere instinct, but once I had it in my hands and found it fast, curiosity began to get the upper hand, and I determined I should have one look through the cabin window. I pulled in hand over hand on the cord, and when I judged myself near enough, rose at infinite risk to about half my height and thus commanded the roof and a slice of the interior of the cabin. By this time the schooner and her little consort were gliding pretty swiftly through the water; indeed, we had already fetched up level with the camp-fire. The ship was talking, as sailors say, loudly, treading the innumerable ripples with an incessant weltering splash; and until I got my eye above the window-sill I could not comprehend why the watchmen had taken no alarm. One glance, however, was sufficient; and it was only one glance that I durst take from that unsteady skiff. It showed me Hands and his companion locked together in deadly wrestle, each with a hand upon the other's throat. I dropped upon the thwart again, none too soon, for I was near overboard. I could see nothing for the moment but these two furious, encrimsoned faces swaying together under the smoky lamp, and I shut my eyes to let them grow once more familiar with the darkness. The endless ballad had come to an end at last, and the whole diminished company about the camp-fire had broken into the chorus I had heard so often: "Fifteen men on the dead man's chest— Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum! Drink and the devil had done for the rest— Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!" I was just thinking how busy drink and the devil were at that very moment in the cabin of the Hispaniola, when I was surprised by a sudden lurch of the coracle. At the same moment, she yawed sharply and seemed to change her course. The speed in the meantime had strangely increased. I opened my eyes at once. All round me were little ripples, combing over with a sharp, bristling sound and slightly phosphorescent. The Hispaniola herself, a few yards in whose wake I was still being whirled along, seemed to stagger in her course, and I saw her spars toss a little against the blackness of the night; nay, as I looked longer, I made sure she also was wheeling to the southward. I glanced over my shoulder, and my heart jumped against my ribs. There, right behind me, was the glow of the camp-fire. The current had turned at right angles, sweeping round along with it the tall schooner and the little dancing coracle; ever quickening, ever bubbling higher, ever muttering louder, it went spinning through the narrows for the open sea. Suddenly the schooner in front of me gave a violent yaw, turning, perhaps, through twenty degrees; and almost at the same moment one shout followed another from on board; I could hear feet pounding on the companion ladder and I knew that the two drunkards had at last been interrupted in their quarrel and awakened to a sense of their disaster. I lay down flat in the bottom of that wretched skiff and devoutly recommended my spirit to its Maker. At the end of the straits, I made sure we must fall into some bar of raging breakers, where all my troubles would be ended speedily; and though I could, perhaps, bear to die, I could not bear to look upon my fate as it approached. So I must have lain for hours, continually beaten to and fro upon the billows, now and again wetted with flying sprays, and never ceasing to expect death at the next plunge. Gradually weariness grew upon me; a numbness, an occasional stupor, fell upon my mind even in the midst of my terrors, until sleep at last supervened and in my sea-tossed coracle I lay and dreamed of home and the old Admiral Benbow. 24 The Cruise of the Coracle T was broad day when I awoke and found myself tossing at the south-west end of Treasure Island. The sun was up but was still hid from me behind the great bulk of the Spy-glass, which on this side descended almost to the sea in formidable cliffs. Haulbowline Head and Mizzen-mast Hill were at my elbow, the hill bare and dark, the head bound with cliffs forty or fifty feet high and fringed with great masses of fallen rock. I was scarce a quarter of a mile to seaward, and it was my first thought to paddle in and land. That notion was soon given over. Among the fallen rocks the breakers spouted and bellowed; loud reverberations, heavy sprays flying and falling, succeeded one another from second to second; and I saw myself, if I ventured nearer, dashed to death upon the rough shore or spending my strength in vain to scale the beetling crags. Nor was that all, for crawling together on flat tables of rock or letting themselves drop into the sea with loud reports I beheld huge slimy monsters—soft snails, as it were, of incredible bigness—two or three score of them together, making the rocks to echo with their barkings. I have understood since that they were sea lions, and entirely harmless. But the look of them, added to the difficulty of the shore and the high running of the surf, was more than enough to disgust me of that landing-place. I felt willing rather to starve at sea than to confront such perils. In the meantime I had a better chance, as I supposed, before me. North of Haulbowline Head, the land runs in a long way, leaving at low tide a long stretch of yellow sand. To the north of that, again, there comes another cape—Cape of the Woods, as it was marked upon the chart—buried in tall green pines, which descended to the margin of the sea. I remembered what Silver had said about the current that sets northward along the whole west coast of Treasure Island, and seeing from my position that I was already under its influence, I preferred to leave Haulbowline Head behind me and reserve my strength for an attempt to land upon the kindlier-looking Cape of the Woods. There was a great, smooth swell upon the sea. The wind blowing steady and gentle from the south, there was no contrariety between that and the current, and the billows rose and fell unbroken. Had it been otherwise, I must long ago have perished; but as it was, it is surprising how easily and securely my little and light boat could ride. Often, as I still lay at the bottom and kept no more than an eye above the gunwale, I would see a big blue summit heaving close above me; yet the coracle would but bounce a little, dance as if on springs, and subside on the other side into the trough as lightly as a bird. I began after a little to grow very bold and sat up to try my skill at paddling. But even a small change in the disposition of the weight will produce violent changes in the behaviour of a coracle. And I had hardly moved before the boat, giving up at once her gentle dancing movement, ran straight down a slope of water so steep that it made me giddy, and struck her nose, with a spout of spray, deep into the side of the next wave. I was drenched and terrified, and fell instantly back into my old position, whereupon the coracle seemed to find her head again and led me as softly as before among the billows. It was plain she was not to be interfered with, and at that rate, since I could in no way influence her course, what hope had I left of reaching land? I began to be horribly frightened, but I kept my head, for all that. First, moving with all care, I gradually baled out the coracle with my sea-cap; then, getting my eye once more above the gunwale, I set myself to study how it was she managed to slip so quietly through the rollers. I found each wave, instead of the big, smooth glossy mountain it looks from shore or from a vessel's deck, was for all the world like any range of hills on dry land, full of peaks and smooth places and valleys. The coracle, left to herself, turning from side to side, threaded, so to speak, her way through these lower parts and avoided the steep slopes and higher, toppling summits of the wave. "Well, now," thought I to myself, "it is plain I must lie where I am and not disturb the balance; but it is plain also that I can put the paddle over the side and from time to time, in smooth places, give her a shove or two towards land." No sooner thought upon than done. There I lay on my elbows in the most trying attitude, and every now and again gave a weak stroke or two to turn her head to shore. It was very tiring and slow work, yet I did visibly gain ground; and as we drew near the Cape of the Woods, though I saw I must infallibly miss that point, I had still made some hundred yards of easting. I was, indeed, close in. I could see the cool green tree-tops swaying together in the breeze, and I felt sure I should make the next promontory without fail. It was high time, for I now began to be tortured with thirst. The glow of the sun from above, its thousandfold reflection from the waves, the sea-water that fell and dried upon me, caking my very lips with salt, combined to make my throat burn and my brain ache. The sight of the trees so near at hand had almost made me sick with longing, but the current had soon carried me past the point, and as the next reach of sea opened out, I beheld a sight that changed the nature of my thoughts. Right in front of me, not half a mile away, I beheld the Hispaniola under sail. I made sure, of course, that I should be taken; but I was so distressed for want of water that I scarce knew whether to be glad or sorry at the thought, and long before I had come to a conclusion, surprise had taken entire possession of my mind and I could do nothing but stare and wonder. The Hispaniola was under her main-sail and two jibs, and the beautiful white canvas shone in the sun like snow or silver. When I first sighted her, all her sails were drawing; she was lying a course about north-west, and I presumed the men on board were going round the island on their way back to the anchorage. Presently she began to fetch more and more to the westward, so that I thought they had sighted me and were going about in chase. At last, however, she fell right into the wind's eye, was taken dead aback, and stood there awhile helpless, with her sails shivering. "Clumsy fellows," said I; "they must still be drunk as owls." And I thought how Captain Smollett would have set them skipping. Meanwhile the schooner gradually fell off and filled again upon another tack, sailed swiftly for a minute or so, and brought up once more dead in the wind's eye. Again and again was this repeated. To and fro, up and down, north, south, east, and west, the Hispaniola sailed by swoops and dashes, and at each repetition ended as she had begun, with idly flapping canvas. It became plain to me that nobody was steering. And if so, where were the men? Either they were dead drunk or had deserted her, I thought, and perhaps if I could get on board I might return the vessel to her captain. The current was bearing coracle and schooner southward at an equal rate. As for the latter's sailing, it was so wild and intermittent, and she hung each time so long in irons, that she certainly gained nothing, if she did not even lose. If only I dared to sit up and paddle, I made sure that I could overhaul her. The scheme had an air of adventure that inspired me, and the thought of the water breaker beside the fore companion doubled my growing courage. Up I got, was welcomed almost instantly by another cloud of spray, but this time stuck to my purpose and set myself, with all my strength and caution, to paddle after the unsteered Hispaniola. Once I shipped a sea so heavy that I had to stop and bail, with my heart fluttering like a bird, but gradually I got into the way of the thing and guided my coracle among the waves, with only now and then a blow upon her bows and a dash of foam in my face. I was now gaining rapidly on the schooner; I could see the brass glisten on the tiller as it banged about, and still no soul appeared upon her decks. I could not choose but suppose she was deserted. If not, the men were lying drunk below, where I might batten them down, perhaps, and do what I chose with the ship. For some time she had been doing the worse thing possible for me—standing still. She headed nearly due south, yawing, of course, all the time. Each time she fell off, her sails partly filled, and these brought her in a moment right to the wind again. I have said this was the worst thing possible for me, for helpless as she looked in this situation, with the canvas cracking like cannon and the blocks trundling and banging on the deck, she still continued to run away from me, not only with the speed of the current, but by the whole amount of her leeway, which was naturally great. But now, at last, I had my chance. The breeze fell for some seconds, very low, and the current gradually turning her, the Hispaniola revolved slowly round her centre and at last presented me her stern, with the cabin window still gaping open and the lamp over the table still burning on into the day. The main-sail hung drooped like a banner. She was stock-still but for the current. For the last little while I had even lost, but now redoubling my efforts, I began once more to overhaul the chase. I was not a hundred yards from her when the wind came again in a clap; she filled on the port tack and was off again, stooping and skimming like a swallow. My first impulse was one of despair, but my second was towards joy. Round she came, till she was broadside on to me—round still till she had covered a half and then two thirds and then three quarters of the distance that separated us. I could see the waves boiling white under her forefoot. Immensely tall she looked to me from my low station in the coracle. And then, of a sudden, I began to comprehend. I had scarce time to think—scarce time to act and save myself. I was on the summit of one swell when the schooner came stooping over the next. The bowsprit was over my head. I sprang to my feet and leaped, stamping the coracle under water. With one hand I caught the jib-boom, while my foot was lodged between the stay and the brace; and as I still clung there panting, a dull blow told me that the schooner had charged down upon and struck the coracle and that I was left without retreat on the Hispaniola. 25 I Strike the Jolly Roger HAD scarce gained a position on the bowsprit when the flying jib flapped and filled upon the other tack, with a report like a gun. The schooner trembled to her keel under the reverse, but next moment, the other sails still drawing, the jib flapped back again and hung idle. This had nearly tossed me off into the sea; and now I lost no time, crawled back along the bowsprit, and tumbled head foremost on the deck. I was on the lee side of the forecastle, and the mainsail, which was still drawing, concealed from me a certain portion of the after-deck. Not a soul was to be seen. The planks, which had not been swabbed since the mutiny, bore the print of many feet, and an empty bottle, broken by the neck, tumbled to and fro like a live thing in the scuppers. Suddenly the Hispaniola came right into the wind. The jibs behind me cracked aloud, the rudder slammed to, the whole ship gave a sickening heave and shudder, and at the same moment the main-boom swung inboard, the sheet groaning in the blocks, and showed me the lee after-deck. There were the two watchmen, sure enough: red-cap on his back, as stiff as a handspike, with his arms stretched out like those of a crucifix and his teeth showing through his open lips; Israel Hands propped against the bulwarks, his chin on his chest, his hands lying open before him on the deck, his face as white, under its tan, as a tallow candle. For a while the ship kept bucking and sidling like a vicious horse, the sails filling, now on one tack, now on another, and the boom swinging to and fro till the mast groaned aloud under the strain. Now and again too there would come a cloud of light sprays over the bulwark and a heavy blow of the ship's bows against the swell; so much heavier weather was made of it by this great rigged ship than by my home-made, lop-sided coracle, now gone to the bottom of the sea. At every jump of the schooner, red-cap slipped to and fro, but—what was ghastly to behold—neither his attitude nor his fixed teeth-disclosing grin was anyway disturbed by this rough usage. At every jump too, Hands appeared still more to sink into himself and settle down upon the deck, his feet sliding ever the farther out, and the whole body canting towards the stern, so that his face became, little by little, hid from me; and at last I could see nothing beyond his ear and the frayed ringlet of one whisker. At the same time, I observed, around both of them, splashes of dark blood upon the planks and began to feel sure that they had killed each other in their drunken wrath. While I was thus looking and wondering, in a calm moment, when the ship was still, Israel Hands turned partly round and with a low moan writhed himself back to the position in which I had seen him first. The moan, which told of pain and deadly weakness, and the way in which his jaw hung open went right to my heart. But when I remembered the talk I had overheard from the apple barrel, all pity left me. I walked aft until I reached the main-mast. "Come aboard, Mr. Hands," I said ironically. He rolled his eyes round heavily, but he was too far gone to express surprise. All he could do was to utter one word, "Brandy." It occurred to me there was no time to lose, and dodging the boom as it once more lurched across the deck, I slipped aft and down the companion stairs into the cabin. It was such a scene of confusion as you can hardly fancy. All the lockfast places had been broken open in quest of the chart. The floor was thick with mud where ruffians had sat down to drink or consult after wading in the marshes round their camp. The bulkheads, all painted in clear white and beaded round with gilt, bore a pattern of dirty hands. Dozens of empty bottles clinked together in corners to the rolling of the ship. One of the doctor's medical books lay open on the table, half of the leaves gutted out, I suppose, for pipelights. In the midst of all this the lamp still cast a smoky glow, obscure and brown as umber. I went into the cellar; all the barrels were gone, and of the bottles a most surprising number had been drunk out and thrown away. Certainly, since the mutiny began, not a man of them could ever have been sober. Foraging about, I found a bottle with some brandy left, for Hands; and for myself I routed out some biscuit, some pickled fruits, a great bunch of raisins, and a piece of cheese. With these I came on deck, put down my own stock behind the rudder head and well out of the coxswain's reach, went forward to the water-breaker, and had a good deep drink of water, and then, and not till then, gave Hands the brandy. He must have drunk a gill before he took the bottle from his mouth. "Aye," said he, "by thunder, but I wanted some o' that!" I had sat down already in my own corner and begun to eat. "Much hurt?" I asked him. He grunted, or rather, I might say, he barked. "If that doctor was aboard," he said, "I'd be right enough in a couple of turns, but I don't have no manner of luck, you see, and that's what's the matter with me. As for that swab, he's good and dead, he is," he added, indicating the man with the red cap. "He warn't no seaman anyhow. And where mought you have come from?" "Well," said I, "I've come aboard to take possession of this ship, Mr. Hands; and you'll please regard me as your captain until further notice." He looked at me sourly enough but said nothing. Some of the colour had come back into his cheeks, though he still looked very sick and still continued to slip out and settle down as the ship banged about. "By the by," I continued, "I can't have these colours, Mr. Hands; and by your leave, I'll strike 'em. Better none than these." And again dodging the boom, I ran to the colour lines, handed down their cursed black flag, and chucked it overboard. "God save the king!" said I, waving my cap. "And there's an end to Captain Silver!" He watched me keenly and slyly, his chin all the while on his breast. "I reckon," he said at last, "I reckon, Cap'n Hawkins, you'll kind of want to get ashore now. S'pose we talks." "Why, yes," says I, "with all my heart, Mr. Hands. Say on." And I went back to my meal with a good appetite. "This man," he began, nodding feebly at the corpse "—O'Brien were his name, a rank Irelander—this man and me got the canvas on her, meaning for to sail her back. Well, he's dead now, he is—as dead as bilge; and who's to sail this ship, I don't see. Without I gives you a hint, you ain't that man, as far's I can tell. Now, look here, you gives me food and drink and a old scarf or ankecher to tie my wound up, you do, and I'll tell you how to sail her, and that's about square all round, I take it." "I'll tell you one thing," says I: "I'm not going back to Captain Kidd's anchorage. I mean to get into North Inlet and beach her quietly there." "To be sure you did," he cried. "Why, I ain't sich an infernal lubber after all. I can see, can't I? I've tried my fling, I have, and I've lost, and it's you has the wind of me. North Inlet? Why, I haven't no ch'ice, not I! I'd help you sail her up to Execution Dock, by thunder! So I would." Well, as it seemed to me, there was some sense in this. We struck our bargain on the spot. In three minutes I had the Hispaniola sailing easily before the wind along the coast of Treasure Island, with good hopes of turning the northern point ere noon and beating down again as far as North Inlet before high water, when we might beach her safely and wait till the subsiding tide permitted us to land. Then I lashed the tiller and went below to my own chest, where I got a soft silk handkerchief of my mother's. With this, and with my aid, Hands bound up the great bleeding stab he had received in the thigh, and after he had eaten a little and had a swallow or two more of the brandy, he began to pick up visibly, sat straighter up, spoke louder and clearer, and looked in every way another man. The breeze served us admirably. We skimmed before it like a bird, the coast of the island flashing by and the view changing every minute. Soon we were past the high lands and bowling beside low, sandy country, sparsely dotted with dwarf pines, and soon we were beyond that again and had turned the corner of the rocky hill that ends the island on the north. I was greatly elated with my new command, and pleased with the bright, sunshiny weather and these different prospects of the coast. I had now plenty of water and good things to eat, and my conscience, which had smitten me hard for my desertion, was quieted by the great conquest I had made. I should, I think, have had nothing left me to desire but for the eyes of the coxswain as they followed me derisively about the deck and the odd smile that appeared continually on his face. It was a smile that had in it something both of pain and weakness—a haggard old man's smile; but there was, besides that, a grain of derision, a shadow of treachery, in his expression as he craftily watched, and watched, and watched me at my work. 26 Israel Hands HE wind, serving us to a desire, now hauled into the west. We could run so much the easier from the north-east corner of the island to the mouth of the North Inlet. Only, as we had no power to anchor and dared not beach her till the tide had flowed a good deal farther, time hung on our hands. The coxswain told me how to lay the ship to; after a good many trials I succeeded, and we both sat in silence over another meal. "Cap'n," said he at length with that same uncomfortable smile, "here's my old shipmate, O'Brien; s'pose you was to heave him overboard. I ain't partic'lar as a rule, and I don't take no blame for settling his hash, but I don't reckon him ornamental now, do you?" "I'm not strong enough, and I don't like the job; and there he lies, for me," said I. "This here's an unlucky ship, this Hispaniola, Jim," he went on, blinking. "There's a power of men been killed in this Hispaniola—a sight o' poor seamen dead and gone since you and me took ship to Bristol. I never seen sich dirty luck, not I. There was this here O'Brien now—he's dead, ain't he? Well now, I'm no scholar, and you're a lad as can read and figure, and to put it straight, do you take it as a dead man is dead for good, or do he come alive again?" "You can kill the body, Mr. Hands, but not the spirit; you must know that already," I replied. "O'Brien there is in another world, and may be watching us." "Ah!" says he. "Well, that's unfort'nate—appears as if killing parties was a waste of time. Howsomever, sperrits don't reckon for much, by what I've seen. I'll chance it with the sperrits, Jim. And now, you've spoke up free, and I'll take it kind if you'd step down into that there cabin and get me a—well, a—shiver my timbers! I can't hit the name on 't; well, you get me a bottle of wine, Jim—this here brandy's too strong for my head." Now, the coxswain's hesitation seemed to be unnatural, and as for the notion of his preferring wine to brandy, I entirely disbelieved it. The whole story was a pretext. He wanted me to leave the deck—so much was plain; but with what purpose I could in no way imagine. His eyes never met mine; they kept wandering to and fro, up and down, now with a look to the sky, now with a flitting glance upon the dead O'Brien. All the time he kept smiling and putting his tongue out in the most guilty, embarrassed manner, so that a child could have told that he was bent on some deception. I was prompt with my answer, however, for I saw where my advantage lay and that with a fellow so densely stupid I could easily conceal my suspicions to the end. "Some wine?" I said. "Far better. Will you have white or red?" "Well, I reckon it's about the blessed same to me, shipmate," he replied; "so it's strong, and plenty of it, what's the odds?" "All right," I answered. "I'll bring you port, Mr. Hands. But I'll have to dig for it." With that I scuttled down the companion with all the noise I could, slipped off my shoes, ran quietly along the sparred gallery, mounted the forecastle ladder, and popped my head out of the fore companion. I knew he would not expect to see me there, yet I took every precaution possible, and certainly the worst of my suspicions proved too true. He had risen from his position to his hands and knees, and though his leg obviously hurt him pretty sharply when he moved—for I could hear him stifle a groan—yet it was at a good, rattling rate that he trailed himself across the deck. In half a minute he had reached the port scuppers and picked, out of a coil of rope, a long knife, or rather a short dirk, discoloured to the hilt with blood. He looked upon it for a moment, thrusting forth his under jaw, tried the point upon his hand, and then, hastily concealing it in the bosom of his jacket, trundled back again into his old place against the bulwark. This was all that I required to know. Israel could move about, he was now armed, and if he had been at so much trouble to get rid of me, it was plain that I was meant to be the victim. What he would do afterwards—whether he would try to crawl right across the island from North Inlet to the camp among the swamps or whether he would fire Long Tom, trusting that his own comrades might come first to help him—was, of course, more than I could say. Yet I felt sure that I could trust him in one point, since in that our interests jumped together, and that was in the disposition of the schooner. We both desired to have her stranded safe enough, in a sheltered place, and so that, when the time came, she could be got off again with as little labour and danger as might be; and until that was done I considered that my life would certainly be spared. While I was thus turning the business over in my mind, I had not been idle with my body. I had stolen back to the cabin, slipped once more into my shoes, and laid my hand at random on a bottle of wine, and now, with this for an excuse, I made my reappearance on the deck. Hands lay as I had left him, all fallen together in a bundle and with his eyelids lowered as though he were too weak to bear the light. He looked up, however, at my coming, knocked the neck off the bottle like a man who had done the same thing often, and took a good swig, with his favourite toast of "Here's luck!" Then he lay quiet for a little, and then, pulling out a stick of tobacco, begged me to cut him a quid. "Cut me a junk o' that," says he, "for I haven't no knife and hardly strength enough, so be as I had. Ah, Jim, Jim, I reckon I've missed stays! Cut me a quid, as'll likely be the last, lad, for I'm for my long home, and no mistake." "Well," said I, "I'll cut you some tobacco, but if I was you and thought myself so badly, I would go to my prayers like a Christian man." "Why?" said he. "Now, you tell me why." "Why?" I cried. "You were asking me just now about the dead. You've broken your trust; you've lived in sin and lies and blood; there's a man you killed lying at your feet this moment, and you ask me why! For God's mercy, Mr. Hands, that's why." I spoke with a little heat, thinking of the bloody dirk he had hidden in his pocket and designed, in his ill thoughts, to end me with. He, for his part, took a great draught of the wine and spoke with the most unusual solemnity. "For thirty years," he said, "I've sailed the seas and seen good and bad, better and worse, fair weather and foul, provisions running out, knives going, and what not. Well, now I tell you, I never seen good come o' goodness yet. Him as strikes first is my fancy; dead men don't bite; them's my views—amen, so be it. And now, you look here," he added, suddenly changing his tone, "we've had about enough of this foolery. The tide's made good enough by now. You just take my orders, Cap'n Hawkins, and we'll sail slap in and be done with it." All told, we had scarce two miles to run; but the navigation was delicate, the entrance to this northern anchorage was not only narrow and shoal, but lay east and west, so that the schooner must be nicely handled to be got in. I think I was a good, prompt subaltern, and I am very sure that Hands was an excellent pilot, for we went about and about and dodged in, shaving the banks, with a certainty and a neatness that were a pleasure to behold. Scarcely had we passed the heads before the land closed around us. The shores of North Inlet were as thickly wooded as those of the southern anchorage, but the space was longer and narrower and more like, what in truth it was, the estuary of a river. Right before us, at the southern end, we saw the wreck of a ship in the last stages of dilapidation. It had been a great vessel of three masts but had lain so long exposed to the injuries of the weather that it was hung about with great webs of dripping seaweed, and on the deck of it shore bushes had taken root and now flourished thick with flowers. It was a sad sight, but it showed us that the anchorage was calm. "Now," said Hands, "look there; there's a pet bit for to beach a ship in. Fine flat sand, never a cat's paw, trees all around of it, and flowers a-blowing like a garding on that old ship." "And once beached," I inquired, "how shall we get her off again?" "Why, so," he replied: "you take a line ashore there on the other side at low water, take a turn about one of them big pines; bring it back, take a turn around the capstan, and lie to for the tide. Come high water, all hands take a pull upon the line, and off she comes as sweet as natur'. And now, boy, you stand by. We're near the bit now, and she's too much way on her. Starboard a little—so—steady—starboard—larboard a little—steady—steady!" So he issued his commands, which I breathlessly obeyed, till, all of a sudden, he cried, "Now, my hearty, luff!" And I put the helm hard up, and the Hispaniola swung round rapidly and ran stem on for the low, wooded shore. The excitement of these last manoeuvres had somewhat interfered with the watch I had kept hitherto, sharply enough, upon the coxswain. Even then I was still so much interested, waiting for the ship to touch, that I had quite forgot the peril that hung over my head and stood craning over the starboard bulwarks and watching the ripples spreading wide before the bows. I might have fallen without a struggle for my life had not a sudden disquietude seized upon me and made me turn my head. Perhaps I had heard a creak or seen his shadow moving with the tail of my eye; perhaps it was an instinct like a cat's; but, sure enough, when I looked round, there was Hands, already half-way towards me, with the dirk in his right hand. We must both have cried out aloud when our eyes met, but while mine was the shrill cry of terror, his was a roar of fury like a charging bully's. At the same instant, he threw himself forward and I leapt sideways towards the bows. As I did so, I let go of the tiller, which sprang sharp to leeward, and I think this saved my life, for it struck Hands across the chest and stopped him, for the moment, dead. Before he could recover, I was safe out of the corner where he had me trapped, with all the deck to dodge about. Just forward of the main-mast I stopped, drew a pistol from my pocket, took a cool aim, though he had already turned and was once more coming directly after me, and drew the trigger. The hammer fell, but there followed neither flash nor sound; the priming was useless with sea-water. I cursed myself for my neglect. Why had not I, long before, reprimed and reloaded my only weapons? Then I should not have been as now, a mere fleeing sheep before this butcher. Wounded as he was, it was wonderful how fast he could move, his grizzled hair tumbling over his face, and his face itself as red as a red ensign with his haste and fury. I had no time to try my other pistol, nor indeed much inclination, for I was sure it would be useless. One thing I saw plainly: I must not simply retreat before him, or he would speedily hold me boxed into the bows, as a moment since he had so nearly boxed me in the stern. Once so caught, and nine or ten inches of the blood-stained dirk would be my last experience on this side of eternity. I placed my palms against the main-mast, which was of a goodish bigness, and waited, every nerve upon the stretch. Seeing that I meant to dodge, he also paused; and a moment or two passed in feints on his part and corresponding movements upon mine. It was such a game as I had often played at home about the rocks of Black Hill Cove, but never before, you may be sure, with such a wildly beating heart as now. Still, as I say, it was a boy's game, and I thought I could hold my own at it against an elderly seaman with a wounded thigh. Indeed my courage had begun to rise so high that I allowed myself a few darting thoughts on what would be the end of the affair, and while I saw certainly that I could spin it out for long, I saw no hope of any ultimate escape. Well, while things stood thus, suddenly the Hispaniola struck, staggered, ground for an instant in the sand, and then, swift as a blow, canted over to the port side till the deck stood at an angle of forty-five degrees and about a puncheon of water splashed into the scupper holes and lay, in a pool, between the deck and bulwark. We were both of us capsized in a second, and both of us rolled, almost together, into the scuppers, the dead red-cap, with his arms still spread out, tumbling stiffly after us. So near were we, indeed, that my head came against the coxswain's foot with a crack that made my teeth rattle. Blow and all, I was the first afoot again, for Hands had got involved with the dead body. The sudden canting of the ship had made the deck no place for running on; I had to find some new way of escape, and that upon the instant, for my foe was almost touching me. Quick as thought, I sprang into the mizzen shrouds, rattled up hand over hand, and did not draw a breath till I was seated on the cross-trees. I had been saved by being prompt; the dirk had struck not half a foot below me as I pursued my upward flight; and there stood Israel Hands with his mouth open and his face upturned to mine, a perfect statue of surprise and disappointment. Now that I had a moment to myself, I lost no time in changing the priming of my pistol, and then, having one ready for service, and to make assurance doubly sure, I proceeded to draw the load of the other and recharge it afresh from the beginning. My new employment struck Hands all of a heap; he began to see the dice going against him, and after an obvious hesitation, he also hauled himself heavily into the shrouds, and with the dirk in his teeth, began slowly and painfully to mount. It cost him no end of time and groans to haul his wounded leg behind him, and I had quietly finished my arrangements before he was much more than a third of the way up. Then, with a pistol in either hand, I addressed him. "One more step, Mr. Hands," said I, "and I'll blow your brains out! Dead men don't bite, you know," I added with a chuckle. He stopped instantly. I could see by the working of his face that he was trying to think, and the process was so slow and laborious that, in my new-found security, I laughed aloud. At last, with a swallow or two, he spoke, his face still wearing the same expression of extreme perplexity. In order to speak he had to take the dagger from his mouth, but in all else he remained unmoved. "Jim," says he, "I reckon we're fouled, you and me, and we'll have to sign articles. I'd have had you but for that there lurch, but I don't have no luck, not I; and I reckon I'll have to strike, which comes hard, you see, for a master mariner to a ship's younker like you, Jim." I was drinking in his words and smiling away, as conceited as a cock upon a wall, when, all in a breath, back went his right hand over his shoulder. Something sang like an arrow through the air; I felt a blow and then a sharp pang, and there I was pinned by the shoulder to the mast. In the horrid pain and surprise of the moment—I scarce can say it was by my own volition, and I am sure it was without a conscious aim—both my pistols went off, and both escaped out of my hands. They did not fall alone; with a choked cry, the coxswain loosed his grasp upon the shrouds and plunged head first into the water. 27 "Pieces of Eight" WING to the cant of the vessel, the masts hung far out over the water, and from my perch on the cross-trees I had nothing below me but the surface of the bay. Hands, who was not so far up, was in consequence nearer to the ship and fell between me and the bulwarks. He rose once to the surface in a lather of foam and blood and then sank again for good. As the water settled, I could see him lying huddled together on the clean, bright sand in the shadow of the vessel's sides. A fish or two whipped past his body. Sometimes, by the quivering of the water, he appeared to move a little, as if he were trying to rise. But he was dead enough, for all that, being both shot and drowned, and was food for fish in the very place where he had designed my slaughter. I was no sooner certain of this than I began to feel sick, faint, and terrified. The hot blood was running over my back and chest. The dirk, where it had pinned my shoulder to the mast, seemed to burn like a hot iron; yet it was not so much these real sufferings that distressed me, for these, it seemed to me, I could bear without a murmur; it was the horror I had upon my mind of falling from the cross-trees into that still green water, beside the body of the coxswain. I clung with both hands till my nails ached, and I shut my eyes as if to cover up the peril. Gradually my mind came back again, my pulses quieted down to a more natural time, and I was once more in possession of myself. It was my first thought to pluck forth the dirk, but either it stuck too hard or my nerve failed me, and I desisted with a violent shudder. Oddly enough, that very shudder did the business. The knife, in fact, had come the nearest in the world to missing me altogether; it held me by a mere pinch of skin, and this the shudder tore away. The blood ran down the faster, to be sure, but I was my own master again and only tacked to the mast by my coat and shirt. These last I broke through with a sudden jerk, and then regained the deck by the starboard shrouds. For nothing in the world would I have again ventured, shaken as I was, upon the overhanging port shrouds from which Israel had so lately fallen. I went below and did what I could for my wound; it pained me a good deal and still bled freely, but it was neither deep nor dangerous, nor did it greatly gall me when I used my arm. Then I looked around me, and as the ship was now, in a sense, my own, I began to think of clearing it from its last passenger—the dead man, O'Brien. He had pitched, as I have said, against the bulwarks, where he lay like some horrible, ungainly sort of puppet, life-size, indeed, but how different from life's colour or life's comeliness! In that position I could easily have my way with him, and as the habit of tragical adventures had worn off almost all my terror for the dead, I took him by the waist as if he had been a sack of bran and with one good heave, tumbled him overboard. He went in with a sounding plunge; the red cap came off and remained floating on the surface; and as soon as the splash subsided, I could see him and Israel lying side by side, both wavering with the tremulous movement of the water. O'Brien, though still quite a young man, was very bald. There he lay, with that bald head across the knees of the man who had killed him and the quick fishes steering to and fro over both. I was now alone upon the ship; the tide had just turned. The sun was within so few degrees of setting that already the shadow of the pines upon the western shore began to reach right across the anchorage and fall in patterns on the deck. The evening breeze had sprung up, and though it was well warded off by the hill with the two peaks upon the east, the cordage had begun to sing a little softly to itself and the idle sails to rattle to and fro. I began to see a danger to the ship. The jibs I speedily doused and brought tumbling to the deck, but the main-sail was a harder matter. Of course, when the schooner canted over, the boom had swung out-board, and the cap of it and a foot or two of sail hung even under water. I thought this made it still more dangerous; yet the strain was so heavy that I half feared to meddle. At last I got my knife and cut the halyards. The peak dropped instantly, a great belly of loose canvas floated broad upon the water, and since, pull as I liked, I could not budge the downhall, that was the extent of what I could accomplish. For the rest, the Hispaniola must trust to luck, like myself. By this time the whole anchorage had fallen into shadow—the last rays, I remember, falling through a glade of the wood and shining bright as jewels on the flowery mantle of the wreck. It began to be chill; the tide was rapidly fleeting seaward, the schooner settling more and more on her beam-ends. I scrambled forward and looked over. It seemed shallow enough, and holding the cut hawser in both hands for a last security, I let myself drop softly overboard. The water scarcely reached my waist; the sand was firm and covered with ripple marks, and I waded ashore in great spirits, leaving the Hispaniola on her side, with her main-sail trailing wide upon the surface of the bay. About the same time, the sun went fairly down and the breeze whistled low in the dusk among the tossing pines. At least, and at last, I was off the sea, nor had I returned thence empty-handed. There lay the schooner, clear at last from buccaneers and ready for our own men to board and get to sea again. I had nothing nearer my fancy than to get home to the stockade and boast of my achievements. Possibly I might be blamed a bit for my truantry, but the recapture of the Hispaniola was a clenching answer, and I hoped that even Captain Smollett would confess I had not lost my time. So thinking, and in famous spirits, I began to set my face homeward for the block house and my companions. I remembered that the most easterly of the rivers which drain into Captain Kidd's anchorage ran from the two-peaked hill upon my left, and I bent my course in that direction that I might pass the stream while it was small. The wood was pretty open, and keeping along the lower spurs, I had soon turned the corner of that hill, and not long after waded to the mid-calf across the watercourse. This brought me near to where I had encountered Ben Gunn, the maroon; and I walked more circumspectly, keeping an eye on every side. The dusk had come nigh hand completely, and as I opened out the cleft between the two peaks, I became aware of a wavering glow against the sky, where, as I judged, the man of the island was cooking his supper before a roaring fire. And yet I wondered, in my heart, that he should show himself so careless. For if I could see this radiance, might it not reach the eyes of Silver himself where he camped upon the shore among the marshes? Gradually the night fell blacker; it was all I could do to guide myself even roughly towards my destination; the double hill behind me and the Spy-glass on my right hand loomed faint and fainter; the stars were few and pale; and in the low ground where I wandered I kept tripping among bushes and rolling into sandy pits. Suddenly a kind of brightness fell about me. I looked up; a pale glimmer of moonbeams had alighted on the summit of the Spy-glass, and soon after I saw something broad and silvery moving low down behind the trees, and knew the moon had risen. With this to help me, I passed rapidly over what remained to me of my journey, and sometimes walking, sometimes running, impatiently drew near to the stockade. Yet, as I began to thread the grove that lies before it, I was not so thoughtless but that I slacked my pace and went a trifle warily. It would have been a poor end of my adventures to get shot down by my own party in mistake. The moon was climbing higher and higher, its light began to fall here and there in masses through the more open districts of the wood, and right in front of me a glow of a different colour appeared among the trees. It was red and hot, and now and again it was a little darkened—as it were, the embers of a bonfire smouldering. For the life of me I could not think what it might be. At last I came right down upon the borders of the clearing. The western end was already steeped in moonshine; the rest, and the block house itself, still lay in a black shadow chequered with long silvery streaks of light. On the other side of the house an immense fire had burned itself into clear embers and shed a steady, red reverberation, contrasted strongly with the mellow paleness of the moon. There was not a soul stirring nor a sound beside the noises of the breeze. I stopped, with much wonder in my heart, and perhaps a little terror also. It had not been our way to build great fires; we were, indeed, by the captain's orders, somewhat niggardly of firewood, and I began to fear that something had gone wrong while I was absent. I stole round by the eastern end, keeping close in shadow, and at a convenient place, where the darkness was thickest, crossed the palisade. To make assurance surer, I got upon my hands and knees and crawled, without a sound, towards the corner of the house. As I drew nearer, my heart was suddenly and greatly lightened. It is not a pleasant noise in itself, and I have often complained of it at other times, but just then it was like music to hear my friends snoring together so loud and peaceful in their sleep. The sea-cry of the watch, that beautiful "All's well," never fell more reassuringly on my ear. In the meantime, there was no doubt of one thing; they kept an infamous bad watch. If it had been Silver and his lads that were now creeping in on them, not a soul would have seen daybreak. That was what it was, thought I, to have the captain wounded; and again I blamed myself sharply for leaving them in that danger with so few to mount guard. By this time I had got to the door and stood up. All was dark within, so that I could distinguish nothing by the eye. As for sounds, there was the steady drone of the snorers and a small occasional noise, a flickering or pecking that I could in no way account for. With my arms before me I walked steadily in. I should lie down in my own place (I thought with a silent chuckle) and enjoy their faces when they found me in the morning. My foot struck something yielding—it was a sleeper's leg; and he turned and groaned, but without awaking. And then, all of a sudden, a shrill voice broke forth out of the darkness: "Pieces of eight! Pieces of eight! Pieces of eight! Pieces of eight! Pieces of eight!" and so forth, without pause or change, like the clacking of a tiny mill. Silver's green parrot, Captain Flint! It was she whom I had heard pecking at a piece of bark; it was she, keeping better watch than any human being, who thus announced my arrival with her wearisome refrain. I had no time left me to recover. At the sharp, clipping tone of the parrot, the sleepers awoke and sprang up; and with a mighty oath, the voice of Silver cried, "Who goes?" I turned to run, struck violently against one person, recoiled, and ran full into the arms of a second, who for his part closed upon and held me tight. "Bring a torch, Dick," said Silver when my capture was thus assured. And one of the men left the log-house and presently returned with a lighted brand. PART SIX—Captain Silver 28 In the Enemy's Camp HE red glare of the torch, lighting up the interior of the block house, showed me the worst of my apprehensions realized. The pirates were in possession of the house and stores: there was the cask of cognac, there were the pork and bread, as before, and what tenfold increased my horror, not a sign of any prisoner. I could only judge that all had perished, and my heart smote me sorely that I had not been there to perish with them. There were six of the buccaneers, all told; not another man was left alive. Five of them were on their feet, flushed and swollen, suddenly called out of the first sleep of drunkenness. The sixth had only risen upon his elbow; he was deadly pale, and the blood-stained bandage round his head told that he had recently been wounded, and still more recently dressed. I remembered the man who had been shot and had run back among the woods in the great attack, and doubted not that this was he. The parrot sat, preening her plumage, on Long John's shoulder. He himself, I thought, looked somewhat paler and more stern than I was used to. He still wore the fine broadcloth suit in which he had fulfilled his mission, but it was bitterly the worse for wear, daubed with clay and torn with the sharp briers of the wood. "So," said he, "here's Jim Hawkins, shiver my timbers! Dropped in, like, eh? Well, come, I take that friendly." And thereupon he sat down across the brandy cask and began to fill a pipe. "Give me a loan of the link, Dick," said he; and then, when he had a good light, "That'll do, lad," he added; "stick the glim in the wood heap; and you, gentlemen, bring yourselves to! You needn't stand up for Mr. Hawkins; he'll excuse you, you may lay to that. And so, Jim"—stopping the tobacco—"here you were, and quite a pleasant surprise for poor old John. I see you were smart when first I set my eyes on you, but this here gets away from me clean, it do." To all this, as may be well supposed, I made no answer. They had set me with my back against the wall, and I stood there, looking Silver in the face, pluckily enough, I hope, to all outward appearance, but with black despair in my heart. Silver took a whiff or two of his pipe with great composure and then ran on again. "Now, you see, Jim, so be as you are here," says he, "I'll give you a piece of my mind. I've always liked you, I have, for a lad of spirit, and the picter of my own self when I was young and handsome. I always wanted you to jine and take your share, and die a gentleman, and now, my cock, you've got to. Cap'n Smollett's a fine seaman, as I'll own up to any day, but stiff on discipline. 'Dooty is dooty,' says he, and right he is. Just you keep clear of the cap'n. The doctor himself is gone dead again you—'ungrateful scamp' was what he said; and the short and the long of the whole story is about here: you can't go back to your own lot, for they won't have you; and without you start a third ship's company all by yourself, which might be lonely, you'll have to jine with Cap'n Silver." So far so good. My friends, then, were still alive, and though I partly believed the truth of Silver's statement, that the cabin party were incensed at me for my desertion, I was more relieved than distressed by what I heard. "I don't say nothing as to your being in our hands," continued Silver, "though there you are, and you may lay to it. I'm all for argyment; I never seen good come out o' threatening. If you like the service, well, you'll jine; and if you don't, Jim, why, you're free to answer no—free and welcome, shipmate; and if fairer can be said by mortal seaman, shiver my sides!" "Am I to answer, then?" I asked with a very tremulous voice. Through all this sneering talk, I was made to feel the threat of death that overhung me, and my cheeks burned and my heart beat painfully in my breast. "Lad," said Silver, "no one's a-pressing of you. Take your bearings. None of us won't hurry you, mate; time goes so pleasant in your company, you see." "Well," says I, growing a bit bolder, "if I'm to choose, I declare I have a right to know what's what, and why you're here, and where my friends are." "Wot's wot?" repeated one of the buccaneers in a deep growl. "Ah, he'd be a lucky one as knowed that!" "You'll perhaps batten down your hatches till you're spoke to, my friend," cried Silver truculently to this speaker. And then, in his first gracious tones, he replied to me, "Yesterday morning, Mr. Hawkins," said he, "in the dog-watch, down came Doctor Livesey with a flag of truce. Says he, 'Cap'n Silver, you're sold out. Ship's gone.' Well, maybe we'd been taking a glass, and a song to help it round. I won't say no. Leastways, none of us had looked out. We looked out, and by thunder, the old ship was gone! I never seen a pack o' fools look fishier; and you may lay to that, if I tells you that looked the fishiest. 'Well,' says the doctor, 'let's bargain.' We bargained, him and I, and here we are: stores, brandy, block house, the firewood you was thoughtful enough to cut, and in a manner of speaking, the whole blessed boat, from cross-trees to kelson. As for them, they've tramped; I don't know where's they are." He drew again quietly at his pipe. "And lest you should take it into that head of yours," he went on, "that you was included in the treaty, here's the last word that was said: 'How many are you,' says I, 'to leave?' 'Four,' says he; 'four, and one of us wounded. As for that boy, I don't know where he is, confound him,' says he, 'nor I don't much care. We're about sick of him.' These was his words. "Is that all?" I asked. "Well, it's all that you're to hear, my son," returned Silver. "And now I am to choose?" "And now you are to choose, and you may lay to that," said Silver. "Well," said I, "I am not such a fool but I know pretty well what I have to look for. Let the worst come to the worst, it's little I care. I've seen too many die since I fell in with you. But there's a thing or two I have to tell you," I said, and by this time I was quite excited; "and the first is this: here you are, in a bad way—ship lost, treasure lost, men lost, your whole business gone to wreck; and if you want to know who did it—it was I! I was in the apple barrel the night we sighted land, and I heard you, John, and you, Dick Johnson, and Hands, who is now at the bottom of the sea, and told every word you said before the hour was out. And as for the schooner, it was I who cut her cable, and it was I that killed the men you had aboard of her, and it was I who brought her where you'll never see her more, not one of you. The laugh's on my side; I've had the top of this business from the first; I no more fear you than I fear a fly. Kill me, if you please, or spare me. But one thing I'll say, and no more; if you spare me, bygones are bygones, and when you fellows are in court for piracy, I'll save you all I can. It is for you to choose. Kill another and do yourselves no good, or spare me and keep a witness to save you from the gallows." I stopped, for, I tell you, I was out of breath, and to my wonder, not a man of them moved, but all sat staring at me like as many sheep. And while they were still staring, I broke out again, "And now, Mr. Silver," I said, "I believe you're the best man here, and if things go to the worst, I'll take it kind of you to let the doctor know the way I took it." "I'll bear it in mind," said Silver with an accent so curious that I could not, for the life of me, decide whether he were laughing at my request or had been favourably affected by my courage. "I'll put one to that," cried the old mahogany-faced seaman—Morgan by name—whom I had seen in Long John's public-house upon the quays of Bristol. "It was him that knowed Black Dog." "Well, and see here," added the sea-cook. "I'll put another again to that, by thunder! For it was this same boy that faked the chart from Billy Bones. First and last, we've split upon Jim Hawkins!" "Then here goes!" said Morgan with an oath. And he sprang up, drawing his knife as if he had been twenty. "Avast, there!" cried Silver. "Who are you, Tom Morgan? Maybe you thought you was cap'n here, perhaps. By the powers, but I'll teach you better! Cross me, and you'll go where many a good man's gone before you, first and last, these thirty year back—some to the yard-arm, shiver my timbers, and some by the board, and all to feed the fishes. There's never a man looked me between the eyes and seen a good day a'terwards, Tom Morgan, you may lay to that." Morgan paused, but a hoarse murmur rose from the others. "Tom's right," said one. "I stood hazing long enough from one," added another. "I'll be hanged if I'll be hazed by you, John Silver." "Did any of you gentlemen want to have it out with me?" roared Silver, bending far forward from his position on the keg, with his pipe still glowing in his right hand. "Put a name on what you're at; you ain't dumb, I reckon. Him that wants shall get it. Have I lived this many years, and a son of a rum puncheon cock his hat athwart my hawse at the latter end of it? You know the way; you're all gentlemen o' fortune, by your account. Well, I'm ready. Take a cutlass, him that dares, and I'll see the colour of his inside, crutch and all, before that pipe's empty." Not a man stirred; not a man answered. "That's your sort, is it?" he added, returning his pipe to his mouth. "Well, you're a gay lot to look at, anyway. Not much worth to fight, you ain't. P'r'aps you can understand King George's English. I'm cap'n here by 'lection. I'm cap'n here because I'm the best man by a long sea-mile. You won't fight, as gentlemen o' fortune should; then, by thunder, you'll obey, and you may lay to it! I like that boy, now; I never seen a better boy than that. He's more a man than any pair of rats of you in this here house, and what I say is this: let me see him that'll lay a hand on him—that's what I say, and you may lay to it." There was a long pause after this. I stood straight up against the wall, my heart still going like a sledge-hammer, but with a ray of hope now shining in my bosom. Silver leant back against the wall, his arms crossed, his pipe in the corner of his mouth, as calm as though he had been in church; yet his eye kept wandering furtively, and he kept the tail of it on his unruly followers. They, on their part, drew gradually together towards the far end of the block house, and the low hiss of their whispering sounded in my ear continuously, like a stream. One after another, they would look up, and the red light of the torch would fall for a second on their nervous faces; but it was not towards me, it was towards Silver that they turned their eyes. "You seem to have a lot to say," remarked Silver, spitting far into the air. "Pipe up and let me hear it, or lay to." "Ax your pardon, sir," returned one of the men; "you're pretty free with some of the rules; maybe you'll kindly keep an eye upon the rest. This crew's dissatisfied; this crew don't vally bullying a marlin-spike; this crew has its rights like other crews, I'll make so free as that; and by your own rules, I take it we can talk together. I ax your pardon, sir, acknowledging you for to be captaing at this present; but I claim my right, and steps outside for a council." And with an elaborate sea-salute, this fellow, a long, ill-looking, yellow-eyed man of five and thirty, stepped coolly towards the door and disappeared out of the house. One after another the rest followed his example, each making a salute as he passed, each adding some apology. "According to rules," said one. "Forecastle council," said Morgan. And so with one remark or another all marched out and left Silver and me alone with the torch. The sea-cook instantly removed his pipe. "Now, look you here, Jim Hawkins," he said in a steady whisper that was no more than audible, "you're within half a plank of death, and what's a long sight worse, of torture. They're going to throw me off. But, you mark, I stand by you through thick and thin. I didn't mean to; no, not till you spoke up. I was about desperate to lose that much blunt, and be hanged into the bargain. But I see you was the right sort. I says to myself, you stand by Hawkins, John, and Hawkins'll stand by you. You're his last card, and by the living thunder, John, he's yours! Back to back, says I. You save your witness, and he'll save your neck!" I began dimly to understand. "You mean all's lost?" I asked. "Aye, by gum, I do!" he answered. "Ship gone, neck gone—that's the size of it. Once I looked into that bay, Jim Hawkins, and seen no schooner—well, I'm tough, but I gave out. As for that lot and their council, mark me, they're outright fools and cowards. I'll save your life—if so be as I can—from them. But, see here, Jim—tit for tat—you save Long John from swinging." I was bewildered; it seemed a thing so hopeless he was asking—he, the old buccaneer, the ringleader throughout. "What I can do, that I'll do," I said. "It's a bargain!" cried Long John. "You speak up plucky, and by thunder, I've a chance!" He hobbled to the torch, where it stood propped among the firewood, and took a fresh light to his pipe. "Understand me, Jim," he said, returning. "I've a head on my shoulders, I have. I'm on squire's side now. I know you've got that ship safe somewheres. How you done it, I don't know, but safe it is. I guess Hands and O'Brien turned soft. I never much believed in neither of them. Now you mark me. I ask no questions, nor I won't let others. I know when a game's up, I do; and I know a lad that's staunch. Ah, you that's young—you and me might have done a power of good together!" He drew some cognac from the cask into a tin cannikin. "Will you taste, messmate?" he asked; and when I had refused: "Well, I'll take a drain myself, Jim," said he. "I need a caulker, for there's trouble on hand. And talking o' trouble, why did that doctor give me the chart, Jim?" My face expressed a wonder so unaffected that he saw the needlessness of further questions. "Ah, well, he did, though," said he. "And there's something under that, no doubt—something, surely, under that, Jim—bad or good." And he took another swallow of the brandy, shaking his great fair head like a man who looks forward to the worst. 29 The Black Spot Again HE council of buccaneers had lasted some time, when one of them re-entered the house, and with a repetition of the same salute, which had in my eyes an ironical air, begged for a moment's loan of the torch. Silver briefly agreed, and this emissary retired again, leaving us together in the dark. "There's a breeze coming, Jim," said Silver, who had by this time adopted quite a friendly and familiar tone. I turned to the loophole nearest me and looked out. The embers of the great fire had so far burned themselves out and now glowed so low and duskily that I understood why these conspirators desired a torch. About half-way down the slope to the stockade, they were collected in a group; one held the light, another was on his knees in their midst, and I saw the blade of an open knife shine in his hand with varying colours in the moon and torchlight. The rest were all somewhat stooping, as though watching the manoeuvres of this last. I could just make out that he had a book as well as a knife in his hand, and was still wondering how anything so incongruous had come in their possession when the kneeling figure rose once more to his feet and the whole party began to move together towards the house. "Here they come," said I; and I returned to my former position, for it seemed beneath my dignity that they should find me watching them. "Well, let 'em come, lad—let 'em come," said Silver cheerily. "I've still a shot in my locker." The door opened, and the five men, standing huddled together just inside, pushed one of their number forward. In any other circumstances it would have been comical to see his slow advance, hesitating as he set down each foot, but holding his closed right hand in front of him. "Step up, lad," cried Silver. "I won't eat you. Hand it over, lubber. I know the rules, I do; I won't hurt a depytation." Thus encouraged, the buccaneer stepped forth more briskly, and having passed something to Silver, from hand to hand, slipped yet more smartly back again to his companions. The sea-cook looked at what had been given him. "The black spot! I thought so," he observed. "Where might you have got the paper? Why, hillo! Look here, now; this ain't lucky! You've gone and cut this out of a Bible. What fool's cut a Bible?" "Ah, there!" said Morgan. "There! Wot did I say? No good'll come o' that, I said." "Well, you've about fixed it now, among you," continued Silver. "You'll all swing now, I reckon. What soft-headed lubber had a Bible?" "It was Dick," said one. "Dick, was it? Then Dick can get to prayers," said Silver. "He's seen his slice of luck, has Dick, and you may lay to that." But here the long man with the yellow eyes struck in. "Belay that talk, John Silver," he said. "This crew has tipped you the black spot in full council, as in dooty bound; just you turn it over, as in dooty bound, and see what's wrote there. Then you can talk." "Thanky, George," replied the sea-cook. "You always was brisk for business, and has the rules by heart, George, as I'm pleased to see. Well, what is it, anyway? Ah! 'Deposed'—that's it, is it? Very pretty wrote, to be sure; like print, I swear. Your hand o' write, George? Why, you was gettin' quite a leadin' man in this here crew. You'll be cap'n next, I shouldn't wonder. Just oblige me with that torch again, will you? This pipe don't draw." "Come, now," said George, "you don't fool this crew no more. You're a funny man, by your account; but you're over now, and you'll maybe step down off that barrel and help vote." "I thought you said you knowed the rules," returned Silver contemptuously. "Leastways, if you don't, I do; and I wait here—and I'm still your cap'n, mind—till you outs with your grievances and I reply; in the meantime, your black spot ain't worth a biscuit. After that, we'll see." "Oh," replied George, "you don't be under no kind of apprehension; we're all square, we are. First, you've made a hash of this cruise—you'll be a bold man to say no to that. Second, you let the enemy out o' this here trap for nothing. Why did they want out? I dunno, but it's pretty plain they wanted it. Third, you wouldn't let us go at them upon the march. Oh, we see through you, John Silver; you want to play booty, that's what's wrong with you. And then, fourth, there's this here boy." "Is that all?" asked Silver quietly. "Enough, too," retorted George. "We'll all swing and sun-dry for your bungling." "Well now, look here, I'll answer these four p'ints; one after another I'll answer 'em. I made a hash o' this cruise, did I? Well now, you all know what I wanted, and you all know if that had been done that we'd 'a been aboard the Hispaniola this night as ever was, every man of us alive, and fit, and full of good plum-duff, and the treasure in the hold of her, by thunder! Well, who crossed me? Who forced my hand, as was the lawful cap'n? Who tipped me the black spot the day we landed and began this dance? Ah, it's a fine dance—I'm with you there—and looks mighty like a hornpipe in a rope's end at Execution Dock by London town, it does. But who done it? Why, it was Anderson, and Hands, and you, George Merry! And you're the last above board of that same meddling crew; and you have the Davy Jones's insolence to up and stand for cap'n over me—you, that sank the lot of us! By the powers! But this tops the stiffest yarn to nothing." Silver paused, and I could see by the faces of George and his late comrades that these words had not been said in vain. "That's for number one," cried the accused, wiping the sweat from his brow, for he had been talking with a vehemence that shook the house. "Why, I give you my word, I'm sick to speak to you. You've neither sense nor memory, and I leave it to fancy where your mothers was that let you come to sea. Sea! Gentlemen o' fortune! I reckon tailors is your trade." "Go on, John," said Morgan. "Speak up to the others." "Ah, the others!" returned John. "They're a nice lot, ain't they? You say this cruise is bungled. Ah! By gum, if you could understand how bad it's bungled, you would see! We're that near the gibbet that my neck's stiff with thinking on it. You've seen 'em, maybe, hanged in chains, birds about 'em, seamen p'inting 'em out as they go down with the tide. 'Who's that?' says one. 'That! Why, that's John Silver. I knowed him well,' says another. And you can hear the chains a-jangle as you go about and reach for the other buoy. Now, that's about where we are, every mother's son of us, thanks to him, and Hands, and Anderson, and other ruination fools of you. And if you want to know about number four, and that boy, why, shiver my timbers, isn't he a hostage? Are we a-going to waste a hostage? No, not us; he might be our last chance, and I shouldn't wonder. Kill that boy? Not me, mates! And number three? Ah, well, there's a deal to say to number three. Maybe you don't count it nothing to have a real college doctor to see you every day—you, John, with your head broke—or you, George Merry, that had the ague shakes upon you not six hours agone, and has your eyes the colour of lemon peel to this same moment on the clock? And maybe, perhaps, you didn't know there was a consort coming either? But there is, and not so long till then; and we'll see who'll be glad to have a hostage when it comes to that. And as for number two, and why I made a bargain—well, you came crawling on your knees to me to make it—on your knees you came, you was that downhearted—and you'd have starved too if I hadn't—but that's a trifle! You look there—that's why!" And he cast down upon the floor a paper that I instantly recognized—none other than the chart on yellow paper, with the three red crosses, that I had found in the oilcloth at the bottom of the captain's chest. Why the doctor had given it to him was more than I could fancy. But if it were inexplicable to me, the appearance of the chart was incredible to the surviving mutineers. They leaped upon it like cats upon a mouse. It went from hand to hand, one tearing it from another; and by the oaths and the cries and the childish laughter with which they accompanied their examination, you would have thought, not only they were fingering the very gold, but were at sea with it, besides, in safety. "Yes," said one, "that's Flint, sure enough. J. F., and a score below, with a clove hitch to it; so he done ever." "Mighty pretty," said George. "But how are we to get away with it, and us no ship." Silver suddenly sprang up, and supporting himself with a hand against the wall: "Now I give you warning, George," he cried. "One more word of your sauce, and I'll call you down and fight you. How? Why, how do I know? You had ought to tell me that—you and the rest, that lost me my schooner, with your interference, burn you! But not you, you can't; you hain't got the invention of a cockroach. But civil you can speak, and shall, George Merry, you may lay to that." "That's fair enow," said the old man Morgan. "Fair! I reckon so," said the sea-cook. "You lost the ship; I found the treasure. Who's the better man at that? And now I resign, by thunder! Elect whom you please to be your cap'n now; I'm done with it." "Silver!" they cried. "Barbecue forever! Barbecue for cap'n!" "So that's the toon, is it?" cried the cook. "George, I reckon you'll have to wait another turn, friend; and lucky for you as I'm not a revengeful man. But that was never my way. And now, shipmates, this black spot? 'Tain't much good now, is it? Dick's crossed his luck and spoiled his Bible, and that's about all." "It'll do to kiss the book on still, won't it?" growled Dick, who was evidently uneasy at the curse he had brought upon himself. "A Bible with a bit cut out!" returned Silver derisively. "Not it. It don't bind no more'n a ballad-book." "Don't it, though?" cried Dick with a sort of joy. "Well, I reckon that's worth having too." "Here, Jim—here's a cur'osity for you," said Silver, and he tossed me the paper. It was around about the size of a crown piece. One side was blank, for it had been the last leaf; the other contained a verse or two of Revelation—these words among the rest, which struck sharply home upon my mind: "Without are dogs and murderers." The printed side had been blackened with wood ash, which already began to come off and soil my fingers; on the blank side had been written with the same material the one word "Depposed." I have that curiosity beside me at this moment, but not a trace of writing now remains beyond a single scratch, such as a man might make with his thumb-nail. That was the end of the night's business. Soon after, with a drink all round, we lay down to sleep, and the outside of Silver's vengeance was to put George Merry up for sentinel and threaten him with death if he should prove unfaithful. It was long ere I could close an eye, and heaven knows I had matter enough for thought in the man whom I had slain that afternoon, in my own most perilous position, and above all, in the remarkable game that I saw Silver now engaged upon—keeping the mutineers together with one hand and grasping with the other after every means, possible and impossible, to make his peace and save his miserable life. He himself slept peacefully and snored aloud, yet my heart was sore for him, wicked as he was, to think on the dark perils that environed and the shameful gibbet that awaited him. 30 On Parole WAS wakened—indeed, we were all wakened, for I could see even the sentinel shake himself together from where he had fallen against the door-post—by a clear, hearty voice hailing us from the margin of the wood: "Block house, ahoy!" it cried. "Here's the doctor." And the doctor it was. Although I was glad to hear the sound, yet my gladness was not without admixture. I remembered with confusion my insubordinate and stealthy conduct, and when I saw where it had brought me—among what companions and surrounded by what dangers—I felt ashamed to look him in the face. He must have risen in the dark, for the day had hardly come; and when I ran to a loophole and looked out, I saw him standing, like Silver once before, up to the mid-leg in creeping vapour. "You, doctor! Top o' the morning to you, sir!" cried Silver, broad awake and beaming with good nature in a moment. "Bright and early, to be sure; and it's the early bird, as the saying goes, that gets the rations. George, shake up your timbers, son, and help Dr. Livesey over the ship's side. All a-doin' well, your patients was—all well and merry." So he pattered on, standing on the hilltop with his crutch under his elbow and one hand upon the side of the log-house—quite the old John in voice, manner, and expression. "We've quite a surprise for you too, sir," he continued. "We've a little stranger here—he! he! A noo boarder and lodger, sir, and looking fit and taut as a fiddle; slep' like a supercargo, he did, right alongside of John—stem to stem we was, all night." Dr. Livesey was by this time across the stockade and pretty near the cook, and I could hear the alteration in his voice as he said, "Not Jim?" "The very same Jim as ever was," says Silver. The doctor stopped outright, although he did not speak, and it was some seconds before he seemed able to move on. "Well, well," he said at last, "duty first and pleasure afterwards, as you might have said yourself, Silver. Let us overhaul these patients of yours." A moment afterwards he had entered the block house and with one grim nod to me proceeded with his work among the sick. He seemed under no apprehension, though he must have known that his life, among these treacherous demons, depended on a hair; and he rattled on to his patients as if he were paying an ordinary professional visit in a quiet English family. His manner, I suppose, reacted on the men, for they behaved to him as if nothing had occurred, as if he were still ship's doctor and they still faithful hands before the mast. "You're doing well, my friend," he said to the fellow with the bandaged head, "and if ever any person had a close shave, it was you; your head must be as hard as iron. Well, George, how goes it? You're a pretty colour, certainly; why, your liver, man, is upside down. Did you take that medicine? Did he take that medicine, men?" "Aye, aye, sir, he took it, sure enough," returned Morgan. "Because, you see, since I am mutineers' doctor, or prison doctor as I prefer to call it," says Doctor Livesey in his pleasantest way, "I make it a point of honour not to lose a man for King George (God bless him!) and the gallows." The rogues looked at each other but swallowed the home-thrust in silence. "Dick don't feel well, sir," said one. "Don't he?" replied the doctor. "Well, step up here, Dick, and let me see your tongue. No, I should be surprised if he did! The man's tongue is fit to frighten the French. Another fever." "Ah, there," said Morgan, "that comed of sp'iling Bibles." "That comes—as you call it—of being arrant asses," retorted the doctor, "and not having sense enough to know honest air from poison, and the dry land from a vile, pestiferous slough. I think it most probable—though of course it's only an opinion—that you'll all have the deuce to pay before you get that malaria out of your systems. Camp in a bog, would you? Silver, I'm surprised at you. You're less of a fool than many, take you all round; but you don't appear to me to have the rudiments of a notion of the rules of health. "Well," he added after he had dosed them round and they had taken his prescriptions, with really laughable humility, more like charity schoolchildren than blood-guilty mutineers and pirates—"well, that's done for today. And now I should wish to have a talk with that boy, please." And he nodded his head in my direction carelessly. George Merry was at the door, spitting and spluttering over some bad-tasted medicine; but at the first word of the doctor's proposal he swung round with a deep flush and cried "No!" and swore. Silver struck the barrel with his open hand. "Si-lence!" he roared and looked about him positively like a lion. "Doctor," he went on in his usual tones, "I was a-thinking of that, knowing as how you had a fancy for the boy. We're all humbly grateful for your kindness, and as you see, puts faith in you and takes the drugs down like that much grog. And I take it I've found a way as'll suit all. Hawkins, will you give me your word of honour as a young gentleman—for a young gentleman you are, although poor born—your word of honour not to slip your cable?" I readily gave the pledge required. "Then, doctor," said Silver, "you just step outside o' that stockade, and once you're there I'll bring the boy down on the inside, and I reckon you can yarn through the spars. Good day to you, sir, and all our dooties to the squire and Cap'n Smollett." The explosion of disapproval, which nothing but Silver's black looks had restrained, broke out immediately the doctor had left the house. Silver was roundly accused of playing double—of trying to make a separate peace for himself, of sacrificing the interests of his accomplices and victims, and, in one word, of the identical, exact thing that he was doing. It seemed to me so obvious, in this case, that I could not imagine how he was to turn their anger. But he was twice the man the rest were, and his last night's victory had given him a huge preponderance on their minds. He called them all the fools and dolts you can imagine, said it was necessary I should talk to the doctor, fluttered the chart in their faces, asked them if they could afford to break the treaty the very day they were bound a-treasure-hunting. "No, by thunder!" he cried. "It's us must break the treaty when the time comes; and till then I'll gammon that doctor, if I have to ile his boots with brandy." And then he bade them get the fire lit, and stalked out upon his crutch, with his hand on my shoulder, leaving them in a disarray, and silenced by his volubility rather than convinced. "Slow, lad, slow," he said. "They might round upon us in a twinkle of an eye if we was seen to hurry." Very deliberately, then, did we advance across the sand to where the doctor awaited us on the other side of the stockade, and as soon as we were within easy speaking distance Silver stopped. "You'll make a note of this here also, doctor," says he, "and the boy'll tell you how I saved his life, and were deposed for it too, and you may lay to that. Doctor, when a man's steering as near the wind as me—playing chuck-farthing with the last breath in his body, like—you wouldn't think it too much, mayhap, to give him one good word? You'll please bear in mind it's not my life only now—it's that boy's into the bargain; and you'll speak me fair, doctor, and give me a bit o' hope to go on, for the sake of mercy." Silver was a changed man once he was out there and had his back to his friends and the block house; his cheeks seemed to have fallen in, his voice trembled; never was a soul more dead in earnest. "Why, John, you're not afraid?" asked Dr. Livesey. "Doctor, I'm no coward; no, not I—not so much!" and he snapped his fingers. "If I was I wouldn't say it. But I'll own up fairly, I've the shakes upon me for the gallows. You're a good man and a true; I never seen a better man! And you'll not forget what I done good, not any more than you'll forget the bad, I know. And I step aside—see here—and leave you and Jim alone. And you'll put that down for me too, for it's a long stretch, is that!" So saying, he stepped back a little way, till he was out of earshot, and there sat down upon a tree-stump and began to whistle, spinning round now and again upon his seat so as to command a sight, sometimes of me and the doctor and sometimes of his unruly ruffians as they went to and fro in the sand between the fire—which they were busy rekindling—and the house, from which they brought forth pork and bread to make the breakfast. "So, Jim," said the doctor sadly, "here you are. As you have brewed, so shall you drink, my boy. Heaven knows, I cannot find it in my heart to blame you, but this much I will say, be it kind or unkind: when Captain Smollett was well, you dared not have gone off; and when he was ill and couldn't help it, by George, it was downright cowardly!" I will own that I here began to weep. "Doctor," I said, "you might spare me. I have blamed myself enough; my life's forfeit anyway, and I should have been dead by now if Silver hadn't stood for me; and doctor, believe this, I can die—and I dare say I deserve it—but what I fear is torture. If they come to torture me—" "Jim," the doctor interrupted, and his voice was quite changed, "Jim, I can't have this. Whip over, and we'll run for it." "Doctor," said I, "I passed my word." "I know, I know," he cried. "We can't help that, Jim, now. I'll take it on my shoulders, holus bolus, blame and shame, my boy; but stay here, I cannot let you. Jump! One jump, and you're out, and we'll run for it like antelopes." "No," I replied; "you know right well you wouldn't do the thing yourself—neither you nor squire nor captain; and no more will I. Silver trusted me; I passed my word, and back I go. But, doctor, you did not let me finish. If they come to torture me, I might let slip a word of where the ship is, for I got the ship, part by luck and part by risking, and she lies in North Inlet, on the southern beach, and just below high water. At half tide she must be high and dry." "The ship!" exclaimed the doctor. Rapidly I described to him my adventures, and he heard me out in silence. "There is a kind of fate in this," he observed when I had done. "Every step, it's you that saves our lives; and do you suppose by any chance that we are going to let you lose yours? That would be a poor return, my boy. You found out the plot; you found Ben Gunn—the best deed that ever you did, or will do, though you live to ninety. Oh, by Jupiter, and talking of Ben Gunn! Why, this is the mischief in person. Silver!" he cried. "Silver! I'll give you a piece of advice," he continued as the cook drew near again; "don't you be in any great hurry after that treasure." "Why, sir, I do my possible, which that ain't," said Silver. "I can only, asking your pardon, save my life and the boy's by seeking for that treasure; and you may lay to that." "Well, Silver," replied the doctor, "if that is so, I'll go one step further: look out for squalls when you find it." "Sir," said Silver, "as between man and man, that's too much and too little. What you're after, why you left the block house, why you given me that there chart, I don't know, now, do I? And yet I done your bidding with my eyes shut and never a word of hope! But no, this here's too much. If you won't tell me what you mean plain out, just say so and I'll leave the helm." "No," said the doctor musingly; "I've no right to say more; it's not my secret, you see, Silver, or, I give you my word, I'd tell it you. But I'll go as far with you as I dare go, and a step beyond, for I'll have my wig sorted by the captain or I'm mistaken! And first, I'll give you a bit of hope; Silver, if we both get alive out of this wolf-trap, I'll do my best to save you, short of perjury." Silver's face was radiant. "You couldn't say more, I'm sure, sir, not if you was my mother," he cried. "Well, that's my first concession," added the doctor. "My second is a piece of advice: keep the boy close beside you, and when you need help, halloo. I'm off to seek it for you, and that itself will show you if I speak at random. Good-bye, Jim." And Dr. Livesey shook hands with me through the stockade, nodded to Silver, and set off at a brisk pace into the wood. 31 The Treasure-hunt—Flint's Pointer IM," said Silver when we were alone, "if I saved your life, you saved mine; and I'll not forget it. I seen the doctor waving you to run for it—with the tail of my eye, I did; and I seen you say no, as plain as hearing. Jim, that's one to you. This is the first glint of hope I had since the attack failed, and I owe it you. And now, Jim, we're to go in for this here treasure-hunting, with sealed orders too, and I don't like it; and you and me must stick close, back to back like, and we'll save our necks in spite o' fate and fortune." Just then a man hailed us from the fire that breakfast was ready, and we were soon seated here and there about the sand over biscuit and fried junk. They had lit a fire fit to roast an ox, and it was now grown so hot that they could only approach it from the windward, and even there not without precaution. In the same wasteful spirit, they had cooked, I suppose, three times more than we could eat; and one of them, with an empty laugh, threw what was left into the fire, which blazed and roared again over this unusual fuel. I never in my life saw men so careless of the morrow; hand to mouth is the only word that can describe their way of doing; and what with wasted food and sleeping sentries, though they were bold enough for a brush and be done with it, I could see their entire unfitness for anything like a prolonged campaign. Even Silver, eating away, with Captain Flint upon his shoulder, had not a word of blame for their recklessness. And this the more surprised me, for I thought he had never shown himself so cunning as he did then. "Aye, mates," said he, "it's lucky you have Barbecue to think for you with this here head. I got what I wanted, I did. Sure enough, they have the ship. Where they have it, I don't know yet; but once we hit the treasure, we'll have to jump about and find out. And then, mates, us that has the boats, I reckon, has the upper hand." Thus he kept running on, with his mouth full of the hot bacon; thus he restored their hope and confidence, and, I more than suspect, repaired his own at the same time. "As for hostage," he continued, "that's his last talk, I guess, with them he loves so dear. I've got my piece o' news, and thanky to him for that; but it's over and done. I'll take him in a line when we go treasure-hunting, for we'll keep him like so much gold, in case of accidents, you mark, and in the meantime. Once we got the ship and treasure both and off to sea like jolly companions, why then we'll talk Mr. Hawkins over, we will, and we'll give him his share, to be sure, for all his kindness." It was no wonder the men were in a good humour now. For my part, I was horribly cast down. Should the scheme he had now sketched prove feasible, Silver, already doubly a traitor, would not hesitate to adopt it. He had still a foot in either camp, and there was no doubt he would prefer wealth and freedom with the pirates to a bare escape from hanging, which was the best he had to hope on our side. Nay, and even if things so fell out that he was forced to keep his faith with Dr. Livesey, even then what danger lay before us! What a moment that would be when the suspicions of his followers turned to certainty and he and I should have to fight for dear life—he a cripple and I a boy—against five strong and active seamen! Add to this double apprehension the mystery that still hung over the behaviour of my friends, their unexplained desertion of the stockade, their inexplicable cession of the chart, or harder still to understand, the doctor's last warning to Silver, "Look out for squalls when you find it," and you will readily believe how little taste I found in my breakfast and with how uneasy a heart I set forth behind my captors on the quest for treasure. We made a curious figure, had anyone been there to see us—all in soiled sailor clothes and all but me armed to the teeth. Silver had two guns slung about him—one before and one behind—besides the great cutlass at his waist and a pistol in each pocket of his square-tailed coat. To complete his strange appearance, Captain Flint sat perched upon his shoulder and gabbling odds and ends of purposeless sea-talk. I had a line about my waist and followed obediently after the sea-cook, who held the loose end of the rope, now in his free hand, now between his powerful teeth. For all the world, I was led like a dancing bear. The other men were variously burthened, some carrying picks and shovels—for that had been the very first necessary they brought ashore from the Hispaniola—others laden with pork, bread, and brandy for the midday meal. All the stores, I observed, came from our stock, and I could see the truth of Silver's words the night before. Had he not struck a bargain with the doctor, he and his mutineers, deserted by the ship, must have been driven to subsist on clear water and the proceeds of their hunting. Water would have been little to their taste; a sailor is not usually a good shot; and besides all that, when they were so short of eatables, it was not likely they would be very flush of powder. Well, thus equipped, we all set out—even the fellow with the broken head, who should certainly have kept in shadow—and straggled, one after another, to the beach, where the two gigs awaited us. Even these bore trace of the drunken folly of the pirates, one in a broken thwart, and both in their muddy and unbailed condition. Both were to be carried along with us for the sake of safety; and so, with our numbers divided between them, we set forth upon the bosom of the anchorage. As we pulled over, there was some discussion on the chart. The red cross was, of course, far too large to be a guide; and the terms of the note on the back, as you will hear, admitted of some ambiguity. They ran, the reader may remember, thus: Tall tree, Spy-glass shoulder, bearing a point to the N. of N.N.E. Skeleton Island E.S.E. and by E. Ten feet. A tall tree was thus the principal mark. Now, right before us the anchorage was bounded by a plateau from two to three hundred feet high, adjoining on the north the sloping southern shoulder of the Spy-glass and rising again towards the south into the rough, cliffy eminence called the Mizzen-mast Hill. The top of the plateau was dotted thickly with pine-trees of varying height. Every here and there, one of a different species rose forty or fifty feet clear above its neighbours, and which of these was the particular "tall tree" of Captain Flint could only be decided on the spot, and by the readings of the compass. Yet, although that was the case, every man on board the boats had picked a favourite of his own ere we were half-way over, Long John alone shrugging his shoulders and bidding them wait till they were there. We pulled easily, by Silver's directions, not to weary the hands prematurely, and after quite a long passage, landed at the mouth of the second river—that which runs down a woody cleft of the Spy-glass. Thence, bending to our left, we began to ascend the slope towards the plateau. At the first outset, heavy, miry ground and a matted, marish vegetation greatly delayed our progress; but by little and little the hill began to steepen and become stony under foot, and the wood to change its character and to grow in a more open order. It was, indeed, a most pleasant portion of the island that we were now approaching. A heavy-scented broom and many flowering shrubs had almost taken the place of grass. Thickets of green nutmeg-trees were dotted here and there with the red columns and the broad shadow of the pines; and the first mingled their spice with the aroma of the others. The air, besides, was fresh and stirring, and this, under the sheer sunbeams, was a wonderful refreshment to our senses. The party spread itself abroad, in a fan shape, shouting and leaping to and fro. About the centre, and a good way behind the rest, Silver and I followed—I tethered by my rope, he ploughing, with deep pants, among the sliding gravel. From time to time, indeed, I had to lend him a hand, or he must have missed his footing and fallen backward down the hill. We had thus proceeded for about half a mile and were approaching the brow of the plateau when the man upon the farthest left began to cry aloud, as if in terror. Shout after shout came from him, and the others began to run in his direction. "He can't 'a found the treasure," said old Morgan, hurrying past us from the right, "for that's clean a-top." Indeed, as we found when we also reached the spot, it was something very different. At the foot of a pretty big pine and involved in a green creeper, which had even partly lifted some of the smaller bones, a human skeleton lay, with a few shreds of clothing, on the ground. I believe a chill struck for a moment to every heart. "He was a seaman," said George Merry, who, bolder than the rest, had gone up close and was examining the rags of clothing. "Leastways, this is good sea-cloth." "Aye, aye," said Silver; "like enough; you wouldn't look to find a bishop here, I reckon. But what sort of a way is that for bones to lie? 'Tain't in natur'." Indeed, on a second glance, it seemed impossible to fancy that the body was in a natural position. But for some disarray (the work, perhaps, of the birds that had fed upon him or of the slow-growing creeper that had gradually enveloped his remains) the man lay perfectly straight—his feet pointing in one direction, his hands, raised above his head like a diver's, pointing directly in the opposite. "I've taken a notion into my old numbskull," observed Silver. "Here's the compass; there's the tip-top p'int o' Skeleton Island, stickin' out like a tooth. Just take a bearing, will you, along the line of them bones." It was done. The body pointed straight in the direction of the island, and the compass read duly E.S.E. and by E. "I thought so," cried the cook; "this here is a p'inter. Right up there is our line for the Pole Star and the jolly dollars. But, by thunder! If it don't make me cold inside to think of Flint. This is one of his jokes, and no mistake. Him and these six was alone here; he killed 'em, every man; and this one he hauled here and laid down by compass, shiver my timbers! They're long bones, and the hair's been yellow. Aye, that would be Allardyce. You mind Allardyce, Tom Morgan?" "Aye, aye," returned Morgan; "I mind him; he owed me money, he did, and took my knife ashore with him." "Speaking of knives," said another, "why don't we find his'n lying round? Flint warn't the man to pick a seaman's pocket; and the birds, I guess, would leave it be." "By the powers, and that's true!" cried Silver. "There ain't a thing left here," said Merry, still feeling round among the bones; "not a copper doit nor a baccy box. It don't look nat'ral to me." "No, by gum, it don't," agreed Silver; "not nat'ral, nor not nice, says you. Great guns! Messmates, but if Flint was living, this would be a hot spot for you and me. Six they were, and six are we; and bones is what they are now." "I saw him dead with these here deadlights," said Morgan. "Billy took me in. There he laid, with penny-pieces on his eyes." "Dead—aye, sure enough he's dead and gone below," said the fellow with the bandage; "but if ever sperrit walked, it would be Flint's. Dear heart, but he died bad, did Flint!" "Aye, that he did," observed another; "now he raged, and now he hollered for the rum, and now he sang. 'Fifteen Men' were his only song, mates; and I tell you true, I never rightly liked to hear it since. It was main hot, and the windy was open, and I hear that old song comin' out as clear as clear—and the death-haul on the man already." "Come, come," said Silver; "stow this talk. He's dead, and he don't walk, that I know; leastways, he won't walk by day, and you may lay to that. Care killed a cat. Fetch ahead for the doubloons." We started, certainly; but in spite of the hot sun and the staring daylight, the pirates no longer ran separate and shouting through the wood, but kept side by side and spoke with bated breath. The terror of the dead buccaneer had fallen on their spirits. 32 The Treasure-hunt—The Voice Among the Trees ARTLY from the damping influence of this alarm, partly to rest Silver and the sick folk, the whole party sat down as soon as they had gained the brow of the ascent. The plateau being somewhat tilted towards the west, this spot on which we had paused commanded a wide prospect on either hand. Before us, over the tree-tops, we beheld the Cape of the Woods fringed with surf; behind, we not only looked down upon the anchorage and Skeleton Island, but saw—clear across the spit and the eastern lowlands—a great field of open sea upon the east. Sheer above us rose the Spyglass, here dotted with single pines, there black with precipices. There was no sound but that of the distant breakers, mounting from all round, and the chirp of countless insects in the brush. Not a man, not a sail, upon the sea; the very largeness of the view increased the sense of solitude. Silver, as he sat, took certain bearings with his compass. "There are three 'tall trees'" said he, "about in the right line from Skeleton Island. 'Spy-glass shoulder,' I take it, means that lower p'int there. It's child's play to find the stuff now. I've half a mind to dine first." "I don't feel sharp," growled Morgan. "Thinkin' o' Flint—I think it were—as done me." "Ah, well, my son, you praise your stars he's dead," said Silver. "He were an ugly devil," cried a third pirate with a shudder; "that blue in the face too!" "That was how the rum took him," added Merry. "Blue! Well, I reckon he was blue. That's a true word." Ever since they had found the skeleton and got upon this train of thought, they had spoken lower and lower, and they had almost got to whispering by now, so that the sound of their talk hardly interrupted the silence of the wood. All of a sudden, out of the middle of the trees in front of us, a thin, high, trembling voice struck up the well-known air and words: "Fifteen men on the dead man's chest— Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!" I never have seen men more dreadfully affected than the pirates. The colour went from their six faces like enchantment; some leaped to their feet, some clawed hold of others; Morgan grovelled on the ground. "It's Flint, by ——!" cried Merry. The song had stopped as suddenly as it began—broken off, you would have said, in the middle of a note, as though someone had laid his hand upon the singer's mouth. Coming through the clear, sunny atmosphere among the green tree-tops, I thought it had sounded airily and sweetly; and the effect on my companions was the stranger. "Come," said Silver, struggling with his ashen lips to get the word out; "this won't do. Stand by to go about. This is a rum start, and I can't name the voice, but it's someone skylarking—someone that's flesh and blood, and you may lay to that." His courage had come back as he spoke, and some of the colour to his face along with it. Already the others had begun to lend an ear to this encouragement and were coming a little to themselves, when the same voice broke out again—not this time singing, but in a faint distant hail that echoed yet fainter among the clefts of the Spy-glass. "Darby M'Graw," it wailed—for that is the word that best describes the sound—"Darby M'Graw! Darby M'Graw!" again and again and again; and then rising a little higher, and with an oath that I leave out: "Fetch aft the rum, Darby!" The buccaneers remained rooted to the ground, their eyes starting from their heads. Long after the voice had died away they still stared in silence, dreadfully, before them. "That fixes it!" gasped one. "Let's go." "They was his last words," moaned Morgan, "his last words above board." Dick had his Bible out and was praying volubly. He had been well brought up, had Dick, before he came to sea and fell among bad companions. Still Silver was unconquered. I could hear his teeth rattle in his head, but he had not yet surrendered. "Nobody in this here island ever heard of Darby," he muttered; "not one but us that's here." And then, making a great effort: "Shipmates," he cried, "I'm here to get that stuff, and I'll not be beat by man or devil. I never was feared of Flint in his life, and, by the powers, I'll face him dead. There's seven hundred thousand pound not a quarter of a mile from here. When did ever a gentleman o' fortune show his stern to that much dollars for a boozy old seaman with a blue mug—and him dead too?" But there was no sign of reawakening courage in his followers, rather, indeed, of growing terror at the irreverence of his words. "Belay there, John!" said Merry. "Don't you cross a sperrit." And the rest were all too terrified to reply. They would have run away severally had they dared; but fear kept them together, and kept them close by John, as if his daring helped them. He, on his part, had pretty well fought his weakness down. "Sperrit? Well, maybe," he said. "But there's one thing not clear to me. There was an echo. Now, no man ever seen a sperrit with a shadow; well then, what's he doing with an echo to him, I should like to know? That ain't in natur', surely?" This argument seemed weak enough to me. But you can never tell what will affect the superstitious, and to my wonder, George Merry was greatly relieved. "Well, that's so," he said. "You've a head upon your shoulders, John, and no mistake. 'Bout ship, mates! This here crew is on a wrong tack, I do believe. And come to think on it, it was like Flint's voice, I grant you, but not just so clear-away like it, after all. It was liker somebody else's voice now—it was liker—" "By the powers, Ben Gunn!" roared Silver. "Aye, and so it were," cried Morgan, springing on his knees. "Ben Gunn it were!" "It don't make much odds, do it, now?" asked Dick. "Ben Gunn's not here in the body any more'n Flint." But the older hands greeted this remark with scorn. "Why, nobody minds Ben Gunn," cried Merry; "dead or alive, nobody minds him." It was extraordinary how their spirits had returned and how the natural colour had revived in their faces. Soon they were chatting together, with intervals of listening; and not long after, hearing no further sound, they shouldered the tools and set forth again, Merry walking first with Silver's compass to keep them on the right line with Skeleton Island. He had said the truth: dead or alive, nobody minded Ben Gunn. Dick alone still held his Bible, and looked around him as he went, with fearful glances; but he found no sympathy, and Silver even joked him on his precautions. "I told you," said he—"I told you you had sp'iled your Bible. If it ain't no good to swear by, what do you suppose a sperrit would give for it? Not that!" and he snapped his big fingers, halting a moment on his crutch. But Dick was not to be comforted; indeed, it was soon plain to me that the lad was falling sick; hastened by heat, exhaustion, and the shock of his alarm, the fever, predicted by Dr. Livesey, was evidently growing swiftly higher. It was fine open walking here, upon the summit; our way lay a little downhill, for, as I have said, the plateau tilted towards the west. The pines, great and small, grew wide apart; and even between the clumps of nutmeg and azalea, wide open spaces baked in the hot sunshine. Striking, as we did, pretty near north-west across the island, we drew, on the one hand, ever nearer under the shoulders of the Spy-glass, and on the other, looked ever wider over that western bay where I had once tossed and trembled in the coracle. The first of the tall trees was reached, and by the bearings proved the wrong one. So with the second. The third rose nearly two hundred feet into the air above a clump of underwood—a giant of a vegetable, with a red column as big as a cottage, and a wide shadow around in which a company could have manoeuvred. It was conspicuous far to sea both on the east and west and might have been entered as a sailing mark upon the chart. But it was not its size that now impressed my companions; it was the knowledge that seven hundred thousand pounds in gold lay somewhere buried below its spreading shadow. The thought of the money, as they drew nearer, swallowed up their previous terrors. Their eyes burned in their heads; their feet grew speedier and lighter; their whole soul was bound up in that fortune, that whole lifetime of extravagance and pleasure, that lay waiting there for each of them. Silver hobbled, grunting, on his crutch; his nostrils stood out and quivered; he cursed like a madman when the flies settled on his hot and shiny countenance; he plucked furiously at the line that held me to him and from time to time turned his eyes upon me with a deadly look. Certainly he took no pains to hide his thoughts, and certainly I read them like print. In the immediate nearness of the gold, all else had been forgotten: his promise and the doctor's warning were both things of the past, and I could not doubt that he hoped to seize upon the treasure, find and board the Hispaniola under cover of night, cut every honest throat about that island, and sail away as he had at first intended, laden with crimes and riches. Shaken as I was with these alarms, it was hard for me to keep up with the rapid pace of the treasure-hunters. Now and again I stumbled, and it was then that Silver plucked so roughly at the rope and launched at me his murderous glances. Dick, who had dropped behind us and now brought up the rear, was babbling to himself both prayers and curses as his fever kept rising. This also added to my wretchedness, and to crown all, I was haunted by the thought of the tragedy that had once been acted on that plateau, when that ungodly buccaneer with the blue face—he who died at Savannah, singing and shouting for drink—had there, with his own hand, cut down his six accomplices. This grove that was now so peaceful must then have rung with cries, I thought; and even with the thought I could believe I heard it ringing still. We were now at the margin of the thicket. "Huzza, mates, all together!" shouted Merry; and the foremost broke into a run. And suddenly, not ten yards further, we beheld them stop. A low cry arose. Silver doubled his pace, digging away with the foot of his crutch like one possessed; and next moment he and I had come also to a dead halt. Before us was a great excavation, not very recent, for the sides had fallen in and grass had sprouted on the bottom. In this were the shaft of a pick broken in two and the boards of several packing-cases strewn around. On one of these boards I saw, branded with a hot iron, the name Walrus—the name of Flint's ship. All was clear to probation. The cache had been found and rifled; the seven hundred thousand pounds were gone! 33 The Fall of a Chieftain HERE never was such an overturn in this world. Each of these six men was as though he had been struck. But with Silver the blow passed almost instantly. Every thought of his soul had been set full-stretch, like a racer, on that money; well, he was brought up, in a single second, dead; and he kept his head, found his temper, and changed his plan before the others had had time to realize the disappointment. "Jim," he whispered, "take that, and stand by for trouble." And he passed me a double-barrelled pistol. At the same time, he began quietly moving northward, and in a few steps had put the hollow between us two and the other five. Then he looked at me and nodded, as much as to say, "Here is a narrow corner," as, indeed, I thought it was. His looks were not quite friendly, and I was so revolted at these constant changes that I could not forbear whispering, "So you've changed sides again." There was no time left for him to answer in. The buccaneers, with oaths and cries, began to leap, one after another, into the pit and to dig with their fingers, throwing the boards aside as they did so. Morgan found a piece of gold. He held it up with a perfect spout of oaths. It was a two-guinea piece, and it went from hand to hand among them for a quarter of a minute. "Two guineas!" roared Merry, shaking it at Silver. "That's your seven hundred thousand pounds, is it? You're the man for bargains, ain't you? You're him that never bungled nothing, you wooden-headed lubber!" "Dig away, boys," said Silver with the coolest insolence; "you'll find some pig-nuts and I shouldn't wonder." "Pig-nuts!" repeated Merry, in a scream. "Mates, do you hear that? I tell you now, that man there knew it all along. Look in the face of him and you'll see it wrote there." "Ah, Merry," remarked Silver, "standing for cap'n again? You're a pushing lad, to be sure." But this time everyone was entirely in Merry's favour. They began to scramble out of the excavation, darting furious glances behind them. One thing I observed, which looked well for us: they all got out upon the opposite side from Silver. Well, there we stood, two on one side, five on the other, the pit between us, and nobody screwed up high enough to offer the first blow. Silver never moved; he watched them, very upright on his crutch, and looked as cool as ever I saw him. He was brave, and no mistake. At last Merry seemed to think a speech might help matters. "Mates," says he, "there's two of them alone there; one's the old cripple that brought us all here and blundered us down to this; the other's that cub that I mean to have the heart of. Now, mates—" He was raising his arm and his voice, and plainly meant to lead a charge. But just then—crack! crack! crack!—three musket-shots flashed out of the thicket. Merry tumbled head foremost into the excavation; the man with the bandage spun round like a teetotum and fell all his length upon his side, where he lay dead, but still twitching; and the other three turned and ran for it with all their might. Before you could wink, Long John had fired two barrels of a pistol into the struggling Merry, and as the man rolled up his eyes at him in the last agony, "George," said he, "I reckon I settled you." At the same moment, the doctor, Gray, and Ben Gunn joined us, with smoking muskets, from among the nutmeg-trees. "Forward!" cried the doctor. "Double quick, my lads. We must head 'em off the boats." And we set off at a great pace, sometimes plunging through the bushes to the chest. I tell you, but Silver was anxious to keep up with us. The work that man went through, leaping on his crutch till the muscles of his chest were fit to burst, was work no sound man ever equalled; and so thinks the doctor. As it was, he was already thirty yards behind us and on the verge of strangling when we reached the brow of the slope. "Doctor," he hailed, "see there! No hurry!" Sure enough there was no hurry. In a more open part of the plateau, we could see the three survivors still running in the same direction as they had started, right for Mizzenmast Hill. We were already between them and the boats; and so we four sat down to breathe, while Long John, mopping his face, came slowly up with us. "Thank ye kindly, doctor," says he. "You came in in about the nick, I guess, for me and Hawkins. And so it's you, Ben Gunn!" he added. "Well, you're a nice one, to be sure." "I'm Ben Gunn, I am," replied the maroon, wriggling like an eel in his embarrassment. "And," he added, after a long pause, "how do, Mr. Silver? Pretty well, I thank ye, says you." "Ben, Ben," murmured Silver, "to think as you've done me!" The doctor sent back Gray for one of the pick-axes deserted, in their flight, by the mutineers, and then as we proceeded leisurely downhill to where the boats were lying, related in a few words what had taken place. It was a story that profoundly interested Silver; and Ben Gunn, the half-idiot maroon, was the hero from beginning to end. Ben, in his long, lonely wanderings about the island, had found the skeleton—it was he that had rifled it; he had found the treasure; he had dug it up (it was the haft of his pick-axe that lay broken in the excavation); he had carried it on his back, in many weary journeys, from the foot of the tall pine to a cave he had on the two-pointed hill at the north-east angle of the island, and there it had lain stored in safety since two months before the arrival of the Hispaniola. When the doctor had wormed this secret from him on the afternoon of the attack, and when next morning he saw the anchorage deserted, he had gone to Silver, given him the chart, which was now useless—given him the stores, for Ben Gunn's cave was well supplied with goats' meat salted by himself—given anything and everything to get a chance of moving in safety from the stockade to the two-pointed hill, there to be clear of malaria and keep a guard upon the money. "As for you, Jim," he said, "it went against my heart, but I did what I thought best for those who had stood by their duty; and if you were not one of these, whose fault was it?" That morning, finding that I was to be involved in the horrid disappointment he had prepared for the mutineers, he had run all the way to the cave, and leaving the squire to guard the captain, had taken Gray and the maroon and started, making the diagonal across the island to be at hand beside the pine. Soon, however, he saw that our party had the start of him; and Ben Gunn, being fleet of foot, had been dispatched in front to do his best alone. Then it had occurred to him to work upon the superstitions of his former shipmates, and he was so far successful that Gray and the doctor had come up and were already ambushed before the arrival of the treasure-hunters. "Ah," said Silver, "it were fortunate for me that I had Hawkins here. You would have let old John be cut to bits, and never given it a thought, doctor." "Not a thought," replied Dr. Livesey cheerily. And by this time we had reached the gigs. The doctor, with the pick-axe, demolished one of them, and then we all got aboard the other and set out to go round by sea for North Inlet. This was a run of eight or nine miles. Silver, though he was almost killed already with fatigue, was set to an oar, like the rest of us, and we were soon skimming swiftly over a smooth sea. Soon we passed out of the straits and doubled the south-east corner of the island, round which, four days ago, we had towed the Hispaniola. As we passed the two-pointed hill, we could see the black mouth of Ben Gunn's cave and a figure standing by it, leaning on a musket. It was the squire, and we waved a handkerchief and gave him three cheers, in which the voice of Silver joined as heartily as any. Three miles farther, just inside the mouth of North Inlet, what should we meet but the Hispaniola, cruising by herself? The last flood had lifted her, and had there been much wind or a strong tide current, as in the southern anchorage, we should never have found her more, or found her stranded beyond help. As it was, there was little amiss beyond the wreck of the main-sail. Another anchor was got ready and dropped in a fathom and a half of water. We all pulled round again to Rum Cove, the nearest point for Ben Gunn's treasure-house; and then Gray, single-handed, returned with the gig to the Hispaniola, where he was to pass the night on guard. A gentle slope ran up from the beach to the entrance of the cave. At the top, the squire met us. To me he was cordial and kind, saying nothing of my escapade either in the way of blame or praise. At Silver's polite salute he somewhat flushed. "John Silver," he said, "you're a prodigious villain and imposter—a monstrous imposter, sir. I am told I am not to prosecute you. Well, then, I will not. But the dead men, sir, hang about your neck like mill-stones." "Thank you kindly, sir," replied Long John, again saluting. "I dare you to thank me!" cried the squire. "It is a gross dereliction of my duty. Stand back." And thereupon we all entered the cave. It was a large, airy place, with a little spring and a pool of clear water, overhung with ferns. The floor was sand. Before a big fire lay Captain Smollett; and in a far corner, only duskily flickered over by the blaze, I beheld great heaps of coin and quadrilaterals built of bars of gold. That was Flint's treasure that we had come so far to seek and that had cost already the lives of seventeen men from the Hispaniola. How many it had cost in the amassing, what blood and sorrow, what good ships scuttled on the deep, what brave men walking the plank blindfold, what shot of cannon, what shame and lies and cruelty, perhaps no man alive could tell. Yet there were still three upon that island—Silver, and old Morgan, and Ben Gunn—who had each taken his share in these crimes, as each had hoped in vain to share in the reward. "Come in, Jim," said the captain. "You're a good boy in your line, Jim, but I don't think you and me'll go to sea again. You're too much of the born favourite for me. Is that you, John Silver? What brings you here, man?" "Come back to my dooty, sir," returned Silver. "Ah!" said the captain, and that was all he said. What a supper I had of it that night, with all my friends around me; and what a meal it was, with Ben Gunn's salted goat and some delicacies and a bottle of old wine from the Hispaniola. Never, I am sure, were people gayer or happier. And there was Silver, sitting back almost out of the firelight, but eating heartily, prompt to spring forward when anything was wanted, even joining quietly in our laughter—the same bland, polite, obsequious seaman of the voyage out. 34 And Last HE next morning we fell early to work, for the transportation of this great mass of gold near a mile by land to the beach, and thence three miles by boat to the Hispaniola, was a considerable task for so small a number of workmen. The three fellows still abroad upon the island did not greatly trouble us; a single sentry on the shoulder of the hill was sufficient to ensure us against any sudden onslaught, and we thought, besides, they had had more than enough of fighting. Therefore the work was pushed on briskly. Gray and Ben Gunn came and went with the boat, while the rest during their absences piled treasure on the beach. Two of the bars, slung in a rope's end, made a good load for a grown man—one that he was glad to walk slowly with. For my part, as I was not much use at carrying, I was kept busy all day in the cave packing the minted money into bread-bags. It was a strange collection, like Billy Bones's hoard for the diversity of coinage, but so much larger and so much more varied that I think I never had more pleasure than in sorting them. English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Georges, and Louises, doubloons and double guineas and moidores and sequins, the pictures of all the kings of Europe for the last hundred years, strange Oriental pieces stamped with what looked like wisps of string or bits of spider's web, round pieces and square pieces, and pieces bored through the middle, as if to wear them round your neck—nearly every variety of money in the world must, I think, have found a place in that collection; and for number, I am sure they were like autumn leaves, so that my back ached with stooping and my fingers with sorting them out. Day after day this work went on; by every evening a fortune had been stowed aboard, but there was another fortune waiting for the morrow; and all this time we heard nothing of the three surviving mutineers. At last—I think it was on the third night—the doctor and I were strolling on the shoulder of the hill where it overlooks the lowlands of the isle, when, from out the thick darkness below, the wind brought us a noise between shrieking and singing. It was only a snatch that reached our ears, followed by the former silence. "Heaven forgive them," said the doctor; "'tis the mutineers!" "All drunk, sir," struck in the voice of Silver from behind us. Silver, I should say, was allowed his entire liberty, and in spite of daily rebuffs, seemed to regard himself once more as quite a privileged and friendly dependent. Indeed, it was remarkable how well he bore these slights and with what unwearying politeness he kept on trying to ingratiate himself with all. Yet, I think, none treated him better than a dog, unless it was Ben Gunn, who was still terribly afraid of his old quartermaster, or myself, who had really something to thank him for; although for that matter, I suppose, I had reason to think even worse of him than anybody else, for I had seen him meditating a fresh treachery upon the plateau. Accordingly, it was pretty gruffly that the doctor answered him. "Drunk or raving," said he. "Right you were, sir," replied Silver; "and precious little odds which, to you and me." "I suppose you would hardly ask me to call you a humane man," returned the doctor with a sneer, "and so my feelings may surprise you, Master Silver. But if I were sure they were raving—as I am morally certain one, at least, of them is down with fever—I should leave this camp, and at whatever risk to my own carcass, take them the assistance of my skill." "Ask your pardon, sir, you would be very wrong," quoth Silver. "You would lose your precious life, and you may lay to that. I'm on your side now, hand and glove; and I shouldn't wish for to see the party weakened, let alone yourself, seeing as I know what I owes you. But these men down there, they couldn't keep their word—no, not supposing they wished to; and what's more, they couldn't believe as you could." "No," said the doctor. "You're the man to keep your word, we know that." Well, that was about the last news we had of the three pirates. Only once we heard a gunshot a great way off and supposed them to be hunting. A council was held, and it was decided that we must desert them on the island—to the huge glee, I must say, of Ben Gunn, and with the strong approval of Gray. We left a good stock of powder and shot, the bulk of the salt goat, a few medicines, and some other necessaries, tools, clothing, a spare sail, a fathom or two of rope, and by the particular desire of the doctor, a handsome present of tobacco. That was about our last doing on the island. Before that, we had got the treasure stowed and had shipped enough water and the remainder of the goat meat in case of any distress; and at last, one fine morning, we weighed anchor, which was about all that we could manage, and stood out of North Inlet, the same colours flying that the captain had flown and fought under at the palisade. The three fellows must have been watching us closer than we thought for, as we soon had proved. For coming through the narrows, we had to lie very near the southern point, and there we saw all three of them kneeling together on a spit of sand, with their arms raised in supplication. It went to all our hearts, I think, to leave them in that wretched state; but we could not risk another mutiny; and to take them home for the gibbet would have been a cruel sort of kindness. The doctor hailed them and told them of the stores we had left, and where they were to find them. But they continued to call us by name and appeal to us, for God's sake, to be merciful and not leave them to die in such a place. At last, seeing the ship still bore on her course and was now swiftly drawing out of earshot, one of them—I know not which it was—leapt to his feet with a hoarse cry, whipped his musket to his shoulder, and sent a shot whistling over Silver's head and through the main-sail. After that, we kept under cover of the bulwarks, and when next I looked out they had disappeared from the spit, and the spit itself had almost melted out of sight in the growing distance. That was, at least, the end of that; and before noon, to my inexpressible joy, the highest rock of Treasure Island had sunk into the blue round of sea. We were so short of men that everyone on board had to bear a hand—only the captain lying on a mattress in the stern and giving his orders, for though greatly recovered he was still in want of quiet. We laid her head for the nearest port in Spanish America, for we could not risk the voyage home without fresh hands; and as it was, what with baffling winds and a couple of fresh gales, we were all worn out before we reached it. It was just at sundown when we cast anchor in a most beautiful land-locked gulf, and were immediately surrounded by shore boats full of Negroes and Mexican Indians and half-bloods selling fruits and vegetables and offering to dive for bits of money. The sight of so many good-humoured faces (especially the blacks), the taste of the tropical fruits, and above all the lights that began to shine in the town made a most charming contrast to our dark and bloody sojourn on the island; and the doctor and the squire, taking me along with them, went ashore to pass the early part of the night. Here they met the captain of an English man-of-war, fell in talk with him, went on board his ship, and, in short, had so agreeable a time that day was breaking when we came alongside the Hispaniola. Ben Gunn was on deck alone, and as soon as we came on board he began, with wonderful contortions, to make us a confession. Silver was gone. The maroon had connived at his escape in a shore boat some hours ago, and he now assured us he had only done so to preserve our lives, which would certainly have been forfeit if "that man with the one leg had stayed aboard." But this was not all. The sea-cook had not gone empty-handed. He had cut through a bulkhead unobserved and had removed one of the sacks of coin, worth perhaps three or four hundred guineas, to help him on his further wanderings. I think we were all pleased to be so cheaply quit of him. Well, to make a long story short, we got a few hands on board, made a good cruise home, and the Hispaniola reached Bristol just as Mr. Blandly was beginning to think of fitting out her consort. Five men only of those who had sailed returned with her. "Drink and the devil had done for the rest," with a vengeance, although, to be sure, we were not quite in so bad a case as that other ship they sang about: With one man of her crew alive, What put to sea with seventy-five. All of us had an ample share of the treasure and used it wisely or foolishly, according to our natures. Captain Smollett is now retired from the sea. Gray not only saved his money, but being suddenly smit with the desire to rise, also studied his profession, and he is now mate and part owner of a fine full-rigged ship, married besides, and the father of a family. As for Ben Gunn, he got a thousand pounds, which he spent or lost in three weeks, or to be more exact, in nineteen days, for he was back begging on the twentieth. Then he was given a lodge to keep, exactly as he had feared upon the island; and he still lives, a great favourite, though something of a butt, with the country boys, and a notable singer in church on Sundays and saints' days. Of Silver we have heard no more. That formidable seafaring man with one leg has at last gone clean out of my life; but I dare say he met his old Negress, and perhaps still lives in comfort with her and Captain Flint. It is to be hoped so, I suppose, for his chances of comfort in another world are very small. The bar silver and the arms still lie, for all that I know, where Flint buried them; and certainly they shall lie there for me. Oxen and wain-ropes would not bring me back again to that accursed island; and the worst dreams that ever I have are when I hear the surf booming about its coasts or start upright in bed with the sharp voice of Captain Flint still ringing in my ears: "Pieces of eight! Pieces of eight!" End of Project Gutenberg's Treasure Island, by Robert Louis Stevenson END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREASURE ISLAND * *** This file should be named 120-h.htm or 120-h.zip * This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/1/2/120/ Produced by Judy Boss, John Hamm, Arthur DiBianca and David Widger Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. * START: FULL LICENSE *** THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at http://gutenberg.org/license). Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email [email protected]. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at http://pglaf.org For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director [email protected] Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit http://pglaf.org While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: http://www.gutenberg.org This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.	i don't know
What was the forename of 'Private Fraser', the undertaker in 'Dad's Army'?	The Curse, dads army private frazer. (John Laurie) - YouTube The Curse, dads army private frazer. (John Laurie) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Dec 31, 2012 John Paton Laurie (25 March 1897 -- 23 June 1980) was a Scottish actor born in Dumfries, Scotland a very funny scene from dads army this is Private James Frazer (John Laurie)—a dour Scottish undertaker and a Chief Petty Officer on HMS Defiant in the RRRRRRRoyal Navy who served at the Battle of Jutland as a ship's cook if you enjoy dads army have you joined the dads army fan page on facebook yet Category	James Cancer Hospital
What was the occupation of 'Warden Hodges' in the TV classic, 'Dad's Army'?	MainCharacters RETURN Lance Corporal Jack Jones (played by Clive Dunn) An experienced soldier, with many years service (and medals) to his name, Jack Jones clearly defines an old campaigner. He served with General Gordon, Lord Kitchener and General Macully becoming very fond of the cold steel. He may have mentioned that "they don't like it up 'em". Loaded with stories of adventure and heroism, Pte Pike made the perfect audience for him. Jones runs the local butchers shop, which had been handed down to him from his father, and the platoon were fortunate enough to have the use of his butchers van as troop transport, once Walker and he had converted it. Mainwaring regarded Jones as a bit of a hazard, but as he said when he first made him Lance Corporal, "his experience will stand us in good steak er... stead". Apart from killing Nazis he has only one ambition in life - to marry Mrs Fox. RETURN Private James Frazer (played by John Laurie) Every town has a purveyor of doom and gloom. Everything, according to him, will turn into a disaster. James Frazer could almost be right in thinking this way when he joined the Home Guard. As the local undertaker, it is inevitable that he would see the war through different eyes. A war would bring about an increase in business after all! It is a little known fact that he also ran the local philatelist shop on the sea front, which he opened during the summer months. During the quieter months he indulged in his other hobby of hand making coffins. It was not always this way. He spent his youth on the wild and lonely Isle of Barra off the west coast of Scotland. It was a hard life. Being so close to the sea, he would eventually serve in the Royal Navy, reaching the position of Chief Petty Officer. Like Jack Jones, James Frazer also has a wealth of stories to tell, albeit of a different nature. His were of adventure in exotic lands, strange and supernatural happenings. The whole platoon listened in awe when Frazer spun his yarn... RETURN Private Joe Walker (played by James Beck) If you need anything from whiskey to knicker elastic, watches or even weapons, Joe Walker will get them for you. "Mind you, as its war-time it will cost you, 'cos you can't get 'em". Joe is a typical cockney spiv, making his way through life ducking and diving, trying to avoid the law. Moving down to the south coast from his native Plaistow in east London to avoid call up, he was registered as having a reserved occupation (a banana salesman, as he once said) until the authorities eventually caught up with him. Luckily for him, he was allergic to corned beef, which invalided him out of the army, only to return to serve the needs of the local community. Walker very rarely dealt with money, relying on the bartering system to do business, and occasionally using his skills to do a little work for charity. One of the cleverest in the platoon, others turned to him for inspiration in a tricky situations. RETURN Private Charles Godfrey (played by Arnold Ridley) With experience in the Army and Navy, you'd think that Charles Godfrey was the ideal man to have about you during war time. When you discover that his experience was in the gentleman's outfitting department of the Army and Navy Stores you would be right in thinking the opposite. However, Godfrey is full of surprises. Probably the oldest member of the platoon, Godfrey is a quiet and unassuming gentleman. Living in the quiet environment of Cherry Tree Cottage with his two sisters Cissy and Dolly, he spends most of his time tending the garden or visiting the clinic for his many complaints, the most noticeable being that of his weak bladder. He once revealed that he was a conscientious objector during the First War, and asked to leave the platoon which outraged Captain Mainwaring who could not believe it. It was shortly after this admission that Godfrey rescued Mainwaring from a smoke filled hut without regard for his own life. It was at this time that it was revealed that he had won the Military Medal for bravery during the Battle of the Somme, rescuing several wounded soldiers as a member of the Medical Corps. As Wilson remarked at the time, you can't go by appearances. RETURN Private Frank Pike (played by Ian Lavender) By far the youngest member of the newly formed platoon at 17, Frank was too young to enlist in the services, but jumped at the change of belonging to the Home Guard, much to his mother's displeasure. For some reason this displeasure spread to Arthur Wilson, or Uncle Arthur, as Frank would usually address him. Frank regarded the Home Guard as an extension of the scouting movement, of which he was a keen member, and at times acted as if war was a bit of a game. This outlook changed when he eventually received his call up papers, but after it was discovered that he had a rare blood group, he was unable to fulfil his ambition to be a Spitfire pilot and become one of the 'second of the few'. Frank Pike usually ended up wet, or covered in mud during the platoons escapades, he was usually volunteered because he was the youngest, despite his protests about suffering from vertigo, croup or hay fever.	i don't know
In a flower, what name is given to the terminal part of a stamen, in which the pollen grains are produced?	FLOWER ANATOMY parts of a flower Anatomy of a Flower The Basic Flower Parts The flower consists of many different parts. Some of the most important parts being separated into both male and female parts. Male Parts Stamen This is the male part of the flower. It is made up of the filament and anther, it is the pollen producing part of the plant. The number of stamen is usually the same as the number of petals. Anther This is the part of the stamen that produces and contains pollen. It is usually on top of a long stalk that looks like a fine hair. Filament This is the fine hair-like stalk that the anther sits on top of. Female Parts Pistil This is the female part of the flower. It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed of one to many rolled leaflike structures. Stigma One of the female parts of the flower. It is the sticky bulb that you see in the center of the flowers, it is the part of the pistil of a flower which receives the pollen grains and on which they germinate. Style Another female part of the flower. This is the long stalk that the stigma sits on top of. Ovary The part of the plant, usually at the bottom of the flower, that has the seeds inside and turns into the fruit that we eat. The ovary contains ovules. Ovule The part of the ovary that becomes the seeds. Other Important Parts of a Flower Petal The colorful, often bright part of the flower. They attract pollinators and are usually the reason why we buy and enjoy flowers. Sepal The parts that look like little green leaves that cover the outside of a flower bud to protect the flower before it opens. Flower Types Imperfect Flower A flower that has either all male parts or all female parts, but not both in the same flower. Examples: cucumbers, pumpkin, and melons. Perfect Flower A flower that has both the male parts and female parts in the same flower. Examples: roses, lilies, and dandelion.	Stamen
The official discovery of Newfoundland is credited to the man who set sail from Bristol in 1497, who?	Staminate \| Article about staminate by The Free Dictionary Staminate \| Article about staminate by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/staminate stamen, one of the four basic parts of a flower flower, name for the specialized part of a plant containing the reproductive organs, applied to angiosperms only. A flower may be thought of as a modified, short, compact branch bearing lateral appendages. ..... Click the link for more information. . The stamen (microsporophyll), is often called the flower's male reproductive organ. It is typically located between the central pistil and the surrounding petals. A stamen consists of a slender stalk (the filament) tipped by a usually bilobed sac (the anther) in which microspores develop as pollen pollen, minute grains, usually yellow in color but occasionally white, brown, red, or purple, borne in the anther sac at the tip of the slender filament of the stamen of a flowering plant or in the male cone of a conifer. ..... Click the link for more information. grains. The number of stamens is a factor in classifying plant families, e.g., there are 5 (or multiples of 5) in the rose family and 10 in the pulse family. In most flowers the stamens are constructed so as to promote cross-pollination and to avoid self-pollination; e.g., they may be longer than the pistil or may be so placed in relation to the pistil (as in the mountain laurel and the lady's-slipper) as to prevent the pollinating insect from transferring the pollen of a flower to its own pistil. There may be differing maturation times for the stigma of the pistil and for the anther. In some plants there are some flowers (staminate) that bear stamens and no pistil and others (pistillate) that have a pistil and no stamens; these flowers may be borne on the same or on separate plants of the same species. In some highly developed flowers, especially double ones, and in some horticultural varieties (e.g., the geranium) the stamen may be modified into a sterile petallike organ. Stamen the reproductive organ of the flower of angiosperms in which the pollen grains are formed. The stamen is homologous to the microsporophyll. A typical stamen consists of an anther filament, which contains a vascular bundle, and an anther, the symmetrical halves of which are joined by a strand attached to the anther filament. Microspores are formed from the cells of the archesporium after meiosis. In each of the four nidi of the anther (microsporangia), the microspores sprout into male gametophytes—pollen grains. The aggregate of stamens of a flower is called the androecium. The stamens are arranged on the torus spirally (as in many Ranunculaceae) or in circles. Stamens arranged spirally may range from one to numerous; those arranged in a circle usually number from three to ten. Stamens may concresce with the anthers (Compositae), the filaments (legumes), or entirely (some Cucurbitaceae). They sometimes concresce with other parts of the flower, for example, the corolla (many sympetallous plants) or the pistil (some Orchidaceae). A. N. S	i don't know
Which Dutch navigator is credited as being the first European to sight New Zealand?	Abel Tasman \| A tribute to Influential Australian Christians A tribute to Influential Australian Christians Posted on 1 February 2011 by A tribute to Influential Australian Christians Abel Tasman (1603 – 1659) Dutch navigator and explorer It was a Dutch Protestant, Abel Tasman, “the man who made the longest voyage since Magellan”–who was the first European to sight Tasmania and New Zealand. A devout Christian, he sailed from Batavia on 14 August 1642. Instructions to Skipper Commander Abel Jansz Tasman “destined for the discovery and exploration of the unknown Southland” included an enumeration of other famous explorers–Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama–who had preceded him. “What numberless multitudes of blind heathen have by the same been introduced to the blessed light of the Christian religion!” It was a Dutch Protestant, Abel Tasman, “the man who made the longest voyage since Magellan”–who was the first European to sight Tasmania and New Zealand. A devout Christian, he sailed from Batavia on 14 August 1642. Instructions to Skipper Commander Abel Jansz Tasman “destined for the discovery and exploration of the unknown Southland” included an enumeration of other famous explorers–Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama–who had preceded him. “What numberless multitudes of blind heathen have by the same been introduced to the blessed light of the Christian religion!” Naturally, the Council at Batavia prayed that in addition to finding heathen peoples, Tasman would also discover some “invaluable treasures and profitable trade connections” to make the trip worthwhile. No matter how mixed the motives, Tasman (and his crew of two ships) was sent out with “the blessing of the Ruler of all things”, with the prayer that, in His mercy, He would “endow [him] with manly courage in the execution of the intended discovery, and may grant [him] a safe return”. “May God Almighty”, he wrote in his journal, “vouchsafe His blessings on this work”. After ten months at sea, he arrived back in Batavia. “God be praised and thanked for this happy voyage”, he noted in his journal. Tasman made a second voyage in 1644, when he charted the coast of Australia from Cape York Peninsula west to Willems River in the centre of the west coast. In spite of Tasman’s discoveries, the Dutch shareholders, who were motivated by “uncommon profit” above the treasures of the heathen, were dissatisfied because he did not bring back glittering reports of gold or spices. So Tasman did not complete his charting of the Australian coast, but by the end of Tasman’s voyages, the Dutch had charted the Australian coast from the Cape York west and south to the east end of the Great Australian Bight and southern Tasmania. However, their closing statement on Australia was that “there was no good to be done there”.	Abel Tasman
What type of infection is the skin complaint, Ringworm?	Just Who Invented Australia Anyway Just Who Invented Australia Anyway So, just who invented Australia in the first place? Even though the land wasn’t settled by Europeans until 1788, they were apparently aware of it from the time of Aristotle… Of course, the indigenous Australians were there thousands of years before. As we approach Australia Day, January 26, I am presenting a number of posts about the history and development of the country. The name Australia is derived from the Latin word Australis, which means southern. Terra Australis Incognita (unknown land of the south) was a theorised continent which appeared on European maps from around the fifteenth century. The idea of a great southland was first floated by Aristotle, and expanded upon by Ptolemy, who reasoned that there had to be a land mass in the south to balance the lands in the northern hemisphere. Above: Matthew Flinders, the first to circumnavigate the continent. At first it was thought that the land must be connected to Antarctica, and that New Zealand formed part of the continent. New Zealand was first sighted by a Dutch explorer, Able Tasman, in 1642. Captain James Cook discounted both theories when he circumnavigated New Zealand in 1770, and then sailing around the world, at times crossing the South Polar circle in 1773. The continental land mass was explored by the Dutch from the west during the 17th century, who called it ‘New Holland’. Holland had colonised Indonesia, and from there it was relatively easy to explore the continent. The first recorded European sighting of the land was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon, who sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in 1606. The Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines of the continent, but didn’t attempt to settle there. Captain James Cook’s South Pacific voyages. Captain James Cook mapped the east coast, claiming it for Britain and calling it New South Wales. The first British settlement was made in Sydney in 1788 with the founding of a convict colony, following the loss of the American colonies. Another five colonies were founded, and these joined to form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. Exploration continued with Matthew Flinders circumnavigating the continent from 1801 to 1803. The French also attempted to chart and claim the continent, with Louis-Antoine de Bougainville being the first European to sight the Great Barrier Reef in 1768. In 1772, Captain Dufresne claimed Van Dieman’s Land (Tasmania) for France. The Use Of The Name Australia The first use of the word “Australia” in English was in 1625—the words “A note of Australia del Espiritu Santo, written by Master Hakluyt” published by Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus. The Dutch word ‘Australische’ was used by Dutch officials in relation to the newly discovered land to the south in 1638. “Australia” was used in a 1693 translation of Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Découverte et le Voyage de la Terre Australe, a 1692 French novel by Gabriel de Foigny under the pen name Jacques Sadeur. The name was popularised by Matthew Flinders in his book ‘A Voyage to Terra Australis’. New South Wales Governor Lachlan Macquarie recommended the use of the name in 1817, and it was formally adopted in 1824. A picture of modern Sydney, NSW, Australia. Links, Sources and Further Information:	i don't know
"Who was English history's ""Merry Monarch""?"	Charles II: The Reality Behind the Merry Monarchy \| History Today Charles II: The Reality Behind the Merry Monarchy Tim Harris explores the political spin, intolerance and repression that underlay Charles II’s relaxed image, and which led him into a deep crisis in 1678-81 yet also enabled him to survive it. Portrait of Charles II by Sir Peter Lely Most people have an image of an England after 1660 reacting against the austerities of Puritan rule, presided over by a ‘merry monarch’ (albeit one leaning towards the debauched) determined never to go on his travels again but who at the same time was going to enjoy himself after his years in exile. The view of Charles II as a fun-loving, likeable person – the kind you would like to have round for dinner parties – has proved remarkably resilient, fostered in particular by popular historical biographies that have often succeeded in capturing the public’s imagination. One described Charles as ‘one of England’s wittiest, most intelligent, subtle and likeable Kings, whose main weakness, though perhaps a charming one, was his interest in the fair sex’. For Antonia Fraser, arguably Britain’s best popular historian, he was ‘witty and kind, grateful, generous, tolerant, and essentially lovable’, and was thus at his death ‘rightly mourned by his people’. Want the full article and website archive access? Already a member? Log in now	Charles II
What bird of fast-flowing streams is so-named from its habit of immersing itself under water to find food?	Hbc Heritage \| Charles II: The “Merry” Monarch Charles II: The “Merry” Monarch Charles II: The “Merry” Monarch The Granting of the Royal Charter by King Charles II in 1670, by E.A. Cox, 1920 Charles II granted the Royal Charter of Hudson’s Bay Company May 2, 1670. A prerogative of the Crown, the Charter was, in effect, a personal gift from the monarch to the original Hbc investors. But who was this most generous benefactor? The eldest surviving son of Charles I and French Princess Henrietta Maria, Charles II was born in 1630. His father’s reign was a calamitous series of events which began with a refusal to deal with Parliament – leading to an 11 year period during which Parliament did not sit at all – and escalated into Civil War. Religious differences exacerbated affairs with a growing Protestant population in England and Scotland increasingly at odds with the Catholic King. War between the Royalists, known as Cavaliers, and the Parliamentarians, called Roundheads because of their unique helmets, broke out in 1642 and lasted until the Royalist forces were defeated in 1645. Charles I surrendered to the Scots who turned him over to Parliament which imprisoned him, tried him for treason and executed him in 1649. At the age of nineteen, already an experienced soldier in his father’s behalf, Charles fled into exile in France. Parliament ruled the country and Oliver Cromwell, Puritan orator and the creator of Parliament’s New Model Army, ruled Parliament. Over the next decade Cromwell would take more and effective control of the state, especially after becoming Lord Protector in 1653. Meanwhile, Charles II was proclaimed King in Scotland in 1651. Later that year he led 10,000 Scots to a dismal defeat at Cromwell’s hands at Worcester in an abortive attempt to regain his throne. He fled to Europe once more. But time was on his side. Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and the Protectorate passed to his son Richard. But almost immediately plans to restore the monarchy were afoot. General George Monck, in control of the army and a Member of Parliament, was well placed to orchestrate Charles’ return. The Declaration of Breda, issued by Charles in May of 1660 and which outlined the conditions under which he would agree to serve as King, was accepted by Parliament and Charles entered London on his 30th birthday, May 29, 1660. After years of war and upheaval expectations were high. Only nine of those complicit in his father’s death were executed, the rest were pardoned, land purchases occurring during the interregnum were confirmed and the “liberty of tender consciences”, i.e. a guarantee of the freedom of religion, seemed to set the tone for a promising reign. But misfortunes, coupled with the new King’s profligate habits, dogged his rule. In 1665 bubonic plague erupted in London, killing between 70,000 - 100,000. In September of 1666 the Great Fire of London occurred. Lasting five days it consumed almost two thirds of the city, reducing it to ruins and dispossessing another 200,000. The following year the English suffered a series of naval defeats at the hands of the Dutch that culminated in the capture of the English navy’s flagship Royal Charles. All these events had a detrimental effect on England’s economy. The country could have used a conscientious ruler who took his role seriously and would have promoted the country’s interests before his own. Charles II was not to be that person. Instead his behaviour was an interesting mix of laziness, indifference and sentimental indulgence. Chronically short of money, Charles tended to raise it wherever and however he could. His marriage is a case in point. Upon his Restoration there were numerous contenders for the position of Queen Consort. The ultimate choice of Portugese Infanta Catherine of Braganza was almost certainly due to the large dowry that came with her, a sum of 50,000 pounds which was matched by an equal amount from the French king Louis XIV. In fact, Charles remained a “pensioner” of Louis for many years. His Majesty King Charles II, by Sir Peter Lely, n.d. Oil on canvas But where his father Charles I had managed to support himself financially without Parliament’s help for years, in part by selling lucrative corporate monopolies, Charles does not seem to have followed this route, at least insofar as HBC is concerned. In fact, instead of making money from his grant to HBC, Charles set the requirement of a periodic rent of two beaver and two elk in the unlikely event of the Sovereign visiting Rupert’s Land – an event so unlikely that it did not occur for 227 years! Why such a deal for HBC? Well, the fact that the King’s cousin Prince Rupert was Governor and most of the original shareholders were senior figures in his government – people like General Monck, who had since become Earl of Albemarle – might have had something to do with it. Much of Charles’ money went to support his mistresses and their offspring. Although he remained married to Catherine of Braganza until his death, Charles II had no children by her. But he is known to have had at least fifteen mistresses, often several at once, and acknowledged fourteen illegitimate children. This reputation as a womanizer is the source of his nickname “The Merry Monarch”. Lucy Walter was the mother of his eldest son, James (later Duke of Monmouth), who would one day lead an army against his Catholic uncle, the King’s brother James, Duke of York. Barbara Villiers, Lady Castlemaine (later Duchess of Cleveland), bore the King no less than five children, three boys and two girls. His favourite mistress, and the one who seems to have shared a sincere love with him, was Nell Gwyn, a former orange-seller and actress. More than twenty years his junior, Nell nonetheless remained faithful to the King until his death. Charles’ reign is significant both for the Restoration of the monarchy and the establishment of modern party politics. The Whigs (Liberals) arose from the remains of the Roundheads, men of property dedicated to expanding trade abroad and maintaining Parliament's supremacy in the political field and the Cavaliers evolved into the Tory Party, royalists intent on preserving the king's authority over Parliament. The King’s tolerance in religions affairs allowed the country to get back on its feet without major strife. But this tolerance had little lasting effect: his brother and successor James II’s adherence to the Catholic faith would cause him to lose the throne in 1688. Charles II died of a stroke in February 6, 1685, at the age of 55. He became a Roman Catholic on his deathbed.	i don't know
Which character was played by Anthony Hopkins in 'The Elephant Man'?	The Elephant Man (1980) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A Victorian surgeon rescues a heavily disfigured man who is mistreated while scraping a living as a side-show freak. Behind his monstrous facade, there is revealed a person of intelligence and sensitivity. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 23 titles created 18 Mar 2012 a list of 27 titles created 20 May 2012 a list of 32 titles created 24 Feb 2013 a list of 39 titles created 06 Mar 2015 a list of 22 titles created 05 Dec 2015 Title: The Elephant Man (1980) 8.2/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 8 Oscars. Another 10 wins & 14 nominations. See more awards » Photos The discovery of a severed human ear found in a field leads a young man on an investigation related to a beautiful, mysterious nightclub singer and a group of psychopathic criminals who have kidnapped her child. Director: David Lynch Henry Spencer tries to survive his industrial environment, his angry girlfriend, and the unbearable screams of his newly born mutant child. Director: David Lynch After a bizarre encounter at a party, a jazz saxophonist is framed for the murder of his wife and sent to prison, where he inexplicably morphs into a young mechanic and begins leading a new life. Director: David Lynch After a car wreck on the winding Mulholland Drive renders a woman amnesiac, she and a perky Hollywood-hopeful search for clues and answers across Los Angeles in a twisting venture beyond dreams and reality. Director: David Lynch As an actress starts to adopt the persona of her character in a film, her world starts to become nightmarish and surreal. Director: David Lynch Young lovers Sailor and Lula run from the variety of weirdos that Lula's mom has hired to kill Sailor. Director: David Lynch An old man makes a long journey by lawn-mover tractor to mend his relationship with an ill brother. Director: David Lynch A young FBI agent disappears while investigating a murder miles from Twin Peaks that may be related to the future murder of Laura Palmer; the last week of the life of Laura Palmer is chronicled. Director: David Lynch An emotionally self-destructive boxer's journey through life, as the violence and temper that leads him to the top in the ring destroys his life outside it. Director: Martin Scorsese An in-depth examination of the ways in which the U.S. Vietnam War impacts and disrupts the lives of people in a small industrial town in Pennsylvania. Director: Michael Cimino A man seeks answers about life, death, and the existence of God as he plays chess against the Grim Reaper during the Black Plague. Director: Ingmar Bergman A criminal pleads insanity after getting into trouble again and once in the mental institution rebels against the oppressive nurse and rallies up the scared patients. Director: Milos Forman Edit Storyline John Merrick (whose real name was Joseph, as this is based on a true story) is an intelligent and friendly man, but he is hated by his Victorian-era English society because he is severely deformed. Once he is discovered by a doctor, however, he is saved from his life in a freak show and he is treated like the human being that he really is. Written by Sam Cibula I am not an animal! I am a human being! I...am...a man! Genres: 10 October 1980 (USA) See more » Also Known As: El hombre elefante See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Second consecutive black-and-white film for director David Lynch whose previous film was the b/w Eraserhead (1977). See more » Goofs Bytes threw Merrick's mask out of the caravan. The mask then fell under the caravan's stair. But when Bytes' boy picked Merrick's cloth, we can see the mask (white one) is among the clothes. See more » Quotes Skeleton Man : Get rid of them! I don't want to see them! Fat Lady : Darling, don't be difficult! Let's take our sweet lovely children on an outing. See more » Crazy Credits Closing disclaimer: This has been based upon the true life story of John Merrick, known as The Elephant Man, and not upon the Broadway play of the same title or any other fictional account. See more » Connections (Everett, WA) – See all my reviews David Lynch is a remarkable director and The Elephant Man is a remarkable film. Inspired by a true story in the streets of London during the Victorian Age, the film is based entirely around the life of John Merrick (John Hurt), an individual dubbed by his `owner' Bytes (Freddie Jones) and others as 'The Elephant Man' because of his hideous deformities. With this film, Lynch grasps his audience and stretches them to a new parallel of an emotionally capturing film. And what makes this so daunting and so intriguing is the fact that 'The Elephant Man' is a true story, no part of it is fictional. Anthony Hopkins plays Dr. Frederick Treves, the man who somewhat saves John from those who persecute him for being a freak, being a `monster.' A story of human triumph could never be so remarkable as that of The Elephant Man. Lynch takes The Elephant Man to a new level of technical aspiration with a dark, dank setting shot completely in black and white. This film is amazing and would undoubtedly be just okay any other way. The black and white adds to the story in a way that touches the audience much deeper and much more personal. Not to mention stunning performances and dialogue by all cast, `David Lynch's portrait of John 'The Elephant Man' Merrick stands as one of the best biographies on film.' Literary critic Leslie Fiedler maintains that freaks stir `both supernatural terror and natural sympathies' because they `challenge conventional boundaries between male and female, sexed and sexless, animal and human, large and small, self and other.' In this very interesting and moving film, we are challenged to clarify our values in regard to `very special people.' However, in one powerful scene of tension and curiosity, John Merrick screams out, `I am not an animal! I am a human being! I.am.a man!' This particular sequence, I believe, is incredible and it ties in with the whole focus of the film itself, human dignity and emotion. David Lynch is known for some pretty twisted films, and yet, The Elephant Man is not that twisted at all. Even though his audience views John Merrick as not the average person because of his medical condition, the story is cherished because of how it is put onto the big screen. Compared to his other films such as Blue Velvet and Eraserhead, The Elephant Man is more surreal in terms of what Lynch was going for. Lynch does a magnificent job in portraying his version of The Elephant Man, and many people along with critics alike agree. I can easily rate The Elephant Man with four stars because David Lynch deserves no less. The Elephant Man is a classic, a striking and devastating film depicting the account of John Merrick's search for a dignified and normal life. I would definitely recommend this film to those in search of a wonderful story about one man's conquest to a regular life. Dr. Treves' account with John not only presents him with respect and normalcy, but also takes him as far as an uplifting scene where upon John states `my life is full because I know I am loved.' With such an inspirational and true story, David Lynch puts on a film that should be loved by many, if not all. 149 of 172 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Sir Frederick Treves, 1st Baronet
Give a year in the life of Scottish writer and biographer, James Boswell?	The Elephant Man (1980) - Full Cast & Crew - IMDb The Elephant Man (1980) (book) (as Sir Frederick Treves) (in part on the book "The Elephant Man: A Study in Human Dignity") Cast (in credits order) verified as complete Create a character page for: Create » makeup creator: 'Elephant Man' / makeup designer: 'Elephant Man' Production Management executive in charge of production Second Unit Director or Assistant Director optical cameraman: Camera Effects Ltd (uncredited) Camera and Electrical Department manager of production accounting (uncredited) Crew verified as complete a list of 23 titles created 18 Mar 2012 a list of 27 titles created 20 May 2012 a list of 32 titles created 24 Feb 2013 a list of 39 titles created 06 Mar 2015 a list of 22 titles created 05 Dec 2015 IMDb Everywhere Find showtimes, watch trailers, browse photos, track your Watchlist and rate your favorite movies and TV shows on your phone or tablet!	i don't know
Which is the only country to share borders with just Brazil and Surinam?	Suriname: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide & Travel/Holidays/Cities Former Dictator Bouterse Returns to Power Geography Suriname lies on the northeast coast of South America, with Guyana to the west, French Guiana to the east, and Brazil to the south. It is about one-tenth larger than Michigan. The principal rivers are the Corantijn on the Guyana border, the Marowijne in the east, and the Suriname, on which the capital city of Paramaribo is situated. Government Constitutional democracy. History Suriname's earliest inhabitants were the Surinen Indians, after whom the country is named. By the 16th century they had been supplanted by other South American Indians. Spain explored Suriname in 1593, but by 1602 the Dutch began to settle the land, followed by the English. The English transferred sovereignty to the Dutch in 1667 (the Treaty of Breda) in exchange for New Amsterdam (New York). Colonization was confined to a narrow coastal strip, and until the abolition of slavery in 1863, African slaves furnished the labor for the coffee and sugarcane plantations. Escaped African slaves fled into the interior, reconstituted their western African culture, and came to be called “Bush Negroes” by the Dutch. After 1870, East Indian laborers were imported from British India and Javanese from the Dutch East Indies. Known as Dutch Guiana, the colony was integrated into the kingdom of the Netherlands in 1948. Two years later Dutch Guiana was granted home rule, except for foreign affairs and defense. After race rioting over unemployment and inflation, the Netherlands granted Suriname complete independence on Nov. 25, 1975. A coup d'état in 1980 brought military rule. During much of the 1980s, Suriname was under the repressive control of Lieut. Col. Dési Bouterse. The Netherlands stopped all aid in 1982 when Suriname soldiers killed 15 journalists, politicians, lawyers, and union officials. Defense spending increased significantly, and the economy suffered. A guerrilla insurgency by the Jungle Commando (a Bush Negro guerrilla group) threatened to destabilize the country and was harshly suppressed by Bouterse. Free elections were held on May 25, 1991, depriving the military of much of its political power. In 1992 a peace treaty was signed between the government and several guerrilla groups. In March 1997, the president announced new economic measures, including eliminating import tariffs on most basic goods, coupled with strict price controls. Later that year, the Netherlands said it would prosecute Bouterse for cocaine trafficking. Public discontent over the 70% inflation rate prompted President Jules Wijdenbosch to hold elections in May 2000, a year ahead of schedule. The New Front for Democracy and Development, a coalition led by former president Ronald Venetiaan, won the election. Venetiaan was reelected in Aug. 2005. In May 2006, torrential flooding left more than 20,000 homeless. In July 2007, a United Nations tribunal settled a long-simmering maritime dispute between Suriname and Guyana. The UN redrew the maritime border to give both countries access to an area potentially rich in oil deposits.	French Guiana
Give a year in the life of English poet, Alexander Pope?	The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency Background: First explored by the Spaniards in the 16th century and then settled by the English in the mid-17th century, Suriname became a Dutch colony in 1667. With the abolition of African slavery in 1863, workers were brought in from India and Java. The Netherlands granted the colony independence in 1975. Five years later the civilian government was replaced by a military regime that soon declared a socialist republic. It continued to exert control through a succession of nominally civilian administrations until 1987, when international pressure finally forced a democratic election. In 1990, the military overthrew the civilian leadership, but a democratically elected government - a four-party coalition - returned to power in 1991. The coalition expanded to eight parties in 2005 and ruled until August 2010, when voters returned former military leader Desire BOUTERSE and his opposition coalition to power. President BOUTERSE was reelected unopposed in 2015. Geography :: SURINAME Demographic profile: Suriname is a pluralistic society consisting primarily of Creoles (persons of mixed African and European heritage), the descendants of escaped African slaves known as Maroons, and the descendants of Indian and Javanese contract workers. The country overall is in full, post-industrial demographic transition, with a low fertility rate, a moderate mortality rate, and a rising life expectancy. However, the Maroon population of the rural interior lags behind because of lower educational attainment and contraceptive use, higher malnutrition, and significantly less access to electricity, potable water, sanitation, infrastructure, and health care. Some 350,000 people of Surinamese descent live in the Netherlands, Suriname's former colonial ruler. In the 19th century, better-educated, largely Dutch-speaking Surinamese began emigrating to the Netherlands. World War II interrupted the outflow, but it resumed after the war when Dutch labor demands grew - emigrants included all segments of the Creole population. Suriname still is strongly influenced by the Netherlands because most Surinamese have relatives living there and it is the largest supplier of development aid. Other emigration destinations include French Guiana and the United States. Suriname's immigration rules are flexible, and the country is easy to enter illegally because rainforests obscure its borders. Since the mid-1980s, Brazilians have settled in Suriname's capital, Paramaribo, or eastern Suriname, where they mine gold. This immigration is likely to slowly re-orient Suriname toward its Latin American roots. 0-14 years: 25.15% (male 75,088/female 72,261) 15-24 years: 17.46% (male 52,129/female 50,141) 25-54 years: 44.36% (male 132,334/female 127,562) 55-64 years: 7.16% (male 20,564/female 21,394) 65 years and over: 5.86% (male 14,848/female 19,503) (2016 est.) population pyramid: Executive branch: chief of state: President Desire Delano BOUTERSE (since 12 August 2010); Vice President Ashwin ADHIN (since 12 August 2015); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Desire Delano BOUTERSE (since 12 August 2010); Vice President Ashwin ADHIN (since 12 August 2015) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly; president and vice president serve a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 25 May 2015 (next to be held on 25 May 2020) election results: Desire Delano BOUTERSE reelected president; National Assembly vote - NA description: unicameral National Assembly or Nationale Assemblee (51 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms) elections: last held on 25 May 2015 (next to be held in May 2020) election results: percent of vote by party - NDP 45.5%, V7 37.2%, A-Com 10.5%, DOE 4.3%, PALU .7%, other 1.7%; seats by party - NDP 26, V7 18, A-Com 5, DOE 1, PALU 1 Judicial branch: highest resident court(s): High Court of Justice of Suriname (consists of the court president, vice president, and 4 judges); note - appeals beyond the High Court are referred to the Caribbean Court of Justice, with final appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) judge selection and term of office: court judges appointed by the national president after consultation with the High Court; judges appointed for life subordinate courts: cantonal courts Alternative Combination or A-Com (a coalition that includes ABOP, KTPI, PDO) Brotherhood and Unity in Politics or BEP [Celsius WATERBERG] Democratic Alternative '91 or DA91 [Winston JESSURUN] General Liberation and Development Party or ABOP [Ronnie BRUNSWIJK} National Democratic Party or NDP [Desire Delano BOUTERSE] National Party of Suriname or NPS [Gregory RUSLAND] Party for Democracy and Development or PDO [Waldy NAIN] Party for Democracy and Development in Unity or DOE [Carl BREEVELD] Party for National Unity and Solidarity or KTPI [Willy SOEMITA] People's Alliance, Pertjaja Luhur or PL [Paul SOMOHARDJO] Progressive Worker and Farmer's Union or PALU [Jim HOK] Surinamese Labor Party or SPA [Guno CASTELEN] United Reform Party or VHP [Chandrikapersad SANTOKHI] Victory 7 or V7 (formerly the New Front for Democracy and Development or NF) (a coalition including NPS, VHP, DA91, PL, SPA) [Chandrikapresad SANTOKHI] Association of Indigenous Village Chiefs [Ricardo PANE] Association of Saramaccan Authorities or Maroon [Head Captain WASE] Women's Parliament Forum or PVF [Iris GILLIAD] International organization participation: ACP, AOSIS, Caricom, CD, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OIC, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Sylvana Elvira SIMSON (since 1 September 2015) chancery: Suite 460, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 244-7488 chief of mission: Ambassador Jay N. ANANIA (since 1 October 2012) embassy: Dr. Sophie Redmondstraat 129, Paramaribo mailing address: US Department of State, PO Box 1821, Paramaribo telephone: [597] 472-900 Flag description: five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); a large, yellow, five-pointed star is centered in the red band; red stands for progress and love; green symbolizes hope and fertility; white signifies peace, justice, and freedom; the star represents the unity of all ethnic groups; from its yellow light the nation draws strength to bear sacrifices patiently while working toward a golden future name: "God zij met ons Suriname!" (God Be With Our Suriname) lyrics/music: Cornelis Atses HOEKSTRA and Henry DE ZIEL/Johannes Corstianus DE PUY note: adopted 1959; originally adapted from a Sunday school song written in 1893 and contains lyrics in both Dutch and Sranang Tongo Economy :: SURINAME Economy - overview: The economy is dominated by the mining industry, with exports of oil, gold, and alumina accounting for about 85% of exports and 27% of government revenues, making the economy highly vulnerable to mineral price volatility. Economic growth has declined annually from just under 5% in 2012 to 1.5% in 2015. In January 2011, the government devalued the currency by 20% and raised taxes to reduce the budget deficit. As a result of these measures, inflation receded to less than 4% in 2015. Suriname's economic prospects for the medium term will depend on continued commitment to responsible monetary and fiscal policies and to the introduction of structural reforms to liberalize markets and promote competition. The government's reliance on revenue from extractive industries will temper Suriname's economic outlook, especially if gold prices continue their downward trend. 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; personnel drawn almost exclusively from the Creole community (2012) Transnational Issues :: SURINAME Disputes - international: area claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims a triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks UN Convention on the Law of the Sea arbitration to resolve the longstanding dispute with Suriname over the axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters Trafficking in persons: current situation: Suriname is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to sex trafficking and men, women, and children subjected to forced labor; women and girls from Suriname, Guyana, Brazil, and the Dominican Republic are subjected to sex trafficking in the country, sometimes in interior mining camps; migrant workers in agriculture and on fishing boats and children working in informal urban sectors and gold mines are vulnerable to forced labor; traffickers from Suriname exploit victims in the Netherlands tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Suriname does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, Suriname was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; authorities increased the number of trafficking investigations, prosecutions, and convictions as compared to 2013, but resources were insufficient to conduct investigations in the country’s interior; more trafficking victims were identified in 2014 than in 2013, but protective services for adults and children were inadequate, with a proposed government shelter for women and child trafficking victims remaining unopened (2015)	i don't know
Which country shares borders with Columbia and Costa Rica?	Americas Americas Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda is located in the "Heart of the Caribbean" between the Greater and Lesser Antilles, about 402 kilometers (250 miles) east-southeast of Puerto Rico or 60 kilometers (37.5 miles) north of Guadeloupe. This territory consists of several islands, the largest being Antigua (281 square kilometers, or 108 square miles), Barbuda (161 square kilometers, or 62 square miles), and Redonda (1.6 square kilometers, or 0.5 square miles). Barbados Barbados is an island situated between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela and east of the Windward Island chain. It covers an area of 430 square kilometers (166 square miles), roughly 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC. Brazil Located in South America, Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, after Russia, Canada, China, and the United States. Brazil has an area of 8,511,965 square kilometers (3,286,482 square miles), extending 4,320 kilometers (2,684 miles) from north to south and 4,328 kilometers (2,689 miles) from east to west, and a total coastline of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 miles). Chile A coastal country located in the southwest region of South America, Chile has an area of 756,950 square kilometers (292,258 square miles) and a total coastline of 6,435 kilometers (3,998 miles). Chile shares its northern border with Peru and its eastern border with Bolivia and Argentina. Colombia Shaped like an odd-looking pear with a thin top, Colombia is located in the northwestern corner of South America, alongside the Caribbean Sea between Panama and Venezuela, and bordering the Pacific Ocean between Panama and Ecuador. Colombia has an area of 1,138,903 square kilometers (439,733 square miles) and a total coastline of 3,207 kilometers (1,993 miles) distributed between the Caribbean Sea and North Pacific Ocean. Dominica Dominica is an island located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean. Its total area is 754 square kilometers (291 square miles), making it the largest of the English-speaking Windward Islands, and it is slightly more than 4 times the size of Washington, D.C. Dominican Republic A country occupying the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola (Haiti occupies the western third) between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, the Dominican Republic has an area of 48,730 square kilometers (18,815 square miles), more than twice the size of New Hampshire. It has a total coastline of 1,288 kilometers (800 miles), and a border with Haiti of 275 kilometers (171 miles). Ecuador Located between Colombia and Peru on the west coast of South America, Ecuador has an area of 283,560 square kilometers (176,204 square miles) and a coastline of 2,237 kilometers (1,390 miles). The Galapagos Islands, which rest 960 kilometers (600 miles) to the west of mainland Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean are part of the Republic of Ecuador. Grenada Grenada is an island situated between the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago. Its total area is 340 square kilometers (131 square miles), about twice the size of Washington, D.C., and its coastline measures 121 kilometers (75 miles). Guatemala Located in Central America at the southern tip of Mexico between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, Guatemala has a total area of 108,890 square kilometers (42,042 square miles), slightly smaller than that of the state of Tennessee. Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, and Mexico all share land boundaries with Guatemala that total 1,687 kilometers (1,048 miles) in length, while Guatemala's coastline along the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea totals 400 kilometers (249 miles). Guyana Guyana is situated on the northeast coast of Latin America, along the Atlantic Ocean. It shares a 600-kilometer (373-mile) border with Suriname to the east, a 743-kilometer (462-mile) border with Venezuela to the northwest, and a 1,119-kilometer (695-mile) border with Brazil to the south and southwest. Jamaica The largest English-speaking island in the Caribbean Sea, Jamaica is about 160 kilometers (90 miles) south of Cuba and has an area of 10,990 square kilometers (4,243 square miles) and a total coastline of 1,022 kilometers (634 miles). Comparatively, the area occupied by Jamaica is slightly smaller than the state of Connecticut. Mexico Mexico is a country located in North America and is bordered by the United States to the north, Belize and Guatemala to its south, the Gulf of Mexico to its east and the North Pacific Ocean to its west. The country's total area is 1,972,550 square kilometers (761,601 square miles), or nearly 3 times the size of Texas. Netherlands Antilles and Aruba The Netherlands Antilles are a federation of 2 Caribbean island groups some 806 kilometers (500 miles) apart. The first group, known as the Dutch Leeward Islands, comprises Curaçao and Bonaire, and is located about 81 kilometers (50 miles) off the northern coast of Venezuela. Suriname Suriname sits on the northern shoulder of South America, facing the Atlantic Ocean between Guyana to the west, French Guiana to the east, and Brazil to the south. It shares with these 3 nations 1,707 kilometers (1,061 miles) of border and has a coastline of about 386 kilometers (240 miles). Trinidad and Tobago The 2 islands of Trinidad and Tobago are between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, northeast of Venezuela. The southern tip of Trinidad lies only 11 kilometers (7 miles) from the Venezuelan mainland, while Tobago lies approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) northeast of Trinidad. United States of America The 48 states that make up the continental United States are located in North America between Mexico and Canada. The state of Hawaii is located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between North America and Asia, and the state of Alaska is located on the extreme northwest corner of North America.	Panama (cryptography)
The Russian port of Astrakhan lies on the delta of which major river?	Central America Border Crossings Central America Border Crossings Crossing the borders between Central America countries Central America Border Crossings. Kirsten Hubbard Share By Kirsten Hubbard Central America border crossings can be quick and easy, or a major headache. But they're a necessary part of traveling through Central America (unless you fly between countries, but then you have to deal with airports anyway). The following are the major border crossings between Central America countries . Tips: Make sure your passport is up-to-date and you're ready to pay entrance and exit fees. Prepare to be hassled by people waving stacks of currency in your face. Bring something to read -- wait times can range from minutes to hours. Belize Border Crossings The Belize and Mexico Border The Belize - Mexico border crossing is between Santa Elena, Belize (near Corozal) and Chetumal, Mexico. There is a second, lesser-used border crossing bewteen La Unión and Blue Creek, Belize (34 miles from Orange Walk). The Belize and Guatemala Border The Belize - Guatemala border crossing is between Benque Viejo del Carmen in Belize's Cayo District and Melchor de Mencos, Guatemala. continue reading below our video Tips for Taking Better Travel Photos Guatemala Border Crossings The Guatemala and Mexico Border The main Guatemala - Mexico border crossings are at Ciudad Hidalgo and Talismán (both near Tapachula, Mexico); and between Comitán, Mexico, and Huehuetenango, Guatemala on the Pan-American Highway. The Guatemala and Belize Border The Guatemala - Belize border crossing is between Melchor de Mencos, Guatemala and Benque Viejo del Carmen in Belize's Cayo District. The Guatemala and El Salvador Border There are four Guatemala - El Salvador border crossings: La Hachadura and Ciudad Pedro de Alvarado; Chinamas and Valle Nuevo; Anguiatú; and San Cristóbal on the Pan-American Highway. The Guatemala and Honduras Border There are three main Guatemala - Honduras border crossings: Corinto, between Puerto Barrios, Guatemala and Omoa, Honduras; Agua Caliente, between Esquipulas, Guatemala and Nueva Ocotepeque, Honduras; and El Florido, between Chiquimula, Guatemala and Copán Ruinas, Honduras. El Salvador Border Crossings The El Salvador and Guatemala Border There are four El Salvador - Guatemala border crossings: La Hachadura and Ciudad Pedro de Alvarado; Chinamas and Valle Nuevo; Anguiatú; and San Cristóbal on the Pan-American Highway. The El Salvador and Honduras Border The El Salvador - Honduras border crossings are at El Poy and El Amatillo. Honduras Border Crossings The Honduras and Guatemala Border There are three primary Guatemala - Honduras border crossings: Corinto, between Omoa, Honduras and Puerto Barrios, Guatemala; Agua Caliente, between Nueva Ocotepeque, Honduras and Esquipulas, Guatemala; and El Florido, between Copán Ruinas, Honduras and Chiquimula, Guatemala. The Honduras and El Salvador Border The Honduras - El Salvador border crossings are at El Poy and El Amatillo. The Honduras and Nicaragua Border There are four Honduras - Nicaragua border crossings: at Las Manos on the Pan-American Highway, Guasaule, La Fraternidad/El Espino, and at Leimus in Nicaragua's Caribbean La Moskitia region. Nicaragua Border Crossings The Nicaragua and Honduras Border There are four Nicaragua - Honduras border crossings: at Las Manos on the Pan-American Highway, Guasaule, La Fraternidad/El Espino, and at Leimus in Nicaragua's Caribbean La Moskitia region. The Nicaragua and Costa Rica Border The main Nicaragua - Costa Rica border crossing is at Peñas Blancas. Entry into Nicaragua on a bus is around $13 for foreigners; entrance into Costa Rica from Nicaragua is $3. There is a second Nicaragua - Costa Rica border crossing between Los Chiles, Costa Rica and San Carlos, Nicaragua, which is less frequently used by travelers. Costa Rica Border Crossings The Costa Rica and Nicaragua Border The primary Costa Rica and Nicaragua border crossing is at Peñas Blancas. Entry into Nicaragua on a bus is around $13 for foreigners; entrance into Costa Rica from Nicaragua is $3. There is another border crossing between Los Chiles, Costa Rica and San Carlos, Nicaragua. The Costa Rica and Panama Border There are three border crossings between Costa Rica and Panama: Paso Canoas and Rio Sereno on the Pacific side, and Sixaola/Guabito on the Caribbean side. Travelers venturing from San Jose to Panama City will likely use Paso Canoas (the busiest crossing), while travelers heading to or from Bocas del Toro will use Sixaola/Guabito. Tourist cards for Panama travel are $5 at the border. Panama Border Crossings The Panama and Costa Rica Border There are three border crossings between Panama and Costa Rica: Paso Canoas and Rio Sereno on the Pacific, and Sixaola/Guabito on the Caribbean. If you're traveling between San Jose and Panama City, you'll probably use Paso Canoas (the busiest crossing), while travelers heading to or from Bocas del Toro will use Sixaola/Guabito. Tourist cards for Panama travel are $5. The Panama and Colombia Border There are no real roads connecting Panama and Colombia, due to the impenetrable rainforest that makes up Panama's Darien Gap. Travelers seeking to cross the Panama - Colombia border must do so by boat, or by plane.	i don't know
In meteorology, what term is used to describe a warm front which has been quickly overtaken by a cold front, moving rapidly around a low pressure centre?	Weather Glossary – Terms & Definitions Home Weather Weather Glossary – Terms & Definitions Weather Glossary – Terms & Definitions Below is a list of weather terms that are described in weather reports, forecasts and readings. This data is collected from: the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Weather Service; the Met Office in the United Kingdom; Canada’s Weather Office; and the Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. Top Acid rain Cloud or rain droplets containing pollutants, such as oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, to make them acidic (eg. pH < 5.6). Afternoon Noon to sunset. Arctic air A mass of very cold, dry air that usually originates over the Arctic Ocean north of Canada and Alaska. Arctic high Top Ball lightning A relatively rarely seen form of lightning, generally consisting of an orange or reddish ball of the order of a few cm to 30cm in diameter and of moderate luminosity, which may move up to 1 m/s horizontally with a lifetime of a second or two. Barber pole A thunderstorm updraft with a visual appearance including cloud striations that are curved in a manner similar to the stripes of a barber pole. The structure typically is most pronounced on the leading edge of the updraft, while drier air from the rear flank downdraft often erodes the clouds on the trailing side of the updraft. Barometer An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. Barometric pressure The actual pressure value indicated by a pressure sensor. Bitterly cold In winter, bitterly cold or very cold, refers to more than seven degrees Celsius below normal. Black ice Thin, new ice that forms on fresh water or dew covered surfaces; it is common on roadways during the fall and early winter and appears "black" because of its transparency. Blizzard Includes winter storm conditions of sustained winds or frequent gusts of 35 mph or more that cause major blowing and drifting of snow, reducing visibility to less than one-quarter mile for 3 or more hours. Extremely cold temperatures often are associated with dangerous blizzard conditions. In Canada, a blizzard described as a severe storm that lasts three or more hours, and brings low temperatures, strong winds and poor visibility due to blowing snow. In Australia, it is described as a violent and very cold wind which is loaded with snow, some of which has been raised from snow covered ground. Blocking high A high pressure area (anticyclone), often aloft, that remains nearly stationary or moves slowly compared to west-to-east motion. It blocks the movement eastward movement of low pressure areas (cyclones) at its latitude. Blowing Dust Dust that is raised by the wind to moderate heights above the ground to a degree that horizontal visibility decreases to less than seven miles. Visibilities of 1/8 mile or less over a widespread area are criteria for a Blowing Dust Advisory. Blowing sand Sand particles picked up from the surface of the earth by the wind to moderate heights above the ground, reducing the reported horizontal visibility to less than seven statute miles. Blowing snow Wind driven snow that reduces visibility to six miles or less causing significant drifting. Blowing snow may be snow that is falling and/or loose snow on the ground picked up by the wind. In Canada, it is described as snow that is lifted by the wind from the earth's surface to a height of two meters or more. Blowing spray Water droplets torn by the wind from a body of water, generally from the crests of waves, and carried up into the air in such quantities that they reduce the reported horizontal visibility to less than seven statute miles. Blustery Descriptive term for gusty winds that accompany cold weather. Breezy Wind in the range of 15 miles per hour to 25 mile per hour with mild or warm temperatures. Brisk Wind in the range of 15 to 25 miles per hour when the temperature is cold. Broken clouds The absence of apparent motion in the air. Celsius A temperature scale in which zero is the freezing point of water and one hundred is the boiling point. Chinook A Chinook is a warm, dry, gusty wind that occasionally occurs to the leeward side of a mountain range, particularly the Rocky Mountains. Cirrus cloud High cloud, delicate, hair-like and feathery looking. Clear Sky condition of less than 1/10 cloud coverage. In the United Kingdom, clear is defined as “No cloud”, and in Australia, it is defined as “Virtually cloud-free”. Clear slot A local region of clearing skies or reduced cloud cover, indicating an intrusion of drier air; often seen as a bright area with higher cloud bases on the west or southwest side of a wall cloud. Climate The prevalent long term weather conditions in a particular area. Climatic elements include precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine and wind velocity and phenomena such as fog, frost, and hail storms. Climate cannot be considered a satisfactory indicator of actual conditions since it is based upon a vast number of elements taken as an average. Cloudburst A sudden, intense rainfall that is normally of short duration. Cloudy Cloudy means that clouds cover more than 60 percent of the sky. Coastal flood warning Issued when there is widespread coastal flooding expected within 12 hours, more than just a typical overwash. Cold In the winter, cold refers to four to seven degrees Celsius below normal. Cold Advection (CAA) Transport of cold air into a region by horizontal winds. Cold front A narrow transition zone separating advancing colder air from retreating warmer air. The air behind a cold front is cooler and typically drier than the air it is replacing. Cold low A low pressure system with cold air mass from near the surface to all vertical levels (also called a cold core low). Cold-air-funnel A funnel cloud or (rarely) a small, relatively weak tornado that can develop from a small shower or thunderstorm when the air aloft is unusually cold (hence the name). They are much less violent than other types of tornadoes. Collar cloud Frequently used as a synonym for wall cloud, although it actually is a generally circular ring of cloud surrounding the upper portion of a wall cloud. Combined seas The combined height of swell and wind waves. Condensation The process by which water vapor becomes a liquid; the opposite of evaporation, which is the conversion of liquid to vapor. In Australia, it is described as a change from a gas to a liquid. Confluence A pattern of wind flow in which air flows inward toward an axis oriented parallel to the general direction of flow. It is the opposite of difluence. Confluence is not the same as convergence. Winds often accelerate as they enter a confluent zone, resulting in speed divergence which offsets the (apparent) converging effect of the confluent flow. Congestus (or Cumulus congestus) A large cumulus cloud with great vertical development, usually with a cauliflower-like appearance, but lacking the characteristic anvil shaped top of a Cb (Cumulonimbus cloud). Continental air mass A dry air mass originating over a large land area. Convection The transfer of heat within the air by its movement. The term is used specifically to describe vertical transport of heat and moisture, especially by updrafts and downdrafts in an unstable atmosphere. Convergence An atmospheric condition that exists when the winds cause a horizontal net inflow of air into a specified region. Divergence is the opposite, where winds cause a horizontal net outflow of air from a specified region. Cumulonimbus Cloud A vertically developed cloud, often capped by an anvil shaped cloud. Also called a thunderstorm cloud, it is frequently accompanied by heavy showers, lightning, thunder, and sometimes hail or gusty winds. In Australia, it is described as a heavy, puffy, heaped, dark cloud of great vertical depth, often bringing rain. Some have a distinctive anvil shaped head. Cumulus cloud A cloud in the shape of individual detached domes, with a flat base and a bulging upper portion resembling cauliflower. In Australia, it is described as a cloud with a woolly, heaped appearance that often produces rain. Cumulus congestus A large cumulus cloud with great vertical development, usually with a cauliflower-like appearance, but lacking the characteristic anvil shaped top of a Cb (Cumulonimbus cloud). Cyclone An area of low pressure around which winds blow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Also the term used for a hurricane in the Indian Ocean and in the Western Pacific Ocean. In Australia, it is described as atmospheric circulations that rotate clockwise in the southern hemisphere, and anti-clockwise in the northern hemisphere. Cyclones are areas of lower pressure and generally associated with stronger winds, unsettled conditions, cloudiness and rainfall. Day of the week (eg. Monday) Midnight to midnight. Debris cloud A rotating "cloud" of dust or debris, near or on the ground, often appearing beneath a condensation funnel and surrounding the base of a tornado. Dense fog A fog in which the visibility is less than one-quarter mile. Depression A region of low atmospheric pressure that is usually accompanied by low clouds and precipitation. Dew point The temperature to which the air must be cooled for water vapor to condense and form fog or clouds. Diamond dust A fall of non-branched (snow crystals are branched) ice crystals in the form of needles, columns, or plates. Difluence A pattern of wind flow in which air moves outward (in a "fan-out" pattern) away from a central axis that is oriented parallel to the general direction of the flow. It is the opposite of confluence. Disturbance A disruption of the atmosphere that usually refers to a low pressure area, cool air and inclement weather. Downburst A strong downdraft resulting in an outward burst of damaging winds on or near the ground. Downburst winds can produce damage similar to a strong tornado. Downdraft A column of generally cool air that rapidly sinks to the ground, usually accompanied by precipitation as in a shower or thunderstorm. Downslope wind Air that descends an elevated plain and consequently warms and dries. Occurs when prevailing wind direction is from the same direction as the elevated terrain and often produces fair weather conditions. Draft A draft is a small gusty air current that moves upward or downward abruptly; hence the terms updraft and downdraft. Drifting snow Uneven distribution of snowfall caused by strong surface winds. Drifting snow does not reduce visibility. In Canada, it is defined as snow blown to a height of less than two meters. Drizzle Small, slowly falling water droplets, with diameters between .2 and .5 millimeters. In Australia, it is defined as fairly uniform precipitation (rain) composed exclusively of very small water droplets (less than 0.5 mm in diameter) very close to one another. Drought Abnormally dry weather in a region over an extended period sufficient to cause a serious hydrological (water cycle) imbalance in the affected area. This can cause such problems as crop damage and water-supply shortage. In Australia, it is defined as the prolonged absence or marked deficiency of precipitation (rain). Dry Free from rain. Normally used when preceding weather has also been relatively dry and dry weather is expected to continue for a day or so. Dust storm An area where high surface winds have picked up loose dust, reducing visibility to less than one-half mile. In Australia, it is described as a storm which carries large amounts of dust into the atmosphere. A basic forecast of general weather conditions three to five days in the future. Extratropical cyclone A storm that forms outside the tropics, sometimes as a tropical storm or hurricane changes. See table below for differences between extratropical and tropical cyclones. Top Fahrenheit The standard scale used to measure temperature in the United States; in which the freezing point of water is 32 degrees and the boiling point is 212 degrees. Fair Describes weather in which there is less than 4/10ths of opaque cloud cover, no precipitation, and there is no extreme visibility, wind or temperature conditions. Fall wind A strong, cold, downslope wind. Fine No rain or other precipitation (hail, snow etc.). The use of fine is generally avoided in excessively cloudy, windy, foggy or dusty conditions. In particular note that fine means the absence of rain or other precipitation such as hail or snow - not 'good' or 'pleasant' weather. Flash flood A flood that occurs within a few hours (usually less than six) of heavy or excessive rainfall, dam or levee failure or water released from an ice jam. Flood A condition that occurs when water overflows the natural or artificial confines of a stream or river; the water also may accumulate by drainage over low-lying areas. Flood crest The highest stage or flow occurring in a flood. Flurry A flurry or snow shower is a snowfall that suddenly stops and starts and changes rapidly in intensity; the accumulation and extent of the snow are limited. Fog Water that has condensed close to ground level, producing a cloud of very small droplets that reduces visibility to less than one km (three thousand and three hundred feet). In Canada, fog is defined as a cloud at ground level, and occurs when air is cooled to its dew point and below, or when atmospheric moisture increases through evaporation from water that is warmer than the air. In the United Kingdom, fog is described to occur when visibility less than one kilometer. In Australia, it is defined as a dense mass of small water droplets or particles in the lower atmosphere. Fogbow A rainbow that has a white band that appears in fog, and is fringed with red on the outside and blue on the inside. Forecast A forecast provides a description of the most significant weather conditions expected during the current and following days. The exact content depends upon the intended user, such as the Public or Marine forecast audiences. Freeze Occurs when the surface air temperature is expected to be 32 degrees Fahrenheit or below over a widespread area for a significant period of time. In Australia, the term “freeze” is defined as the change from a liquid to a solid. Freezing The change in a substance from a liquid to a solid state. Freezing drizzle Drizzle that falls in liquid form and then freezes upon impact with the ground or an item with a temperature of 32 degrees Fahrenheit or less, possibly producing a thin coating of ice. Even in small amounts, freezing drizzle may cause traveling problems. Freezing fog A suspension of numerous minute ice crystals in the air, or water droplets at temperatures below zero degrees Celsius, based at the Earth's surface, which reduces horizontal visibility; also called ice fog. Freezing level The altitude in the atmosphere where the temperature drops to 32F. Freezing rain Rain that freezes on objects such as trees, cars and roads, forming a coating or glaze of ice. Temperatures at higher levels are warm enough for rain to form, but surface temperatures are below 32 degrees Fahrenheit, causing the rain to freeze on impact. In Canada, freezing rain is described to occur when the air temperature is below zero Celsius near the ground but above zero Celsius higher up. Front The boundary or transition zone between two different air masses. The basic frontal types are cold fronts, warm fronts and occluded fronts. Frost The formation of thin ice crystals on the ground or other surfaces. Frost develops when the temperature of the exposed surface falls below 32 degrees Fahrenheit and water vapor is deposited as a solid. Frost point When the temperature to which air must be cooled to in order to be saturated is below freezing. Fujita scale System developed by Dr Theodore Fujita to classify tornadoes based on wind damage. Scale is from F0 for weakest to F5 for strongest tornadoes. Fujiwhara effect The Fujiwhara effect describes the rotation of two storms around each other. Funnel cloud A rotating, cone-shaped column of air extending downward from the base of a thunderstorm but not touching the ground. When it reaches the ground it is called a tornado. Sustained wind speeds from 34 to 47 knots (39 to 54 mph). Glaze a layer or coating of ice that is generally smooth and clear, and forms on exposed objects by the freezing of liquid raindrops. Global warming A theory that increased concentrations of greenhouse gases are causing an elevation in the Earth's surface temperature. Good visibility More than 10 kilometers. Greenhouse effect The warming of the atmosphere by the trapping of longwave radiation (heat) being radiated to space. The gases most responsible for this effect are water vapor and carbon dioxide. Ground fog Shallow fog (less than twenty feet deep) produced over the land by the cooling of the lower atmosphere as it comes in contact with the ground. Also known as radiation fog. Gust A brief sudden increase in wind speed. Generally the duration is less than 20 seconds and the fluctuation greater than 10 miles per hour. In Canada, gust is defined as a sudden, brief increase in wind speed that generally lasts less than 20 seconds. In Australia, gust is defined as any sudden increase of wind of short duration, usually a few seconds. Gustnado Gust front tornado. A small tornado, usually weak and short-lived, that occurs along the gust front of a thunderstorm. Often it is visible only as a debris cloud or dust whirl near the ground. Top Hail Precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice produced by liquid precipitation, freezing and being coated by layers of ice as it is lifted and cooled in strong updrafts of thunderstorms. Haze Fine dust or salt particles in the air that reduce visibility. In Canada, haze is defined to consist of fine particles of dust and pollution suspended in the atmosphere, and is distinguished from fog by its bluish or yellowish tinge. Heat balance The equilibrium existing between the radiation received and emitted by a planetary system. Heat index An index that combines air temperature and humidity to give an apparent temperature (how hot it feels). Heat island A dome of elevated temperatures over an urban area caused by the heat absorbed by structures and pavement. Heat lightning Lightning that can be seen, but is too far away for the thunder to be heard. Heat wave A period of abnormally hot weather lasting several days. Heavy snow Depending on the region of the USA, this generally means that four or more inches of snow has accumulated in 12 hours, or six or more inches of snow in 24 hours. Heavy snow warning Older terminology replaced by winter storm warning for heavy snow. Issued when seven or more inches of snow or sleet is expected in the next 24 hours. A warning is used for winter weather conditions posing a threat to life and property. Heavy surf the result of large waves breaking on or near the shore resulting from swells or produced by a distant storm. High An area of high pressure, usually accompanied by anticyclonic and outward wind flow. Also known as an anticyclone. In Canada, a high is described as an area of high atmospheric pressure with a closed, clockwise movement of air. High cloud High risk (of severe thunderstorm) Severe weather is expected to affect more than 10 percent of the area. High wind warning Issued when sustained winds from 40 to 73 mph are expected for at least one hour; or any wind gusts are expected to reach 58 miles per hour or more. High wind watch Issued when conditions are favorable for the development of high winds over all of or part of the forecast area but the occurrence is still uncertain. The criteria of a high wind watch are listed under the high wind warning and should include the area affected, the reason for the watch and the potential impact of the winds. Hot or very warm In summer, hot or very warm means more than seven degrees Celsius above normal. Hot spot Typically large areas of pavement, these "hot spots" are heated much quicker by the sun than surrounding grasses and forests. As a result, air rises upwards from the relatively hot surface of the pavement, reaches its condensation level, condenses, and forms a cloud above the "hot spot". Humidity The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. In Canada, it is described as the amount of moisture in the air. Hurricane A severe tropical cyclone with sustained winds over 74 miles per hour (64 knots). Normally applied to such storms in the Atlantic Basin and the Pacific Ocean east of the International Date Line. Hygrometer Top Ice crystals Ice crystals are tiny sprinkles that sparkle in the sunshine like diamond dust and hang in the air. Ice fog A suspension of numerous minute ice crystals in the air, or water droplets at temperatures below zero degrees Celsius, based at the Earth's surface, which reduces horizontal visibility. Usually occurs at -20 degrees Fahrenheit and below. Ice pellets Precipitation of transparent or translucent pellets of ice, which are round or irregular, rarely conical, and which have a diameter of 0.2 inch (five millimeters), or less. There are two main types. Hard grains of ice consisting of frozen raindrops and pellets of snow encased in a thin layer of ice. Ice storm Liquid rain falling and freezing on contact with cold objects creating ice build-ups of 1/4th inch or more that can cause severe damage. Ice storm warning Older terminology replaced by winter storm warning for severe icing. Issued when 1/2 inch or more of accretion of freezing rain is expected. This may lead to dangerous walking or driving conditions and the pulling down of power lines and trees. A warning is used for winter weather conditions posing a threat to life and property. Indian summer An unseasonably warm period near the middle of autumn, usually following a substantial period of cool weather. Inflow bands (or feeder bands) Bands of low clouds, arranged parallel to the low-level winds and moving into or toward a thunderstorm. Insolation Incoming solar radiation. Solar heating; sunshine. Instability A state of the atmosphere in which convection takes place spontaneously, leading to cloud formation and precipitation. Intermittent rain Intermittent rain stops and starts repeatedly, although not as abruptly or as frequently as showers. Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) The region where the northeasterly and southeasterly trade winds converge, forming an often continuous band of clouds or thunderstorms near the equator. Inversion An increase in temperature with height. The reverse of the normal cooling with height in the atmosphere. Temperature inversions trap atmospheric pollutants in the lower troposphere, resulting in higher concentrations of pollutants at ground levels than would usually be experienced. Iridescence Brilliant patches of green or pink sometimes seen near the edges of high- or medium-level clouds. Isentropic lift Lifting of air that is traveling along an upward-sloping isentropic surface. Situations involving isentropic lift often are characterized by widespread stratiform clouds and precipitation. Top Jet stream Strong winds concentrated within a narrow band in the upper atmosphere. It normally refers to horizontal, high-altitude winds. The jet stream often "steers" surface features such as front and low pressure systems. Wind blowing down an incline, such as down a hillside; downslope wind. Katafront A front (usually a cold front) at which the warm air descents the frontal surface. Killing frost Frost severe enough to end the growing season. This usually occurs at temperatures below 28 degrees Fahrenheit. In Canada, a killing frost is described as a frost severe enough to destroy annual plants and new growth on trees (in the spring) or to end the growing season (in the fall). Knot A measure of speed. It is one nautical mile per hour (1.15 miles per hour). A nautical mile is one minute of one degree of latitude. A cooling of the equatorial waters in the Pacific Ocean. Land breeze A wind that blows from the land towards a body of water. Also known as an offshore breeze. It occurs when the land is cooler than the water. Late From sunset (winter), from two hours before sunset (summer). Leeward Situated away from the wind; downwind - opposite of windward. Left Mover A thunderstorm which moves to the left relative to the steering winds and to other nearby thunderstorms; often the northern part of a splitting storm. Lifting The forcing of air in a vertical direction by an upslope in terrain or by the movement of a denser air mass. Lifting condensation level The level in the atmosphere where a lifted air parcel reaches its saturation point, and as a result, the water vapor within condenses into water droplets. Lightning Any form of visible electrical discharges produced by thunderstorms. Likely In probability of precipitation statements, the equivalent of a 60 or 70 percent chance. Low An area of low pressure, usually accompanied by cyclonic and inward wind flow. Also known as a cyclone. Low cloud Stratus, stratocumulus, cumulus and cumulonimbus. Low-level jet Top Mainly cloudy More than half cloud cover but with some breaks in the cloud. It can also be described as cloudy with some sunny periods. Mainly sunny Mainly sunny means sunny with some cloudy periods. Mammatus (or mamma clouds) These clouds appear as hanging, rounded protuberances or pouches on the under-surface of a cloud. With thunderstorms, mammatus are seen on the underside of the anvil. These clouds do not produce tornadoes, funnels, hail, or any other type of severe weather, although they often accompany severe thunderstorms. Maritime air mass An air mass that forms over water. It is usually humid, and may be cold or warm. Maximum temperature The highest temperature during a specified time period. Mean temperature The average of a series of temperatures taken over a period of time, such as a day or a month. Medium cloud Altostratus, altocumulus and nimbostratus. Meteorology The study of the physics, chemistry, and dynamics of the atmosphere and the direct effects of the atmosphere upon the Earth's surface, the oceans, and life in general. Mild In winter, mild refers to four to seven degrees Celsius above normal. Minimum temperature The lowest temperature during a specified time period. Mist Consists of microscopic water droplets suspended in the air, which produces a thin grayish veil over the landscape. It reduces visibility to a lesser extent than fog. In Australia, it is described as similar to fog, but visibility remains more than a kilometer. Moderate risk Severe thunderstorms are expected to affect between five and 10 percent of the area. Moderate visibility Five to 10 kilometers’ visibility. Monsoon A persistent seasonal wind, often responsible for seasonal precipitation regime. It is most commonly used to describe meteorological changes in southern and eastern Asia. Morning Sunrise to noon or midnight to noon depending on context. Mountain breeze System of winds that blow downhill during the night. Muggy Colloquially descriptive of warm and especially humid weather. Multivortex tornado A tornado in which two or more condensation funnels or debris clouds are present at the same time, often rotating about a common center or about each other. Multiple-vortex tornadoes can be especially damaging. Mushroom No weather information available for this time slot. Normal The long-term average value of a meteorological element for a certain area. For example, "temperatures are normal for this time of year" Usually averaged over 30 years. Top Offshore breeze A wind that blows from the land towards a body of water. Also known as a land breeze. Offshore forecast A marine weather forecast for the waters between 60 and 250 miles off the coast. Onshore breeze A wind that blows from a body of water towards the land. Also known as a sea breeze. Outflow Air that flows outward from a thunderstorm. Outflow winds Winds that blow down fjords and inlets from the land to the sea. Overcast Sky condition when greater than 9/10ths of the sky is covered by clouds. In Canada overcast means grey and dull skies, with extensive cloud cover. Overrunning A condition that exists when a relatively warm air mass moves up and over a colder and denser air mass on the surface. The result is usually low clouds, fog and steady, light precipitation. Ozone A form of oxygen in which the molecule is made of three atoms instead of the usual two. Ozone is usually found in the stratosphere, and responsible for filtering out much of the sun's ultraviolet radiation. It is also a primary component of smog. Ozone hole Top Partly cloudy Sky condition when between 3/10ths and 7/10ths of the sky is covered. Used more frequently at night. In the United Kingdom, it is defined as less than half cloud cover. Partly sunny Similar to partly cloudy. Used to emphasize daytime sunshine. Permafrost A soil layer below the surface of tundra regions that remains frozen permanently. Polar air A mass of very cold, very dry air that forms in polar regions. Polar front The semi-permanent, semi-continuous front that encircles the northern hemisphere separating air masses of tropical and polar origin. Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) High altitude clouds that form in the stratosphere above Antarctica during the Southern Hemisphere winter. Their presence seems to initiate the ozone loss experienced during the ensuing southern hemisphere spring. Polar vortex A circumpolar wind circulation which isolates the Antarctic continent during the cold Southern Hemisphere winter, heightening ozone depletion. Poor visibility One to five kilometers’ visibility. POP Probability of Precipitation. Probability forecasts are subjective estimates of the chances of encountering measurable precipitation at some time during the forecast period. Popcorn convection Clouds, showers and thundershowers that form on a scattered basis with little or no apparent organization, usually during the afternoon in response to diurnal heating. Precipitation Liquid or solid water that falls from the atmosphere and reaches the ground. Pressure The force exerted by the interaction of the atmosphere and gravity. Also known as atmospheric pressure. Pressure change The net difference between pressure readings at the beginning and ending of a specified interval of time. Pressure falling rapidly A decrease in station pressure at a rate of 0.06 inch of mercury or more per hour which totals 0.02 inches or more. Pressure rising rapidly An increase in station pressure at a rate of 0.06 inch of mercury or more per hour which totals 0.02 inches or more. Pressure tendency The character and amount of atmospheric pressure change during a specified period of time, usually the three-hour period preceding an observation. Prevailing westerlies Winds in the middle latitudes (approximately 30 degrees to 60 degrees) that generally blow from west to east. Prevailing wind The direction from which the wind blows most frequently in any location. Pulse storm A thunderstorm within which a brief period (pulse) of strong updraft occurs, during and immediately after which the storm produces a short episode of severe weather. These storms generally are not tornado producers, but often produce large hail and/or damaging winds. See overshooting top, cyclic storm. Top Qualitative forecasts Forecasts that provide only a categorical value for the predicted variable. Examples of this include “rain/no rain” and “cloudy/partly cloudy”. Quantitative forecasts Forecasts in which the “amount” of the forecast variable is specified. Quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) A forecast of rainfall, snowfall or liquid equivalent of snowfall. Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) Periodic variation in the direction, either easterly or westerly, of tropical lower stratospheric winds. The direction changes every 26 months. Quasi-nonhydrostatic (QNH) Pilots, air traffic control (ATC) and low frequency weather beacons use this pressure setting to refer to the barometric altimeter setting that causes the altimeter to read altitude above mean sea level within a certain defined region. Quasi-stationary front A front which is nearly stationary or moves very little since the last synoptic position. Also known as a stationary front. Top Radar An instrument used to detect precipitation by measuring the strength of the electromagnetic signal reflected back. (RADAR= Radio Detection and Ranging). Radiation Energy emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves. Radiation has differing characteristics depending upon the wavelength. Radiation from the Sun has a short wavelength (ultra-violet) while energy re-radiated from the Earth's surface and the atmosphere has a long wavelength (infra-red). Radiation fog Fog produced over the land by the cooling of the lower atmosphere as it comes in contact with the ground. Also known as ground fog. Rain Liquid water droplets that fall from the atmosphere, having diameters greater than drizzle (0.5 mm). In Canada the term "rain", used alone, means liquid precipitation of significant duration and extent. Rain gauge An instrument used to measure rainfall amounts. Rain showers Rain showers stop and start suddenly and vary widely in intensity, and are gone in less than an hour. Rainbow Optical phenomena when light is refracted and reflected by moisture in the air into concentric arcs of color. Raindrops act like prisms, breaking the light into the colors of a rainbow, with red on the outer, and blue on the inner edge. Relative humidity The amount of water vapor in the air, compared to the amount the air could hold if it was totally saturated. It is expressed as a percentage. Return flow South winds on the back (west) side of an eastward-moving surface high pressure system. Return flow over the central and eastern United States typically results in a return of moist air from the Gulf of Mexico (or the Atlantic Ocean). Ridge An elongated area of high pressure in the atmosphere. Opposite of a trough. River flood warning Issued when main stem rivers are expected to reach a level above flood stage. Roll cloud A relatively rare, low-level horizontal, tube-shaped accessory cloud completely detached from the cumulonimbus base. When present, it is located along the gust front and most frequently observed on the leading edge of a line of thunderstorms. The roll cloud will appear to be slowly "rolling" about its horizontal axis. Roll clouds are not and do not produce tornadoes. Top Sandstorm Particles of sand carried aloft by a strong wind. The sand particles are mostly confined to the lowest ten feet, and rarely rise more than fifty feet above the ground. Saturation A condition of the atmosphere in which a certain volume of air holds the maximum water vapor it can hold at a specific temperature. Scattered A cloud layer that covers between 3/8ths and 1/2 of the sky. Scud clouds Small, ragged, low cloud fragments that are unattached to a larger cloud base and often seen with and behind cold fronts and thunderstorm gust fronts. Such clouds generally are associated with cool moist air, such as thunderstorm outflow. Sea breeze A wind that blows from a sea or ocean towards a land mass. Also known as an onshore breeze. It occurs when the land is warmer than the water. Sea-level pressure The pressure value obtained by the theoretical reduction or increase of barometric pressure to sea-level. Secondary cold front A front that follows a primary cold front and ushers in even colder air. Severe thunderstorm A strong thunderstorm with wind gusts in excess of 58 mph (50 knots) and/or hail with a diameter of 3/4 inch or more. Shallow fog Fog in which the visibility at 6 feet above ground level is 5/8ths of a mile or more. Shelf-cloud A low-level horizontal accessory cloud that appears to be wedge-shaped as it approaches. It is usually attached to the thunderstorm base and forms along the gust front. Short-fuse warning A warning issued by the National Weather Service for a local weather hazard of relatively short duration. Short-fuse warnings include tornado warnings, severe thunderstorm warnings, and flash flood warnings. Tornado and severe thunderstorm warnings typically are issued for periods of an hour or less, flash flood warnings typically for three hours or less. Shower Precipitation that is intermittent, both in time, space or intensity. Sky condition The state of the sky in terms of such parameters as sky cover, layers and associated heights, ceiling, and cloud types. Sleet Rain drops that freeze into ice pellets before reaching the ground. Sleet usually bounces when hitting a surface and does not stick to objects. Forms when snow enters a warm layer of air above the surface and melts and then enters a deep layer of sub freezing air near the surface and refreezes. In Australia, sleet refers to a mixture of rain and snow or falling snow that is melting into rain. Slight chance In probability of precipitation statements, usually equivalent to a 20 percent chance. Slight risk (of severe thunderstorms) Severe thunderstorms are expected to affect between two and five percent of the area. A slight risk generally implies that severe weather events are expected to be isolated. Smog Pollution formed by the interaction of pollutants and sunlight (photochemical smog), usually restricting visibility, and occasionally hazardous to health. Smoke A suspension in the air of small particles produced by combustion. A transition to haze may occur when smoke particles have traveled great distances (25 to 100 statute miles or more) and when the larger particles have settled out and the remaining particles have become widely scattered through the atmosphere. Snow Frozen precipitation composed of ice particles in complex hexagonal patterns. Snow forms in cold clouds by the direct transfer of water vapor to ice. Snow burst Very intense shower of snow, often of short duration, that greatly restricts visibility and produces periods of rapid snow accumulation. Snow flurries Light snow showers, usually of an intermittent nature and short duration with no measurable accumulation. Snow grains Light snow showers, usually of an intermittent nature and short duration with no measurable accumulation. In Canada, Snow grains are described as minute, white and opaque grains of ice. When they hit hard ground, they do not bounce or shatter. They usually fall in very small quantities, and never in the form of a shower. Snow pellets Precipitation of white, opaque grains of ice. The grains are round or sometimes conical. Diameters range from about 0.08 to 0.2 inch (2 to 5 mm). In Canada, snow pellets are brittle and easily crushed; when they fall on hard ground, they bounce and often break up. They always occur in showers and are often accompanied by snowflakes or rain drops, when the surface temperature is around zero degrees Celsius. Snow shower Snow falling at varying intensities for brief periods of time. Some accumulation is possible. Snow squalls Intense, but of limited duration, periods of moderate to heavy snowfall, accompanied by strong, gusty surface winds and possible lightning. In Canada, it is described that a snow squall brings strong winds, flurries and poor visibility. Snowfall The depth of new snow that has accumulated since the previous day or since the previous observation. Snowflake White ice crystals that have combined in a complex branched hexagonal form. Special marine warning Issued for brief or sudden occurrence of sustained wind or frequent gusts of 34 knots or more. This is usually associated with severe thunderstorms or waterspouts. Spray An ensemble of water droplets torn by the wind from an extensive body of water, generally from the crests of waves, and carried up into the air in such quantities that it reduces the horizontal visibility. Squall A strong wind characterized by a sudden onset in which the wind speed increases at least 16 knots and is sustained at 22 knots or more for at least one minute. In Canada, a squall is defined as a strong, sudden wind which generally lasts a few minutes then quickly decreases in speed. In Australia, it is described as a sudden increase of the mean wind speed which lasts for several minutes at least before the mean wind returns to near its previous value. Stability An indication of how easily a parcel of air is lifted. If the air is very stable it is difficult to make the parcel rise. If the air is very unstable the parcel may rise on its own once started. Stable air Air with little or no tendency to rise, usually accompanied by clear dry weather. Steam fog Fog that is formed when water vapor is added to air which is much colder than the vapor's source. This is most common when very cold air drifts across relatively warm water. Steering winds (steering currents) A prevailing synoptic scale flow which governs the movement of smaller features embedded within it. Storm In marine usage, winds 48 knots (55 miles per hour) or greater. Storm surge A rise of the sea level alone the shore that builds up as a storm (usually a hurricane) moves over water. It is a result of the winds of the storm and low atmospheric pressures. Storm warning A marine wind warning for sustained winds greater of 48 knots (55 miles per hour) or more from a non-tropical system. Straight line winds Thunderstorm winds most often found with the gust front. Subtropical storm A low pressure system that develops in subtropical waters (north of 20 north degrees latitude) and initially has non-tropical features (see table below for a list of tropical features) but does have some element of a tropical cyclone's cloud structure (located close to the center rather than away from the center of circulation). Sunny Sunny or a few clouds means that less than half the sky has clouds. Supercell A severe thunderstorm whose updrafts and downdrafts are in near balance allowing the storm to maintain itself for several hours. Supercells often produce large hail and tornadoes. Supersaturation Top Temperature A measure of the warmth or coldness of an object or substance with reference to a standard value. Thunder The sound caused by a lightning stroke as it heats the air and causes it to rapidly expand. Thunderstorm A storm with lightning and thunder produced by a Cumulonimbus cloud, usually producing gusty winds, heavy rain and sometimes hail. In Australia, they are described to be usually short-lived and hit on only a small area. Tilted storm or tilted updraft A thunderstorm or cloud tower which is not purely vertical but instead exhibits a slanted or tilted character. It is a sign of vertical wind shear, a favorable condition for severe storm development. Today Sunset to midnight. Tornado A violent rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, pendant from a cumulonimbus cloud. A tornado does not require the visible presence of a funnel cloud. It has a typical width of tens to hundreds of meters and a lifespan of minutes to hours. Trade winds Persistent tropical winds that blow from the subtropical high pressure centers towards the equatorial low. They blow northeasterly in the northern hemisphere. Tropical storm An organized low pressure system in the tropics with wind speeds between 38 and 74 miles per hour. In Australia, it is a term used in the northern hemisphere for a tropical cyclone. Tropical storm warning A warning issued when sustained winds of 39 to 73 miles per hour (34 to 63 knots) are expected within 24 hours. Trough A warning issued when sustained winds of 39 to 73 mph (34 to 63 knots) are expected within 24 hours. In Canada, it is described as an elongated area of relatively low pressure extending from the centre of a region of low pressure. Trough A warning issued when sustained winds of 39 to 73 mph (34 to 63 knots) are expected within 24 hours. In Canada, it is described as an elongated area of relatively low pressure extending from the centre of a region of low pressure. Turbulence A warning issued when sustained winds of 39 to 73 miles per hour (34 to 63 knots) are expected within 24 hours. Twister A colloquial term for a tornado. Typhoon A hurricane that forms in the Western Pacific Ocean. It is a term used in Australia for a tropical cyclone in the northwestern Pacific with maximum winds above 117 kilometers per hour (63 knots). In summer, warm refers to four to seven degrees Celsius above normal. Warm front A narrow transitions zone separating advancing warmer air from retreating cooler air. The air behind a warm front is warmer and typically more humid than the air it is replacing. In Canada, it is defined as the trailing edge of a retreating cold air mass and moves in such a way that the warmer air replaces the colder air. Wave In meteorology any pattern identifiable on a weather map that has a cyclic pattern or a small cyclonic circulation in the early stages of development that moves along a cold front. In Canada, A wave, in meteorology, is the intersection of warm and cold fronts. Weather State of the atmosphere with respect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness. Also, weather is the meteorological day-to-day variations of the atmosphere and their effects on life and human activity. It includes temperature, pressure, humidity, clouds, wind, precipitation and fog. Wind Wind is the horizontal movement of air relative to the earth's surface and is caused by variations in temperature and pressure (for instance, air rises as it warms and a cool breeze moves in to take the place of the rising air.) Wind is also known as moving air. Wind chill The additional cooling effect resulting from wind blowing on bare skin. The wind chill is based on the rate of heat loss from exposed skin caused by the combined effects of wind and cold. The (equivalent) wind chill temperature is the temperature the body "feels" for a certain combination of wind and air temperature. Winter storm A heavy snow event. A snow accumulation of more than six inches in 12 hours or more than 12 inches in 24 hours. Winter storm warning Issued when seven or more inches of snow or sleet is expected in the next 24 hours, or 1/2 inch or more of accretion of freezing rain is expected. A warning is used for winter weather conditions posing a threat to life and property.	Occluded front
How was the Dutch dancer and courtesan Margaretha MacLeod, better known?	Ask the Experts: Your weather questions answered - USATODAY.com Weather questions, answers Ask the Experts Editor's note: The "Ask the Experts" column has migrated to the "Ask the Weather Guys" column on the blog . For now, the column will be online only, but may reappear in the USA TODAY newspaper weather page in the future, depending on space considerations. Questions and answers archive Q: Was the lowest barometric pressure in U.S. history recorded during a hurricane? Yes. The lowest barometric pressure ever measured on the U.S. mainland was 26.35 inches, set on Sept. 2, 1935, in Long Key, Fla., during the Category 5 Labor Day hurricane that killed more than 400 people. This is the third-lowest barometric pressure ever recorded during an Atlantic hurricane, behind only Wilma in 2005 and Gilbert in 1988 (both readings were recorded offshore). The worlds low-pressure record of 25.69 inches was set over the Pacific Ocean, during Typhoon Tip in Oct. 1979. For comparison, standard sea-level barometric pressure is 29.92 inches, while the highest pressure reading of all-time was 32.01 inches, set in the Soviet Union in Dec. 1968. This USA TODAY resource page has more about understanding air pressure. (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, April 28, 2008) Q: Are ocean tides always at the same time intervals? A: No. Neither high tides nor low tides occur at precise 12 hour intervals. This would only be possible if the Earth were completely smooth and covered with a uniform depth of water, with the only tidal influence being a stationary moon. Taking the revolution of the moon into account, high tides are separated by 12 hours, 25 minutes, with a tidal day defined as 24 hours, 50 minutes. Other variables such as the relative positions of Earth, sun and moon, as well as geographic variables such as the presence of land masses and the topography of the ocean floor, can further influence the arrival times of the tides. Read an FAQ about oceans, tides and waves on this USA TODAY resource page . There is also an excellent writeup entitled "Our Restless Tides" on this NOAA webpage . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, April 27, 2008) Q: Why does the weather usually become cool and clear after a thunderstorm? A: Thunderstorms often occur along or slightly ahead of a cold front. Since the front is a boundary where cold, dry air is impinging upon warm, moist air, youd feel the tangible change in the air mass due to the frontal passage. In addition to a change of temperature on a warm, humid day, the rain from the thunderstorm can clear the air by flushing out pollutants and particles that can lead to haze. Learn more about storms and fronts on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, April 23, 2008) Q: When is the latest its snowed in some northern U.S. cities? Measurable snow (which is defined as 0.1 inch or greater) has been recorded as late as April 15 in New York City, April 27 in Philadelphia, May 3 in Detroit, May 10 in Boston, May 11 in Chicago, and June 2 in Denver. Snow in Denver in April and May isnt unusual - the city typically receives more than 10 inches of snow each year in those two months. This data comes from the always-handy National Climatic Data Centers snow climatology database . (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, April 21, 2008) Q: What is Doppler radar? How is it different from other radar? A: RADAR (a term coined as an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging) operates as follows: a radio wave is transmitted, bounces off of distant objects and is detected when it returns to the transmitter location. The time it takes the wave to make the round trip tells how far away the object is. Doppler radar operates on the same basic principle, but it detects not only an object's distance, but also its motion by measuring the frequency shift between the outgoing wave and the returning wave. An object moving toward the radar would increase the returning wave's frequency while an object moving away from the radar decreases the wave's frequency. For weather purposes, this provides important information about the speed and direction of winds within thunderstorms. Learn more about Doppler radars on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, April 20, 2008) Q: What causes the yellows, oranges and reds in sunrises and sunsets? A: The same scattering of visible light by air molecules which makes the sky blue during the day also causes the yellows, oranges and reds at sunrise and sunset. Light from the horizon travels a much longer distance through the atmosphere and most of the shorter wavelengths are scattered out of one's line of vision in the process, resulting in a yellowish-orange sunrise or sunset. Red sunsets can also occur, often when small particles in the atmosphere from fires or volcanic activity contribute to the scattering. While some mistakenly attribute the brilliant colors to clouds, cloud cover only serves to reflect the light coming from the sun, it does not cause the coloration of the sunrise or sunset. Get the whole scoop on what makes the sky blue on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, April 16, 2008) Q: Whats the sunniest city in the USA? A: Yuma, Ariz. , takes the prize as the nations sunniest city, by either of two ways this statistic can be measured. First, the city averages 242 clear days per year, the most of any major U.S. location. Another way of measuring sunniness is by the percentage of possible sunshine a city receives each year. By this measurement, Yuma again is the winner, as the city receives 90% of the possible sunshine annually. Other very sunny U.S. cities are also in the Desert Southwest, including Phoenix, Tucson, and Las Vegas. These charts from the National Climatic Data Center show how many cloudy vs. clear days there are for many U.S. cities, as well as the percentage of possible sunshine . (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, April 14, 2008) Q: How does a dip in the jet stream which brings cold air south create a low-pressure trough? A: Cold air is denser than warm air, meaning that more air molecules are clustered close to the surface of the Earth. Since air pressure is the weight of the atmosphere above a certain location, air pressure decreases more rapidly with increasing altitude in cold air than in warm air. At a given height in the atmosphere, say 30,000 feet where the jet stream is often located, the air pressure will be lower in cold air than in warm air. Learn more about how troughs affect weather on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, April 13, 2008) Q: How can there be a relative humidity reading when the air temperature is well below freezing? A: Water, especially in its energetic gaseous form known as water vapor, is always on the move. Even at air temperatures well below freezing above a frozen lake, there is water vapor in the air. Since relative humidity is the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount of water vapor possible in the air at a given temperature and pressure, there will always be a relative humidity reading. There's plenty more about the phases of water on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, April 9, 2008) Q: Have there ever been any planes lost and crewmembers killed while on hurricane hunting missions? A: Yes. Since hurricane hunter flights began in 1944, four airplanes have gone down in storms: three in Pacific typhoons and one in a Caribbean hurricane. All 36 men aboard the four airplanes were killed. The deadliest crash was in Sept. 1955, when nine crewmembers and two journalists died during a flight into Hurricane Janet over the Caribbean. The most recent was in Oct. 1974, when a crash killed six in Typhoon Bess over the South China Sea. The other two crashes were in Oct. 1952 (when 10 were killed flying into Typhon Wilma) and in Jan. 1958 (when nine died during a flight into Super Typhoon Ophelia). Airplanes no longer fly into western Pacific typhoons. There's more about the Hurricane Hunters on this USA TODAY resource page (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, April 7, 2008) Q: What determines how high air rises before it starts to sink? A parcel of air cools as it rises, initially at a rate of 5.5 degrees for every 1,000 feet. As water vapor in the air parcel condenses and releases heat, the cooling rate drops to 3.3 degrees per 1,000 feet. Comparing the temperature of a parcel of air rising through the atmosphere with the temperature of the surrounding air determines if that parcel will continue to rise. If the parcel is warmer, it will continue to rise. Once the parcel is colder, it will sink to its original position. Learn more about convection in the atmosphere on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, April 6, 2008) Q: Would planting more trees around the world offset global warming? A: Many climate scientists do not count on tree planting as a way to preclude future global warming. Trees act as a carbon sink by absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis in the growing season. While it would seem that increased carbon dioxide emissions would favor additional tree growth and carbon uptake, research suggests that the world's forests are reaching a saturation point. Trees also act as a carbon source when bacteria breaks down dead trees and leaf litter. Warmer global temperatures will likely increase this rate of decomposition, releasing more carbon back into the atmosphere. Many climate change scientists see the planting of new forests as only a stopgap measure to temporarily reduce carbon emissions, not a permanent offset. These scientists prefer an approach that limits a source that we can control, that is, the burning of fossil fuels. Such an approach would require a fast leveling of emissions and steep reductions in the future to stablilize the growing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Learn more global warming and climate change on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, April 2, 2008) Q: Since saltwater is a better conductor than freshwater, do more lightning strikes hit the ocean? A: Lightning strikes are more likely over the worlds oceans due to their enormity, making up about 71% of the Earth's surface area, rather than their conductivity. Both freshwater and saltwater are poor conductors of electricity, though saltwater does have less electrical resistance due to the dissolved sodium and chlorine ions. The conductivity of any object has little or nothing to do with its likelihood of being struck by lightning. If two people stand on an exposed hilltop during a thunderstorm, one holding a golf club and the other a wood baseball bat, both would be equally at risk of being struck by lightning. Find out more facts about lightning on this National Severe Storms Laboratory website . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, March 30, 2008) Q: If a cold front is the front edge of a mass of cold air at the ground, is there a cold "back" (the back edge of the mass of the cold air)? If not, how is the back portion or end of the cold air mass defined? A: A front is simply a boundary between two different air masses. Dramatic changes in temperature, humidity, barometric pressure and wind speed and direction are all indications of a frontal passage. Once the front passes, while there will be differences within the cold air mass, these differences pale in comparison with differences between air masses. The cold air mass can be thought to move out of your area when a new, distinctly different warm or cold air mass moves in. Learn more about cold fronts on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, March 26, 2008) Q: Can Lake Superior create its own weather? A: Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes, both in surface area and in average depth. As with any large body of water, Lake Superior moderates temperatures for coastal areas, keeping them warmer in winter and cooler in summer than they would otherwise be. In addition to this moderating influence, Lake Superior can also generate lake-effect snow, contributing to the heavy annual snowfall in northwestern portions of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The relatively warm waters of Lake Superior in the late fall and winter can also intensify storms that move toward the Great Lakes from the west. Such a storm sank the S.S. Edmund Fitzgerald in November 1975, claiming the lives of 29 crew members. Learn more about the famed wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald on this NOAA webpage . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, March 24, 2008) Q: What influences the day-to-day speed and position of the jet stream? The shape, altitude and intensity of the jet stream are determined by the temperature contrasts and pressure differences between the air masses polar air to the north and tropical air to the south that bound it. The jet stream's general shape is not a straight band of wind around the globe, but rather an undulating series of troughs and ridges, due to the uneven heating of land and oceans. These dips in the jet stream high above help form the storms we experience at the Earth's surface. Learn more about wind and jet streams on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, March 23, 2008) Q: I soaked two like-sized towels with two cups of water each, hung one outside in the wind, and one in my shower. Why is the one outside soft and dry in an hour, and the one inside more stiff and still wet in places? How does the wind help to release the water molecules? A: When towels dry, the water molecules in the towel receive enough energy from the air to break the bonds that keep them in the liquid state. Assuming that the air temperature is about the same inside and outside, this would mean that water molecules in each towel have equal amounts of energy available for evaporation. However, the number of water vapor molecules in the air around the towel can affect the rate of evaporation. There is a greater concentration of water vapor molecules around the wet towel in the bathroom compared to the towel outside, where wind whisks water vapor molecules away as quickly as they leave the liquid state. This is the same reason that a breeze helps to cool you down on a hot day. When you sweat, a thin layer of liquid water forms on your skin, and helps to draw heat away from your body. This heat is used to evaporate some of the sweat. A breeze increases the rate of evaporation and this increases the rate at which heat is removed from the body, helping you to feel cooler. Imagine that kids exiting a school bus are water vapor molecules. If kids getting off the bus keep moving and head for the school, the rest of the kids on the bus will be able to get off quicker. However, if kids that get off the bus then immediately stop and congregate around the bus stop, it will take the rest of the kids still on the bus a longer time to exit. There's plenty more about evaporation and condensation on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, March 19, 2008) Q: Whats the difference between the vernal and spring equinox? A: They are two terms for the same event (ver means spring in Latin.) Here in the Northern Hemisphere, its the exact moment when the sun is directly above the equator, which signals the beginning of astronomical spring, always around March 20. In the Southern Hemisphere, the spring equinox occurs on or near Sept. 23. This year, the spring equinox will be Thursday at 1:48 a.m. ET, for people in the Pacific Time Zone, it occurs tomorrow at 10:58 PT. And no, contrary to a very persistent myth, the spring equinox has nothing to do with balancing an egg on its end. According to meteorologist Jan Null of Golden Gate Weather Services , "there is no scientific basis for this myth, and it has been disproved numerous times....All you need to balance an egg is a raw egg, a hard, flat surface and a steady hand. And it will work any day of the year." For more about this, visit this Bad Astronomy page . .(Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, March 17, 2008) Q: Why does the smoke from a wood fired chimney sink during low pressure and rise during high pressure? A: High pressure is typified by clear skies, dry air, calm winds and cool nights. Cool, dry air near the ground is denser than the warm air leaving the chimney. The chimney smoke will rise until moves into air of equal or lesser density. In advance of a low- pressure system, the air will typically have more water vapor. This water vapor will condense on small particles in the chimney smoke, creating small water droplets that are of equal or greater density than the surrounding air. This smoke will spread horizontally with the prevailing wind without rising much in the air. Keep in mind that atmospheric pressure is just one of the variables that play a role in the behavior of chimney smoke. Wind speed and the temperature profile of the atmosphere are also important factors. Learn more about air quality on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, March 16, 2008) Q: Could global warming be reduced by reflecting sunlight back into space with mirrors? A: Air molecules, clouds and the Earth's surface naturally reflect about 30% of incoming solar energy. Some scientists have proposed increasing this percentage by building giant mirrors in space or laying reflecting film in the deserts. Others have advocated floating white plastic islands in the ocean or releasing reflective sulfate particles high in the atmosphere. In most cases, these are considered emergency measures in the event that greenhouse gas emissions cannot be reduced sufficiently by effective policy-making to curtail global warming. Learn more global warming and climate change on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, March 12, 2008) Q: Is there any truth to the proverb 'No weather's ill if the wind be still?' A: Most of the precipitation in mid-latitude storms occurs along and near the cold and warm fronts of the storm system as warm, moist air clashes with cooler, denser air. Winds tend to increase in advance of these fronts and can signal impending inclement weather. A calm wind is more typical of high pressure, where sinking air in the atmosphere tends to minimize cloud formation and precipitation. One caveat is that summertime pulse thunderstorms can quickly form in low-wind conditions, especially on a warm, humid day. Check out this USA TODAY resource page to find out how wind measurements and barometer readings can help you forecast the weather. (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, March 10, 2008) Q: Doesn't this cold, snowy winter mean global warming isn't happening? No. Climate change is measured over years, decades and centuries. The day-to-day and month-to-month variability of weather will still be with us, even as the globe continues to warm, which most scientists think is due to the excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Incidentally, although it was cold in some spots, the U.S. winter of 2007-08 was actually slightly above the long-term average temperature. Although final global numbers for winter won't be available until next week, some locations enjoyed their warmest winter ever, including Sweden, Finland and Latvia, according to wire reports. In December, January and February, the average temperature in Stockholm, for example, was 36 degrees the highest mark since recordkeeping began in 1756. (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, March 9, 2008) Q: Can a lake or river affect the path of a tornado? A: No. Once formed, a tornado is unlikely to be deterred by a lake, river, hill or valley. Past tornadoes have crossed many major rivers east of the Rockies, including the deadliest tornado in U.S. history, the Tri-State tornado of 1925. This twister which killed 695 people not only roared across the Mississippi River as it crossed from Missouri into Illinois, but also the Wabash River as it traveled from Illinois into Indiana. Learn more about the Tri-State tornado on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, March 5, 2008) Q: What was the coldest temperature in the USA this winter? A: The USAs coldest temperature this winter was 72 degrees, recorded on Feb. 7th and 8th in Chicken, Alaska, a tiny town near the Yukon border. Check out Chicken's website for more about this oddly named town. This reading was just 8 degrees above the all-time U.S. record low temperature of -80 degrees, set at Prospect Creek Camp, Alaska, on Jan. 23, 1971. The lowest reading so far this winter in the contiguous 48 states was 40 degrees, recorded at International Falls and Embarrass, Minn., on Feb. 11. International Falls is a well-known cold spot, and recently was awarded a trademark for the "Icebox of the Nation. " This USA TODAY resource page lists the low temperature records for all 50 states. (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, March 3, 2008) Q: How long does it take for the average cumulus cloud to disperse? A: Cumulus clouds are the puffy, cotton ball clouds you typically see during fair weather. They result from water vapor that condenses into cloud droplets with rising columns of air called thermals. When the cloud is no longer supplied by rising water vapor, it will dissipate as the cloud droplets evaporate into the drier air around the cloud. While the lifespan is dependent on environmental conditions, most cumulus clouds last 5 to 40 minutes. Find out more about cloud development and life cycles at this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, March 2, 2008) Q: On level ground, from how far away can lightning be seen? Heard? A: Assuming a flat, unobstructed view and cloud-to-ground lightning emerging from the base of a two-mile-high thunderstorm, the bolt would be visible from over 100 miles away. A taller storm could potentially be seen from a greater distance. However, trees, buildings, clouds in the foreground and terrain usually prevent such an unobstructed view, so the lightning we see is much closer. To estimate the distance you are from a lightning strike, count the seconds between when you see the lightning and hear the thunder. Take that value and divide by five. The result is the approximate distance, in miles, of the lightning. Quite often, a flash of lightning is seen, but no thunder is heard, this so-called "heat lightning" is from a storm that's too far away to be heard. Since sound waves are bent and dispersed as they propagate through the air, thunder is typically heard from storms that are closer than 10 miles, though, under the right conditions, storms can be heard as far as 20 miles away. Learn more about how lightning creates thunder on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Feb. 27, 2008) Q: What area of the USA has the lowest average temperatures in the summer? A: With average temperatures that range from the upper 40s to upper 50s, Alaska is the coolest U.S. state in July, typically the USAs hottest month. Surprisingly, another cool spot is the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii , which has an average July temperature of only 47 degrees. In the continental USA, the coolest summer weather is in western Wyoming and the Cascade Mountains of Washington, where average July temperatures are in the upper 50s. This map (PDF) from the National Climatic Data Center shows the average July temperatures across the lower 48 states. (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, Feb. 25, 2008) Q: Does snow cover make the air above it warmer or colder? A: Fresh snow cover makes it colder. Highly reflective to visible wavelengths of sunlight, snow reflects a lot of the energy that would be absorbed by bare ground during the day. Snow is also an effective emitter of infrared energy, increasing the amount of energy lost from the surface of the Earth. This greater energy loss during the overnight hours can make snow-covered mornings colder than mornings with no snow. This USA TODAY weather focus graphic also explains how snow can compound cold. (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Feb. 24, 2008) Q: Why do most thunderstorms move from the southwest toward the northeast? A: Most thunderstorms get their motion from steering winds located between 10,000 to 20,000 feet above the surface. Many supercell thunderstorms and squall lines that form in the central USA are the result of surface winds that flow from the south and stronger steering winds that are from the southwest. Quite often, thunderstorms will develop in warm, humid air ahead of a cold front moving from west to east. While the favorable area for thunderstorm development moves from west to east as the system evolves, the individual thunderstorms will move from southwest to northeast due to the steering winds. Learn more about severe thunderstorms on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Feb. 20, 2008) Q: Was January an unusually cold month across the USA? A: Yes the USAs temperature in January was about 0.4 degrees below the long-term average, according to the National Climatic Data Center. Temperatures in much of the West were below average, while the Midwest, South, and Southeast were about average. However, temperatures were above normal in the Northeast, which had its 20th- warmest January on record. Globally, January was slightly warmer than normal, with a reading of nearly 0.4 degrees above average. You can read the full report about January's weather on this National Climatic Data Center's web page . (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, Feb. 18, 2008) Q: What is a secondary low? A: A secondary low-pressure area sometimes forms to the south and east of a weakening primary surface low. This can occur when jet stream winds are strong to the south and east of the primary low, creating a new surface low as the old surface low weakens. Another contributing factor in secondary low formation is terrain. In the winter, its common for a primary low west of the Appalachians to give rise to a secondary low along the East Coast. Such secondary lows can develop into strong "noreasters" that bring heavy snow to New England. Learn more about storms and fronts on this USA TODAY resource page . You can also check out this graphic about why a storm center appears to jump. (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Feb. 17, 2008) Q: How long does it take the sun to move its own diameter across the sky? A: There are two different motions that one has to include to answer this question. The first is the diurnal (daily) motion the sun makes on the sky due to the Earth's rotation. We can get a fairly accurate estimation of this motion by assuming that we are on the equator and it is the vernal or autumnal equinox (hence the sun is on the celestial equator). Then all one needs to do is to divide the sun's angular size in degrees (about 1/2 a degree) by 180 degrees (the horizon to horizon distance passing overhead) then multiply this fraction by 12 hours (1/2 a day) which is the amount of time it takes the sun to move across the sky on these two dates. That gives 0.5 deg/180 deg x 12 hours = 0.0333 hours = 2.0 minutes -- the sun moves one its angular diameters in 2 minutes of time due to the Earth's rotation. However during this time interval, the sun is also moving on the sky due to the Earth's orbital motion about the sun. The sun is moving eastward on the sky as the Earth orbits the sun (which is in the opposite [westward] direction caused by the diurnal motion). We can calculate the offsetting orbital motion with the following calculation. The sun moves around the sky with respect to the background stars (360 degrees), following the ecliptic, in one year's time (1 sidereal year = 8765.76 hrs). As such, this eastward motion of the sun works out to be 0.5 deg/360 deg x 8765.76 hr = 12.2 hours -- the sun moves one angular diameters in 12.2 hours eastward with respect to the background stars due to the Earth's orbital motion. This rate is 0.3% of the sun's diurnal motion (0.3 seconds of time) and hence can be ignored in our final answer. Check out these FAQs on the sun and the seasons on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by Donald Luttermoser, professor of physics and astronomy at East Tennessee State University, Feb. 13, 2008) Q: How fast does the wind have to blow to be considered a blizzard? A: Wind is only one part of the official definition of a blizzard. According to the National Weather Service, a blizzard is defined as a snowstorm with winds of 35 mph greater, along with snow and blowing snow that reduces visibility to less than one-quarter of a mile for at least three hours. Blowing snow is falling snow and/or snow already on the ground thats been picked up by the wind. For more cold, hard facts about winter, check out this USA TODAY winter weather glossary page . (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, Feb. 11, 2008) Q: How far in advance can weather be forecast, and how accurate will that forecast be? A: It depends on what you are trying to forecast. If you want to know exactly when rain will arrive at your house, such a forecast might only be possible from a few hours to a day before the event. For forecasting the locations of storms, reasonable accuracy can be expected about three to five days out. Weather can also be forecast months in advance, but the objective is different. Rather than trying to pinpoint individual storm systems on a day-to-day basis, long-range forecasts attempt to forecast the temperature or precipitation over the span of a month or season, compared to long-term climate averages. Learn more about weather forecasting on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Feb. 10, 2008) Q: Do Alberta Clippers ever hit New England? A: From their origin in western Canada, Alberta Clippers often cross the border and zip across the northern Plains, eventually heading toward the Northeast or Mid-Atlantic. While over the northern Plains and Great Lakes, these fast-moving storms typically do not produce heavy snowfall, but can bring gusty winds and surges of colder air. If conditions are favorable, some clipper systems slow and intensify upon reaching the East Coast and can result in heavy snowstorms for New England. Learn more about Alberta Clippers on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Feb. 6, 2008) Q: When it rains, why do raindrops fall down one drop at a time, instead of the entire cloud of condensed water falling all at once? A: While processes within the cloud preclude condensation of all the water vapor into one mass, another reason that raindrops fall individually is air resistance. While cloud droplets are spherical due to the surface tension of water, raindrops, which are typically at least 100 times larger than cloud droplets, become deformed due to air resistance. Most raindrops take on the shape of a hamburger bun, while larger drops become elongated and form a loop not unlike a parachute before breaking up into smaller drops. Therefore, even if all the water in a cloud condensed into a sheet, it would break into individual droplets along the way. Learn more about rain on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Jan. 16, 2008) Q: Is the ice in the polar ice cap fresh- or saltwater, or a combination? A: Even though it comes from salty ocean water, the sea ice that forms in the Arctic and Antarctic is fresh water. And while the presence of salt lowers the freezing point of ocean water, it can and does freeze. However, the salt molecules are rejected back into the liquid as the ice forms, resulting in freshwater ice floating in a briny solution. The land ice over Greenland and Antarctica is also fresh water, and results from the accumulation of snowfall over long time periods. Learn more about the formation and chemistry of ice on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Jan. 14, 2008) Q: When was the "greenhouse effect" first recognized? A: In the 1820s, French scientist Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier first recognized the atmospheres role in maintaining a climate livable for humans on Earth. Without the atmospheres warming influence, the Earths average temperature would be near 0 degrees, far colder than the actual temperature of 59 degrees. Building on this work by Fourier and others, Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius published his "hot-house theory" in the early 20th century, which would come to be known as the "greenhouse effect." The sun radiates energy to Earth in the form of solar radiation. Some of this energy is reflected back to space by the Earth and the atmosphere. The remaining energy is absorbed by, and thus warms, the atmosphere and the Earth. The Earth then reemits the energy back to space in the form of infrared radiation. This is where the natural greenhouse effect comes into play. Greenhouse gases, including water vapor and carbon dioxide, can absorb some of this outgoing infrared radiation. The heated greenhouse gases then radiate infrared radiation in all directions, sometimes back to Earth. Any energy trapped between the Earth and atmosphere in turn heats up the Earth. A USA TODAY online graphic also explains this process. Recent human activities have enhanced the greenhouse effect by releasing more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, especially carbon dioxide. This enhanced greenhouse effect can be linked to global warming, which scientists have been recently studying. Check out this USA TODAY resource page for more information on climate change. (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Jan. 13, 2008) Q: What are some of the cloudiest U.S. cities in January? Probably the best way to measure this is by the percentage of the possible sunshine that a city receives each year, as measured by the National Climatic Data Center . By this measure, the cloudiest January location is Quillayute, Wash., which is cloudy 78 percent of the time, on average. Other cities that are cloudy at least 70 percent of the time in January include Seattle and Spokane, Wash.; Portland, Ore.; Grand Rapids, Mich.; Elkins, W. Va.; and Cleveland. On the other end of the spectrum, the sunniest U.S. city in January is Yuma, Ariz., which is cloudy just 16 percent of the time. Other sunny January cities are Tucson and Phoenix in Arizona, Las Vegas, Nev., and Key West, Fla. (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, Jan. 7, 2008) Q: What determines the rate or size of falling rain? A: A raindrops size as it leaves a cloud is determined by several factors, including the availability of water vapor and the intensity of updrafts within the cloud. Larger drops tend to result from the vigorous updrafts within a thunderstorm. Because larger drops usually fall faster than smaller drops, cloudbursts have the largest average drop size, fastest average fall speed and most intense rainfall rates. Mist or drizzle involve much smaller drop sizes, slower fall speeds and lower rainfall rates. Learn more about rain on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Jan. 6, 2008) Q: What's the difference between a wave's crest and its trough? A: The crest is simply a waves highest point, while the trough is its lowest point. The length of a wave is measured from crest to crest or from trough to trough. The wave height is the difference between the crest and the trough of the wave. The size of a wave is typically determined by the wind speed, the length of time the wind has blown, and the distance the wind has blown over water, known as fetch. Increasing any or all of these variables leads to increases in both the length and height of a wave. Learn more about how wind creates waves on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Jan. 2, 2008) Q: Where are the warmest places in the USA to vacation in January? A: The warmest location in the USA in January is Honolulu, where the average high in January is a balmy 80 degrees, and the low 65. Other locations in Hawaii have similar January temperatures. If you cant make it to the Aloha State, try South Florida. Miamis January average high temperature is 77, and the average low about 60; in temperate Key West, the averages are 75 and 65. Other rather warm spots in the continental USA include Phoenix (with an average January high of about 67 degrees) and Brownsville, Texas (with an average high of about 69 degrees). This map (pdf) from the National Climatic Data Center shows the average daily high temperatures for January across the USA. (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, Dec. 30, 2007) Q: What's the difference between sleet and hail? Aren't they both ice? A: Sleet is wintry precipitation that results when falling snowflakes are partially melted by warm air and then refrozen into small grains of ice as they fall into subfreezing air near the Earth's surface. Hail is more typical of summertime thunderstorms, as it forms in rising air currents, which carry water droplets high into a thunderstorm. There they freeze and grow as other drops collide with them. Air rising at 37 mph is needed to hold up a ¾" hailstone. Hailstones grow until they are too large for the storm's updrafts to hold them up, then they fall to the ground. Hailstones can fall at speeds well over 100 mph. Hail forms differently than sleet. Whereas hail are chunks of ice that form in the storm cloud and fall to Earth before melting, sleet starts as snow or ice in the cloud, melts during its descent, then refreezes as an ice pellet before hitting the ground. There's more about hail formation on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Dec. 26, 2007) Q: About how many thunderstorms are there each day worldwide? A: There are an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 thunderstorms each day worldwide, with about 1,800 going on at any given moment. The majority of thunderstorms occur in tropical regions over land where warm temperatures and water vapor, key ingredients for thunderstorm formation, are abundant. Tropical regions of South America, Africa and Asia can see more than 200 thunderstorm days each year. In the USA, thunderstorms are most frequent in Florida and along the eastern Gulf Coast. Learn more about thunderstorms on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Dec.23, 2007) Q: How does winter begin at a specific time? A: Astronomical winter in the Northern Hemisphere begins at the winter solstice, which is the exact moment when the sun is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere. This year, that occurs at 1:08 a.m. ET this Saturday, Dec. 22. Although no governmental body has designated it, the start of the astronomical seasons have been described by many in the media as the seasons' "official" start. Meteorological winter, however, began on Dec. 1 and ends on the last day of February, which in 2008 is leap day, Feb. 29. Fun fact: When preparing the winter fuels outlook this year, the energy experts who prepare this information had to take into account leap day in their outlook. Surprisingly, just one extra winter day can actually make a noticable difference in the USA's annual energy usage. (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, Dec. 19, 2007) Q: Can there be rainfall without any wind? A: It would be unusual to have rain without wind. Not only is wind associated with the fronts that produce showers and thunderstorms, but rain can generate its own wind. Rain-cooled air descends along with raindrops and can form gust fronts as the air hits the ground and spreads out in all directions. In the case of drizzle, which are raindrops of less than .02 inch in diameter, the falling speeds of individual drops are relatively small and wouldnt generate much wind. Learn more about rain and drizzle on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Dec. 17, 2007) Q: At what temperature will water pipes freeze and burst in an unheated crawl space under a home? What about outside water spigots? A: While there are many variables, including the amount of insulation, proximity to living space, and amount of airflow on pipes, research has found that unprotected pipes are more likely to burst when the outside temperature drops to 20 degrees or below. The best protection is to properly insulate pipes or install electric heating tapes or cables. For outside spigots, hoses and diverters should be detached and cut-off valves, if available, should be shut. Learn more about the phases of water on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Dec. 16, 2007) Q: I'm convinced that on relatively clear and calm days, when a cloud passes in front of the sun, the wind velocity often appears to pick up. Is there a reasonable explanation for this or am I simply mistaken? A: Sunlight being blocked by an isolated cumulus cloud would have little impact on winds at the surface of the Earth. However, its very possible that it could result in brief cooling, similar to the cooling felt during a light breeze, as a spot on the ground goes from direct sunlight to shadow. As we all know from experience, it's warmer in the sunshine than in the shade. When standing in the sunshine, not only do we sense the temperature of the air around us, but we also absorb infrared energy directly from the sun. There's plenty more about air temperature on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Dec. 12, 2007) Q: On a typical summer day in the Northern Hemisphere, which city often has the highest temperature? A: According to Christopher Burt's book Extreme Weather , remote oases in the Sahara Desert of Mali and Algeria, along with Death Valley, Calif. -- where average July high temperatures are about 116 degrees -- usually endure some of the hottest summer days anywhere in the Northern Hemisphere. As for more populated cities, some notorious hot spots include Jacobabad, Pakistan, with an average July high of 114 degrees, and Abadan, Iran, where a typical August day has a high of 113 degrees. Compare these scorching summer high temperatures to those in Phoenix, the hottest major city in the USA, where the average high temperature in July is "only" about 107 degrees. (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor. Dec. 10, 2007) Q: On Nov. 22, while fishing on Long Island, I found a weather balloon floating. It had a phone number on it so I called and verified it was let go on Oct. 31 in California. Can you explain this? Was it in the jet stream or something? A: Weather balloons, which can reach altitudes of more than 20 miles, are steered by winds at various levels of the atmosphere as they ascend. In order to make the more than 2,500-mile-journey from California to Long Island, N.Y., this balloon likely rode the mid-latitude jet stream. While the location, altitude and wind speeds within the jet stream vary from day to day, the mid-latitude jet stream can usually be found somewhere between 25,000 and 35,000 feet, with winds that often exceed 100 mph. Weather balloons are released twice a day, at 00:00 and 12:00 UTC, from a network of nearly 900 stations worldwide. The majority of these stations are located in the Northern Hemisphere, with 69 stations located in the lower 48 states. These balloons give forecasters a vertical snapshot of the atmosphere. Using a 6-foot-wide helium or helium-filled balloon to carry an instrument package, measurements of temperature, pressure and relative humidity are transmitted by radio waves back to Earth. According to the National Weather Service, a balloon flight can last more than two hours, with the balloon achieving altitudes up to 115,000 feet and traveling more than 125 miles from its release point. After the balloon bursts, a parachute slows the descent of the instrument package, minimizing danger to lives and property. Should you find an instrument package, also known as a radiosonde, follow the mailing instructions that will return it to the NWS for reconditioning. The NWS estimates that only about 20% of the 75,000 radiosondes released annually are recovered and returned. Learn more about weather balloons on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Dec. 9, 2007) Q: Is it true that our magnetic poles change every so often? A: Unlike the geographic North and South Poles, the magnetic poles are not directly opposite each other on the globe and can change position, intensity and even polarity. Since its location was first discovered in 1831, the position of the north magnetic pole has been moving north through Canada and will reach Siberia in a few decades. The Earth's magnetic field last flipped its polarity 780,000 years ago, though the long-time average for such reversals is about 300,000 years. There's plenty more about the Earth's magnetic poles on this NASA resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Dec. 5, 2007) Q: Does it ever thunder and lightning during a snowstorm? A: Yes, and when it does, the phenomenon is called "thundersnow." Thundersnow occurs less frequently due to the relative lack of warm and moist air that typically fuels thunderstorms during the rest of the year. That said, thundersnow can and does occur, especially during lake-effect snow events, as the relative warmth of the lake water can enhance convection, resulting in lightning and thunder. Thundersnow has also been reported in many parts of the Plains and Midwest. Since thundersnow results from vigorous convection, it can also result in localized areas of very heavy snowfall. Learn more about thundersnow research on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Dec. 3, 2007) Q: What is a microburst? How does it occur? A: A microburst refers to a blast of downbursting winds. These winds are concentrated in an area less than 2.5 square miles and can sometimes exceed 150 mph, resulting in damage akin to a tornado. Unlike tornadic winds, which tend to swirl debris in all directions, objects toppled by microburst winds tend to fall in a straight line. Due to their small size, microbursts can be difficult to detect even using Doppler radars and are almost impossible to predict. Because of their intensity, microbursts pose a danger to aircraft. Dry microbursts occur when the air beneath a raincloud or thunderstorm is very dry. Much of the precipitation associated with the storm evaporates before reaching the ground. The process of evaporation cools the air, making it denser and heavier than the surrounding air. The only evidence of the microburst might be a cloud of dust kicked up by the winds. In contrast, wet microbursts occur in more humid locations when the downbursting winds are accompanied by heavy rain. In the humid East, wet microbursts are most likely while dry microbursts occur more often in the West. Learn more about microbursts on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Dec. 2, 2007) Q: How does the weather change when there is an occluded front? A: An occluded front typically forms when a faster-moving cold front catches up to a slower-moving warm front. When the air behind the cold front is colder than the air ahead of the warm front, the occluded front will behave like a cold front, with brief, heavy rainfall and a wind shift to the west or northwest. When the air behind the cold front is not as cold as the air ahead of the warm front, lighter, but more prolonged, precipitation can be expected, similar to the overrunning precipitation produced by warm fronts. Learn more about storms and fronts on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Nov. 28, 2007) Q: What is a tornados average time on the ground? A: According to the Storm Prediction Center , most tornadoes last from 5 to 10 minutes, although they can exist for as few as several seconds to more than an hour. The longest-lived tornado on record is unknown, since so many of the supposedly long-lived tornadoes reported in the early 1900s and before were likely more than one tornado. One long-lived twister was the infamous Tri-State Tornado of March 1925 , which may have been on the ground for nearly four hours as it tore a path of death and destruction across Missouri, Illinois and Indiana. (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAYs weather editor, Nov. 26, 2007) Q: Why is humidity often highest around sunrise? A: After a night without the input of any solar energy, it is often coolest at sunrise. Relative humidity -- a percentage that measures how close the air is to being saturated -- increases as the air temperature drops closer to the dew point temperature. Relative humidity tends to be highest during the coolest part of the day and reaches its lowest value during the heat of the day, when the difference between air temperature and dew point is greatest. Learn more about humidity on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Nov. 25, 2007) Q: How does the sun affect vision at sunrise and sunset? A: An unobscured sunrise or sunset can cause traffic delays and/or accidents if the sun falls within the field of vision of east- or westbound drivers. While the sun's rays travel a longer distance through the atmosphere and are thus not as intense on the horizon as at its zenith, the light can still be blinding to a motorist. If the roadway is oriented due east-west, the glare will be most problematic near the fall and spring equinox, when the sun rises at due east and sets at due west. Check out these FAQs on the sun and the seasons on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Nov. 19, 2007) Q: How cold does it have to be to calculate a "wind chill?" I live in Jamaica and in December and January we may get a "norther" when the temperature can drop to about 60 degrees and the wind could be blowing 40 mph. A: Just as summer's "heat index" communicates the combined effect of air temperature and humidity on human comfort, winter's "wind chill" value combines air temperature and wind speed. Wind chill is only defined for temperatures at or below 50 degrees and wind speeds above 3 mph. Wind chill values dont include input from the sun, thus bright sunshine could increase the wind chill temperature by 10 to 18 degrees. A wind chill chart and handy wind chill calculator are included on this National Weather Service webpage . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Nov. 18, 2007) Q: When did we start keeping weather records in the USA? A: Rev. John Campanius Holm is credited as the first to keep a record of systematic weather observations, starting in 1644 in Wilmington, Del. Founding Fathers Ben Franklin, George Washington, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were also keen weather observers and kept personal weather diaries. In 1814, a network of weather observations was established at Army posts across the country. By 1848, the Smithsonian Institution used the new telegraph technology to assemble a network of volunteer observers, providing them with standardized equipment. Learn more about weather history on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Nov. 14, 2007) Q: What is Indian summer? A: Indian summer, which has no exact definition, is generally described as a period of unseasonably warm weather in mid- or late autumn. It usually features sunny, mild days and cool nights. A killing frost and seasonably cool weather should come before this warm spell, in order for it to be called a true "Indian summer." And although there are several theories about the origin of the term, no single theory has been proven. Check out this USA TODAY resource page for more about Indian summer. (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, Nov. 12, 2007) Q: What are the dry and moist adiabatic lapse rates? A: An adiabatic lapse rate is a physical constant that meteorologists use to forecast the weather; a "lapse rate" describes how quickly air cools as it rises in the atmosphere, while "adiabatic" means that heat isn't being added or subtracted to the air. When no condensation occurs, the dry adiabatic lapse rate is 5.5 degrees for every 1,000 feet of ascent. When condensation occurs, latent heat is released and the air doesn't cool as fast. This moist adiabatic lapse rate is about 3.3 degrees per 1,000 feet of ascent. Learn more about the temperature profile of the atmosphere on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Nov. 11, 2007) Q: How long does a raindrop take to hit the ground? A: The lifetime of a raindrop can vary, depending on the altitude of the cloud and the size of the drops. A large raindrop with a diameter of about 0.25 inch can fall at speeds near 20 mph. Assuming that the raindrop's terminal velocity is reached shortly after leaving the cloud base, determining the lifetime is just a matter of dividing the fall distance by the terminal velocity. So a large (0.25 inch diameter) raindrops fall from the base of a 10,000-foot cloud would take about six minutes. There's more about rain on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Nov. 7, 2007) Q: Are there any parts of the USA where a white Christmas is guaranteed? A: Only five towns have had snow on the ground every Christmas since weather records began: Marquette and Sault Ste Marie, Mich.; Hibbing and International Falls, Minn.; and Stampede Pass, Wash. In addition, northern parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New York and New England have a better than 90% chance of snow on the ground on Dec. 25, as do the highest elevations of the Rockies, Cascades, and Sierra in the West. This USA TODAY resource page has a map that shows where a white Christmas is most likely, as does this weather.com page . And here's a link to the original report (PDF) from the National Climatic Data Center. (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, Nov. 5, 2007) Q: In addition to the USA, which areas of the world also see frequent tornadoes? A: Canada, particularly southern sections of its prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, is no stranger to tornadoes. Strong tornadoes can also occur in Bangladesh, where tornado deaths are common due to population density and poor building construction. Tornadoes also occur from Western Europe into Russia, though many of these are rather weak. Other countries that see tornadoes include South Africa, Argentina, Japan and Australia. Learn more about tornadoes on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Nov. 4, 2007) Q: What's the difference between "rain" and "showers?" A: When a forecast calls for rain or is worded "rain likely," rain should be expected to fall steadily over a wide area. This often occurs when an overcast sky brings a lingering rain to a region. The term "showers" indicates that the coverage of rainfall will be spotty. Since showers often come from convective clouds that are sometimes short-lived, showers can also indicate that rainfall in any one location will be brief. Learn more about rain on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Oct. 31, 2007) Q: Why do we have hurricanes? A: Hurricanes are one of the ways that the Earth's atmosphere keeps its heat budget balanced, by moving excess heat from the tropics to the middle latitudes. Hurricanes can be described as huge machines that convert the warmth of the tropical oceans and atmosphere into wind and waves. They arent very efficient machines, however, as only a small percentage of the disturbances that could spawn hurricanes actually do develop into storms. This page from the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory shows what's needed for tropical disturbances to develop into hurricanes. (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, Oct. 29, 2007) Q: Does dew or dense fog that collects in my rain gauge count as "precipitation"? A: No, if you are a volunteer who reports observations to your local National Weather Service office, dew or heavy fog should not be recorded as rainfall. On rare occasions, heavy dew might result in 0.01" showing in your rain gauge. In this case, dump it out or allow it to evaporate during the course of the day, but do not record it as observed precipitation. However, if the precipitation is the result of a light drizzle, it is counted as official rainfall and should be recorded. Learn more about measuring weather on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Oct. 28, 2007) Q: How do prevailing winds affect the movement of fronts in the USA? A: The prevailing winds here in the mid-latitudes are from the west. Therefore, most storms move west to east across the country. Attached to these eastward-moving storms are often warm and cold fronts. A cold front where cooler, drier air impinges on warmer air tends to move from northwest to southeast as the storm develops. The storm's warm front lifts toward the north as warm, moist air overrides cooler, denser air to the north. Learn more about winds and jet streams on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Oct. 24, 2007) Q: Which states have been hit by the most hurricanes? A: By far, the state that receives the most direct hits from hurricanes is Florida, according to the National Hurricane Center. Of the 284 hurricane hits in the USA since 1851, 114 have been on the coast of Florida. Thats 40 percent of the total number of hurricane hits. Other hurricane-prone states include Texas, with 60 hurricane hits, followed by Louisiana (52), North Carolina (46), and South Carolina (31). Of all the Category 4 or 5 hurricane hits in U.S. history, 83% have been in Florida or Texas. This list from the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory shows the hurricane hits for each state, and also details the hurricane hits by categories. (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, Oct. 22, 2007) Q: What's the diameter of a rainbow, and is this dimension constant? A: In order for a rainbow to be visible, droplets of rain should be in front of you while the sun should be at your back. Just as the distance that a rainbow appears from the observer can vary, the diameter of a rainbow is also not constant. If you can determine the distance between your location and the rain (perhaps by using a radar image), the height of the rainbow is about 0.9 times that distance. Since the rainbow's height is approximately the radius of the rainbow, the diameter can be found by doubling that number. Learn more about rainbows on this University Corporation for Atmospheric Research webpage . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Oct. 21, 2007) Q: Do clouds keep temperatures warmer or cooler during the overnight hours? A: Air temperature largely results from the balance between energy received by Earth from the sun and energy lost by the Earth to space. At night, although there is no energy input from the sun, the Earth continues to radiate energy. On clear nights, much of this energy radiates into space, even though some energy is absorbed and radiated back to Earth by gases in the atmosphere. Since cloud droplets are better at absorbing infrared radiation than air molecules, more of the energy radiated by the Earth is absorbed and radiated back on cloudy nights. This extra energy received by the Earth keeps the temperature warmer. Learn more about the warming influence of clouds on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Oct. 17, 2007) Q: What kind of weather changes does a cold front bring as it moves through? A: A cold front is a boundary between cool and warm air, with the colder air replacing the warmer. As the front arrives, barometric pressure falls and then rises after it passes. Winds ahead of a cold front are often from the south or southwest, while those behind the front in the cooler air tend to be from the north or west. In the spring, summer and fall, an arriving cold front can also trigger thunderstorms. Cold fronts are represented on weather maps by a blue line with triangles, which point in the direction the cold air is moving. One type of cold front is called an "anafront," which is described on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAYs weather editor, Oct. 15, 2007) Q: Why is it so humid in the Southeast and not in the Southwest? A: Humidity is typically highest near bodies of water, where water vapor is abundant. In the Southeast, both the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico help contribute to higher humidity readings. In the Southwest, westerly and northwesterly prevailing winds create a drier air mass for much of the year, keeping humidity levels much lower. However, during the "monsoon season" in the summer, winds flow from the south and send humid air into the Southwest from the Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of California and eastern Pacific Ocean. Learn more about humidity on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Oct. 14, 2007) Q: Why are rapidly dropping temperatures often accompanied by a rising barometer? A: A barometer essentially measures the weight of the column of air that extends from the ground to the top of the atmosphere. A rising barometer reading coincides with rapidly dropping temperatures because cold air molecules are less energetic than warm air molecules and can pack more closely together, making cold air more dense than warm air. Learn more about air pressure on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Oct. 10, 2007) Q: Whats the difference between the old Fujita scale and the new Enhanced Fujita Scale? A: This new scale , which was instituted in February, is a more accurate method for assessing tornado damage. Since the F-scales inception in the early 1970s, engineering studies have shown that it significantly overestimated the wind speeds in tornadoes. For instance, an EF-4 tornado has estimated wind speeds of 166-200 mph, while an F-4 had estimated speeds of 210-261 mph. This Storm Prediction Center page has much more about the new EF-scale. (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY's weather editor, Oct. 8, 2007) Q: When lightning strikes water, are fish killed? A: A swimmer or boater does not have to be directly struck by lightning to be at risk on the water. Because water is a good conductor of electricity, lightning strikes the surface and spreads out in all directions, but does not penetrate very deep into the water. Therefore, for a fish to get zapped, it would have to be directly beneath the strike point or close to the surface, relatively close to the strike point. Find out more facts about lightning on this National Severe Storms Laboratory page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Oct. 7, 2007) Q: With an apparent increase in the number of Category 5 hurricanes, is there a case for a Category 6 rating to be introduced? Since wind speeds increase by approximately 20 mph between categories, this might be for those with wind speeds over 175 mph - a figure not far off from Felix. A: The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale has 5 categories, ranging from a Category 1 with sustained winds of 74-95 mph, up to a Category 5 that begins at 156 mph. In the official hurricane database, the hurricanes with the highest wind speeds are Camille in 1969 and Allen in 1980, both with 190 mph. Given that the intervals in each category are about 20 mph, one could make the case that a 6th category is needed for those with winds from 180 mph and higher. However, such extreme intensities are exceedingly rare. (Neither Dean nor Felix would have reached that threshold.) Even with the projected changes of about a relatively small 5% increase of winds by the end of the 21st century due to global warming, this "6th" category would not likely get utilized more than once every decade or two. To get the point across that a catastrophic hurricane is threatening, a "Cat 5" designation will certainly still suffice. (Answered by Chris Landsea, science and operations officer at the National Hurricane Center , Oct. 3. 2007) Q: When rainfall is reported in inches, what does this mean? A: Usually, reported rainfall is the amount of water captured by a rain gauge at an official observing station during a 24-hour period. Since these gauges report rainfall every hour, rainfall can be tallied over shorter periods of time and reported during a rain event. Sometimes, rainfall rate is mentioned during a heavy rainstorm -- for example, two inches per hour. This data is typically gathered by Doppler radar, as the radar beam's reflected energy can be translated to give meteorologists an idea of how much rain a given storm might produce if it were to stall. Learn more about rain on this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Oct. 1, 2007) Q: How does moisture in the air fuel the development of hurricanes? A: Water vapor is required for hurricanes to develop, since its the release of energy when water vapor condenses that's the fuel that keeps a hurricane's heat engine running at peak efficiency. As rising water vapor condenses and latent heat is released, surrounding air is warmed and made less dense, causing the air to rise. The thunderstorms that make up the hurricanes core thus grow taller and stronger. As air rises within the storms, pressure at the surface decreases and moister, tropical air is drawn to the center of the circulation, providing even more water vapor to fuel the hurricane. Check out this interesting article about how warm ocean water fuels hurricanes. (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Sept. 30, 2007) Q: Why do the tropics have more precipitation than other locations? A: The tropics include all locations between the Tropic of Capricorn at 23.5 degrees of latitude south of the equator and the Tropic of Cancer at 23.5 degrees north of the equator. As the Earth revolves around the sun through the year, the sun's direct rays range from the Tropic of Capricorn on the winter solstice to the Tropic of Cancer on the summer solstice. Since the tropics receive so much direct solar energy, this heating produces more evaporation over the tropics than at higher latitudes. This warm, moist air rises, condenses into clouds and thunderstorms and returns to earth as precipitation. The greater the evaporation, the greater the precipitation. Learn more about the global energy balance at this USA TODAY resource page . (Answered by meteorologist Bob Swanson, USA TODAY's assistant weather editor, Sept. 26, 2007)	i don't know
The island of Trinidad lies opposite the delta of which major South American river?	Orinoco River \| river, South America \| Britannica.com Orinoco River Puerto Ayacucho Orinoco River, Spanish Río Orinoco, major river of South America that flows in a giant arc for some 1,700 miles (2,740 km) from its source in the Guiana Highlands to its mouth on the Atlantic Ocean . Throughout most of its course it flows through Venezuela, except for a section that forms part of the frontier between Venezuela and Colombia. The name Orinoco is derived from Guarauno words meaning “a place to paddle”—i.e., a navigable place. The Northern Andes and the Orinoco River basin and its drainage network. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The Orinoco and its tributaries constitute the northernmost of South America’s four major river systems. Bordered by the Andes Mountains to the west and the north, the Guiana Highlands to the east, and the Amazon watershed to the south, the river basin covers an area of about 366,000 square miles (948,000 square km). It encompasses approximately four-fifths of Venezuela and one-fourth of Colombia . Orinoco River near Ciudad Guayana, Venez. Carl Purcell For most of its length, the Orinoco flows through impenetrable rain forest or through the vast grassland (savanna) region of the Llanos (“Plains”), which occupies three-fifths of the Orinoco basin north of the Guaviare River and west of the lower Orinoco River and the Guiana Highlands. The savanna was given its name by the Spaniards in the 16th century and long has been used as a vast cattle range. Since the 1930s this region has been developing into one of the most industrialized areas of South America. Physical features Physiography of the Orinoco The western slopes of the Sierra Parima , which form part of the boundary between Venezuela and Brazil , are drained by spring-fed streams that give rise to the Orinoco River. The source is placed in Venezuela at the southern end of the Sierra Parima, near Mount Delgado Chalbaud at an elevation of some 3,300 feet (1,000 metres). From its headwaters the river flows west-northwest, leaving the mountains to meander through the level plains of the Llanos. The volume of the river increases as it receives numerous mountain tributaries, including the Mavaca River on the left bank and the Manaviche, Ocamo, Padamo, and Cunucunuma rivers on the right. Similar Topics Pearl Harbor attack Most of the Llanos consists of treeless savanna. In the low-lying areas, swamp grasses and sedges are to be found, as is bunchgrass (Trachypogon). Long-stemmed grass dominates the dry savanna and is mixed with carpet grass (Axonopus affinis), the only natural grass to provide green forage during the dry season. The most conspicuous trees in the Llanos occur in the gallery forests that occur in the alluvial soils deposited along the rivers and in the narrower files of trees known as morichales, named for the dominant moriche, or miriti, palm (Mauritia flexuosa), that follow minor water courses. Broad-leaved evergreens originally occupied the high-rainfall zone in the Andean piedmont. There also is a handful of xerophytic trees (i.e., those adapted to arid conditions), including the chaparro (scrub oak) and the dwarf palm, scattered on the open savanna. Much of this natural tree cover, however, has been reduced by deforestation. The Guiana Highlands are covered with high, dense forest that is interrupted by both large and small patches of savanna. The tropical rain forest of the upper Orinoco valley contains hundreds of species of trees. Mangrove swamps cover much of the delta region. Animal life More than 1,000 species of birds frequent the Orinoco region; among the more spectacular are the scarlet ibis, the bellbird, the umbrella bird, and numerous parrots. The great variety of fish include the carnivorous piranha, the electric eel, and the laulao, a catfish that often attains a weight of more than 200 pounds. The Orinoco crocodile is one of the longest of its kind in the world, reaching a length of more than 20 feet; among other inhabitants of the rivers are caimans (an alligator-like amphibian) and snakes, including the boa constrictor. The arrau , or side-necked turtle, the shell of which grows to a length of about 30 inches, nests on the sandy islands of the river. Insects include butterflies, beetles, ants, and mound-building termites. Most mammals in the Llanos nest in the gallery forests along the streams and feed on the grassland. The only true savanna dwellers in the region are a few burrowing rodents and about two dozen species of birds (among them the white and scarlet ibis, the morichal oriole, and the burrowing owl). Several species of deer and rabbit, the anteater and armadillo, the tapir, the jaguar, and the largest living rodent, the capybara, also can be found. The people Indigenous peoples of the basin Except for the Guajiros of Lake Maracaibo , most of the Venezuelan aboriginal population lives within the Orinoco River basin. The most important indigenous groups include the Guaica ( Waica ), also known as the Guaharibo, and the Maquiritare ( Makiritare ) of the southern uplands, the Warao (Warrau) of the delta region, the Guahibo and the Yaruro of the western Llanos, and the Yanomami . These peoples live in intimate relationship with the rivers of the basin, using them as a source of food as well as for purposes of communication. Settlement Until the mid-1900s, settlement was limited to widely scattered ranches known as hatos (haciendas), a few villages, and missionary stations along the lower courses of the region’s rivers. Oil and gas strikes in the eastern and central Venezuelan Llanos at El Tigre (1937) and Barinas (1948) initiated industrial and urban development in a region that had been sparsely populated until that time. Several of the “boom towns” of that period, such as El Tigre, have grown into sizable cities. An expansion of intensive agriculture occurred with the settlement, which began in the 1950s, of pioneer farmers in the Andean piedmont and along the river valleys. Major concentrations of these small farms are located in the vicinity of Barinas, Guanare, San Fernando de Apure , and Acarigua in Venezuela and in the Ariari region in Colombia. As a result of this settlement, a high degree of urbanization has occurred in the Venezuelan Llanos, with more than half of the people living in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants. Generally the important towns are built on high ground to avoid recurrent flooding. Town plans reflect Spanish influence: streets are arranged in a gridiron pattern with a central plaza. By contrast, population increase has been modest in the Colombian areas of the Llanos and—with the exception of the region around Ciudad Guayana—in the Guiana Highlands . The economy Resource exploitation The Guiana Highlands are rich in mineral deposits. Iron ore, containing high concentrations of iron, is mined at Cerro Bolívar and El Pao. Other minerals include deposits of manganese, nickel, vanadium (a metallic element used to form alloys), bauxite, and chrome. There also are deposits of gold and diamonds. Petroleum and natural gas are exploited in the Orinoco Llanos and the Orinoco delta. The Orinoco Llanos long have been one of South America’s major livestock-raising areas, with cattle being predominant. In addition, sugarcane, cotton, and rice are grown on a commercial scale on the plains. Land-reclamation and flood-control projects in the delta region have been planned in order to open vast agricultural lands. Although agriculture and cattle raising have continued as mainstays of the basin’s economy, the base has been widened by the exploitation of petroleum and other minerals and by the establishment of certain industries. Industrial development of the river basin is concentrated around Ciudad Guayana and includes the production of steel, aluminum, and paper. The industrial growth of Ciudad Guayana has been made possible by the construction of the Macagua and Guri dams, which have harnessed much of the immense hydroelectric potential of the Caroní River. The power supplied by this vast project is supplemented by natural gas piped from the oil fields north of the Orinoco River. Transportation The Orinoco and its tributaries long have served as vast waterways for the indigenous inhabitants of the Venezuelan interior. Especially during the floods of the rainy season, boats with outboard motors are the only means of communication throughout large areas of the river basin. Large river steamers travel upriver for about 700 miles from the delta to the Atures Rapids. Dredging has allowed large oceangoing vessels to navigate the Orinoco from its mouth to its confluence with the Caroní River—a distance of about 225 miles—in order to tap the iron ore deposits of the Guiana Highlands. Considerable road construction has been undertaken in the Venezuelan Llanos since World War II . The Llanos and the Guiana region were connected in 1967 with the completion of a mile-long bridge across the Orinoco at Ciudad Bolívar. Earlier, in 1961, the mouth of the Caroní was bridged to connect the new industrial town of Puerto Ordaz with the old Orinoco port of San Félix, thereby creating the urban unit of Ciudad Guayana; Ciudad Guayana subsequently was connected to Caracas by a major highway. Study and exploration European exploration of the Orinoco River basin began in the 16th century. A series of expeditions sponsored by the German banking house of Welser of Augsburg penetrated the Llanos southward across the Apure and Meta rivers. From the east, several Spanish expeditions ascended the river from its mouth without much success. In 1531 the Spanish explorer Diego de Ordaz voyaged up the river, and that same year another Spanish explorer, Antonio de Berrio , descended the Casanare and Meta rivers and then descended the Orinoco to its mouth. In 1744 Jesuit missionaries reached the Casiquiare River. Alexander von Humboldt , the German naturalist, traveled more than 1,700 miles through the Orinoco basin in 1800. By 1860 steamships were navigating the Orinoco. The source of the river remained in dispute, however, until a Venezuelan expedition finally identified it in 1951.	ORiNOCO
What was the popular name fro the American blues singer, composer and guitarist, McKinley Morganfield?	Orinoco River Basin, South America \| WWF Conservation Projects Orinoco River Basin, South America Flowing in a giant arc from Colombia and Venezuela all the way to the Atlantic Ocean, the Orinoco is one of the longest rivers in South America, its basin and flooded forests home to rich plant and animal life. But threats loom on the horizon for one of the most intact river systems in the world. Waterfall in La Llovizna park, Puerto Ordaz, Orinoco basin, Venezuela © istockphoto / Ronald Morales An epic journey Beginning high in the Sierra Parima Mountains of Venezuela and Brazil, the Orinoco River flows through impenetrable rainforest, flooded forests, vast grasslands and a wide delta before ending its epic journey at the Atlantic Ocean. These waters are home to the critically endangered Orinoco crocodile , river dolphins , giant river otters , the giant anaconda and more than 1,000 fish species. It is also a hub for rich birdlife, including flamingos, colourful parrots and the scarlet ibis. In good condition Compared to many of the world’s river systems, the Orinoco is relatively intact. But this may not last for long as the river and its surrounding areas are threatened by pollution and mining activities. Large areas of the flooded forests have been cleared for agriculture and cattle ranching. And large dams planned for several major tributaries will destroy water flows that support the region’s unique aquatic life. WWF is working on the ground in Venezuela and Colombia with local communities to protect one of South America's most important rivers. What WWF is doing	i don't know
What word describes a system of winds that blow around an area of high pressure?	The Highs and Lows of Air Pressure \| UCAR Center for Science Education The Highs and Lows of Air Pressure You are here Home » learning zone The Highs and Lows of Air Pressure Air near the surface flows down and away in a high pressure system (left) and air flows up and together at a low pressure system (right). Credit: NESTA Standing on the ground and looking up, you are looking through the atmosphere. It might not look like anything is there, especially if there are no clouds in the sky. But what you don’t see is air – lots of it. We live at the bottom of the atmosphere and the weight of all the air above us is called air pressure. A tower of air that is 1 inch square and goes from the bottom of the atmosphere is 14.7 pounds. That means air exerts 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi) of pressure at the Earth’s surface. High in the atmosphere, air pressure decreases. With less air molecules above, there is less pressure from the weight of air above. Pressure varies from day-to-day at the Earth’s surface - the bottom of the atmosphere. This is, in part, because the Earth is not equally heated by the Sun. Areas where air is warmed often have lower pressure because the warm air rises and are called low pressure systems. Places where air pressure is high are called high pressure systems. A low pressure system has lower pressure at its center than the areas around it. Winds blow towards the low pressure, and the air rises in the atmosphere where they meet. As the air rises, the water vapor within it condenses forming clouds and often precipitation too. Because of Earth’s spin and the Coriolis Effect, winds of a low pressure system swirl counterclockwise north of the equator and clockwise south of the equator. This is called cyclonic flow. On weather maps a low pressure system is labeled with red L. A high pressure system has higher pressure at its center than the areas around it. Wind blows away from high pressure. Winds of a high pressure system swirl in the opposite direction as a low pressure system - clockwise north of the equator and counterclockwise south of the equator. This is called anticyclonic flow. Air from higher in the atmosphere sinks down to fill the space left as air blew outward. On a weather map the location of a high pressure system is labeled with a blue H. How do we know what the pressure is? How do we know how it changes over time? Today, electronic sensors are used to measure air pressure in weather stations. The sensors are able to make continuous measurements of pressure over time. In the past, barometers were used that measured how much air pushed on a fluid such as mercury. Historically, measurements of air pressure were described as “inches of mercury.” Today, meteorologists use millibars (mb) to describe air pressure.	Anticyclone
Hollesley Bay and Aldeburgh are coastal features of which English county?	Wind and Pressure Introduction Although the wind is, in itself, a very obvious constituent of the weather, it is also an important determinant of other elements of the weather at a location; such as, temperature and precipitation. From the general flow of air at a location, one can determine, to some extent, the previous history of the air. If this air had a long journey over lands to the north and arrived at some locality as a north wind, it would usually be cold (at least in the Northern Hemisphere). If the air came from the south, arriving as a south wind, it would usually be warm (again, in the Northern Hemisphere). Terrain effects, such as the location of mountainous regions in the vicinity of the locality may alter this general pattern. The water vapor in the air, which is the source of any clouds and precipitation, seldom is obtained locally, but is usually transported from distant regions by the wind. Therefore, it is important to know where the air has been; i.e., where it is coming from, to be better able to forecast the type of weather it will produce in your locality. Air moves because of an imbalance in the forces acting on the air molecules. Newton's second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the force acting upon the body and is in the direction of the applied force. There are many forces interacting which cause the air to move in the manner it does. Wind is the atmosphere's way of trying to bring the interaction of these forces into a balance; an equilibrium. However, the factors that cause the imbalance are constantly changing so the balance is never achieved and the air molecules move, which is wind. The forces acting on a molecule of air may be considered as real forces and apparent forces as listed in the following table. Table 1. Forces acting on an air parcel in a rotating coordinate system Apparent Force Coriolis force Since we are on the Earth's surface and the Earth is rotating, our frame of reference (our coordinate system) is moving, changing direction. The proper coordinate system is one with the origin at the Earth's center but which does not rotate with the Earth. However, as observers on the moving Earth surface, our reference (the Earth's surface) is moving, so, it is convenient to introduce apparent forces which account for the acceleration (the change in direction) of our frame of reference and which accounts for the observed motions of air parcels. We can thus call the forces acting on air parcels as real forces - those which exist regardless of our frame of reference, - and apparent forces. - those which we use to account for observed motions of air parcels due only to our moving frame of reference. Vertical Pressure Gradient Force and Gravity We mentioned in the exercise on pressure that air is a fluid and that the atmospheric pressure measured at any height above sea level may be considered as an expression of the effects of the air molecules above that level. The molecules of air are trying to move toward the earth because of gravity, just as you would fall toward the earth if you jumped off a chair. Then, why don't the molecules high in the atmosphere move toward the earth and cause a very dense atmosphere? It is because the molecules below the level at which we are measuring pressure are also pushing upward, besides pushing downward and sideways. Imagine a parcel of air, like a balloon. The weight (force) of the molecules of air above this parcel/balloon are pushing downward on the parcel/balloon. The molecules of air below the parcel/balloon are pushing upward. The vertical pressure gradient force is the difference between the force of the air molecules pushing downward and the force of the air molecules pushing upward. Also acting on the mass of the parcel/balloon and trying to move it downward is gravity. When the vertical pressure gradient force, (directed upward), and gravity, (directed downward), are in balance, the parcel moves neither up nor down. It is in hydrostatic equilibrium. If gravity is stronger than the pressure gradient force, the balloon/parcel will move downward. Conversely, if the pressure gradient force is stronger than gravity, the balloon/parcel will move upward. Horizontal Pressure Gradient Force To understand the wind systems which are so important in meteorology, one must first understand the pressure systems which result from the imbalances mentioned earlier and which determine the direction and speed of the wind. In the exercise on pressure, we went through a discussion concerning warming a column of air and cooling a column of air. In the warm column, the pressure at the level of 5,500 meters was greater than originally (600 hPa rather than 500 hPa). In the cold column, the pressure at the level of 5,500 meters was less than originally (400 hPa rather than 500 hPa). The difference in pressure at 5,500 meters between the two columns initiated air molecules to begin flowing horizontally from the regions of higher pressure in the warm column to the lower pressure in the cold column. This image below shows the resultant air circulation between the two columns. Air is moving (wind) from the region of high pressure (for example: 600 hPa) at upper levels in the warmer column of air (such as exists near the equator) toward the lower pressure (for example: 400 hPa) at upper levels in the cooler columns of air (such as exists near the polar regions). Near sea level air is moving from the high pressure (for example: 1004 hPa) in the cooler column toward the lower pressure (for example: 996 hPa) in the warmer column. Notice the pressure at the bottom of the column change as molecules leave the warm column at upper levels and are added to the cold column. Again, the top of the columns are representing the level of the troposphere. This difference in temperature results in a difference in pressure which initiates the movement of air from one location to another. If we consider this process on a hemispheric scale, on an ideal planet (only the pressure gradient forces (vertical and horizontal) and gravity acting, no Coriolis force, or friction) and the surface is the same substance with no mountains, we should see a similar pattern to the air flow as we did for the above considerations; such as this one to the right. From our example, the difference in pressure near sea level between the two columns is 8 hpa, (1004 hPa - 996 hPa). We'll call this , the change in pressure. Let's say that the warm column of air is at the Equator and the cold column of air is at the North Pole. Then, the distance between the center of these two columns would be approximately 10000 kilometers, roughly one-fourth of the circumference of the Earth. This is the distance between the two pressure values along the surface of the Earth. We'll call this distance . The horizontal pressure gradient is then defined as: Horizontal Pressure Gradient = or, Horizontal Pressure Gradient = 8 hPa/10000 km = 0.0008 hPa/km. This is of small magnitude because the distance we are considering (Equator to the North Pole) is so large, however, this effect exists throughout the atmosphere, wherever there is a difference in temperature which produces a pressure difference. At those locations where the temperature difference is large, (producing a large pressure difference) and the distance is small, the horizontal pressure gradient will be large. Remember, that pressure is force/area. The horizontal pressure gradient then gives us an expression for the magnitude of the force causing the molecules of air to move horizontally from the region of high pressure toward the region of lower pressure. If we were to graph the pressure values between stations along a straight line from the first station to the last, we might have a graph similar to this one . As can be seen from the graph, the horizontal pressure gradient is then just the slope of the line connecting the plotted values. Where the slope is steep, there is a large change in pressure in a short distance. If we analyzed a surface map for sea level pressure and kept the interval between the isobars constant (at 4 hPa), then 4 hPa could be used as our value. Then, the greater the distance between the isobars on our analyzed surface map, the , the smaller will be the horizontal pressure gradient force and the weaker will be the wind. Open the image, SfcAnal-00Z-16Dec95.gif in the Admin share directory. Problem 1. Considering only the analysis of sea level pressure in Texas, Arkansas, Florida, and Pennsylvania, rank the states according to which state should have the fastest surface winds as number 1, to the state which should have the slowest surface winds as number 4. Record your answers on the answer sheet. At upper levels, we can use the difference in height of a particular pressure value and obtain a similar expression which relates to the magnitude of the force causing the molecules to move. This is called a height gradient. Consider this figure . Let's assume that 500 hPa (at the yellow line) was measured at a height of 5880 meters in the warm column of air and 500 hPa was measured at a height of 4800 meters in the cool column of air. Then the height difference for the pressure of 500 hPa between the two column would be 1080 meters. Let's call this . The distance between the columns, , is still approximately 10000 kilometers. Then the Height Gradient would be: Height Gradient = = 1080 m/10000 km, or 0.108 m/km. Open the image, 500Ht-vort-new.gif in the Atmo 202 folder. Problem 2. Consider the isoheights (the black lines) on this image. Compare the analysis along the west coast of the United States to the analysis along the east coast of the United States. Which coast should have greater wind speeds at the 500 hPa level, the east coast or the west coast? Record your answer on your answer sheet. If we were to look down at a small volume of air under the influence of a horizontal pressure gradient force, (the pressure gradient force is directed horizontal to the Earth's surface, not vertically upward) it might look something like the figure to the right below. The straight lines are either isobars or isoheights and the LOW represents a region of either low pressure or low heights and the HIGH represents either a region of high pressure or high heights. NOTE: If the figure below is not moving, reload the page. Under no other forces, the volume of air would move in the same direction as the pressure gradient force (the black arrow), directly from the high (pressure or height) region toward the low (pressure or height) region. Coriolis Force You have seen, again by the figure at the right, that with an ideal Earth, air should rise near the Equator, move toward the poles in each hemisphere at upper levels, descend near the poles and move equatorward near the Earth's surface. This is the type of air movement that would occur if the Earth were not rotating. The Earth, however, is rotating and for an observer standing on the Earth's surface, the coordinate system (by which they are evaluating the wind direction and wind speed), is also moving. Consider the figure to the right. The plane begins flying from the North Pole straight towards the bottom of the image; i.e., toward the south along the 0o longitude line. Let's say it is headed for London, England. However, as the plane moves, the Earth's surface is moving toward the east beneath the plane. If at every hour, you were to mark the position on the Earth's surface directly below the location of the plane, (yellow and black dots), you would find that the plane's path, on the Earth's surface, would seem to curve (to the right of the direction the plane is moving). But from the perspective of a person looking down on the Earth and not moving with the Earth, you can see that the plane is traveling in a straight line, toward the bottom of the image. Because we are observers on a moving Earth surface, we must use the Coriolis force to account for this apparent movement of the plane to the right of its path. After the Earth has turned 1/4 turn on its axis, our plane would be flying towards the United States west of the Great Lakes, (90oW longitude), not England. The moving wind on the Earth can be considered similar to our plane. It begins moving toward one direction, but the Earth's surface moves eastward beneath it. The rotation of the Earth requires this apparent force, the Coriolis Force, to account for the average wind direction we obtain when we (weather observers on a rotating earth) measure wind direction. It is considered apparent because from the perspective of an observer located on the Earth's surface, the air appears to change direction whereas the change actually results from the observer's movement, the moving coordinate system of the observer. Now consider what an observer would see. The image to the right shows some arrows pointing from London, England, towards the plane. We have an observer in London telling us where the plane is going. The arrows point from London toward the plane represent the line along which the observer is looking. They appear curved on this flat image but on a curved globe, they would be straight lines pointing toward the plane. Notice what happens to the observer's line of sight. It begins by pointing north, but as the plane and Earth move, the line of site moves toward the northwest and finally toward the west, making it appear to the observer that the plane is curving toward the west. Similarly, when an air mass (in the northern hemisphere) moves directly south, to an observer located on the moving Earth's surface, it will seem as if the air mass is curving toward the right of its initial direction of motion. If we put the plane at the south pole and it flew directly north, to an observer in the southern hemisphere the plane would appear to turn toward the left of its original direction. Now, consider a parcel of air located at the equator which will begin moving toward the north. (Note: This simplified explanation considers only the linear motion of an air parcel moving from near the Equator toward the poles rather than the angular motion of the parcel which should be taken into consideration. However, for our purposes, the following is sufficient.) This parcel of air located at the equator is calm (not moving) with respect to an observer located on the Earth's surface. We know this parcel is actually moving at the same velocity as the Earth's surface at the equator. Using the figure below, we can determine how fast the Earth's surface is moving and thus, how fast the parcel of air at the Equator is also moving by the following procedure. At latitudes away from the Equator, the rate of motion of the Earth's surface is less since the distance traveled in 24 hours is less. For example, at 30oN, using the figure below, the radius of motion can be determined as shown. Problem 3. Using the same procedure, determine the rate of motion of the Earth at 60oN. The dashed lines are given in the above figure to aid you. Record your calculations and answer on your answer sheet. Problem 4. What is the rate of motion of the Earth's surface at the North Pole and the South Pole? Record your answer on your answer sheet. Now, consider a parcel of air near the Equator, initially moving toward the east at the same velocity as the Earth underneath it, (1668 km/hr). To an observer on the Earth's surface at the equator, however, the air would seem to be not moving. They would record a calm wind. Due to a horizontal pressure gradient force acting on the parcel of air, the air begins moving northward while retaining the same motion toward the east. However, as the air parcel moves towards the poles, the Earth's surface underneath the parcel is not moving eastward as rapidly. When the air arrives at 30oN latitude, the Earth's surface is moving eastward at 1444.5 km/hr but the air parcel is still moving eastward at 1668 km/hr. Thus, to observers on the Earth's surface at 30oN, it appears that as this parcel has been moving toward north latitudes it has been given an eastward component which seems to make it move faster toward the east at 223.5 km/hr. Thus, in the northern hemisphere its path appears to curve right as shown in the above image. Note: in our real atmosphere, this air will not be moving at 223.5 km/hr because our example is dealing only with linear motion rather than angular motion and also because friction will be acting on the air parcel to slow its motion. In our example, we have the horizontal Pressure Gradient Force acting on air parcels trying to make them move directly from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure and also acting on the same air parcel is the Coriolis Force trying to make it move to the right of the direction the horizontal Pressure Gradient Force starts it moving. The actual direction the parcel moves depends on the magnitude of these forces and the direction the forces are acting. In the southern hemisphere, the path would appear to curve toward the left. For the whole Earth, the general wind pattern would appear as shown below. This wind pattern is called the general circulation, global circulation, or primary circulation. Know this image Notice that the one cell of circulation in each hemisphere has become three cells with air rising at the equator and at 60oN and 60oS. These are regions of generally LOW sea level pressure. Air now sinks at about 30oN and 30oS and also at each pole. These are regions of generally HIGH sea level pressure. The region of the jet streams are generally regions where there are significantly different average temperatures of the columns of air to the north and south of the jet location, producing a horizontal pressure gradient of high magnitude and thus strong winds. Near the Equator, air near sea levels is converging along the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Winds in this region are generally light and the region is often called the Doldrums. Because the air is generally rising along the ITCZ, the region is characterized by much cloud cover and precipitation. The ITCZ can be seen as a band of clouds along the center of this image near the Equator. North and south of this ITCZ are bands showing very little cloudiness and then poleward of these relatively cloud-free bands are regions showing the whirls characteristic of cloud cover about the extratropical low pressure centers which are moving near the polar front zones. The cumulonimbus clouds associated with the ITCZ just north of Australia, can be seen on this image as bright spots with thin anvil clouds extending outward. The result for our little volume of air which is under the influence of both a horizontal pressure gradient force (black arrow) and a Coriolis force (red arrow - always acting to the right, in northern hemisphere to the direction of movement of the air) will eventually look like the image to the right after the parcels path goes through a few oscillations. Notice that the parcel's direction is curving to the right. At the far right of the image, the parcel is moving parallel to the straight isopleths. When the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are of the same magnitude and pointing in opposite directions, the parcel will settle on a path which is in a direction parallel to the straight contours (for air parcels above the near ground friction layer, so the force of friction, discussed later, is negligible), as shown by the last position of the air parcel in the above figure. The magnitude of the Coriolis force is, in part, dependent on the latitude of the volume of air that is moving, and also on the velocity of movement of the volume of air. The faster the air moves, the greater is the magnitude of the Coriolis Force. As our parcel of air (under the influence of only the horizontal pressure gradient force and the Coriolis Force) moves from the region of high pressure/height toward the region of low pressure/height, it curves to the right (in the northern hemisphere) until eventually it is moving parallel to the straight isobars/isoheights. Movement parallel to the straight isobars/isoheights occurs when the wind speed increases sufficiently such that the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are of the same magnitude and directed in the opposite direction to each other; they are in balance. Problem 5. On your answer sheet is an image similar to the one above, but without the forces shown or the arrow showing the movement of the air parcel. Assume that this air parcel is located in the Southern Hemisphere. Assume that the parcel has "settled on a path", (i.e., no change of direction is occurring). Draw an arrow showing the direction of the horizontal pressure gradient force acting on the parcel, another arrow showing the direction of the Coriolis force acting on the parcel, and a double arrow showing the direction of the movement of the parcel. Label the forces with their name. Note: We are assuming that forces acting vertically (gravity and vertical pressure gradient forces) are in balance. Movement Parallel to Curved Contours As you can see on the image of the general circulation pattern, the Polar Front Zone lies near 60oN and 60oS. The image shows a series of wave patterns along this zone. As warm air from the high pressure region near 30oN and 30oS moves toward the poles and as cold air from the polar regions moves toward the Equator, it does so in a series of wave-like motions. Associated with these wave motions are systems called extratropical lows or wave cyclones and high pressure/isoheight centers. These waves and associated wave cyclones are produced, in part, by the difference in heating between land and ocean areas. Poleward of this frontal boundary lies generally cooler air and towards the Equator lies generally warmer air. The boundary separates air of sufficiently different temperature that strong winds are associated with the Polar Front boundary and the associated wave cyclones along the boundary. The general region of the movement of the wave cyclones tends to move poleward during the summer months of each hemisphere and equatorward during the winter months of each hemisphere. Air flows about these centers low centers in counterclockwise (cyclonic) manner and about the highs in a clockwise (anticyclonic) manner. In order for an air parcel to continue changing direction to move about these centers, or along a curved path, rather than moving in a straight line, there must be an imbalance between the horizontal pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force. One of these forces must be stronger than the other. When there is an imbalance, and the air is moving in a curved path, the flow is called gradient flow, or gradient wind. When the pressure gradient force is stronger, (large black arrow on the figure below-left), than the Coriolis force, (small red arrow on the figure below-left), the air flows in a counterclockwise manner, (in the northern hemisphere), as is shown about the low pressure center on the left, or as occurs in a trough on upper-air charts. This type of gradient flow is called subgeostrophic flow. When the Coriolis force, (large red arrow on the figure below-right), is stronger than the pressure gradient force, (small black arrow on the figure below-right), the air flows in a clockwise manner (in the northern hemisphere), as is shown about the high pressure center on the right, or as occurs along a ridge on upper-air charts. This type of gradient flow is called supergeostrophic flow. Although the above figure shows the forces about a low center and a high center, the same forces occur any time the parcel moves on a curved path. The curving, wave pattern can easily be seen on upper air charts. The air is moving parallel to these isoheights. Open the image, 500Ht-Vort-num-1.gif in the Atmo 202 folder. This image shows a series of wave patterns with troughs and ridges. Problem 6. On your answer sheet is a section of this figure taken from near the Great Lakes. Imagine that the dot on the figure on the answer sheet is an air parcel subject to a horizontal pressure gradient force and a Coriolis Force. Use a long, bold arrow to show which force is strongest, (of greatest magnitude), and the direction the force is trying to make the parcel move. Use a short, smaller arrow to show that force which is weaker in magnitude and draw it in the direction it is trying to make the parcel move. Use a double arrow to show the direction the air parcel is moving at the instant shown. Friction Friction always acts opposite to the direction of movement of the air. Near ground level, the magnitude of the frictional force is large and friction plays a significant role in trying to slow the air's rate of movement. Over rough terrain, such as mountainous regions, friction is quite significant. Above about 1000 meters (about 3,300 feet above ground level), the magnitude of the frictional force becomes negligable. Thus, on upper-level maps, the main forces acting on the air molecules to make them move horizontally are only the horizontal pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force. Again, we are assuming here that vertical forces balance to zero. Near ground/sea level, the horizontal pressure gradient force, the Coriolis Force and the frictional force are all important forces when considering the horizontal direction and rate of movement of air. The figure below shows the effects of friction when included with the horizontal pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force. Since friction reduces v, the speed of the wind, then the Coriolis force is also reduced in magnitude since it is a function of wind speed. Now, as can be seen by the image above, the horizontal pressure gradient force is balanced by the resultant of the friction force and the Coriolis force. The resultant of these two forces is labeled the resultant force in the image above. It is not a new force, rather it is simply showing the effect that the Coriolis force and the friction force have in a direction opposite to the horizontal pressure gradient force. Tertiary Circulation The forces we have been considering operate in the global scale of circulation as well as very small scales of circulation. We have discussed the global, primary or hemispheric scale of motion when considering large columns of air near the poles. Also, we have looked at the secondary circulation, sometimes called synoptic circulation, in which we saw troughs, ridges, low pressure/height centers and high pressure/height centers which are produced by differences in heating between oceanic and continental land areas. Lastly, we will consider tertiary circulation, which deals with circulations from about 100 square kilometers down to the smallest size. Consider the image below. Because this is a water surface and a land surface, we know that there will be a difference in the maximum temperature to which each surface will warm during the day and the minimum temperature to which each surface will cool during the night, even though each surface may receive equal amounts of solar radiation. The temperature of each surface will cause either warming or cooling of the air above the surface, depending on whether the land or water surface temperature is warmer or cooler than the air above it. Remember that in summer, land will warm to a higher temperature (than water does) during the day and cool to a lower temperature (than water does) during the night. Also, you know that as air warms, it becomes less dense and rises; and that if it rises sufficiently, it will cool by adiabatic cooling to the dew point and clouds will begin to form. Similarly, descending air will warm. Problem 7. Consider the image above and on your answer sheet. Draw arrows to show the vertical and horizontal motion of the air in each situation. One is for a daytime situation and one is for a nighttime situation. Also draw a cumulus type cloud to indicate where clouds should form in each situation; either over the water or over the land. Consider the image below showing a valley region in the mountains. Again, you know that land will warm during the day and cool at night. As air warms, it becomes less dense and will rise. As air cools, it becomes more dense and sinks. Problem 8. On your answer sheet, draw arrows to indicate air movement for each situation. Draw clouds where you would expect clouds to form in each situation. DAYTIME - AFTERNOON	i don't know
How many bonus points does a 'Scrabble' player receive when playing all seven of his tiles in a single turn	The Official Rules of Scrabble - How to Play Scrabble - Learn Scrabble Rules How to Play Scrabble Travel Scrabble Scrabble Rules - Scrabble Official Rules When playing Scrabble, anywhere from two to four players will enjoy the game. The object when playing is to score more points than other players. As words are placed on the game board, points are collected and each letter that is used in the game will have a different point value. The main strategy is to play words that have the highest possible score based on the combination of letters. The Scrabble Board A standard Scrabble board will consist of cells that are located in a large square grid. The board offers 15 cells high and 15 cells wide. The tiles used on the game will fit in each cell on the board. Scrabble Tiles There are 100 tiles that are used in the game and 98 of them will contain letters and point values. There are 2 blank tiles that can be used as wild tiles to take the place of any letter. When a blank is played, it will remain in the game as the letter it substituted for. Different letters in the game will have various point values and this will depend on how rare the letter is and how difficult it may be to lay that letter. Blank tiles will have no point values. Tile Values Below are the point values for each letter that is used in a Scrabble game. 0 Points - Blank tile. 1 Point - A, E, I, L, N, O, R, S, T and U. 2 Points - D and G. 3 Points - B, C, M and P. 4 Points - F, H, V, W and Y. 5 Points - K. 8 Points - J and X. 10 Points - Q and Z. Extra Point Values When looking at the board, players will see that some squares offer multipliers. Should a tile be placed on these squares, the value of the tile will be multiplied by 2x or 3x. Some squares will also multiply the total value of the word and not just the single point value of one tile. Double Letter Scores - The light blue cells in the board are isolated and when these are used, they will double the value of the tile placed on that square. Triple Letter Score - The dark blue cell in the board will be worth triple the amount, so any tile placed here will earn more points. Double Word Score - When a cell is light red in colour, it is a double word cell and these run diagonally on the board, towards the four corners. When a word is placed on these squares, the entire value of the word will be doubled. Triple Word Score - The dark red square is where the high points can be earned as this will triple the word score. Placing any word on these squares will boos points drastically. These are found on all four sides of the board and are equidistant from the corners. One Single Use - When using the extra point squares on the board, they can only be used one time. If a player places a word here, it cannot be used as a multiplier by placing another word on the same square. Starting the Game Without looking at any of the tiles in the bag, players will take one tile. The player that has the letter that is closest to “A” will begin the game. A blank tile will win the start of the game. The tiles are them replaced to the bag and used in the remainder of the game. Every player will start their turn by drawing seven tiles from the Scrabble bag. There are three options during any turn. The player can place a word, they can exchange tiles for new tiles or they can choose to pass. In most cases, players will try to place a word as the other two options will result in no score. When a player chooses to exchange tiles, they can choose to exchange one or all of the tiles they currently hold. After tiles are exchanged, the turn is over and players will have to wait until their next turn to place a word on the board. Players can choose to pass at any time. They will forfeit that turn and hope to be able to play the next time. If any player passes two times in a row, the game will end and the one with the highest score will win. The First Word Score When the game begins, the first player will place their word on the star spin in the centre of the board. The star is a double square and will offer a double word score. All players following will build their words off of this word, extending the game to other squares on the board. Play continues in a clockwise direction around the Scrabble board. Replacing Scrabble Tiles Once tiles are played on the board, players will draw new tiles to replace those. Players will always have seven tiles during the game. Drawing tiles is always done without looking into the bag so that the letters are always unknown. The Fifty Point Bonus Exciting rewards can come when players use all seven tiles to create a word on the board. When this happens, players will receive a 50 point bonus, in addition to the value of the word. If the game is near the end and players are not holding seven tiles, they do not get the bonus for using all of their tiles. This is only collected for seven letter words placed. The End of a Scrabble Game Once all tiles are gone from the bag and a single player has placed all of their tiles, the game will end and the player with the highest score wins. Tallying Scrabble Scores When the game ends, each player will count all points that are remaining on their tiles that have not been played. This amount will be deducted from the final score. An added bonus is awarded to the player that ended the game and has no remaining tiles. The tile values of all remaining players will be added to the score of the player who is out of tiles to produce the final score for the game. The Scrabble player with the highest score after all final scores are tallied wins. Accepted Scrabble Words Any word that is found in a standard English dictionary can be used in the game of Scrabble. There are also Official Scrabble Dictionaries that can be purchased for more word options. There are some words that are not allowed to be played and these include suffixes, prefixes and abbreviations. Any word that requires the use of a hyphen or apostrophe cannot be played in the game. Any word that required the use of a capital letter is not allowed. When playing an English version of the game, foreign words are not allowed to be placed on the board. However, if the foreign word does appear in a standard English dictionary, it is allowed. The reason for this is due to the fact that the word is spoken enough and is considered part of the English language. This website is intended for information and entertainment purposes only. We are in no way affiliated with the SCRABBLE® brand and registered trademark. These intellectual property rights belong to Hasbro, Inc. in which we are not affiliated. © Copyright 2016, Scrabble Pages . All rights reserved	50
If a solution of common salt is electrolysed, chlorine gas is released at one electrode but which metal accumulates at the other?	Scrabble Rules That Cause The Most Arguments [ ? ]Word Buff Can Come to YOU! The Scrabble Rules That Cause Most Arguments So just what are the Official Scrabble Rules? Let me begin by explaining why this question doesn't have a completely clear answer... The Scrabble rules have been modified several times over the years, so that what you'll see inside the box-lid will depend on the age of your Scrabble set. Scrabble is owned by two companies (Hasbro in North America, and Mattel throughout the rest of the world), and the rules differ regionally. Official Scrabble bodies set up throughout the world to manage clubs and tournaments have their own variations and clarifications of the rules which, in some cases, will differ from those you'll see in the rules distributed with Scrabble sets. All sound a bit complicated? I guess it is, but that doesn't mean I'll leave you all messed up. The two main points I'd like to get across on this page are that... 1. Many of the commonly debated rules do indeed have satisfactory, widely accepted, answers that we can safely call 'official', and 2. When it comes to the more ambiguous rules, the important thing is that you agree on a clear statement of these rules before you start your game. On this page I'll help you clarify the rules that are widely accepted as 'official', and provide you with enough information to make a good decision about the more 'debatable' rules. Also, just like the law, it is impossible to write a set of Scrabble Rules that will cater for every possible eventuality. So later, I'll show you some of the detail required in the official rules for international Scrabble tournaments so you can see why. But first, let's see if we can settle those disputes that happen time and time again... Which Words are Allowed? The exact wording of the rules determining which words are permitted in Scrabble varies slightly from source to source, but is always something very similar to the following (from my own very old Scrabble set)... 'Any words found in a standard dictionary are permitted except those capitalized, those designated as foreign words, abbreviations, and words requiring apostrophes or hyphens.' This is close to the initial wording first used by Alfred Butts, and all modern phrasings of this rule are intended to agree with its intent. The problem of course, is that there is so much ambiguity in this rule. What do we mean by a 'standard dictionary' for example? And what do we do about inflections of words, which are not usually explicitly listed in dictionaries? That reference to 'foreign words' is also a can of worms. English was built up from foreign languages, and it isn't clear just how foreign a word has to be before it should be disallowed in Scrabble. The easiest solution is this: get yourself a Scrabble Dictionary . A Scrabble dictionary lists every single word allowed in Scrabble, including inflections and other derivations, and therefore enables you to declare immediately whether a word is in or out without arguments (provided you both agree on one prior to playing!). Furthermore, Scrabble dictionaries are put together by professional lexicographers (dictionary-makers) in conjunction with Scrabble experts, to make sure that the Scrabble rules are adhered to as carefully and consistently as possible. If you really insist on using your own favorite English dictionary, I can understand your motivation, but I'm afraid you're not really going to be able to avoid disputes. To help you along, though, I've scrutinized a few of the trickier issues in my Is it a Scrabble Word? page. Is There a Penalty for Challenging a Valid Word? Here's a good example where you simply won't get a consistent answer, because different rules are used in different places at different times. The important thing is for you to agree on the rule (usually called the 'Challenge Rule') before you play. To help you, here's some background... Since 1953, the Scrabble rules have been clear on what happens if you play a false word (assuming the word gets challenged by your opponent, that is!). Namely, 'If the word challenged is unacceptable, the player takes back his[her] tiles and loses his [her] turn'. That much is universally accepted. But what happens if the word turns out to be correct? Well, initially, no penalty was mentioned in the rules for a player who challenges an opponent's word, should the word turn out to be acceptable. However in 1976 the Challenge Rule changed to this, 'If the word challenged is acceptable, the challenger loses his turn.' This rule has come to be known in Scrabble circles as the 'Double Challenge Rule'. Why? Because during a challenge, both players face a potential penalty. What is the rule now? Unfortunately, it depends on where you play (and/or where you happened to purchase your Scrabble set). Even in official Scrabble circles, some tournaments (especially in North America) play to the Double Challenge rule, while others don't. The main argument used against the Double-Challenge Rule is that it encourages players to play false words, because the opponent may be too scared of challenging for fear of losing a turn. In fact, in many official tournaments nowadays a compromise rule is used in which the challenging player loses 5 points for an incorrect challenge, but does not miss out on a turn. This rule is intended to reduce the harsh sentence, but to provide enough of a disincentive to prevent time-wasting 'frivolous' challenges. The upshot of all this is that you should agree on your own Challenge Rule before playing a game, and I've given you three commonly used possibilities here... Single Challenge (No penalty for incorrect challenge) Double Challenge (Miss a turn for incorrect challenge) 5-Point Challenge (Lose 5-points for incorrect challenge) But don't forget that in all of this variation, one thing stays constant. In the event of a successful challenge, the player who plays a false word must take all their tiles back and miss their turn. What if a Word Covers Two Triple Word Squares? I've included this question about Scrabble rules here because I have been asked it many times, and it is especially important in competitive Scrabble. Now because a word covering two triple-word squares has to be at least eight letters long, and you only have seven tiles on your rack, you might think that this situation could never happen. However, it sometimes happens that one or more letters exist on the board in between two triple-word squares, and you are able to play around this letter to cover both triple-word squares. The resulting play is called a triple-triple, and it is the Holy Grail of Scrabble. Why? Because the triples multiply (not double) giving you nine times (not six times) the score for your play. Not only that, but if you use up all your letters in the process, you get the usual bonus 50 to boot! When you hear of ridiculous scores being achieved for a single Scrabble play, it is probably the result of a triple-triple which can score upwards of 300 points! And don't think you'll need to use up all your tiles to achieve it either. I once scored a very handy 117 points by playing just four of my letters, R-E-E-D, around an existing word PLAY that just happened to be sitting perfectly midway between two triple-word squares, allowing me to make REPLAYED. An easy word, and no need for the 50 point bonus - so watch out for this one! Got Another Scrabble Rules Dispute? There are dozens of situations that cause confusion and heated arguments in Scrabble. I've tried to cover some of the most common rule disputes here, but from time to time I'll clarify others for you in my WordBuffStuff! newsletter... New! Comments Have your say about what you just read! Leave me a comment in the box below. Boost Your Scores in Scrabble, Improve Your Spelling & Vocabulary, Solve Tricky Crosswords & More! Just enter your name and email below to get started! *Be sure to click the link in the confirmation email I immediately send you. Otherwise it will be like you didn't subscribe! Copyright 2008-2014 Word-Buff.com	i don't know
The crystals of which element when heated, give off a violet vapour with an irritating odour, similar to chlorine?	Iodine, Chemical Element - reaction, water, uses, elements, proteins, examples, gas, number EYE-uh-dine Discovery and naming One of Courtois' first jobs was to assist his father in making compounds of sodium and potassium from seaweed. Seaweed plants take sodium and potassium compounds out of seawater. The compounds become part of the growing seaweed. Courtois and his father collected seaweed on the coasts of Normandy and Brittany in France. Then they burned it. Next, they soaked the seaweed ashes in water to dissolve the sodium and potassium compounds. Sulfuric acid was added to react with the unwanted seaweed chemicals. Finally, they allowed the water to evaporate, leaving the compounds behind. These compounds are white crystals, much like ordinary table salt. The compounds were sold to large industrial businesses for use in such products as table salt and baking soda. One day in 1811, Courtois made a mistake. He added too much sulfuric acid to the mixture. He was amazed to see clouds of beautiful violet vapor rising from the mixture. He decided to study the new material. Eventually, he proved it was a new element. He named the element after its color. In Greek, the word iodes means "violet." Physical properties Iodine is one of the most striking and beautiful of all elements. As a solid, it is a heavy, grayish-black, metallic-looking material. When heated, it does not melt. Instead, it sublimes. Sublimation is the process by which a solid turns directly to a gas without first melting. The resulting iodine vapor has a violet color and a harsh odor. If a cold object, such as an iron bar, is placed in these vapors, iodine changes back to a solid. It forms attractive, delicate, metallic crystals. Iodine dissolves only slightly in water. But it dissolves in many other liquids to give distinctive purple solutions. If heated under the proper conditions, it can be made to melt at 113.5°C (236.3°F) and to boil at 184°C (363°F). The density of the element is 4.98 grams per cubic centimeter. Chemical properties Like the other halogens, iodine is an active element. However, it is less active than the three halogens above it in the periodic table. Its most common compounds are those of the alkali metals, sodium, and potassium. But it also forms compounds with other elements. It even forms compounds with the other halogens. Some examples are iodine monobromide (IBr), iodine monochloride (ICl), and iodine pentafluoride (IF 5 ). A magnified view of a crystal of iodine. Occurrence in nature Iodine is not very abundant in the Earth's crust. Its abundance is estimated to be about 0.3 to 0.5 parts per million. It ranks in the bottom third of the elements in terms of abundance. It is still more common than cadmium, silver, mercury, and gold. Its abundance in seawater is estimated to be even less, about 0.0003 parts per million. Iodine tends to be concentrated in the Earth's crust in only a few places. These places were once covered by oceans. Over millions of years, the oceans evaporated. They left behind the chemical compounds that had been dissolved in them. The dry chemicals left behind were later buried by earth movements. Today, they exist underground as salt mines. A mistake by Bernard Courtois led to clouds of beautiful violet vapor rising from a mixture on which he was working. It was iodine. Iodine can also be collected from seawater, brackish water, brine, or sea kelp. Seawater is given different names depending on the amount of solids dissolved in it. Brackish water, for Kelp, a type of seaweed, is a popular source of iodine, since it absorbs the element from seawater. example, has a relatively low percentage of solids dissolved in water. The range that is sometimes given is 0.05 to 3 percent solids in the water. Brine has a higher percentage of dissolved solids. It may contain anywhere from 3 to 20 percent of solids dissolved in water. Finally, sea kelp is a form of seaweed. As it grows, it takes iodine out of seawater. Over time, sea kelp has a much higher concentration of iodine than seawater. Sea kelp is harvested, dried, and burned to collect iodine. The process is not much different from the one used by Courtois in 1811. Iodine compounds are used in the production of photographic film. Isotopes Only one naturally occurring isotope of iodine is known, iodine-127. Isotopes are two or more forms of an element. Isotopes differ from each other according to their mass number. The number written to the right of the element's name is the mass number. The mass number represents the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of the element. The number of protons determines the element, but the number of neutrons in the atom of any one element can vary. Each variation is an isotope. Approximately 30 radioactive isotopes of iodine have been made artificially. A radioactive isotope is one that breaks apart and gives off some form of radiation. Radioactive isotopes are produced when very small particles are fired at atoms. These particles stick in the atoms and make them radioactive. A number of iodine isotopes are used commercially. In medical applications, these isotopes are injected into the body or given to the patient through the mouth. The isotopes then travel through the body in the bloodstream. As they travel, they give off radiation. That radiation can be detected by using X-ray film. A medical specialist can tell how well the body is functioning by observing the pattern of radiation. Iodine isotopes are used in many ways. Iodine-123 is used in studies of the brain, kidneys, and thyroid. Iodine-125 is used in studies of the pancreas, blood flow, thyroid, liver, take-up of minerals in bones, and loss of proteins in the body. And iodine-131 is used in studies of the liver, kidneys, blood flow, lungs, brain, pancreas, and thyroid. Iodine and human health T he amount of iodine in the human body is very small. To find out how much is in one's body, one's body weight is divided by 2,500,000. That number is the weight of iodine in the body. For normal people, the amount is about equal to the size of the head of a pin. That tiny dot of iodine can mean the difference between good and bad health. People who do not have enough can develop serious health problems. At one time, the most common of those problems was a disease known as goiter. Goiter causes a large lump in the neck as the thyroid grows out of control. (It can grow as large as a grape-fruit.) A goiter tries to make thyroid hormones, but it does not receive enough iodine from the person's diet. So it keeps expanding, trying to do its job. A lack of iodine can cause other problems too. For example, thyroid hormones are needed for normal brain development in an unborn child. They are also needed to continue that development after birth. People who do not include enough iodine in their diet do not develop normally. Today, experts say that low levels of iodine are the leading cause of mental retardation, deafness, mutism (the inability to speak), and paralysis. They also say less serious problems can be blamed on low iodine levels. These include lethargy drowsiness, clumsiness, and learning disabilities. Low iodine levels can be easily corrected. In most developed countries today, companies that make table salt add a small amount of potassium iodide (KI) to their salt. The salt is labeled "iodized salt." People who use it get all the iodine they need for normal thyroid function. But people who live in developing countries may not be able to get iodized salt. The World Health Organization (WHO) is trying to find ways of providing iodine to these people. The WHO estimates that 1.5 billion people live in areas where levels of iodine are low. Up to 20 million of these people may have mental disabilities because of a lack of iodine. The WHO has started a program to ensure that future generations in these regions get the iodine needed to develop and function normally. The most common iodine isotope used is iodine-131. When iodine (of any kind) enters the body, it tends to go directly to the thyroid. The iodine is then used to make thyroid hormones. If radioactive iodine is used, a doctor can tell how well the thyroid gland is working. If a high level of radiation is given off, the gland may be overactive. If a low level of radiation is given off, the gland may be underactive. In either case, the person may need some treatment to help the thyroid gland work more normally. Extraction When a mixture of substances containing iodine is heated, the iodine sublimes. It can then be collected and purified. Uses and compounds About two-thirds of all iodine and its compounds are used in sanitation systems or in making various antiseptics and drugs. Iodine is also used to make dyes, photographic film, and specialized soaps. It is used in some industries as a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance used to speed up or slow down a chemical reaction. The catalyst does not undergo any change itself during the reaction. Health effects Iodine can have both favorable and unfavorable effects on living organisms. It tends to kill bacteria and other disease-causing organisms. In fact, this property leads to its use in sanitation systems and as an antiseptic. An antiseptic is a chemical that stops the growth of germs. Not so long ago, tincture of iodine was one of the most popular antiseptics. It was applied to cuts and wounds to prevent infection. Tincture is a solution made by dissolving some substance (such as iodine) in alcohol rather than in water. Today, tincture of iodine has been replaced by other antiseptics. One reason that tincture of iodine is used less today is that it can also cause problems. In higher doses, iodine can irritate or burn the skin. It can also be quite poisonous if taken internally. Iodine kills bacteria and other disease-causing organisms. Iodine plays an important role in the health of plants and animals. It is needed to maintain good health and normal growth. In humans, iodine is used to make a group of important compounds known as thyroid hormones. These chemicals are produced in the thyroid gland at the base of the neck. These chemicals control many important bodily functions. A lack of thyroid hormones can result in the disorder known as goiter. Goiter causes a large lump in the neck as the thyroid grows out of control. Iodine is added to table salt today, so goiter is rarely seen in the United States. User Contributions:	Iodine
On the coast of which English county are Pegwell Bay and St. Margaret's Bay to be found?	Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds. Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds. The analysis and identification of unknown organic compounds constitutes a very important aspect of experimental organic chemistry. There is no definite set procedure that can be generally applied to organic qualitative analysis. Various books have different approaches, but a systematic approach based on the scheme given below will give good results. Students should, however, consult the laboratory manual and Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, A.I. Vogel (4th Edition). Practical Notes Before outlining the general scheme, one or two points of practical importance should be noted. (a) Quantities of substance for tests. For most tests about 0.1 g solid or 0.1 - 0.2 mL (2 - 3 drops) of liquid material (NOT MORE) should be used. (b) Reagents likely to be met within organic analysis are on the reagent shelves. Students are advised to develop a general knowledge of the physical characteristics of common organic compounds. If in doubt about the expected result of a test between a certain compound and a reagent, carry out a trial test with a known compound and compare with the unknown. (c) Quantities of substance derivatives. Students have wasted much time and material in the past by taking too large a quantity of substance for preparation of a derivative. In general, 0.5 - 1 g (or 0.5 - 1 mL) of substance gives the most satisfactory results. If a practical book instructs one to use larger quantities (3 - 4 g or more), the quantities should be scaled down to 1 g or 1 mL of the unknown substance and corresponding quantities of reagents should be used. General Scheme of Analysis A. Preliminary Tests (a) Note physical characteristics - solid, liquid, colour and odour. (b) Perform an ignition test (heat small amount on metal spatula) to determine whether the compound is aliphatic or aromatic (i.e. luminous flame - aliphatic; sooty flame - aromatic). B. Physical Constants Determine the boiling point or melting point. Distillation is recommended in the case of liquids (see Appendix 3). It serves the dual purpose of determining the b.p., as well as purification of the liquid for subsequent tests. C. Analysis for elements present At C10 level, the elements present will be told to you, but read up the method. D. Solubility tests The solubility of the unknown in the following reagents provides very useful information. In general, about 3 mL of the solvent is used with 0.1 g or 0.2 mL (2 - 3 drops) of the substance. The class of compound may be indicated from the following table: SOLUBILITY TABLE Hydrocarbons, nitrohydro-carbons, alkyl or aryl halides, esters and ethers. Higher molecular weight alcohols, aldehydes and ketones E. Group Classification Tests From the previous tests it is often possible to deduce the functional groups present in the unknown compound. Consult i.r. spectra when available. Individual tests are then performed to identify and confirm the functional groups present. NOTE: 1. Students are strongly advised against carrying out unnecessary tests, since not only are they a waste of time but also increase the possibility of error. Thus it is pointless to first test for alcohol or ketone in a basic compound containing nitrogen! Instead tests for amines, etc. should be done on such a compound. 2. A systematic approach cannot be overemphasised in group classification tests to avoid confusion and error. F. Consultation of Literature Once the functional group has been identified, reference is made to tables in a book on organic analysis, for assessing possibilities and for the preparation of suitable solid derivatives. It should be noted that whilst two substances with the same functional group may sometimes have very similar b.p. or m.p., solid derivatives canusually be chosen from the literature, with m.p. differences of about 10 (or more), which distinguish between the two possibilities. Example: COMPOUND B.P. DERIVATIVES (M.P.) 2,4-DNPH SEMICARBAZONE Diethyl ketone 102 156 139 Methyl n-propyl ketone 102 144 112 G. Preparation of derivatives The final characterisation of the unknown is made by the preparation of suitable solid derivatives. The derivative should be carefully selected and its m.p. should preferably be between 90 - 150 for ease of crystallisation and m.p. determination. Preparation of one derivative should be attempted. The derivative should be purified by recrystallisation, dried and the m.p. determined. Derivatives should be submitted correctly labelled for assessment together with the record. Recording of Results The results should be recorded in a systematic manner. Results should be recorded in the practical book at the time (not written up afterwards). A record should be made of every test carried out, no matter whether a NEGATIVE RESULT HAS BEEN OBTAINED. Test, observation and inference should be given. At the conclusion of the analysis a brief summary of results should be included, giving the name, b.p. or m.p., and formula of the analysed compound. Qualitative Analysis for Elements (for reference only) In organic compounds the elements commonly occurring along with carbon and hydrogen, are oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, bromine and iodine. The detection of these elements depends upon converting them to water-soluble ionic compounds and the application of specific tests. Lassaigne's Sodium Fusion Test C, H, O, N, S, X NaX NaCN -> Na2S NaCNS PROCEDURE Place a piece of clean sodium metal, about the size of a pea into a fusion tube. Add a little of the compound (50 mg or 2 - 3 drops).* Heat the tube gently at first, allowing any distillate formed to drop back onto the molten sodium. When charring begins, heat the bottom of the tube to dull redness for about three minutes and finally plunge the tube, while still hot, into a clean dish containing cold distilled water (6 mL) and cover immediately with a clean wire gauze.** For liquids it is better to first melt the sodium add the liquid drop by drop. CAUTION: The tube shatters, and any residual sodium metal reacts with water. Stir the mixture, boil for 1 - 2 minutes, on a tripod and filter hot through a fluted paper. The 'fusion' filtrate which should be clear and colourless, is used for the SPECIFIC TESTS DESCRIBED BELOW: 1. To a portion (2 mL) of the 'fusion' filtrate add 0.2 g of powdered ferrous sulphate crystals. Boil the mixture for a half a minute, cool and acidify by adding dilute sulphuric acid dropwise. Formation of a bluish-green precipitate (Prussian blue) or a blue solution indicates that the original substance contains nitrogen. If no precipitate appears, allow to stand for 15 minutes, filter and inspect filter paper. 2. SULPHUR (SULPHIDE) To the cold 'fusion' filtrate (1 mL) add a few drops of cold, freshly prepared, dilute solution of sodium nitroprusside. The latter may be prepared by adding a small crystal of the solid to 2 mL of water. Production of a rich purple colour indicates that the original substance contains sulphur. This test is very sensitive. Only strong positive results are significant. 3. HALOGENS (HALIDES) Acidify a portion (1 mL) of the 'fusion' filtrate with 2N nitric acid, and if nitrogen and/or sulphur are present, boil for 1 - 2 minutes. Cool and add aqueous silver nitrate (1 mL), compare with a blank. Formation of a heavy, white or yellow precipitate of silver halide indicates halogen. If a positive result is obtained: acidify the remaining portion of the 'fusion' filtrate with dilute sulphuric acid, boil and cool. Add carbon tetrachloride (1 mL) and a few drops of freshly prepared chlorine water. Shake the mixture. (a) If the carbon tetrachloride layer remains colourless - indicates chlorine. (b) If the carbon tetrachloride layer is brown - indicates bromine. (c) If the carbon tetrachloride layer is violet - indicates iodine. If nitrogen and/or sulphur are also present, the addition of silver nitrate to the acidified 'fusion' solution will precipitate silver cyanide and/or silver sulphide in addition to the silver halides. The removal of hydrogen cyanide and/or hydrogen sulphide is effected by boiling the 'fusion' solution. GROUP CLASSIFICATION TESTS Some functional group tests are listed below. Students should refer to a practical text book for details, and further information, e.g. Vogel. Tests for unsaturation (b) Hydrolysis. Write up of the identification of an unknown organic compound Date...................................... Compound containing C, H (N, Hal, S) Physical characteristics ...................... (solid, liquid, gas, colour, odour, etc.) Ignition test .............................. (aromatic or aliphatic) Physical constant ........................ (boiling point or melting point) Solubility tests (in tabular form) Group classification tests (in tabular form) Test Observation Inference From the above tests and observations the given compound is probably a .........................(acid, phenol, aldehyde, etc.) Consultation of literature (Possibilities) M.P. of derivative (a) (b) (c) Preparation of derivative (method of preparation) Observed m.p. of derivative Lit. m.p. of derivative Result Compound No. ........................ is ............................ (give formula) TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS I. UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS Two common types of unsaturated compounds are alkenes and alkynes characterised by the carbon-carbon double and triple bond, respectively, as the functional group. The two common qualitative tests for unsaturation are the reactions of the compounds with (a) bromine in carbon tetrachloride and (b) potassium permanganate. (a) 2% Bromine in carbon tetrachloride Dissolve 0.2 g (or 0.2 mL) of the compound in 2 mL of carbon tetrachloride or another suitable solvent and add the solution dropwise to 2 ml of 2% bromine solution in carbon tetrachloride and shake. e.g. Rapid disappearance of the bromine colour to give a colourless solution is a positive test for unsaturation. NOTE: The reagent is potentially dangerous. Keep it off your skin and clothes; protect your eyes and nose. (b) 2% Aqueous potassium permanganate Dissolve 0.2 g (or 0.2 mL) of the substance in 2 mL of water (acetone may also be used as solvent). Add the potassium permanganate solution dropwise and observe the result. e.g. For a blank determination, count the number of drops added to 2 mL of acetone before the colour persists. A significant difference in the number of drops required in the two cases is a positive test for unsaturation. II. COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN 1. Amines (a) Reaction with nitrous acid Dissolve the amine (0.5 mL) in concentrated acid (2.0 mL) and water (3 mL) and cool the solution to 0 - 5 in an ice-bath for 5 minutes. Add a cold solution (ice-bath) of sodium nitrite (0.5 g) in water (2.0 mL) from a dropper, with swirling of the test tube, still keeping the mixture in the ice-bath. AMINE REACTION I aliphatic N2 evolved. RNH2 + HNO2 -> ROH + N2 + H2O __________________________________________________________________ I aromatic Diazonium salt is formed. ArNH2 + HNO2 -> ArN=N+ Add the cold diazonium solution and with swirling to a cold solution of 2-naphthol (0.2 g) in 5% NaOH solution (2 mL). An orange-red azo dye is formed. __________________________________________________________________ II aliphatic and Yellow oily nitrosamines are generally formed. II aromatic R2NH + HNO2 -> R2N-NO __________________________________________________________________ III aliphatic No visible reaction. __________________________________________________________________ III aromatic Dialkylanilines yield green solid p-nitroso compounds (if p-position unsubstituted). __________________________________________________________________ (b) Reaction with benzenesulphonyl chloride Benzenesulphonyl chloride reacts with primary and secondary but not with tertiary amines to yield substituted sulphonamides. e.g. (a) C6H5SO2Cl + H-NHR + NaOH -> C6H5SO2NHR + NaCl + H2O (b) C6H5SO2Cl + H-NR2 + NaOH -> C6H5SO2NR2 + NaCl + H2O The substituted sulphonamide formed from a primary amine dissolves in the alkali medium whilst that produced from a secondary amine is insoluble in alkali. Place 0.5 mL (or 0.5 g) of the compound, 15 - 10 mL of 5% NaOH and 1 mL of benzenesulphonyl chloride in a test tube, stopper the tube and shake until the odour of the sulphonyl chloride has disappeared. The solution must be kept alkaline (if no reaction has occurred, the substance is probably a tertiary amine). If a precipitate appears in the alkaline solution, dilute with about 10 mL of water and shake; if the precipitate does not dissolve, a secondary amine is indicated. If there is no precipitate, acidify it cautiously to congo red with concentrated hydrochloric acid (added dropwise): a precipitate is indicative of a primary amine. 2. Amides R-CO-NH2 Simple primary amides can be decomposed by boiling with alkali and thereby evolving ammonia. e.g. CH3-CO-NH2 + NaOH -> CH3-CO2- Na+ + NH3 � Boil 0.5 g of the compound with 5 mL of 10% sodium hydroxide solution and observe whether ammonia is evolved. III. COMPOUNDS CONTAINING C, H AND POSSIBLY OXYGEN 1. Carboxylic acids - test with 5% aq. NaHCO3 R-CO2H + NaHCO3 -> R-CO2- Na+ + CO2 � + H2O Sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with carboxylic acids to give the sodium salt of the acid and liberates carbon dioxide. If the acid is insoluble in water and the reaction is sluggish dissolve the acid in methanol and add carefully to a saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, when a vigorous effervescence will be observed. 2. Phenols [Soluble in NaOH and produce no CO2 from NaHCO3] (a) Bromine water Phenols are generally highly reactive towards electrophilic reagents and are readily brominated by bromine water. e.g. Dissolve or suspend about 0.05 g of the compound in 2 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid and add bromine water dropwise until the bromine colour remains. A white precipitate of the bromophenol may form. Solid bromophenol derivatives can be used for the confirmation of the structure of a phenol (cf the preparation of derivatives). (b) Ferric chloride test Most phenols react with iron (III) chloride to form coloured complexes. The colours vary - red, purple, blue or green - depending on various factors, e.g. the phenolic compound used, the solvent, concentration. Since some phenols do not give colours, a negative test must not be taken as significant without supporting information. Dissolve 0.05 g of the compound in 2 mL water (or a mixture of water and ethanol if the compound is not water-soluble) and add an aqueous solution of ferric chloride dropwise. Observe any colour changes which may occur. 3. Aldehydes and ketones (a) 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (as Brady's reagent) A test for the carbonyl group (C=O) in aldehydes and ketones. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine gives sparingly soluble yellow or red 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones with aldehydes and ketones. Add 3 mL of the reagent to 2 drops of the compound in a test tube and shake. If no precipitate forms immediately, warm and allow to stand for 5 - 10 minutes. A crystalline precipitate indicates the presence of a carbonyl compound. The bench reagent is very dilute and is intended for qualitative tests only and should not be used in the preparation of a derivative for identification purposes. (b) Iodoform test for CH3CO- Dissolve 0.1 g (or 5 drops) of the compound in 2 mL of water; if it is insoluble in water add sufficient dioxan to produce a homogeneous solution. Add 2 mL of 5% NaOH solution and then introduce the potassium iodide - iodine reagent dropwise with shaking until a definite dark colour of iodine persists. Allow to stand for 2 - 3 minutes; if no iodoform separates at room temperature, warm the test tube in a beaker of water at 60 . Add a few more drops of the iodine reagent if the faint iodine colour disappears. Continue the addition of the reagent until a dark colour is not discharged after 2 minutes heating at 60 . Remove the excess of iodine by the addition of a few drops of dilute sodium hydroxide solution with shaking, dilute with an equal volume of water, and allow to stand for 10 minutes. The test is positive if a yellow precipitate of iodoform is deposited. Filter off the yellow precipitate, dry upon pads of filter paper and determine the m.p. Iodoform melts at 120 (it can be recrystallised from methanol- water). The reaction is given by acetaldehyde and simple methyl ketones. Alcohols containing the CH3CHROH group will be oxidised under the reaction conditions and also give a positive test. 4. Aldehydes only (reducing properties). (a) Fehling's solution Aldehydes reduce Fehling's solution to yellow or red copper (I) oxide. Preparation of the reagent: Mix equal volumes of Fehling's solution solution I (aqueous alkaline potassium tartrate) and Fehling's solution II (copper sulphate solution). Add 2 drops (or 0.05 g) of the compound and 2 - 3 drops of the reagent and heat on a boiling water bath for 3 - 4 minutes. The test is positive for aliphatic aldehydes, but is often indecisive for aromatic aldehydes where Jones' Reagent is often useful (see 5). (b) Tollen's reagent (Ammonical silver nitrate solution) Aldehydes are readily oxidised to carboxylic acids and will reduce Tollen's reagent to produce a silver mirror on the inside of a clean test tube. FIRST clean up a test tube with a little hot nitric acid (fume cupboard) and rinse with distilled water. Preparation of the reagent: To 1 mL of silver nitrate solution add a few drops of sodium hydroxide. Then add dilute ammonium hydroxide dropwise until the precipitate just dissolves. Add 2 - 3 drops of the compound in methanol to 2 - 3 mL of Tollen's solution contained in a very clean test tube. If no reaction takes place in the cold, warm gently in a water bath. CAUTION: After the test, pour the contents of the test tube into the sink and wash the test tube with dilute nitric acid. Any silver fulminate present, which is highly explosive when dry, will be destroyed. (c) Jones Reagent (See section under alcohols). 5. Alcohols The tests for the hydroxyl group not only detect the presence of the group, but may also indicate whether it is primary, secondary or tertiary. (a) Jones Reagent (CrO3-H2SO4 in H2O) This reagent distinguishes primary and secondary alcohols from tertiary alcohols; the test is based on the much greater resistance to oxidation of tertiary alcohols compared to the other two types. Aldehydes also give a positive test. Place 1 mL of acetone in a test tube and dissolve one drop of a liquid or ca 10 mg of a solid alcohol or aldehyde in it. Add one drop of the reagent to the acetone solution and shake the tube to mix the contents. Primary and secondary alcohols react within two seconds as indicated by the disappearance of the orange colour of the reagent and the formation of a green or blue-green precipitate or emulsion. Tertiary alcohols do not react even after 3 minutes. (I) RCH2OH -> RCHO -> RCO2H (II) R2CHOH -> R2C=O (III) R3COH -> no visible reaction. (b) Lucas' Reagent [ZnCl2 - conc. HCl] This reagent converts alcohols into the corresponding alkyl chlorides. Zinc chloride (a Lewis acid) increases the reactivity of alcohols towards acid. The test depends on the rate of reaction of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols with the reagent at room temperature. (I) RCH2OH -> no reaction at room temperature. (II) R2CHOH -> R2CHCl + H2O (1 hour or maybe longer) (III) R3COH -> R3CCl + H2O (immediately) To 1 mL of the alcohol in a small test tube add 6 mL of Lucas' reagent at room temperature. Close the tube with a cork, shake and allow to stand. (i) Primary alcohols - the aqueous phase remains clear (except allyl alcohol - droplets after 7 minutes). (ii) Secondary alcohols - very slow reaction (~ 1 hour or maybe longer) when droplets of alkyl chloride may be seen. (iii) Tertiary alcohols - very fast reaction and droplets of the alkyl chloride formed almost immediately. 6. Sugars, Carbohydrates Molisch's Test This is a general test for carbohydrates. Dissolve 20 - 30 mg of the compound in 2 mL water and add 0.5 mL of the reagent (a 20% solution of 2-naphthol in ethanol). Pour 2 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid from a dropper carefully down the side of the tube so that the acid forms a layer beneath the aqueous solution without mixing with it. A red colouration, changing to dark purple forms at the interface. Carry out a second test on a blank solution. 7. Esters Hydroxamic acid test R-CO-OR' + H2N-OH -> R-CO-NH-OH + R'-OH Esters react with hydroxylamine in the presence of sodium hydroxide to form the sodium salt of the corresponding hydroxamic acid. On acidification and addition of ferric chloride the magenta-coloured iron (III) complex of the hydroxamic acid is formed. It is always advisable to ensure that an unknown compound does not give a colour with iron (III) chloride before carrying out the hydroxamic acid test. Procedure for hydroxamic acid test (a) Ferric chloride test Dissolve a drop or a few small crystals of the compound in 1 mL of 95% ethanol (rectified spirit) and add 1 mL of M hydrochloric acid. Note the colour produced when 1 drop of 5% iron (III) chloride is added to the solution. If a pronounced violet, blue, red or orange colour is produced, the hydroxamic acid test described below is NOT APPLICABLE. (b) Hydroxamic acid test Mix 1 drop or several small crystals (ca 0.05 g) of the compound with 1 mL of 0.5 M hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 95% ethanol and add 0.2 mL of 6 M aqueous sodium hydroxide. Heat the mixture to boiling and after the solution has cooled slightly add 2 mL of M hydrochloric acid. If the solution is cloudy, add 2 mL of 95% ethanol. Observe the colour produced when 1 drop of 5% iron (III) chloride solution is added. If the resulting colour does not persist, continue to add the reagent dropwise until the observed colour pervades the entire solution. Usually only 1 drop of the iron (III) chloride solution is necessary. Compare the colour with that produced in test (a). A positive test will be a distinct burgundy or magenta colour as compared with the yellow colour observed when the original compound is tested with iron (III) chloride solution in the presence of acid. It is often advisable to conduct in parallel the test with, say, ethyl acetate, to ensure that the conditions for this test are correct. THE PREPARATION OF DERIVATIVES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The preliminary examination and group classification tests indicate the particular class (functional group) to which an unknown organic compound may belong. Further characterisation and identification depends on the selection and preparation of a suitable solid derivative and accurate determination of its melting point (best, between 90 - 150 ). The following table lists some of the classes of organic compounds and a selection of derivatives that may be prepared to characterise them. Check with the tables of melting points in Vogel which derivatives are most suitable for the characterisation of your particular compound. CLASS OF COMPOUND benzoyl, acetyl and sulphonamide derivatives METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION OF DERIVATIVES ALCOHOLS (i) 3,5-Dinitrobenzoates 3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride is usually partially hydrolysed and should be prepared in the pure state by heating gently a mixture of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (1 g) and phosphorus pentachloride (1.5 g) in a dry test tube, until it liquifies (5 min). The liquid is poured on a dry watch glass and allowed to solidify. The phosphoryl chlorides are removed by pressing the solid with a spatula on a wad of filter paper. The residual acid chloride is suitable for immediate use in the preparation of the derivatives. Work under fume hood. Fumes are irritating to the eyes and nose. The 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride is mixed with the alcohol (0.5 - 1 mL) in a loosely corked dry test tube and heated on a steam bath for about 10 min. Secondary and tertiary alcohols require up to 30 min. On cooling add 10 mL sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, stir until the ester crystallises out, and filter at the pump. Wash with a little carbonate solution, water and suck dry. Recrystallise from the minimum hot ethanol or light petroleum. Cool slowly to avoid the formation of oily droplets of your ester. PHENOLS (i) Benzoates (Sch�tten-Baumann method). To the phenol (0.5 g) is added 5% sodium hydroxide (10 mL) in a well-corked boiling tube or a small conical flask. Benzoyl chloride (2 mL) is added in small quantities at a time, and the mixture shaken vigorously with occasional cooling under the tap or in ice-water. After 15 min the solid benzoate separates out: the solution should be alkaline at the end of the reaction; if not alkaline, or if the product is oily, add a solid pellet of sodium hydroxide and shake again. Collect the benzoate, wash thoroughly with cold water, and recrystallise from alcohol or light petroleum. (ii) Acetates Acetates of many simple phenols are liquids; however, this is a suitable derivative for polyhydric and substituted phenols. The phenol (0.5 g) is dissolved in 10% sodium hydroxide solution and an equal quantity of crushed ice is added, followed by acetic anhydride (2 mL). The mixture is vigorously shaken in a stoppered test tube until the acetate separates. The product is filtered and recrystallised from alcohol. (iii) Bromo derivatives The phenol (0.3 g) is suspended in dilute hydrochloric (10 mL) and bromine water added dropwise until no more decolourisation occurs. The bromo derivative which precipitates out is filtered off and recrystallised from alcohol. ALDEHYDES AND KETONES (i) Semicarbazones Dissolve semicarbazide hydrochloride (1 g) and sodium acetate (1.5 g) in water (8 - 10 mL), add the aldehyde or ketone (0.3 mL) and shake. Shake the mixture for a few minutes and then cool in ice-water. Filter off the crystals, wash with a little cold water and recrystallise from methanol or ethanol. (ii) 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazones Suspend 0.25 g of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in 5 mL of methanol and add 0.5 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid cautiously. Filter the warm solution and add a solution of 0.2 g of the carbonyl compound in 1 mL of methanol. Recrystallise the derivative from methanol, ethanol or ethyl acetate. (iii) Oximes Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.5 g) is dissolved in water (2 mL). 10% sodium hydroxide (2 mL) and the carbonyl compound (0.2 - 0.3 g) dissolved in alcohol (1 - 2 mL) are added, the mixture warmed on a steam bath for 10 min and then cooled in ice. Crystallisation is induced by scratching the sides of the test tube with a glass rod. The oximes may be crystallised from alcohol. ACIDS (i) Amides, anilides and p-toluidides The acid (0.5 g) is refluxed with thionyl chloride (2 - 3 mL) in a fume cupboard for about 30 mins. It is advisable to place a plug of cotton wool in the top of the reflux condenser to exclude moisture. The condenser is removed and the excess of thionyl chloride is distilled off (b.p. 78 ). The acid chloride thus produced is treated with concentrated ammonia solution (5 mL) or aniline (0.5 - 1 mL) or p-toluidine (0.5 - 1 g), when the solid derivative separates out. It is collected and recrystallised from alcohol adding decolourising charcoal if found necessary. *Alternately use PCl5 to form the acid chloride. AMINES (i) Acetyl derivatives (acetamides) Reflux gently in a small dry flask under a dry condenser the amine (1 g) with acetic anhydride (3 mL) for 15 min. Cool the reaction mixture and pour into 20 mL cold water. Boil to decompose the excess acetic anhydride. Cool and filter by suction the insoluble derivative. Recrystallise from ethanol. (ii) Benzoyl derivatives (benzamides) Suspend 1 g of the amine in 20 mL of 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide in a well-corked flask, and add 2 mL benzoyl chloride (fume hood!), about 0.5 mL at a time, with constant shaking. Shake vigorously for 5 - 10 min until the odour of the benzoyl chloride has disappeared. Ensure that the mixture remains alkaline. Filter off the solid derivative, wash with a little cold water and recrystallise from ethanol. (iii) Benzenesulphonamides To 1 g of the amine in 20 mL of 5% sodium hydroxide solution in a well-corked flask add 1 mL benzenesulphonyl chloride (fume hood!). Shake the mixture until the odour of the sulphonyl chloride disappears. Check that the solution is alkaline. Acidify if necessary to obtain the precipitated derivative. Concentrated hydrochloric acid added dropwise should be used. Filter the product, wash with a little cold water and suck dry. Recrystallise from ethanol.	i don't know
Which is the heaviest and softest of the common metals?	What is the Hardest Metal? (with pictures) What is the Hardest Metal? Originally Written By: Michael Anissimov Revised By: Bott Last Modified Date: 22 December 2016 Copyright Protected: These 10 facts about space will blow your mind The hardest known metal is steel alloy, which is often made even harder by adding carbon and other elements. With a tensile strength of 0.84 GPa (122,000 psi) and a yield strength of 0.64 GPa (67,000 psi), carbon steel is surpassed in hardness only by very hard nonmetals, such as rubies , diamonds, or aggregated diamond nanorods. Hardness is defined as the resistance of a matter to abrasion or indentation. The Mohs scale ranks elements according to comparative hardness, on a scale from 1 to 10, 10 being the hardest. The best high-carbon steels rate an 8 to 9 on the scale, relative to ruby at 9 and diamond at 10. The hardest metals are still somewhat soft in comparison to the strongest nonmetals, based on the strongest bonds in chemistry, the sp2 bond between carbon atoms. Carbon Steel High-strength carbon steel goes through a process of tempering and annealing, which uses heat, to make it harder. While heat makes the metal stronger, it also makes it less ductile, meaning it is less able to bend and move when under stress. Carbon is also added to the steel, at which point the steel alloy metal becomes carbon steel, or strengthened steel, the hardest metal available. Carbon contents as great as 2 percent may be present in the hardest metal. Carbon steel is one of the most common types of steel, the other most common type being stainless steel. Due to it's high melting point of 2,800°F (1,537°C), most carbon steels are used in construction tools such as rock drills and construction dowels. Sometimes very hard metals, such as carbon steel, are undesirable because of their other properties; carbon steel, for instance, is notoriously prone to corrosion . While it is the hardest metal, it is not necessarily the most useful material for every job. Other Hard Materials While often mistaken to be the hardest metal, tungsten carbide, is actually a composite material made of tungsten and carbon, often with cobalt added. It is used in both the military and for gun reloading equipment, and is also a popular choice for men's wedding rings. Iridium and titanium are also sometimes incorrectly called the hardest metals; though they are hard, they are not the hardest. Titanium has been used to build the world's deepest-diving submarines, however, and iridium is known to be the most corrosion-resistant metal. Chromium , which rates 8.5 on the Mohs scale, is also extremely hard, and is often added to alloy steels for this quality. Depleted uranium , the metal of choice for tank shells, is not harder than tungsten carbide or carbon steel but it is more dense, which is preferable for projectiles. The strongest single element is carbon, but only when it is in the form of a diamond. Ad anon945673 Post 68 Single wall carbon nanotube is the hardest material. Young Modulus around 1-5 TPa, Tensile strength 13-53 GPa anon351286 Post 67 The hardest alloy probably CPM REX 121 steel, hardness achieved 72 RC. Hardest pure metal probably "beta tantalum", hardness Knoop is 1000-1300 HN. The hardest material is ADNR (aggregated diamond nanorod), Vickers hardness ~300 GPa. anon344476 Post 65 @ceramic tile guy: that's probably meant for home tile, like you would use on your floor. By ceramic standards, that's soft. To shape TC, you're best off using something with industrial diamond. anon319528 Would a cutting wheel for ceramic tile be right for cutting tungsten? anon287724 Post 62 Tungsten carbide is not a ceramic, is a metal alloy. Ceramics are defined by their composition and mixing method, and while tungsten carbide and carbon steel might have a few similarities to the definition of ceramic, they do not have enough to be even remotely classified as a ceramic. Diamond is the hardest substance on earth (not a metal). The Americal Iron and Steel institute recognizes that some tungsten carbide alloys are the hardest (commercially viable/useful) metals. Now, just like there are elements that are man-made in the laboratory (that exist only for a short time), I am sure that there are or have been alloys constructed in labs that rival even the tungsten carbide alloys, but many, if not all, of these would most likely be impractical for any useful purpose base on any number of factors (brittle, dangerous/toxic, unstable, expensive, etc.). So, if we just consider common, useful materials, then tungsten carbide is the agreed-upon "winner". anon234741 Post 58 Elemental Tungsten (NOT tungsten carbide) is the hardest metal. In theory steel could be made harder than tungsten, but it'd be so brittle that it'd have so few applications, whereas tungsten is both hard, dense and ductile. Moderator's reply: On the Mohs scale, which is used in this article, tungsten has a hardness rating of 7.5. Other metals, like chromium, are higher. idonsgh what is the alloy steel used in manufacturing drill pipes and drill collars? anon223716 Post 56 If you ask a Scientist/chemist they will say Tungsten is the hardest metal. Steel may be classified as a metal in the industry but if you go by the periodic table definition then steel is an alloy. And 1090 is not the hardest steel in any case. anon214064 Post 55 @Post 53: "pure diamond is the densest material known to man." Diamond is not dense. It has a density of 3.5 grams per cubic centimeter, compared to 1g/cc for water, 2.7 for aluminum or 4.5 for titanium. Steel hovers around 7.8, lead 11.3, gold 18.9, tungsten 19.3, osmium 22.6. Osmium, notably, is over 6 times as dense as diamond. Returning to the article. I'm a bit baffled by the claim that 1090 steel is the hardest metal. It has a Brinell hardness when severely quenched of up to 600, which is about 57 on the Rockwell C scale. Tool steels (AISI M- or T-series) generally reside in the HRC 65-67 range. Maraging steels - which are vastly stronger than 1090 (up to 350,000psi) - have hardnesses in the same range as hard-quenched 1090, but with much greater toughness. Satellites also have a good reputation for hardness. As for the overall hardest metal? I'm not sure, because there are many obscure metals (i.e., rarely seen outside of a lab or niche applications) with which I'm not familiar. Heavy metals like tungsten (not tungsten carbide) can alloy into quite strong and probably hard alloys, and osmium is famously hard. I think its 4GPA hardness is off the Rockwell C chart, but don't quote me. @Post 11: "How high a temperature would you need to forge Alloy 1090? Would you want the hottest flame to get the hardest steel?" Forging - specifically, the act of squishing a solid metal into a desired shape - can be done at room temperature, though higher temperatures may be preferable (if the forging die can handle it) because the metal is softer. For a metal like 1090, you'd probably want to forge it in a soft, annealed state to avoid the cracking you'd find in the fully-hardened state. Subsequently, you'd reheat the forged 1090 and then quench it to a desired temperature (the lower the quench temperature, the harder and more brittle the part). The problem with this approach is the unevenness of heat removal - thin outer sections will be cooled faster than thicker sections, resulting in uneven hardening. You're also likely to see some distortion in the part. The "hottest flame" doesn't matter. After a certain point, the metal will simply melt (and 1090 does not have an impressive melting point.) There are specific changes to metals' crystal structures (varying by alloy) that happen at certain temperatures and at certain speeds. You pick the temperatures, heating rates, hold times, and cooling rates based on the alloy. The methods and conditions selected will differ enormously between alloys and desired properties: a carbon steel's austenitizing/quench-and-temper cycle is much different than the aging process used in maraging steels. Further, for a given alloy, you can often alter properties significantly by changing the heat treating (as I implied above about different cooling rates impacting hardness). anon205524 Post 54 Blah, blah, blah. Ignorance is to be found everywhere on "what is the hardest this or that article." There are several new alloys that are harder than the conventional 1090 carbon steel alloy. Check out any metal supplier and ask for harder than 1090 steel. Elemental tungsten is softer than several steel alloys, it's only the ceramics based on tungsten that are harder than steel alloys, by far. Osmium is not "the strongest." It's the densest, non-radioactive element (not metal alloy) known to man, and it's a metal. It is also the hardest element, but it is extremely brittle. It's not "tough" (fracture resistant) at all compared to softer metals or alloys. Tungsten carbide is a carbide, and all carbides are ceramics, so tungsten carbide is not a metal. Tungsten carbide = WC : one atom of tungsten (W) for one atom of carbon (C) . Steel, for example, is one of many metals with a fine dispersion of carbides, but the amount of metal is so great in proportion to the amount of dispersed carbides (carbide is a ceramic) that it is still considered a metal alloy (carbon can be up to 2 percent in steel more or less). When you up the amount of carbide or any other ceramic in a metal alloy and you reach a certain limit, it is called a metal matrix or metal-ceramic-matrix material (engineering materials that are tough and hard for very specific use). Tungsten carbide is as much a metal as aluminum oxide a.k.a. alumina a.k.a. corundum a.k.a. ruby or sapphire (when found in nature), and everyone knows alumina is a ceramic, even if it's based on aluminum. It doesn't mean because there's a metal in the formula that the end product is a "metal", and the example I gave shows it very well. anon196979 Post 53 pure diamond is the densest material known to man, however diamond has cracks in it so it is not invincible it is often brittle. The true strongest material on earth is super diamond. Super diamond has tiny bubbles in it which makes one crack only a small irritation and is extremely hard to destroy. anon160797 Diamond is the strongest substance but it is not a metal. anon138150 I thought that tungsten was the strongest metal. anon112352 How about titanium diboride and titanium aluminide alloys? anon81482 Post 29 People, stop posting whatever sounds right to you. Look up numbers in engineering sources. Pure Osmium can have a HRC of up to 64 which is higher than any other pure metal I found. It is true that it's not very tough because it's so brittle but it is the hardest. Really old metallurgy texts list 1090 as the hardest steel but modern high speed steels are much harder. One high speed steel called Rex 121 has an HRC of over 70 when heat treated right. I'm sure it is possible to have even harder alloys. Finally, as other people have said, carbides are not metals. anon75019 KD11S Tool Steel has an HRC of about 61. anon72675 Tungsten carbide is a ceramic. Tungtsen is a metal, not an oxide or carbide or whatever; these are ceramics. And tungsten carbide is not the hardest ceramic. It's only one of the most. Osmium isn't "tough" at all, it's very hard and brittle. Iridium is used much more often than osmium for pen tips. And it's not for toughness, but for hardness and wear properties. If you don't believe me, just check out any recent ceramics engineering book. anon66407 Post 26 What about weight? Which metal would be ideal choice, say, for a customized Land Rover Defender? (spare no expense) anon64736 Post 25 Actually tungsten carbide pressed into a solid form is the strongest metal you can find. No steel even comes close. Unless they made some kind of mythic discovery, the hardest steel can be is Rockwell 58 if even that high; it might only be a 56. I can't remember. anon62866 Post 24 Titanium is not the strongest metal. It is often thought of as the strongest but actually it has one of the highest strength to weight ratios. I.e., for a metal that is so light-weight, it is extremely strong. Typically it has a ultimate tensile strength of up to 170,000 psi. Another unique property is that its strength does not deteriorate in high temperature applications. This makes it ideal for use in aerospace, especially engine components. There are many metals much stronger than this. Two stainless steels that come to mind are 17-4PH and 15-5PH which can achieve Ftu of 180,000 to 200,000 psi through heat treatment. Inconel 625 which is used in the aerospace industry, typically in the production of high-strength fasteners used in critical joints can achieve ultimate shear strengths of 220,000 psi. Intermediate alloy steels such as 5Cr-Mo-V has an Ftu of up to 280 ksi. Also low alloy steel such as AISI 4130 used in aircraft landing gear has extremely high bearing strength, tensile and compression strength. Source(s): hamza Post 23 the melting point for normal titanium is 3034f, and the boiling point is 5949f. But titanium carbide is much harder lighter less brittle and doesn't rust. Titanium carbide is ranked 9-9.5 on the mohs scale and its density is 4.93 g/cm3. Titanium carbide's melting point and melting point only is 5720f -- almost as much as normal titanium's boiling point. And, titanium carbide's boiling points is a staggering 8708f. Yes, normal titanium is much weaker than carbon or high carbon steel but when you add carbon to titanium, then you have what i think is the world's strongest, lightest metal. anon54741 For what temperature alloy steel will be used in process piping? anon44073 Post 17 what can I use to make a knife that I can find around the shop? I'm looking for carbon and nickel. anon43511 Post 15 1090 is not by any means the hardest metal or even the hardest steel. 1090 is very ductile, and in the normalized, quenched and tempered state, has a very high modulus of elasticity. This alloy is primarily used for springs. Maximum attainable Rockwell "c" scale is about 42. I know this because I am a tool and die maker and federally certified. anon36851 Post 14 What are the difference between carbon steel and mild steel. advantage and disadvantage, strength and others. thanks anashenwrath Post 11 How high a temperature would you need to forge Alloy 1090? Would you want the hottest flame to get the hardest steel? MacAoda The melting temperature of titanium is 1820F 3308C anon19520 haha.. DragonForce is a metal band anon6134 Post 3 So, you mean to tell me that Dragonforce is not the hardest metal known to man? FireBird 1668°C. Lots of element properties can be found at chemicalelements and webelements. anon2902	Lead
In India, what geographical features are the Ghats?	Cochise College Phy These minerals can be identified by their distinct physical properties. Refer to Photos of Minerals for more visual examples of each of these minerals. Muscovite mica is colorless to a very pale brown in color. It peels easily into very thin, flexible, elastic sheets that are nearly colorless. Muscovite is also known as white mica. Biotite mica ranges from dark brown to black. It also peels in very thin, flexible, elastic sheets like muscovite mica. Biotite is also known as black mica. Sulfur has a distinctive bright lemon yellow color. It may be either transparent or translucent. Sulfur has no cleavage and will break with a conchoidal fracture (shell-like). Sulfur is brittle (breaks easily). It may also have traces of a sulfury odor. Pyrite is also known as "fools gold" because it has a yellow metallic color. Pyrite can be distinguished from native gold by several different properties. Pyrite is much harder than gold; it cannot be scratched by a steel straight pin. Pyrite is brittle; it can be crushed to a powder, whereas gold simply flattens out because it is a metal. A streak test can also distinguish pyrite from gold; pyrite produces a greenish black streak and gold produces a yellow streak. 5. magnetite Magnetite is dark brown to black mineral. It is easy to identify because it is the only common mineral that can be picked up by a magnet. It produces a black streak. Hematite ranges in color from a powdery brownish red to black to a metallic black. A black specimen of hematite can closely resemble magnetite, but hematite is not magnet and it produces a brownish red streak. Powdered hematite is used as rouge. 7. galena Galena has a metallic luster and is gray in color. Its most outstanding feature is its high density; a sample of galena is much heavier than other minerals of the same size. Galena is a lead ore. Galena also has three directions of cleavage at right angles to each other; it breaks into shiny metallic-looking cubes. 8. olivine Olivine is a transparent to translucent mineral with a distinct yellow green color. It often occurs as clusters of small grains in a dark, fine-grained volcanic rock known as a basalt. Olivine grains only rarely get up to pea-sized. Olivine has not cleavage and breaks with a conchoidal fracture. If the material is clear and solid enough, it can be cut and polished and becomes the gemstone olivine. 9. azurite Azurite is a bright blue mineral associated with copper ore. It may occur with green malachite, also a copper ore. It is relatively soft at 3.5 on Mohs scale of hardness. 10. malachite Malachite is a rich green to dark green copper mineral. It can occur on its own or with azurite, a mineral that it is closely related to in chemistry. It is relatively soft at 3.5 on Mohs scale of hardness. 11. talc Talc is the softest mineral; it can be easily scratched with you fingernail. It may have a pearly luster. Talc is often described as having a greasy or soapy feel to it. Talc is commonly white, but can also be a pale green or pale pink. You might get talc and gypsum confused because they can have similar appearances. Gypsum is a soft, light-colored mineral. Its color can be colorless and transparent (selenite) or white, pale pink or pale brown. If crystallized, it displays one direction of excellent cleavage, but the cleavage fragments are much thicker than those of mica and the fragments are not elastic. Generally, it lacks the greasy feel of talc. One form of gypsum tends to form with a fibrous structure (satinspar). 13, 14, 15, and 16 are varieties of the mineral quartz. Milky quartz is white quartz. The white color comes from carbon dioxide gas trapped within the quartz structure. Milky quartz is usually massive, but well well-formed crystals are also common. In the Huachuca mountains, milky quartz occurs a a filling material in fractures (mineral veins). All quartz has a hardness of 7 on Mohs scale of hardness and can easily scratch glass. Milky quartz is shiny and translucent. Quartz has no cleavage and breaks with a fracture that ranges from conchoidal to irregular. Rose quartz is a variety of massive, translucent quartz with a pink color. It has no cleavage, it breaks with a conchoidal fracture, and it has a shiny surface. Depending on quality, it can be used as a gemstone or a decorative garden stone. Two major occurrences of rose quartz are Maine and the Black Hills of South Dakota. 15. amethyst Amethyst is purple quartz. It can occur as well-formed quartz crystals in geodes or deformed crystals in a mineral vein. If the quality is high enough, amethyst is used as a gemstone. The luster of amethyst is usually vitreous (shiny). 16. agate Agate is a cryptocrystalline variety of quartz; this means that the actual fibers of quartz are so small that they can barely be seen with a regular microscope. Agate commonly forms as a series of colored bands and rough agate has a dull to waxy texture. Agate polishes to a high gloss and is a semi-precious gemstone. Orthoclase feldspar is a common silicate mineral. It is responsible for the pink to red colors found in the igneous rock, granite. The most common color of orthoclase is salmon (pinkish orange), but it may also more rarely be white or a pale bluish-green (amazonite). Orthoclase grains are commonly less than one eighth of an inch. Large, pure pieces of orthoclase display two directions of cleavage oriented at right angles to each other. Orthoclase has a hardness of 6 on Mohs scale of hardness and therefore can be scratched by a piece of quartz. 18. calcite Calcite is a very common mineral. The difficulty in identifying it is that can occur in a very large variety of colors and forms. One of the most common forms of calcite crystals are pointy pyramids that resemble a dog's canine tooth (dogtoothspar). Large, pure pieces of crystalline calcite display three directions of cleavage that are inclined (not at 90 degrees). Calcite ranges from transparent to translucent. Colors may be colorless, white, cream, pale yellow, yellow-brown, brown, and even red due to impurities. The easiest way to distinguish calcite is with an acid test; concentrated hydrochloric acid with cause abundant bubbles to form as it reacts with the calcite. It is sometimes easy to mistake fluorite for calcite on a quick examination. However, if you pay careful attention, fluorite has four directions of cleavage compared to three directions of cleavage for calcite. Fluorite is also harder than calcite (4 on Mohs scale of hardness) and can scratch a piece of calcite. Fluorite is often more colorful than calcite and can be purple, green, yellow, pink, brown, or colorless and may even show two or more colors on the same specimen. Fluorite crystals are usually cubes or octahedrons. Above all, fluorite does not fizz in contact with hydrochloric acid. 20. graphite Graphite is a very soft, dark gray mineral with a semi-metallic luster. It has a greasy feel and you can write on a piece of paper with it. It is this last physical property that is responsible for this mineral being used in pencils.	i don't know
In 'Arthurian' legend, who was the father of Sir Galahad?	Sir Galahad \| King Arthur & The Knights of the Round Table Sir Galahad Galahad was the natural son of Launcelot. His name may be of Welsh origin or come from the place name Gilead in Palestine. His mother was Elaine, and he was placed in a nunnery as a child, being that the abbess there was his great aunt. One day a sword in a stone was seen in a river by Arthur's knights, and it was said that only the world's best knight could pull out the sword. Galahad was led into Arthur's court where he sat in the Siege Perilous and then drew the sword out. It was later on when the Grail appeared in a vision at Arthur's court that Galahad was one of the three knights chosen to undertake the Quest for the Holy Grail. He was given a white shield, made by Evelake, with a red cross which Joseph of Arimathea had drawn in blood. In the course of the Quest he joined up with Percivale, Bors, and Percivale's sister. On board Solomon's ship, Galahad obtained the Sword of David, and after the death of Percivale's sister the trio split up for a while and Galahad traveled with his father, Launcelot. When the three rejoined forces they came to Carbonek and achieved the Grail. Galahad mended the broken sword, and therefore, He was allowed to see the Grail. After beholding the Holy Grail, Galahad requested of Joseph of Arimathea that he die, which request was granted unto him. Galahad was always known as the "Perfect Knight". He was "perfect" in courage, gentleness, courtesy, and chivalry.	Lancelot
The ancient region of Mesopotamia is now part of which middle eatern country?	The Quest Fulfilled - Arthurian Legend Arthurian Legend The legend of King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table A comprehensive guide into Arthurian Legends. The life of King Arthur, Sir Lancelot, Queen Guinevere, Merlin & The Knights Of The Round Table. The Quest Fulfilled Lugodoc’s summary of Book 17 – The Quest Fulfilled After rescuing Percivale from the twenty knights at the beginning of Book 14, Galahad rode into the waste forest, where he had more adventures than are worth trying to summarise (presumably including finding the scabbard of the Sword of Avelion, that Merlin had left on the island of the six inch wide iron bridge at the end of Book 2). Eventually he found himself helping a castle to lift a siege, and that it happened that the seige was was being laid by his uncle Ector, and Gawaine. With the magic Sword of Avelion, he dealt Gawaine a head wound that would leave him bed-ridden for a month, and then Galahad disappeared without even announcing himself. Near Castle Corbin, in the hermitage of Sir Ulfin, he was summoned by a mysterious gentlewoman (who later turned out to be Percivale’s sister) and led to the seaside, where they both joined Percivale and Bors aboard the priest’s boat, and set sail away from Logris. After introductions, they eventually found themselves between two huge rocks in a swell, alongside Solomon’s fifteen-hundred year-old magic boat. Once aboard, Percivale’s curiously knowlegeble sister told them its entire, twisted history (recounted in the Prologues). Only Galahad succeeded in drawing the Sword of David from its hemp scabbard, and Percivale’s sister gave him new girdles, woven from her own hair and gold, and renamed it the “Sword with the Strange Girdles”, and named the scabbard “Mover of Blood”. Destiny fulfilled, they returned to the priest’s boat and sailed away, leaving Solomon’s magic ship to look after itself. The trio came to land by Castle Carteloise in Scotland, and quickly slaughtered every inhabitant. A priest then told them this was appropriate because the rightful ruler, Lord Earl Hernox, had been imprisoned by his three sons when he learned they had been raping their own sister. They followed a white hart and four lions that turned into two men, another lion, an eagle, and an ox that passed through a glass window without breaking it in some peculiar allegory of the anunciation. Then they stumbled across the same castle that Balin and the nameless damosel had visited in Book 2, and hacked to death dozens of knights for demanding virgin blood off Percivale’s sister to heal the lady within, who was still sick after over four decades. Percivale’s sister nobly decided to bleed for them voluntarily, but the lady stayed sick and Percivale’s sister tragically died. They set her corpse adrift in a barge, clutching a letter of explanation, and during the following thunderstorm, Bors rode off to save a passing knight from another knight and his dwarf. When Galahad and Percivale returned to the Castle of Blood, they found that those they hadn’t killed earlier were now dead by the storm, and exploring, found the tombs of all the previously drained maidens. Then Galahad and Percival went their separate ways, sobbing. After much fruitless wandering, Launcelot was eventually led by a voice to the barge, where he found Percivale’s dead sister, read the note, and lived for a month on Holy Ghost grace. Then Galahad appeared, and father and son (and corpse) sailed off for six months, having many adventures amongst wild beasts on distant islands, until one Monday, a mysterious white knight summoned Galahad away into the forest to his destiny, and Launcelot sailed on alone, never to see his son again. After another month at sea with the rotting remains of Percivale’s dead sister, Launcelot landed by a castle (which later turned out to be Corbin), and after being disarmed by a dwarf, walked in past two lions and all its sleeping inhabitants, until he was paralysed by the Sangreal for trying to help a feeble old priest. After twenty-four days in a coma (one for every year he had been adulterous with Guenevere) he woke up, and there was King Pelles, who told him that he had seen as much of the Sangreal as he was ever going to, and that his daughter Elaine (who had ravished Launcelot and given birth to Galahad) was now dead. Four days later, Launcelot’s brother Ector rode up and knocked on the door, but the castle would not let him in, and so he rode off in despair. The next morning, Launcelot left himself, for Camelot. On his way he stopped off at the White Abbey, and discovered that Bagdemagus had eventually recovered from his wounds at the hands of the white knight (in Book 13), only to be – reportedly – slain by Gawaine. When he finally returned to Camelot, a year after having left it on the quest, he found Arthur and Guenevere well, but fully half of the 150 round table knights dead or still missing, including Galahad, Percivale, and Bors. Amongst those already returned safely were his brother Ector, Gawaine, and Lionel. [Editor’s note: after this, the narrative implodes somewhat. It becomes highly uncertain as to exactly who is the Maimed King, what sword goes where, exactly what the Sangreal is, and how anyone can tell when it is eventually achieved. Several cursory and puzzling references are made to events that that may or may not have been introduced earlier in the narrative. It is as if Malory was getting bored trying to make sense of his huge pile of assorted myth fragments and just threw everything in that was still left.] After leaving his father and riding into the forest, Galahad was lost for a long time, until he came across the abbey where the four-hundred year old blind King Mordrains had retired after fixing the Sword of David in the prologues. After one greeting, he died, and Galahad buried him, moving on to extinguish a burning well. Then he rode on to the White Abbey to witness Bagdemagus’ tomb and to extinguish the flames in the tomb of Simeon – where his father had failed at some point – and possibly another tomb too, before riding on. After five days, Galahad, Percivale, and Bors found themselves all together again at Castle Corbin, with King Pelles and his son Eliazar, where Galahad repaired the sword that had maimed Joseph, and they were joined at dinner by three similar trios from Gaul (including King Claudas’ son, Claudine), Ireland, and Denmark. Then the Maimed King was carried in. Pelles and Eliazar left (which would make the Maimed King the old King Pellam wounded by Balin with his own spear in Book 2, and not a mis-print of King Pelles at all), and Joseph of Aramathie appeared, dressed as a bishop. There followed a major scene, heavily based on the Christian mass, involving glowing babies turning into bread. Then Joseph left and Jesus came out of the “holy vessel” in person, and Galahad “received his saviour”. After a mission briefing for his twelve new disciples, Jesus declared that the Sangreal would now leave Logris, never to return. He blessed them all and vanished, leaving behind some of his blood on the Spear of Longinus. Galahad did as he was told, and used the spear to heal the Maimed King, who then became a white monk. The other nine Sangreal-questers went their ways, and following voices in their heads, Galahad, Percivale, and Bors left Castle Corbin for the seaside, where three days later they once again boarded Solomon’s magic boat and found the silver table they thought they had left with the Maimed King, with the Sangreal on it, covered in red samite. They sailed far away, to the city of Sarras (where, long ago, Joseph of Aramathie had converted King Evelake to Christianity), where they found the boat with Percivale’s dead sister aboard, healed a passing cripple, and buried her. But then, the evil pagan king, Estorause, threw them all in jail. A year later he felt ill, released them, asked for forgiveness, and died. The people made Galahad king (instead of killing him). He put the Sangreal in a silver chest, and after a year in charge of Sarras, he was visited by another holy virgin, old Joseph of Aramathie again, who accompanied his soul to heaven. Thus died Sir Galahad. Then Percivale and Bors saw an enormous hand come down and grab the Sangreal and the spear, and carry them away, never to be seen again. After burying Galahad by his sister, Percivale became a white monk and entered a monastery for fourteen months. Then he died himself, and Bors buried him by them both. Then, realising how far he was from home, he found a ship and sailed back to Logris. On Bors’ return to Camelot (after nearly five years away without news) there was much rejoicing, and after the festivities, King Arthur ordered clerks to write down everything that Bors had to say about his own adventures, the Sangreal, Launcelot, Percivale, Galahad et al, and then had it all sent to Salisbury. Everyone was united in grief over the deaths of Galahad and Percivale, and Bors and Launcelot swore eternal friendship. And that was the end of the quest for the Sangreal. At A Glance Book 17 Chapter Summary 1. How Sir Galahad fought at a tournament, and how he was known of Sir Gawaine and Sir Ector de Maris. 2. How Sir Galahad rode with a damosel, and came to the ship whereas Sir Bors and Sir Percivale were in. 3. How Sir Galahad entered into the ship, and of a fair bed therein, with other marvellous things, and of a sword. 4. Of the marvels of the sword and of the scabbard. 5. How King Pelles was smitten through both thighs because he drew the sword, and other marvellous histories. 6. How Solomon took David’s sword by the counsel of his wife, and of other matters marvellous. 7. A wonderful tale of King Solomon and his wife. 8. How Galahad and his fellows came to a castle, and how they were fought withal, and how they slew their adversaries, and other matters. 9. How the three knights, with Percivale’s sister, came unto the same forest, and of an hart and four lions, and other things. 10. How they were desired of a strange custom, the which they would not obey; wherefore they fought and slew many knights. 11. How Sir Percivale’s sister bled a dish full of blood for to heal a lady, wherefore she died; and how that the body was put in a ship. 12. How Galahad and Percivale found in a castle many tombs of maidens that had bled to death. 13. How Sir Launcelot entered into the ship where Sir Percivale’s sister lay dead, and how he met with Sir Galahad, his son. 14. How a knight brought unto Sir Galahad a horse, and bade him come from his father, Sir Launcelot. 15. How Sir Launcelot was tofore the door of the chamber wherein the Holy Sangreal was. 16. How Sir launcelot had lain four-and-twenty days and as many nights as a dead man, and other divers matters. 17. How Sir Launcelot returned towards Logris, and of other adventures which he saw in the way. 18. How Galahad came to King Mordrains, and of other matters and adventures. 19. How Sir Percivale and Sir Bors met with Sir Galahad, and how they came to the castle of Carbonek, and other matters. 20. How Galahad and his fellows were fed of the Holy Sangreal, and how Our Lord appeared to them, and other things. 21. How Galahad anointed with the blood of the spear the Maimed King, and of other adventures. 22. How they were fed with the Sangreal while they were in prison, and how Galahad was made king. 23. Of the sorrow that Percivale and Bors made when Galahad was dead: and of Percivale how he died, and other matters. Arthurian Legend	i don't know
Which is the lowest card used in the game of Bezique?	How to Play Bezique \| HowStuffWorks How to Play Bezique NEXT PAGENEXT Bezique, the forerunner of the card game Pinochle, was invented in the early 1800s in Sweden. By the 1850s, it was a hit all across Europe, and it soon arrived in America. It's still widely enjoyed in Britain. Over the years there have been many exciting variations of Bezique. In this article, you will. learn how to play classic Bezique, Rubicon Bezique, and Chinese Bezique. Let's get started with traditional Bezique: Number of players: Two Card Term Glossary Here's a quick reference for some of the card language you will find in this article. Follow suit: To play a card of the suit led. Lead: To play the first card to a trick. Marriage: A meld consisting of the king and queen. Meld: A combination of cards with scoring value, generally three or more cards in sequence in one suit or all of the same rank; also, to show or play such a combination. Stock: The undealt cards available for future use. Table: The playing area; also, to lay down a meld on the playing area. Trick: A round of cards played, one from each player's hand. Trump: A suit designated to be higher ranking than any other suit; any card in that suit. Also, to play a trump card on a trick. Upcard: The first card turned up after a deal, often to begin play or initiate a discard pile. For a complete listing of card terminology, click here . Object: To score points by melding and by taking tricks containing aces and 10s (brisques). The cards: Two sets of 32 cards, consisting of aces through 7s, are shuffled together into one 64-card deck. Cards rank -- from high to low -- A-10-K-Q-J-9-8-7. To play: Deal eight cards to each player, in groups of three, two, and three, and then turn up a card. This "upcard" will designate which suit will be trump. Place that card face up and so that it is slightly sticking out from under the draw pile. If the trump upcard is a 7, dealer scores 10 points immediately. Nondealer starts play by leading any card. At this stage of play, and as long as there remain cards to draw, you are not obliged to follow suit; you may play any of your cards. The highest trump in a trick wins it, or, if there is no trump card, the highest card of the suit led wins it. When two identical cards contend for the same trick (for example, two 10s), the first one played wins the trick. The winner of each trick scores 10 points for each ace or 10 (also called a "brisque") it contains, and may also table one meld. (You may tally the 10 points for a 7 of trumps along with a meld, and if you table the first 7 of trumps you may also trade it for the trump upcard.) Tally all points when you meld as you score them (see "Melds in Bezique" table below). Tally brisques at the end of the hand. Both players take a new card from the stock, with the winner of the previous trick drawing first and then leading to the next trick. Melded cards stay on the table until the stock is used up, but you may still play them on tricks. A card you meld one time can be used again, but only in a different meld and only with a winning trick. For example: Q melds with K in a marriage and can also meld later for 60 points with Q-- Q. But it can't meld with a second K -- a completely new pair is needed to score the second marriage. When only the upcard and one draw card remain, the upcard goes to the trick-loser. Put your remaining melded cards back in your hand, with the winner of the previous trick taking the last draw card and leading to the next trick. In the play of the final eight cards, each player must follow suit and also must win a trick whenever possible. Whoever wins the final trick scores an extra 10 points. ©2006 Publications International, Ltd. lead, though it gives opponent the chance to win a brisque. Instead, you could try either J, but as a card of lower rank, it is a more likely loser. Scoring: The first player to accumulate 1,000 points -- or any other agreed-upon sum -- wins. Tips: The play in Bezique has 32 tricks, in which your opponent will try to trump any ace or 10 you lead. Therefore, you should save your 10s to win lower cards when your opponent leads. Meanwhile, there's usually a difficult suit for your opponent to win tricks in. Even if you lead low cards of that suit, it may cause discomfort: Players want to hold on to melding cards (aces, kings, queens, the 10 and jack of trumps, and Q and J for a possible 500-point double bezique). Yet each player can hold just eight cards! If you have a big meld near the end of the game -- for example, Q- Q- J- J -- you may not have time to meld it in two stages to score an extra 40 points. Your opponent may see through that plan and prevent you from winning a second trick and the additional 500 points. Now that you've learned the basics of classic Bezique, move on to the next section to discover two challenging variations -- Rubicon Bezique and Classic Bezique. Up Next	7
"""On a dark desert highway, cool wind in my hair"", are the opening lines of which pop song?"	Rules of Card Games: Bezique Home Page > Classified Index > Trick Taking Games > Ace-Ten Games > Marriage Group > Bezique Bezique Bezique originated in France in the early 19th century as Bésigue. It was extremely fashionable in Britain in the early 20th century, and was Winston Churchill's favourite card game. Although its popularity declined in the late 20th century, it still has many devoted players. Bezique is a two-player card game, and the basic version is played with a double pack of 64 cards (two copies of A-K-Q-J-10-9-8-7 in each suit). In its heyday, variations for larger numbers of cards were invented. The American game Pinochle is very similar in structure, especially in its two-player form . Sharon Clarke's description of Bezique: The Card Game is published on the BBC web site. Here is an archive copy of Chris Herring's rules for Six Pack Bezique . Howard Fosdick's web site has rules of Bezique and Polish Bezique . Rules of Bezique are available on the Card Game Heaven site. Jean-François Bustarret's site has rules in French version for Bésigue . Here is a page describing a version of Bésigue played in Haiti. A shareware Bezique program which supports network and offline play is available from Meggiesoft Games. A free trial version is available. A shareware Bezique program for Windows is available from Games Galore. A free trial version is available. The Cardmaster package includes a 4-pack Rubicon Bezique computer program.	i don't know
Who wrote the novel 'Do Anderoids Dream Of Electric Sheep', the basis of the screenplay for the film 'Blade Runner'?	Adapting Do Androids Dream Of Electric Sheep English Literature Essay Adapting Do Androids Dream Of Electric Sheep English Literature Essay Published: Last Edited: 23rd March, 2015 This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Philip K. Dick has been described by some reviewers as the best writer in science fiction. His novel "Do Androids dream of electric sheep?" is a science fiction which amalgamates technology, intense drama, philosophy and other crucial human concerns. It talks about a fierce World War that was intensively fought that humankind was endangered with extinction and thus fled to planet Mars. In order to obtain some workforce, companies built incredibly realistic simulacra such as sheep and even 'made' human beings as illustrated by the San Francisco 2021 situation. As a result, the emigrants to mars could not be distinguished from some other artificial human beings, androids, whom governments on earth were afraid of. The novel thus describes the fight and antagonism between androids and real human beings with Rick Deckard, a police officer, playing a very central role in the fight. It must be insisted that the last fifty pages are so much moving. On the other hand, the movie is based on a cyberpunk futuristic vision; just like the novel upon which it was based. In this vision, human beings create 'human replicants' with fixed life spans and these 'replicants' are useful in the colonization of the off-earth planets. To terminate these human representations, a blade runner, also a police officer, specializes in 'retiring' them. At his retirement, he was recalled to work so as to terminate other six 'replicants' which landed on earth from far away colonies. In literary symbolic terms, if Ridley Scott were to produce a 'literary replicant' of Philip K. Dick's novel, there could probably have been worse effects than those experienced in the 2019 Los Angeles at the return of the techno-humans. In other words, inclusion of every novel detail would have meant involvement of Dick in the production process. The film per se was not an enactment of the novel but was based on the novel as evident in the details herein. Most literary analysts generally agree that the film "Blade Runner" is based on Philip K. Dick's novel "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" (Sammon 320) originally published in 1968. DISCUSSION In order to establish whether Ridley Scott's 1982 film, the Blade Runner made use of Philip K. Dick's novel, it is important to know the situation surrounding the film's establishment. It is reported that the film company had bought another novel's rights and thus changed most of the original ideas. The concept remained the same though. There are two camps in the debate of whether Philip K. Dick's ideas have been well featured in the film or it was a dire injustice by the film company in the omission of the 1968 idea. The first proposition should not be very disputable; that the movie Blade Runner is based on the novel. The concern only seems to surround the extent to which all ideas have been entrenched. In the view of this analysis, it does not conceptually appear that the original idea was altered; though that may manifest as face value. The answer could probably be magnified by the extrapolation of the idea that if Dick could represent future technology in a 20th century book, why could a movie based on the same futuristic concept not omit some aspects, incorporate others in the recent times (Because the movie should be watched by present-day human beings) and retain the original line of thought? According to Westfahl (776), the Blade Runner was inspired by Philip K. Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? In literary terms therefore, the novel was adapted for the film. In elucidating the approaches to adaptation, Blakesley and Hoogeveen (113) wrote that the following factors should be put into perspective: Fidelity, interpretation and inspiration. In this case, both subjects have fiction as their inspiration while the thematic ends seem to converge. The movie has also used almost exactly the same names for characters. This good adaptation effort led Kerman (91) to write that "And, had he lived to see the completed film made from his novel, Philip K. Dick might have said much the same thing, as some of his work certainly lives in Ridley Scott's movieâ€¦.What Dick did know of the film- its shooting script, its stars, and some of its special effects- pleased him tremendouslyâ€¦" There are many aspects of discussion regarding the extent to which the film drew from the novel. These range from themes, characterization, plot, conceptualization and the fictional genre basis. The concern of this write up is however only to elucidate how the film's cast is a representation of the original Philip K. Dick's novel characters. A brief glimpse across the two works provide that the film's characters such as Rick Deckard, Rachael, Roy Batty, Pris and Gaff are represented by Harrison Ford, Sean Young, Rutger Hauer, Daryl Hannah and Edward James Olmos respectively . This aspect is probably the most relevant as far as adaptation of Philip K. Dick's novel is concern. From the onset, it has to be noted that while the Philip K. Dick used the term 'androids' to refer to the 'artificial humans' (Dick 2), Ridley Scott uses the term 'replicants' to refer to them. Nevertheless, their role is the same and this does not change anything in the thematic intentions of the authors. The main character is Rick Deckard. In the novel's first chapter, we discover that Deckard is married to Iran and keeps an 'electric sheep' on the roof since he could not afford a 'real sheep'. Actually, the novel got part of its name from this scenario. In the film, Rick Deckard is represented by Harrison Ford. While the Deckard in the novel is married, the action Deckard is divorced. Their roles do not change however. The similarity in characterization is much evident in the person of Rachael. In both the novel and the film, she is not a real human being. She is respectively an android and a replicant. To determine whether an individual was a human being or not, a Voight-Kampff test was carried out. This was one of the chief responsibilities of a Blade Runner. In the novel, this test proven Deckard as a human person while in the film perspective, the character's humanity is questionable. Moreover, a juxtaposition of his role is crystal clear. The film has also succeeded to adapt the roles of the other novel characters such as Luba Luft, Pris, J.R. Isidore and Eldon Rosen. In the film, the latter has been incorporated as Eldon Tyrell. A single type of fate befalls J. R. Isidore (novel) who could not be allowed to leave the earth due to his low Intelligence Quotient. In the film, the character who assumes the names J. R. Sebastian, is a first-rate genetic engineer who could not leave the earth because of the Methuselah Syndrome. Pris also appear in both works as the android version of Rachael (novel) and as a lover of replicant Roy Batty in the film. Luba Luft or Zhora is also seen to play complementary role of singing in the novel and dancing in the film. Daryl Hannah and Joanna Cassidy perform as Pris ans Zhora respectively. CONCLUSION The novel "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" is a futuristic science-fiction description of the effects that technology brought about on an American society. Published in 1968 under Philip K. Dick's authorship, the book combines technology, philosophy, religion and science among other things. Later in the early 1980's, Scott Ridley's screenplay was established as an enactment of Dick's concept. Since then, there has been raging debate on the appropriateness with which the novel was adapted into a movie. One camp postulates that the film lost touch with the contents of the novel. The other camp however feels that the film was a satisfactory enactment of Philip K. Dick's novel. So which camp is right? In taking a stance in this academic opinion, rules of adaptation were considered. It was found out that as long as the 'adapter' remained faithful to the original author, interpreted the contents well and was inspired in the same way, no rule could be breached. Above all, it was considered the nature of the genre and an extra philosophical transcendence could be a reason for omission of some ancient perspectives in the adaptation of the main concept. This was successfully done through the aspect of characterization as a juxtaposition of Dick's concept into the Blade Runner. The names of the characters remained the same, their roles and also their ironical being; the very nature of Philip K. Dick.	Philip K. Dick
The creature, the Loris, is related to which animal?	Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? 6 - Walmart.com Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? 6 This item is not available for shipping. Pickup not available Pickup Find We can't find any pickup locations near the location you entered. Check your information and try again. This item is not available for pickup or at any of the Walmarts within 50 miles of your location. Add to List Back to top About this item Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the displayed country of origin information may not be accurate or consistent with manufacturer information. For updated, accurate country of origin data, it is recommended that you rely on product packaging or manufacturer information. About this item Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the displayed country of origin information may not be accurate or consistent with manufacturer information. For updated, accurate country of origin data, it is recommended that you rely on product packaging or manufacturer information. The book that inspired the film Blade Runner comes to comics Worldwide bestselling science fiction writer Philip K. Dick's award-winning DO ANDROIDS DREAM OF ELECTRIC SHEEP? has been called "a masterpiece ahead of its time, even today," and served as the basis for the film Blade Runner. BOOM Studios is honored to present the complete novel transplanted into the graphic novel medium, mixing all new panel-to-panel continuity with the actual text from the novel in an innovative, groundbreaking series. Volume 6 of 6. Specifications	i don't know
England cricketer Andrew Caddick was born in which country?	Andrew Caddick \| International Cricket Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia 44/– Source: CricInfo , 4 August 2009 Andrew Richard Caddick (born 21 November 1968 in Christchurch, New Zealand ) is a retired cricketer who played for England as a fast-medium bowler . At 6 ft 5in, Caddick was a successful bowler for England for a decade, taking 13 five-wicket hauls in Test matches . He spent his entire English domestic first-class cricket career at Somerset County Cricket Club, and then played one Minor Counties match for Wiltshire in 2009. Contents Career Early career Caddick was born in Christchurch, New Zealand to English parents, and educated at Papanui High School.[4] As a youngster, he modelled his bowling action on that of Richard Hadlee . He appeared three times for New Zealand Young Cricketers, all of his appearances coming in February 1988. His performances were unremarkable, the highlight being an unbeaten 20 with the bat and bowling figures of 1/16 off three overs in the first One Day International (ODI) against the touring India Under 19 team. In spite of his modest figures in the two matches against the Indians, he retained his place for the first match of the McDonald's Bicentennial Youth World Cup. However, after struggling with 0/39[8] he lost his place, and did not appear for New Zealand again. Frustration at what he saw as a lack of opportunities to be selected for the New Zealand Test side drove him to try his luck in England, something New Zealand captain Ken Rutherford would later rue, commenting that "he slipped through the net and given our lack of depth we can ill afford to lose players like him". He played a handful of games for Middlesex Second XI in late 1988 and early 1989, taking 17 wickets in four matches for them at 26.71. On his Somerset Second XI debut in June 1989, Caddick took 8/46 in Surrey Second XI's first innings. He was restricted to playing in the Second XI Championship for the 1990 and 1991 seasons, as Jimmy Cook was the club's overseas player and Caddick had yet to serve his four years to qualify as an English player. In spite of this, he made his first-class debut for Somerset against the West Indians in May 1991, but his only further match of the season was against the touring Sri Lankans in the August. His County Championship debut and breakthrough came in the 1992 season, with Caddick immediately amongst the wickets, taking 4/96 against Gloucestershire. Later in the season, he took his maiden 10 wicket haul against Kent, and finished the season with a respectable 71 wickets at 27.01. He impressed the right people and was rewarded with his county cap, and a place in the England A squad touring Australia. He shone on the tour, finishing with a first-class bowling average of 28.60, by far the best on the England team. A strong start to the following season, including a career best 9/32 in the second innings of a match against Lancashire, saw him called up to the Test and one-day squads for the 1993 Ashes series. Achievements Man of the Match awards Man of the Match Awards – International Cricket Andy Caddick has won 3 Man of the Match awards in Test cricket. No	New Zealand
Although the names of the four Scottish 'Quarter Days' have remained the same, on which date of the respective months do they fall?	England wins two-day Test - Telegraph England wins two-day Test By David Millward 12:00AM BST 19 Aug 2000 ENGLAND, in recent years the joke of world cricket, demolished the West Indies yesterday in two days of the fourth Test at Headingley. Inspired by the controlled hostility of pace bowlers Darren Gough and Andrew Caddick, England bowled out the West Indies for 61 in just over two hours, winning by an innings and 39 runs. The result, which gave England a 2-1 lead with only the Oval Test to go, underlined both the improvement of the team in recent months and the dramatic decline of the West Indies. While Nasser Hussain, the England captain, and his team were celebrating their victory, it was bad news for cricket authorities who will have to refund tickets bought for the rest of the match. With the Edgbaston and Lords matches having only lasted three days each, the traditionally money-spinning series is threatening to be a financial disaster. England's victory was the first two-day finish in Test cricket since 1946, when Australia defeated New Zealand by an innings and 103 runs at Wellington. It was also the first in this country since Australia's 10-wicket victory over England at Trent Bridge in 1921. To the delight of the Headingley crowd it was three Yorkshiremen who were largely instrumental in sealing the victory: Craig White, who took five wickets in the first innings, Michael Vaughan and Gough. Related Articles Vaughan, aided by Graham Hick, notched his highest Test score of 76 to steer England to a 100-run first innings lead. Then Barnsley-born Gough ripped through the West Indies top order, claiming Sherwin Campbell, Adrian Griffith, Wavell Hinds and Brian Lara in swift succession. Caddick, of Somerset, then produced one of the most memorable overs in Test history, dismissing Ridley Jacobs, Nixon McLean, Curtly Ambrose and Reon King. The end came when Courtney Walsh, whose prowess with the ball is not matched by his ability with a bat, came to the crease. He played a few token shots before his middle stump was struck by Caddick. Hussain, whose captaincy appears to have instilled an aggression in the team which has been lacking for years, said: "I think in the last two days we have been as good as we can be. It's unbelievable." Jimmy Adams, the West Indies captain, who watched his side crumble for the second time in successive Tests, paid tribute to England's performance. He said: "They battled well, but having said that we did not bat well in either innings. That was the difference between the two teams."	i don't know
Which city is served by Lester B. Pearson Airport?	Toronto Airport Information - Information about YYZ Airport Near Toronto Pearson International Airport Toronto Airport Information Toronto Pearson International Airport: 6301 Silver Dart Dr, Mississauga, ON L5P 1B2, Canada Search Airport Hotels Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport Overview Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport is usually referred to by the shorter name Toronto Pearson International Airport. The airport is located over 20 miles to the Northwest of the Toronto, Ontario city center. The airport is named for Lester Pearson who served as Prime Minister of Canada for many years. With a passenger load in excess of 33 million people, Toronto Pearson is the busiest airport in the nation of Canada. The airport is also quite large in land size, and it is Canada’s largest airport in area as well. This airport is the major hub of airport activity in Canada. History of the Toronto Pearson Airport The airport’s history dates back to 1937 when several tracts of land were purchased for the purpose of airport construction. The airport was officially opened in 1938 with an old farmhouse serving as the airport’s first terminal building. At this time, the airport was known as Malton Airport. Later in 1938, a second terminal was built, and two runways were constructed. The first passenger flights landed at the airport in the summer of 1938. During the World War II period, the airport was used as a base for military pilot training. Pilots trained at this airport came from all across the nations of the British Commonwealth. After the war, the airport continued to expand with the addition of another terminal facility. The runways were also expanded at this time. In 1960, the name of the airport was changed to Toronto International Airport. The current Terminal 1 building was built in the 1960s, and Terminal 2 was built in 1972. The 1980s and 90s brought more changes to the airport. In 1984, the airport took its current name. Terminal 3 was opened in 1991. Terminals Currently, Toronto Pearson operates two functioning terminals designated Terminal 1 and Terminal 3. There are five operating runways. The longest runway is 11,120 feet in length while the shortest is 9,000 feet in length. There is a lot to do at Toronto Pearson while waiting for a flight. Art is a major attraction at the airport. The airport conducted a major art competition in 2000 for works to put on permanent display. Eight works were eventually chosen, and travelers can see these works displayed in Terminal 1 and Terminal 3. Throughout Terminal 1, passengers will find several exhibits detailing the art and history of Canada. These displays change throughout the year. Some past exhibits included Canadian sports and photography. Besides art, Terminal 1 has a dinosaur exhibit. The major attraction of this exhibit is a complete Allosaurus skeleton that is on display. There is an interesting exhibit located in Terminal 3 called Toronto on Film. This exhibit tells the story of how the city of Toronto was featured in various movies. For travelers who want to stay connected to the Internet, Toronto Pearson has free Wi-Fi Internet access. This service is available in both terminals. There are two interfaith chapels for prayer and reflection. There is a chapel in each terminal, and Catholic and Protestant services are held in each chapel each day of the week. Transportation Passengers who need to travel between Terminal 1 and Terminal 3 may use the LINK Train. These trains also connect passengers to the parking lots. Trains run so that passengers wait no longer than seven minutes for a train. Valet parking is available curbside. Express Park is for parking under three hours. Daily Park and the Value Park Garage offer short and long-term parking. Airlines Serving Toronto Airport Overview Toronto’s Lester B. Pearson International Airport is an important transportation hub for Air Transat, Sunwing Airlines, and WestJet Airlines. These airlines are famous for offering more than 750 daily flights to popular destinations located in Austrasia, the Caribbean, Europe, and North America. They are also famous for offering travelers fantastic customer service that can help you take the stress out of planning a trip abroad. Here is some background information about each of these airlines’ services and destinations that can help you plan your next trip from the downtown Toronto area efficiently. Air Transat Air Transat is a Quebec-based airline that offers Pearson International Airport’s largest selection of commercial flights. Most of Air Transat’s typical customers are business travelers and vacationers who are searching for efficient ways to travel to popular destinations located in Europe and North America. Air Transat currently offers more than 125 flights each day to popular destinations including London’s Gatwick Airport, Glasgow’s International Airport, and Orlando, Florida. These flights offer travelers flexible afternoon schedules, gourmet meals, cocktails and other amenities that make traveling abroad a pleasant experience. Air Transat also offers more than 80 seasonal flights each summer to popular holiday destinations including Barcelona, Dublin, and Paris. Most of these flights offer flexible summer schedules that can help you make connections to popular vacation destinations located in the Canary Islands, France, and Scotland. Sunwing Airlines: Sunwing Airlines is a Toronto-based regional airline that is one of Pearson International Airport’s flagship airlines. It operates its national headquarters and largest customer service center about 300 meters to the right of Pearson Airport’s Terminal 3. Sunwing Airlines also offers travelers nearly 90 flights each day that travel from Pearson International Airport to popular destinations including Rome, Las Vegas, and Vancouver. Most of these flights offer travelers daytime scheduling, reclining seats and wireless Internet service that offer everything needed to relax during your flight. WestJet Airlines WestJet Airlines is a Calgary-based budget airline that was one of the first airlines to offer flights from Pearson International Airport. It currently operates an aviation maintenance yard about 600 meters north of Pearson International Airport’s runways. WestJet Airlines offers passengers more than 100 daily flights that travel to popular destinations including Sydney, New York City, and Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Most of these flights offer travelers televisions, a large dinner menu, and other perks that are a tremendous value. Travelers can learn more details about these perks when they visit the WestJet Airlines Customer Care Center located about 500 feet to the right of Pearson International Airport’s main entrance.	CKVR-DT
"Which poem in five sections, first published in 1922, was described by the poet as ""..just a piece of rhythmic grumbling""?"	Booking.com: Hotels near Toronto Pearson International Airport YYZ, Canada. Book your hotel now! More properties near YYZ - Toronto Pearson International Airport We've negotiated with thousands of hotels to get the very best deals. We call them Secret Deals and they only last for a limited time. You can get these deals for free by subscribing to our newsletters. You can even choose your favourite destinations to receive personalised deals. Get started now by entering your email address. We'll instantly send you a link to our Deal Finder! Don't worry – your email address is safe with us. We'll never share your private information and you can unsubscribe at any time. Sign up for our newsletter and get the first pick on discounts of 20% or more! Please enter a working email address Sorry, it seems as though you’ve subscribed several times already. This may be a glitch, so please try again later. Sorry, we’ve encountered an error. Please try again later. My first name is	i don't know
Phyllophobia is the fear of what?	No Questions Quiz 62 Answers - No Questions Quiz 1 Answers No Questions Quiz 1 Answers Similar ^ No Questions Quiz 62 Answers 1 In Globe Arizona it's illegal to play cards in the street with who American Indian 2 What is the most common mammal in the UK Brown Rat 3 Name the second most commonly spoken language in Australia Italian 4 Which athletic event requires five judges Triple Jump 5 Victoria is the only Australian state without what Letter S in name 6 What TV show was set in Wentworth Detention Centre Prisoner Cell Block H 7 In the rhyme about magpies what do 5 represent Silver 8 Who voiced Mr Spock in the cartoon version of Star Trek Leonard Nimoy 9 Europhobia is the fear of what Female Genitals 10 In Maryland it's illegal play what Randy Newman song on radio Short People 11 In Greek mythology who was the first woman Pandora 12 Which timepiece has the most moving parts Egg timer 13 What is the official language of Egypt Arabic 14 Which literary character lives at 4 Privet Road Harry Potter 15 Rio's Maracarria stadium has what unusual feature A Moat 16 What natural phenomenon can never be seen at noon Rainbow - sun must be 40 deg or less 17 In Elizabethan England rich people carried their own folding what Spoons to Banquets 18 In ancient China what was hung outside a bad doctors house Lantern for each dead patient 19 In the Balanta tribe women stayed married until what happened Wedding dress wore out 20 In Massachusetts it's illegal to wear what without a licence Goatee 21 Suzy was a star of a 60s TV show what character did she play Flipper the dolphin 22 The average child wears out 730 by age ten 730 what Crayons 23 In a survey what food did Americans say they hated most Tofu 24 What vegetable was Emperor Nero's favourite The Leek 25 What nation invented the toilet seat Egyptian 26 Virginia Woolf always did it standing up - did what Wrote her books 27 Mount Teide is the highest mountain in which country Spain it's on Tenerife 28 In what film did the character Regan McNeil appear The Exorcist 29 Who rejected the 1964 Nobel prize for literature Jean Paul Sarte 30 In Alaska it's legal to shoot bears but illegal to do what Wake up for photo 31 George Jung of Los Angeles in 1916 invented what Fortune Cookies 32 John Paul Getty, world's richest man had what in his house A Payphone 33 What was unusual about the drawings of artist Cesar Ducornet Drawn with feet - he had no arms 34 Who was the only English King crowned on the battlefield Henry VII 35 In 1901 Dr Dausand demonstrated what that never caught on Silent Cinema - for the blind 36 In some areas of Paris what is provided for dogs Private flush toilets 37 What countries brides get the most diamond engagement rings Canada 38 What area in the US translates from the Dutch as Broken Valley Brooklyn 39 In ancient Egypt men and women did what opposite to today Peeing - men sat women stood 40 In Youngstown Ohio it's illegal to run out of what Gas or petrol 41 Who links a western gambler and a private eye James Garner Maverick Rockfort 42 How did Bunito Mussolini ward off the evil eye Touch his testicles 43 Both sexes get them but men more often - get what Hiccups 44 Who would use an orange stick Manicurist 45 Jacob German in 1899 got the worlds first what in New York Speeding Ticket - 12 mph 46 Mary Somerville said "It wont last, a flash in the pan" what Television 47 China 300 bc you could not speak to the Emperor without what Clove in your mouth 48 In what US city do they watch the most TV evangelists per cap Washington DC 49 Egyptian embalmers replaced the bodies eyes with what Onions 50 According to a 1997 survey what nation are the best kissers Italian ^ No Questions Quiz 62 Answers 51 In South Dakota it's illegal to fall down and sleep where Cheese Factory 52 Who was the last living person on a US postal stamp Nobody it's illegal 53 What is the main ingredient in a Navarin stew Mutton or Lamb 54 What elements name comes from the Greek word for violet Iodine 55 VH is the international aircraft registration for which country Australia 56 Phyllophobia is the fear of what Leaves 57 What is a cachalot A Sperm Whale 58 What would the ancient Greeks do with an Apodesm Wear it type of bra 59 What is an onychophagist A nail biter 60 In Auburn Washington men can get five years for doing what Deflowering Virgins 61 Where in Canada is its Dildo Newfoundland Town 62 Topo in Italian Fare in Turkish what in English Mouse 63 Who did Babe the pig work for Farmer Hoggett 64 What sexually arouses a Jactitator Bragging about sex 65 Nebkheperura was his first name what do we call him today Tutankamen 66 What creature gets its name from the Greek word for womb Dolphin from Delphis 67 In 1885 Canada sold what to US for $150000 Niagara Falls 68 By what more common name do we know Major Boothroyd Q in the Bond films 69 Woman's are faster than men's, they usually have more - what Heartbeats 70 In Illinois you can get three years for eavesdropping on who Your conversation 71 What modern word comes from the Latin Dilatare - open wide Dildo 72 West Indian cricketer Laurence Rowe gave up 1976 mid test why Allergic to Grass 73 What do the EPPY awards honour Electronic editions of newspapers 74 The electric light first available product what's second Electric Oven 75 What's the only city today split in two by a wall Nicosia Cyprus 76 What's the only movie Alfred Hitchcock make twice The man who knew too much 77 What is the Latin word for poison Virus 78 Orienteering began in which country Sweden 79 What would you expect in a Japanese No Pan Kissa restaurant Mirror floor knickerless women 80 In Massachusetts what's illegal unless bedroom window locked Snoring 81 The Emperors cup is awarded in what sport Sumo wrestling 82 What famous film maker was first to use the close up David Wark Griffith Birth of a Nation 83 Chinese cooking what's special about Wolfs hearts Dogs lungs Only things not used 84 The 1961 Mercedes 300sx had two firsts name either Gull Wing doors - fuel injection 85 Who wrote the official biography of Lester Piggott Dick Francis 86 What hotel has been the target of the most take over bids The Ritz - Paris 87 In Russia the national product is called Soldatsky what is it Bread 88 In airline slang what is a 365 Eggs Bacon served any day or time 89 In what case did Perry Mason make his first appearance The case of the Velvet Claws 90 By law who require a cert. of health before entering Kentucky Bees must have one 91 Romans used a sharp pointed stick to drive cattle Modern word Stimulus 92 Chokan Moyogi Shakan Han Kengai and Kengai styles of what Bonsai - styles 93 Albert Sauvy coined what term in the 1950s The Third World 94 What trio were originally called The Rattlesnakes The Bee Gees 95 The Fields Medal is equal to a Nobel prize in what area Mathematics 96 Novices are called tumblers experienced shiners what job Window Cleaners 97 What is the Hebrew word for adversary Satan 98 What is the capitol of Venezuela Caracas 99 What was unusual about Joe Davis the World Snooker Champ Blind in one eye 100 What's round in London and Paris but Square in New York Underground / metro / tube tunnels	Leaf
Which system of historical classification was devised by the 19th century Danish archaeologist Christian Jurgensen Thomsen?	Fear \| Nosey Parker Alan Parker - November 10th, 2008 “This is preeminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. Nor need we shrink from honestly facing conditions in our country today. This great nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. “So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself — nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.” — From Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s inaugural address after winning the 1932 U.S. presidential election in the midst of the (last) Great Depression. FDR: “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself” We live in fearful times. So let’s deal with it, folks. My fervent hope is that Barack Obama can be an FDR for our 21st-century depression. Roosevelt got things moving immediately after his election. For him, it didn’t matter whether the projects and initiatives he launched were quantifiable successes. He just wanted to get people and the economy moving again — any action being better than no action — and he wanted to give people hope that their dire circumstances would change — eventually. But FDR was wrong in one important way. We have much more to fear than fear itself. We, as a species, have made an art form of fear. There’s nothing somebody somewhere doesn’t fear — and we’ve given a name to most of those fears. I just happened to be looking through the New York Public Library Science Desk Reference (NYPLSDR) encyclopedia — don’t ask me why … twitch, twitch — when I stumbled across the section on phobic neuroses. Now “phobia” is Greek for “fear.” We all know about “claustrophobia” (fear of closets?) and “homophobia” (fear of men who dress better than you do), “arachnophobia” (fear of Spider-Man sequels) and maybe even “triskaidekapphobia” (fear of the number 13 — Mark Bonokoski’s favourite for a Friday the 13th column). But I never realized just how many fears we as a species have until I found this NYPLSDR phobic neuroses goldmine of psychotic anxiety. There’s a whole world —literally — of fears and phobias to be explored. Take, for example, androphobia (not to be confused with homophobia), which is the fear of all men, and gynophobia, the fear of all women. And then there’s genophobia, the fear of sex. Imagine having one or all of those phobias (people can be complex creatures) and also having autophobia (the fear of being alone). I can understand something like astraphobia (the fear of lightening and thunder — my dog’s astraphobic) — but anthophobia (fear of flowers)? Really now. “No, please, just back away slowly with that bouquet of roses. The thorns… the thorns…” Everybody knows somebody who has ergophobia (fear of work). In the newspaper world there are even some people who have graphophobia (fear of writing). The worst condition, from my perspective, is heliophobia (fear of the Sun — yes, the NYPLSDR capitalizes the S for some reason). As Canadians, we suffer abnormally from chionphobia (fear of snow) and psychrophobia (fear of cold). As someone who hasn’t finished raking the yard, I suffer from phyllophobia (fear of leaves). Right now, you’re probably suffering from hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia (the fear of long words — and one of the longest words in the English language, by the way). Here are a few of my favourite (maybe that’s not the right word) phobias: Barrachophobia: Fear of frogs (not fear of Obama, as you might have assumed) Chrometophobia: Fear of money (anyone with this problem should contact me immediately — I’ll help relieve you of your stress) Musicophobia: Fear of music (I have a variant form, CelineDionphobia) Taphephobia: Fear of being buried alive (Is there anyone on this planet in his or her right mind who doesn’t have taphephobia?) Harpaxophobia: Fear of robbers (here’s another one I have difficulty seeing as an abnormal condition. Do you really want to embrace harpaxophilia — love of robbers?) Here are some more phobias. Add your own comments: Ailurophobia: Fear of cats Neophobia: Fear of new things Pogonophobia: Fear of beards Siderodromophobia: Fear of trains (sorry, Kevin) Thanatophobia: Fear of death I’ve decided to bite the bullet and go for the whole enchilada (or maybe I should bite the enchilada and go for the bullet hole). I’ve adopted as my personal phobia … panphobia (fear of everything). If you fear everything, you fear nothing. What’s the difference between a hangnail and disembowelling when you’ve got panphobia? And besides, I can remember the word “panphobia.” I’ll never remember “taphephobia” which really scares the hell out me. WEIRD FACT: I just went to Google images to find a public domain photo of FDR to go with this blog. I accidentally punched in my last Google word search — androphobia (fear of men). There are 3,180 Goggle images with the word androphobia connected. There are only 491 image hits for panphobia. Who knew androphobia was such a big deal. As a man, I don’t know whether to be ashamed of my sex for causing this backlash or frightened of androphobics. If I’m frightened, would that mean I’m androphobia-phobic?	i don't know
Sometimes known as the 'White Whale', Delphinapterus Leucas belongs to the bottle-nosed family of whales, how is it more generally known?	Beluga whale : definition of Beluga whale and synonyms of Beluga whale (English) ( Pallas , 1776) Beluga range The beluga or white whale, Delphinapterus leucas, is an Arctic and sub-Arctic cetacean . It is one of two members of the family Monodontidae , along with the narwhal . This marine mammal is commonly referred to simply as the beluga or sea canary due to its high-pitched twitter. [3] It is up to 5 m (16 ft) in length and an unmistakable all-white color with a distinctive protuberance on the head. From a conservation perspective, the beluga is considered "near threatened" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ; however the subpopulation from the Cook Inlet in Alaska is considered critically endangered and is under the protection of the United States' Endangered Species Act . [2] [4] Of seven Canadian beluga populations, two are listed as endangered, inhabiting eastern Hudson Bay, and Ungava Bay. Contents 13 External links Taxonomy In 1776, Peter Simon Pallas first described the beluga. [1] It is a member of the Monodontidae family , which is in turn part of the toothed whale suborder. [1] The Irrawaddy dolphin was once placed in the same family; however, recent genetic evidence suggests otherwise. [5] The narwhal is the only other species within the Monodontidae besides the beluga. [6] The Red List of Threatened Species gives both beluga and white whale as common names, though the former is now more popular. The English name comes from the Russian белуха (belukha), which derives from the word белый (belyy), meaning "white". It is sometimes referred to by scientists as the belukha whale to avoid confusion with the beluga sturgeon . The whale is also colloquially known as the sea canary on account of its high-pitched squeaks, squeals, clucks and whistles. A Japanese researcher says he taught a beluga to "talk" by using these sounds to identify three different objects, offering hope that humans may one day be able to communicate effectively with sea mammals. [7] Description A beluga in the shallow waters of the Vancouver Aquarium Male belugas are larger than females. Length can range from 2.6 to 6.7 m (8.5 to 22 ft), averaging 4 m (13 ft) in males and 3.6 m (12 ft) in females. [8] Males weigh between 1,100 and 1,600 kg (2,400 and 3,500 lb), occasionally up to 1,900 kg (4,200 lb) while females weigh between 700 and 1,200 kg (1,500 and 2,600 lb). [9] [10] They rank as mid-sized species among toothed whales. [11] The adult beluga is rarely mistaken for another species, because it is completely white or whitish-gray in color. Calves, however, are usually gray. [8] Its head is unlike that of any other cetacean. Like most toothed whales it has a melon —an oily, fatty tissue lump found at the center of the forehead. The beluga's melon is extremely bulbous and even malleable. [6] The beluga is able to change the shape of its head by blowing air around its sinuses . Unlike many dolphins and whales, the vertebrae in the neck are not fused together, allowing the animal to turn its head laterally. The rostrum has about 8 to 10 teeth on each side of the jaw and a total of 34 to 40 teeth. Belugas have a dorsal ridge , rather than a dorsal fin . [8] The absence of the dorsal fin is reflected in the genus name of the species—apterus the Greek word for "wingless." The evolutionary preference for a dorsal ridge rather than a fin is believed to be an adaptation to under-ice conditions, or possibly as a way of preserving heat. [6] As in other cetaceans, the thyroid gland is relatively large compared to terrestrial mammals (proportionally three times as large as a horse's thyroid) and may help to sustain higher metabolism during the summer estuarine occupations. Its body is round, particularly when well-fed, and tapers less smoothly to the head than the tail. The sudden tapering to the base of its neck gives it the appearance of shoulders, unique among cetaceans. The tail fin grows and becomes increasingly and ornately curved as the animal ages. The flippers are broad and short—making them almost square-shaped. Range and habitat Beluga at the mouth of Churchill River into Hudson Bay, Canada The beluga inhabits a discontinuous circumpolar distribution in Arctic and sub-Arctic waters ranging from 50°N to 80°N , particularly along the coasts of Alaska , Canada , Greenland , and Russia . The southernmost extent of their range includes isolated populations in the St. Lawrence River estuary and the Saguenay fjord , around the village of Tadoussac, Quebec , in the Atlantic and the Amur River delta, the Shantar Islands and the waters surrounding Sakhalin Island in the Sea of Okhotsk . [12] In the spring, the beluga moves to its summer grounds: bays , estuaries and other shallow inlets. These summer sites are discontinuous. A mother usually returns to the same site year after year. As its summer homes clog with ice during autumn, the beluga moves away for winter. Most travel in the direction of the advancing icepack and stay close to its edge for the winter months. Others stay under the icepack—surviving by finding ice leads and polynyas (patches of open water in the ice) in which they can surface to breathe. Beluga may also find air pockets trapped under the ice. The beluga's ability to find the thin slivers of open water within a dense ice pack that may cover more than 96% of the surface mystifies scientists. Its echo-location capabilities are highly adapted to the sub-ice sea's peculiar acoustics and it has been suggested that belugas can sense open water through echo-location. In 1849, while constructing the first railroad between Rutland and Burlington in Vermont , workers unearthed the bones of a mysterious animal in the town of Charlotte . Buried nearly 10 feet (3.0 m) below the surface in a thick blue clay , these bones were unlike those of any animal previously discovered in Vermont. Experts identified the bones as those of a beluga. Because Charlotte is over 150 miles (240 km) from the nearest ocean, early naturalists were at a loss to explain the bones of a marine mammal buried beneath the fields of rural Vermont. Today, the Charlotte whale aids in the study of the geology and the history of the Champlain Basin, [13] and this fossil is now the official Vermont State Fossil (making Vermont the only state whose official fossil is that of a still extant animal). On June 9, 2006, a young beluga carcass was found in the Tanana River near Fairbanks in central Alaska, nearly 1,700 kilometers (1,100 mi) from the nearest ocean habitat. Belugas sometimes follow migrating fish, leading Alaska state biologist Tom Seaton to speculate that it had followed migrating salmon up the river at some point in the prior fall. Life history Pod of belugas swimming Belugas are highly sociable. Groups of males may number in the hundreds, while mothers with calves generally mix in slightly smaller groups. When pods aggregate in estuaries, they may number in the thousands. This can represent a significant proportion of the entire population and is when they are most vulnerable to hunting. Pods tend to be unstable, meaning that they tend to move from pod to pod. Radio tracking has shown that belugas can start out in a pod and within a few days be hundreds of miles away from that pod. Mothers and calves form the beluga's closest social relationship. Nursing times of two years have been observed and lactational anestrus may not occur. Calves often return to the same estuary as their mother in the summer, meeting her sometimes even after becoming fully mature. Belugas can be playful—they may spit at humans or other whales. It is not unusual for an aquarium handler to be drenched by one of his charges. Some researchers believe that spitting originated with blowing sand away from crustaceans at the sea bottom. Unlike most whales, it is capable of swimming backwards. [14] Males reach sexual maturity between four and seven years, while females mature at between six and nine years. The beluga can live more than 50 years. [8] Reproduction Female and calf Female belugas typically give birth to one calf every three years. [8] Most mating occurs between February and May, but some mating occurs at other times of year. [6] [8] It is questionable whether the beluga has delayed implantation . [6] Gestation lasts 12 to 14.5 months. [8] Calves are born over a protracted period that varies by location. In the Canadian Arctic, calves are born between March and September, while in Hudson Bay , the peak calving period is in late June, and in Cumberland Sound , most calves are born from late July to early August. [15] Newborns are about 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) long, weigh about 80 kilograms (180 lb ), and are grey in color. The calves remain dependent on their mothers for at least two years. Ecology Feeding The beluga is a slow swimmer that feeds mainly on fish . It also eats cephalopods ( squid and octopus ) and crustaceans ( crab and shrimp ). Foraging on the seabed typically takes place at depths of up to 1,000 feet (300 m) but they can dive at least twice this depth. A typical feeding dive lasts 3–5 minutes, but belugas submerge for up to 20 minutes at a time. [16] Predation Polar bears take particular advantage of situations when belugas become trapped by ice and are thus unable to reach the ocean. The bears swipe at the belugas and drag them onto the ice. The orca is its other significant natural predator. [9] Relation to humans Video of beluga whales in an aquarium Belugas were among the first whale species in captivity. The first beluga was shown at Barnum's Museum in New York City in 1861. [17] For most of the twentieth century Canada was the predominant source for Belugas destined for exhibition. Until the early 1960s Belugas were taken from the St. Lawrence River estuary and from 1967 from the Churchill River [ disambiguation needed ] estuary. This continued until 1992, when the practice was banned. [18] Since Canada ceased to be the supplier of these animals, Russia has become the largest provider. [18] Individuals are caught in the Amur River delta and the far eastern seas of the country and then are either transported domestically to aquaria in Moscow , St. Petersburg , and Sochi , or exported to foreign nations, including Canada itself. [18] Today it remains one of the few whale species kept at aquaria and marine parks across North America, Europe, and Asia. [18] As of 2006 there were 30 belugas in Canada and 28 in the United States, and 42 deaths in captivity had been reported up to that time. [18] It has been reported that a single specimen can fetch up to US$100,000 on the market. Its popularity with visitors reflects its attractive color, and its range of facial expressions. The latter is possible because while most cetacean "smiles" are fixed, the extra movement afforded by the beluga's unfused cervical vertebrae allows a greater range of apparent expression. [19] Most belugas found in aquaria are caught in the wild, as captive breeding programs have enjoyed little success. [20] For example, despite best efforts as of 2010 only two whales had been successfully bred at the Vancouver Aquarium , one fifteen years prior and another, two. Another three which had been born there had died within three years. [21] Both the United States Navy and the Russian Navy have used belugas in anti- mining operations in Arctic waters. [22] In one instance, a captive beluga brought a cramp-paralyzed diver from the bottom of the pool up to the surface by holding her foot in its mouth, certainly saving the female diver's life. [23] [24] Population and threats A beluga whale in an aquarium with a trainer The global population of belugas today stands at about 100,000. Although this number is much greater than that of many other cetaceans, it is much smaller than pre-hunting populations. There are estimated to be 40,000 individuals in the Beaufort Sea , 25,045 in Hudson Bay , 18,500 in the Bering Sea , and 28,008 in the Canadian Low Arctic. The population in the St. Lawrence estuary is estimated to be around 1,000. [25] It is considered an excellent sentinel species (indicator of environment health and changes). This is because it is long-lived, on top of the food web, bearing large amounts of fat and blubber, relatively well-studied for a cetacean, and still somewhat common. Because the beluga congregates in river estuaries, pollution is proving to be a significant health danger. Incidents of cancer have been reported to be rising as a result of St. Lawrence River pollution. Local beluga carcasses contain so many contaminants that they are treated as toxic waste. [26] [ unreliable source? ] Reproductive pathology has been discovered here, possibly caused by organochlorines . Levels between 240 ppm and 800 ppm of PCBs have been found, with males typically having higher levels. [27] The long-term effects of this pollution on the affected populations is not known. A beluga resurfaces Indirect human disturbance may also be a threat. While some populations tolerate small boats, others actively try to avoid ships. Whale-watching has become a booming activity in the St. Lawrence and Churchill River areas. Because of its predictable migration pattern and high concentrations, the beluga has been hunted by indigenous Arctic peoples for centuries. In many areas, hunting continues, and is believed to be sustainable. However, in other areas, such as the Cook Inlet , Ungava Bay , and off western Greenland , previous commercial operations left the populations in great peril. Indigenous whaling continues in these areas, and some populations continue to decline. These areas are the subject of intensive dialogue between Inuit communities and national governments aiming to create a sustainable hunt. Pathogens Papillomaviruses have been found in the gastric compartments of belugas in the St. Lawerence River. Herpesvirus as well has been detected on occasion in belugas. Encephalitis has sometimes been observed and the protozoa Sarcocystis can infect the animals. Ciliates have been observed to colonize the blowhole yet may not be pathogenic or especially harmful. [28] Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bacilli , likely from contaminated fish in the diet, can endanger captive belugas, causing anorexia , dermal plaques , and lesions . This may lead to death if not diagnosed early and treated with antibiotics . [29] Conservation status Pictured on Faroe Islands stamp As of 2008, the beluga is listed as "near threatened" by the IUCN , due to uncertainty about the number of belugas over parts of its range (especially the Russian Arctic), and the expectation that if current conservation efforts cease, especially hunting management, the beluga population is likely to qualify for "threatened" status within five years. Prior to 2008, the beluga was listed as "vulnerable", a higher level of concern. IUCN cited the stability of the largest subpopulations and improved census methods that indicate a larger population than previously estimated. [2] To prevent hunting, belugas are protected under the International Moratorium on Commercial Whaling; however, small amounts of beluga whaling are still allowed. Since it is very difficult to know the exact population of belugas because their habitats include inland waters away from the ocean, it is easy for them to come in contact with oil and gas development centers. To prevent whales from coming in contact with industrial waste, the Alaskan and Canadian governments are relocating sites where whales and waste come in contact. To prevent captive whales from dying, researchers from the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre are finding ways to prevent fungi from entering the habitats and to constantly check their health. Healthy captive belugas are important because they are one of the only whales found in many marine aquariums. The high numbers of captives adds to the threat to the beluga population, while their carcasses contribute to scientific research. Subpopulations are subject to differing levels of threat and warrant individual assessment. The Cook Inlet subpopulation is listed as "Critically Endangered" by the IUCN as of 2006. [30] The Cook Inlet beluga population is listed as Endangered under the Endangered Species Act as of October 2008. [4] [31] [32] This was due to overharvesting of belugas prior to 1998. The population has failed to recover even though the reported harvest has been small. The most recent published estimate as of May 2008 was 302 (CV=0.16) in 2006. [33] In addition, the National Marine Fisheries Service indicated the 2007 aerial survey's point estimate was 375. The Beluga whale is listed on appendix II [34] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix II [34] as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements. Evolution Skeleton of D. leucas The beluga's earliest known ancestor is the prehistoric Denebola brachycephala from the late Miocene period. A single fossil from the Baja California peninsula , indicates that the family once inhabited warmer waters. [35] The fossil record also indicates that in comparatively recent times the beluga's range varied with that of the polar ice packs—expanding during ice ages and contracting when the ice retreats. See also Pour la suite du monde , a documentary about traditional beluga hunting on the Saint Lawrence River References ^ William F. Perrin,Bernd G. Würsig,J. G. M. Thewissen (2009). Encyclopedia of marine mammals (2 ed.). Acadenmic Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9 . http://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214&dq=Denebola+brachycephala&source=bl&ots=hCmuNz2drt&sig=wWMlHMFjGozCGenxf06Ly0rQLtM&hl=es&ei=voNVTNehI4P48AbxpK2PBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CDwQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=Denebola%20brachycephala&f=false . Further reading Lord, Nancy (2004). Beluga days: tracking a white whale's truths . Counterpoint. ISBN 1-58243-151-5 . http://books.google.ca/books?id=s8Dolyb5g2sC&lpg=PP1&dq=Beluga%20whale&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false Outridge, P. M., K. A. Hobson, R. McNeely, and A. Dyke. 2002. "A Comparison of Modern and Preindustrial Levels of Mercury in the Teeth of Beluga in the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, and Walrus at Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada". Arctic. 55: 123–132. External links	Beluga
Which city is served by Hanedi Airport?	��ࡱ�>�� y� ��,SbjbjE�E� =t'�'�H��////DsD/�)��***),),),),),),)$��E-�P)�"��P)��Qe)<(<(<(�� 8��)<(�)<(<(<(��{{ =�/�%�<(){)0�)<(�-8'��-<(<(&�-b(���0<(��*P)P)&(�)��-*******� �: The biggest whales are enormous � up to 30 m long and weighing over 120 tonnes. But these are exceptional; only one species, the Blue Whale, has individuals that sometimes reach this size. The mean length of Blue Whales is probably closer to 25 m, their mean weight about 100 tonnes - roughly as long as five elephants in procession and as heavy as twenty. Any cetacean more than 10 m long tends to be called a whale, though it is a mark of respect rather than a scientific distinction. Mysticetes (of all sizes), sperm whales, beaked whales, belugas and narwhals are most properly called whales; all the rest � even the killer whales and pilot whales � are big or smaller dolphins. Note that 'dolphin' and �porpoise� are used in many senses. Some biologists like to reserve �dolphin� for species of the family Delphinidae, and �porpoise� for small dolphins with peg-shaped teeth. People generally use the terms interchangeably for practically any cetacean too small to call a whale, and that is how I use them here. Though large whales are a feature of polar waters, dolphins and porpoises are relatively rare in anything cooler than temperate seas. European Arctic whalers considered neither of the largest dolphins � orcas (�killer whales�) and pilot whales � worth catching, though belugas, narwhals and bottlenose whales were taken when right whales proved scarce, and were (and indeed still are) the main catches of indigenous whalers. Living whales are grouped into two suborders, Mysticeti (baleen or whalebone whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales). Some zoologists regard these groups as entirely separate, derived from distinct non-whale ancestors and superficially similar only because the sea � a highly demanding medium � has worked on them in similar ways. For a complete listing and classification see the end of this note. Suborder Mysticeti (Whalebone whales) The ten species of whalebone whales are usually listed in three families. Their most striking common feature is an absence of teeth in adults (embryo mysticetes sometimes have tiny non-functional ones) and the presence instead of whalebone (baleen) plates � in some species over 300 a side � growing from the roof of the mouth. The skull is symmetrical, with both nostrils always functional; all the ribs are single-headed and rather loosely hinged to the vertebrae, and the flippers often have a reduced number of fingers � though many more finger-joints in compensation. Baleen is a horny material similar to hair or fingernails, growing in triangular plates 0.5 cm thick and up to 3 m long. Hanging just over 1 cm apart at a right angle to the main axis of the whale, with the shortest at the front and longest in the rear, the plates form a filter through which sea water is strained. Their efficiency is improved by fraying; while the outer edges of the plates are smooth, the inner edges are frayed into criss-crossing strands. The three families of mysticete whales filter in slightly different ways. Standing inside the mouth of a Right Whale (as a dozen people could together) is like standing in a Gothic arcade floored with tongue and lined above with fine coconut matting. From a continuous flow of plankton-rich sea water the small animals are filtered and left behind on the matting, to be swept backward down the throat. Fin whales and grey whales, in the other two families, have shorter baleen; only the roof of the mouth is matted. They take in discrete mouthfuls of sea water and strain out larger particles of food by pressure through a much coarser filter. Though fin whales (rorquals) and grey whales both occur in Arctic waters, neither was important to 17-19th century Arctic whalers, who concentrated almost exclusively on one species � the Greenland Right Whale. Right whales were so-called because they swam slowly and were relatively easily caught by old-time open-boat whalers. They grow long baleen (the whalers� main prize), often migrate close inshore, and pregnant cows come into shallow, sheltered bays to produce their calves. They are better-endowed with blubber, making them buoyant enough to remain afloat after harpooning. Distinguishing characters include the enormous head with arched lower lips, lack of a dorsal fin in the larger species, a smooth (ungrooved) throat, and sensory whiskers on the face. Of the three known species of right whales, Black Right Whales were once widespread from the tropics to the fringes of the Arctic region. Hunted ruthlessly throughout this wide range for baleen and oil, their remnant stock are now cherished and protected. Greenland (Bowhead) Right Whales, superficially very similar, were the species most sought-after by Arctic whalers. Though difficult to estimate, their stocks are probably down to a few hundred, still restricted to the high arctic, and taken only under licence by native hunters. Pygmy Right Whales Caperea marginata, a much smaller species 5-6 m long, are found only in cool temperate waters of the southern hemisphere. Black Right Whale Eubalaena glacialis (Muller 1776) SIZE. Nose-to-tail length 14-15.5 m: southern stocks may be slightly larger than northern; weight 50-100 tonnes. APPEARANCE. A large, fat whale with a very deep lower jaw covering baleen plates up to 2.5 m long. The top of the head and back form a continuous unbroken line. Black ondark brown, with grey or white abdominal markings; patches of pale, rough, homy skin decorate the face, including a 'bonnet' on the tip of the nose. RANGE. World-wide in temperate and cool seas; mainly oceanic, but cows often enter shallow water to give birth. Three geographical races are distinguished: (i) E.g. glacialis of the northern Atlantic Ocean; (ii) E.g.japonica of the northern Pacific; and (iii) E.g. australis of the southern oceans, which is often regarded as a separate species, E. australis. All three forms are very similar. This species is found sparsely in temperate oceans all over the world from Newfoundland, Norway and the Aleutian Islands to South America and Australia. Several local stocks are identified; others may have existed in the past; but Black Right Whales have been hunted for centuries wherever they appeared and, despite almost world-wide protection since 1935, they have not fully recovered. Usually solitary or in groups of two to five, they feed by swimming close to the sea surface with mouth open, skimming off very fine plankton as they go. Calves are born in early spring after a gestation period of a year or more, measuring 6 m. Little is known of the biology of this species in northern waters; southern stocks are rather better known, though most of the hunting was over before scientific studies could be made. Greenland Right (Bowhead) Whale Balaena mysticetus (Linnaeus1758). SIZE. Nose-to-tail length to 18 m; weight about 100 tonnes. APPEARANCE. A mainly black whale, large and fat, with a white patch on the chin and lower jaw, sometimes extending to the upper jaw; the white is often tinged yellow by a diatom film. Distinct bump on top of head. RANGE. Arctic Ocean and neighbouring seas; seen off Spitzbergen, Jan Mayen, Greenland, and in the Bering Sea. Probably several discrete geographical stocks. Slightly larger than the Black Right Whale, this species inhabits only north polar seas. With up to 300 baleen plates on either side, the longest 2.5 m long, it was especially prized by early whalers and hunted almost to extinction during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The small stocks remaining are now protected, except that Eskimos are allowed to take a few each year. Pacific stocks seem to be recovering well and may have stabilized; this is still a very rare species in the north Atlantic. Greenland Right Whales (known as Bowheads in Alaska) are reported to mate in late summer while in high latitudes. They swim south into sub-polar waters as the winter ice forms, and there give birth to their calves in early spring after a gestation period of about sixteen months. uborder Odontoceti (Toothed whales) This is the larger and more diverse of the two suborders; there are about sixty-four species, listed in seven to ten families according to preference. Toothed whales are best recognized by the absence of baleen plates. Nearly all have functional teeth as adults, though never divisible into incisors, canines and molars. Some dolphins show as many as 120 teeth, some bottle-nosed whales as few as two, or even none that penetrate the gums. Their blow-hole is a single aperture, and the upper surface of the skull is slightly asymmetrical, as though twisted to the right. The ribs, especially the double-headed anterior ones, are strongly hinged to the vertebrae, and there are usually bones representing all five fingers in the flippers. Largest of the Odontocetes are Sperm Whales, which for centuries were hunted in all the world�s oceans, but were regarded by Arctic whalers as too large and too risky a quarry in comparison with Greenland Right Whales, their main prey. When right whales proved elusive, Arctic whalers turned to bottlenose whales, narwhals and belugas, which were smaller and much easier to catch, but yielded relatively little oil and no baleen. Northern Bottlenose Whale Hyperoodon ampullatus (Forster 1770) SIZE. Nose-to-tail length: males to 9.5 m, females 7-8 m. A female 7 m long weighed almost 3 tonnes. APPEARANCE. A fat, well-padded, medium-sized whale, blue-grey, dark brown or black on top, paler on chest and abdomen; bulbous forehead, short but well-defined 'bottleneck' rostrum. Large, recurved dorsal fin set well back along the body. Two small cylindrical or oval-section teeth at the tip of the lower jaw, visible only in males. RANGE. A species of cool north Atlantic waters, ranging north to the ice edge - well into the Arctic basin - in summer, and south to Florida, the Cape Verde Islands and beyond in winter. Usually found offshore; beached specimens have been recorded from both sides of the Atlantic. Rather doubtfully recorded also in the north Pacific Ocean. Hunting for over a century by Canadians and Norwegians has made this by far the best-known member of its family. There are probably several discrete stocks that move northward into Arctic waters in spring to feed below the rich summer plankton, and head southward again in autumn. Most hunting takes place in summer, when the whales are fattening. Most strandings occur in late summer and autumn, especially during the southward movement. Northern Bottlenose Whales feed mainly on deep-water squid, but also take bottom-living invertebrates (sea stars, sea cucumbers, etc.) and pelagic herrings. Cows give birth in April, probably every second year. Three metres long at birth, the calves stay by their mothers for at least a year. Lifespan probably exceeds thirty-five years. Despite intermittent hunting the stocks of this species are not seriously endangered at present. Narwhal Monodon monoceros Linnaeus 175 8 SIZE. Nose-to-tail length: males 4-5 m (excluding the tusk); weight 1.2-1.6 tonnes. Females slightly smaller. APPEARANCE. Silver-grey mottled, paling with age; dark brown-grey on the face, back, flippers and tail, paler on the flanks and abdomen. Males carry a spirally twisted tusk, a vastly overgrown canine tooth which may grow to 2 m or more. Tusks are occasionally paired, but rarely found in females; there are no other functional teeth. RANGE. Formerly widespread in the Arctic, now rare in accessible parts of the European, Asian and Alaskan sectors, though still quite plentiful in the Canadian Arctic; found even in the pack-ice close to the Pole. Wanderers range south to Britain and northern Europe. A fat, chubby whale with short flippers and little or no dorsal fin, still fairly common in Canadian and Greenland waters where a population of at least 10,000 is estimated. Elsewhere it has been driven from shallow seas by local hunting. Docile and readily caught by netting or harpooning, it has for long provided meat and oil for northern man; the skin, regarded as a special delicacy, has recently been shown to contain significant amounts of vitamin C. Several hundred are still taken annually at the ice edge by Canadian and Greenland Eskimos. The tusks, used by the males in sexual display and fighting, are said to have inspired the legend of the unicorn. Narwhals feed on squid, fish and crustaceans, caught mainly in deep water. Their single (rarely paired) calves are born in late summer, 1.6 m long and weighing 80 kg. Cows probably breed every three years. Beluga (White Whale) Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas 1776) SIZE. Nose-to-tail length 4-5 m; females slightly smaller than males; the largest males probably weigh up to 1.6 tonnes. APPEARANCE. Adults are pearly-white, younger animals grey or mottled. There is a distinct neck; the head is bulbous, with a short beak, and there is no dorsal fin. Teeth:8-11 pairs, blunt and peg-like, in either jaw. RANGE. An Arctic and sub-Arctic species, mainly coastal and estuarine; there are about seven discrete stocks living in the Gulf of St Lawrence, Hudson Bay, Cumberland Sound, the White, Barents, Kara, Beaufort, Bering and Okhotsk Seas, and off Kamchatka and Alaska. Vagrants have been stranded in Britain and New England, well south of their usual range. This ghostly white whale lives in family groups of up to twenty, which combine to form herds of several hundred during their annual migrations. They are fish-eaters, noted for their trilling, canary-like calls used in hunting. Belugas gather to mate in spring, and feed in wandering herds through the summer, shifting their hunting grounds with the movements of the pack-ice. Gestation takes fifteen months, and the herds congregate in the warm water of estuaries to calve in July and August. The calves, i .5-2 m long at birth, remain with their mothers for over a year. Belugas have long been hunted for their meat and oil, both by natives and by commercial whalers who drove them ashore in bays. A few hundred are still taken by native hunters every year, and interference from boats, river barrages, oil rigs and pollution may be taking an additional toll. The North American population is estimated at 30,000. Whales, dolphins and porpoises . This table is based on Gaskin, D. E. (1982). The ecology of whales and dolphins. London, Heinemann Educational Books: pp. 201-07. Order Cetacea Suborder Mysticeti: Whalebone whales Family Balaenidae: Right whales Subfamily Balaeninae: Balaena mysticetus: Greenland right whale Eubalaena glacialis: Black right whale (3 subsp) Subfamily Neobalaeninae: Caperea marginalis: Pygmy right whale Family Eschrichtidae: Gray whales Eschrichius robustus: Pacific gray whale Family Balaenopteridae: Rorquals Balaenoptera musculus: Blue whale Balaenoptera physalus: Fin whale Balaenoptera borealis: Sei whale Balaenoptera edeni: Bryde�s whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata: Minke whale Megaptera novaeangliae: Humpback whale Suborder Odontoceti: Toothed whales Family Physeteridae: Sperm whales Subfamily Physeterinae: Physeter catodon: Sperm whale Subfamily Kogiinae: Kogia breviceps: Pygmy sperm whale Kogia simus: Dwarf sperm whale Family Ziphiidae: Beaked whales Tasmacetus shepherdi: Shepherd�s beaked whale Berardius arnouxii: Southern bottlenosed whale Berardius bairdii: Baird�s beaked whale Hyperoodon planifrons: Flat-headed bottlenosed whale Hyperoodon ampullatus: N. Atlantic bottlenosed whale Ziphius cavirostris: Goose-beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris: Blainville�s beaked whale Mesoplodon layardi: Straptoothed whale Mesoplodon ginkodens: Ginko-toothed whale Mesoplodon grayi: Gray�s beaked whale Mesoplodon carlhubbsi: Arch-beaked whale Mesoplodon europaeus: Gervais�s beaked whale Mesoplodon mirus: True�s beaked whale Mesoplodon stejnegeri: Stejneger�s beaked whale Mesoplodon bowdoini: Andrews�s beaked whale Mesoplodon bidens: Sowerby�s beaked whale Mesoplodon hectori: Hector�s beaked whale Mesoplodon pacificus: Longman�s beaked whale Family Monodontidae: Belugas, narwhals Monodon monoceros: Narwhal Delphinapterus leucas: Beluga Orcaella brevirostris: Irrawaddy dolphin Family Phocoenidae: True porpoises Phocoena phocoena: Common porpoise Phocoena sinus: Gulf of California porpoise Phocoena spinipinnis: Burmeister�s porpoise Phocoena dioptrica: Spectacled porpoise Phocoena dalli: Dall�s porpoise Neophocoena phocoenoides: Finless black porpoise Family Delphinidae: True dolphins Orcinus orca: Orca Pseudorca crassidens: False killer whale Feresa attenuata: Pygmy killer whale Peponocephala electra: Melon-headed whale Globicephala melaena: Pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus: Short-finned pilot whale Lagenorynchus obliquidens: Pacific white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus cruciger: Hourglass dolphin Lagenorhynchus australis: Peale�s dolphin Lagenorhynchus obscurus: Dusky dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus: Atlantic white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris: White-beaked dolphin Lagenorostris hosei: Fraser�s dolphin Cephalorhynchus hectori: Hector�s dolphin Cephalorhynchus eutropia: Black or white-bellied dolphin Cephalorhynchus commersoni: Commerson�s dolphin Cephalorhynchus heavisidei: Heaviside�s dolphin Lissodelphis borealis: Northern right whale dolphin Lissodelphis peronii: Southern right whale dolphin Grampus griseus: Risso�s dolphin Tursiops truncatus: Bottlenosed dolphin Steno bredanensis: Rough-toothed dolphin Delphinus delphis: Common dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba: Blue-white or striped dolphin Stenella longirostris: Spinner dolphin Stenella attenuata: Spotted dolphin Stenella plagiodon: (Tropical Atlantic dolphin) Sotalia fluviatalis: Tucuxi Sotalia guianensis: (Guinea dolphin) Sousa teuszii: Atlantic humpbacked dolphin Sousa chinensis: Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin Family Platinistidae: River dolphins Pontoporia blainvillei: Franciscana Lipotes vexillifera: White-finned (Yangtze) dolphin Inia geoffrensis: Amazon river dolphin Platanista gangetica: Ganges dolphin Platanista indi: Indus river dolphin Arctic whales and dolphins This note deals mainly with the few species of whales that were hunted by Arctic whalers during the 17th to 20th centuries. Text and illustrations are based on �Sea mammals of the world�. Grouped in the order Cetacea, whales and their smaller kin, the dolphins and porpoises, have evolved from land-mammal forebears all the way toward aquatic living. They are entirely adapted for life in water, and cannot survive long if washed ashore. There are about 76 different kinds (see listing below), most of which live in the open ocean, well away from land and its dangers. Some live inshore or enter sheltered waters to court or produce their calves. A few of the smaller species live in estuaries, fewer still in big rivers and lakes without access to the sea. #$%+� O g z � � � � � � < s � � � � � � � > [ � � � � � � � � � � � ] g ��ŹŹŹŹ�Ź��ŹŹŹŹŹŞŞ��q�q�q��q�� h�A�h4\|+CJaJmH sH h�A�h DCJaJmH sH h�A�h!�CJaJmH sH h�A�h�n5CJaJmH sH h�X:CJaJmH sH h�A�CJaJmH sH h�A�hWsCJaJmH sH h:="5�mH sH jh:="h�{�5�UmH sH !jh:="5�UmHnHtH u,� � 78^��: x 7"8"9":";""��$��7$8$H$YD<`��a$gd�A�$��7$8$H$YD<a$gd�A�g ~ � � � ��6789]^@`b��BHTV'��ǻ��ǻ��ǻǻǻǻǋ�{�k^kh�,N5�CJaJmH sH h�A�hWs5�CJaJmH sH h�A�hWs6�CJaJmH sH h�A�hWsCJHaJmH sH h�X:h�X:5�CJaJmH sH h�X:hWs5�CJaJmH sH h�X:CJaJmH sH h�A�hWsCJaJmH sH h�A�h�n5CJaJmH sH h�A�h!�CJaJmH sH h�A�CJaJmH sH ��: E x ~ ' L X \| � � � 7"8";"["n"x"~""�"�"�"�#�#-$.$/$0$D'��̽̽̽��́��u�̽̽̽�b��%j�8h�3Th�3TCJUaJmH sH h�A�hWs5�CJaJh�,N5�CJaJmH sH %j.h�3Th�b2CJUaJmH sH h�3TCJaJmH sH h�A�hWs6�CJaJmH sH h�A�hWsCJaJmH sH h�A�hWs5�CJaJmH sH "h�A�hWs5�6�CJaJmH sH "h�A�h4\|+5�6�CJaJmH sH %"�"�#.$0$C'D'E'F'G'k'M�+�+=,�,�-F/H/�2�2�2�2�2�2�� 7$8$H$YD<gd�A�$��7$8$H$YD<`��a$gd�A�$��7$8$H$YD<a$gd�A�D'G'j'k'�J+U+u+�+,-,B,�,�,�-�-E/F/G/H/�2�2�2�2�2O3Z3�4�4�5��ôôä��ääÆsg�Z��ää�h�,N5�CJaJmH sH h�THCJaJmH sH %j�Ph�THh�THCJUaJmH sH h�b2CJaJmH sH "h�A�hWs5�6�CJaJmH sH h�A�hWs5�CJaJmH sH h�A�h4\|+CJaJmH sH h�A�hWsCJaJmH sH h�X:hWs5�CJaJmH sH h�X:h�X:5�CJaJmH sH h�,N5�CJaJmH sH �2�2�2O3�4�5�5999999O9�9�:<<�?�?�?�?>@?@M@�� h�8�p� @ gd�A�$��7$8$H$YD<a$gd�A��5�5�5999+9@9T9�9�9�:�:<<<<;<G<\<�?�?�? @?@L@Q@`@s@�@�@�@�@6AHA�A��я��уxlx`�`�xlxlxlxh�A�h4\|+5�CJaJh�A�h�[6�CJaJh�A�h�[CJaJh�A�h�[5�CJaJ%j��h�,Nh�,NCJUaJmH sH "h�A�hWs5�6�CJaJmH sH h�,N5�CJaJmH sH h�A�hWs5�CJaJmH sH h�A�hWsCJaJmH sH h�,NCJaJmH sH %jqh�,Nh�,NCJUaJmH sH #M@s@�@�@�@A1A^A�A�A�A�A"BHBoB�B�B�B�BC-CPChC�C�C�C�� h�8�p� @ gd�A� �h�8�pgd�A��A�A�A�A�A�ABB'BFYFnF�F�F�F�F�FG G1GxG�G�G�G�G�GH H6HDHgH{H�H�H�H�H�HIEI��h�A�h�[5�CJaJh�A�h�[6�CJaJh�A�h�[CJaJh�A�h D6�CJaJh�A�h DCJaJN�C D=DjD�D�D ECEoE�E�E�E)FTF�F�F�FGJGsG�G�G�G H1HbH�H�H�� h�8�p� @ gd�A��H�HI?IXI�I�I�IJ@J\|J�J�JK@KvK�K�KLCLxL�L�LM >>%.DIC ;��C ;("(;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;��"�� }!1AQa"q2��#B��R��$3br� %&'()456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz�� w!1AQaq"2�B�� #3R�br� $4�%�&'()56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz�� ?��ڒѢ��;��+ ��u׏W�X,�(�`��v�?��3�+N9-��U#�[��I�x��cӂrNkG�!J��i�>���գY +�y��X�U�"��J� ��5"�@\E��[��y�HrHʓ��O8��es"O��Ϭ?��R��}a��b��hw�K��eF1�`�ME��s�^/�Ȏp?��=�s��\|�¾�.}��}��7��h��X��_Y��;[{�R�ԑ��CZ�j'�-�ī�x��p��`hpi'��ǋ+L��X�A��X�U�֬�KIw3�{��D v� r@�c��o��os 컣��(��z��u �=Ż��Uu �x ��A_a0�[��\㯽n{�+,��2��G�vEr�Y��𑲷�-pc�D{�`��q�Q-�К�.��iY��j��$�Lt�A�s](�TiX9Q��i��G��kV b��ο!��ϥ$zl�u�:l���'�ˑ�l rH��+��n�1�Z)\\|��x�)h (�$(��dФ�R �� ϵb�n��i�67�f}6VI�s�'�W?U?�n��k�OnB�]G�ߌ��P�^;�>Ƶ��qd��6�zu��8K��ݢ��Js� ��Ri�m�_J�yQ��!p �!��O��L ��9Cû ��}�?�C�s�_�qg��۬�eY [��K6A#�kKŮn��hO7�a��ݥ�A��;I�R�6=2�S��!y �KK�� x�p� y�Ӝ��d ѭ鷺�4�͡h-��\|�"��{��Ρkw>�� 4�Oȁ�m��=;Q��D��[:�vqieqv��G�-�C�a�{gӭV�É4�d � ��fV�;�K�Qѭ��(ݼ��X��1�p [�m�ml ;��r��\�`��v`A��S$�ZE+�i�p)h� �S�(��M�ʚ):�(�HQM����i��8�Wq��SB�`/Vt�#�ᕢ�X�GS�V�@A�湝K�v�d��3��?�yu�[��$V��[�4 �9��t��3��)c�%�H�eYN�\|�gw.�[엗v��"�rG�ug�\��k�o�O��b��G��_<5�̼�p��9��H�a:��0ŕ��^�4� K� �[X��)FEr��KI�U�� ;�˻��^��zе� 4��\|{��oڝ��0�x� 7�ZN��;;�iH�J1�� g�t�hJQ{3E�颉>��QY�� C�-7ònKI3�Ω c�g=}��[��w#/��<�� 5�E��{�;�s��<�)�'�vWB1�g�5�g�k��. �� =��u��X� ��d�cw��8��8=�Jͼ�d񍜺g�Lh&�m��ħ��=3�z C��H\|��<)�ɼW}�kh#R�HWq��B{W��^ �<>�[KP��^%�?��u�I�[�n��!�I2�F7c��`?��YԨ��z1�b�jZ��m��>��叠�~�n�� []�V�n��d>�?��I�ݑ��\|L�H�=�<�� U�A��ML�4��H��c��#��WGҥ�o�t�\�LIi�V�� z^�oed�vP�6�Ԏ�{��>��7 �Z�8��c��)� dӸ �c��?_Z��-l"Z�� 쫊��~�.��A"�)�� `;T�8��]rU�n��tBW{��G��H��59�c\��[;��P�V� �P+��\|]xDpK>�8��@}OA�5��^/�ᘧC$a��T�Z�� gl6�ſ��\|WE:ъ�jgn[� ��WF1��VE$0e~�v��H�]��'��&+��KY/�M�H~i��d�:{��=s�7��U:f�� ܁�~�;��n�"��X��j�QIZO� b�Ƒ��ᑝ��?��M�7D�~��O�1� �V,_ ��m�� 1��O��p��f?�jϖ ˹�� M�+%��O6��(��>�\|g ��\Ռ�Yݥ�s� �r�� \�>\|��8?�_ַ��N$h��a�>��~��F�tW�rv�$��n�{�צ�H��⮮�� M �F��\נ�0!# AYW� ��/��q-��`OA�ϵr�f��\��\��G��(�� O�s��S�]��=W�k � ��`1��~tf��$� w ��{��3_��\G�pE,��@��8��j�nh�'�ǐ��TTU 3�)�� "��h�d� �p�A�i�4�k�y��o#Oݿc��j_ K��t��#Ych��젱��!�NIc�j9u�\|�X�F=('ڀsҬ� \|�Pܩ�CzөqK�S��\�n-�Fh�F��C3��ǥd�i�$#��Y�0N�2;��8��3�=:��P0t�]4��qxn��N�x�� OL��K$:��BM ,[~Ɇ�)�,q��0 ��^+@�l��Y"�� n�1�A��4�x5EԤ��b�l4�� H�}sL��mD��[��#�N{Q�Yj�4ȦI�DIegO!�1<��R��$�j�Xk��h�$_�Cϐz�h��q�%g�X"d��1�S� s�� {�c�< )�g��۲�'F�3]#�ގ7 �H�� X�z�pY�� F�y�t��;�qBpT`~E�Y_$Y�2�c��r=r�9��y5巜Gl�pi<��(��l��d6B��;@(ǥ�6��o$�l��'�_�g�1t ��xȫB=a/-��m�9��tw��a�%�$ ��GS]Kd�� S�t��m�l�PI �1��,)��F3��@�Oo�\��>l�o�T��J�7( ��c�?hiw3�. F1�d3g�?x���)q��b��@�Y!�BB��c�8�� M�F�k��XkqF��T�U�&��0A��)U�e��jo�y��) �h� ES�uV�;R��LD�U=��>��hڜbK-� �y�+Ͳ��I�W#n��a Q�׵x�K"-$y��E�. [7 Q�l= $��\|��2��T��R�̉H�m�1f}��}��-�F�cM5�aVUG`�X��gpǽ�u&:/�A�� 2� W�� W;y�sQ6��D0�� ;<� 1��8�\�7��/�Q�B`z/�@��5}r n��}�#�-� �o��9 �q��5�o9 ��4�! `Y$p��F[>��>MN�G?��X�#�4�=h�s��(�b��7�n��1�u��t7�4)��6)-�3Imю��w�W�L�b��ͧ�2��v-�1\�^� ��Vg�EoϪ��Y >>%.DIC ;��C ;("(;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;��"�� }!1AQa"q2��#B��R��$3br� %&'()456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz�� w!1AQaq"2�B�� #3R�br� $4�%�&'()56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz�� ?��[ϼ_��l� ��/�[ϴ_��jBq@}��}�� d��x��R��Z��(�%��\| ��(�%��\| ��(�%��\| ��}�� d��x��SQ@��}�� d��x��SQ@� ��\| >�m�>��!�%��\| >�m�>��!�%��\| >�m�>��!�%��\| >�m�>��!�%��\| >�m�>��!�%��\| >�m�>��!�%��\| >�m�>��!�%��\| i��x��g\��e�ߵ��9G��9�h�N�i�˦�ǟ��S̐�Y��˼_��Z�S��l�ʱ�c��㸊�$��E�)du9 B)Ŧ&�/��P0Gz��mfܑ��9��_�� \dR�q�k��E;I$��dUs��S��#ڀ,QLV�y#��Q�h��֊ ɢ��JZ(��J('�õ:�`pO�O�AEP0��(��w8U$�1��[hI?��"�O� 6�]b�G�7��Q�w5纯�� ed�J a�k�0˷��_��o��O�H�w �D~v�DQ��.�^i �-b(#��P�RC�a�Ak#:��w?L��,1��T��b ��U� ��Q�L� xݞ3��֬[m��$&��mB�J7�4rB�"�L\|��w�#�<hn[��5#�c��k��N� 斶�W�=��}�(��\|�_ʽN��O��0#�5�>�1�+X��m�ey� TrO?L~��)6��㩮8J�X�ڹ�^��s��Ev�hr�jv8�a� �&B�C�<��0^��X$RHA=�\�l{�ڲ��N�H��Gn��T ��b� ) p85�G^ECJ dh�5 8��q�C$��2y�sHb�E��qM��q�v��@��1�G�x'd���qT��9��S��@ ��9�ҔHXi�W%�OB�H3ޣE �NB@$q֥�Z��Z�м�1!:�#$�Me��1��e��[ ܕ�w' ~��+Y��6$� �C}��>0�Q��0�>�\Q�mV�X�!T�i%<�Q��g��R_��nB��M��n��B)�^��5-�ؤ��>�5��,`R�ǩ ��56��v�0 �Ra�{��c��ZL��g&Z��+����P$wZT��Y�5��@HX��м�k�!M��pY�v��q��]7F�F��,{f�j�ɓ�� I_pn�� }9�LQ�y�\|/ �� Z�ty�;��]\F (}��ֶ��98��q��R��9��P�� Ԭ4�T��G�8?��a�qPF DP�8$�S��ҕ��kc$�r�1�ǽ$��1�� ؾ[ � ��0��1UQ�^ N��7C��;��O9<{R�?98�B8L��9,OW=�x�b`�ʳ��T��ljZ��{� �(&�=w��:��q�\�}I�g�\�p�Y%v2e�g9� ��t�,�w��Kf�d��.Uz9"��JS&m��2?�t�崎q��>� ��o (;Pz�5��l��′��3xs�s�$�u�:3n��sZ��!c��I�0��]f��l>l3��f70�_jyϖ%rG�0\�I ! K��(l)�q�}�ƥ� -�wVqڋx�!��\|��i��ڴ��\|��Qi<��?� Ԛ��u��:WE��I?��n��C��s��~��\�bj4�s��"��6�E��y'�5kx�e#�j%m��Ojd��#i��Wz��s�K�d9�U��C�VjK��zը��޵HŚA��&��{��g��j�� +��0�Ș 2��b ��QW�R�qٜ�Y�~e�� af à��o!��;ձ'ɸ �z� r��l��9��mR��Vn&�F�rn'��O�7s��/03_�8' SF��3P�W,��R3�zӕ�r �� g�4�2�͸ ��j@{g Ʃ�}=i�0�� ˡ�7n�jO0�pj�P0x�t��CE�<I��1 P��$9�VL��vUP9$�K`ܬ�yh�A�P�ԡ�S� FDc��{�""��pR�0ea��k��W�F�#w.A�⫘9M K_��~��'w�;��N�ϼ��U�e,��2�$p2~� �}J��L{�SP<�c�yU�%FG�TJ��v�l�� FpzG�7O�n�Cr�al�n/#m^zs�U�%�6�S�Ww��K}g��y��G^2}��f�/dr��GW��V��-��9�Y~a]N9cE��F�<~?��i�lSȒ3��,��~��8QD�B�\��4�^yͼ�� ;�G�[��<�1w}��=j ��y 8^G��W��X��B3I��m_S�M��el��^��z��V�q[B�!�z�r��j�i�{��a��2De`��9��4�cw�9ϙ�t� ��;�S ��( (��]�A$�:�Ҡ �k��EtX��=x�=��Ҧ\�qI0h��Y}OnjX$e< �8�H '�5h�i ?̸�=( v��UZ J�<�⬌60x� (Y�� c��f��$�� :��9�j�1-��S��{��la� �f��8\g�fn��A�OY ǃ� �)\���w"� )��YK#��ra��6Һɼ�BzN#R-�u�ߧ�H�6�? z Zk~�# EVY��N�6��/�#.A=�֤2)�p:�gK�[@�J��~��M_[��V]�"-��YI�k��^��v��3E<��D�}��KS�5��Y }+2p�Ad`�I�a�c��Z��X~F�]Kw�5�e��Pp#�ZV,-�9�2m>i#g�]�&�Ht� `1ڦL{c�B�c�s��k� ,��H��?�j�r��.C��V��m�˞9#=��ݥ�YA1�� AQ�� [Μ�7�6��<��QR\��G��3]K<�\��؜c�8�� 듂ͤ�:� ��+v)C�9�p��h��n��N �`6Fj�Rt9�!�t8#�mc�0' I�$u�2��2�qߵV�V�]�s�� T�(�R�{�� y�ɰ &�/u֒F��z��닧��M��sң�=8�Gj�F�:�%u�O1��z��j9�ǅ �� b�Fڥ�r�� 6ߑN;��RN�÷�j��Oҥ��@Oٌ��2�ln�� P#��:S� �u � @U皛��!�W��Í�r��fWU� ��y��Q\+�?6?ϥT��~��&�� r1Y̌p3��i�dt�R�cs�C��H�� :�cD��%T��'��LgfU��)�$�� Z}�+��~鏾�s��XWGQ�P��j�1˟��ջ=Q��k��S�:�� H�T�X\�/�of�!�P��Ur��.淇u��.m��E��F��&{�v��v�pN�� r+HѓF�7s �� z�[��;O�c^��1��Քe/u�A�O8��%�6��vW�8 GrS�V7V�v��jcxLe��{��X x��'#'�jh��@���y35A"̒�!�L��=� ��늅�Tz�k �0��<ƪ�6Xc ��I�ЁU�8� ��ӖDV'vN:zWer��%B�PW#��j��X��&_�<�W#��4�V� ��r9��m{t��͂}��1�@?��T�X�ĆM��oCL�@��؎�}��pONi�T��4��b\n''�8R~�隍$ Cc�l��.��2�퐠w>��C�r��0�=sT��;S�n0;��{? iv�+\+NW��x?�A\��qy�K5�� L �8{�Pm��Ih--!��)w~��q�1��U �~\|Ï�`�5�1�FL�z��V��X�}��fׅ/��9X �=Q��J�g�Mq��-JxW8t ��M�-��F�榎 ��.��u��+�8�Ҡ�C 6r;��nյ�I��)g��I8��F1��P>�j.2S"��boo�V��@�+:��v�� Į �R��)]\ƍ�Xш��Q�Iq�N�O�⭰�+� z�P0��5��'>��A^tE� ��'TrOl T�ԯ�pG��H��k/d�=�+yr�B=�� N��L�̃� ��R�� ]��cl��v��>d��E��c��iXt�"#� 8�UV��5 �� f2�ԏz�nS� �U�l��F��;�}{T�8��(�7p��a��z��O��r��r�t�W�ef�� 7 s�p1K!��X��}�c!9I��#��h�^ �\��=��F�� I�#�A�=�ee��W��x��r:��U� �Æ @�Y��ޝ�J@�P��fU+��8�5�;��O�?1 �4��2��g�;�ã�u�F~R=�� }��^՟�`� zS��q��zhL.4y��?Q��U�O'�?�Vy�:�R0=F �6 0G �?SR$��+`��Ve��$t�}��\9K�q��L�y"\|�+�?J�&# ��_ևp~ePç��E�cJ+��'�i �M >t;��e;brF��榎��KI��/bT'r��-�ie�\��QEdoԪ�{�"t Z(�Ԯ��}}j7<��(��"��?T=�E ��} ��E0�=��>d>�Q@��U��_Ҋ)��L�j}�T2�ry�F9e�QE@�1}��i9�Ҋ��"uC�o�֚r�O\��Eq��Ek��?�F�q��aEB7��٩�8�?Ɗ)�e�s�#��G֊)��/�\|8�W�G8R��j(��ԅ�쑲s�D x��~�)-�[p��:��T$b._��(��?��Dd� � h��T� � C �0A��Rightwhalex��R� E��h� [�e3`��?9Q �F ��E��h� [�e3`��JFIF``��C # %$" "!&+7/&)4)!"0A149;>>>%.DIC ;��C ;("(;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;��k["�� }!1AQa"q2��#B��R��$3br� %&'()456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz�� w!1AQaq"2�B�� #3R�br� $4�%�&'()56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz�� ?��q�pi@�"��R��x�H�ʦ�{ R��Ŝ� �� c�Vrް᰻�{;��7?,��X�H}eڣ��\|y��c��h��L�zs��W��!�� u!�5� �p�{F�J�MGS?�0�o.s�1��:S��6҉��A��fS�桵�l^iѺ��N��G�l �9WN �C󏧨��Zx�Y�\}��Tv�P��5�k� ��z��x��#��-"7 ��N?�R �S��.�{�.�d� �}qV��t�7�� ?�xᄡ%r>��3�#�8��{P��`��Љ4}�� k�gC�1�}�'99�Ӱ Dy��4��V��q��Y�� N�a��cOi�ZI �M�4��"+�$>� ?֤��u8��Alg$d��܁��Lx�s��h��c&���� 4�\|�' ��\8`�i��x��>� ��`��_��Dz��U��g��J��0ה �q� ��4Xj�ZN��<�Db�.?vX��L��o�OR�@��ᔎ�Q+��ڕ�sҩy��S�e�Vwvǹ8 �?�t6 $е\ =R�� 7�qE��x�4�ғn( 4��@Fz�B��)�8�J6�@ JQK�wx��Y��(ݰa��z ��k��,߇kK$rDe��z� %��s��3_]��K+d�OA�^��.��Y�� {�E%~R�5�x �#��6 �9�>�s@��J^��B �z�hBy��7Ǿ<��d�h��_��D<��.� ��YoY��68�>�W��^��%�� jx��o�fp};R��0�L3��)�� h�z`�L��O�D�%>�\,q�� T��<�+�{z5 ��n�L ��8"�%��$8i-�x�JYB�� aҐ��ɶ�2��`L{y��r��l�s\^T �4�c�j�P�R��G��G�߱��2��}� ��G �`JW��A��i�7�/�V7"#�� 5��<��##+ü��$��Zi�� s 9�I�;��<�ҕ��/N�5 &E6ג�S�U��WIĝF ��\|ѻ?��3�8�� $c��9�#O�nO��(�\�i ��:��+� ��GbWsG©� ��h� ��}4�:dp�qV'0Z�F��7��_~��=��!�<��j��ZF��v7R\yCQ�w �B �8<Ց�R�Py��g�YH�^٨�UӚ~� ��N�䝙J�� 9 �q��b��x�:B��;��#ҧ�� @�氹�Tj:�� ¸�>��)H��/�ɠ^�� jZ?�5��z�5��r�݀V=�8?�&��p�V}`;d�R�koRf�B��uV��h�4VN 3e��\��w�ޠ ��,��3�).Y>��g$��$��v!=>��M��x�� A�NG��㓡 y��U$Q��O8�嗅�mZ8�+Z;��\���LO�G\|� � �hQ�zS� 3 �\��s��5j�gb7Ǳ�2�ʛzwVx�� []\�G��q��5-P��uͻ�:\|��G��5iI0I�1Fq�{z�?�{UƟgu ɠFR0F+_�>��gC�#� sI2�m�ڵ��h.lgY�� T�ڮ�֨�-��hm��\|�f.�9$��V$�5"�ea�2�F�'�8 C ��_x/ 4� ޸1��Vl��՘�Yz��ޞ�TI��-B�y㻚�i\�� 'Ӄ^Qyl,u �b�/�#G�'�8��=Œ�=�N�\|��?�J��W��y 8��[�?�I;��1� �c5b�K��n>�g%��q"�#֪�� �<_ c�'�Q�c�RJ��h�7JI'9�!�A${�Jn �� W��@�T�\zV�a�f({��Dr �n �u�H��Uc��=��b�d�$p{��,sە ��$�"q�\|��Q� 9�H�턍��Ԁ��>�q%��u߿�j��4S��ƌ�k�-��kF2rrk.�/Ð��6 �+փ�W+��T�a��xh�`z�\|��~8��7y��71�u��ې��&��6��<��$��8'��=�r��Oz!� �'��H�9=� �4�k�rpz�>s� �)�x�T[�9�"V\|�NM4� j-��`��5ܞ4� � =(B��?JVu�� k�Y�#��vZG��ɭj#�n�V#�P<��37��^��Uŷ��a�2^8�W��>дP~ŧD�p ��5��#�!��;��\�9 p�h��I�G� �'p�1��zS��!��'ݥ �"9^�� zQ�Ux��l 7wQA�� b8ϊ>��4�Y�`��YG��Go^��e��.�J�]aȯ�� <� Ӂ��zPI��j"� P ��`�U]OJ�� e�nA \բ�J(��g��"��X^��0ߗOʰ��$} �T��%H��j��p�=�Ծ��d\|�w�_Y�fѮ��<��5�6�yn�n-剳�H�O�_QS]E+"#�uu~F�fG� �`旷�}%s�M�)#�I��{bl�X�r��.m仴oE�:�DZ9�Ǉ��5��c�A�!C�f�� )��Gx$V�:��P �~��2��9�K}�62�Ǧj��>��^)�֔.(� ԅ�z�)p� � �l�֚�Ԍ�m0�J(�� ^+CNе=Ra�� g ��t��+��m�`?��8�Wv��xWG�x��fQX��)��֯Z��4o��P8�߭t�~D@�1J�X�#��_E��Gqu�= ��\WN�m�4�J��1��)v�� 01N��/�Ӛ1ޓ��O�(�y��c��R��H(�'��@��)�Zh 5( � (��@��E&)h��J(��E��ր"��uY0�k��e��}�Oj��$# �Ȯ��%y}��6:��g�?�?Ҳf�E��e ��k^�IEج��o�"M��A9��s��\|`E� u.��׾�GJvI�I4�Õ ��3�J�8��?1�O�O�� F��t��Ҋ.<�K�=p�+j��Q�2RY��8�i� <5b�#��ӎ}' ��u��!؆��%��`��H�o\|�IҞx��&2y�w��.8�� 4A@ Ji��ќR �)�3@��9��~�)}=)�@�z�4��~4��T Dd:!J��\� � C �8A� �Bottlenosex pic��R� �S��)E~� >>%.DIC	i don't know
Native to the Mediterranean and violet in colour, what sort of marine creature is a 'Venus's Girdle'?	Marine Life of Eastern North America including North Carolina Leatherback (Sea) Turtle (t1) (ph) () ______ DE(p) NC(p) NJ(p) Dermochelys coriacea The Leatherback Sea Turtle is the world's largest turtle. It can weigh half a ton. It is a deep diver, able to go to a depth of about 5,000 feet. Loggerhead (Sea) Turtle (t2) (ph) () ______ DE(p) NC(p) NJ(p) Caretta caretta A Loggerhead Sea Turtle photographed during a FONT pelagic trip (photo by Alan Brady) Kemp's Ridley (Sea) Turtle (t1) () ______ DE(p) Lepidochelys kempii The Kemp's Ridley Turtle is the world's rarest sea turtle. It is classified as "critically endangered". Green (Sea) Turtle (t2) (ph) ______ DE Chelonia mydas A Green Sea Turtle photographed during a FONT tour Again, as previously noted, an excellent book about sea turtles is "Voyage of the Turtle - in Pursuit of the Earth's Last Dinosaurs", by Carl Safina, Owl Books, 2007. Click the above link to a list of marine fish of eastern North America: 560 species Sharks' Teeth ______ NC Occasionally, one who is beachcombing on a sandy beach is fortunate to find what appears to be, and in fact is a tooth, dark in color, and from one-half to several inches in length. Such a find is likely to be a sharks' tooth. On beaches in North and South Carolina, the teeth of about 14 species are to found, among them those of: Great White, Hammerhead, Tiger, Bull, and Lemon Sharks. Such teeth are not from sharks currently alive. They are fossil teeth, from sharks that lived thousands to millions of years ago. Dark teeth found on the beach are all fossils. A tooth from a present-day shark is white, and rarely found on the beach. Actually, sharks' teeth are about the only remnants from ancient sharks. Unlike most fish whose skeletons are composed of hard bone, those of sharks are composed of softer cartilage. The hardest substance in the bodies of sharks are their teeth. When they die, their bodies decompose, except for their teeth, which can continue to exist for eons. Sharks produce a large number of teeth during their lives. It is estimated that a Tiger Shark, for example, produces up to 24,000 teeth in a 10-year period. INVERTEBRATES Class CALCISPONGIAE: the CALCAREA with limy spicules Organ-pipe Sponges ______ (ASC:54) (PAS:10) the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Cape Cod Leucosolenia botryoides Little Vase Sponge ______ (ASC:45) from the Arctic to Rhode Island, also North American Pacific coast Scypha coliata Dujardin's Slime Sponge ______ (ASC:115) from the Arctic to Cape Cod MA Halisarca dujardini Loosanoff's Haliclona ______ DE MD (PAS:10) Cape Cod to the Chesapeake Bay, possibly south to Cape Hatteras Haliclona loosanoffi Finger Sponge ______ (ASC:520 (PAS:11) Labrador to Long Island, NY, rarely south to North Carolina Haliclona oculata Haliclona oculata is called the "Eyed Sponge" because its pores resemble many eyes. It is often broken free by storms and washed up on the beach, where its skeleton bleaches to white. Purple Sponge ______ VA (ASC:126) (PAS:11) in Maine, and the lower Chesapeake Bay where it is abundant; also the North American Pacific coast Haliclona permollis The Purple Sponge is encrusted on rocks in protected places, and on floating docks and in tidepools, from the midtidal zone to water up to 20 feet deep. Common Palmate Sponge ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:28) Nova Scotia, Canada to North Carolina Isodictya palmata In the British Isles, where Isodictya palmata also occurs, it is known as "Mermaid's Gloves". Egg Sponge ______ (PAS:10) from the Arctic south to New Hampshire Mycalecarmia ovulum Bowerbank's Crumb of Bread Sponge ______ (PAS:10) Bay of Fundy to Cape Cod, also North American Pacific coast Halichondria bowerbanki Another name for Halichondria bowerbanki is Bowerbank's Halichondria. It can be distinguished from the following species, Halichondria panicea, only by its spicules. Crumb of Bread Sponge ______ (ASC:123) (PAS:10) from the Arctic to Cape Cod, also North American Pacific coast Halichondria panicea Other names for Halichondria panicea are Crumb Sponge or Bread Sponge. Red Beard Sponge ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:29) (PAS:11) along the entire Atlantic coast of North America; also North American Pacific coast Microciona prolifera The Red Beard Sponge tolerates both the pollution and the reduced salinities of bays and estuaries. Nipple Sponge ______ (ASC:53) Gulf of St. Lawrence to Cope Cod MA Polymastia robusta Loggerhead Sponge ______ FL NC (ASC:17) North Carolina to Florida and Mexico, also West Indies Spheciospongia vesparia Spheciospongia vesparia is the largest sponge known, up to 36 inches wide and 24 inches high. As many as 16,000 animals, most of them snapping shrimp, have been recorded living in the canal system of one specimen. Spheciospongia vesparia shares the same common name (Loggerhead Sponge) as an unrelated sponge, Ircinia strobilina that occurs in the warm waters of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Fig Sponge ______ (PAS:11) from the Arctic south to Rhode Island, possibly Virginia Suberites ficus Boring Sponges (PAS:10): Cliona celata ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:127) Long Island, NY to the Gulf of Mexico, also North American Pacific coast Cliona truitti ______ locally north to the Bay of Fundy Cliona vastifica ______ locally north to the Gulf of St. Lawrence A third class of sponges, HYALOSPONGIAE, the GLASS SPONGES, occurs only in deep waters further offshore. The grouping is also known as HEXACTINELLIDA. STONY CORALS (Class Anthozoa, order Scleractinia) Northern Stony Coral ______ FL NC (PAS:20) Cape Cod to Florida, also West Indies Astrangia danae Astrangia danae is sometimes washed ashore. Oculina sp. ______ FL NC Oculina is washed ashore from Cape Hatteras, NC to the West Indies. OCTOCORALS (Class Anthozoa, subclass Octocorallia) Red Soft Coral ______ (ASC:37,39) from the Arctic to the Gulf of Maine, also North American Pacific coast Gersemia rubiformis Dead Man's Fingers ______ (PAS:10) Gulf of St. Lawrence to Rhode Island Alcyonium digitatum Sea Whip (ph) ______ FL MD NC VA (ASC:63) (PAS:11) New Jersey to the Gulf of Mexico Leptogorgia virgulata Sea Whip (photo courtesy of Diane Allison) Straight Sea Whip ______ MD VA ranges into the Chesapeake Bay as far north as the Patuxent River Leptogorgia setacea Common Sea Pansy ______ FL NC (PAS:11) North Carolina to Florida, the West Indies, and eastern South America Renilla reniformis SEA ANEMONES (Class Anthozoa, order Actiniaria) Elegant Burrowing Anemone ______ DE MD VA (ASC:191) New Brunswick, Canada to the Chesapeake Bay Edwardsia elegans Lined Anemone ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:166) Cape Cod MA to Cape Hatteras NC Fagesia lineata Warty Burrowing Anemone ______ DE MD NC VA Cape Cod MA to South Carolina Haloclava producta Smooth Burrowing Anemone ______ DE MD VA (ASC:172) from Cape Cod south, probably as far as Cape Hatteras Actinothoe modesta Northern Red Anemone ______ (ASC:182) from the Arctic to Cape Cod, also North American Pacific coast Tealia crassicornis Silver-spotted Anemone ______ (ASC:196) Nova Scotia, Canada to the Gulf of Maine Bunodactis stella Warty Sea Anemone ______ FL NC (ASC:193) North Carolina to the Florida and Texas, also West Indies Bunodosoma cavernata Red Stomphia ______ (ASC:178) from the Bay of Fundy to Cape Cod MA Stomphia coccinea Tricolor Anemone ______ FL NC (ASC:194) North Carolina to Texas and Mexico, also West Indies Calliactis tricolor The Tricolor Anemone attaches itself to crabs. Pale Anemone ______ FL NC (ASC:167) North Carolina to Florida and Texas, also West Indies Aiptasia pallida Frilled Anemone ______ DE (ASC:171) from the Arctic to Delaware, also North American Pacific coast Metridium senile Striped Anemone ______ DE MD VA (ASC:168) Maine to Chesapeake Bay, also North American Pacific coast Haliplanella luciae Ghost Anemone ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:169) Maine to North Carolina, also North American Pacific coast Diadumene leucolena TUBE-DWELLING ANEMONE: CERIANTHID (Class Anthozoa, order Ceriantharia) Northern Cerianthid ______ (ASC:170) from the Arctic to Cape Cod Cerianthus borealis JELLYFISH of course are not fish. SESSILE JELLYFISH These 3 species do not at all resemble the TYPICAL JELLYFISH that follow. Horned Stalked Jellyfish ______ (ASC:90) Greenland to Cape Cod MA Lucernaria quadricornis The Horned Stalked Jellyfish closely matches the color of the seaweeds on which it sits. Eared Stalked Jellyfish ______ (PAS:17) Greenland to Cape Cod MA (the south side) Haliclystus auricula Trumpet Stalked Jellyfish ______ (ASC:40) New Brunswick, Canada to Cape Cod MA Haliclystus salpinx Crown Jellyfish ______ (ASC:503) (PAS:29) Cape Hatteras NC to Florida, occasionally further north Nausithoe punctata The Crown Jellyfish is normally in deep water at or below 500 feet. Mushroom Cap ______ (PAS:31) Purple Jellyfish ______ (ASC:508) in warm waters off North and South America Pelagica noctiluca The Purple Jellyfish occurs in large swarms, which appear as glowing white balls at night. It is toxic. Even so, it is eaten by the Ocean Sunfish and the Blue Rockfish, with neither having any ill-effects. Sea Nettle ______ MD NC VA (ASC:506,510) (PAS:31) Cape Cod to Florida and Texas Chrysaura quinquecirrha Sea Nettle is relatively common in the more saline portions of the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia and Maryland. The sharp stings of the Sea Nettle can drive swimmers out of the water. The animal is mildly toxic. Contact with it usually results in a mild, itchy irritation, but a person stung severely may require hospitalization. Lion's Mane (or Red Jellyfish) (ph) ______ (ASC:514) (PAS:31) along entire Atlantic Coast, and on the open sea Cyanea capillata The Lion's Mane is the largest jellyfish in the world. Specimens up to 8 feet wide have been found. It is highly toxic. In Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's story, "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane", Sherlock Holmes solves a homicide caused by contact between the victim and this medusa in a tidepool. Moon Jellyfish (ph) () ______ DE NC NJ(p) (ASC:502) (PAS:31) from the Arctic to Florida, the West Indies, and Mexico, more irregular south of Cape Cod MA Aurelia aurita The Moon Jellyfish is mildly toxic. Its sting causes a slight rash that may itch for several hours. Moon Jellyfish Above on a beach; below in the water Cannonball Jellyfish () ______ FL (ASC:507,514) from the Chesapeake Bay to Texas, also West Indies Stomolophus meleagris The Cannonball Jellyfish floats near shore, sometimes occurring in large swarms. HYDROIDS (Class Hydrozoa, Order Siphonophora: not true jellyfish) Solitary Hydroid ______ (ASC:89) from the Arctic to Long Island Sound Hybocodon pendula Hybocodon pendula is called the "One-armed Jellyfish". Tubularian Hydoid ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:88) Nova Scotia, Canada to Cape Hatteras NC; also North American Pacific coast Tubularia crocea Clapper Hydromedusa ______ DE MD (ASC:84,494) from the Arctic to the Chesapeake Bay Sarsia tubulosa Feathered Hydroid ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:86) Maine to Florida and Texas, also West Indies Pennaria tiarella Club Hydroid ______ (ASC:87) Labrador to Long Island Sound Clava leptostyla Snail Fur ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:38) Labrador to Texas, also North American Pacific coast Hydractinia echinata Bougainvillia hydroids ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:80) from the Arctic to Florida and Texas, also West Indies, Mexico Bougainvillia spp. Constricted Jellyfish ______ (ASC:497) from the Arctic to Cape Cod MA Catablema vesicarium Stick Hydroid ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:82) from the Arctic to Texas, also West Indies, Bermuda, and California Eudendrium ramosum Stick Hydroids resemble a miniature forest. Related species in the Atlantic are the following three: Red Stick Hydroid ______ Slender Stick Hydroid ______ Eudendrium tenue Many-ribbed Hydromedusa ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:500) Maine to Texas, also off North American Pacific coast Aequorea victoria (has been Aequorea aequorea) Aequorea victoria is also called Crystal Jelly. It (and other related Aequorea species) are widespread "jellyfish" frequently washed up on beaches. Aequorea victoria is luminescent, and at night one can see the outline of its parts in "living lights". Wine-glass hydroids ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:77,75) Labrador to the West Indies and Venezuela, also North American Pacific coast Campanularia spp. Zig-zag Wine-glass Hydroid ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:78) from the Arctic to the West Indies, also North American Pacific coast Obelia geniculata The medusae of the Zig-zag Wine-glass Hydroid often swim with the bell turned inside out like a wind-blown umbrella. Double-toothed Bushy Wine-glass Hydroid ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:79) Cape Cod MA to the West Indies Obelia bidentata White-cross Hydromedusa ______ (ASC:501) from the Arctic to Rhode Island Staurophora metensi Eight-ribbed Hydromedusa ______ (ASC:498) from the Arctic to Cape Cod MA Melicertum octocostatum The "eight ribs" of Melicertum octocostatum refer to 8 radial canals and gonads. Elegant Hydromedusa ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:499) from the Arctic to Cape Hatteras NC Tima formosa The Elegant Hydromedusa occurs north of Cape Cod MA in the late summer and fall. It is year-round south of Rhode Island. Halecium Hydroid ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:72) from the Arctic to Cape Hatteras NC, also North American Pacific coast Halecium halecium Garland Hydroid ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:81) from the Arctic to Cape Hatteras NC Sertularia pumila Fern Garland Hydroids ______ (ASC:71) Labrador to Cape Cod, also North American Pacific coast Abietinaria spp. Silvery Hydroid ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:74) from the Arctic to Cape Hatteras NC, also North American Pacific coast, and Europe Thuiaria argentea The graceful Silvery Hydroid is called "White Weed" in England, where it is collected, dyed green, dried, and shipped to the United States for sale in flower shops as "Sea Fern". Feathery Hydroids ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:67,69) Cape Cod to Texas, also Bermuda, and in the West Indies south to Brazil; also North American Pacific coast Aglaophenia spp. Angled Hydromedusa ______ (ASC:505) from the Arctic to Cape Cod MA, also North American Pacific coast Gonionemus vertens Chain Siphonophore ______ DE MD (ASC:487) Nova Scotia, Canada to the Chesapeake Bay Stephanomia cara Like other siphonophores, Stephanomia cara is a floating, free-swimming colony made up of individual polyps. The colony moves slowly forward by the action of the pulsating bells, trailing its tentacles. The Chain Siphonophore is delicate and breaks readily when handled. Portuguese Man-of-war (ph) () ______ NC(p) NJ(p) (ASC:512,513) (PAS:31) normally Florida to Texas and Mexico, also in the West Indies including Bahamas Physalia physalis North of the range above, the Portuguese Man-of-war is at times driven ashore by storms from the Gulf Stream as far north as Cape Cod MA. The Portuguese Man-of-war is highly toxic. Its tentacles contain one of the most powerful poisons known in any marine animal and they can inflict severe burns and blisters even when the animal is dead on the beach. Portuguese Man-of-war By the Wind Sailor ______ NC (ASC:515,516) (PAS:31) in warm waters, off both the North American Atlantic and Pacific coasts Velella velella Velella velella is a warm-water drifter, sometimes blown ashore from the Gulf Stream, as far north as Cape Hatteras NC, occasionally further. Although the tentacles of the "Sailor" contain stinging cells, they are harmless to man. Blue Buttons ______ NC (ASC:504) in warm waters, off both the North American Atlantic and Pacific coasts Porpita linneana Blue Buttons can be driven ashore from the Gulf Stream by storms as far north as Cape Hatteras NC, occasionally further. Since the Blue Buttons does not have a sail, it is blown ashore less often than the Portuguese Man-of-war or the "Sailor". in tropical waters, Blue Buttons can be seen by the thousands, dotting the water with blue for miles. Common Northern Comb Jelly ______ (ASC:491) (PAS:32) from the Arctic to Cape Cod, uncommon south of Maine Bolinopsis infundibulum The Common Northern Comb Jelly is the most common comb jelly north of Cape Cod occurring in the summer. Leidy's Comb Jelly ______ MD VA (ASC:493) (PAS:32) from Cape Cod south, but irregular north of New Jersey Mnemiopsis leidyi The Leidy's Comb Jelly penetrates the nearly freshwater parts of estuaries of the Chesapeake Bay. Beroe's Comb Jelly ______ (ASC:492) PAS:32) common in the Gulf of Maine, occurs south to Cape Cod Beroe cucumis Ovate Comb Jelly ______ DE MD VA (PAS:32) abundant north to the Chesapeake Bay, regular in the Delaware Bay Beroe ovata The above 2 species of Beroe's Comb Jellies are only distinguishable when they are mature, and not always then. Sea Gooseberry ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:496) (PAS:32) the whole Atlantic Coast (of North America), less common southward Pleurobrachia pileus Arctic Sea Gooseberry ______ from the Arctic to the Gulf of Maine, sometimes in winter to Cape Cod; also North American Pacific coast Mertensia ovum Venus Girdle ______ NC (PAS:32) tropical and oceanic Cestum veneris With a ribbon-like body, Cestum veneris is a Gulf Stream species that is rarely found inshore, most likely in the late summer and early fall. MOLLUSKS (SHELLS) (Phyllum Mollusca) SEASHELLS are made by MOLLUSKS. MOLLUSKS are invertebrate animals that produce shells of one or two pieces that wholly or partially enclose a soft body. SHELLS are the skeletons of MOLLUSKS. Like the internal skeleton (endoskeleton) of a mammal, the external skeleton (exoskeleton) of mollusks function both for protection and as a place for muscle attachment. A SHELL found on a beach is the skeletal remnant of a dead MOLLUSK. MOLLUSKS are either snail-like animals with one shell (UNIVALVES, or GASTROPODS), or clam-like animals with two shells (BIVALVES). The two shells of a BIVALVE are held tightly together when the animal is alive. A third group of MOLLUSKS are the CHITONS. An explanation as to what they are is below. And another group of MOLLUSKS are the CEPHALOPODS, including SQUIDS and OCTOPUSES. These animals lack external shells, having instead internal or rudimentary shells. CHITONS (Class Polyplacophora) CHITONS are flattened, lozenge-shaped mollusks that are most often found tightly clamped on a rock. In some species, the shells are completely obscured by the 8 shells down the CHITON'S back held in place by a girdle. CHITONS vary in color, with some, as 2 of the species below, being red Red Mottled Chiton ______ (ASC:370,374) (PS:74) circumpolar, along the North American Atlantic coast from the Arctic to Massachusetts Tonicella marmorea Red Northern Chiton ______ (PAS:19) from the Arctic to Massachusetts Bay, locally south to the Long Island Sound, also Pacific coast Tonicella rubra The Red Northern Chiton was described by Linnaeus in 1767. White Northern Chiton ______ (ASC:380) (AS:444) circumpolar, along the North American Atlantic coast from Greenland to Massachusetts, also in the North Pacific in Alaska and south Ischnochiton albus The White Northern Chiton was described by Linnaeus in 1767. Common Bee Chiton ______ DE MD NC VA (AS:428) (PAS:19) (PS:74) southern Maine to Florida Chaetopleura apiculata Another name for Chaetopleura apiculata is Common Eastern Chiton. GASTROPODS (Class Gastropoda): snail-like mollusks with a one-part shell Maurer's Slit-shell ______ (PS:39) off the Carolinas to northeast Florida, a rare species Perotrochus maureri Charleston Sllt-shell ______ (PS:39) off South Carolina Perotrochus charlestonensis Cup-and-saucer Limpet ______ (PAS:19) Nova Scotia to Florida, rare south of Cape Cod Crucibulum striatum Cayenne Keyhole Limpet ______ FL MD NC VA (ASC:384) (AS:405) (PS:40) Maryland to Brazil Diodora cayenensis File Fleshy Limpet ______ FL NC (AS:402) (PS:40) North Carolina to Brazil Lucapinella limatula Atlantic Plate Limpet ______ (PS:41) from the Arctic Ocean to New York Lottia testudinalis Lottia testudinalis alveus ______ Eelgrass Limpet Maine to Connecticut The largest specimens of Lottia testudinalis are found in the vicinity of Eastport, Maine. Tortoise-shell Limpet ______ (ASC:383) (AS:386) (PAS:19) from the Arctic to Long Island Sound Notoacmaca testudinalis Another name for Notoacmaca testudinalis is Atlantic Plate Limpet. Northern Blind Limpet ______ (PS:41) Greenland to Massachusetts Lepeta caeca Linne's Puncturella ______ (AS:409) (PS:41) circumpolar, in the western Atlantic south to Massachusetts Puncturella noachina (or Puncturella princeps) Linne's Puncturella was described by Linnaeus in 1771. MARGARITES Northern Rosy Margarite ______ (AS:257) (PS:43) Greenland to Massachusetts, also North American Pacific coast Margarites costalis Another name for Margarites costalis is Northern Ridged Margarite. Striate Margarite ______ (AS:300) from the Arctic to Massachusetts, also Europe Margarites striatus Greenland Margarite ______ (ASC:468) (PS:43) Greenland to Massachusetts Margarites groenlandicus Another name for Margarites groenlandicus is Greenland Top Snail. Smooth Margarite ______ (AS:293,681) (PS:43) Greenland to Massachusetts Margarites helicinus Another name for Margarites helicinus is Helicina Margarite. Otto's Spiny Margarite ______ DE MD NC VA Newfoundland to North Carolina Lischkeia ottoi Channeled Top Shell ______ FL NC VA Virginia to Florida Solariella lacunella Ornate Top Shell ______ DE MD VA (AS:301) Labrador to Virginia Solariella obscura Another name for Solariella obscura is Obscure Solarielle. Little Ridged Top Shell ______ (AS:313) Labrador to Maine Solariella varicosa Another name for Solariella varicosa is Varicose Solarielle. Sculptured Top Shell ______ FL NC (AS:263) (PS:41) Cape Hatteras to Mexico Calliostoma euglyptum Jubjube Top Shell ______ FL NC (AS:264) (PS:41) Cape Hatteras to Brazil Calliostoma jujubinum The Jubjube Top Shell is the most common of the shells in the Calliostoma genus along the North American Atlantic coast. It is often washed up on beaches. North Atlantic Top Shell ______ (ASC:458) (AS:253) (PS:41) Nova Scotia to Massachusetts Calliostoma occidentalis Another name for Calliostoma occidentalis is Pearly Top Snail. Beautiful Top Shell ______ FL NC (AS:262) (PS:41) North Carolina to the West Indies Calliostoma pulchrum Dall's Rosy Top Shell ______ North Carolina to the West Indies Calliostoma roseolum LIOTIA SHELLS The following genus ARENE has formerly been placed in either the family TURBINIDAE or the family CYCLOSTREMATIDAE. Gem Arene ______ FL NC (AS:274) North Carolina to the West Indies Arene tricarinata Variable Arene ______ North Carolina to the West Indies Arene variabilis The Variable Arene is more common than the Gem Arene, but Arene variabilis lives in deeper water and is found only by dredging. TURBANS Knobby Turban ______ FL NC (AS:271) (PS:42) North Carolina to the West Indies and south to Brazil Turbo castaneus Another name for Turbo castaneus is Chestnut Turban. PHEASANT SHELLS Umbilicate Pheasant Shell ______ FL NC (PS:43) off North Carolina to Brazil Tricolia thalassicola (formerly Phasianella umbilicata) The Umbilicate Pheasant Shell was described in 1958. CHINK SHELLS Northern Lacuna ______ (ASC:474) (PAS:20) (PS:43) from the Arctic to Staten Island NY Lacuna vincta Common Periwinkle ______ DE (ASC:472) (PAS:20) (PS:44) Labrador to Maryland Littorjna littorea Littorina irrorata is said to have been brought to North America from Europe more than a century ago, with the first in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1857. The Common Periwinkle was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Marsh Periwinkle ______ FL NC (ASC:473) (PAS:20) (PS:44) Maryland to the Gulf of Mexico Littorina irrorata Another name for Littorina irrorata is Gulf Periwinkle. In the past, it existed further north, as post-Pleistocene fossil specimens are commonly washed ashore (for example, along the Connecticut coast). Angulate Periwinkle ______ FL from south Florida to Brazil, in mangroves Littorina angulifera Northern Yellow Periwinkle ______ (ASC:469) (PAS:20) (PS:44) from the Arctic to Long Island Littorina obtusata Another name for Littorina obtusata is Smooth Periwinkle. It was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Northern Rough Periwinkle ______ (ASC:470) (PS:43) from the Arctic Ocean to New Jersey Littorina saxatilis Minute Hydrobia ______ Labrador to New Jersey Hydrobia totteni Decussate Risso ______ FL NC (PS:45) North Carolina to the West Indies Rissoina decussata Smooth Risso ______ FL NC (PS:45) North Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda Zebina browniana Beau's Vitrinella ______ FL NC (PS:45) from the Carolinas to Brazil Cyclostremiscus beaui Cooper's Atlantic Caecum ______ DE FL MD NC VA Massachusetts to Florida Caecum cooperi Beautiful Caecum ______ DE FL MD NC VA Massachusetts to Florida Caecum pulchellum As it is so tiny, Caecum pulchellum could easily be missed by most searchers at the seashore. SKENEA SNAIL Flat-coiled Skeneopsis ______ DE FL MD NC VA Greenland to Florida Skeneopsis planorbis Atom Snail ______ Maine to Rhode Island Omalogyra atomus TURRET SHELLS and WORM SHELLS Boring Turret Shell ______ FL NC (ASC:399) (PS:47) North Carolina to the West Indies Turritella acropora Eroded Turret Shell ______ (PS:42) Labrador to Massachusetts Tachyrhynchus erosum Knorr's Worm Shell ______ FL NC (PS:42) North Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda Vermicularia knorri The Knorr's Worm Shell is chiefly in sponges. Common Worm Snail (or Common Worm Shell) ______ FL (ASC:475) (PAS:28) (PS:42) Florida to the West Indies Vermicularia spirata The Common Worm Snail has been said to occur in New England, notably Massachusetts, and especially Martha's Vineyard. That population is considered by some to be a separate species, Vermicularia radicula. Decussate Worm Shell ______ FL NC (PS:42) North Carolina to the West Indies Serpulorbis decussata Slit Worm Shell ______ (PS:42) off North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Siliquaria squamata Common Sundial ______ FL NC (ASC:433) (PS:47) North Carolina to Brazil Architectonica nobilis (has been Solarium granulatum) Orbigny's Sundial ______ FL NC (PS:43) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Heliacus bisulcatus Krebs' Sundial ______ FL NC (PS:44) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Philippia krebsi Atlantic Modulus ______ FL NC (PS:46) off North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Modulus modulus The Atlantic Modulus was described by Linnaeus in 1758. HORN SHELLS Ladder Horn Snail ______ FL (PS:46) South Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda Cerithidea scalariformis CERITHS and BITTIUMS (and the SARGASSUM SNAIL) Florida Cerith ______ FL NC (ASC:402) (PS:46) North Carolina to Brazil Cerithium atratum (or Cerithium floridanum) Alternate Bittium ______ DE MD VA (ASC:405) (PAS:21) (PS:45) Massachusetts to Virginia Bittium alternatum Variable Bittium ______ MD FL NC VA (PAS:21) (PS:45) Maryland to Texas Bittium varium Sargassum Snail ______ FL NC (PS:53) Massachusetts to the West Indies Litiopa melanostoma The Sargassum Snail is a pelagic gastropod that lives in floating masses of sargassum weed. specimens have been found in clumps blown ashore. Awl Miniature Cerith ______ DE FL MD NC VA Massachusetts to Brazil Cerithiopsis emersoni Green's Miniature Cerith ______ DE FL MD NC VA Massachusetts to Brazil, also Bermuda Cerithiopsis greeni Adams' Miniature Cerith ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:53) Massachusetts to the West Indies Seila adamsi (was Cerithiopsis terebralis) TRIPHORAS White Triphora ______ (PS:45) off North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Triphora melanura Black-lined Triphora ______ DE FL MD NC VA Massachusetts to Brazil, also Bermuda Triphora nigrocinta Thomas' Triphora ______ FL NC North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Triforis turristhomae PURPLE SEA SNAILS Elongated Purple Sea Snail ______ FL NC (PS:47) the North American Atlantic coast in warm waters; also the Pacific coast Janthina globosa Common Purple Sea Snail ______ (ASC:466) (PAS:22) (PS:47) washes ashore north to Cape Cod; also Pacific coast Janthina janthina Janthina janthina is also called Violet Snail. It was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Janthina janthina is a visitor from far offshore. It is a Gulf Stream drifter supported at sea by a froth of bubbles. Dwarf Purple Sea Snail ______ FL NC (PS:47) the North American Atlantic coast in warm waters; also Pacific coast Janthina exigua Pallid Purple Sea Snail ______ FL (PS:47) worldwide in warm seas, pelagic Janthina pallida Northern Wentletrap ______ (PS:48) from the Arctic Ocean to Massachusetts Acirsa borealis Dall's Wentletrap ______ FL NC (PS:48) North Carolina to Brazil Cirsotrema dalli Angulate Wentletrap ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:395) (PS:48) Long Island NY to Texas, also Bermuda Epitonium angulatum Champion's Wentletrap ______ DE MD NC VA (PS:48) Massachusetts to North Carolina Epitonium championi The Champion's Wentletrap was described in 1952. Greenland Wentletrap ______ (ASC:394) (PAS:21) (PS:48) circumpolar, in the western Atlantic south to Long Island Epitonium greenlandicum The Greenland Wentletrap is one of the showy shells of the North Atlantic. It makes up in bizarre sculpture what it lacks in size. Epitonium greenlandicum lives in deep water. Humphrey's Wentletrap ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:48) Massachusetts to Texas Epitonium humphreysi Krebs' Wentletrap ______ FL (PS:48) South Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Epitonium krebsii Many-ribbed Wentletrap ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:48) Massachusetts to Texas, also Bermuda Epitonium multistriatum New England Wentletrap ______ FL NC VA (PS:48) Virginia to Brazil Epitonium novangliae The first specimen of Epitonium novangliae was taken from the stomach of a cod fish in New England, hence both the common and the scientific names. However, not other specimens have ever been found alive north of Virginia. Western Atlantic Wentletrap ______ FL (PS:48) South Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Epitonium occidentalis Brown-banded Wentletrap ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:48) Massachusetts to Texas Epitonium rupicola (was Epitonium lineatum) Noble Wentletrap ______ FL NC (PS:48) North Carolina to the West Indies Sthenorhytis pernobilis Elegant Fossarus ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:45) Massachusetts to Florida Fossarus elegans Northern Hairy-keeled Snail ______ Labrador to Massachusetts Trichotropis borealis Incurved Cap Shell ______ FL NC (PS:49) North Carolina to Brazil Capulus incurvatus Cap Shell ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:47) Greenland to the West Indies Capulus ungaricus The Cap Shell was described by Linnaeus in 1767. CUP-AND-SAUCER LIMPETS, SLIPPER SHELLS Circular Cup-and-saucer Limpet ______ FL NC (PS:45) Cape Hatteras to the West Indies Calyptraea centralis Striate Cup-and-saucer Limpet ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:49) Nova Scotia to Florida Crucibulum striatum Common Slipper Snail ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:462) (PAS:19) (PS:49) Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico Crepidula fornicata North of the range above, Crepidula fornicata occurs locally to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and it has occurred as an accidental in Europe. The Common Slipper Shell was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Spiny Slipper Shell ______ FL NC (PS:49) North Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda, and the North American Pacific coast Crepidula aculeata Convex Slipper Shell ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:49) Massachusetts to the West Indies Crepidula convexa Eastern White Slipper Snail ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:49) Nova Scotia to Brazil, also Bermuda Crepidula plana Atlantic Carrier Shell ______ FL NC (PS:51) North Carolina to Brazil Xenophora conchyliophora American Pelican's Foot ______ DE MD NC VA (PS:47) Labrador to North Carolina Aporrhais occidentalis Florida Fighting Conch ______ FL NC (PS:8,50) North Carolina to Texas and northeast Mexico Strombus alatus Smooth Velutina ______ along the North American Atlantic coast, from Labrador to Massachusetts Velutina velutina Mauger's Erato ______ FL NC (PS:53) North Carolina to Brazil Erato maugeriae Antillean Trivia ______ FL NC (PS:53) North Carolina to Brazil Trivia antillarum Little White Trivia ______ FL NC (PS:53) North Carolina to the Lesser Antilles Trivia candidula Atlantic Deer Cowrie _____ FL (PS:10,51) off North Carolina to Cuba, also Bermuda Cypraea cervus The Atlantic Deer Cowrie was described by Linnaeus in 1771. Yellow Cowrie ______ FL (PS:10,51) off North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Cypraea spurca acicularis Common West Indian Simnia ______ FL NC (PS:9,53) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Simnia acicularis Single-toothed Simnia ______ FL NC (PS:53) North Carolina to the West Indies Simnia uniplicata Flamingo Tongue (ph) ______ FL NC (ASC:449) (PS:9,49) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Cyphoma gibbosum The Flamingo Tongue was described by Linnaeus in 1758. This hump-backed gastropod is generally found living on a sea fan or some other branching aquatic growth, where it clings tightly to one of the stems. Flamingo Tongue Shark Eye (ph) ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:467) (PSA:22) (PS:54) Massachusetts Bay to the Gulf of Mexico Polinices duplicatus Another name for Polinices duplicatus is Lobed Moon Shell. Polinices duplicatus is the most common moon shell on southern beaches, replacing the Northern Moon Shell (below, in this list) from New Jersey south. Some Shark Eyes, or Moon Shells (photo by Marie Gardner) Immaculate Moon Shell ______ DE MD NC VA (PS:53) Gulf of the St. Lawrence to North Carolina Polinices immaculatus Northern Moon Shell ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:461) (PAS:22) (PS:54) Labrador to North Carolina Lunatia heros Lunatia heros is the most common large moon shell from Long Island north. It is a deep-water species southward. Pale Northern Moon Shell ______ along the North American Atlantic coast, Greenland to New Jersey Lunatia pallida Polinices groenlandica and Polinices borealis are synonyms of Lunatia pallida. Spotted Northern Moon Shell ______ DE MD NC VA (PS:54) Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Carolina Lunatia triseriata It has been said that the Spotted Northern Moon Shell is the juvenile stage of the Northern Moon Shell (above), but certain characteristics, particularly a relatively thick callus on the inner lip, seem to indicate a mature shell. Iceland Moon Shell ______ DE MD VA from the Arctic Ocean to Virginia Amauropsis islandica Colorful Atlantic Natica ______ FL NC (PS:11,54) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Natica canrena The Colorful Atlantic Natica was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Arctic Natica ______ DE MD NC VA (PS:54) circumpolar, in the western Atlantic from the Arctic Ocean to North Carolina Natica clausa Southern Miniature Moon Shell ______ DE FL MD NC VA Maine to Brazil Natica pusilla Semisulcate Moon Shell ______ FL NC (PS:54) North Carolina to the West Indies, an uncommon species Sigatica semisulcata Common Baby's Ear (or Ear Shell) ______ FL MD NC VA (ASC:465) (PAS:22) Maryland to Brazil Sinum perspectivum Sinum perspectivum has been reported north to NJ, but it is not common of Cape Henry, Virginia. Maculated Baby's Ear ______ FL NC (PS:54) North Carolina to the West Indies Sinum maculatum Emperor Helmet (ph) ______ FL NC (ASC:434) North Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda Cassis madagascariensis Cassis madagascariensis is also known as the Giant Queen Helmet, or simply the Queen Helmet. The geographical reference in the scientific name is a misnomer. The shell does not occur there. A more rounded form of Cassis madagascariensis with smaller and more numerous spines, occurring off the shores of the southeastern US, has been said to be a distinct subspecies, the Clench's Helmet, Cassis madagascariensis spinella. It is now, however, considered to be a form of the typical Emperor, or Queen Helmet. Scotch Bonnet (ph) ______ FL NC (ASC:454) (PAS:22) (PS:13,51) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Phalium granulatum The Scotch Bonnet has formerly had the scientific names Semicassis inflata and Semicassis abbreviata. The smooth Polished Scotch Bonnet, that has been said to Phalium cicatricosum, is a genetic form of Phalium grannulatum. The Scotch Bonnet is the "state shell" of North Carolina. The Scotch Bonnet, on each side Dog-head Triton ______ FL (PS:12,55) South Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda Cymatium caribbaeum Dwarf Hairy Triton ______ FL NC (PS:55) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Cymatium vespaceum Atlantic Distorsio ______ FL NC (PS:55) off North Carolina to Brazil Distorsio clathrata McGinty's Distorsio ______ FL NC (PS:55) off North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Distorsio macgintyi Giant Tun Shell ______ FL NC (PS:55) North Carolina to Brazil Tonna galea The Giant Tun Shell was described by Linnaeus in 1758. FIG SHELL Paper Fig Shell ______ FL NC (PS:57) North Carolina to the Gulf of Mexico Ficus communis The Paper Fig Shell was formerly said to be Ficus, or Pyrula papyratia. Carol's Fig Shell, that has been said to be Ficus carolae, may be a deep-water form of Ficus communis. MUREX SHELLS (including DRILLS) Red Murex ______ FL (PS:58) off North Carolina to the Bahamas Murex recurvirostris Pitted Murex ______ FL NC (PS:59) North Carolina to Brazil Favartia cellulosus Giant Eastern Murex ______ FL NC (PS:58) North Carolina to Florida and Texas Hexaplex fulvescens Apple Murex ______ FL NC (ASC:437) (PS58) North Carolina to Brazil Phyllonotus pomum Lace Murex ______ FL NC (ASC:438) (PS:58) North Carolina to Florida Chicoreus florifer dilectus Atlantic Oyster Drill ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:407) (PAS:20) (PS:59) Cape Cod to Florida Urosalpinx cinerea Thick-lipped Oyster Drill ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:59) Massachusetts to Florida Eupleura caudata Clathrate Trophon ______ from the Arctic Ocean to Maine Boreotrophon clathratus Florida Rock Shell ______ FL NC (ASC:415) (PS:59) North Carolina to Brazil Thais haemastoma floridana The typical Thais haemastoma is a shell of the Mediterranean. Atlantic Dogwinkle ______ (ASC:456) (PAS:20) (PS:59) from the Arctic to the eastern Long Island Sound Nucella lapillus (or Thais lapillus) The Atlantic Dogwinkle was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Greedy Dove Snail ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:406) Massachusetts to the Yucatan Anachis avara Fat Dove Shell ______ FL NC VA Virginia to Uruguay Anachis obesa Well-ribbed Dove Shell ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:62) Maine to Florida and eastern Mexico Anachis lafresnayi Anachis translirata is a synonym of Anachis lafresnayi. Lunar Dove Snail ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:453) Massachusetts to Brazil Mitrella lunata Another name for Mitrella lunata is Crescent Mitrella. NASSA MUD SNAILS Eastern Mud Nassa ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:452) (PAS:20) (PS:62) Cape Cod to Florida, locally north to the Gulf of St. Lawrence Nassarius obsoletus (or Ilyanassa obsoleta) Another name for Nassarius obsoletus is Mud Dog Whelk. Common Eastern Nassa ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:413) (PS:62) Massachusetts to the West Indies Nassarius vibex Another name for Nassarius vibex is Mottled Dog Whelk. Variable Nassa ______ FL NC (PS:62) North Carolina to the West Indies Nassarius albus New England Nassa ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:412) (PS:62) Nova Scotia to South Carolina Nassarius trivittatus WHELKS and CROWN CONCHS Shells that have been called DOG WHELKS are in the previous grouping of NASSA MUD SNAILS. Waved Whelk ______ (ASC:408) (PAS:22) (PS:11,58) from the Arctic south to New Jersey, only in deep water south of Cape Cod Buccinum undatum Another name for Buccinum undatum is Common Northern Buccinum. It ws described by Linnaeus in 1758. The young of Buccinum undatum are common in tide pools and shallow water in Maine. Pygmy Whelk ______ DE MD NC VA Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Carolina Colus pygmaeus Spitsbergen Whelk ______ from the Arctic Ocean south in the western Atlantic to Nova Scotia Colus spitzbergensis Stimpson's Whelk ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:424) (PAS:22) (PS:58) Labrador to Cape Hatteras Colus stimpsoni The Stimpson's Whelk is found usually as much-worn beach shells north of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. New England Neptune ______ (PAS:22) (PS:58) Nova Scotia to Cape Cod Neptunea decemcostata Another name for Neptunea decemcostata is Ten-ridged Whelk. Corded Neptune ______ (ASC:420,425) Neptunea decemcostata (above) may be considered a subspecies of Neptunea lyrata. Cande's Phos ______ FL NC (PS:46) North Carolina to Brazil Antillophos candes Tinted Cantharus ______ FL NC (PS:60) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Pisania tincta False Drill ______ FL NC North Carolina to Texas and the West Indies Cantharus multangulus Channeled Whelk (ph) ______ NC (ASC:417) (PSA:22) (PS:57) chiefly from Cape Cod to north Florida Busycon canaliculatum The Channeled Whelk is the largest sea snail of the Atlantic coast of North America. It was described by Linnaeus in 1758. A grouping of Channeled Whelks (photo by Marie Gardner) Knobbed Whelk ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:57) Massachusetts to north Florida Busycon carica Busycon carica eliceans ______ Kiener's Whelk FL NC North Carolina to east Florida The Knobbed Whelk is the largest gastropod found north of Cape Hatteras. Lightning Whelk ______ FL (ASC:427,428) (PS:57) South Carolina to Florida Busycon contrarium Pear Whelk ______ FL NC (PS:57) North Carolina to Florida and the Gulf states Busycon spiratum Busycon spiratum pyruloides ______ FL NC North Carolina to Florida Busycon spiratum was Busycon pyrum. Florida Horse Conch ______ FL NC (ASC:426) (PS:52) North Carolina to Florida and eastern Mexico Pleuroploca gigantea (formerly in the genus Fasciolaria) One of the biggest shells in the world, the Florida Horse Conch is easily the largest shelled snail found in American waters. It is up to 24 inches long and 10 inches wide. Older shells are usually well covered with various bryozoans, barnacles, tube worms, and other sedentary invertebrates. The Florida Horse Conch was designated as the official shell of the state of Florida in 1969. True Tulip Shell ______ FL NC (ASC:421) (PS:56) North Carolina to Brazil Fasciolaria tulipa The True Tulip Shell was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Banded Tulip Shell ______ FL NC (ASC:422) (PS:56) Fasciolaria lillium OLIVE SHELLS are so-called because their shape resembles that of an olive pit. Lettered Olive ______ FL (ASC:441,442) (PAS:29) (PS:8,60) South Carolina to Florida Oliva sayana (was Oliva litterata) There is a pale yellowish to nearly golden variety of Oliva sayana that is unspotted. It is called the Golden Olive, Oliva sayana citrina, and is sought by collectors. The Coast Indians, who lived in what is now the southeast US long before Europeans came, made necklaces of Lettered Olives. Common Rice Olive ______ FL NC (PS:61) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Olivella floralia Variable Dwarf Olive ______ FL NC (PS:61) North Carolina to Florida and the Bahamas Olivella hiplicta (or Olivella mutica) Jasper Dwarf Olive ______ FL NC (PS:61) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Jaspidella jaspidea Beaded Miter ______ FL NC (ASC:403) (PS:62) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Mitra nodulosa (was Mitra granulosa) VOLUTES Gould's Volute ______ FL NC (PS:63) North Carolina to the West Indies Scaphella gouldiana Junonia ______ FL NC (ASC:423) (PS:14,63) North Carolina to the Gulf of Mexico Scaphella junonia Common Nutmeg ______ FL NC (ASC:416) (PS:60) North Carolina to Brazil Cancellaria reticulata The Common Nutmeg was described by Linnaeus in 1767. Cancellaria conradiana is a fossil relative of Cancellaria reticulata. Couthouy's Nutmeg ______ in the western Atlantic, from the Arctic to Massachusetts Admete couthouyi Arrow Dwarf Triton ______ FL NC (PS:62) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Tritonoharpa lanceolata Banded Marginella ______ FL NC North Carolina to the West Indies Marginella aureocincta Carmine Marginella ______ FL (PS:61) South Carolina to Brazil Marginella hematita Dentate Marginella ______ FL NC (PS:61) North Carolina to the West Indies Marginella eburneola The following genus, Prunum, is sometimes used as a subgenus of Marginella. Common Marginella ______ FL NC (ASC:439) (PS:61) North Carolina to the West Indies Prunum apicinum Bell Marginella ______ FL NC (PS:61) North Carolina to Florida Prunum bellum Orange-banded Marginella ______ FL NC (PS:61) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Hyalina avena Oat Marginella ______ FL NC North Carolina to Brazil Hyalina avenacea (was Marginella succinea) Velie's Marginella ______ FL (PS:61) South Carolina to Florida Hyalina veliei Florida Cone ______ FL NC (PS:15,64) North Carolina to Florida Conus floridanus Sozon's Cone ______ FL (PS:64) South Carolina to Florida Conus delessertii Concave Auger ______ FL NC (ASC:397) North Carolina to Brazil Terebra concava Common Atlantic Auger ______ FL NC VA (ASC:398) (PAS:22) (PS:61) Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico Terebra dislocata Florida Auger ______ FL (PS:60) South Carolina to Florida Terebra floridana Fine-ribbed Auger ______ FL NC North Carolina to Texas, and in the West Indies Terebra protexta Salle's Auger ______ NC North Carolina, and in the West Indies south to Brazil Terebra salleana Star Turrid ______ FL (PS:65) off North Carolina to the West Indies Cochlespira radiata Moser's Turret ______ FL NC North Carolina to Florida Fenimorea moseri Cancellate Lora ______ Labrador to Massachusetts Propebela cancellata Harp Lora ______ Labrador to Rhode Island Oenopota harpularia Plicate Mangelia ______ DE FL MD NC VA Maine to Florida Pyrgocythara plicosa Golden-banded Eulima ______ FL NC North Carolina to the West Indies Melanella auricincta Two-lined Balcis ______ FL NC North Carolina to the West Indies Balcis bilineata Cone-like Balcis ______ FL NC Cape Hatteras NC to the West Indies Balcis conoidea Henderson's Niso ______ FL NC North Carolina to Florida Niso hendersoni Henderson's Niso was described in 1953. It was formerly misidentified as the Eastern Pacific Niso, Niso interrupta. Brilliant Pyram ______ FL NC North Carolina to the West Indies Pyramidella candida Crenate Pyram ______ FL South Carolina to Florida Pyramidella crenulata Bush's Turbonille ______ Martha's Vineyard MA to Long Island Sound Turbonilla bushiana Dall's Turbonille ______ FL NC North Carolina to Florida Turbonilla dalli Interrupted Turbonille ______ DE FL MD NC VA Maine to Florida and the West Indies Turbonilla interrupta Claret Turbonille ______ FL NC North Carolina to Florida Turbonilla punicea Ovid Odostome ______ FL NC North Carolina to Brazil Odostomia laevigata Synonyms for Odostomia laevigata are Odostomia ovuloides, Odostomia schwengelae, Odostomia cooperi. It is a variable species. Three-banded Odostome ______ Maine to New Jersey Odostomia trifida Double-sutured Odostome ______ DE FL MD NC VA Gulf of St. Lawrence to Florida Boonea bisuturalis Incised Odostome ______ DE FL MD NC VA Massachusetts to Florida Boonea imprressa Half-smooth Odostome ______ DE FL MD NC VA Prince Edward Island, Canada to Florida Boonea seminuda various BUBBLE SHELLS and allies including SMALL BUBBLE SHELLS, TRUE BUBBLE SHELLS, GLASSY BUBBLE SHELLS, BARREL BUBBLE SHELLS, CANOE SHELLS, BARREL BUBBLES, WIDE-MOUTHED PAPER BUBBLES Adams' Baby Bubble ______ DE FL MD NC VA Massachusetts to the West Indies Acteon punctostriatus (has been placed in the genus Rictaxis) Common Atlantic Bubble ______ FL NC (PS:65) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Bulla striata Solitary Glassy Bubble ______ DE MD NC VA Massachusetts to North Carolina Haminoea solitaria Amber Glassy Bubble ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:65) Delaware to Texas, also Bermuda and in the West Indies Haminoea succinea Channeled Barrel Bubble ______ DE FL MD NC VA Canada to Mexico Acteocina canaliculata The Channeled Barrel Bubble is a diminutive snail that is commonly found clinging to an old oyster or clam shell, and also on decaying, floating timbers. Cande's Barrel Bubble ______ FL NC Cape Hatteras NC to the West Indies Acteocina candei Ivory Barrel Bubble ______ FL NC Cape Hatteras NC to Florida Acteocina eburnea Common Canoe Shell ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:65) Gulf of St. Lawrence to the West Indies Scaphander punctostriatus Brown's Barrel Bubble ______ DE MD NC VA Greenland to North Carolina Cylichna alba Orbigny's Bubble ______ FL NC North Carolina to Brazil Cylichna bidenata File Paper Bubble ______ from the Arctic Ocean to Massachusetts Philine lima (was Philine lineolata) Quadrate Paper Bubble ______ DE MD NC VA Greenland to North Carolina Philine quadrata ELLOBIUM SHELLS Eastern Melampus ______ DE FL MD NC VA (AS:361) (ASC:446,448) (PAS:20) Gulf of St. Lawrence to Gulf of Mexico, also Bermuda Melampus bidentatus (was Melampus lineatus) Melampus bidentatus is also called the Salt-marsh Snail. Florida Melampus ______ DE MD NC VA Delaware to Louisiana Melampus floridana Ivory Tusk Shell ______ FL NC (PS:17) North Carolina to Texas, and the West Indies Graptacme eboreum Ribbed Tusk Shell ______ DE MD NC VA Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras Antalis occidentalis Texas Tusk Shell ______ FL NC North Carolina to Texas Dentalium americanum Paneled Tusk Shell ______ FL NC North Carolina to the West Indies Dentalium laqueatum Carolina Cadulus ______ FL NC North Carolina to Texas Polyschides carolinensis The Carolina Cadulus is in a grouping of SWOLLEN TUSK SHELLS. The following 3 groups, SEA BUTTERFLIES, SEA HARES, and NUDIBRANCHS, are in the Class Gastropoda. SEA BUTTERFLIES (and NAKED SEA BUTTERFLIES) Gibbose Cavoline ______ worldwide, pelagic in temperate and tropical seas Cavolinia gibbosa Inflexed Cavoline ______ in the Atlantic Ocean, pelagic in temperate and tropical waters Cavolinia inflexa Long-snout Cavoline ______ Martha's Vineyard MA south to the Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ocean Cavolinia longirostris Three-toothed Cavoline ______ (PS:65) worldwide, pelagic in temperate and tropical seas Cavolinia tridentata Uncinate Cavoline ______ worldwide, in temperate and tropical seas Cavolinia uncinata Three-spined Cavoline ______ worldwide, pelagic in temperate and tropical seas Diacria trispinosa Four-toothed Cavoline ______ worldwide, pelagic in temperate and tropical seas Diacria quadridentata Cuspidate Clio ______ worldwide, pelagic in temperate and tropical seas Clio cuspidata Pyramid Clio ______ worldwide, in arctic and temperate seas Clio pyramidata The Pyramid Clio was described by Linnaeus in 1767. Wavy Clio ______ (PS:65) worldwide, in warm and temperate seas Clio recurva Common Clione ______ DE MD NC VA (PS:68) in the Atlantic off North America from the Arctic to North Carolina, also Pacific coast Clione limacina Common Clione is a food of whales. Sometimes it is washed ashore after strong winds. Keeled Clio ______ worldwide, pelagic in temperate and tropical seas Styliola subula Straight Needle Pteropod ______ worldwide, pelagic in temperate and tropical seas Creseis acicula Curved Needle Pteropod ______ in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, pelagic, can be abundant near the ocean surface Creseis virgula Cigar Pteropod ______ worldwide, pelagic in temperate and tropical seas Cuvierina columnella (was Herse columnella) SEA HARES are so-called because of the resemblance of their second pair of antennae to a hare's long ears, and the similarity of the animal's general shape to that of a crouched hare. Willcox's Sea Hare ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:30) (PS:66) Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico Aplysia willcoxi Synonyms of Aplysia willcoxi are Aplysia floridensis and Aplysia brasiliana. Ragged Sea Hare ______ FL NC (ASC:148) (PS:66) North Carolina to Brazil Bursatella leachi Dusky Stiliger ______ DE MD VA (PS:70) New Hampshire to Virginia Stiliger fuscata NUDIBRANCHS and allies NUDIBRANCHS are multi-colored "sea slugs" that, because of their delicate beauty, have been called "butterflies of the sea". Hairy Doris ______ (ASC:222) along the North American Atlantic coast from the Arctic to Connecticut, also Pacific coast Acanthodoris pilosa Atlantic Ancula ______ (ASC:205) from the Arctic to Massachusetts Ancula gibbosa White Atlantic Cadlina ______ (ASC:223) from the Arctic to Cape Cod MA, also Europe Cadlina laevis Another name for Cadlina laevis is White Atlantic Doris. It was described by Linnaeus in 1767. Rough-mantled Doris ______ (ASC:229,230) along the North American Atlantic coast from the Bay of Fundy to Rhode Island, also Pacific coast Onchidoris bilamellata Bushy-backed Sea Slug ______ (ASC:208) along the Atlantic coast from the Arctic to New Jersey, also Pacific coast Dendronotus frondosus Red-gilled Nudibranch ______ (ASC:202) (PAS:45) along the Atlantic coast from the Arctic to Cape Cod, also Pacific coast Coryphella rufibranchialis Salmon-gilled Nudibranch ______ (ASC:203,204) Greenland to Massachusetts Bay Coryphella salmonacea Maned Nudibranch ______ (PAS:45) (PS:73) along the Atlantic coast from Bay of Fundy to Cape Cod, rarely south to Maryland, also North Pacific and Europe Aeolidia papillosa Another name for Aeolidia papillosa is Papillose Eolis. Frond Eolis ______ (PS:71) from Arctic seas to New Jersey, also Pacific coast of North America, and Europe and Japan Dendronotus frondosus Dubious Polycera ______ (PS:70) Greenland and from Labrador to Connecticut Polycera dubia Humm's Polycera ______ FL NC North Carolina to northern Florida Polycera hummi Coronate Doto ______ DE MD NC VA (PS:72) Newfoundland, and eastern US, also Europe Doto coronata Boston Facelina ______ (PS:72) Nova Scotia to Connecticut Facelina bostoniensis Western Atlantic Dondice ______ FL NC (PS:73) North Carolina to Brazil Dondice occidentalis Boreal Awning Clam ______ (PS:19) Nova Scotia to Connecticut Solemya borealis Atlantic Awning Clam ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:18) Nova Scotia to Florida Solemya velum Atlantic Nut Clam (or Near Nut Shell) ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:329) (PAS:23) Maine to Florida Nucula proxima Cancellate Nut Clam ______ DE MD VA Cape Cod to Virginia Nucula atacellana Delphinula Nut Clam ______ DE MD (PS:18) Labrador to Maryland Nucula delphinodonta Atlantic Nut Clam ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:18) Nova Scotia to Texas, also Bermuda Nucula proxima Smooth Nut Clam ______ DE MD (PS:18) Labrador to Maryland Nucula tenuis The Smooth Nut Clam has been said to be Nucula expansa. Pointed Nut Clam ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:18) Massachusetts to Texas, also in the West Indies Nuculana acuta Carpenter's Nut Clam ______ FL NC (PS:18) North Carolina to the West Indies Nuculana carpenteri Minute Nut Clam ______ Labrador to Maine Nuculana minuta Muller's Nut Clam ______ Greenland to Massachusetts Nuculana pernula Thin Nut Clam (or Sulcate Nut Clam) ______ (ASC:301) Gulf of the St. Lawrence to Rhode Island Nuculana tenuisulcata Nuculana tenuisulcata has common been found in the stomachs of codfish. Arctic Yoldia ______ Greenland to the Gulf of St. Lawrence Yoldia arctica File Yoldia ______ (ASC:300) (PAS:23) (PS:19) Gulf of St. Lawrence to Long Island Sound Yoldia limatula Comb Yoldia ______ (PS:18) Labrador to Massachusetts Yoldsia myalis Short Yoldia ______ DE MD NC VA (PS:18) Labrador to North Carolina Yoldia sapotilla Broad Yoldia ______ DE MD NC VA (PS:19) from the Arctic Ocean south to North Carolina Yoldia thraciaeformis Veiled Clam ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:23) Nova Scotia to Florida Solemya velum Mossy Ark ______ FL NC (PS:19) North Carolina to the West Indies, and Brazil, Bermuda Arca imbricata Turkey Wing ______ FL NC (PS:19) North Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda Arca zebra White-bearded Ark ______ FL NC (ASC:323) (PS:19) North Carolina to Texas, and in the West Indies Barbatia candida White Miniature Ark ______ FL NC (PS:18) Cape Hatteras, NC to the West Indies, also Bermuda Barbatia domingensis Adams' Miniature Ark ______ FL NC (PS:18) Cape Hatteras, NC to Brazil Arcopsis adamsi Incongruous Ark ______ FL NC (PS:19) North Carolina to Brazil Anadata brasiliana Cut-ribbed Ark ______ FL NC (PS:19) North Carolina to Texas and in the West Indies Anadata floridana Blood Ark ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:369) (PS:19) Massachusetts to the West Indies, and to Brazil Anadara ovalis Transverse Ark ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:19) Massachusetts to Texas, and in the West Indies Anadara transversa Ponderous Ark ______ FL NC (ASC:367) (PAS:26) (PS:19) Cape Cod to Gulf of Mexico, shells north of VA are probably fossils Noetia ponderosa Sulcate Limopsis ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:19) Massachusetts to the West Indies Limopsis sulcata American Bittersweet ______ FL NC VA (PS:19) Virginia to Brazil Glycymeris americana Comb Bittersweet ______ FL NC (ASC:365) (PS:19) North Carolina to the West Indies Glycymeris pectinata Atlantic Bittersweet ______ FL NC (PS:19) North Carolina to the West Indies, and to Brazil Glycymeris undata MUSSELS MUSSELS are popular bivalve molluscs that have oval blue-black shells. The mussel meat varies in color from a deep ochre to pale taupe, depending on where they have been harvested. Mussels are harvested in the wild, but they are also extensively farmed on ropes or stakes and in sheltered beds. They are commonly regarded as one of the most sustainable types of seafood. Available year-round, mussels are at times sold live in the shell, while at other times and places precooked or canned in brine or vinegar. Smoked mussels are also available. Although most commercially available mussels are farmed, which guarantees a high level of cleanliness, they should still be thoroughly scrubbed under cold, running water, but not left to soak in the water. Mussels should be discarded if they broken or damaged shells or open ones that do not shut immediately when sharply tapped (referring to live mussels). With a sweet flavor and creamy texture, mussels can be steamed with lemon and parsley, or stuffed and baked to make a classic antipasti. A substitute for mussels can be clams. Northern Horse Mussel ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:294) (PAS:24) (PS:20) Circumpolar, south to northern Florida Modiolus modiolus Modiolus modiolus squamosus ______ False Tulip Mussel FL NC North Carolina to the West Indies The Northern Horse Mussel was described by Linnaeus in 1758. It is considered inedible. Tulip Mussel ______ FL NC (PS:20) North Carolina to the West Indies Modiolus americanus Ribbed Mussel ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:295) (PAS:24) (PS:20) Cape Cod to Florida, locally north to Gulf of St. Lawrence Ischadium demissum (or Modiolus demissus) Hooked Mussel ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:18) Cape Cod, MA to the West Indies Ischadium recurvum Blue Mussel (ph) ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:293) (PAS:24) (PS:20) circumpolar, south to South Carolina Mytilus edulis The Blue Mussel was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Above: shells of Blue Mussel Below: not only do people enjoy the taste of mussels, so do cats, including this one named Herman. Before he began drinking the juice, he put his paw into the bowl. In the next photo below, there's a shell much like his paw. (lower photo by Rise Hill) Scorched Mussel ______ FL NC (PS:18) Cape Hatteras to the West Indies, and to Brazil Brachidontes exustus The Scorched Mussel was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Artist's Mussel ______ FL NC (PS:21) North Carolina to the West Indies Gregariella coralliophaga The Artist's Mussel has been said to be Mytilus opifex. It is a variable species. Paper Mussel ______ FL MD NC VA (PS:18) Maryland to Florida Amydalum papyrium Discord Mussel ______ Labrador to Long Island, NY Musculus discors The Discord Mussel was described by Linnaeus in 1767. Lateral Mussel ______ FL NC (PS:23) North Carolina to the West Indies, and to Brazil Musculus lateralis Little Black Mussel ______ DE MD NC VA from the Arctic Ocean to North Carolina Musculus niger Little Bean Mussel ______ Greenland to Nova Scotia Crenella faba Grandular Bean Mussel ______ DE MD NC VA Labrador to North Carolina Crenella glandula Cinnamon Mussel ______ FL NC (PS:20) North Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda Botula fusca Scissor Date Mussel ______ FL NC (PS:20) North Carolina to the West Indies Lithophaga aristata Mahogany Date Mussel ______ FL NC (PS:20) North Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda Lithophaga bisulcata False Zebra Mussel ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:21,26) New York to Texas Mytilopsis leucophaeata Atlantic Winged Oyster ______ FL NC (PS:21) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Pteria colymbus Half-naked Pen Shell ______ FL NC North Carolina to Argentina Atrina seminuda The Half-naked Pen Shell (above) and the Stiff Pen Shell (below) occupy the same range in North America and can not externally be distinguished from each other, although the Half-naked Pen Shell is usually a more tan-purple coloration. Differences are in the soft parts and muscle scars. Stiff Pen Shell ______ FL NC (ASC298,354) (PS:21) North Carolina to the West Indies Atrina rigida Saw-toothed Pen Shell ______ FL NC (ASC:299) (PS:21) North Carolina to the West Indies Atrina serrata SCALLOPS (and the Kitten's Paw) Kitten's Paw (ph) ______ FL NC (ASC:361) (PS:25) North Carolina to the West Indies Plicatula gibbosa Kitten's Paw The following 4 genera are in the family PECTINIDAE, the SCALLOPS. With pretty fan-shaped corrugated shells, SCALLOPS are an appreciated shellfish found in most oceans of the world. SCALLOPS are bivalve molluscs, but unlike others, they live in deeper waters and move freely by expelling water from their shells. SCALLOPS are both harvested in the wild and farmed in some countries. Harvesting by hand-divers is more environmentally sound than dredging. A freshly opened scallop reveals a fill or skirt around the edge, gills and intestinal sac, all of which are discarded. The edible jewels are the white disc of meat (abductor muscle) and the coral-colored roe. The white meat is sweet, succulent and tender, while the coral has a stronger flavor. In some countries, the coral is either dried for use in sauces or discarded altogether. Scallop dishes are often served in the shells so even if one is buying prepared scallops, it's worth asking the fish store for the upper, curved half-shell. The simplest way of enjoying scallops is to pan-fry them, which sears the outside and makes the scallops particularly sweet. They may be served with mayonnaise or with oil and lemon juice, or even skewered with vegetables. Ravenel's Scallop ______ FL NC (PS:22) North Carolina to the West Indies Euvola raveneli Zigzag Scallop ______ FL NC (PS:22) North Carolina to the West Indies Euvola ziczac The Zigzag Scallop was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Iceland Scallop ______ (ASC:355) (PS:22) from the Arctic south to Maine, locally to Cape Cod Chlamys islandicus Calico Scallop ______ FL MD NC VA (PS:4,22) Maryland to Brazil, but generally south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina Argopecten gibbus The Calico Scallop was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Atlantic Bay Scallop ______ FL MD NC VA (ASC:353) (PAS:26) (PS:3,22) Nova Scotia to Florida, more so south of Cape Cod Argopecten irradians (or Aequipecten irradians) In Maryland, the Atlantic Bay Scallop occurs in coastal bays behind Ocean City and Assateague Island. Bay Scallops grow quickly, breeding when a year old and rarely living up to 2 years. Lion's Paw (ph) ______ FL NC (ASC:352) (PS:3,22) Cape Hatteras to Brazil, also Bermuda Nodipecten nodosus The Lion's Paw was described by Linnaeus in 1758. It is a large handsome scallop that is prized by shell collectors. The hollow bumps along the ribs are reminiscent of the knuckles on the toes of a lion. Above & below: the Lion's Paw Scallop Below as it appears in the sea. Atlantic Deep-sea Scallop ______ NC VA (ASC:356) (PAS:26) (PS:22) Labrador to Cape Cod, locally south to North Carolina in deeper water Placopecten magellanicus Rough Scallop ______ FL NC (PS:22) North Carolina to the West Indies Aequipecten muscosus Spathate Scallop ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:24) Cape Cod to the West Indies Cryptopecten phrygium Antillean File Shell ______ FL NC (ASC:325) North Carolina to the West Indies Lima pellucida Rough File Shell ______ FL (ASC:350) off South Carolina to Brazil Lima scabra Small-eared File Shell ______ DE FL MD NC VA Greenland to the West Indies Limatula subauriculata Prickly Jingle Shell ______ Labrador to Cape Cod, rarely south to Long Island Anomia squamula (or Anomia aculeata) North of Cape Cod, Anomia squamula (or aculeata) generally replaces Anomia simplex (below) The Prickly Jingle Shell was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Common Jingle Shell ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:345) (PAS:24) (PS:25) Cape Cod to the Caribbean Anomia simplex In days gone by, an old name for Common Jingle Shells was "Mermaid's Toenails". The following is a beachcomer's poem about JINGLE SHELLS: We collect the JINGLE SHELLS so numberous By means of ulna, radius, and humerus, And bring them to creative dreamers On tired tubias and fibulas and femurs. Atlantic Thorny Oyster ______ FL NC (ASC:349) (PS:25) off North Carolina to Brazil Spondylus americanus Eastern Oyster ______ FL MD NC VA (ASC:289) (PAS:32) (PS:25) Cape Cod to Gulf of Mexico, locally north to Gulf of St. Lawrence Crassostrea virginica The common edible oyster of the eastern seaboard of North America, the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica, has been popular as food and heavily harvested . Its total range is in Atlantic coastal waters from Canada to Argentina. Crassostrea virginica has been called the Common Atlantic Oyster. At its peak, the oyster catch (of Crassostera virginica) in the US state of Maryland was the largest in the world, yielding 15 million bushels a year. The catch had declined by the mid-1980s to about 1 million bushels a year, when a pair of parasitic diseases, MSX and Dermo, ravaged oyster beds and drove the harvest down even more. The harvest during the season from October 2010 to March 2011 was 121,173 bushels. Since 1980, watermen in Maryland have taken about 25 per cent of the remaining oysters every year. Scientists say that rate continues to reduce the population. A scientific study in August 2011 indicates that the ecologically important bivalves in Maryland are even more depleted than previously believed, and that continuing to catch them risks the elimination of them altogether in much of the upper Chesapeake Bay. Having said all this, Eastern Oysters are prolific. Each female routinely spawns 10 to 20 million eggs. Large oysters may spawn up to 100 million. An oyster may change its sex several times in successive seasons, but larger ones are generally functional females. A large oyster may spawn several times in one year. Not all Oysters have the same shape. Pacific Oysters are oval. European Oysters are flat and round. American oysters, from the Eastern Seaboard of the US, Crassostrea virginica, are similar but with a slightly more elongated shape. With a powerful muscle that holds the shell shut, oysters filter nutrients from the vast quantity of seawater they take in daily, and they can be difficult to open. Some oyster varieties, notably Pacific Oysters, are farmed extensively. Oysters must be harvested from purified or unpolluted water once landed, to ensure that they are safe to eat. Oysters are available live in the shell, canned in brine, and smoked. Live oysters should be kept chilled and lightly covered, with the flat shell uppermost to prevent loss of the salty liquor. There are various methods for opening oysters. If prying (or prising) them, open with a knife. A proper oyster knife is the safest option because a more flexible blade can snap and cause injury. If they are to be cooked, they can be put into a very hot oven for a few moments until they open. The whorls on the shells and, more importantly, the flavor of oysters greatly depends on their diet. Flavors can be sweet, metallic, grassy, or nutty. The texture of a raw oyster varies by type and season, ranging from soft and creamy to firm and meaty. During the summer they become milky and soft. Hence, the expression that oysters are best "during the months with a letter r". Oysters are often served simply with a squeeze of lemon juice. Crested Oyster ______ FL NC VA (PS:25) Virginia to Brazil Ostreola equestris Coon Oyster ______ FL NC (ASC:359) (PS:25) North Carolina to the West Indies Dendrostrea frons The Coon Oyster was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Raccoons like to feed on Coon Oysters, hence their common name. Sponge Oyster ______ FL NC (PS:25) North Carolina to the West Indies Cryptostrea permollis Boreal Astarte ______ (ASC:341) (PS:26) circumpolar, in the western Atlantic from Greenland to Massachusetts Astarte borealis Astarte was the Phoenician goddess of love. Astarte borealis is also called the Northern Astarte. Elliptical Astarte ______ (PS:26) Greenland to Massachusetts Astarte elliptica Chestnut Astarte ______ (PAS:25) (PS:26) Nova Scotia to New Jersey (around Ocean City) Astarte castanea Lentil Astarte ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:26) Labrador to Florida Astarte subaequilatera Wavy Astarte ______ DE MD (ASC:340) (PS:26) Labrador to Maryland Astarte undata Carolina Marsh Clam ______ FL NC VA (ASC:337) (PAS:28) (PS:27) Virginia to Texas Polymesoda caroliniana Black Clam (ph) ______ (ASC:339) (PAS:28) (PS:27) from the Arctic Ocean to Cape Cod, further south in deeper water to North Carolina Arctica islandica Arctica islandica is also called Ocean Quahog. The species was described by Linnaeus in 1767. A key characteristic of Arctica islandica is its amazing lifespan. Scientists at Bangor University have recently found a specimen that lived for more than 500 years, making the species the longest-lived non-colonial animal so far discovered. As with trees, Arctica islandica deposits annual bands in its shell and these can be used to determine its age. From the bands, changes can be analyzed relating to sea temperatures over the centuries, and because Arctica islandica is apparently resistant to some common indictors of ageing, it has the potential for research into that process in various forms of life. In the lower photo, showing the black outside and the white inside The Family VENERIDAE are the Venus Clams. In that large family are the genera below, Macrocallista and Mercenaria. Sunray Venus ______ FL NC (ASC:302) (PS:31) North Carolina to Florida Macrocallista nimbosa Calico Clam ______ FL NC (PS:31) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Macrocallista maculata The Calico Clam was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Queen Venus ______ FL NC North Carolina to the West Indies Ventricolaria rugatina Cross-barred Venus ______ FL NC (PS:30) North Carolina to the West Indies Chione cancellata The Cross-barred Venus was described by Linnaeus in 1767. Lady-in-waiting Venus ______ FL NC (PS:24) North Carolina to the West Indies Chione intapurpurea Imperial Venus ______ FL NC (PS:30) North Carolina to the West Indies Chione latilirata Gray Pygmy Venus ______ FL NC (PS:23) North Carolina to Florida Chione grus Empress Venus ______ FL (PS:30) South Carolina to Brazil Circomphalus strigillinus Glory-of-the-Seas Venus ______ FL NC (PS:31) North Carolina to Brazil Callista eucymata Atlantic Cyclinella ______ FL NC (PS:30) North Carolina to the West Indies Cyclinella tenuis Stimpson's Transennella ______ FL NC North Carolina to Florida and the Bahamas Transennella stimpsoni Waxy Gould Clam ______ FL NC (PS:23) North Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda Gouldia cerina Hard-shelled Clam (or Northern Quahog) ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:338) (PAS:28) (PS:30) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Florida Mercenaria mercenaria North of the range given above, the Quahog, as it is called in New England, occurs less commonly and locally north to Maine, and then more so in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Commercial names for Mercenaria mercenaria are based upon size: The Littleneck Clam is up to about 1 and a half inches. The Cherrystone Clam is up to about 2 inches. The Chowder Clam is up to about 3 inches or more. Mercenaria mercenaria grows quickly, but may live up to 25 years. The species was described by Linnaeus in 1758. The word "Mercenaria" comes from the shell's use in making Indian money or wampum. Southern Quahog ______ MD NC VA (ASC:336) (PS:30) from the Chesapeake Bay and off New Jersey to Florida Mercenaria campechiensis Mercenaria campechiensis is larger than Mercenaria mercenaria (above), and it is rarely purple-stained. Hybrids between the two species are common. Variants are difficult to distinguish. In addition to the range given above, the Southern Quahog also occurs along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and in Cuba and the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. False Quahog ______ DE MD NC VA (PS:31) Prince Edward Island, Canada to North Carolina Pitar morrhuana Pitar morrhuana is like a small Quahog, growing up to only 2 inches long. Lightning Venus ______ FL NC (PS:31) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Pitar fulminatus Gibbs' Clam ______ FL NC (PS:27) North Carolina to the West Indies Eucrassatella speciosa Amethyst Gem Clam (or Gem Shell) ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:25) Nova Scotia to Texas Gemma gemma As are the clams in Macrocallista and Mercenaria, Gemma gemma (above) and those that follow in the genera Dosinia and Liocyma are in the family VENERIDAE, the Venus Clams. Disk Dosinia (or Disk Shell) ______ FL NC VA (ASC:334) (PAS:25) (PS:31) Virginia to Gulf of Mexico Dosinia discus Elegant Dosinia ______ FL NC (PS:31) North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico Dosinia elegans Wavy Clam ______ (PS:24) Greenland to Maine Liocyma fluctuosa CLAMS have a round, meaty body with a small amount of roe, and they come in a myriad of sizes and colors. Clams as seafood are usually sold live because they deteriorate rapidly after death. Some, however, are cooked, extracted from the shell and canned in brine or juice or packed in vinegar. When obtained live, clams should either be cooked immediately or stored briefly in a refrigerator. Water should not be added as it would kill them. To prepare clams, they should be rinsed thoroughly under cold, running water to remove as much grit as possible. The shells should be closed, or close immediately when sharply tapped. Any that either remain open or have cracked or damaged shells should be discarded. Clams can be eaten raw if they are properly treated when harvested or if they come from very clean water. After shucking, they can be served with a sauce or lemon juice. Clams are often steamed in a small quantity of liquid, such as stock, wine, or water, for 2 to 3 minutes, or until the shell has opened completely. If cooked too long, they become tough. They may be eaten straight from the shell or removed to be with sauces or salads. The cooking liquid is a flavorsome addition to calm dishes, but should be filtered through a strainer to remove any traces of grit. In the eastern US, clam chowders of various kinds, are popular. Soft-shelled Clam ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:316) (PAS:28) (PS:38) from the Subarctic to Cape Hatteras, NC Mya arenaroa The Soft-shelled Clam was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Other names for Mya arenaroa are Steamer Clam, Long Neck Clam, Long Clam, Gaper, and Nannynose. All of these are names of the clam south of Cape Cod. In New England, where it is simply called "The Clam", it is usually fried. Persistent clamming has made specimens of Soft-shelled Clams as large as 6 inches rare and difficult to find. Truncate Soft-shelled Clam ______ (PS:38) Greenland to Massachusetts Mya truncata The Truncate Soft-shelled Clam was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Ovate Paramya ______ FL NC North Carolina to Florida Paramya subovata Atlantic Cleft Clam ______ DE FL MD NC VA Nova Scotia to the West Indies Thyasira trisinuata Pennsylvania Lucine ______ FL NC (PS:28) North Carolina to the West Indies Lucina pensylvanica The Pennsylvania Lucine was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Decorated Lucine ______ FL NC North Carolina to Brazil Lucina amiantus Four-ribbed Lucine ______ FL NC North Carolina to the West Indies Lucina leucocyma Atlantic Lucine ______ MD (PS:27) Maryland (described in 1936) Lucinoma atlantis Northern Lucine ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:27) Newfoundland to Florida Lucinoma filosus Many-line Lucine ______ FL NC North Carolina to Florida, also Brazil Parvilucina multilineata Woven Lucine ______ FL NC (PS:24) North Carolina to Florida Phacoides nassula Thick Lucine ______ FL NC (PS:27) North Carolina to the West Indies Phacoides pectinatus Buttercup Lucine ______ FL NC (ASC:333) (PS:28) North Carolina to the West Indies Anodontia alba Chalky Buttercup ______ FL NC (PS:28) North Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda Anodontia philippiana Costate Lucine ______ FL NC (PS:28) North Carolina to the West Indies Codakia costata Dwarf Tiger ______ FL NC (PS:28) North Carolina to the West Indies Codakia orbiculata Cross-hatched Lucine ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:331) (PAS:25) (PS:28) Cape Cod to Brazil Divaricella quadrisulcata Lunate Crassinella ______ DE FL MD NC VA Massachusetts to Brazil Crassinella lunulata (was Gouldia mactracea) Domingo Cardita ______ (PS:24) southeast US and the West Indies, offshore Glans dominguensis Northern Cardita ______ (PAS:26) (PS:27) from the Arctic Ocean to Cape Cod, occasionally south to Cape Hatteras Cyclocardia borealis Flat Cardita ______ FL NC North Carolina to Florida Pteromeris perplana Three-toothed Cardita ______ FL NC (PS:24) North Carolina to Florida Pleuromeris tridentata Atlantic Diplodon ______ FL NC (PS:24) North Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda Diplodonta punctata Verrill's Diplodon ______ DE MD NC VA (PS:27) Massachusetts to North Carolina Diplodonta verrilli Florida Marsh Clam ______ FL (PS:27) Georgia and Florida Cyrenoida floridana Corrugated Jewel Box ______ FL NC (PS:28) North Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda Chama congregata Leafy Jewel Box (ph) ______ FL NC (ASC:347) (PS:28) North Carolina to the West Indies Chama macerophylla Spiny Jewel Box ______ FL NC (ASC;348) (PS:29) North Carolina to Florida Arcinella cornuta Arcinella cornuta is also called the Florida Spiny Jewel Box. Atlantic Strawberry Cockle ______ FL NC (ASC:362) (PS:29) Cape Hatteras to the West Indies Americardia media The Atlantic Strawberry Cockle was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Iceland Cockle (ph) ______ (PS:29) from Greenland and Iceland to Massachusetts Climcardium ciliatum Greenland Cockle ______ (PAS:28) (PS:29) Greenland to Cape Cod Serripes groenlandicus Giant Atlantic Cockle ______ FL NC VA (ASC:366) (PAS:26) (PS:5,29) Cape Henry, VA to Florida and the Gulf of Mexico Dinocardium robustum Dinocardium robustum robustum ______ subspecies from Virginia to northern Florida The Giant Atlantic Cockle is a common beach shell southward. Another name for it is Giant Heart Cockle. Common Egg Cockle ______ FL NC (ASC:330) (PS:29) North Carolina to the West Indies Laevicardium laevigatum The Common Egg Cockle was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Morton's Egg Cockle ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:342) (PAS:25) (PS:24) Cape Cod to Brazil, locally north to Nova Scotia Laevicardium mortoni Florida Prickly Cockle ______ FL MD (PS:29) North Carolina to Florida Trachycardium egmontianum Yellow Cockle ______ FL NC (ASC:363) (PS:29) North Carolina to Brazil Trachycardium muricatum The Yellow Cockle was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Spiny Paper Cockle ______ FL NC (PS:29) North Carolina to the West Indies Papyridea soleniformis False Angel Wing ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:297) (PS:30) Prince Edward Island to Gulf of Mexico Petricola pholadiformis Atlantic Rupellaria ______ FL NC North Carolina to the West Indies Rupellaria typica Coral-boring Clam ______ FL NC (PS:27) North Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda Coralliophaga coralliophaga Smooth Duck Clam ______ FL NC North Carolina to Florida and Texas Labiosa anatina Channeled Duck Clam ______ FL NC (PAS:28) (PS:32) North Carolina to the West Indies Labiosa plicatella Arctic Wedge Clam ______ (PAS:28) (PS:32) Gulf of St. Lawrence to Long Island and New Jersey Mesodesma arctatum Turton's Wedge Clam ______ (PS:32) Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada Mesodesma deauratum Northern Dwarf Tellin ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:326) (PAS:25) (PS34) Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Carolina Tellina agilis Boss's Dwarf Tellin ______ FL NC (PS:34) North Carolina to West Indies Tellina probina Alternate Tellin ______ FL NC (PS:33) North Carolina to Gulf of Mexico Tellina alternata Crystal Tellin ______ FL (PS:34) South Carolina to the West Indies Tellina cristallina Iris Tellin ______ FL NC (PS:34) North Carolina to Florida and Texas Tellina iris Rose Petal Tellin ______ FL NC (PS:35) North Carolina to the West Indies Tellina lineata Speckled Tellin ______ FL NC (PS:33) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Tellina listeri Great Tellin ______ FL NC (PS:33) North Carolina to the West Indies Tellina magna Lintea Tellin ______ FL NC (PS:34,37) North Carolina to the West Indies Tellina aequistriata Faust Tellin ______ FL NC (PS:33) North Carolina to the West Indies Arcopagia fausta Crested Tellin ______ FL NC (PS:35) North Carolina to Florida and Texas Tellidora cristata Balthic Macoma ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:343) (PAS:25) (PS:33) from the Arctic to Georgia Macoma balthica The Balthic Macoma was described by Linnaeus in 1758. It is a principal food of the American Black Duck. Short Macoma ______ FL South Carolina to Brazil Macoma brevifrons Chalky Macoma ______ (PS:33) Greenland to Long Island, NY Macoma calcarea Narrowed Macoma ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:35) Prince Edward Island, Canada to the West Indies Macoma tenta Mitchell's Macoma ______ FL South Carolina to Texas Macoma mitchelli Coquina ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:321) (PAS:25) (PS:37) Virginia, rarely Delaware, to the Gulf of Mexico Donax variabilis Other popular names for Donax variabilis are Butterfly Shell, Wedge Shell, and Pompano. Donax variabilis burrows in loose sand at the midwater line, where in favorable conditions individuals may be gathered by the handful with hardly any sand mixed in. Even though the shells are so small (three-fourths of an inch long, three-eighths of an inch high), they are often so gathered, and made into a delicious broth. Dead Coquina shells usually remain in pairs, connected at the hinge, and spread out appearing like butterflies. The color patterns of Donax variabilis are variable - in fact quite so. Out of let's say 50 shells, it is sometimes difficult to find 2 that are exactly alike. Fossor Coquina ______ Long Island, NY to New Jersey Donax fossor Donax fossor parvula ______ Poor Little Coquina FL NC North Carolina to northern Florida GARI SHELLS Purplish Targelus ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:36) Cape Cod to the West Indies, also Bermuda Targelus divisus Stout Tagelus ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:305) (PAS:24) (PS:36) Cape Cod to Brazil Tagelus plebeius (formerly T. gibbus) Tagelus plebeius is also called the Jackknife Clam. RAZOR CLAMS (other than Solecurtus, in the family Solenidae) Currugated Razor Clam ______ FL NC (PS:36) North Carolina to Brazil Solecurtus cuminginus Little Green Razor Clams ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:38) Rhode Island to northern Florida and the northern Gulf of Mexico Solen viridis Atlantic Razor Clam ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:304) (PS:36) Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Carolina Siliqua costata Scale Razor Clam ______ (PS:36) Newfoundland to Cape Cod Siliqua squama Common Razor Clam ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:308) (PAS:24) (PS:38) Labrador to Georgia, less so to Florida Ensis directus Fragile Surf Clam ______ FL NC (PS:32) North Carolina to the West Indies Mactra fragilis Surf Clam ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:319) (PAS:28) Nova Scotia to South Carolina Spisula solidissima Stimpson's Surf Clam ______ (PS:32) Greenland to Rhode Island Spisula polynyma Little Surf Clam ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:24) Maine to Florida and Texas Mulinia lateralis Wedge Rangia ______ MD NC VA (PAS:28) (PS:36) Maryland to Texas and Mexico Rangia cuneata Rangia cuneata is also called Common Rangia. White Strigilla ______ FL NC (PS:35) North Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda Strigilla mirabilis Cancellate Semele ______ FL NC (PS:35) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Semele bellastriata White Atlantic Semele ______ FL NC (PS:36) North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Semele proficna Purple Semele ______ FL NC (PS:35) North Carolina to the West Indies Semele purpurascens Common Cumingia ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:35) Nova Scotia to Florida Cumingia tellinoides Common Atlantic Abra ______ FL NC (PS:35) North Carolina to Brazil Abra aequalis Dall's Little Abra ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:31) Cape Cod to the West Indies Albra lioica Arctic Rock Borer ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:306) (PAS:27) (PS:36) from the Arctic to the West Indies Hiatella arctica Another name for Hiatella arctica is Red Nose. The species was described by Linnaeus in 1767. The shell of Hiatella arctica is quite common as a fossil in northeastern North America in Pleistocene rocks. Propeller Clam ______ (PS:36) Labrador to Rhode Island Cyrtodaria siliqua Arctic Rough Clam ______ (PS:38) circumpolar, in the western North Atlantic from the Arctic Ocean to Georges Bank Panomya arctica Atlantic Geoduck ______ FL NC (PS:38) North Carolina to Florida Panopea bitruncata Contracted Corbula ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:25) (PS:23) Cape Cod to the West Indies Corbula contracta Another name for Corbula contracta is Common Basket Clam. Snub-nosed Corbula ______ FL NC North Carolina to the West Indies Corbula chittyana Dietz's Corbula ______ FL NC (PS:23) North Carolina to Brazil Corbula dietziana Swift's Corbula ______ DE FL MD NC VA Massachusetts to the West Indies Corbula swiftiana Barratt's Corbula ______ FL NC North Carolina to Brazil Corbula barrattiana Oval Corbula ______ FL NC (PS:33) North Carolina to the West Indies Varicorbula operculata (has been Corbula disparilis) GAPING CLAM Atlantic Rocellaria ______ FL NC North Carolina to the West Indies Gastrochaena hians (was in the genus Rocellaria) Angel Wing ______ FL NC VA (ASC:296) (PAS:27) (PS:38) Cape Cod to Brazil, but rare north of Virginia Cyrtopleura costata Cyrtopleura costata was described by Linnaeus in 1758. it belongs to a family of borers, the PHOLADS. When cleaned, the two delicate and graceful valves held together by the hinge ligament truly suggest the wings of an angel. Angel Wing Fallen Angel Wing ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:38) Massachusetts to Brazil Barnea truncata Campeche Angel Wing ______ FL NC (PS:38) North Carolina to Brazil Pholas campechiensis Wood Piddock ______ FL NC (PS:38) North Carolina to Brazil Martesia cuneiformis These Martesia species (above & below) occur from Cape Hatteras to Brazil, but they are wood borers and may be carried north in driftwood. Striated Wood Piddock ______ FL NC (ASC:313) (PS:38) North Carolina to Brazil Martesia striata The Striated Wood Piddock was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Great Piddock ______ (ASC:314) (PAS:27) (PS:5,38) Labrador to Long Island and New Jersey Zirfaea crispata Atlantic Wood Borer ______ DE MD VA Quebec to Virginia Xylophaga atlantica Common Shipworm ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:311) (PAS:27) the entire Atlantic Coast (of North America), mostly south of Massachusetts Teredo navalis The Common Shipworm was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Gould's Shipworm ______ DE FL MD NC VA New Jersey to Brazil Bankia gouldi Sand Lyonsia ______ (PS:23) Greenland to Maine Lyonsia arenosa Pearly Lyonsia ______ FL NC (PS:37) North Carolina to the West Indies Lyonsia beana Glassy Lyonsia ______ DE MD NC VA (PS:23,37) Nova Scotia to South Carolina Lyonsia hyalina Inornate Pandora ______ (PS:32) Nova Scotia to Massachusetts Pandora inornata Glacial Pandora ______ (PS:32) from the Arctic to the Gulf of Maine Pandora glacialis Sand Pandora ______ FL NC (PS:37) North Carolina to Florida Pandora arenosa Gould's Pandora ______ (PS:32) Gulf of St. Lawrence to New Jersey Pandora gouldiana Three-lined Pandora ______ FL NC (PS:32) North Carolina to Florida and Texas Pandora trilineata Conrad's Thracia ______ (PS:32) Nova Scotia to Long Island, NY Thracia conradi Paper Spoon Clam ______ (PAS:23) Labrador to Rhode Island Periploma papyratium Lea's Spoon Clam ______ DE MD NC VA (PAS:23) (PS:32) Gulf of the St. Lawrence to North Carolina Periploma leanum Periploma leanum is commonly found washed ashore, but it lives subtidally in 15 ft. or more. Fragile Spoon Clam ______ (PS:32) Labrador to New Jersey Periploma fragile Annular Spoon Clam ______ FL (PS:32,37) Georgia to Texas Periploma anguliferum Unequal Spoon Clam ______ FL South Carolina to Texas Periploma margaritaceum These small pear-shaped bivalves are called DIPPER SHELLS because of their elongated handle-like posterior end (rostrum). Northern Dipper Shell ______ DE MD Nova Scotia to Maryland Cuspidaria glacialis Rostrate Dipper Shell ______ (PS:37) in deep water, from the Arctic Ocean to the West Indies Cuspidaria rostrata Costellate Dipper Shell ______ (PS:23) in deep water, off North Carolina to the West Indies Cardiomya costellata Granulate Poromya ______ in deep water, Maine to the West Indies Poromya granulata Ornate Verticord ______ in deep water, Massachusetts to the West Indies Verticordia ornata Common Spirula ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PS:16) worldwide, pelagic, shells washed ashore Spirula spirula The Common Spirula was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Fabricus Squid ______ in Arctic seas, along the North American Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to Rhode island Gonatus fabricii Atlantic Long-finned Squid ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:486) (PAS:35) (PS:16) Nova Scotia to the Gulf of Mexico, also Bermuda Loligo pealei Loligo pealei is the most common squid between Cape Cod and Cape Hatteras. It is abundant in shallow water during the warmer months, April to November. Brief Squid ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:35) Delaware Bay to Brazil, also Bermuda Lolliguncula brevis Lolliguncula brevis is also called Brief Thumbstall Squid. Short-finned Squid ______ (ASC:484) (PAS:35) From the Arctic Ocean to northeast Florida Illex illecebrosus Another name for Illex illecebrosus is Boreal Squid. Giant Squid ______ Architeuthis sp. Giant Squids normally live in the deep ocean out beyond the continental shelf. Occasionally, they have washed ashore, or have been encountered at the surface of the sea all around the North Atlantic, from Florida north to the Davis Strait, and east to western Europe and the Madeira Islands. Adults of Architeuthis are among the largest invertebrates on the planet. They are said to reach a length of 60 feet or more with their tentacles extended. The mantle is one-fourth of the total length. Common Atlantic Octopus ______ (ASC:480) offshore from Connecticut to Florida and throughout the Caribbean; also Europe Octopus vulgaris Octopus vulgaris has an average arm length of 2 to 3 feet. Offshore Octopus ______ Bathypolypus arcticus Bathypolypus arcticus is a rough and warty species with a horn over each eye. It occurs along the entire Atlantic coast (of North America) in deep water, but not as deep north of Cape Cod. Paper Nautilus ______ (PAS:35) (PS:74) worldwide, pelagic in warm seas Argonauta argo (was Argonauta americana) Argonauta argo is a deep-sea drifter. it is best known by its elegant paper-thin shells that are washed ashore, mainly on warmer Atlantic beaches and sometimes as far north as Cape Cod. Another name for Argonauta argo is Common Paper Argonaut. it was described by Linnaeus in 1758. Brown Paper Argonaut ______ (PS:74) worldwide, pelagic in warm seas Argonauta hians ARTHROPODS (including Class Merostomata: with the HORSESHOE CRAB and some extinct species) Horseshoe Crab (nt) (ph) () ______ DE NC (ASC:666) (PAS:56) total range from Maine to the Gulf of Mexico, many in the Delaware Bay Limulus polyphemus For Limulus polyphemus, "Crab" is a misnomer. This distinctive arthropod is more closely related to spiders and other arachnids than it is to crustaceans. The genus Limulus goes back a long, long time, as far as the Triassic (the first period in the Age of Dinosaurs). It earliest ancestors lived in Devonian seas more than 350 million years ago. Today, the only living relatives of the Horseshoe Crab are found in Asia, in Japan and India. Above: a mass of Horseshoe Crabs on a tidal shoreline of eastern North America Below: a single Horseshoe Crab (upper photo by Howard Eskin; lower photo by Rise Hill) Below: every spring along the shores of the Delaware Bay, millions of Horseshoe Crab eggs on the beach are food for thousands of migrating shorebirds (and Laughing Gulls too). Among the sandpipers each year, there are Red Knots, Dunlins, Ruddy Turnstones, Sanderlings, and, as in the photo below, Semipalmated Sandpipers. (photo below by Howard Eskin) SEA SPIDERS , or PYCNOGONIDS (ARTHROPODS in Class Pycnogonida) These creatures are only superficially spider-like. The bodies of true spiders are distinctly 2-parted. Ringed Sea Spider ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:578) (PAS:48) Bay of Fundy to Brazil Tanystylum orbiculare Lentil Sea Spider ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:576) (PAS:48) Bay of Fundy to the Caribbean Anoplodactylus lentus Clawed Sea Spider ______ (ASC:575) from the Arctic to Long Island Sound, common north of Cape Cod, also North American Pacific coast Phoxichilidium femoratum Long-necked Sea Spider ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:48) Cape Cod to Florida Callipallene brevirostris The body length of the Long-necked Sea Spider (even with its long neck) is one-sixteenth of an inch. It is a common shallow-water species on pilings. Anemone Sea Spider ______ (ASC:577) (PAS:48) Gulf of St. Lawrence to Long Island Sound Pycnogonum littorale Pycnogonum littorale (three-sixteenth of an inch long) clings louse-like to large anemones. Sargassum Sea Spider ______ on pelagic gulfweed only Endeis spinosa Common Goose Barnacle ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:288) (PAS:17) found washed ashore along both Atlantic and Pacific coast of North America Lepas anatifera Float Goose Barnacle ______ DE FL MD NC VA found washed ashore along both Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America Lepas fascicularis Little Gray Barnacle () ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:276) (PAS:18) New Jersey to the Caribbean, locally north to Cape Cod Chthamalus fragilis The Little Gray Barnacle is abundant from the Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay south. Little Striped Barnacle ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:279) from Cape Cod to Texas, also in the West Indies, and along the Pacific coasts of North and Central America Balanus amphitrite Northern Rock Barnacle ______ DE (ASC:278,286) (PAS:18) along the north Atlantic Coast (of North America) south to Delaware Balanus balanoides Rough Barnacle ______ (ASC:285) from the Arctic to Cape Cod Balanus balanus Ivory Barnacle ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:275) (PAS:18) Maine to South America Balanus eburneus Bay Barnacle ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:274) Nova Scotia to Brazil Balanus improvisus Common Mantis Shrimp ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:54,56) Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico and south to Brazil Squilla empusa Sea Pill Bug ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:50) Cape Cod to Florida Sphaeroma quadridentatum The Sea Pill Bug, a little white-splotched isopod, rolls into a ball when disturbed. Bay Greedy Isopod ______ from the Bay of Fundy to Cape Cod MA Cirolana polita Baltic Isopod ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:585) (PAS:50) Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Carolina Idotea baltica Sharp-tailed Isopod ______ Gulf of St. Lawrence to Cape Cod Idotea phosphorea Exotic Sea Roach ______ FL NC VA (PAS:50) from the lower Chesapeake Bay to the Caribbean Ligia exotica Northern Sea Roach ______ (ASC:580) from Massachusetts northward to Maine Ligia oceanica Red-eyed Amphipod ______ (ASC:589) Labrador to Long Island Sound Ampithoe rubricata Scud ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:591,598) (PAS:51) along the entire Atlantic Coast (of North America), in both salt and fresh water Gammarus oceanicus Another name for the Scud is "Sideswimmer". Mottled Tube-maker ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:590) Newfoundland to Texas, also North American Pacific coast Jassa falcata Noble Sand Amphipod ______ (ASC:588) Labrador to Long Island Sound Psammonyx nobilis Big-eyed Beach Flea ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:587) Newfoundland, Canada to Florida Talorchestia megalophthalma These beach fleas (above & below) are lively creatures that can leap a foot or more, much like fleas. Some bathers are unnecessarily apprehensive about being bitten by beach fleas, but they feed only on organic debris. Long-horned Beach Flea ______ DE FL MD NC VA the same geographic range as the the previous species Talorchestia longicornis SHRIMPS and LOBSTERS SHRIMP (or PRAWNS) are highly sought after as seafood, and are both caught in the wild and extensively farmed. The word "shrimp" is inclusive of all varieties in the United States, but in some other English-speaking countries it is used for only a couple species. Shrimp vary in color when alive, but most turn pink-orange when cooked. There are many environmental and sustainability issues with the harvesting of wild shrimp and also some with the methods of farming them. Shrimp are sold cooked or raw, whole or shelled, or, very occasionally, live. They should be deveined as the gritty intestinal tract can be unpleasant to eat. Shrimp, or prawns, are very meaty, dense and sweet compared to the more intense flavor and delicate textures of the cold water crustaceans. They can be grilled (broiled) or pan-fried and served with lemon and olive oil. They are better left unpeeled when grilled because they are less likely then to dry out. Over-cooking makes them tough. The shells make excellent stock that can be used in soup or risotto. Linear Skeleton Shrimp ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:601) (PAS:53) entire Atlantic coast of North America Caprella linearis Long-horn Skeleton Shrimp ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:599) from Labrador to North Carolina Aeginella longicornis Opossum Shrimps ______ (ASC:604,606) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to New Jersey Mysis spp. Red Opossum Shrimp ______ (ASC:603) from the Bay of Fundy to New Jersey Heteromysis formosa Bent Opossum Shrimp ______ (ASC:602) Nova Scotia, Canada to Cape Cod MA Prannus flexuosus The Bent Opossum Shrimp was first found in North American coastal waters in 1960 at Barnstable, Massachusetts (on Cape Cod). It was presumably an introduced species from Europe, and it is now common in the shallow waters of the Gulf of Maine as far north as Nova Scotia. Horned Krill ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:605) the northern Atlantic coast Meganyctiphanes norvegica KRILL is a collective name for several kinds of planktonic shrimps that occur in large masses. It is eaten by BALEEN WHALES, which charge, mouths wide open, into a school of KRILL, and then, mouths closed, strain out the KRILL. The HORNED KRILL (above) is sometimes so abundant that its swarms cause the water to appear red. Brown Shrimp ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:55,56) New Jersey to Uruguay Penaeus aztecus Pink Shrimp ______ FL NC VA (ASC:609,611) (PAS:55,56) Chesapeake Bay to Brazil Penaeus duorarum White Shrimp ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:55,56) northern limit is Long Island, NY Penaeus setiferus The above 3 species, in the genus Penaeus, are the backbone of the Atlantic shrimping industry. Common Shore Shrimp ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:607) (PAS:55) from the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec to the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico Palaemonetes vulgaris Palaemonetes vulgaris prefers saltier water than others in its genus. Red-lined Cleaning Shrimp ______ FL NC VA (ASC:613) Chesapeake Bay to Brazil Lysmata wurdemanni Greenland Shrimp ______ (ASC:612) from the Arctic to Massachusetts Lebbeus groenlandicus Maine Shrimp ______ (PAS:54,56) Circumpolar, south to Cape Cod, MA Pandalus borealis Montague's Shrimp ______ (ASC:614) (PAS:54,56) Circumpolar, from the Arctic south to Rhode Island Pandalus montagui Sand Shrimp ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:593) (PAS:54) from the Arctic to Florida Crangon septemspinosa Northern Lobster (ph) ______ (ASC:624) (PAS:56) Labrador to New Jersey, very rarely to Virginia, especially common in Maine Homarus americanus The Northern Lobster has a length of about 25 inches (and up to 34 inches), and a mass of up to 44 pounds making it the heaviest crustacean in the world. That 44.4 pound lobster was caught off Nova Scotia, Canada. Above & below: the Northern Lobster Below: a very young one Actually, only a few of the hundreds of different lobsters in the world are caught commercially for food. There are Rock Lobsters, Spiny Lobsters, Slipper Lobster, and Caribbean Lobster, just to name a few of many. A couple of these are in this list below. The lobsters that many know on their dinner plates are the American (often called Northern) and European clawed lobsters, respectively Homerus americanus (above) and Homarus gammarus. These are cold water species that live on each side of the North Atlantic Ocean. Some of the lobsters noted above are "tropical lobsters" that are also widely consumed. Including the Spiny and Slipper Lobsters, they are clawless. Homarus americanus was not always thought of as it is now, as a fine dish and delicacy. In 17th & 18th Century America, they were abundant in northeastern North America, so much so that they were often used as fertilizer. Now, the clawed Homarus lobsters are said to be declining. "Overfishing" has taken its toll, but during catches are better than others. Closely related to the genus Homarus is Nephrops, a genus now with a single species in Europe, Nephrops norvegicus, known as the Norwegian Lobster and other names including scampi, lobsterettes, and langoustine. There were species of Nephrops in the Americas, now known only by fossils: 2 species in the Dominican Republic from the Oligocene or Miocene Periods, and one in Panama from the Pleistocene. Another fossil species in Texas, Nephrops americanus, described in 1935, has been determined not to be similar to either Nephrops, or Metanephrops that was once part of Nephrops. Molecular phylogenetics suggests that Nephrops and Metanephrops are not sister taxa, with instead Nephops being more closely related to Homarus than either is to Metanephrops. There is a species of Metanephrops in the western Atlantic region, the Caribbean Lobster or Caribbean Lobsterette (below), occurring in the Bahamas and southern Florida, and south to the Guianas including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Other species in the Metanephrops genus are, among other places, in Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. LANGOUSTINE (Nephrops norvegicus) are coral in color and become paler upon cooking. Most of its weight is made up of shell, with slender claws, tiny legs, and a long carapace (head shell). Langoustine is not commonly available in the United States, and it can be replaced with large fresh shrimp (prawns) of crawfish. The only edible part of langoustines is the tail, which is sweet, succulent, and tender, not unlike a lobster. Langoustines may be poached in a bouillon, roasted, or split in half, brushed with butter or oil and grilled (broiled) to be enjoyed straight from the shell, again much like a lobster. A "Blue Lobster" of Homarus americanus Northern Lobsters are red as the usual result of being cooked. There is only a 1 in 10 million chance of catching one alive that is red. The normal coloration of Homarus americanus is a dark bluish-green to a bluish-brown. Living Northern Lobsters can be yellow as a result of a rare genetic mutation, with the odds of finding one estimated as 1 in 30 million. Single yellow lobsters were found in Maine in the US in August 2006, in Prince Edward Island in June 2009, and in Rhode Island in the US in July 2010. There is also a form (as in the photo above) of the Northern Lobster that is blue. For that to happen, there's a genetic mutation that causes the lobster to produce an excessive amount of a particular protein. That protein and a red carotenoid molecule known as astaxanthin combine to form a blue complex known as crustacyanin, giving the lobster its blue coloration. A single blue lobster was caught in New Hampshire in the US in 2009, and in Canada 2 were caught off Prince Edward Island in 2011, 1 off New Brunswick that year, and another off Nova Scotia in May 2012. Caribbean Lobster (or Caribbean Lobsterette) ______ FL Metanephrops binghami West Indian Spiny Lobster ______ FL NC (ASC:625) North Carolina to Brazil Panulirus argas Panulirus argas is called "crawfish" in many places, but it should not be confused with the freshwater crawfish or crayfish. Ridged Slipper Lobster ______ FL NC North Carolina to the West Indies Scyllarides nodifer Flat-browed Mud Shrimp ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:621) (PAS:57) Cape Cod MA to Brazil Upogebia affinis Short-browed Mud Shrimp ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:57) Nova Scotia to Florida Callianassa atlantica CRABS are found on every continent. An array of varieties of both small and large crabs make them a favorite seafood many places throughout the world. Little mud crabs are perfect for soups and stocks. Dungeness Crabs (in western North America, along the coast of the Pacific Northwest) provide wonderfully sweet meat. Shore crabs in their molted state are a delicacy, and are known as "soft-shell crabs". And the magnificent King Crab (of Alaska) is favored for its leg meat. Many crabs are harvested sustainably as they are caught live. Generally, crab contains two types of meat: White meat is extracted from the legs, claws, and central body. Brown meat is located in the carapace or shell that contains the main organs. White meat is generally the more popular because it is sweet and delicate. Brown meat, or the meat from the body of the crab, has a stronger and more pronounced flavor and varies in consistency. Crab is sold live, cooked and unprepared, and cooked and dressed (which means that the inedible parts have been removed). Fresh, pasteurized and canned crab meat is also available, usually separated into white and brown. Cooked crab should always be purchased from a reliable source. It should have a lovely sweet seafood aroma. To remove the meat from a cooked crab, place it on its back and break off the claws and legs, then break off the tail flap. Insert a heavy-bladed knife between the body shell, twist and then pry apart with your thumbs. Remove and discard the "dead man's fingers" (the gills). Using a spoon, scoop the brown meat out into a bowl. Halve the body with a sharp knife and carefully pick out the meat. Finally, press on the back shell just behind the eyes, then remove and discard the mouth and stomach sac. Scoop out the remaining brown meat. Some notes, now, regarding the taxonomy of "crabs". The genera that follow are in a number of families: In the families: PORCELLANIDAE. the genera Porcellana and Euceramus, the "'Porcelain Crabs" DIOGENIDAE, the genera Petrochirus, Clibanarius, Dardanus, the "Hermit Crabs" PAGURIDAE, the genus Pagurus, a "Hermit Crab" HIPPIDAE, the genus Emerita Hairy Hermit Crab ______ (ASC:681) (PAS:57) from the Arctic south to Long Island Sound Pagurus arcuatus Long-clawed Hermit Crab ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:677) (PAS:57) Nova Scotia to the Gulf of Mexico Pagurus longicarpus Another name for Pagurus longicarpus is Long-armed Hermit Crab. The Long-clawed Hermit Crab is the most common hermit crab along the Atlantic Coast. It normally uses the shells of the periwinkle, mud snail, or oyster drill. Flat-clawed Hermit Crab ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:676) (PAS:57) generally Cape Cod to Texas Pagurus pollicaris The Flat-clawed Hermit Crab is often found in the shells of Moon Snails and the larger whelks. Pagurus pollicaris is pinkish. Its carapace is up to 1.25 inches in length. KING CRAB Spiny Crab ______ (PAS:60) A Boreal deepwater crab Lithodes maia MOLE CRAB, SAND CRAB Atlantic Mole Crab ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:690) (PAS:55) Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico Emerita talpoida Another name for Emerita talpoida is Atlantic Sand Crab. SPONGE CRAB Lesser Sponge Crab ______ FL NC (ASC:669) Cape Hatteras NC to Brazil Dromidia antillensis PURSE CRAB Purse Crab ______ FL NC (ASC:635) (PAS:60) North Carolina, sometimes New Jersey, south to the Gulf of Mexico Persephona punctata The Purse Crab was described by Linnaeus in 1758. BOX CRAB Flame-streaked Box Crab ______ FL NC (ASC:671) (PAS:58) North Carolina to Mexico, also Bermuda and Bahamas Calappa flammea Another name for Calappa flammea is Shame-faced Crab. Calappa flammea is less common than Hepatus epheliticus (below) in a similar geographic range. AETHRIDAE CRABS Calico Crab (ph) ______ FL MD NC VA (PAS:58) generally from the Chesapeake Bay to Mexico; as a stray north of Cape Hatteras; the young rarely to Cape Cod Hepatus epheliticus Other names for Hepatus epheliticus are "Dolly Varden" and Calico Box Crab. Calico Crab SWIMMING CRABS Ocellate Lady Crab (ph) ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:637) (PAS:61) Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico Ovalipes ocellatus Other names for Ovalipes ocellatus are Leopard Spotted Crab, or simply Lady Crab. Outside the range noted above, there has been said to be an isolated population of Ovalipes ocellatus at Prince Edward Island, Canada. Within the given range, it is in shallow water, mainly subtidal on sandy bottoms, but to the waterline when the tide is in. The attractive Ocellate Lady Crab is as quick and ill-tempered as the Atlantic Blue Crab (later in this list). Ocellate Lady Crab Gibbes' Crab ______ DE FL MD NC VA Massachusetts to Venezuela Portunus gibbesii Another name for Portunus gibbesii is Iridescent Swimming Crab. Spiny-banded Crab ______ DE FL MD NC VA New Jersey to Brazil, also Bermuda Portunus spinimanus Another name for Portunus spinimanus is Blotched Swimming Crab. Sargassum Crab (ph) () _____ NC(pelagic) (ASC:658) Portunus sayi The Sargassum Crab is normally a creature of the high seas and a member of the Sargasso Weed community. Although it resides out at sea, it is often seen among weeds blown ashore by storms. Portunus sayi has been among the sealife in sargassum in the Gulf Stream during FONT North Carolina pelagic trips. Sargassum Crab Flat-browed Crab ______ FL NC (ASC:633) North Carolina to the West Indies and the Yucatan Peninsula, also Bermuda and the Bahamas Portunus depressifrons Gulfweed Crab ______ NC(pelagic) (PAS:58) out at sea, on drifting Gulfweed (Sargassum) Planes minutus The scientific name, Planes minutus, means "little wanderer". Columbus was said to have seen the species in the mid-Atlantic. Atlantic Blue Crab (ph) () ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:657) (PAS:61) Cape Cod to Uruguay Callinectes sapidus Except when soft, the Atlantic Blue Crab is quick and aggressive, snapping viciously when caught. Even half-grown young can inflict painful pinches. Barnacles commonly attach themselves to Atlantic Blue Crabs, especially in southern regions. The Striped Barnacle and Turtle Barnacle do so externally. A small goose barnacle, Octolasmus lowei, goes in the gill chamber, and a bean-shaped sacculinid, Loxothylacus texanus, goes under the abdomen. A parasitic nemertean worm, Carcinonemertes carcinophila, is found on the gills of female crabs. It is pinkish on virgin crabs, and red on breeders. Lesser Blue Crab ______ DE FL MD NC VA from Cape May, NJ south Callinectes similis The Lesser Blue Crab is a common estuarine crab south of Cape Hatteras, NC. It ranges into fresh water. Callinectes similis is easily mistaken for Callinectes sapidus (above). Green Crab ______ (ASC:664) (PAS:61) Iceland and Nova Scotia to New Jersey (to about Manasquan Inlet) Carcinus maenas In addition to its natural geographic range above, the Green Crab has been introduced in Brazil and Panama. Originally, it was introduced into the Americas from Europe. In the 19th Century, it was unknown north of Cape Cod MA. Now it is the most common crab along the shores of the Gulf of Maine. The Green Crab can easily be confused with the Jonah Crab (below, the next crab in this list). CANCER CRABS Jonah Crab ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:653) Nova Scotia to Florida, also Bermuda Cancer borealis The Jonah Crab is usually in deeper water than the Atlantic Rock Crab (below, the next crab in this list). Atlantic Rock Crab ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:650,654) (PAS:61) Iceland and Labrador to South Carolina Cancer irroratus Warty Crab ______ FL NC North Carolina to Argentina Eriphia gonagra MUD CRAB Flat-backed Mud Crab ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:645) Massachusetts Bay to the West Indies, also Bermuda Eurypanopeus depressus Another name for Eurypanopeus depressus is Flat Mud Crab. Say's Mud Crab ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:636) Prince Edward Island to Florida Neopanope texana From Virginia southward, the Say's Mud Crab lacks the black color on the fingers of its pincers, and is larger than those further north. ROCK CRABS, or SPRAY CRABS Stone Crab (ph) ______ FL NC (ASC:642) North Carolina to the West Indies and the Yucatan Menippe mercenaria The Stone Crab is the source of the delectable seafood dish, crab claws. Its catch in most of the US is carefully regulated. In Florida, it is illegal to take females. When a male is taken, one may break off and keep the large pincer - if it is at least 4 inches from tip to first point - but the crab must be returned to the water for it to regenerate a new pincer. Most crustaceans, including the Stone Crab, can regenerate an appendage in 2 molts. Blending in on a coastal rock, a Stone Crab, photographed during a FONT tour in the West Indies. (photo by Marie Gardner) Mottled Shore Crab ______ FL NC North Carolina to the West Indies, also Bermuda Pachygrapsus transversus Flattened Crab ______ FL NC North Carolina to Brazil, also Bermuda Plagusia depressa SHORE CRAB: in the family VARUNIDAE Asian Shore Crab ______ DE MD NC VA not native to North America, now along the Atlantic cost in the eastern US Hemigrapsus sanguineus The native range of Hemigrapsus sanguineus is along the Asian Pacific coast from Russia to Hong Kong, including Japan. The first record outside that range was at Townsend's Inlet in Cape May County, New Jersey in 1988. Since the 1990s, the invasive species has spread north into Maine and south into North Carolina. PEA CRABS Commensal Crabs ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:634) Massachusetts USA to Argentina, also Pacific coast of the Americas Pinnotheres spp. Wharf Crab ______ FL MD NC VA (ASC:665) Chesapeake Bay to the West Indies and Venezuela Sesarma cinereum A nickname for Sesarma cinereum is "Friendly Crab" from its habit of climbing onto boats. Purple Marsh Crab ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:58) locally, from Cape Cod to Texas, intertidal Sesarma reticulatum Purple Marsh Crabs dig burrows with multiple openings in salt marshes together with Fiddler Crabs (below, in this list). They prey on the fiddlers to some extent, but mainly they are herbivorous. SAND CRAB and FIDDLER CRABS Atlantic Ghost Crab (ph) () ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:631) (PAS:58) regularly from Cape Henlopen, DE south to Brazil Ocypode quadrata The name "Ghost Crab" is appropriate as it blends in closely with the sand on which it lives, and it moves very swiftly. Thus, it seems to appear from nowhere, run, and then suddenly disappear. Atlantic Ghost Crab Atlantic Sand Fiddler Crab () ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:628) (PAS:58) Uca pugilator The geographic range for Uca pugilator, and the following two species, is from Cape Cod to Texas. The habitat preferences for the Sand Fiddler Crab (above) and the Mud Fiddler Crab (below) do overlap somewhat, but as their names imply, the Mud Fiddler is more common on mudflats, while the Sand Fiddler is more often found in sandier situations and higher up on the beach. Fiddlers are colonial, and active by day. They feed on bacteria, minute algae, and fermenting marsh plants gleaned from the soil. They vary in color from tan to brown. Generally, the Sand Fiddler Crab (above) is a lighter coloration than the other two species (below). Male Fiddler Crabs (of all 3 species) have an oversized claw on one side, while female Fiddler Crabs have equal-sized claws. The larger claw of the male can grow to 2 inches long. Female Fiddler Crabs feed by rapidly alternating right and left claws, much like children stuffing candy into their mouths as fast as they can. Male Fiddler Crabs eat with just one claw, since their oversized claw is for courtship behavior and territorial defense - to attract a mate and discourage rivals, not for fighting predators that can include shorebirds, raccoons, terrapins, fish, and larger crabs. Atlantic Marsh Fiddler Crab () ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:58) Uca pugnax Another name for Uca pugnax is Mud Fiddler Crab. The male Marsh Fiddler Crab has a royal blue spot on the center of its carapace, while the male Sand Fiddler Crab (above) has a blue or purplish carapace. The carapaces vary from being less than an inch wide to 1.5 inches. The Marsh Fiddler Crab is the smallest of the 3 fiddler crabs in this list, while the Brackish-water, or Red-jointed Fiddler Crab is the largest. Brackish-water Fiddler Crab () ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:629) (PAS:58) Uca minax Another name for Uca minax is Red-jointed Fiddler Crab. Burrow openings for Uca minax are often above water. Those of the other two fiddler crabs are chiefly intertidal. Uca minax is the most common of the 3 species of fiddler crabs in the region of the Chesapeake Bay. It ranges into the area of the upper Bay, whereas Uca pugilator and Uca pugnax are generally restricted to the middle and lower Chesapeake Bay. As to habitat preference, Uca minax, the Brackish-water, or Red-jointed Fiddler Crab, and Uca pugnax. the Marsh Fiddler Crab live in muddy areas in marshes. As the name "Brackish-water" implies, Uca minax is more tolerant of low salinity. Marsh Fiddler Crabs are found between the low and high tide lines, while the Brackish-water Fiddler Crabs dig their burrows above the high-tide line. The burrows are one to two feet in depth. SPIDER CRABS: in the families OREGONIIDAE, EPIALTIDAE, and MAJIDAE Great Spider Crab ______ (ASC:660,661) (PAS:60) from the Arctic to Rhode Island Hyas araneus Another name for Hyas araneus is Toad Crab. The species was described by Linnaeus in 1758. In Iceland, Hyas araneus is called, in English, the Spider Crab. It is the most common crab there. Red-spotted Spider Crab ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:60) Cape Cod to the West Indies Pelia mutica The Red-spotted Spider Crab grows up to one-half inch in length. It is often covered by sponge, and is easily overlooked as it is among sponges, hydroids, and sea squirts on wharf pilings or among pebbles and shell fragments in bays and sounds. Doubtful Spider Crab ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:60) mainly from Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico Libinia dubia Another name for Libinia dubia is Long-nosed Spider Crab. It is said to be more common in the Common Spider Crab in the Chesapeake Bay, but generally it is the less common species elsewhere. Common Spider Crab ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:656) (PAS:60) Nova Scotia to the Gulf of Mexico Libinia emarginata Another name for Libinia emarginata is Portly Spider Crab. Spiny Spider Crab ______ FL NC (ASC:640) North Carolina to the West Indies Mithrax spinosissimus Atlantic Decorator Crab ______ FL NC North Carolina to the West Indies and Yucatan Peninsula Stenocianops furcata Arrow Crab ______ FL NC (ASC:574) North Carolina to Brazil, including the Wet Indies; also Bermuda Stenorhynchus seticornis Pourtale's Long-armed Crab ______ DE FL MD NC VA Cape Cod to the West Indies Parthenope pourtalesii Saw-toothed Crab ______ FL NC North Carolina to Brazil Parthenope serrata ECHINODERMS (Phyllum Echinodermata) ASTEROIDS (Class Stelleroidea): including the sea stars and brittle stars "Sea Star" is preferred to "Star Fish" as that term is a misnomer as "fish" are finny vertebrates. Banded Luidia ______ FL NC (ASC:564) North Carolina to Brazil Luidia alternata Slender Sea Star (or Striped Luidia) ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:63) New Jersey to Brazil Luidia clathrata Plate-margined Sea Star ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:63) New Jersey to Uruguay, but not common north of Cape Hatteras NC Astropecten articulatus Mud Star ______ (ASC:535) (PAS:63) from the Arctic to Cape Cod, less common to North Carolina Ctenodiscus crispatus Cushion Star (ph) ______ FL NC (ASC:541) North Carolina to Brazil Oreaster reticulatus Horse Star ______ (ASC:540) from the Arctic to Cape Cod Hippasteria phrygiana Smooth Sun Star ______ (ASC:542,543) from the Arctic to Cape Cod MA, also North American Pacific coast Solaster endeca Spiny Sun Star ______ (ASC:545) from the Arctic to the Gulf of Maine, also North American Pacific coast Crossaster papposus Winged Sea Star ______ (ASC:539) from the Arctic to Cape Cod MA Pteraster militaris Badge Sea Star ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:538) Cape Cod MA to Cape Hatteras NC Porania insignis Blood Star ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:552) (PAS:63) Circumpolar, south to Cape Hatteras, NC Henricia sanguinolenta Thorny Sea Star ______ FL NC (ASC:549) North Carolina to the West Indies Echinaster sentus Forbes' Common Sea Star (or Forbes' Asterias) ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:557,558) (PAS:63) Maine to the Gulf of Mexico Asterias forbesi The Asterias species are the most familiar sea stars along the Atlantic Coast (of North America). Asterias forbesi is a common species south of Cape Cod. Northern Sea Star (or Boreal Asterias) ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:547,559) (PAS:63) Iceland and Labrador to Cape Hatteras Asterias rubens (has been Asterias vulgaris) The Northern Sea Star is a common species north of Cape Cod. Generally, what has been Asterias vulgaris is intertidal northward. South of Cape Cod, it is subtidal in progressively deeper water to a depth of 2,000 feet. In the Long Island Sound, Asterias sea stars have been a menace on oyster beds. Sea Stars breed there slightly before oysters, and the infant sea stars await oyster spat, literally, with their open arms. They grow rapidly, and their arms may be 3 inches long by the age of 4 months. The oyster is opened after a tug of war and devoured by the sea star's everted stomach. Green Slender Sea Star ______ from the Arctic to the Gulf of Maine Leptasterias littoralis Slender Sea Star ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:560) Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras NC Leptasterias tenera Northern Basket Star ______ (ASC:572) from the Arctic to Cape Cod MA Gorgonocephalus articus Short-spinned Brittle Star ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:64) Cape Cod MA to Brazil Ophioderma brevispina Daisy Brittle Star ______ (ASC:570) (PAS:64) from the Arctic south to Cape Cod, rarely Long Island; also North American Pacific coast Ophiopholis aculeata Dwarf Brittle Star ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:568) (PAS:64) from the Arctic to Florida, also North American Pacific coast Axiognathus squamatus Atlantic Long-spined Brittle Star ______ FL NC VA (PAS:64) from the lower Chesapeake Bay (Tangier Sound) to Brazil Ophiothrix angulata SEA URCHINS and SAND DOLLARS (Class Echinoidea) Slate-pencil Urchin ______ FL (ASC:517) South Carolina to Brazil Eucidaris tribuloides Atlantic Purple Sea Urchin ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:518) (PAS:62) Cape Cod to Trinidad; in the West Indies and on the Yucatan Peninsula Arbacia punctulata Variegated Urchin ______ FL NC (ASC:521,528) North Carolina to the West Indies Lytechinus variegatus Green Sea Urchin ______ (ASC:523) (PAS:62) from the Arctic to New Jersey, also North American Pacific coast Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis Brown Sea Biscuit ______ FL NC North Carolina to Brazil Clypeaster rosaceus Common Sand Dollar (ph) (*) ______ DE MD (ASC:530) (PAS:62) Labrador to Maryland, also North American Pacific coast Echinarachnius parma Common Sand Dollar Keyhole Urchin (or Keyhole Sand Dollar) ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:534) Cape Cod to Brazil, also Bermuda Mellita quinquiesperforata Mellita quinquiesperforata is more closely related to other sand dollars than to sea urchins. Six-hole Urchin ______ FL (ASC:532) South Carolina to Uruguay Mellita sexieperforata Mud Heart Urchin ______ FL NC (PAS:62) Cape Hatteras NC to the West Indies Moira atropos Scarlet Psolus ______ (ASC:153,155) (PAS:46) from the Arctic to Cape Cod Psolus fabricii The Scarlet Psolus can be found on seashores at low tide, but only in places with extreme tidal fluctuation. It is a striking creature when fully extended, but appears as a mere red lump when contracted. Hairy Cucumber ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:150) (PAS:46) Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico Sclerodactyla briareus Havelockia scabra ______ DE a rare boreal species, south to the Delaware Bay Orange-footed Sea Cucumber ______ (ASC:152) (PAS:46) from the Arctic to Cape Cod Cucumaria frondosa Pink Synapta ______ (PAS:46) Bay of Fundy to the Long Island Sound Leptosynapta roseola White Synapta ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:260) along the entire Atlantic Coast (of North America), also the Pacific Coast, and Europe Leptosynapta tenuis Silky Cucumber ______ (ASC:267) (PAS:46) from the Arctic to Cape Cod Chiridota laevis Rat-tailed Cucumber ______ (PAS:46) Gulf of St. Lawrence to Rhode Island Caudina arenata Molpadia oolitica ______ from Gulf of Maine southward in deep water CHORDATES (Phyllum Chordata) SEA SQUIRTS , and TUNICATES or ASCIDIANS (Class Ascidiacea) Northern Sea Pork ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:98) Maine to the Gulf of Mexico Aplidium constellatum Common Sea Pork ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:10) geographic range similar to that of the previous species Aplidium stellatum (was Amaroucium stellatum) Sea Vase ______ (ASC:105) (PAS:17) from the Arctic to Cape Cod, also North American Pacific coast Ciona intestinalis Callused Sea Squirt ______ from the Arctic to Cape Cod Ascidia callosa Another name for Ascidia callosa is Callused Tunicate. Ascidia prunum ______ confined to deep water Ascidia prunum can only be distinguished from Ascidia callosa by dissection. Blood Drop Sea Squirt ______ (ASC:93) (PAS:17) Newfoundland, Canada to Long Island Sound Dendrodoa carnea Another name for Dendrodoa carnea is Blood Drop Tunicate Rough Sea Squirt ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:17) Bay of Fundy to the Caribbean Styela partita Striped Tunicate ______ FL NC (ASC:106,107) North Carolina to the West Indies, also North American Pacific coast in California Styela plicata Cactus Sea Squirt ______ (ASC:111) (PAS:17) from the Arctic to Cape Cod Boltenia echinata Another name for Boltenia echinata is Cactus Tunicate. Stalked Sea Squirt ______ (ASC:41) (PAS:17) from the Arctic to Cape Cod Boltenia ovifera Another name for Boltenia ovifera is Stalked Tunicate. Sea Peach ______ (ASC:92) (PAS:17) from the Arctic to Massachusetts Bay Halocynthia pyriformis Bostrichobranchus pilularis ______ the whole North American Atlantic Coast, but rare south of Cape Cod Molgula arenata ______ Bay of Fundy to Cape May Common Sea Grape ______ DE FL MD NC VA Bay of Fundy to the Gulf of Mexico Molgula manhattensis Orange Sea Grape ______ (ASC:97) Gulf of St. Lawrence to Cape Cod Molgula citrina Molgula siphonalis ______ from the Arctic to Maine Molgula retortiformis ______ from the Arctic to Cape Cod White Crusts (PAS:10): Glossy White Crust ______ DE FL MD NC VA Bay of Fundy to Brazil Didemnum candidum The boreal and tropical forms of Didemnum candidum may not be the same species. Northern White Crust ______ (ASC:125) from the Arctic to Cape Cod Didemnum albidum Lissoclinum aureum ______ from the Arctic to Cape Cod Lissoclinum aureum is generally in deep water except at the northern limit of its range. Golden Star Tunicate ______ DE MD NC VA (ASC:121) (PAS:10) from the Bay of Fundy to North Carolina Botryllus schlosseri Mushroom Tunicate ______ FL (ASC:91) South Carolina to the West Indies and Colombia Distaplia stylifera Sandy-lobed Amaroucium ______ DE FL MD NC VA (PAS:10) Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico Amaroucium pellucidum Creeping Tunicate ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:101) Cape Cod to Florida and Texas Perophora viridis Another name for Perophora viridis is Creeping Ascidian. Orange Sheath Tunicates ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:119) Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America Botrylloides spp. PELAGIC TUNICATES, SALPS (Class Thaliacea) Common Doliolid ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:489) Cape Cod MA to tropical South America Doliolum nationalis Common Doliolids are transparent creatures that are sometimes blown ashore by the thousands in summer and autumn. Horned Salp ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:490) Cape Cod MA to tropical South America Thalia democratica Common Salp ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:488) the entire Atlantic coast Salpa fusiformis Caribbean Lancelet ______ FL MD NC VA Chesapeake Bay to the West Indies Branchiostoma caribaeum BRACHIOPODS (Phyllum Brachiopoda) The Phyllum BRACHIOPODA includes, worldwide, about 280 living species of shelled animals, but over 30,000 fossil species have been described from as far back as 600 million years ago. The BRACHIOPOD SHELL consists of 2 valves and superficially resembles that of the BIVALVE MOLLUSKS (earlier in this list). But unlike those of MOLLUSKS, the valves of the BRACHIOPODS are upper and lower instead of left and right. Green-banded Brachiopod ______ FL NC North Carolina to Texas Glottidea pyramidata Northern Lampshell ______ (ASC:358) Labrador to New Jersey Terebratulina septentrionalis PLANT-LIKE ANIMALS: BRYOZOANS (Phyllum Bryozoa) Rubbery Bryozoan ______ (ASC:49) from the Arctic to Long Island Sound Alcyonidium hirsutum Pussley Bryozoan ______ DE MD VA Cape Cod MA to the Chesapeake Bay Alcyonidium verrilli Porcupine Bryozoan ______ (ASC:34) from the Arctic to Long Island Sound Flustrellidra hispida Bowerbank's Graceful Bryozoan ______ DE FL MD NC VA Maine to Florida, also North American Pacific coast Bowerbankia gracilis Bowerbank's Imbricated Bryozoan ______ DE FL MD NC VA Massachusetts to Florida Bowerbankia imbricata Articulated Bryozoan ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:65) Labrador to the West Indies Crisia spp. Bushy Twinned Bryozoan ______ (ASC:76) from the Arctic to Cape Cod MA Eucratea loricata Hairy Bryozoan ______ (ASC:113) from the Arctic to Long Island Sound Electra pilosa Sea Lichen Bryozoan ______ (ASC:48) from the Arctic to Martha's Vineyard MA Dendrobeania murrayana Spiral-tufted Bryozoan ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:73) Massachusetts to Florida Bugula turrita Ellis' Bryozoan ______ (ASC:47) from the Arctic to Cape Cod MA Caberea ellisii Single-horn Bryozoan ______ DE FL MD NC VA (ASC:117) from the Arctic to Florida Schizoporella unicornis Staghorn Bryozoan ______ FL NC North Carolina to the West Indies Schizoporella floridana	Jellyfish
Which architect designed the 'Millenium Dome'?	Belize Beasties, Birds, Invertebrates, animals, mammals and more! Phylum Cnidaria (formerly Phylum Coelenterata) FIRE CORALS, SIPHONOPHORES, JELLY FISH, TRUE CORALS AND ANEMONES These seemingly diverse animals all belong to the same biologic phylum and share some common features. The living animals have radial symmetry (a cut through their center produces identical halves), a large hollow body cavity in which they digest their food and a system of stinging cells to capture food. Many of them also have tentacles to draw food into the body cavity for digestion, although many of these tentacles are quite small and not easily seen with the unaided eye, others have large and colourful ones. The tentacles of all of these animals have stinging cells (nematocysts), that contain a poison loaded "harpoon" that shoot out and paralyzes their prey. These stinging cells aid in the capture of food. They lack a hard internal skeleton of any kind. CORALS AND THEIR MUTUALISTIC RELATIONSHIPS Corals live in partnership with blue-green algae called zooxanthellae, that aid in skeletal formation and give the coral their colours. (The algae that causes the severe "red tides-fish kills" are also dinoflagellates and related to zooxanthellae.) These algae (dinoflagellates) are very small and provide a biological environment within which the coral can build its calcium carbonate skeleton. The coral polyps, as a respiratory byproduct, release carbon dioxide and ammonia, (of which the major constituent is nitrogen). The algae need the nitrogen to build their own proteins. The following is a simple explanation of the "mutualistic" relationships: 1.carbon dioxide is a waste product of the coral polyps respiration 2. carbon dioxide and water form carbonic acid 3.carbonic acid dissolves or slows the deposition of calcium carbonate by the corals 4.carbon dioxide and water are the main ingredients needed in photosynthesis by the algae 5.the algae (zooxanthellae) remove the excess carbon dioxide and water within the coral polyp 6.this reduces the acidity (lowers the pH) and creates an internal environment inside the coral, allowing the polyp to lay down its calcium carbonate skeleton 7.only corals that harbour the algae can produce enough calcium carbonate to form the reef ARAGONITE AND CALCITE (forms of calcium carbonate, limestone, which form the reef and shells) While nearly all corals, shells, algae and the like are formed of calcium carbonate CaCo , most are in the form of the mineral aragonite, which is stable in the marine environment. After death of the animal, and burial or exposure to fresh water, the mineral aragonite slowly begins to dissolve and the mineral calcite takes its place. Calcite has the same composition as aragonite, but a different crystal structure. Any dead coral, shell, algae and the like will slowly then go from the mineral aragonite to calcite, undetected by the unaided eye. As conch shells, especially# are used by archaeologists to date their ruins, this transformation becomes critical. Dates obtained from the original aragonite are valid, dates from the calcite, a later feature of the shell, are not valid. GROWTH RATES IN CORAL (and means of reproduction) The highest rates of growth are in the Staghorn-Elkhorn coral types, which may be 6 to 10 " a year. Millepora (Fire coral) is the second fastest growing, and Porites (Finger coral) is the third. The massive corals like Montastraea (Star coral) have growth rates of approximately 1 " per year. Reproduction may be sexual or asexual (budding). The corals have a microscopic sexual larval stage known as the "planula", that is a ciliated, transparent, elongated (like a short hot dog) body. Some corals like Montastraea may take 8 years to reach sexual maturity. Corals require warm water (at least 20 Q for growth and reproduction. Class Anthozoa HARD CORALS These showy colonial animals are the most noticeable component of the Belize Barrier Reef. Their forms range from large tree like structures and large boulder structures to small fragile looking forms. Hard corals are colonial animals, each small individual has its own living chamber and feeding tentacles, but digested food is shared throughout the colony by connecting tissues. As each individual builds its own calcium carbonate living chamber, its chamber is joined to adjacent ones to make a rigid solid mass, rather like a large apartment complex. Sometimes the individual living chamber is easily visible, at other times the unaided eye cannot easily distinguish them. These corals are usually found in clear warm waters and are primarily night feeders. Each individual coral.animal extends its tentacles (6 or multiples thereof) into the water to capture and pull small food particles into its digestive system. While these corals may look lifeless during the day, at night the colony "flowers" with thousands of small polyps waving in the waters seeking passing planktonic food. Although some of the hard corals form very large structures, only the outermost layer is alive. Growth is in an upward and outward direction with individuals slowly building the walls of their living chambers higher and depositing more floor underneath them, leaving the interior of the coral a lifeless mass of calcium carbonate. Grazing fish, algae, sponges, urchins, storms and mud in the water affect the living corals. Some fish have teeth designed to rasp away at the hard coral, feeding on the coral animal. Storms can break off or move corals and bury them in sediment. Large amounts of mud brought into the area can cover the coral animal and prevent them from feeding or extracting oxygen from the water. For the most part, after storm damage, a coral colony can recover. Hard corals are nicely illustrated in several popular guide books so treatment here of the different types will be brief. Star Corals: Montastraea: (colour red-brown) In star corals, each coral living chamber forms a distinctive circular pattern with small radiating ridges that make it look like a rayed star. There are several genera, but Montastraea and Siderast with their several species are the most common. Both types are commonly found in all reef environments, but Montastraea can grow in-deeper water oft the front of the reef, down to nearly 300 ft, while Siderastrea goes down only to about 100 ft water depth off the reef front. They are both common in patch reefs and the shallow water 3ust behind a reef. It is the genus Montastraea that is the main reef builder on the Belize Barrier Reef at Ambergris Caye. It forms very large heads that look like cauliflower, as seen at the popular dive sites of Mexico Rocks and Hol Chan. These coral masses do not have a uniform surface, but are marked by fissures and blotches where part of the coral colony has died. This coral has been found to grow up to about an inch a year, but destructive processes can overcome this growth rate at times. The dual processes of destruction and new growth in not only Montastraea but other corals makes the reef a dynamic area where things are always changing. Brain Coral: Diploria: (colour yellow brown) Like star coral, this general term for cobble to boulder size colonial corals is derived from the convoluted brain- like pattern the living coral chambers make. It includes at least three common genera and several species. The brain corals live in waters from 1.5 to 240 ft. deep and are found in the lagoon between the island and the reef, patch reefs like Mexico Rocks, just behind the reef and off the front of the reef. The regular growth pattern is often marred by fissures and holes, the result of damage to part of the colony. Colonies of brain coral can be seen at Mexico Rocks, Hol Chan and throughout the reef. Elkhorn Coral: Acropora palmata: (colour brownish yellow) This coral is found primarily in turbulent shallow water on the forereef crest and the backreef crest at the cuts in the reef. Isolated colonies survive where large storms and hurricanes have moved them back over the reef. It is found in waters down to about 50 ft, but is most common in very shallow water. The colony grows in a form resembling a moose antler with the "antlers stretching out into the oncoming wave direction. When diving or snorkeling near these or anything else in the reef, use caution. Branching types of hardi corals have very sharp projections that can deliver a nasty cut that may be slow healing. Staghorn Coral: Arropora cervicornis: (colour yellow brown) Staghorn coral forms clumps and patches that resemble bramble thickets. The colonies branch to form a "bush" that is pretty, however, sharp. It is found on the back side of the reef crest and patch reefs like Mexico Rocks. This can be a very fast growing coral with the branches growing from 6 to 10 " in a year under good conditions. Finger Coral: Porites porites: (colour brown, blue, iridescent purple) Finger Corals grow in short, stubby clumps up to 4" high. Some authors put this coral into three separate species while others consider it one species with three different growth patterns. Finger Coral and its three different forms (porites, furcata and divaricata) are found on the reef itself, patch reefs and behind the reef. The polyps may often be seen extended in the daytime. Chenille Coral: Manicina areolata forma areolata): (colour yellow brown) These oval shaped, rather small corals grow up to only about 3" long. They have a winding central furrow with side furrows off from it to give a very ruffled look to the colony. Colour of the living colony varies from white to yellows, browns and greens. This coral is common in Turtle Grass beds, sands and usually has a short stalk at its base. It can be observed in the outer reef lagoon. One form of the species (mayori) can grow up to 11" across but will not be found on the Belize Barrier reef. SOFT CORALS True corals have forms with a relatively soft flexible skeleton as well as the very familiar hard corals with a very rigid skeleton. The soft corals are usually called (Alcyonaria): gorgonians, sea whips and sea fans . The Caribbean is unusually rich in varieties and numbers of soft corals although they occur in other tropical seas. Soft corals are colonial animals and some do have calcium carbonate skeletons of a sort. The polyps have eight tentacles or multiples thereof. Instead of welding and fusing their small pieces of calcium carbonate together as do the hard corals (to form coral heads and tree like forms), the small bits of calcium carbonate material (called spicules) of the soft corals remain separate to give shape and strength to the colony without becoming rigid. In addition to, or sometimes in the place of spicules, the soft corals can have a central axis in each branch composed of a horny (gorgonan) substance to give the colony enough strength to grow upright oft the sea floor and still preserve its flexibility. As with other related animals, the soft corals exist as small animals (polyps) in colonial units and use tentacles to catch and drag food into its digestive system. These animals often feed during the day resulting in the colony having a soft fuzzy appearance due to all of the small extended polyps. This is typical o t e purple backreef soft coral, Briareum. At Mexico Rocks and throughout the reef it is not unusual to see the colonies feeding during the day. The soft corals are extremely variable in appearance. They need to have a hard bottom or surface to attach to and do not grow where the sea bottom is sandy or muddy. They do occur in the reef lagoon. Just south of the main part of San Pedro, off the Sun Breeze Hotel and Ramon's Reef Resort, there is some rocky floor (Pleistocene) exposed and isolated clumps of soft coral may be observed there. Most are found associated with the reef and in front of the reef where there are more rocky, available substrates. Angel Coral: various soft coral species BEACHCOMBERS TIP: When dried and polished, these yield beautiful marbled (brown to black) jewelry items. Black Coral: Antipatharia species (colour black with small yellow polyps) Although hard Black Coral is classified as a soft coral. It has a thick, dark horny axis as its skeleton. The young coral larvae (negatively phototactic: does not like light) settles in cracks and holes on the ocean side of the reef and then grows outward from the hole. If it lodges on a vertical surface, the colony will grow horizontally out into the water. At one time the black horny skeleton was thought to guard against disease. In some areas of the Caribbean where the animal has been extensively harvested, living Black Coral remains only in very deep water (sometimes deeper than even an experienced SCUBA diver should go). It is now sought for jewelry material. When harvested, the polyps give off a slimy secretion that may be mildly irritating to some divers. Class Scyphozoa JELLYFISH Jellyfish are floating or poorly swimming pelagic animals that often wash ashore when the winds and currents are right. Nearly all swimming forms move by undulating their bodies to give a flapping motion to propel then through the water. Even then they are usually such poor swimmers that wave and current action may carry them hither and thither. Most jelly fish have a body that is reminiscent of an opened umbrella with tentacles or other similar body parts extending from underneath the umbrella-like portion. A few species are discussed in the following section although there are other jellyfish seasonally found off Ambergris Caye. Sea Thimbles: Spanish is "deadal" (size of, and the word means sewing thimble) A small jellyfish, it is transparent with rows of brown lines and dots that make it visible. They have very small tentacles and appear in schools numbering millions. They are usually blown ashore in various months of the year due to shifts in open ocean current patterns. Their sting is harmless to most people, but rare individuals are allergic to the sting. Moon Jellyfish: Aurelia species A bluish transparent jellyfish, up to 6 " in diameter, it is found seasonally washed up on the beaches. The re-productive organs are pink and resemble a four leaf clover. They are harmless to most people. Sea Wasps: Carybdea, Chiropsalmus species Transparent small jellyfish, about the size and shape of a small match box. They have one tentacle on each corner of the body which may stretch to over 4 A long. The Caribbean Cubomedusae, as these animals,are called due to their body shape (like a cube), are related to the deadly Cubomedusae off Australia. Fortunately the Caribbean variety is not deadly, but will impart a strong sting. These animals usually live in deep water and rise to the surface in the day time, however they are not very common. The snorkeler or diver is unlikely to encounter these jellyfish. Upside-Down Jellyfish: Cassiopeia xamachana (mottled yellow brown, local name "sombra pica" which means stinging shade) This animal, regardless of its local name, has a mild sting. The adult is primarily seen upside down on the bottom, in the semi-stagnant water areas in a few parts of San Pedro Lagoon. The tentacles are pronounced and frilly and contain thousands of zooxanthellae. Sometimes many of these animals will be seen together. Although adults are primarily sedentary, the young may be rarely seen offshore in the outlying atoll lagoons actively swimming about. The adult is up to 8 " in diameter. Order Siphonophore Portuguese Man-of War: Physalia physalia. (colour blue to mauve). Local name "agua mala", bad water: The most distinctive feature of this colonial "jellyfish" (siphonophore) is a bright blue float up to 5" long (pneumatophore) that catches the wind and moves the colony across the water. This float is filled with gasses They can, by crudely contracting the body, turn the gas sack over to keep both sides wet, otherwise the gas will escape through a dried membrane. Underneath the float is a colony of small animals whose digestive cavities are all interconnected. They catch small fish on tentacles that stream out from under the colony. These tentacles are equipped with stinging cells (nematocysts) that paralyze the fish, then the tentacles shorten to bring the food into the digestive system. These feeding tentacles can be very long, up to 33' and trail behind the float as it sails along. There is a small fish associated with the man-of-war, the Banded Man-of War Fish (Nomeus gronoveri). It manages to eat bits of food left over from the jelly fishes meal. The sting of this jellyfish is quite painful to humans (meat tenderizer may help alleviate the pain of the sting). When they wash up on the beach, swimming crabs eat them with impunity. With a world wide distribution, the Man-of-War is seen only seasonally at Ambergris Caye. Distribution depends on the oceanic currents. Class Anthozoa ANEMONES Related to the corals and jellyfish, the anemones seldom build living chambers as do the corals, and do not drift freely through the waters as do the jellyfish. While a very few live in tube-like structures, most live on the surface of the sea floor, attaching to hard surfaces. In form they usually have a short thick column that forms the base of the animal. This column is topped by a mass of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and "hunt" the surrounding waters for food. Caught food is pulled into the mouth and digested. Although anemones appear to remain attached in one spot, some actually can move slowly from place to place. They shuffle about slowly on their basal portion. There is one anemone that has a unique solution for the need to move about. The Tricolour Anemone is quite agreeable to letting one species of hermit crab put it upon its back, thus becoming a passenger on the hermit crab. As the Tricolour Anemone has stinging tentacles, it affords some protection for the crab, and the crab constantly carries the anemone to new feeding areas. At Ambergris Caye anemones can be found just off the a beach in the Turtle Grass beds or on rock piles as well as on the barrier reef. Same of the anemones in the intertidal are burrowing and nocturnal. Beach cambers may best see these at night with a flashlight. The ones in the Turtle Grass are a little difficult to see at first because the thick carpet of grass is usually taller than the anemone. Colonial Anemones: Palythoa: (colour a non descript yellow brown): colony size 3 to 4" diameter, 1/2" high Found in the immediate forereef and reef crest. Sun Anemone: Stoichactus helianthus. (colour dull green to tannish green), 4 " diameter, I" high Looking much like a thick living mat, groups of these anemones often cover hard surfaces, sometimes in quite shallow water, but they are found from the shallow reef crest to the shore intertidal. The tentacles are short and thick, up to 1/2" long. The mat-like pattern at the anemone may not be the result at any one animal, but rather a clustering at many individuals in one spot. Same specimens can be seen from time to time on rocks and piers off Ambergris Caye. They are very common in the intertidal at Rocky Point. Immediately in front of the Bottom Time Dive Shop, there are usually some of these anemones in about 3 ft. at water. Giant Caribbean Anemone, Passion Flower Anemone: Condyiaclis wantea: In the reef and lagoon (Turtle Grass area) this is a large colourful anemone. The pencil thick tentacles can be 6"-8" long and the tentacle crown and be as much as 6" in diameter. The tentacles are yellowish with shades at purple at the tips. It is one at the most highly visible anemones and is quite harmless. The animal does not attach itself permanently to one spot. Ringed Anemone: Bartholomea annulata - (semi-transparent with delicate whitermarkings-nematocysts) In crevasses on the reef, or in dead conch shells, this anemone has long transparent tentacles that can elongate and contract to a very great extent. Often cleaner shrimp are associated with this anemone. Class Hydrozoa FIRE CORALS They build skeletons like hard corals, but they have a different lite cycle. The Fire Corals can give a painful sting it you brush against them. Besides living in the reef environment, Fire Corals can also sometimes grow on pilings and seawalls. In the shallow fore reef, 1 to 6 ft. the abundance of tire coral makes exploring some shipwreck sites almost impossible. Flat Topped Fire Coral: Millepora complanta; (colours of yellow and tan) This fire coral grows vertically forming leaf-like structures with the tops flattened off. The broad sides usually face into the wave direction and may be quite pretty. It is most abundant on the high energy reef crests and spurs off the reef front. Encrusting Fire Coral: Millepora squarrosa (colours of yellow and tan, at times purplish) Often having a wrinkled or box-like appearance, this one encrusts rocks and corals. Crenelated Fire Coral: Millepora alcicornis (colours of yellow and tan) The shape of this fire coral varies. It can encrust dead organisms or other hard surfaces. It can form a bushy clump with thick branches and stubby offshoots, or it can have rather flattened branches with stubby offshoots. It grows mainly on the reef and at times patch reefs behind the main barrier reef, and some good examples can be seen at Mexico Rocks. Mnemiopsis (Type comonly seen in San Pedro Lagoon.) Phylum Ctenophora (formerly Phylum Coelenterata) At one time included in the same group as the corals, jellyfish and anemones, these transparent animals look like blobs of jelly slowly floating through the water. The comb jellies are frequently seen by diver and snorkelers. They are usually seen floating around in the water and are quite transparent. They are often confused with jelly fish but they do not have the nematocysts (stinging cells). For some unknown reason, swarms of these comb jellies will be seen in the San Pedro lagoon. Some of these comb jellies live only ouside the reef in the blue water. Varieties of these may at night time be very bioluminescent. giving off a spectacular blue green light Phylum Porifera SPONGES Sponges are very simple animals that have small holes (dermal pores) through the body that take in water, and larger holes (osculum) to let the water out. Small hairlike cells in the holes create currents of sea water bringing in small food particles. The food is caught in a ring of sticky cells, digested and distributed throughout the animal and waste products are released back to the sea. The arrangement of incurrent and outcurrent holes varies widely among the sponge community. Sponges do have an internal skeleton which gives them shape and strength. Some have small rigid particles called spicules that range from simple forms like a very small toothpick to others that look like a small jack (a child's toy). These spicules are embedded in tissue but are not connected. Other sponges have a tough elastic fibrous network to give them strength. Sponges range in size from very small microscopic forms that bore into shells and corals to large showy animals that a SCUBA diver could sit in. Sponges provide shelter for other marine animals including brittle stars, fish, shrimp and worms. Many smaller sponges are commonly seen in the reef environment. Most of the larger and showier forms are seen when SCUBA diving off the reef front. Divers also see the big sponges giving off large milky clouds of reproductive material during the months of June, July and August in Belize. As with the corals, sponges are so varied and numerous, only a few are identified in this guide. Black Chimney Sponge: pellina carbonaria A lagoon dwelling form, the Black Chimney Sponge can be seen in San Pedro Lagoon to the north and west of the town. Large colonies are about 8" high. It grows somewhat buried in sand, rubble and sea grasses and often is covered by a dusting of mud and sand. They are one of the few larger invertebrates seen in the lagoon. Loggerhead Sponge: Spheciospong vesparium: Of little commercial use, the Loggerhead Sponge is large and may grow 2 ft. across and 1 ft. high. It can resemble a barrel or cake with a rather flat top sporting a cluster of black holes (osculum) in the center of the top for outflow of water. It has a rubbery feel and a somewhat lumpy surface. Because of its size it is extremely important in providing shelter tor many smaller animals especially small shrimps and corals. A large Loggerhead Sponge can host several hundred small pistol shrimp. It needs a rocky substrate to grow on and will not grow on a sandy or muddy floor, thus it is seen in the reef lagoon oft the town and for example in front of the High School in 5 to 8 ft. of water. Boring Sponges: Not readily visible, this group (usually members of the genus Cliona) actually bores its way into corals and shells to begin the process of reducing them to sand sized material. These very small animals along with many others are very important in destroying old shells and the like to make way for living animals. This is an example of one of the mechanisms by which the sand on the island is formed. Phylum Mollusca MOLLUSCS The term molluscs encompasses a large important group of animals: snails, clams, octopus and the squid-like families. GASTROPODS (Snails) The favourite of shell collectors worldwide, members of this familiar coiled shelled group are mainly marine, but there are also fresh water and land forms. They contain two groups, those that eat plants (herbivores) and those that eat other animals (carnivores). Gastropods, like their relatives the pelecypods usually move about by means of a muscular organ called a foot, that, with contractions, pulls them along. Most snails can withdraw completely inside their shell when threatened and close the opening with a lid called an operculum. The operculum may be leathery Whitinous) as in the commercial Queen Conch, or stony as in the star shells. They have a well developed head that has the eyes, mouth and other sensory organs. The eyes are usually carried on stalks. The mouth contains a radula made of horny small teeth that scrape food (gastropods are sometimes kept in aquariums as their rasping teeth help keep the glass clean of algae). One genus of gastropods, Conus, contains venom in its salivary gland that is toxic to humans, but only those of the Pacific pose any severe threat to man. As with other groups of marine animals, we cannot begin to illustrate all of the gastropods found off Ambergris Caye and its surrounding waters. Only the more common or interesting ones will be dealt with. We will try to illustrate some of the ditferent types of egg cases that the various gastropods lay to protect their eggs until hatching. Queen Conch: "konk- local pronunciation, Florida, name is "Pink Roller": Strombus gigas: A very important herbivorous gastropod found at Ambergris Caye as elsewhere in the Caribbean, it is harvested commercially for food, although others species at conch are also used locally. The animal has a radula and works the sand over, feeding on microscopic algae. It is large, up to 8" long and has a white exterior that is covered by a thin brownish membrane (periostracum) that flakes art when the conch dies. It has a very regular, moderately high stepped spire with blunt spines on each whorl. The lip is large and flares dramatically, the top at the flare reaching as high as the top of the spire where it has a gently swale in it. The outer margin at the flaring lip is smooth on the inside and on the outside may have crenulations in its lower half. The opening (aperture) is a bright pink. These conch inhabit the Turtle Grass beds, however they may be found as deep as 100 ft. in the forereef. once harvested the problem arises as to how to get the animal out at its shell. The snail has a firm tooting inside the shell and in a tug-of-war, the snail wins. The animal can be extracted by knocking a small hole in the proper spot, and then using a thin knife to sever the muscle attachment. The animal can then be extracted. In cleaning, only the muscular toot is saved. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: Local people believe the crystalline style has APHRODISIAC properties. When cleaning a conch, the edible, thin, transparent crystalline style becomes apparent. This straw-sized, crystalline style, part at the digestive tract, contains the enzyme amylase that helps the animal digest starches. Conch is harvested seasonally, October I to July 1, and is therefore not available all year long. Growing demand for conch has resulted in overharvesting. A pilot project (U.S. AID - Belize Fisheries) just north of San Pedro, by the High school, is examining the feasibility at collecting conch eggs and raising them in captivity thus reducing the larval (veliger) mortality. The young conch, theoretically, can then be returned to the sea with a better chance at survival. They are a food item for many animals including the rays that cruise the lagoon. The powerful jaws of the rays easily crush the shells at the conch to get at the animal. When the conch is properly skinned and cleaned, it is called "market clean" and the meat is a pure white muscle. In 1982, Caribena, Ambergris Caye cooperative, exported 11,273 kilograms at conch, at a value of $52,000 U.S. The conch also produce pearls at economic importance. These may be spherical or baroque (out of round and often in distinctive shapes). Their colours range from light yellow to deep pink, with sizes ranges up to the size at a pea or slightly larger. The pearls are formed in the mantle, the pink-orange fleshy part; which also makes the shell. Some irritant in the mantle starts the pearl forming process. The mantle of the animal coats the irritant with many layers of nacreous material to reduce irritation, until the pearl is formed. The conch fish, Astrapogon stellatus, lives as a commensal (feeding at the same table) in the mantle cavity of the conch. Milk Conch: Strombus costatus: Common in the Caribbean, the Milk Conch is 4 to 5" long with a nice cone shaped spire and thick rounded tubercules on each whorl with the last whorl having large tubercules. The flaring lip is smooth, a creamy white with some pinkish to pale violet in fresh specimens. The outer shell is a yellowish white with some brownish markings. It is common in the Thalassia reef lagoon. Edible although not harvested commercially. It is an herbivore. Rooster-tail Conch: Strombus gallus Fairly rare at Ambergris Caye and elsewhere in the Caribbean, the Rooster-tailed Conch is interesting because of its distinctive flaring lip. Moderate in size, 4 to 6", it has a high spire and a long projection on its lip that reaches well above the leveL of the spire, making the flaring lip longer that the shell body. The outer shell is mottled brown and yellow and the opening is yellowish to a pinkish brown. It is found in the Thalassia areas in the reef lagoon. Hawkswing Conch: Strombus raninus A rather small conch, 2 to 4", it is grey to brownish white with patches and streaks of brown. The spire is conical and each spire whorl has small spines with 2 spines on the last whorl the largest. The opening is cream coloured with lavender and pink tinges. The outer edge of the lip is very irregular. It grazes in the Turtle Grass beds (2 to 5 ft deep) in areas such as in front of the High School. West-Indian Fighting Conch: Strombus pugilis This 3 to 4" long conch is often a orange to brown colour and smooth except for spines on the last two whorls, with the spines on the next to last whorl usually the largest. The lip has no upper flare and is slightly shorter than the main body of the shell. The opening (aperture) is often a salmon pink and there is a dark spot at the end of the canal that is usually blue. Not of ten seen, it lives on sand and grass bottoms. Atlantic Carrier Shell: Xenophora canchyliophora: Not common in this area, this species is found throughout the Caribbean. This conically spiraled shell with a flat base cements shell debris and pebbles to its shell as it grows. If the shell fragment or pebble dislodges, it leaves its imprint on the shell. It grows up to 2" in diameter, excluding the debris. Some members of this genus are quite selective about the material they attach to their shells. West Indian Turban Shell: local name "ci-wa": Cittarium (Livonia) pica: This genus contains only the one species as shown here. Although the specimen figured here is a juvenile and rather small (5/8"), mature specimens can be 2 to 3 1/2" across. The shell is thick with tine growth lines marking the whorls. It is generally dark, with purplish black splotches on a dirty white background. The inner edge of the lip often has a bluish tinge or mottling. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: It lives only on rocky areas and grazes on algae, and is fairly common at Rocky Point, north along the coast from San Pedro. This snail makes an excellent ceviche (raw or cooked seafood marinated in lime juice with vegetables), and the shell polishes to make nice jewelry. The large round operculum is also used in jewelry and is called a cat's eye. Tulip Shell: Fasciolaria tulipa: A large shell, 3 to 8" long, it has very graceful lines, a tall pointed spire, smooth convex whorls and a long anterior canal. In colour it can range from pinkish to cream to white with brown blotchy spiral bands. The toot of the animal is red when alive. It lives in the intertidal Thalassia, but prefers the muddy inner lagoon and Chetumal Bay, and is an aggressive carnivore feeding on other snails, clams etc. There is another tulip, the Banded Tulip (Fasciolaria hunteria), that lives in coral areas. It is smaller and usually covered with encrusting organisms and not that easily noticeable. Horse Conch: (commonly called "mai-mulla"): Pleuroploca gigantea The large, robust shell, 1 to 2 ft. in length, is one of the largest gastropod shells in the world. Each whorl of the shell is ornamented with axial ribs and spiral cords. The colour is greyish white to a chalky salmon but is covered (while living) with a thick brown "skin" (periostracum) that begins to flake off after death. Young ones are a bright orange red. It lives in muddy sands and is carnivorous. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: Although tough, this (MAI-MULLA) is the local favourite ingredient in ceviche. Removing this gastropod from its shell is very difficult and local knowledge should be sought. Emperor Helmet: (locally called King Conch): Cassis madagascariensis: It is a large robust shell, highly sought after for its beauty, with three rows of rounded spines, the largest spines on the top row. There is one variex (place where the shell makes a sharp turn in coiling) in each whorl. The varices are at right angles to each other giving a triangular impression when you look down on the apex. The shell opening is rather triangular with a pink to salmon pink colour and rows of "teeth" defining the aperture. The "teeth" are white with the middle three being larger than the others, and a brown colour between the teeth, especially near the siphonal notch. This animal is primarily nocturnal in the Thalassia flats. There are several other species here. The animal is a carnivore and, although edible, is rarely eaten. Royal Triton: Charonia variegata: BEACHCOMBERS TIP: The tritons and the helmets are the prettiest large collectable shells off Ambergris Caye. Frequently found in the Caribbean and the Mediterranean, this large gastropod ( 8 to 16"), is a very pretty high spired shell. It usually has two varices per whorl with prominent puckered suture cords ( where the whorls meet). The opening has teeth both on the outer rim and the inner margin. The teeth are white with brown between them. In colour it may have a pinkish tinge with a pattern of cream and brown crescent shapes spiraling the shell. It is not too common here and is a carnivorous snail. It is found in both the reef and the Thalassia flats. Scotch Bonnet: Phalium granulatum: Found not only from North Carolina to Brazil, but also on the Pacific Coast of Central America, this shell takes different forms (subspecies) depending upon where it is found. It can get up to 3" long and the one figured here has a smooth outer shell. The spire is uniform. and smooth with impressed sutures. The outer lip flares more at the base than the top and is thickened with small but distinct teeth on the inner margin. The parietal shield is rather thin and has small bumps toward the base. The siphonal canal is slightly upturned and short. In live specimens, the shell colour is a creamy white with spiral bands of yellowish brown blotches. Atlantic Partridge Tun: Tonna maculosa: Common in the Caribbean, Tonna maculosa is usually from 2" to 5" long, and rather elongate globular in shape. The shell is thin for its size, but deceptively strong. It has numerous spiral grooves circling down the shell. The spire is regular with distinctly impressed sutures. The outer lip is not thickened at all and there is a siphonal notch at the base of the lip. The umbilicus is a distinct hole when viewed from the bottom. In colour the shell is brown to yellowish brown with small blotches of darker brown and white. Long-spined Star-shell: Eyestone Shell: Astraea phoebia: A flat heavy shell up to 1" to 2" in diameter, each whorl has a keel (edge) that carries a row of sharp, flat, triangular spines. These spines are often worn away on the early volutions. The whorls are ornamented with spiral rows of very short spines. This snail can be found when snorkeling in the Thalassia- flats off most of the piers. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: Interestingly, the operculum (the lid that the animal used to cover the shell opening when threatened) was thought by some to have curative powers for some eye disorders. Called an "Eyestone", it was placed in the eye, sometimes overnight, to help remove foreign particles. Many people believed in the old days that these "Eyestones" were separate living animals apart from the shell. Cerithium, and Batillaria: Small high spired shells that inhabit shallow intertidal waters, members of these genera are very common just off the beach at Ambergris Caye and in the shallow muddy areas in San Pedro lagoon. They are small, members of the genus Cerithium, can get up to 1" long and inhabit the waters just of the beaches in front of Ambergris Caye. They are generally black. The genus Batillaria is smaller, around 1/2". It usually has more of a striped pattern in blacks, whites and browns. Quite often these shells are occupied by small hermit crabs, and in the shallow intertidal the beach comber may often see these "Occupied" shells swarming together in large clusters. Moon Snail: Polinices species Small, globular, 1/2", white to grey snail, that lay their sandy donut shaped egg cases (1" in diameter) in the shallow intertidal. Beach combing will usually reveal many of these egg cases. Common Atlantic Bubble: Bulla striata (formerly B. occidentalis) Not a very large shell, 1" long at most, the Atlantic Bubble is a moderately inflated ellipsoidal shell and comes in shades of white to mottled greyish white, often with brownish mottled stripes. The apex is marked by an indentation as new shell growth nearly covers up the apical area of the previous whorl. The outer lip is thin and has a rather straight side at the top 1/3 of the shell. The aperature widens slightly at the base of the shell. These snails actually live on the backside of the island, but land fill material from there has been used to build up the beach behind sea walls, so some empty shells can be found in front of some of the beach front buildings. Flamingo Tongue: local name "lucky shell": Cyphoma gibbosum: Around ln to 1 1/2" long, this attractive snail lives exclusively on soft corals and feeds on the coral polyps When living, part of the snail's body ( the fleshy mantle) covers nearly all of the shell. The mantle is a pinkish tan colour with striking black rings (it looks much like the patterns on a jaguar's pelt). The shell is an orangish tan to brownish orange colour. The aperture extends the length of the shell, and the outer lip is thickened. There is a prominent ridge running around the middle of the shell. It is a favourite of collectors, and these human predators are severely reducing its numbers. Caribbean Vase: Vasum muricatum : An extremely heavy, thick shell, it has a pointed spire, often eroded off or covered by other organisms, and heavy thick, blunt spines on the shoulders and in 4 rows at the bottom of the shell. There are also 4 strong folds on the columella. The aperture is a glossy white with purplish tinges and blotches. It lives in rocky intertidal and Thalassia sand flats. It is 3 to 4" high. West Indian Crown Conch, Mud Conch: Melongena melongena: Mature specimens range from 3" to 6", but the smaller ones are the most common. It is a very heavy shell in large specimens, but the smaller ones appear more fragile. The spire in young specimens is regular and sharply pointed with heavy bumps on the shoulders. As the shell grows, the new volution tends to grow up and over the preceding one, so that the spire appears to sit in a depressed area. The shoulders are rounded (which distinguishes it from the Common Crown Conch) with various degrees of spine development. The spines are heavy and blunt, occurring on the shoulders and in rows toward the bottom of the shell. They live in the Thalassia intertidal and in San Pedro lagoon and the shells vary widely in degree of spine development, indeed some have almost no spines at all in the smaller specimens. In colour they are shades of greys, browns and dirty whites often marked by bands of alternating colours. Beach combers can often see these, especially at night or in the early morning, just oft the beach. They are usually moving, partially buried, with the periscope like black siphon extended. Marginella species , (subgenus Prunum): Rather small, heavy shells from 1/4" to 1" long, they have a smooth porcelainous outer surface. The spire is very short and looks just like a bump on the top of the shell. The aperture runs the length of the shell and the thickened outer lip parallels the coiled shell. Several species are present in these waters, but the specimen figured is probably close to Marginella carnea. They live in the outer reef lagoon. Nerites: Nerita species Three species of nerites are found in the intertidal rocky areas of f Ambergris Caye, the Bleeding Tooth, Four- toothed Nerite and the Tesselate Nerite. All are rather small, heavy globular shells up to about 1" in size and have a very similar appearance from the outside except for the colours. They are primarily distinguished by the number and size of bumps or teeth on the inside of the aperature. In the Thalassia flats other smaller nerites graze on the grass beds. Tessellate Nerite: Nerita tessellata: It has heavy spiral cords and black mottlings on an off white background, at times appearing more black than white- The aperature is a bluish white with two very small weak teeth on the inner margin and very weak bumps on the inside of the lip. The operculum. is black and slightly granular looking. Four-toothed Nerite: Nerita versicolor: In colour it is a dirty white with zig-zag rows of black and red spots. The inside of the aperature is a bluish to yellowish white with tour very pronounced teeth. The operculum is a greyish brown and slightly granular looking. Bleeding Tooth: Nertia peloronta The colour of this one is variable, but it has zig-zag darker bands on a lighter background. Its most striking feature is a orange colouration around the teeth (one tooth is conspicuously larger than the other), hence its name. Cayenne Keyhole Limpet: Diodora cayensis: This conical snail looks like an oriental hat attached to the rocks. It is 1" to 2" long with a small oval hole in the top just in front ot, and a little lower than the apex. It has strong radial ribs and every fourth rib is much larger than the others. On the inside of the shell there is a thick rim (callus) around the hole and this callus is squared off toward the front with a little depression in it. This snail looks very similar to the genus Fissurella, but the callus in Fissurella is uniform around the hole when viewed from underneath. In the Tropics the limpets are small. Spotted Sea Hare: locally "tinta": Aplysia dactylomela: At first glance this looks like anything but a member of the snail family, but it is surely a gastropod. Its body is 4 to 5" long and is a drab olive with prominent black rings. It has two structures on its head that look like rabbit ears, hence its name. When disturbed it emits a purplish to reddish ink to distract its enemies. The shell of the Sea Hare is small and located inside the body. The Sea Hare lives in the Turtle Grass beds, grazing on algae, and appear seasonally. CEPHALOPODS (Squid Family) Squid are not often seen behind the reef, but on some occasions are encountered while snorkeling. They have no hard external skeleton. Some squids have a fairly hard internal skeleton, the cuttlebone familiar to parakeet owners, while others have a much smaller structure called a pen. The appearance of a squid is familiar to most people, arms and head at one end and a body with swimming vanes at the other. The animal uses its vanes to maneuver and to swim, often head first. When startled or wary, it can jet backwards, sometimes leaving the water, by expelling water through a special siphon. Octopi between the reef and the island are small retiring individuals that hide in old shells and crevasses. They also line the entrance to their holes with coral rubble. They usually have no skeleton at all, but do have highly developed eyes and a complex nervous system, and indeed in laboratory experiments are capable of learning to some extent. Octopi are carnivorous scavengers, and search for food by crawling along the bottom at night. When startled they emit an ink-like substance to distract their enemies and can jet away much like the squid. Internal Skeleton of SPIRULA (Deep Sea Squid) Spirula spirula: This white, fragile coiled shell, found washed up on the beach, is the internal skeleton of a short-armed deep sea squid. It is unlikely that one will ever see this squid while SIT diving, but when the squid dies the small shell floats to the surface where waves and currents can bring it to shore. PELECYPODS (Clams and Oysters) Also known as bivalves (two valves), the clam family contributes a lot of shell material to the sea floor and beaches. Most of the pelecypod shells of Ambergris Caye are small to moderate in size. Most of the members of the clam family are bottom dwellers, usually shallow water, and with some exceptions, move slowly across or under the sea floor surface while a few are fixed in one place. Tb move, a clam extends a muscular part of its body (foot) forward to get a grip on the sediment, and then contracts the muscles in the foot to pull its main body and shell forward. Those living in one position may either burrow in soft sediment or at times in rock. These burrowing forms then extend long tubes called siphons out into the water to draw in water and food particles through one tube and expel waste water through another. The second type of fixed clam can cement its shell to a hard surface like some oysters or extrude a tough fibrous material (byssal thread) that attaches it to a hard surface. Most of the clam shells of Ambergris Caye are not the large showy types favoured by collectors, but they do display good diversity and are interesting in themselves. They are not used as a commercial food source here, but are sometimes used locally in ceviche. Chione cancellata: Cross-barred venus: BEACHCOMBERS TIP: This is the most common shell found on the leeward side of the island. At times, in the shallow mud flats immediately encountered after leaving San Pedro Lagoon, one will find one of the more ornate smaller murexes spawning, probably Cabrit's Murex (Murex cabritii). A sturdy shell, usually an inch or so long, it is marked by very prominent elevated concentric ribs (growth lines). There are noticeable but less pronounced radial ribs extending from the beak to the outer margin of the shell. On the inside of the shell, the teeth (they help join the two valves together) are very pronounced and the interior surface of the shell is a deep purplish colour. Lucine pelecypods: local name "almeja": Codakia species; BEACHCOMBERS TIP: The more common large clam seen washed up on the beaches. These type clams are edible, but live in the Thalassia, and are hard to dig up. The one pictured is representative of the group that has 5 different genera belonging to it. Flat Tree Oyster: Mangrove Oyster: Isognomon alatus: Found in one local area on the southern tip of Ambergris Caye, it attaches to the roots of the red mangrove. Although the shell is large and flat, the oyster itself is edible but quite small and is of little commercial use. The shell of these oysters is iridescent (mother of pearl) on the inside and the Mayas of Ambergris Caye made circlets of them for jewelry. Phylum ARTHROPODA (Jointed Feet) BEACHCOMBERS TIP: When walking on the beach looking at the windrows of washed up seaweed, one will see thousands of jumping sand fleas. These are harmless and belong to the group "Amphipods" (crustaceans). These animals feed on the detritus in the dead seaweed. When one goes swimming or wading in the inter island lagoon or Chetumal Bay, one may seasonally (rarely) encounter a small (3/8") bitting sea roach. These belong to the group "Isopods" (crustaceans)p locally called "x-carib". The bite is sharp, but there is no toxicity associated with this bite. In the mud flats by the small river north of the town, in the rainy season, one will see small Fiddler Crabs (Uca). These are noticeable in that one claw is significantly larger than the other. CRUSTACEANS (Shrimps, Lobster, Crabs and Barnacles) Members of this group of marine animals are just as widespread as their land counterparts (and relatives) the insects. They live in a hard shell that is jointed to permit movement and have several pairs of legs. Leg pairs are often modified for specific purposes. To grow, they must periodically shed their old shell and grow a new one. Complex hormonal changes govern shell shedding and growth. While the crustaceans most easily seen are the larger forms, like the commercial lobster, myriads of small ones live in the marine waters feeding on debris and microscopic marine life. Although there are limited amounts of shrimp and Blue crab in Chetumal Bay, this area apparently does not support a large biomass of shrimps and crabs in significant commercial quantities. This area superficially reminds one of the bayous in Louisiana, however parts of the bottom are often free of extensive mud and silt. For "The Tropica Crab Collection", The largest FREE public display of mounted crabs from around the globe in the world, click here ! LOBSTER Some of the larger crustaceans, there are three species at Ambergris Caye. The most important is the Spiny Lobster, Panulirus argus, but there are two other species of lobster off Ambergris Caye not as likely to be seen by visitors. One is the Spotted Spiney Lobster, Panulirus guttatus, and the other is the Slipper Lobster, Scyllarides nodifer. In 1982, the co-op on Ambergris Caye exported 69,162 kilograms ot lobster at a value of $1,255,650 U.S. Spiny Lobster: Panulirus argus The commercial lobster from Brazil to North Carolina, and extremely important to the economy of Belize, the Spiny Lobster does not have the large claws of the Maine lobster. While the Maine lobster has a smooth shell, that of the Spiny lobster is covered by strong sharp spines and has a prominent spine over each eye. The carapace (shell) is a reddish brown and becomes redder as the lobster gets older. They have long spiny antennae that rotate extensively. The socket in which the antennae articulates, is designed so that the lobster, by moving the antennae, can make a grating sound. Lobsters, essentially scavengers, are nocturnal (nighttime) feeders, and during the day hide in crevasses and under ledges. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: It is not recommended from a conservation aspect, that divers try to catch a lobster by grabbing the antennae. The antennae break off fairly easily and divers who try to catch a lobster by the antennae often find themselves with a pair of broken antennae and the lobster is left without a very necessary piece of defensive equipment. Lobster season opens July 15 and closes March 15 locally to allow most of the animals to reproduce unharassed by fishermen. Breeding starts in April and most of the individuals have reproduced before July. The male deposits a sperm sac, called a tar spot, under the tail of the female and a short time later the females lays her bright orange eggs and attaches them to her tail. She scratches the sperm sac to break its covering and fertilize the eggs. A 9" female can lay in the neighborhood of a half million eggs 1/35' across. While the eggs are developing, the female usually moves to deeper water to release the developed eggs, then she moves back into shallow water. When the eggs hatch they do not resemble a lobster at ail, but look more like transparent spiders. For about a month, the young lobster larvae float about in the currents. Called phyllosoma larva or "glass" shrimp, they are transparent and very hard to see. These juveniles pass through many different stages for 6 months before they finally look like adults. By this time they are about 1/2" long and the greater number of their broodmates have become food tor other animals. The young lobster then settle down in the Turtle Grass or mangrove root environments to continue growth. Most females do not reproduce until they are about 8" long. During growth the lobster molts the old, smaller carapace. It splits and the lobster crawls out with the new shell in place but not yet hard. It quickly absorbs water and swells up so that when the new pliable shell hardens it is larger than the old one. The process usually takes about two weeks. One a lobster is about a year old, the growth rate is approximately 1" per year. Lobster and some other invertebrates, for example the conch, have a copper based blood system instead of an iron based system as in mammals. In the past, 30 years or so ago, lobster have been observed migrating, usually after large storms, from north to south in large groups. They form lines of 10 to 20 lobster, each lobster maintaining contact, antennae to tail, along the coast of Belize. Fishing pressure has reduced the lobster population in recent years and these spectacular migrations are rare. Phyllosoma larva of common spiny lobster: Panilirus argus This is what our commercial lobster looks like when it is young. This larva can only be seen with a dissecting microscope and it drifts in the open ocean for about four weeks before it changes into a young lobster looking like animal. Lobster are traditionally harvested at Ambergris Caye by catching them with a hooked stick (gancho) or by setting out traps. Traps are 21 x 41 x 1 1/21, are made with palmetto slats and with mahogany frames and need to be soaked for two to four weeks before use to reduce their tendency to float. They are weighted with 10 to 15 lbs. of ballast and placed individually on the sea floor in water from 51 to 25' deep, usually around the southern tip of Ambergris Caye. Unlike New England lobster traps, they are not put on lines, but are pulled individually with long hooked poles. Silt and mud settle on the trap framework when it is put out and a lobster crawling about the trap disturbs these sediments. Simple inspection ( peering into the water through the bottom of a water glass for example) will tell a fisherman whether or not he needs to pull the trap. After the trap is pulled it is carefully cleaned of old silt and mud. Today traps are pulled about once a week, but in the recent past when lobster were more plentiful, pulling every 3 or 4 days was usual. There is one marine mammal that will frequently disturb the traps. The inshore porpoise (Tursiops truncatus) Will move the traps considerable distances and overturn them. An overturned trap will not catch lobster, and for this reason local fisherman consider the porpoise to be a detriment. The other method of lobster fishing entails divers going out daily close to Ambergris Caye in small boats, or out in 25 to 28 ft boats for a week or so at a time to the offshore reefs. In either case, the diver tows a small dory behind him and uses a diving mask and a three foot long hooked pole (qancho) to work waters from 51 to 401 deep. The lobster are hooked individually, and to preserve the freshness, the tails are dipped in a preservative solution of sodium bisultite that prevents the copper based blood system from turning the flesh dark. They are then put on ice. Ten years ago, a lobster catch of 100 pounds (of tails) in 3 hours was not unusual, now 2 to 10 pounds may represent a full day's work. Slipper Lobster: Scyllarides species The antennae of this lobster are modified to resemble a shovel or spade like apparatus, and are used to shuffle through the sand. The meat of this animal is edible, but it is not common. Spotted Spiney Lobster: Panulirus guttatus BEACHCOMBERS TIP: This small lobster can often be seen in the shallow reef way back in the crevasses in the coral. At nighttime, divers will see a fair number of these lobsters. SHRIMPS There are no commercial shrimp populations as such off Ambergris Caye. Commercial shrimp populations are south of Dangriga (Stann Creek) to the Bay of Honduras. Inside the reef, off Dangriga, going to Placencia, there are water depths of 50 to 80 ft with muddy bottom. These are the shrimp fishing grounds. Several different species of shrimp are caught. Ammerican Pink Shrimp (commercial): Panaeus duorarum This is the main commercial shrimp. The young spend their juvenile stages in brackish water and the adults migrate into the marine environment. White Shrimp (commercial): Panaeus species This is a large shrimp and is caught primarily in estuarine (river mouth, bays) environments. Ghost Shrimp, Callianassia Shrimp Extremely common in the reef lagoon, these make the very noticeable volcano shaped mounds, that every snorkeler and wader will notice. The mounds can be up to 6" high and a toot in diameter. The shrimp is a mottled white- grey. They build an extensive underground tunnel system about Callinassia burrow showing sand and mud mound. 1 to 2 ft. deep. There is usually a small gobie fish, about 2" long, living in the tunnel system (the shrimp and the fish live in a mutualistic relationship). Mantis Shrimps: Squilla species or Gonodactylus species (in Creole called "poisonous crayfish" even though it is edible) Named after the familiar Praying Mantis, these shrimps (60+ species), have a jointed head with the part carrying its eyes and antennae being able to move separately from the rest of the head, unlike other shrimps. Their second set of legs are enlarged with sharp edges to seize and cut prey (including fingers if one should hold them). The individual species are difficult to identify, but some can grow up to 4" long. This group of shrimps has 8 sets of legs. They feed by either waiting for prey close to their burrows, or sneaking about looking for an unwary victim. These are very common in conch shells, under coral rubble and the like in the reef lagoon. Common Watchman Shrimp: Patonia mexicana Usually 1 to 1 1/4" long, it has claw legs as long as its body with one claw usually larger than the other. It normally lives in pairs in a symbiotic relationship (providing mutual needs) with molluscs, especially pen shells. It is hard to see as it is colourless and therefore fades into the background. Pistol Shrimps, Snapping Shrimps: Alpheus species This group of shrimps is 1 to 2" long and is named for a noise they can make with one claw. One claw is much larger than the other and can be held open under great muscle tension. When the tension is quickly released, the claw snaps shut with a sharp crack like a pistol shot, which can be faintly heard by the human ear. This sharp report can either warn off other shrimps or can stun small nearby fish that are then seized and eaten. These are common in Loggerhead sponges. Sponge Shrimps: Synalpheus species Very similar to the Pistol shrimps, some of these live inside sponges. A large Loggerhead sponge can host hundreds of these small shrimps (they grow up to 3/4" long). Red Banded Shrimp, Common Cleaner Shrimp: Stenopus hispidus A larger shrimp, up to 2", it is marked by red bands on a white background. It and other species perch on corals to clean the corals and passing fish. They have one pair of pincers that are very large to help them pluck larger pieces of debris and food. CRABS Blue Crab: (in Spanish is "jaiba" , in creole ra-ti) Callinectes species Marine blue crabs are up to 3 1/2 inches wide, being much wider than they are long. Each side bears a sharp protruding spine as well as spines on part of the pincer legs. Their last pair of legs are swimmeretts and propel them quickly through the water. Not a shy type at all, individuals will stand their ground, rear up and threaten when approached. They usually live in muddy areas, primarily is estuarine environments. They will be found in the muddy intertidal areas in front of San Pedro, and in San Pedro lagoon, but the larger species live primarily in the Chetumal Bay and river mouths. During the north wind months, Nov. and Dec., large numbers of the large species will move into the Ambergris Caye area from Chetumal Bay. As these animals are spawning limited commercial (local use) populations are caught in the beach fish traps. Coral Crab: Carpilius corallinus A rather large crab, up to 5 inches long, it has a smooth shell that is red with some white to yellow spots and lines on it. It has large pincer legs with the pincers themselves being short and small for the size of the legs. They live on the reef and in small caves in the Turtle Grass beds, but being a very good eating crab, they have been significantly reduced in numbers. Stone Crab: Menippe mercenaria A crab of limited commercial use, it is dark blue when young and becomes spotted grey and white when adult. It has very large claws with dark brown of black tips. They live in small caves and fissures in the Thalassia flats, but primarily in Chetumal Bay environments. There are no special trapping methods in Belize for Stone crab, but they are often caught in the lobster traps and beach fish traps. Large Reef Spider Crab: Mithrax species While snorkeling on the reef one may see this large, spindly, spiny and red crab, which is very edible. There have been mariculture experiments on this crab. Shamefaced or Box Crab: Calappa species A rectangularly shaped crab with short flattened claws. Found commonly in the sandy areas off the piers. Spotted Porcelain Crab: Porcellana sayana Often found associated with the Queen Conch (Strombus gigas) and with marine hermit crabs occupying vacant shells, the Spotted Porcelain Crab is small, about 1 inch wider is an orangish red punctuated by white and purplish spots outlined in red. The underside is white with red blotches while the large claws are white with some yellowish hairs on the edges. Arrow Crab: Stenorhynchus seticornis An unusual looking crab, its shell is long, narrow and distinctly pointed. It really looks like it has a pointed head with the eyes set on each side of the pointed head. It's spidery looking legs are long and slender and are shades of red and yellow with small bluish violet claws. The main body of the shell is boldly striped. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: While snorkeling look tor these ungainly looking crabs around the pilings of the piers. It looks more like a spider than a crab, and they will clean parasites from fish. Giant Decorator Crab: Stenocionopus turcata Primarily seen in the muddy areas of the lagoon, for example as seen behind the fisheries co-op, the Giant Decorator Crab is large, up to 6" and has long spiderlike legs. The main pincer bearing legs are longer and somewhat larger than the others; the pincers themselves are small and slender. There are two prominent horns that project out near the eyes. This crab is covered with other organisms that live on its back and is so well camouflaged that it can be hard to see at times. Sally Lightfoot Crab: Graspus species About 2" across, the Sally Lightfoot is yellowish brown with dark brown mottling and has two bright red spots on its back. The pincer legs are about the same size as the walking legs and the pincers themselves are fairly robust and a dark reddish brown. These very speedy crabs are strictly intertidal and are seen on pilings and rocks. The sea wall in front of the Sun Breeze is a good location to observe them early in the morning. Crab larvae Red Hermit Crab: "soya" locally, Soldier crab: Petrochirus diogenes A snorkeler or diver turning over a Queen Conch shell may find one of these large crabs staring back instead of the conch. They inhabit shells vacated by their former owners and change to larger shells as they grow. They are usually a striking rusty red with large bumpy claws, the right claw being a little larger than the left one. This crab, as do all hermit crabs, have a large somewhat coiled abdomen that they insert in an abandoned shell, leaving only the head and legs visible. There are other hermit crabs here and throughout the Caribbean, not all of which are marine. At Marco Gonzalas and throughout the island, there are numerous crabs (Coenibita species) that inhabit the shells of gastropods once discarded by the Maya and now unearthed by archaeologists. Large Land Crab: Cardisoma guanhumi BEACHCOMBERS TIP: During spawning, visitors may see thousands of these going into the water at night. These hole dwelling sand coloured crabs may be 6 to 7" across, and the males (Creole "bo crab") have an unusually large claw. They are omnivorous, eating about anything, There are significant populations at Marco Gonzalas . During the breeding season, July and August, large groups (in the old days hundreds of thousands) can be seen in less populated areas moving into the ocean to spawn. This is a phenomena that occurs when the moon is full (lunar periodicity). Mating takes place in the burrows on land, so all of the migrating crabs are "berried" females. The larvae hatch in the sea and go through a complicated series of shape changes (molts), see diagram of zooea larval stages. They spend about 25 days in the sea and eventually the young crabs return to land. Ghost Crab: Ocypode species BEACHCOMBERS TIP: Watch for this tiny, brownish to yellowish, 1/2" to 2" diameter crab with pale yellow claws that live in the small holes in the beach area. They are very active at night. BARNACLES Encrusting barnacles attach themselves to any substrate available. Some whales, turtle shells (carapace) are heavily encrusted with large barnacles. The pilings and rocks in the intertidal are also usually heavily colonized by barnacles. Once attached, they make a hard living chamber that may resemble a small volcano. The barnacle lives in its shell and extends its modified legs out into the water to draw in food. (the adult spends its lite sitting on its head with its legs on top). Probably because of the shortage of a food supply, the barnacle population is not as abundant in Belize as it is in the Gulf of Mexico. Large barnacles Goose Barnacle: Lepas anatifera: The Goose Barnacle looks rather like a clam or resting butterfly. The larvae attaches itself to floating bits of material, wood, styrofoam and even tar. The external shell is a light grey with a red stripe along one edge. It feeds by using its legs to sweep food into its mouth. Once it floats to shore it is doomed as it cannot move to another object to get away from shore. Phylum Echinodermata ECHINODERMS Starfish, Urchins, Sea Cucumbers Brittle Stars This group of animals is characterized by generally having a body divided into 5 told symmetry. In the starfish, brittle stars and urchins this symmetry is clearly visible, while in the sea cucumbers it is barely visible. STARFISH The five fold symmetry (pentamerous) is seen easiest in the starfish as they usually have five identical arms. Very common in the Turtle Grass beds and on sandy bottoms, they also live on the reef. Although apparently rigid when dead, living starfish are pliable and move about the sea floor on numerous small tube feet located in the grooves on their underside (they also breathe through these feet). The mouth is also on the underside in the center. Starfish feed on molluscs (snails and clams) either by swallowing small prey whole or by everting their stomach over the food animal and digesting it while the prey is in it's own shell. Like many other marine animals, the young go through several larval stages. Two starfish are most common off San Pedro. Larval Stages of the Starfish Reticulated Sea Star: Oreaster reticulatus: BEACHCOMBERS TIP: This is the most common large starfish seen in the outer reef lagoon. Up to 20" across, but usually smaller, it lives in the Thalassia beds. The body is thick and inflated in the center and not very flexible except at the ends of the arms where it often curls up slightly. In colour the adults are tan to yellowish brown to rust with red or dark brown bumps and a network of raised lines. Juvenile individuals are usually a light green. They are popular with souvenir hunters and may be rare in places. Beaded Sea Star: Astropecten articulates: Less commonly seen than the Reticulated Sea Star, the Beaded Sea Star prefers a soft bottom. It can get up to 6 inches across, but smaller ones are more common. It is usually a light brown or a light yellowish brown with raised thick beads on the outer edges of its 5 arms. There are small spines fringing the under margins of the arms. Members of this genus tend to swallow their prey whole and discard the shell debris. BRITTLE STARS (ophiuroids) Retiring animals that prefer dark areas, these are similar to the starfish in appearance, usually with 5 thin arms, but sometimes 6 or 7. The starfish however has its five arms linked inseparably with the main body and in fact its arms contain body organs. The brittle stars on the other hand, have arms that are somewhat separate from the central disk-iike main body. These arms may break off when one is caught by a human or other predator. Shunning the light, they more commonly feed at night on algae, newly hatched fish or minute animals that float by in the currents. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: Brittle stars are the most common "starfish" on the reef. They inhabit holes and cracks in the reef, can live inside the central body cavity of large sponges or tuck themselves away inside an abandoned snail shell. Turning over a rock or shell may result in many of these animals quickly swimming away. The loss of an arm does little harm to the animal, as it, like the starfish can regenerate a new one. It is a little startling however, to end up with one wriggling arm in your hand while the now 4 armed brittle star swims off! Its long, rather snake-like arms can move rapidly to give it a swimming motion or let it writhe quickly across a surface. One larval Stage of a Brittle Star SEA URCHINS These include both sea floor dwellers (regular) and some that burrow under the sea Koor (irregular). When viewing an echinoid from the top, a regular echinoid has radial symmetry about its centre and looks rather like a squashed ball to some degree or other. An irregular echinoid has a modified bilateral symmetry (like the Heart Urchin, the left halt being an mirror image of the right half), and look oval shaped when viewed from the top. The most noticeable feature of urchins is the large number of spines that cover the outside of the shell. These spines serve both as protection and as a means of movement. With close observation of a living specimen, you can see the spines move, especially when disturbed. If one pokes the large black spiny Diademia on the reet, one will be amazed at how fast they can move. It is often the vacant shell of an urchin that is most visible (it bleaches white after death), rather than the living animal. Four of the urchins that are found in the lagoon off Ambergris Caye are described in the following section. There are of course others to be found in different areas, especially on the reef and on rocky areas. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: When snorkeling in front of the town, be sure to look for the following two urchins in the Thalassia. Sea Egg: Tripneustes ventricosus: A large urchin, it can get up to at least 4" across and is very spherical. While alive is has 1/2 " long white spines and a dark brownish black test (shell). It lives in the Thalassia. areas and hides by covering itself with fallen grass blades or other loose material and can be very hard to see. The urchin moves slowly through the Thalassia by moving its spines to let it "walk". It feeds on algae and the blades of Thalassia. When dead, the spines tall off and the test bleaches out to leave a pretty white subrounded "shell", ornamented with radial rows of bumps. These bumps were the attachment plates where the spines fastened to the test. Green Sea Urchin: Lytechinus variegatus Smaller than the Sea Egg, the green urchin seldom gets more that 3" across. It has a greenish coloured test and greenish white to white spines about 1/2" long. Like the larger Sea Egg, it lives in the Turtle Grass beds and covers itself with fallen material for camouflage. During the mating season they form large groups and are easier to find. When dead, the bare "shell" is a little flatter than the sea egg, but also has the pretty radial patterns out from its center. Long Spined Black Urchin: Diadema antillarum In colour a striking black, the test of this urchin is small, only up to 3" in large ones, but as its name implies, the slender black spines are quite long, usually 3 times as long as the diameter of the test. It feeds on algae and Thalassia in the lagoon primarily at night. During the day it prefers to hide in cracks or holes in coral or on rock bottoms. Sometimes when spawning they cluster in the open lagoon floor during the day and make an unusual triangular shaped grouping. Sometimes these urchins have an uncommon white colour phase. Several years ago, a protozoan parasite swept through the Diadema population and severely reduced their numbers throughout the Caribbean, but they are staging a slow comeback. While other urchins can be handled with relative safety, this one should be lett strictly alone unless heavy gloves are worn. The spines are slender and break off easily and can lodge securely under the skin. Being very difficult or impossible to remove, days of discomfort can be the result of careless contact with these urchins. The body will slowly dissolve these spines. The spines are best left embedded in the afflicted area. Sea Pussy, Heart Urchin, Pincushion Urchin: Meoma ventricosa: A large irregular urchin that can attain a length of 5", but lives buried in the soft sandy sediment. It is elongate and flattened and has short spines up to 1/2" long that are usually a reddish brown in colour. It has 5 pronounced grooves on its upper surface with one groove (parallel to its longest dimension) less distinct than the other 4. Its mouth is on the underside and is designed to always be open. As it bulldozes through the sand, it scoops in sediment which passes through the digestive system from which nutrients are extracted. During the day they can sometimes be spotted by looking for small sand mounds in the open lagoon floor (some shrimps also make mounds but they make a clearly visible entrance Which the urchin mounds lack). At night they come up out of the sand to take advantage of the higher oxygen levels in the water. SEA CUCUMBERS At first glance these really don,t look like they are related to the urchins, starfish or brittle stars at all. Their five told symmetry is apparent mainly in the arrangement of some internal organs. Instead they have developed a modified bilateral symmetry with distinct front and rear ends. Sometimes they have a top and bottom side as well. They lack true eyes, but are able to sense light levels and have tentacles on their front end associated with their mouth. Like their cousins the brittle stars, the sea cucumbers have a well developed defensive mechanism, but having no arms to break oft, the sea cucumbers instead eject internal organs onto the sea floor when threatened. The predator may be distracted while eating the internal organs and the sea cucumber can crawl away to hide and re-grow a new set of "innards". In appearance, they look like tubes with a tough skin that is rough to the touch. Many are rather dull shades of brown or grey. They can move both over the seafloor or burrow along underneath the soft sediment. They usually feed by ingesting large amounts of sand and running it through their digestive system to extract the nutrients. They have no external gills, but pump water in and out of their body cavity to extract oxygen. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: Three sea cucumbers are described in the following section. The large Donkey Dung is the more common in the outer reef lagoon. The Beaded Sea Cucumber can be found in the immediate reef crest. Donkey Dung Sea Cucumber, Beche de Mere (spade of the sea): Holothuria mexicana: A large animal, it ranges for 10" to 16" in length and prefers to live in waters closer to the back side of the reef, associated with Turtle Grass. It is dull in colour, browns to greys to sometimes a muddy yellow brown, with splotches of mauve on the sides. It has a distinct top and bottom, with the top looking coarsely wrinkled and at times a little warty. The bottom side is smoother, lighter in colour and has small "feet" for propulsion across the lagoon floor. It is primarily nocturnal. Burrowing Sea Cucumber: Holothuria arenicola Smaller than the Donkey Dung, it is usually about 4" long, but can get larger. Mostly a non-descript brown, it can also be tan to pale grey to a dull yellow with blotches on the top. As its name implies, it lives in deep burrows in soft sediment and can make large sand mounds around the entrance. It is the most common sea cucumber oft the beaches of Ambergris Caye. Beaded Sea Cucumber: Euapta lappa A long, thin cucumber, it can get up to 3 feet long, but 14" is more common. For all of its length, it is only about 1" wide. It is distinctly segmented and transparent with yellow, brown and black stripes. It is strictly nocturnal and lives under flat rocks or coral fragments in shallow water. Because of its nocturnal habit, it is not commonly seen. It's body is very limp and tends to stick to one's hands. The mouth tentacles are very frilly and pretty. Phylum ANNELIDA (with rings) BEACHCOMBERS TIP: If one turns over the dead seaweed on the beach, and digs 3 to 4" in the sand, one may find a thin, bright red earthworm. These are harmless and are much like the larger earthworms. They feed on the rich decaying detritus. These are not used for fishing, but make excellent food for aquarium fish. WORMS Worms exist in marvelous varieties in the marine environment, but are often hard to identify without close study. Because of the complexities, this section mentions' only a few species. Sedentary Tube Dwelling Worms Many of the marine worms construct a tube either in soft sediment, or on hard surfaces including coral heads. Those living in the sediment of the lagoon floor are often hard to see due to their non descript colours and the presence of other organisms, especially Thalassia. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: Snorkelers look for these. One sedentary worm (Cirratulidae) lives in the reef and the Turtle Grass flats. It builds a fragile tube about 6" deep in the sand. It feeds by extending long, thin white harmless tentacles along the bottom to catch passing food particles. The tentacles can be up to 41 long and very thin, looking more like thread than anything else. then disturbed it can withdraw its tentacles very fast. The most magnificent of the tube worms are the feather and tan worms that inhabit the coral heads and hard surfaces throughout the barrier reef, patch reef environment. They construct a calcareous tube on a hard surface for protection, and then feed and breath by extending brightly coloured feathery tentacles into the water. then disturbed, they quickly zip their tentacles back into the tube, only to hesitantly poke them out again. One of the prettiest is the Feathered Christmas Tree Worm, Spirobranchus giganteus, whose tentacles come out spiraled to make a conical tree like shape. Colours of yellow, red and blue are most common. The fan worms, members of the genus Sabella and others, send out an open circle of tentacles and look more like an open flower than anything else. Colours of red, orange and yellow are most common. These are very common in the shallow intertidal and snorklers around the piers will quite often see these. Close examination of the blades of Thalassia will reveal small spiraled shells growing upon them. Looking like very tiny snails, these are actually worm tubes belonging to the serpulid worms. Hundreds of thousands of these worms make the Thalassia beds their homes. Free Living Worms There is one of these types of worms that roams the sand, grass flats,and reefs that is of note, the Fireworm, Bristieworm, Stingingworm or Glassworm, Hermodice carunculata. It looks rather like a 2" to 3" orange and red furry caterpillar. Beware of handling, as its bristles are very delicate, easily broken glass spines that can lodge firmly in and under the skin. Not even gloves offer protection from these spines --leave these strictly alone! A nightime carnivore, the results of its feeding are more often seen than the worm itself. It digests the coral polyps on the tips of the coral branches which die and turn white. Another group of free swimming worms is notable for its bioluminescence (ability to produce light like a firetly). There is one very small one, the Luminescent Threadworm, Odontosyllis enopla, that is seen best during spawning season when they are very actively bioluminescing. The Atlantic Palolo Worm, Eunice schemacephala , is a larger form that spawns at times related to the lunar cycles. The animals swim to the surface where they break in halt, with the front half falling back to the sea floor. The back half breaks open to release the reproductive material and at this point they become bioluminescent. These spectacular bursts of blue-green light may be seen off the piers in January and August. MISCELLANEOUS Made of chicken wire and small bush sticks: about 100 yds long Fish Traps The heart shaped structures one sees extending from parts of the beaches at Ambergris Caye and on other cayes are beach fish traps. These traps dot the coast of Ambergris Caye ail the way to the Mexican border on both the reef side and Chetumal Bay side. They are usually family owned and are responsible for most of the commercial scale fish production on Ambergris. Each trap is usually removed for several months each year when the fish are not running, this extends the lite of the galvanized chicken wire used in their construction. The fish are removed from the heart of the trap with a small draw seine. Almost every type of fish found inside the reef will at one time or another be caught in these traps. If one wants to go inside a fish trap, snorkel around the outside first and check, large rays and sharks are sometimes caught inside. Major Fish Types Caught In the months of northers, (Nov, Dec) large "swims" of the black or mangrove snapper (Lutjanus griseus) average 1 to 3 lb) move from Chetumal Bay southward towards the reef. These fish, as they swim along the beach, are taken by the traps in commercial quantities. In 1982, Caribena exported 2,500 kg of fish fillets with a U.S. value of $10,321 and whole fish was 7,477 kg at a value of $12, 337 U.S. The following are the most common fish caught in these traps: mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis), jacks (Family Caringideae), barracuda (especially the young ones, Family Sphyraenidae) which are salted and dried, grunts (Family Pomadasyidae), and the "Mojarras" (local name) or slipmouth (Family Gerreideae). The "mojarra" are a small, 6 to 12" silver fish that are very common in Chetumal Bay and are caught in large numbers in the beach traps. These are salted and dried for the local market. Sometimes large rays and sharks enter these traps. Porpoises do at times jump in and out of the traps. When lobster were more plentiful in the area, their migratory "walks" would at times intersect the entrance to a fish trap. Due to the nature of the lobster walk, hundreds of lobster would be caught in these heart traps. OTHER MARINE ANIMALS Fish There are a marvelous variety of fishes that inhabit the waters oft Ambergris Caye in both shallow and deeper waters. Many of these are illustrated in other publications readily available in hotels and shops, and this section will deal with only a few aspects of the fish life of the area. Click here for photos of underwater life in the waters around the island. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: The hog snapper (Lachnolainus maximus), local name "buckinete", is one of the most prized food fishes on Ambergris Caye. They are a type of wrasse (Family Labridae) and can weigh as much as 20 pounds. These fish teed on molluscs and crustaceans and are very rarely taken on hook and line. They are usually speared. The grouper spawn at Rocky Point in the winter (Dec. to Jan.). Their spawning is related to the lunar cycles and during the full moons, they will bite voraciously on a hook and line. Sharks BEACHCOMBERS TIP: The most common stark the snorkeler will see on the reef proper is the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cerratum), local name "gato". I know of sightings of the following: gray reef sharks dusky whale shark There are no "good" spots to see them. You just get lucky, or you don't. This ain't SeaWorld. Most sharks are not territorial, so they tend to move around, making sightings irregular. When snorkeling one will usually see the back one-third of the animal sticking out of a little cave in the reef. The teeth of the nurse shark are designed primarily for crushing molluscs. The sudden appearance of a nurse shark on the reef can be very startling and like all sharks, should be left alone. It provoked, it has been known to attack man. Sharks do not have a boney skeleton, but have instead a cartilaginous skeleton, as do the rays, skates and sawfish. The only true bone structure is found in the scales and the teeth. The first sharks appeared in the Devonian age some 280 million years ago. The modern sharks developed in the Jurassic some 180 million years ago and present day sharks resemble their Jurassic ancestors. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: Due to their kidney arrangement, they excrete urine back into their own blood system. This contributes to the strong taste of shark meat. If the shark is bled properly, and the meat boiled, the strong flavour will be removed. A common food on the island is "empenadas", which is shark meat fried in a tortilla. The smaller sharks are preferred and are called "cazon" locally. Other sharks commonly seen will be the bull sharks (outer reef and estuarine environments), the lemon, hammerhead, tiger and silky sharks. The Family Carcharhinidae (requiem sharks) is the largest family inhabiting tropical waters. Sharks are often identified by tooth shape. Although the great white sharks are circum polar, they are very unlikely to be seen and have not been reported in the waters off Ambergris Caye. Uses of Sharks The skin makes a durable leather and in the old days, it made a good sandpaper. The fins are skinned and bleached and then boiled to make a thick gelatinous soup. Shark oil made from the livers is rich in vitamin A and other vitamins. Before vitamins were widely synthesized around WW II, there was a shark factory on the leeward side of Caye Caulker. On Ambergris Caye, people still use shark oil to partially alleviate respiratory ailments. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: The Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) is the largest shark, and may grow to a length of 50 ft. This animal may periodically be seen off Ambergris in the Rocky Point area. It is strictly a deep water shark and is a plankton feeder. Its diet consists of small fish, crustaceans and squid. When seen, the animal is usually associated with schools of bonito and blue water pelagic fish. Its grey back is noticeable spotted. The local Creole name is "sapodilla tom", and they are totally harmless. Rays Small stingrays are often observed off the docks and piers, either lying on the sea floor, or gliding along the shallow bottom. Like most other marine life, they will quickly move away at the presence of humans. Stingrays do carry a spine on their tail that may carry a painful venom, but there is little danger from this animal unless one steps on it or foolishly antagonizes it. Flight is its preferred defensive mechanism. The spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari) is a common inhabitant of the outer reef lagoon. It is large, up to 8 feet, has a very long tail and moves through the water with a graceful flying motion. When in the lagoon they feed on conchs and other large snails, crushing the shells in their mouth to get to the animal and spitting the shell fragments out. They are not aggressive toward humans, but their large size can be startling. When flying in from Belize City, one may sometimes see some of the large (5 ft. in diameter) grey skates (Dasytis americana) in the waters between Ambergris and Caye Caulker. The small ray commonly seen off the piers at Ambergris is the yellow stingray (Urolophus Jamaicensis, x-tun-"sh-tun" in Maya). The large manta rays (Manta birostris) will only be found in the blue water off the reef and are plankton feeders like the whale shark. Only rarely will one come inside the reef. Included in the skate and ray family (Ragjiformes) are the peculiar looking sawfish (Pristis species, page These shark-like rays are found from the brackish waters to the deep drop oft, but they are not common. The teeth are modified to crush small crustaceans and molluscs. Others There are of course other fishes. Snapper and bonefish provide a recreation to sport fishermen, and the deeper waters oft the reef, especially to the south, provide a challenge to those seeking billed fish like marlin. In the lagoon between the reef and the island, small barracuda, jacks, grunts, flounder, wrasse, puffer type fishes and eels live amidst schools of small minnows. Eels, are indeed fish in spite of their snake like appearance. They tend to inhabit holes and crevasses in rocky areas like the reef proper and rocks around piers and docks. They tend to have their head protruding from their lair while watching for passing prey, usually small fishes. When a snorkeler, or diver approaches, or even someone peering over the side of a pier, the eel will withdraw into his lair until the threat passes. They will defend their chosen home and attack if one gets too close or foolishly puts a hand into his hole. Eels range in size from small to very large and a bite, from even a small one is cause for concern. Their sharp needle like teeth penetrate quite deeply, and can contaminate the puncture with bacteria laden slime that coats the eels mouth. OBSERVE THESE ANIMALS FROM A SAFE DISTANCE. Needlefish can be seen lazing close to the surface, their long slim bodies looking rather like fat arrows. One interesting fellow is the sand tile fish. They actually make a burrow in the sand of the lagoon floor and pave the entrance with small stones excavated from the burrow. One fish, the razor fish , will actually dive into the soft sand of the lagoon floor when disturbed. At patch reefs like Mexico Rocks, or at shallow cuts in the reef, angel fish and trigger fishes can be seen along with many small fish associated with corals. The Hol Chan Marine Reserve and Shark Ray Alley are the most popular diving/snorkeling sites in all of Belize. This is due to the close proximity of San Pedro, the large amount of fish life found with the Hol Chan "cut" accessible by snorkelers and beginning divers, the diversity of marine life encountered throughout the 4 zones of the park and the exitement and novelty of swimming with large numbers of nurse sharks and sting rays. Over 160 species of fish have been identified in the reserve, along with nearly 40 species of corals, 5 sponges, 8 algaes, 2 seagrasses, 3 marine mammals and 3 species of sea turtle. Below is the most current census of the marine life found within the Hol Chan Marine Reserves boundaries: Thalassia testudinum Marine Mammals The marine mammal most often seen around Ambergris Caye is the Atlantic Bottle-nosed Dolphin, (local name "bufeo") Tursiops truncatus, the same species as Flipper of television fame.--It can appear singly or gather in pods of 6 to 8 animals. At times these animals jump into the fish pens that dot the coastline, feed, then jump back out again. They also sometimes move the lobster traps and turn them over, much to the consternation of the fishermen. At times they seem to play, by tossing conch shells about. There are other dolphins, Stenella species, that are offshore dolphins, and are smaller than Tursiops and are spotted. They live in large pods of 100 to 400 animals, and stay mostly in the open ocean, but divers may see these in the drop off at Ambergris Caye, especially if diving off Rocky Point. In southern Belize, due to the deeper breaks in the reef, divers may see Stenella in the channels in the reef . Monk Seal (Extinct in Caribbean) At one time the Monk seal (Monarchus tropicalis) reportedly lived in Belizean waters. At Chinchorro, the atoll immediately north of Ambergris Caye in Mexico, there is an island called Cayo Lobos. Lobos in Spanish means wolf, and unsubstantiated rumours indicate that Cayo Lobos (Wolf Caye) was a seal rookery. In southern Belize, in the outer reef lagoon, there are several islands called the Seal Cayes. Verbal communication with old-timers, 70 years old, has indicated no evidence of Monk seal sightings in the area. Once in a while in the past, beach strandings of "blackfish" (assumed to be pilot whales) were evidenced. After hurricane "Fifi", which hit northern Honduras and southern Belize, fishermen from Ambergris Caye diving in the Glover's reef area, reported "hundreds of whales, twenty to thirty ft long" moving between Glover's Atoll and the southern main barrier reef. As identification was not possible, it may be assumed that these were pilot whales. The last pilot whale stranding was on the eastern side of Turneffe in about the mid 701s. In 1986, a large "Sei" whale entered the outer reef lagoon near Placencia and was stranded there in the outer reef lagoon. This whale lived for several months, but finally died despite many rescue efforts. Mermaids (Trichechus manatus) Order Sirenia Other Names: Sea cow, dugongs, manatee, sirens These are primarily brackish water animals. They are large, up to 8 ft. long and teed on aquatic plants (herbivorous). These harmless mammals have been seen in the Siete Canales off San Pedro. In the recent past, sightings of manatees in the Hol Chan reef environment have been reported, and RLW has seen one manatee in the 50 to 60 ft. deep St. Georges Caye channel. Manatee bones have been reported from the Mayan settlement at Rope Walk, Turneffe. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: (Manatees are on the endangered species list). Manatees are related to elephants (pachyderms - "thick skin"). The ribs of an adult are 2 to 2 1/2" in thick and about 15 to 20" long. The bones are so dense that these ribs almost resemble ivory. It one leaves the municipal airstrip in Belize City, the island immediately off shore (where Sail Belize is located) is called Moho Caye. Twenty to thirty years ago, beachcombing in the intertidal, one would find dozens of manatee ribs. Since Moho Caye was an important Mayan trading site one can assume that the Mayas harvested the manatee. The gestation period of the manatee is 13 months and one, sometimes two young are born. Manatees have been seen mating in the shallow river mouths. They must drink fresh water. Two good areas to see them are in Corozol Bay, the New River lagoon area and in the southern lagoon about 20 miles south of Belize City near Gales Point. The river leading from the southern lagoon to the sea is called the Manatee River. LAND ANIMALS Birds The most noticeable bird is the Frigate bird that soars high over the beach, catching the onshore winds. The Frigate bird, Frigata magnificens, is about 40" long and has a wingspan of 6 to 7 1/2'. The female is brownish black with white or pale colourings on her underside. The male is black and is marked with an orange to red throat pouch that is inflated in courtship displays. They lay one egg that takes 55 days to hatch. The young remain in the nest for 5 months, and the young birds have a white head. They eat seafood snatched from the ocean surface, or steal food from other birds. Sea gulls are one bird that the visitor may or may not see in any number. There are no year round populations of gulls on Ambergris Caye, but some gull species do winter here. There are other, smaller birds that can be seen, including terns and plovers, usually in small numbers at any one time. One of the larger birds that appear is the Brown Pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis, "alcatraz" in Spanish, that is very common along the coastlines of the New World. This bird feeds by scooping small fish out of the water and swallowing them whole. As with all young birds, the adults are responsible for feeding them until the young can fly. A Brown Pelican baby will require about 150 pounds of fish in its first nine weeks of life until it can fly for itself. The Roseate Spoonbill, Ajaia ajaia, lives and nests on a small island , Cayo Pajaros (Bird Caye) in Chetumal Bay. noted for its gorgeous pink plumage, it was at one time sought out for feather decorations on ladies clothing. The shade of pink depends on not only the age of the bird, but it will intensity during the breeding season. They have large flattened bills that are quite effective in finding and capturing small animals along the bottom in shallow water. There is a large heron, the Great Blue Heron, Ardea herodias, that resides on Ambergris Caye. It is a large bird with a wingspan of 72" and a body length of 42". It is slate blue with a white head bearing a black stripe on its forehead. These birds wade in the shallow intertidal catching fish. There is also a night heron (Nycticorax species) that is more common in the winters. It teeds on the crabs and is easy to approach. It is common on the beach at night and when startled it makes a unconventional barking sound. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: Cormorants (Phalacrocorax species), commonly seen oft the piers, fish the waters off the island diving for small fish. This black bird, the double crested cormorant is an efficient diver and feeds on small fish in the shallow Thalassia. Frequently they can be seen feeding on a small struggling moray eel. The Jabiru Stork, Jabiru mycteria, is huge with a wingspan of 90", and is native to Central and South America. It has A white body, black legs, head and bill, and a red throat patch. Its bill is heavy and slightly upturned. Its habitat is wetlands and coastal shallows, and can be very rarely seen in isolated places like Cayo Francas lagoon on Ambergris. There is a sanctuary for boobies at Lighthouse Reef about 40 to 50 miles from Ambergris Caye and at times a few find their way to the caye. They are unafraid of humans and can easily be approached. The local name for the booby on Ambergris is "bo-bo". In the wooded areas north of San Pedro, there is Ortalis vetula, known as Cha-cha-la-ca. These game birds flock together and make a tremendous amount of noise. Deep in the bush, there is a parrot type bird locally called the "chen" that makes a huge racket when disturbed. Caribbean doves are hunted in the wooded areas. BEACHCOMBERS TIP: The osprey, Pandion halaetus, the Sea Eagle, nests on Ambergris Caye sometimes. The Great-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus or Cassidix mexicalis) is a common sight and easily recognized by its dark colour (black in the male and brown in the female), and large full tail. In addition to these large birds that are associated with the beach and marshy areas, there are woodpeckers, owls and others. Native humming birds drink the nectar of the :lowers and Belize lies on the migratory path of the Ruby Throated Humming Bird, the Chimney Swift, swallows (locally called "golondrina" and most often seen in August) and other North American birds. In the winter months, especially in November, small yellow warblers ("animas" locally) come through Ambergris.	i don't know
Which heavyweight boxer was known as the 'Cinderella Man'?	James J Braddock - Cinderella Man Boxer - World Heavyweight Boxing Champion 1935 On this day in 1933, Braddock fought Hans Birkie in a 10 round Loss James J. Braddock James J Braddock earned his nickname "Cinderella Man" from his seemingly fairytale like rise from a poor local fighter to the heavyweight boxing champion of the world. Braddock, born in New York City, had a powerful right hand and a successful amateur career. He turned pro in 1926. Braddock had victories over fighters like Jimmy Slattery and Pete Latzo. Braddock fought light heavyweight champ Tommy Loughran in 1929 for the title, but was defeated in a heartbreaking 15-round decision. Following the Loughran fight and the stock market crash of 1929, Jim Braddock was down on his luck. He had a hard time struggling to win fights and put food on the table for his young family. Eventually Jim's luck began to change. In 1934 he had upset wins against Corn Griffin and John Henry Lewis. With these two wins, Braddock set himself up for a shot for the title against heavyweight champion Max Baer. On June 13th, 1935, in Long Island City, N.Y., Braddock, as a 10 to 1 underdog, won the heavyweight championship of the world from Max Baer. The general reaction in most quarters was described as, "the greatest fistic upset since the defeat of John L. Sullivan by Jim Corbett". Braddock would lose his heavyweight title two years later in an 8 round KO to "The Brown Bomber", Joe Louis. He retired after a final win over Tommy Farr in 1938. Jim was inducted into the Ring Boxing Hall of Fame in 1964, the Hudson County Hall of Fame in 1991 and the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2001. © Estate of James J. Braddock, All Rights Reserved Site created and maintained by Swirling	James J. Braddock
The 'Greene King brewery' is based in which English town or city?	Cinderella Man Essay - 1090 Words Cinderella Man Essay ...‘Choose two or more of the central characters and describe them. How has Ron Howard directed your response to them? Do these characters change during the course of the film?’ Cinderella Man is a 2005 American drama film directed by Ron Howard. The film is based on real-life events that focus on the life of the professional boxer James J. Braddock and his struggle through the Great Depression. The main characters portrayed in the film are very diverse and... 833 Words \| 3 Pages cinderella man Essay ... Cinderella Man Written By MARC CERASINI Based on the Motion Picture Screenplay By CLIFF HOLLINGSWORTH and AKIVA GOLDSMAN Motion Picture Story By CLIFF HOLLINGSWORTH Level 4 R e t o l d by Paul Shipton Series Editors: A n d y Hopkins and Jocelyn Potter Contents Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex C M 2 0 2JE, England and Associated Companies throughout the world. ISBN-10: 1-4058-0642-7 ISBN-13: 978-1-4058-0642-8 page... 29170 Words \| 52 Pages Cinderella Man Essay ...When you think of the Roaring Twenties images of Jazz musicians, grand ballrooms, and Flappers, come to mind. They all remind you of joy and prosperity. One man, James J. Braddock, was on top of the world in 1928. Braddock at the time was a lightweight title contender. James was living the life all people in New Jersey wised they could have. He had 3 beautiful children, a loving wife, and a profitable job. Braddock was doing what he loved and he was good at it. In 1929, however,... 1053 Words \| 3 Pages Cinderella Man Synopsys Essay ...Cinderella Man Synopsis and Cinematography Part 1: The Story Famous boxer James J. Braddock (Russell Crow) looks over his defeated opponent as fans cheer on another victory. This 2005 film produced by Brian Grazer and directed by Ron Howard tells the story of a dedicated man struggling to get by during the Great Depression. Cinderella Man begins on November 30, 1928, with a 2nd round knockout over Tuffy Griffith. Shortly... 625 Words \| 2 Pages Interdisciplinary Research Paper ...Nuclear Family as portrayed in Cinderella Man “I have to believe that when things are bad I can change them.” James J. Braddock did exactly that. Cinderella Man was filmed in 2005. It was directed by Ron Howard and produced by Brian Grazer, with screenplay credits to Cliff Hollingsworth and Akiva Goldsman; Cliff Hollingsworth wrote the story as well. This film was released and aired in over 30 countries through out the world. On its... 2149 Words \| 5 Pages Cinderella Man Essay ...Cinderella Man Essay When you think of the Roaring Twenties, Jazz musicians, The Harlem Renaissance, and flappers all come to mind. They all remind you of great joy and happiness. Light-weight contender James J. Braddock was an average family man living a great, successful life in the United States during the year of 1928. When the Great Depression hit due to the stock market crash, James’ life started to go downhill and it was becoming harder for... 732 Words \| 2 Pages Cinderella Man Essay ...Life in the 1930’s shown in Cinderella Man In Ron Howard’s film, Cinderella Man, the story of the famous boxer James J. Braddock is told during his career in the late 1920’s and 1930’s during the Great Depression. Jim is a fierce boxer during the 1920’s and is very successful, but as the years go by Jim begins to wash up and lose his luck in the ring. He suffers an injury and loses his job as a professional boxer right as the economy... 734 Words \| 2 Pages Essay on Cinderella Man and the Great Depression ...James J. Braddock once said, " I have to believe that once things are bad, I have to change them". The movie Cinderella Man is about Braddock rising from a poor, unsuccessful boxer to the heavyweight boxing champion of the world. The historical background to his life and career was during the same time period as the Great Depression. James Braddock was not always the boxer he is now known to be, in the 1920’s he had lost one third of his fights and people referred... 837 Words \| 2 Pages	i don't know
Which car company produces the four-wheel-drive 'Vitara'?	Suzuki Grand Vitara Reviews, Specs and Prices \| Cars.com Hidden gem by Rich S. from Georgia on October 2, 2015 Suzuki didn't change much about the second generation Grand Vitara over the years, so the 2011 (and 2012 and 2013) looks much like the original 2006 model year. Maybe it was a case of "if it ain't br... Read Full Review	Anne Suzuki
Which traditional pudding was named after the wife of George II, she was the patron of the growers of its main ingredient?	Suzuki Vitara (2015) review by CAR Magazine By Graeme Lambert Former contributor and senior road test editor on our sister website Parkers.co.uk The Suzuki Vitara has been in the vanguard of the blossoming SUV crossover set for many years. While Nissan hoovers up all the plaudits for its runaway-successful Qashqai and Juke, it’s worth reflecting on just what domestic rival Suzuki has achieved too. Don’t forget Suzuki launched the Jimny in 1970 and the Vitara you see here can trace its lineage all the way back to 1988. It’s gone on to sell 3 million worldwide since, so it’s worth revisiting the Vitara to see what all the fuss is about. These guys know a thing or two about SUVs in no-frills, good-value packages. We drove the new 2015 Suzuki Vitara in prototype form to find out what you can expect from next year’s new crossover. Suzuki Vitara (2015): the detail This new 4x4 is based on the architecture underpinning the S-Cross SUV. It’s a similar size to rivals such as the Peugeot 2008, Nissan Juke and Skoda Yeti and you can see an attempt at personalisation in the dual-tone rooftops and blacked-out window pillars to give a dose of Mini chic. Two engines are offered in the new Vitara: a 1.6-litre petrol and diesel, both producing 115bhp. Pick the diesel if you often drive four-up with luggage, or tow, since the derv produces a lustier 236lb ft at just 1750rpm. What’s the new Vitara like inside? You won’t mistake the Vitara for something wearing a premium, German badge, on the evidence of the late prototypes we drove. It’s certainly roomy enough (if not quite as big as a Yeti in the cabin), and the 375-litre boot has a handy adjustable floor to let you configure the loadbay to carry all sorts of stuff. Our beef is with the dashboard plastics. You can spec body-coloured trim to lift the otherwise dark interior, but many of the materials used in here are shiny and resoundingly cheap-looking to the eye and the finger. A shame when so many rivals now offer more stylish, peppier cabins. You can spec accessory packages dubbed Urban (chrome trim aka bling) and Rugged (faux-by-four look, with skid plates at both ends and plastic body cladding for extra bump protection) if you want to personalise your Vitara further. How does the 2015 Suzuki Vitara drive? We tested both the petrol and diesel models and came away much preferring the oil-burner. The diesel can be a little grumbly at times, but it’s a far more flexible powerplant. The diesel also comes with a six-speed manual, where the 1.6 petrol makes do with just five ratios. You can spec the petrol engine with a six-speed auto, however. The diesel is also a better bet from a running costs perspective: CO2 emissions from 106g/km in front-wheel drive guise are exceptionally low (no mpg figure has been announced yet, but it’ll be frugal), whereas the 1.6 petrol has claims of 53.3mpg on the combined cycle and 123g/km of CO2. Suzuki’s AllGrip four-wheel drive system is familiar from cars such as the S-Cross and it lets you select Auto, Sport, Snow and Lock modes to prepare the 4wd hardware. It works well, traction proving grippy and failsafe on our test. Not that performance is electric with the humble 1.6s available: the 0-62mph times are likely to fall somewhere in the 11.5sec bracket. As these are late prototypes, their spring and damper rates are still being finalised, says Suzuki, so it’s unfair to get stuck into the chassis too much. We found it a sharp-steering, fun drive though; if anything, the ride felt slightly too firm for UK roads. Verdict Should you consider a Suzuki Vitara when it arrives in UK dealers in March 2015? It feels like a strong new entrant in the affordable compact crossover segment, especially when you factor in the likely £14,000 starting price. For a family friendly SUV with the option to have Mirrorlink smartphone compatibility, excellent seven-inch touchscreen sat-navs and even radar-based safety systems, that’s got to be something of a steal. We’ll be testing the finished production cars soon enough to make a definitive judgment. Specs	i don't know
Two telephone numbers can be dialled to reach the emergency services; one is 999, what is the other?	Triple Zero (000) Triple Zero (000) Using other emergency numbers Page Content Australia’s primary emergency call service number is Triple Zero (000), which can be dialled from any fixed or mobile phone, pay phones and certain Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services. There are also two secondary emergency call service numbers— 112 and 106 . 112 is available from all GSM or GSM derived mobile phones. 106 connects to the text-based relay service for people who have a hearing or speech impairment. All calls to the emergency numbers, whether from fixed, mobile, pay phones or VoIP services are free-of-charge. The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) has produced a webpage of Frequently asked questions on the Emergency Call Service . For more information on the 106 Text Emergency Relay Service, Triple Zero (000) by internet relay and Triple Zero (000) by Speak and Listen, go to the National Relay Service website. 106—Text Emergency Relay Service If you have a hearing or speech impairment and your life or property is in danger, you can contact police, fire or ambulance on 106 directly through a TTY (also known as a teletypewriter or textphone). It is not possible to contact emergency services using the Short Message Service (SMS) on your mobile telephone. The Australian 106 Text Emergency Relay Service is provided as part of the National Relay Service (NRS) . The service is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and calls made using the 106 service are given priority over other NRS calls. Using the 106 Text Emergency Relay Service Dial 106, which is a toll-free number You will be asked if you want police (type PPP), fire (FFF) or ambulance (type AAA). Note Speak and Listen (or voice carry over) users just need to say 'police', 'fire' or 'ambulance' to the relay officer The relay officer will dial the correct service and stay on the line to relay your conversation As a TTY is connected to a fixed line, the emergency service can locate where you are calling from You will be asked to confirm your address The 106 service can only be dialled from a TTY, it cannot be used by: an ordinary phone text message (SMS) on a mobile phone, or internet relay. If you have further questions you can contact the National Relay Service Help Desk (Monday to Friday 9am to 5pm AEST). When calling from a mobile telephone Triple Zero (000) is Australia's primary telephone number to call for assistance in life threatening or time critical emergency situations. 112 is a secondary emergency number that can be dialled from mobile phones in Australia. Special capabilities, including roaming, once only existed when dialling 112, however mobile phones manufactured since January 2002 also provide these capabilities when dialling Triple Zero (000) to access the Emergency Call Service. There is a misconception that 112 calls will be carried by satellite if there is no mobile coverage. Satellite phones use a different technology and your mobile phone cannot access a satellite network. Important – if there is no mobile coverage on any network, you will not be able to reach the Emergency Call Service via a mobile phone, regardless of which number you dialled. To find out more about calling Triple Zero (000) from a mobile telephone, visit the Australian Communications and Media Authority website. 112—International standard emergency number Triple Zero (000) is Australia's primary telephone number to call for assistance in life threatening or time critical emergency situations. Dialling 112 directs you to the same Triple Zero (000) call service and does not give your call priority over Triple Zero (000). 112 is an international standard emergency number which can only be dialled on a digital mobile phone. It is accepted as a secondary international emergency number in some parts of the world, including Australia, and can be dialled in areas of GSM network coverage with the call automatically translated to that country’s emergency number. It does not require a simcard or pin number to make the call, however phone coverage must be available (any carrier) for the call to proceed. There is no advantage to dialling 112 over Triple Zero (000). Calls to 112 do not go to the head of the queue for emergency services, and it is not true that it is the only number that will work on a mobile phone. Dialling 112 from a fixed line telephone in Australia (including payphones) will not connect you to the emergency call service as it is only available from digital mobile phones. Voice over Internet Protocol Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a technology that allows telephone calls to be made over broadband Internet connections. Some VoIP providers may not provide access to emergency calls, so check with your VoIP provider if you require the emergency call service. For information about using Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) visit the Communications Alliance website. For more information on the key issues to consider before changing to VoIP is available on the Australian Communications and Media Authority website. State and territory emergency service organisations Within Australia, the protection of life and property is the responsibility of state and territory governments. A number of Emergency Services Organisations (ESO) provide their own information on what to do in an emergency. For more information, visit the state and territory emergency services organisations page. 9-1-1 911 is the emergency telephone number used in other countries such as the United States and Canada. This number should not be used in an emergency in Australia. If dialled within Australia, this number will not re-route emergency calls to Triple Zero (000). SideFeature01	one hundred and twelve
Which car company produces the four-wheel-drive Terrano?	Why is the number for the emergency services 999 when this would take the longest to dial on old-fashioned telephones? \| Notes and Queries \| guardian.co.uk Why is the number for the emergency services 999 when this would take the longest to dial on old-fashioned telephones? Wendy Bedggood, Lymington Uk It is also the one which is (was) least likely to be dialed by wires brushing each other accidently during windy conditions. Something that the european number (112) is particularly susceptible to. Benjy Arnold, London UK The official answer is that it was because the digit "9" is the easiest to locate in the dark on a rotary-dial telephone, being next-but-one to the little metal finger-stop. (Arguably, 1 and 0 would be easier to find, but you can't have a telephone number of "000" because 0 at the start indicates an STD call, and the three pulses "111" would be too similar to a slowly-dialled "3"). I suspect that the real reason was that the number couldn't be the first three digits of any number which had been allocated to a normal customer before the start of the service. Since numbers were allocated in approximately an ascending sequence, 999 was least likely to clash with an existing number. Allan Dean, Wimbledon UK If memory serves (and someone else's will undoubtedly serve them better), it was something to do with the fact that the emergency number had to be free of call charges. For technical reasons I once knew, this was either easier or more convenient to the General Post Office (as it was in those days) if the number 9 was used - perhaps someone with a better memory than me can explain this. I do recall, however, that a side effect of this was that it was possible to make free calls - an early form of "Phone Phreaking." The technique was to turn the phone dial to 9, then let it return by the number of clicks corresponding to the number one wanted to dial - for instance, to dial a 3, you would dial 9 then let the dial rotate back to 6. Once the number 6 was reached, you would turn the dial back to 9 again and let it return by the number of clicks corresponding to the next digit, and so on, only letting the dial return to it's rest position after the last digit. Understandably, this didn't seem to worry the GPO too much, as the process was so laborious that even most people who knew the technique preferred to simply insert a coin. If you have an old dial phone, this technique may even still work. It's certainly worth a try... Peter Wardley-Repen, Sheffield UK The idea of a single number for emergency calls dates back to 1937. The initial plan was to use the number 111, but it was feared that subscribers might dial this number "by accident" by repeatedly tapping on the telephone cradle, which mimics the pulses transmitted down the line by a rotary dial. Triple 0 was also impossible, zero being the number dialled for the general operator at that time. Other triple figures were ruled out because they had already been allocated to subscriber numbers. 999 was still available, however, and the figure 9 was considered reasonably easy to find on a telephone dial in a smoke-filled room! Mark Prosser , Berne Switzerland Before the introduction of the 999 service all calls were routed to a manual board operator. The operator could not differentiate whether an incoming call was an emergency until the call was answered. After several fatalities it was decided to separate emergency calls from normal operator calls. There are several reasons for using 999. Firstly the automatic exchanges in the 6 major cities, London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool could only route calls comprising 3 or 7 codes. The only exception to this were calls to the operator - see below. The exchanges would translate the codes to allow routing of the calls. The code 999 was used to allow free calls to the emergency services from coinboxes (payphones). The dials of coinboxes were already modified to allow free calls to the operator using the digit '0'. The next easiest digit to modify on the dial was the 9 - next to 0. Finally as the code was translated for routing the call, the digits used were basically unimportant. The call set up time between 111 and 999 is insignificant. Alan Darlington, Great Sutton In Canada we have combimed the two possibilities. The emergency number is 911. Fred Vickers, St. Catharines, Ontario Canada	i don't know
How is Hanna Glawari described in the title of the operetta of her fictionalised life?	Merry Widow 101: History of a Hit History of a Hit Vienna 1905 Today, Vienna is a popular tourist destination, the elegant capital of a peaceful republic. But in 1905, it was one of the world's busiest financial and cultural centers, and the capital of Austria-Hungary, a polyglot empire with over 50 million inhabitants, the second largest nation in Europe. The Hapsburg dynasty had governed this unruly confederation since the 13th Century. Emperor Franz Joseph had been on the throne since 1848, and at age 75 commanded enough public affection to keep the empire functioning, despite the occasional stumbles of a massive and often corrupt bureaucracy. Nationalists and political extremists pulled from all sides. In 1905, when a revolutionary crisis in Russia inspired renewed calls for reform in Austria-Hungary, Franz Joseph granted a portion of his subjects voting rights. In years to come, he did his best to turn back time, but increasing discontentment gradually turned the empire into what one historian has called "a madhouse of nationalities." Despite the political turmoil, the Viennese clung to their intellectual and artistic pursuits, finding comfort in their coffee mitt schlag ("with cream"), sacher torte and their native brand of romantic comic operetta. As a major banking and business center, Vienna had ample resources, and a sizeable population with the leisure time and money to support the arts, including several fulltime operetta theatres, some of which remain active to this day. And while Vienna welcomed its share of revivals, theatergoers expected and got a constant flow of original works. At the start of the 20th Century, the latest Viennese hits often traveled to Berlin, London and New York, so there was a constant demand for new ideas and fresh talent. The Beginning : The Ambassador's Attache Henri Meilhac , best remembered as the co-librettist for many of Offenbach's hits, was also a prolific playwright. His now-forgotten French comedy L'Attache d'ambassade (1861) (trans: "The Embassy Attaché") involved Baron Scharpf, the Parisian ambassador of an impoverished German duchy, who must orchestrate a marriage between his country's richest widow, Madeline von Palmer, and embassy attaché Count Prachs -- thus preventing economic disaster back at home. The original Paris production at the Theatre du Vaudeville faded away after 15 performances, but Vienna's Carltheater staged a German adaptation by Alexander Bergen, and Der Gesand schafts Attache (1862) enjoyed a profitable run and was periodically revived. It was either one of these revivals or a chance encounter with a copy of the script in early 1905 that caught the attention of veteran librettist Leo Stein in 1905 He thought the forty-year old comedy could be turned into a successful operetta, and brought the idea to his occasional collaborator Victor Leon . Franz Lehar, Leo Stein and Victor Leon -- the creators of Die Lustige Witwe -- as they appeared on a 1908 postcard. The prestigious Theater An der Wein was reeling from a series of expensive failures. They had not had a major new hit since Der Opernball (1898), a bit of fluff about three Parisian men flirting behind their wives' backs. The melodic score by composer Richard Heuberger and libretto co-authored by Leon had gone on to international success. Theater manager Wilhelm Karczag was looking for a new operetta with a similar Parisian setting, so a musical version of Der Gesand schafts Attache sounded like it might be just what he needed. The Plot Leon and Stein updated the story line to their own time, the dawn of the 20th Century, and came up with the provocative title Die Lustige Witwe (The Merry Widow). The action opens during a gala reception at the Parisian embassy of Pontevedro, a fictional Eastern European kingdom reminiscent of Montenegro. Ambassador Mirko Zeta is oblivious to the flirtation between his much younger and supposedly "virtuous" wife Valencienne and the handsome French aristocrat Camille de Rosillon. Mirko knows that his fatherland faces bankruptcy if its richest citizen, the young widow Hanna Glawari, should marry a foreigner. Zeta orders his attaché, Count Danilo Danilowitch, to ward off the money hungry horde of potential suitors swarming around the wealthy beauty. The librettists added a new dimension to the existing story -- Hannah and Danilo are not exactly strangers. It seems that they had a torrid affair when Hannah was a poor farm girl, but Danilo's royal uncle would not let him marry a penniless commoner. As a precaution, Danilo was bundled off to Paris, where he finds inebriated consolation among the dancing girls ("grisettes") at Maxim's. Soon afterwards, Hannah caught the eye of the wealthy Herr Glawari, who married her and then conveniently died on their honeymoon, leaving her all of his "twenty millions". When Hannah and Danilo meet again after all these years, she teasingly suggests that her fortune now makes her easier to love . Danilo refuses to be classified as a fortune hunter. So, Hannah and Danilo are stuck -- both in love and both unwilling to admit it. In the second act, the Widow throws a Pontevedrian costume party at her Paris mansion. When Camille and Valencienne are caught during a rendezvous in the garden pavilion, Hannah gallantly takes Valencienne's place. To assuage the Ambassador's suspicions, Hannah announces that she and Camille are engaged, and a jealous Danilo storms off to Maxim's and his beloved grisettes. For the third act, the Widow turns her home into a replica of Maxim's, hiring out the waiters and grisettes for the evening -- knowing this will lure Danilo back. When he arrives and confronts Hannah, she tells him that the engagement was all a bluff, and that she must lose her entire fortune if she remarries. They finally admit their mutual love while singing and dancing a sensual waltz. Valencienne manages to reassure Ambassador Zeta of her fidelity, and Hannah admits she will lose her fortune -- because every cent will go to her next husband. Franz Lehar Heuberger went to work on the score, but it seems that his heart was never completely in it. Theater An Der Wien's manager, Wilhelm Karczag, was so disappointed when he heard the results that (to Heuberger's relief) he took back the libretto. Karczag wanted to scrap the project until his secretary, Emil Steininger, suggested that they offer the libretto to composer Franz Lehar . The son of a military band master, Lehar had once served as the theatre's orchestra leader and had already worked with Leon & Stein on the hit Der Rastelbinder (1902) and the less successful Der Gottergatte (1904). Leon openly doubted that the ever-so-Viennese Lehar could invoke believeable Parisian atmosphere. Within hours of receiving the libretto, Lehar presented the producer with the bubbly gallop tune for "Dummer, dummer Reitersmann" -- usually translated as "Silly, silly Cavalier." Supposedly, all reservations were swept aside, even though it is difficult to say what qualified this particular melody as "Parisian." Lehar spent the summer of 1905 working with Leon & Stein, and the score was ready by that fall. After minor delays, the premiere of Die Lustige Witwe was scheduled for late December. Rehearsals & Worries The Theatre An der Wien's treasury had been depleted by a series of recent failures, so the management kept their investment in Die Lustige Witwe to a minimum by using recycled costumes and sets. Instead of openly mentioning Meilhac's original play (which would have forced them to pay rights fees), their program notes described the plot as "partly based on a foreign idea." The secondhand production was blessed with a first-rate cast. Soprano Mizzi Gunther and baritone Louis Treumann (both seen in the photo on the right) were the first choices to fill the roles of widow Hannah Glawari and her once and future lover, Count Danilo. They had previously co-starred in both Der Opernball and Der Rastelbinder. While neither performer was strikingly attractive, onstage their chemistry struck a tasteful balance of propriety and passion. Like their composer, the two stars firmly believed Die Lustige Witwe would succeed. Gunther paid for her own lavish costumes, and Treumann ordered a costly replica of a real royal dress uniform. As rehearsals progressed, the producers became increasingly pessimistic that Lehar's innovative use of orchestral coloring (usually reserved for more serious compositions) would meet with public approval. At one point, theatre manager Karczag offered Lehar five thousand crowns to shut down the production. The composer refused, but such tactless maneuvers must have added to everyone's pre-opening jitters. The Premiere Die Lustige Witwe premiered at the Theatre an der Wien on the evening of December 30, 1905 with the following leads -- Hanna Glawari - Mizzi Gunther Camille de Rosillon - Karl Meister Baron Mirko Zeta - Siegmund Natzler Contrary to popular misconception, the original production was a tremendous success. Business was a bit shaky for the first month or so, but word of mouth soon brought packed houses. Medleys performed in Vienna's cafes and concert halls added to the furor. In those years before air conditioning, Theatre an der Wein always shut down for the summer. Due to the ongoing demand for tickets, Die Lustige Witwe transferred to the airier suburban Raimuntheater, then the prestigious Volksoper, selling out all along the way. The production returned to the Theater an der Wien in the fall, a hotter ticket than ever. When the show reached its 300th consecutive performance, the management finally invested in new sets and costumes. Lehar marked the 400th performance by adding an overture -- which was eventually shelved. Most productions have instead used Lehar's original prelude which brought the curtain up after a few bars of bouncy melody.	The Merry Widow
In which town or city is 'Arkells Brewery' based?	Project MUSE - Franz Lehár’s The Merry Widow: Revisiting Pontevedro Franz Lehár’s The Merry Widow: Revisiting Pontevedro * Jelena Milojković-Djurić Franz Lehár’s operetta Die lustige Witwe (The Merry Widow) premiered in 1905 in Vienna at the famed Theater an der Wien and gradually attained great popularity. The setting of the operetta was a fictional country called Pontevedro, reminiscent of the principality of Montenegro. The libretto portrayed the ethnic otherness as compelling by accentuating the cultural diversity in contrast to the Viennese milieu at large. Yet, the skillfully written libretto, celebrating most of all romance, and the equally effervescent musical score underlined the human bonds of shared aspirations, emotions, and ethical values, fostering acceptance and superseding any superfluous differences. In an oblique way it reflected also an appreciation of the manifest presence of the Slavic population within the multinational Austro-Hungarian Empire. According to the reviewer from the Volksblatt, the premiere achieved a deserved success most of all “thanks to the magnificent music, the intelligent book, and to the excellent production.” 1 The operetta starts with the opening ball in the Embassy of Pontevedro. The glittering stage setting was enhanced by the exceptional stylized gold-embroidered ethnic costumes worn by the protagonists Mizzi Gűnther and Louis Treumann. Their presence and engaged musical interpretation was duly noted and eventually attained the admiration of the public and critics alike. For promotional reasons the young composer Franz Lehár was photographed alongside the lead singers Gűnther and Treumann ( Fig. 1 following p. 268). This group picture captures the distinctive appearance of the artists as compared to the sleek appearance of the composer, dressed in an elegant suit and sporting the fashionable smooth hairstyle of the day. He is leaning slightly towards the famed artists, as if attesting to his pride in creating real [End Page 259] human beings under a semblance of visual alterity in dress and appearance. The whole production stressed an appreciation for a different, distant tradition. The librettists had considerable knowledge of Montenegro, its history, customs, epic poetry, and the real and mythical figures of Balkan folklore, including the ruling royal dynasty, Petrović-Njegoš. Most of all, the popular figure of the dashing heir apparent, Prince Danilo, alluded to in Treumann’s stage role, provided additional interest to the plot. True to the perception of their roles, both Gűnther and Treumann carefully chose their stage attire, suggestive of traditional Montenegrin costumes. Gűnther chose an embroidered long shirt and a bodice under a graceful sleeveless coat. Her dark, luxurious hair was skillfully turned up and adorned by a small cap. Treumann wore traditional knee-high breeches held by a colorful sash. He sported a Western-style shirt and a tie under a gold-braided vest and sleeveless jacket. His mustache and curly hair were styled with care and he achieved a stunning likeness to the real Prince Danilo. These individual choices pointed to the awareness of another cultural tradition as well as to the studious effort to bring credence to their respective stage roles. Lehár’s melodies provided another link to the distinctly Slavic intonations that he introduced in this masterful score. Lehár was born in 1870 in the historic twin cities of Komarom-Komarno, on the border between Hungary and Slovakia. 2 He received his higher musical education in Prague. He entered the Music Academy in 1881 and continued his advanced education until graduation in 1888. His violin teacher was Anton Bennewitz, who was also the rector of the academy. It is remarkable that he was fortunate enough to have among his teachers the world-famous composer Antonin Dvořak. Dvořak taught composition, and it is very likely that his own predilection for exquisite melodic inflection based on folkloric elements influenced his young student. Dvořak appreciated Lehár and praised his early compositions. Later on, Lehár became known to a great extent thanks to his unforgettable arias and skillful orchestration, which at times were reminiscent of Slavic melodic lore. Although the leading cast and the operatic ensemble fully embraced the new operetta, the public was slow in accepting the new production. Revenues continued to be modest. The management of the Theater an der Wien was concerned, and even the librettists voiced doubts about the novelties of [End Page 260] Lehár’s compositional style. At first it seemed as if hardly anyone anticipated the ensuing success and the intrinsic significance of the new operetta. 3 Lehár was surprised by the unjustified criticism and voiced his concern. Most importantly, Lehár elucidated his own approach to the operetta genre and in particular to his own operetta Die lustige Witwe: A few years ago when I plunged into Viennese operetta blind and un-suspecting, I fancied that my ignorance of the métier would be an advantage for me, would make me an experimenter: someone to blast a tunnel through the dark of the mountain, to blast the light on the other side. I wanted new subjects, new people, and new forms. Because I am a man of the present, not an echo of the past. The Merry Widow is an experiment! If Leon [librettist, JMDj] expected an ordinary musical farce with dance numbers and drinking songs thrown in—he is making a mistake. I recognize that as a commodity the operetta must consider the demands of the masses to a certain extent. All the same, it has no obligation to be a farce or comedy. I am against operetta nonsense. I want to write music for and around human beings: their hearts and souls, their emotions and passions, their joy and sadness. 4 Eventually, after some 25 performances, the operetta conquered the public, and performances took place in a sold-out theater for months and even years ahead. 5 The librettist Leo Stein was credited for selecting French playwright Henri Meilhac’s L’ Attaché d’ambassade and using it as an outline for his own libretto. More precisely, he chose Alexander Bergen’s German adaptation of Meilhac’s play Der Gesandschafts Attaché. This version was staged in Vienna’s Carlstheater in 1862. It was well received and was periodically revived over the years. A revival in early 1905 attracted Stein’s attention. 6 After some deliberation Stein decided that this play could serve well as an operetta libretto, and he shared this idea with his occasional collaborator Victor Leon. Together, they decided to rewrite the Meilhac play, introducing a number of changes. The setting of the plot was changed from the German principality of Birkenfeld to the fictional principality of Pontevedro. [End Page 261] The motivations for these changes were many. Political and popular interest in Bosnia-Herzegovina and adjacent Montenegro, with its people, surroundings, and natural resources, was on the rise. The librettists were ostensibly well aware of the long-standing aspirations of the Habsburg Empire to establish a colonial presence in the Balkan principalities. 7 Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro were strategically positioned for achieving further expansion in the Balkans and along the Adriatic coast. The uprising in Herzegovina in 1875 and the ensuing Eastern Crisis provided the long-awaited opportunity for the fulfillment of these aspirations. The Berlin Congress in 1878 gave the mandate to the Habsburg Monarchy to occupy Bosnia-Herzegovina and provide humanitarian protection to the embattled populace. 8 The newly installed Landesregierung (Land Government) in Sarajevo as well as the finance minister Benjamin von Kállay were instrumental in stressing the benevolent and enlightening role of the monarchy. Von Kállay was an astute historian and wrote a well-received book, History of the Serbs. 9 Under von Kállay’s aegis the collections of historic and folkloric artifacts grew, leading to the establishment of the imposing Landesmuseum (Land Museum) in Sarajevo and contributing to the greater knowledge of the culture and history of the South Slavs. The adjacent principality of Montenegro shared many cultural traditions with Bosnia-Herzegovina. Moreover, it commanded attention due to its independent spirit and long-standing resistance to Ottoman advances. The clever ruler Prince Nikola, the beautiful princesses, and the heir apparent Danilo Petrović Njegoš were complex personalities in their own rights. Prince Danilo often visited France, since Paris was his favorite city. He attracted public attention, and the daily press wrote often about his escapades. His popular image even graced the wrapper of a French chocolate candy in a successful advertisement by a well-known French chocolatier ( Fig. 2 ). [End Page 262] Interestingly, when compared to the photo of Treumann in costume (see Fig. 1 ), the image of Prince Danilo reproduced by Parisian chocolatiers points to the striking resemblance Treumann was able to capture in his stage role. Prince Danilo chose to wear the traditional Montenegrin costume at times, even when traveling abroad, suggesting that he enjoyed presenting an image of distinct otherness and was proud of his Montenegrin roots. His own attire was distinguished by its fine workmanship, exquisite cloth, and opulent gold trim. He was obviously conscious of the effect that his appearance and carefully chosen attire produced on the public at large. Prince Nikola was dubbed the “father-in-law” of European royalty: his daughter Jelena married the Italian king, Victor Emanuel. Her sister Milica was married to Prince Peter Nikolaevich Romanov of Russia. In spite of the glitter of foreign royalty associated with his family, Nikola dressed in traditional Montenegrin garb throughout his life. He sported knee-high breeches with a colorful sash, a shirt, and gold-embroidered vest, and a typical Montenegrin cap was on his head. On special occasions he wore a broad order band of selected decorations. His wife, Milena, followed suit, dressing in a long garment, embroidered shirt, and sleeveless vest. Her braided hair was covered with a cap or thin veil. The coronation picture showing Nikola and Milena strolling along the central Promenade captured the contrasting images of the old and the new in the middle of the capital, Cetinje ( Fig. 3 ). While the royal couple sported traditional ethnic attire, their daughter Milica and her princely Russian husband appeared in glittering European apparel according to the fashion of the day. 10 Lehár’s librettists demonstrated considerable knowledge of Montenegro and its history. The Pontevedran ambassador was given the surname Zeta, which was notably the ancient geographic and historic denomination for Montenegro. Their choice of Paris, the city of light and world stage of operatic and theatrical productions, as the setting suggests an acceptance of shared cultural traditions. The Pontevedran embassy appears as a cultural island, with its officials acting very much like any others in a similar professional position. The opening scene takes place in the ballroom and gardens of the Embassy of Pontevedro in Paris. The cast of leading actors is presented on the scene. The central figure is the prima donna Hanna Glawari, who is opening the festivities honoring the Prince of Pontevedro. Hanna is dressed in an opulent gown reminiscent of traditional Montenegrin costume. Her luxurious, dark wavy hair is turned over and contained with an embroidered cap and at times with a translucent veil framing her face. [End Page 263] This splendid gathering reminds Hanna of her home at Letinje. Obviously, the name “Letinje” alludes to Cetinje, the one-time capital of Montenegro. Stressing further the true identity of Hanna’s homeland, the chorus introduces a joyous refrain in the Serbian language: Mi velimo da se veselimo! (repeated) Das Fest des Fürsten so begangen wird, Als ob man in Letinje wär daheim. We declare to rejoice! (repeated) The Prince’s festivities are starting As once at home at Letinje. At the end, the Serbian refrain is jubilantly repeated: Mi velimo da se veselimo! Hei! In order to enhance the visual and musical appreciation of the milieu, the old Slavic folk ring dance—kolo—is performed by a group of swift dancers dressed in stylized ethnic costumes. Nun lasst uns aber wie daheim Jetzt singen unser’n Ringelreim Von einer Fee, die Daheim ein Waldmägdelein, die Vilja wird genannt! Let us sing just like at home Our ring dance tune About a fairy Known at home as Vilja, the wood maiden. Hanna continues to lead the celebration with the aria “Vilja, o Vilja,” invoking a nostalgic mood of longing for her homeland. The aria also refers to the mythical realm of the good fairy vila of the famed Balkan epic lore. The ethereal and beautiful vila proverbially dwells in the green mountains, with their stately old trees reaching the heavenly heights. In folk poems the vila always appears seemingly from above, offering solace, encouragement, and advice to the heroes and heroines in distress. The well-known painter Paja Jovanović dedicated some of his canvases to the portrayal of the mythical vila. In a unique “Certificate of Membership” commissioned by the Belgrade Singers’ Society, a version of this painting was skillfully incorporated. Jovanović captured the ethereal vila as she appeared [End Page 264] to two young noblemen, Marko Kraljević and Miloš Obilić, while riding through the woods. They are recognized as men of honor and legendary heroes. Their rich attire is often mentioned in the folk epics, as if to attest to their high social standing. One of them plays the ancient stringed instrument the gusle to accompany his song while asking the vila for guidance ( Fig. 4 ). 11 The aria “Vilja, o Vilja” became one of the best known of Lehár’s musical offerings. This most popular aria used a musical motif that was repeated in the equally famous Merry Widow Waltz, providing the musical essence of the operetta, symbolically uniting the once-separated lovers. The aria has a pronounced Slavic intonation supported by soft orchestral coloring with ingenious use of violins divisi and woodwinds. The music had lightness, clarity, and a sweeping appeal. The entrance of the young, dashing attaché Danilo Danilović with his entourage brings as well a contrasting cosmopolitan flair of sorts. Although aware of the festivities in the embassy, Danilo lingers at Café Maxime and arrives late to the ball. He even brings with him a group of his favorite vaudeville dancers, dressed in flashy costumes. The performances of the newly staged operetta The Merry Widow on 30 December 1905 in Vienna drew attention again to the real Prince Danilo. His former adventures, real and invented, were in due course remembered by the international press. By that time, Prince Danilo was already a married man. His wife was the German Duchess Jutta von Mecklenburg-Sterlitz (1880–1946). Their wedding took place in the Orthodox church at Cetinje in 1899. His young bride was accompanied to her wedding by the Italian king, Victor Emanuel, and Queen Elena (Jelena), his spouse. Elena was the sister of the groom—Prince Danilo. Not all of the operetta public, however, appreciated the thinly veiled farcical evocation of Prince Danilo Petrović, the heir to the royal dynasty of Montenegro. One memorable Sunday performance of the operetta at the Theater an der Wien was unexpectedly disrupted by a group of students and young men, Montenegrins, Herzegovinians, and Russians, led by one Risto Rundo. Rundo was born in Herzegovina in Mostar but eventually moved to Belgrade and then to Montenegro, where he became a bookseller, opening a [End Page 265] bookstore in Cetinje. In the early summer of 1906, he came to Vienna on a business venture. While in Vienna he stayed in a guesthouse whose guests included a group of Russian students who attended Vienna University. During a friendly chat, the students briefed Rundo on the new operetta by Lehár. Obviously, they did not consider the allusion to the Montenegrin Prince Danilo acceptable but regarded it as an exaggerated and disrespectful portrayal of the Montenegrin principality as well. Rundo fully agreed and declared the operetta “shameful”—sramotna. He decided to take action and eventually shared his plan with the same group. On a Sunday morning, Risto Rundo bought ten expensive tickets for the first row of seats and proceeded with his new friends to the theater. They enjoyed the opening numbers until the singer Treumann, portraying the young Prince Danilo, appeared on the scene, accompanied by a group of grisettes—young, scantily dressed vaudeville entertainers. At this moment the theater became a scene of unusual disorderly conduct (including throwing chairs onto the proscenium). The performance was interrupted due to the unexpected and unruly behavior of Rundo and his group. Alarmed, the public crowded the theater exit. Risto Rundo, dressed in traditional Montenegrin costume, tried to pacify the public. He knew German well and stated in a loud voice that he and his companions meant no harm to the public or the actors themselves. They just wanted to protest the scandalous allusion to Prince Danilo, the heir apparent of the Montenegrin royal house. Although this particular performance was cut short, the operetta company was not adversely influenced. On the contrary, it became even more popular, attracting new audiences, including eventually Emperor Franz Joseph himself. Many years later the conductor of this Sunday performance, Robert Stolz, remembered the incident as excellent advertising for Lehár’s operetta, paving the way for its success. 12 The young rebels were quickly evicted from the premises by the police, ultimately landing in prison. Prince Nikola intervened by sending a formal request to Emperor Franz Joseph asking for the closure of any further performances of the operetta. His plea was rejected, and the operetta continued to be performed with ever-growing success. Under police interrogation, Risto Rundo explained that he had acted in good faith to protect the honor of the Montenegrin dynasty in Vienna. He also stated that he would have acted in the same manner if the members of the Habsburg dynasty were criticized and their honor questioned in Cetinje. Following [End Page 266] the intervention of Prince Nikola and the Russian Consul in Vienna Rundo and the Russian students were released after two days of confinement. Upon Rundo’s return to Kotor (Cattaro), the prince sent his own carriage to take Rundo directly to his summer residence on the bank of the Crnojević River in the Ceklin region, adjoining Lake Skadar. 13 The prince was impatient to hear the full report about the incident and did not allow even a short detour and visit in Cetinje, where Rundo’s family waited to greet him. Upon his arrival, Rundo was shown to the garden. The prince was seated under his favorite old oak tree and ordered the famous Ceklin brandy for himself and for his visitor. He wanted to hear the whole story, and repeatedly asked for details. Rundo often recalled his audience with the prince and enjoyed relating to his family the details of their conversation. In due time he received the highest Montenegrin decoration, named after Prince Danilo I, uncle of Nikola. Rundo also mentioned that on his later visits to the court he was treated with high respect by the entourage and admitted without showing any identification. In 1909 the operetta company of the Theater an der Wien was on a guest tour in Constantinople. Lehár’s The Merry Widow was featured on their program. As it happened, a number of Montenegrin royalists decided to stage a protest. 14 The anticipated incident was described by the Italian correspondent for La Domenica del Corriere and made the headlines on the front page, complete with a picture of young rebels dressed in traditional Montenegrin costumes and vigorously hoisting chairs onto the proscenium. The picture also portrayed the frightened public in attendance, with the expression of surprise and fear on their faces. After all, the Italian press was interested in covering the protest of young Montenegrins, since their beloved Queen Elena was the sister of Prince Danilo and the daughter of Prince Nikola. Eventually, Risto Rundo was briefed about the incident in Constantinople by one of the participants, Krsto Milošević. Milošević disclosed that the Turkish police heard beforehand about the planned demonstration and prevented them from entering the theater. As proof that the demonstrators never entered the theater, Milošević produced his unused tickets to the opera. Later on, Rundo provided employment to Milošević in his bookstore. The illustration in the Italian paper was created anticipating the incident that apparently never took place in Constantinople. [End Page 267] Coda By sheer chance, I had the privilege of hearing the story about the interrupted performance in Vienna and planned protest in Constantinople from the grandson of Risto Rundo, the physician Dr. Mihailo Rundo. Dr. Rundo’s professional career led him some forty years ago to Austria and later to Germany, where he established himself in Frankfurt am Main. Interestingly, in 1972 the operetta Die lustige Witwe opened at the opera house in Frankfurt am Main (Oper Frankfurt). Dr. Rundo attended the performance and was delighted to witness the artistry of Robert Stolz, who conducted the overture. He asked for an interview with the old maestro. Stolz readily agreed, and the interview led to a delightful conversation. Stolz vividly remembered the famed incident and spoke with expressed satisfaction, recalling the fateful performance. It was Stolz who conducted the orchestra at this performance in 1906, when the incident occurred. Dr. Rundo was relieved that Stolz did not harbor any hard feelings relating to the incident. The chairs that flew onto the proscenium were dangerously close to the head of the conductor, and one loose leg grazed his head, but he was not hurt. 15 Moreover, Stolz assured Dr. Mihailo Rundo that the incident led by Risto Rundo actually helped to draw attention to the new production of the operetta. He thought that the reports of the press that filled the pages, recounting the incident, presented an excellent promotion and free advertisement for the composer and the artistic ensemble performing at the Theater an der Wien. He seemed to consider the whole incident a godsend for the entire company. During the interview, Stolz mentioned the famed tenor Johannes Hesters, whom he considered the best Prince Danilo Danilović, adored by the public in this particular role. Hesters continued singing the operetta practically all his life, and he lived until he was 108. It seems that Lehár’s music guarantees a long and prosperous life to all concerned. The numerous recordings of the operetta, and in particular the well-known arias, are witness to the lasting presence of Lehár’s musical legacy. [End Page 268] Click for larger view	i don't know
'Oscar' nominated actress Kate Hudson is the daughter of which actress?	Kate Hudson sweeps Oscar red carpet amidst rumours of Matthew Bellamy split \| Daily Mail Online Share this article Share Kate matched her hairstyle to the 1950s-style gown, wearing her blonde locks long and sleek - and parted fetchingly to one side. Good company: Kate was followed on the Oscar red carpet by Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith Nominated for a best supporting actress award in 2000 for her character Penny Lane in the film Almost Famous, Kate is the daughter of Goldie Hawn and Oliver Hudson. While Kate made a stunning entrance, noticeably absent was her fiancé Matthew Bellamy. Although Kate and fiance Matt Bellamy recently denied they were breaking up, the Muse frontman was nowhere to be seen Sunday. Sweeping look: Kate's long glossy locks were worn swept to the side, matching the long hem of her dress A story in the New York Daily News claimed the couple - who have been engaged since 2011 - have drifted apart due to the 'separate lives' they have been living, but Kate's spokesperson denied it. Kate and Matt, 35, started dating in spring 2010, with the actress falling pregnant just two months after they started dating. It had initially been claimed the pair, who raise two-year-old son Bingham Hawn Bellamy together, were on the outs over where to live: Kate prefers to be in Los Angeles near the film industry and her mother; while Matt is reported to be reluctant to leave London and his Muse bandmates. Kate will next be seen starring with James Franco in a thriller called Good People. She's also in pre-production on Wish I Was Here, the Zach Braff directed film about a family growing apart. Still together? Kate has denied splitting with fiance and baby daddy Matthew Bellamy. They attended Kate's premier of The Reluctant Fundamentalist at the 69th Venice Film Festival on August 29, 2012 THE OSCARS 2014: WINNERS LIST Best Picture	Goldie Hawn
In which year did the London Evening News merge into the Evening Standard?	Goldie Hawn Goldie Hawn [ Goldie Hawn Filmography details ] Goldie Hawn Goldie Jeanne Hawn (born November 21, 1945) is an Academy Award-winning American actress. She is perhaps best known for starring in a series of successful film comedies during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Her daughter is Kate Hudson who is also a well-known, Oscar-nominated actress. Hawn was born in a Jewish neighborhood in Washington, D.C. to Edward Rutledge Hawn (a band musician who played at major events in Washington) and Laura Steinhoff (a housewife); she has a sister, Patricia, and had a brother, Edward, who died before she was born. Her father, a descendant of Edward Rutledge (a signer of the Declaration of Independence), was a Presbyterian. Her mother was Jewish, the daughter of Max Steinhoff and Fanny Weiss, immigrants from Hungary; Hawn was raised in the Jewish religion, although the family did celebrate Christmas. Hawn began taking ballet and tap dance lessons at the age of three, and danced in the chorus of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo production of The Nutcracker in 1955. She made her stage debut in 1961, playing Juliet in a Virginia Stage Company production of Romeo and Juliet. By 1963, she ran and instructed a ballet school, having dropped out of American University, where she was majoring in "Drama". In 1964, Hawn, who graduated from Montgomery Blair High School, made her professional dancing debut in a production of Can-Can at the Texas Pavilion of the New York World's Fair. She began working as a professional dancer a year later, and appeared as a go-go dancer in New York City. Hawn began her acting career as a cast member of the short-lived situation comedy Good Morning World during the 1967-1968 television season, her role being that of the girlfriend of a radio disk-jockey, with a stereotypical "dumb blonde" personality. Her next role was as one of the regular cast members on the 1960s sketch comedy show, Laugh-In. Noted equally for her chipper attitude as for her bikini and painted body, she personified a 1960s "It" girl. On the show, she would often break out into high-pitched giggles in the middle of a joke, and deliver a polished performance a moment after. Hawn won an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for her work in the 1969 film, Cactus Flower, which was her first film role and co-starred Walter Matthau and Ingrid Bergman. Hawn remained a popular figure in entertainment into the 1970s and 1980s, appearing in many films (generally comedies), and moving into film production as well. She gathered great respect as a comedy actress and was nominated for an Academy Award as a leading actress for her role in 1980's Private Benjamin, which was one of a series of successful comedies that she had starred in, also including Foul Play, Best Friends and Bird on a Wire. Her career slowed down a bit until 1992, when she appeared opposite Bruce Willis and Meryl Streep in the film Death Becomes Her. She also played an aging actress in the financially successful 1996 film, The First Wives Club, opposite Bette Midler and Diane Keaton, with whom she covered the Lesley Gore hit "You Don't Own Me" for the film's soundtrack. Hawn also performed a cover version of the Beatles' song, "A Hard Day's Night", on George Martin's 1998 album, In My Life. Through the late 1990s and 2000s, Hawn has remained in the public eye (in part due to the success of her now adult daughter, actress Kate Hudson). Her last film appearance to date was in the 2002 film, The Banger Sisters. In 2005, Hawn's autobiography, A Lotus Grows in the Mud, was published. Hawn claims that the book is not a Hollywood tell-all, but rather a memoir and record of what she has learned in her life so far. Hawn was married to a Gus Trikonis from 1969 to 1976. She married Bill Hudson, of the Hudson Brothers, in 1976; the two divorced in 1980 and have two children, Oliver (born 1976) and Kate Hudson (born 1979), both of whom are now noted actors. Hawn has been in a relationship with actor Kurt Russell since 1982, when the two met on the set of Swing Shift (a film in which Hawn's mother, Laura, has a cameo). The couple have a son together, Wyatt Russell, who lives in Brampton, Ontario, learning and playing hockey. Wyatt is currently a goalie with the Chicago Steel of the USHL. Hawn became a grandmother on 7 January 2004, when her daughter, Kate Hudson, gave birth to son Ryder Russell Robinson. Hawn became involved in Eastern philosophy in 1972. She is a practicing Buddhist and has raised her children in both Buddhist and Jewish traditions. Hawn travels to India annually, and has visited Israel, stating that she felt an identification with its people.	i don't know
With which pop group do you associate Jo O'Meara and Rachel Stevens?	Rachel Stevens Pictures, News, Gossip & Rumours - AskMen AskMen Messages You have no messages Notifications You have no notifications Rachel Stevens Rachel Stevens Stevens was an integral part of the success of British pop group S Club (formerly S Club 7) since their 1999 debut. Together, they notched chart-toppers like "Don't Stop Movin'," established a successful TV show and cultivated a large following of pre-teens all over the world. Though they are now broken up, the dream certainly isn't over -- Stevens is well positioned to tear up the charts once again, with an upcoming solo record set for release in September 2003. Appeal When Rachel Stevens first came onto the scene in '99, she immediately blew our socks off. Despite being on stage with six co-performers and dozens of dancers, she stood out beautifully -- it was love at first sight. Of course, with her goddess-like face and body, do you really blame us for falling so hard? Add to that the bronze skin of a Mediterranean woman and a pierced belly-button, and you'll understand why she is considered by many to be one of the sexiest women on the planet. Success When Polydor Records put Hannah, Jo, Jon, Paul, Bradley, Tina and, of course, Rachel, together, success was inevitable. In 1999, the newly formed S Club 7 stood out from the plethora of other UK pop groups, thanks to their clever marketing and smooth sound. Their first two efforts, "Bring It All Back" and "S Club Party" debuted at No. 1 and 2 on the British charts, respectively. When all was said and done the seven -- and then six, after Paul left -- enjoyed several hits including "Two In A Million," "Never Had A Dream Come True" and "Don't Stop Movin'." They were stars on the small screen as well, with a show called S Club 7 in Miami (and later in L.A. and in Hollywood). Stevens was often the centerpiece, getting the most attention in the magazines -- she was voted the second sexiest lady on the planet by FHM in 2001 and 2002 -- as well as on the big screen, such as in the upcoming film Suzie Gold. Following a UK tour in 2003 and a film, S Club Seeing Double, the remaining six members decided to break up. Left to her own devices, Stevens landed a role in the upcoming film, Suzie Gold, and signed a four-album, solo contract with Polydor. Her first record, Funky Dory, is set for release in September 2003. Possessing the widest appeal (both physically and musically) of all her S Club mates, there is no doubt that her name will be on top of the Billboard charts in the near future. Rachel Stevens Biography Mark April 9th down on your calendar, for this is the day you should observe a very important celebration: Rachel Lauren Stevens' birthday, of course. Born in 1978 in London, England, she showed a flair for entertaining even as a toddler. At 5 years old, she had already begun drama school, but gravitated toward fashion as the years wore on. An early highlight came at the age of 15, when she beat out 4999 competitors in a modeling competition sponsored by Just 17 magazine. music all the way After attending the London School of Fashion and working in PR, Stevens changed her mind, and gravitated toward a career in music instead -- she had always displayed a real talent for singing. An audition for a new British pop band came up, and, after several cuts and callbacks, Stevens was selected as one of the seven members of the band, joining Bradley McIntosh, Hannah Spearritt, Paul Cattermole, Jon Lee, Jo O'Meara, and Tina Barrett. Called S Club 7 , the group and its managers at Polydor Records aimed to find a niche in the very convoluted UK pop market. They did this by marketing an array of both fast-paced tracks and ballads while simultaneously working on a TV deal. lucky 7 Fame was almost immediate for this group of talented twenty-somethings, as their first single "Bring It All Back" debuted at No. 1 on the UK charts in June of 1999. "S Club Party" followed up as their No. 2 hit in September, and their self-titled album sold like hotcakes on the strength of these hits. Their success spurned the debut of their popular TV series S Club 7 in Miami. The winter ushered in the song "Two In A Million" and, of course, more success. Though at times restrained in the group's wholesome, teeny-bopper image, Stevens reveled in the spotlight and received most of the media attention as the band's hottest member. More flattering comments came after Interscope Records picked up the band's American distribution rights in 2000, and released the band's albums across the ocean. Always working on -- and writing -- new songs, 7 saw their fan base grow with two more hits in the spring: "Don't Stop Movin'" and "Never Had a Dream Come True." in da club Despite some trials and tribulations, including a controversy over a marijuana possession charge implicating the three male members of S Club, the band, and Stevens in particular, continued to soar. Another season of their show was filmed in 2000 and, the following year, readers of FHM voted Stevens the second sexiest woman on the planet, behind only the heavenly Jennifer Lopez . Other magazines, such as Arena, also concentrated on this beauty's natural assets around the same time. The same accolades from FHM were laid upon Stevens the following year, but she seemed to be the only rising star among her peers at this point. S Club 7's output had deteriorated a little, though they could still hold claim to selling 13 million tracks and records overall. The show S Club in Hollywood did not have the same effect as its predecessor and things were lackluster. Paul Cattermole left the band, and for a while, the six remaining members stayed afloat as S Club, even filming a relatively successful movie together, called S Club Seeing Double, in 2003. flying solo After a UK tour in 2003, S Club decided to break up. Stevens alone managed to garner a lot of coverage thanks to an upcoming movie feature, Suzie Gold with Summer Phoenix, and the announcement of her engagement to boyfriend Jeremy Edwards (sorry fellas). Polydor jumped at the chance to harness this talent (and potential pop diva) and signed Stevens to just under a $1.6 million US contract, good for four albums. The first effort, Funky Dory, will be released in September 2003 and many are convinced that a solo star is in the making. We sure hope so, since seeing her face in the music headlines every day would really help us get up in the morning... Show comments	S Club 7
The capitulation of Marshal Bazaine's force at Metz was the last critical action of which war?	S Club 7 Reunion Planned, for a Great Cause?Check Out Details and Photos! \| E! News Hayley Madden/Redferns They're finally going to "Bring It All Back"! All seven former members of British pop group S Club 7 will reunite for the first time in more than 10 years—and for a great cause! Singers Rachel Stevens, Tina Barrett, Jo O'Meara, Hannah Spearritt, Bradley McIntosh, Jon Lee and Paul Cattermole will team up to perform a medley of their greatest hits on the 2014 BBC Children in Need telethon to raise funds for the channel's charity. The group has already reunited on social media; on Wednesday, official Twitter and Instagram pages for S Club 7 were launched and the singers, peppy as ever, released a special audio greeting. ? Hannah Spearritt (@HannahSpearr1tt) October 22, 2014 Children in Need helps disabled children and other kids in need, including victims of bullying. The organization's mascot is Pudsey Bear, who sports a colorful bandage over his eye. The popular telethon, which is televised annually, takes place this year on Nov. 14, according to BBC News . S Club 7 had in 2000 recorded the charity's official single, "Never Had a Dream Come True," and also released a second one, "Have You Ever," for the group the following year. Both topped the U.K. singles chart. "We're massive fans of BBC Children in Need and it was great to be able to support the charity all those years ago," the group said in a statement posted by the BBC . "We're really looking forward to bringing it all back for Pudsey, for BBC Children In Need and for all our fans who have been so great over the years. This is going to be the mega S Club party of all time!" PHOTOS: The most awesome things from the '90s "Never Had a Dream Come True" was S Club 7's second single to reached No. 1 on the U.K. singles chart, following their 1999 debut song, "Bring It All Back." The former track was also S Club 7's most popular single in the United States and was the group's only song to enter the Billboard Hot 100 Chart, reaching No. 10. The group is also known for hits such as "S Club Party" and "Don't Stop Movin'." S Club 7 was formed in 1998 and was the brainchild of Simon Fuller, who later created a television series starring the group. The show aired in their native United Kingdom as well as in dozens of other countries, including the United States, in 1999 and early 2000. Fuller also created American Idol and co-created So You Think You Can Dance. He is also known as the former manager of the Spice Girls . In 2002, Cattermole left S Club 7, after which the group's name was changed to S Club. A year later, they announced they were splitting. Barrett, O'Meara and Stevens mainly concentrated on solo singing careers. Several years ago, McIntosh, O'Meara and Cattermole had a mini-reunion and performed some small local gigs together, under the name...S Club 3. Several S Club 7 members also returned to the screen. In 2007, O'Meara appeared on the reality show Celebrity Big Brother, while Stevens competed a year later on Strictly Come Dancing, the original British version of Dancing With the Stars. Spearritt starred on the British sci-fi series Primeval from 2007 to 2011 and also appeared in the movies Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London and Seed of Chucky. Lee appeared on shows such as Law & Order and the popular British soap EastEnders but mainly concentrated on a stage career, appearing in West End productions of the musicals Les Misérables and Jersey Boys. Brazil E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our US edition? E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our Canadian edition? E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our UK edition? E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our Australian edition? E! ist überall Dieser Inhalt ist für internationale Besucher verfügbar. Möchtest du ihn in der deutschen Version anschauen? E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our German edition? E! est partout Une version adaptée de ce contenu est disponible pour notre public international. Souhaitez-vous voir ça dans notre édition française ? E! Is Everywhere This content is available customized for our international audience. Would you like to view this in our French edition? Yes!	i don't know
"Whose 1923 essay ""Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown"" attacked the literary realism of Arnold Bennett?"	"Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown" - Modernism Lab Essays "Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown" From Modernism Lab Essays by Aleksandar Stevic “Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown” is a 1923 essay by Virginia Woolf . However, it should be noted that much of the argument of the essay Woolf also developed in a number of other texts, including “Modern Novels” ( 1919 ), “Character in Fiction” ( 1924 ) and “Modern Fiction” ( 1925 ). In fact, “Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown” is just one of several closely related versions of Woolf's account of the state of the modern novel, and it seems appropriate to read the essay with other versions of the argument in mind. There are at least two central features that “Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown” shares with texts like “Modern Fiction”; first, there is the shared concern with representation, and especially representation of character; and second, this concern is almost always explored with respect to the literary practices of Edwardian writers. It is typical of Woolf to define her theoretical position against the generation of novelists that immediately precedes her own. Woolf assesses the state of the novel and voices her own expectations of the genre precisely trough the analysis of what she felt were the failures of Edwardian novelists. “Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown” is written as a polemical answer to Arnold Bennett's claim that the novel is in crisis due to the failure of Georgian novelists in the art of “character-making” which he finds crucial for successful novel-writing. Woolf partially accepts both Bennett's account of the current state of the novel and agrees with the claim that the representation of characters is central to the novel as a genre. She accepts that “the novel is a very remarkable machine for the creation of human character” (384), and agrees that it is precisely the crisis in character-making that sparks a wider crisis of the genre: “And it is because this essence, this character-making power, has evaporated that novels are for the most part the soulless bodies we know, cumbering our tables and clogging our minds” (383-384). The point of contention for Woolf is primarily the question of the origins of this crisis. While for Bennett Georgians are to be blamed, Woolf, predictably, locates the problem in the previous generation of writers – Galsworthy, Wells and Bennett himself. Obviously, the dispute bears clear marks of a conflict between two literary generations, but in doing so it also touches on some crucial theoretical questions, and is highly instructive on the issue of Woolf's stance on representation and on the status of character in fiction. The charge against Edwardian writers in “Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown” is that while representing a vast number of details, they fail in creating believable characters. In their writings “every sort of town is represented, and innumerable institutions”, but “in all this vast conglomeration of printed pages, in all that congeries of streets and houses, there isn't a single man or woman we know” (385). It appears that in the Edwardian fiction Woolf sees signs of excessive pedantry and attention to detail, but lack of ability to convey complex characters. In this failure Edwardians are firmly opposed to the “astonishing vividness and reality of the characters” of the Victorian novel (385). Woolf apparently believed that after the end of the Victorian period, a crucial change took place in the English novel, undermining the task of character-representation. Woolf identified several causes of this change. First, the turn towards moralism and social reform visible in authors like Galsworthy. The second factor was the influence of Dostoevsky whose characters appear to be constructed in such a way that undermined both the Victorian understanding of character and any attempt to seriously deal with character in English fiction. “But what keyword could be applied to Raskolnikov, Mishkin, Stavrogin, or Alyosha? These characters without any features at all. We go down into them as we descend into some enormous cavern. Lights swing about; we hear the bottom of the sea; it is all dark, terrible, and uncharted” (386). Although Woolf doesn't go into great detail in juxtaposing Dostoevsky's method of characterization with that of Victorian novelists such as Dickens or Eliot, it seems clear that she sees Victorian characters as clearly defined and coherent, while those of Dostoevsky bear a certain dose of unprecedented complexity, internal conflict and lack of definite shape (386-387). It seems that that the influence of Dostoevsky has brought the Victorian character into a state of crisis which Edwardians were not able to overcome. For Woolf the dispute over character is clearly crucial. Character is both the central category of life outside literature and the constitutive element of fiction: “To disagree about character is to differ in the depths of the being” (387). And it is precisely the centrality of character that makes the failure of Edwardians so fundamental. It is also clear from Woolf's argumentation that the success of “character-making” is inextricably tied to the category of verisimilitude. Several far-reaching conclusions can be drawn from the Woolf's argumentation in “Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown”. There is an assumption that the novel has character representation as its central purpose. It seems that for Woolf, this is not historically conditioned, i.e. “character-making” is not a function of any particular period of literary history, but rather an inherent feature of the genre. The question for Woolf is how is this task to be carried out. It is apparently at the level of the means of representation that historical change takes place. Portraying characters is central, but our understanding of what character is changes. As her discussion of Dostoevsky shows, the introduction of a new understanding of character can render certain ways of representing characters obsolete. But while in “Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown” Woolf tends to provide an intrinsic explanation for the change that needs to take place in literature, in many other instances the argument runs somewhat differently, the emphasis being on the actual historical change in human character and human relations. Thus the famous comments on human nature radically changing around 1910 (422-423). Although this point is not voiced particularly strongly in “Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown”, it is clear from the claims made elsewhere that creating a believable character, “a flesh-and-blood Mrs. Brown”, means abandoning Edwardian interest in outside details and embracing the full complexity and incoherence of what is to be represented. This can then easily be construed as a plea for a new kind of psychological realism. As Woolf puts it while praising Joyce in “Modern Fiction”, “let us record the atoms as they fall on the mind in order in which they fall, let us trace the pattern, however disconnected and incoherent in appearance, which each sight or incident scores upon the consciousness.” (161)	Virginia Woolf
Name the illusionist who played 'Russian Roulette' on television?	Virginia Woolf \| British writer \| Britannica.com Virginia Woolf Alternative Title: Adeline Virginia Stephen Virginia Woolf Virginia Woolf, original name in full Adeline Virginia Stephen (born January 25, 1882, London , England —died March 28, 1941, near Rodmell, Sussex ), English writer whose novels, through their nonlinear approaches to narrative, exerted a major influence on the genre . Virginia Woolf. New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-111438) A discussion of Virginia Woolf’s writing. © Open University (A Britannica Publishing Partner) While she is best known for her novels, especially Mrs. Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927), Woolf also wrote pioneering essays on artistic theory, literary history, women’s writing, and the politics of power. A fine stylist, she experimented with several forms of biographical writing, composed painterly short fictions, and sent to her friends and family a lifetime of brilliant letters. Early life and influences Born Virginia Stephen, she was the child of ideal Victorian parents. Her father, Leslie Stephen , was an eminent literary figure and the first editor (1882–91) of the Dictionary of National Biography. Her mother, Julia Jackson, possessed great beauty and a reputation for saintly self-sacrifice; she also had prominent social and artistic connections, which included Julia Margaret Cameron , her aunt and one of the greatest portrait photographers of the 19th century. Both Julia Jackson’s first husband, Herbert Duckworth, and Leslie’s first wife, a daughter of the novelist William Makepeace Thackeray , had died unexpectedly, leaving her three children and him one. Julia Jackson Duckworth and Leslie Stephen married in 1878, and four children followed: Vanessa (born 1879), Thoby (born 1880), Virginia (born 1882), and Adrian (born 1883). While these four children banded together against their older half siblings, loyalties shifted among them. Virginia was jealous of Adrian for being their mother’s favourite. At age nine, she was the genius behind a family newspaper, the Hyde Park Gate News, that often teased Vanessa and Adrian. Vanessa mothered the others, especially Virginia, but the dynamic between need (Virginia’s) and aloofness (Vanessa’s) sometimes expressed itself as rivalry between Virginia’s art of writing and Vanessa’s of painting. The Stephen family made summer migrations from their London town house near Kensington Gardens to the rather disheveled Talland House on the rugged Cornwall coast. That annual relocation structured Virginia’s childhood world in terms of opposites: city and country, winter and summer, repression and freedom, fragmentation and wholeness. Her neatly divided, predictable world ended, however, when her mother died in 1895 at age 49. Virginia, at 13, ceased writing amusing accounts of family news. Almost a year passed before she wrote a cheerful letter to her brother Thoby. She was just emerging from depression when, in 1897, her half sister Stella Duckworth died at age 28, an event Virginia noted in her diary as “impossible to write of.” Then in 1904, after her father died, Virginia had a nervous breakdown. Virginia Woolf, photograph by George Charles Beresford, 1902. George C. Beresford—Hulton Archive/Getty Images Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent While Virginia was recovering, Vanessa supervised the Stephen children’s move to the bohemian Bloomsbury section of London. There the siblings lived independent of their Duckworth half brothers, free to pursue studies, to paint or write, and to entertain. Leonard Woolf dined with them in November 1904, just before sailing to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to become a colonial administrator. Soon the Stephens hosted weekly gatherings of radical young people, including Clive Bell , Lytton Strachey , and John Maynard Keynes , all later to achieve fame as, respectively, an art critic, a biographer, and an economist. Then, after a family excursion to Greece in 1906, Thoby died of typhoid fever . He was 26. Virginia grieved but did not slip into depression. She overcame the loss of Thoby and the “loss” of Vanessa, who became engaged to Bell just after Thoby’s death, through writing. Vanessa’s marriage (and perhaps Thoby’s absence) helped transform conversation at the avant-garde gatherings of what came to be known as the Bloomsbury group into irreverent, sometimes bawdy repartee that inspired Virginia to exercise her wit publicly, even while privately she was writing her poignant “ Reminiscences ”—about her childhood and her lost mother—which was published in 1908. Viewing Italian art that summer, she committed herself to creating in language “some kind of whole made of shivering fragments,” to capturing “the flight of the mind.” Early fiction British Culture and Politics Virginia Stephen determined in 1908 to “re-form” the novel by creating a holistic form embracing aspects of life that were “fugitive” from the Victorian novel. While writing anonymous reviews for the Times Literary Supplement and other journals, she experimented with such a novel, which she called Melymbrosia. In November 1910, Roger Fry , a new friend of the Bells, launched the exhibit “Manet and the Post-Impressionists,” which introduced radical European art to the London bourgeoisie . Virginia was at once outraged over the attention that painting garnered and intrigued by the possibility of borrowing from the likes of artists Paul Cézanne and Pablo Picasso . As Clive Bell was unfaithful, Vanessa began an affair with Fry, and Fry began a lifelong debate with Virginia about the visual and verbal arts. In the summer of 1911, Leonard Woolf returned from the East. After he resigned from the colonial service, Leonard and Virginia married in August 1912. She continued to work on her first novel; he wrote the anticolonialist novel The Village in the Jungle (1913) and The Wise Virgins (1914), a Bloomsbury exposé. Then he became a political writer and an advocate for peace and justice . Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies Between 1910 and 1915, Virginia’s mental health was precarious. Nevertheless, she completely recast Melymbrosia as The Voyage Out in 1913. She based many of her novel’s characters on real-life prototypes: Lytton Strachey, Leslie Stephen, her half brother George Duckworth, Clive and Vanessa Bell, and herself. Rachel Vinrace, the novel’s central character, is a sheltered young woman who, on an excursion to South America , is introduced to freedom and sexuality (though from the novel’s inception she was to die before marrying). Woolf first made Terence, Rachel’s suitor, rather Clive-like; as she revised, Terence became a more sensitive, Leonard-like character. After an excursion up the Amazon, Rachel contracts a terrible illness that plunges her into delirium and then death. As possible causes for this disaster, Woolf’s characters suggest everything from poorly washed vegetables to jungle disease to a malevolent universe, but the book endorses no explanation. That indeterminacy, at odds with the certainties of the Victorian era, is echoed in descriptions that distort perception: while the narrative often describes people, buildings, and natural objects as featureless forms, Rachel, in dreams and then delirium, journeys into surrealistic worlds. Rachel’s voyage into the unknown began Woolf’s voyage beyond the conventions of realism . Woolf’s manic-depressive worries (that she was a failure as a writer and a woman, that she was despised by Vanessa and unloved by Leonard) provoked a suicide attempt in September 1913. Publication of The Voyage Out was delayed until early 1915; then, that April, she sank into a distressed state in which she was often delirious. Later that year she overcame the “vile imaginations” that had threatened her sanity. She kept the demons of mania and depression mostly at bay for the rest of her life. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest In 1917 the Woolfs bought a printing press and founded the Hogarth Press , named for Hogarth House, their home in the London suburbs. The Woolfs themselves (she was the compositor while he worked the press) published their own Two Stories in the summer of 1917. It consisted of Leonard’s Three Jews and Virginia’s The Mark on the Wall, the latter about contemplation itself. Since 1910, Virginia had kept (sometimes with Vanessa) a country house in Sussex, and in 1916 Vanessa settled into a Sussex farmhouse called Charleston. She had ended her affair with Fry to take up with the painter Duncan Grant , who moved to Charleston with Vanessa and her children, Julian and Quentin Bell; a daughter, Angelica, would be born to Vanessa and Grant at the end of 1918. Charleston soon became an extravagantly decorated, unorthodox retreat for artists and writers, especially Clive Bell, who continued on friendly terms with Vanessa, and Fry, Vanessa’s lifelong devotee. Virginia had kept a diary, off and on, since 1897. In 1919 she envisioned “the shadow of some kind of form which a diary might attain to,” organized not by a mechanical recording of events but by the interplay between the objective and the subjective. Her diary, as she wrote in 1924, would reveal people as “splinters & mosaics; not, as they used to hold, immaculate, monolithic , consistent wholes.” Such terms later inspired critical distinctions, based on anatomy and culture , between the feminine and the masculine, the feminine being a varied but all-embracing way of experiencing the world and the masculine a monolithic or linear way. Critics using these distinctions have credited Woolf with evolving a distinctly feminine diary form, one that explores, with perception, honesty, and humour, her own ever-changing, mosaic self. Trending Topics Opium Wars Proving that she could master the traditional form of the novel before breaking it, she plotted her next novel in two romantic triangles, with its protagonist Katharine in both. Night and Day (1919) answers Leonard’s The Wise Virgins, in which he had his Leonard-like protagonist lose the Virginia-like beloved and end up in a conventional marriage. In Night and Day, the Leonard-like Ralph learns to value Katharine for herself, not as some superior being. And Katharine overcomes (as Virginia had) class and familial prejudices to marry the good and intelligent Ralph. This novel focuses on the very sort of details that Woolf had deleted from The Voyage Out: credible dialogue , realistic descriptions of early 20th-century settings, and investigations of issues such as class, politics, and suffrage. Woolf was writing nearly a review a week for the Times Literary Supplement in 1918. Her essay “ Modern Novels ” (1919; revised in 1925 as “ Modern Fiction ”) attacked the “materialists” who wrote about superficial rather than spiritual or “luminous” experiences. The Woolfs also printed by hand, with Vanessa Bell’s illustrations, Virginia’s Kew Gardens (1919), a story organized, like a Post-Impressionistic painting, by pattern. With the Hogarth Press’s emergence as a major publishing house, the Woolfs gradually ceased being their own printers. In 1919 they bought a cottage in Rodmell village called Monk’s House, which looked out over the Sussex Downs and the meadows where the River Ouse wound down to the English Channel . Virginia could walk or bicycle to visit Vanessa, her children, and a changing cast of guests at the bohemian Charleston and then retreat to Monk’s House to write. She envisioned a new book that would apply the theories of “ Modern Novels ” and the achievements of her short stories to the novel form. In early 1920 a group of friends, evolved from the early Bloomsbury group, began a “Memoir Club,” which met to read irreverent passages from their autobiographies. Her second presentation was an exposé of Victorian hypocrisy, especially that of George Duckworth, who masked inappropriate, unwanted caresses as affection honouring their mother’s memory. In 1921 Woolf’s minimally plotted short fictions were gathered in Monday or Tuesday. Meanwhile, typesetting having heightened her sense of visual layout, she began a new novel written in blocks to be surrounded by white spaces. In “ On Re-Reading Novels ” (1922), Woolf argued that the novel was not so much a form but an “emotion which you feel.” In Jacob’s Room (1922) she achieved such emotion, transforming personal grief over the death of Thoby Stephen into a “spiritual shape.” Though she takes Jacob from childhood to his early death in war, she leaves out plot, conflict, even character. The emptiness of Jacob’s room and the irrelevance of his belongings convey in their minimalism the profound emptiness of loss. Though Jacob’s Room is an antiwar novel, Woolf feared that she had ventured too far beyond representation. She vowed to “push on,” as she wrote Clive Bell, to graft such experimental techniques onto more-substantial characters. Major period At the beginning of 1924, the Woolfs moved their city residence from the suburbs back to Bloomsbury, where they were less isolated from London society. Soon the aristocratic Vita Sackville-West began to court Virginia, a relationship that would blossom into a lesbian affair. Having already written a story about a Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf thought of a foiling device that would pair that highly sensitive woman with a shell-shocked war victim, a Mr. Smith, so that “the sane and the insane” would exist “side by side.” Her aim was to “tunnel” into these two characters until Clarissa Dalloway’s affirmations meet Septimus Smith’s negations. Also in 1924 Woolf gave a talk at Cambridge called “ Character in Fiction, ” revised later that year as the Hogarth Press pamphlet Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown . In it she celebrated the breakdown in patriarchal values that had occurred “in or about December, 1910”—during Fry’s exhibit “Manet and the Post-Impressionists”—and she attacked “materialist” novelists for omitting the essence of character. In Mrs. Dalloway (1925), the boorish doctors presume to understand personality, but its essence evades them. This novel is as patterned as a Post-Impressionist painting but is also so accurately representational that the reader can trace Clarissa’s and Septimus’s movements through the streets of London on a single day in June 1923. At the end of the day, Clarissa gives a grand party and Septimus commits suicide. Their lives come together when the doctor who was treating (or, rather, mistreating) Septimus arrives at Clarissa’s party with news of the death. The main characters are connected by motifs and, finally, by Clarissa’s intuiting why Septimus threw his life away. Woolf wished to build on her achievement in Mrs. Dalloway by merging the novelistic and elegiac forms. As an elegy, To the Lighthouse —published on May 5, 1927, the 32nd anniversary of Julia Stephen’s death—evoked childhood summers at Talland House. As a novel, it broke narrative continuity into a tripartite structure. The first section, “The Window,” begins as Mrs. Ramsay and James, her youngest son—like Julia and Adrian Stephen—sit in the French window of the Ramsays’ summer home while a houseguest named Lily Briscoe paints them and James begs to go to a nearby lighthouse. Mr. Ramsay, like Leslie Stephen, sees poetry as didacticism, conversation as winning points, and life as a tally of accomplishments. He uses logic to deflate hopes for a trip to the lighthouse, but he needs sympathy from his wife. She is more attuned to emotions than reason. In the climactic dinner-party scene, she inspires such harmony and composure that the moment “partook, she felt,…of eternity.” The novel’s middle “Time Passes” section focuses on the empty house during a 10-year hiatus and the last-minute housecleaning for the returning Ramsays. Woolf describes the progress of weeds, mold, dust, and gusts of wind, but she merely announces such major events as the deaths of Mrs. Ramsay and a son and daughter. In the novel’s third section, “The Lighthouse,” Woolf brings Mr. Ramsay, his youngest children (James and Cam), Lily Briscoe, and others from “The Window” back to the house. As Mr. Ramsay and the now-teenage children reach the lighthouse and achieve a moment of reconciliation, Lily completes her painting. To the Lighthouse melds into its structure questions about creativity and the nature and function of art. Lily argues effectively for nonrepresentational but emotive art, and her painting (in which mother and child are reduced to two shapes with a line between them) echoes the abstract structure of Woolf’s profoundly elegiac novel. Dust jacket designed by Vanessa Bell for the first edition of Virginia Woolf’s To the … Between the Covers Rare Books, Merchantville, NJ In two 1927 essays, “ ” and “ The New Biography, ” she wrote that fiction writers should be less concerned with naive notions of reality and more with language and design. However restricted by fact, she argued, biographers should yoke truth with imagination, “granite-like solidity” with “rainbow-like intangibility.” Their relationship having cooled by 1927, Woolf sought to reclaim Sackville-West through a “biography” that would include Sackville family history. Woolf solved biographical, historical, and personal dilemmas with the story of Orlando, who lives from Elizabethan times through the entire 18th century; he then becomes female, experiences debilitating gender constraints, and lives into the 20th century. Orlando begins writing poetry during the Renaissance, using history and mythology as models, and over the ensuing centuries returns to the poem “ The Oak Tree, ” revising it according to shifting poetic conventions. Woolf herself writes in mock-heroic imitation of biographical styles that change over the same period of time. Thus, Orlando: A Biography (1928) exposes the artificiality of both gender and genre prescriptions. However fantastic, Orlando also argues for a novelistic approach to biography . In 1921 John Maynard Keynes had told Woolf that her memoir “on George,” presented to the Memoir Club that year or a year earlier, represented her best writing. Afterward she was increasingly angered by masculine condescension to female talent. In A Room of One’s Own (1929), Woolf blamed women’s absence from history not on their lack of brains and talent but on their poverty. For her 1931 talk “ Professions for Women, ” Woolf studied the history of women’s education and employment and argued that unequal opportunities for women negatively affect all of society. She urged women to destroy the “angel in the house,” a reference to Coventry Patmore ’s poem of that title, the quintessential Victorian paean to women who sacrifice themselves to men. Having praised a 1930 exhibit of Vanessa Bell’s paintings for their wordlessness, Woolf planned a mystical novel that would be similarly impersonal and abstract. In The Waves (1931), poetic interludes describe the sea and sky from dawn to dusk. Between the interludes, the voices of six named characters appear in sections that move from their childhood to old age. In the middle section, when the six friends meet at a farewell dinner for another friend leaving for India, the single flower at the centre of the dinner table becomes a “seven-sided flower…a whole flower to which every eye brings its own contribution.” The Waves offers a six-sided shape that illustrates how each individual experiences events—including their friend’s death—uniquely. Bernard, the writer in the group, narrates the final section, defying death and a world “without a self.” Unique though they are (and their prototypes can be identified in the Bloomsbury group), the characters become one, just as the sea and sky become indistinguishable in the interludes. This oneness with all creation was the primal experience Woolf had felt as a child in Cornwall. In this her most experimental novel, she achieved its poetic equivalent. Through To the Lighthouse and The Waves, Woolf became, with James Joyce and William Faulkner , one of the three major English-language Modernist experimenters in stream-of-consciousness writing. Dust jacket designed by Vanessa Bell for the first edition of Virginia Woolf’s The … Between the Covers Rare Books, Merchantville, NJ Late work From her earliest days, Woolf had framed experience in terms of oppositions, even while she longed for a holistic state beyond binary divisions. The “perpetual marriage of granite and rainbow” Woolf described in her essay “ The New Biography ” typified her approach during the 1930s to individual works and to a balance between writing works of fact and of imagination. Even before finishing The Waves, she began compiling a scrapbook of clippings illustrating the horrors of war, the threat of fascism , and the oppression of women. The discrimination against women that Woolf had discussed in A Room of One’s Own and “ Professions for Women ” inspired her to plan a book that would trace the story of a fictional family named Pargiter and explain the social conditions affecting family members over a period of time. In The Pargiters: A Novel-Essay she would alternate between sections of fiction and of fact. For the fictional historical narrative, she relied upon experiences of friends and family from the Victorian Age to the 1930s. For the essays, she researched that 50-year span of history. The task, however, of moving between fiction and fact was daunting . Woolf took a holiday from The Pargiters to write a mock biography of Flush, the dog of poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning . Lytton Strachey having recently died, Woolf muted her spoof of his biographical method; nevertheless, Flush (1933) remains both a biographical satire and a lighthearted exploration of perception, in this case a dog’s. In 1935 Woolf completed Freshwater, an absurdist drama based on the life of her great-aunt Julia Margaret Cameron . Featuring such other eminences as the poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson, and the painter George Frederick Watts , this riotous play satirizes high-minded Victorian notions of art. Meanwhile, Woolf feared she would never finish The Pargiters. Alternating between types of prose was proving cumbersome, and the book was becoming too long. She solved this dilemma by jettisoning the essay sections, keeping the family narrative, and renaming her book The Years. She narrated 50 years of family history through the decline of class and patriarchal systems, the rise of feminism, and the threat of another war. Desperate to finish, Woolf lightened the book with poetic echoes of gestures, objects, colours, and sounds and with wholesale deletions, cutting epiphanies for Eleanor Pargiter and explicit references to women’s bodies. The novel illustrates the damage done to women and society over the years by sexual repression, ignorance, and discrimination. Though (or perhaps because) Woolf’s trimming muted the book’s radicalism, The Years (1937) became a best seller. When Fry died in 1934, Virginia was distressed; Vanessa was devastated. Then in July 1937 Vanessa’s elder son, Julian Bell, was killed in the Spanish Civil War while driving an ambulance for the Republican army. Vanessa was so disconsolate that Virginia put aside her writing for a time to try to comfort her sister. Privately a lament over Julian’s death and publicly a diatribe against war, Three Guineas (1938) proposes answers to the question of how to prevent war. Woolf connected masculine symbols of authority with militarism and misogyny , an argument buttressed by notes from her clippings about aggression, fascism, and war. Still distressed by the deaths of Roger Fry and Julian Bell, she determined to test her theories about experimental, novelistic biography in a life of Fry. As she acknowledged in “ The Art of Biography ” (1939), the recalcitrance of evidence brought her near despair over the possibility of writing an imaginative biography. Against the “grind” of finishing the Fry biography, Woolf wrote a verse play about the history of English literature . Her next novel, Pointz Hall (later retitled Between the Acts ), would include the play as a pageant performed by villagers and would convey the gentry’s varied reactions to it. As another holiday from Fry’s biography, Woolf returned to her own childhood with “ A Sketch of the Past, ” a memoir about her mixed feelings toward her parents and her past and about memoir writing itself. (Here surfaced for the first time in writing a memory of the teenage Gerald Duckworth, her other half brother, touching her inappropriately when she was a girl of perhaps four or five.) Through last-minute borrowing from the letters between Fry and Vanessa, Woolf finished her biography. Though convinced that Roger Fry (1940) was more granite than rainbow, Virginia congratulated herself on at least giving back to Vanessa “her Roger.” Woolf’s chief anodyne against Adolf Hitler , World War II , and her own despair was writing. During the bombing of London in 1940 and 1941, she worked on her memoir and Between the Acts . In her novel, war threatens art and humanity itself, and, in the interplay between the pageant—performed on a June day in 1939—and the audience, Woolf raises questions about perception and response. Despite Between the Acts’s affirmation of the value of art, Woolf worried that this novel was “too slight” and indeed that all writing was irrelevant when England seemed on the verge of invasion and civilization about to slide over a precipice . Facing such horrors, a depressed Woolf found herself unable to write. The demons of self-doubt that she had kept at bay for so long returned to haunt her. On March 28, 1941, fearing that she now lacked the resilience to battle them, she walked behind Monk’s House and down to the River Ouse, put stones in her pockets, and drowned herself. Between the Acts was published posthumously later that year. Assessment Woolf’s experiments with point of view confirm that, as Bernard thinks in The Waves, “we are not single.” Being neither single nor fixed, perception in her novels is fluid, as is the world she presents. While Joyce and Faulkner separate one character’s interior monologues from another’s, Woolf’s narratives move between inner and outer and between characters without clear demarcations. Furthermore, she avoids the self-absorption of many of her contemporaries and implies a brutal society without the explicit details some of her contemporaries felt obligatory. Her nonlinear forms invite reading not for neat solutions but for an aesthetic resolution of “shivering fragments,” as she wrote in 1908. While Woolf’s fragmented style is distinctly Modernist, her indeterminacy anticipates a postmodern awareness of the evanescence of boundaries and categories. Virginia Woolf, photograph by Gisèle Freund, 1939. Gisèle Freund Woolf’s many essays about the art of writing and about reading itself today retain their appeal to a range of, in Samuel Johnson’s words, “common” (unspecialized) readers. Woolf’s collection of essays The Common Reader (1925) was followed by The Common Reader: Second Series (1932; also published as The Second Common Reader). She continued writing essays on reading and writing, women and history, and class and politics for the rest of her life. Many were collected after her death in volumes edited by Leonard Woolf. Virginia Woolf wrote far more fiction than Joyce and far more nonfiction than either Joyce or Faulkner. Six volumes of diaries (including her early journals), six volumes of letters, and numerous volumes of collected essays show her deep engagement with major 20th-century issues. Though many of her essays began as reviews, written anonymously to deadlines for money, and many include imaginative settings and whimsical speculations, they are serious inquiries into reading and writing, the novel and the arts, perception and essence, war and peace, class and politics, privilege and discrimination, and the need to reform society. Woolf’s haunting language, her prescient insights into wide-ranging historical, political, feminist, and artistic issues, and her revisionist experiments with novelistic form during a remarkably productive career altered the course of Modernist and postmodernist letters. Virginia Woolf - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) (1882-1941). Virginia Woolf was born Virginia Stephen in London on January 25, 1882, and was educated by her father, Sir Leslie Stephen. After his death she set up housekeeping in Gordon Square in the district of Bloomsbury in London. Beginning in about 1907 her home was frequently visited by the young intellectuals who later became known as the Bloomsbury group. Among the group’s members were economist John Maynard Keynes, biographer Lytton Strachey, novelist E.M. Forster, and political writer Leonard Woolf. Woolf became her husband in 1912. The couple founded Hogarth Press as a publisher for her own and other authors’ books. Article Contributors	i don't know
Which geological period followed the 'Devonian Period' but preceded the 'Ordovician'?	Geologic timeline - RationalWiki Geologic timeline v - t - e The Geologic timeline (also called geologic time scale) is a system of measurement commonly used by earth scientists that relates rock strata to time, providing a rough history of geology and life (through the fossil record ) on Earth. The geologic timeline is vast, stretching back to the formation of the Earth approximately 4.5 billion years ago to the present day and into the future until the destruction of the Earth. It is divided into various eons, eras, periods and other denominations to make studying it more practical and distinguish unique periods of time. Contents [ edit ] Precambrian Precambrian (or Pre-Cambrian) is an informal term in geology and paleontology for the time from the formation of the Earth , about 4500 million years ago (mya), to the Cambrian explosion of life that occurred 542 mya, which marked the beginning of the Paleozoic Era and the Cambrian Period. Little is known about the Precambrian, despite the fact that it constitutes the vast majority (about 88%) of our planet's history. The Precambrian saw the origin of life , the evolution of photosynthesis , the transformation of Earth's atmosphere into its modern form, and the creation of iron ore. In non-scientific writing, the Precambrian is often imprecisely referred to as a "period" or "era", but " period " and " era " are technical terms of geology, and the Precambrian is itself made up of several periods (such as the Ediacaran) and eras. Precambrian is more accurately described as a supereon, as it consists of several distinct geologic eons: the Hadean, Arcean and Proterozoic. [ edit ] Hadean The Hadean eon saw the formation of the Earth around 4500 mya to around 4000 mya, the formation of the moon and the initial, hostile state of the Earth with heavy volcanism and poison waters when they existed. Very few traces of this time period remain due to geologic processes, and the few that do are in scattered locations such as Australia and Greenland, and to an extent on the moon as well due to the currently accepted model for its formation in this period. [ edit ] Archean The Archean is the second eon of the early Earth (4000 MYA to 2500 MYA), and consisted of higher volcanism and a near total lack of oxygen in the atmosphere. By the end of the period, the planet would have cooled significantly, allowing more familiar processes to act and for the formation of actual continent and continent bases to begin. At the beginning there was no functional distinction between the Hadean and the Arcean (the division itself is artificial), and at the end it is theorized several continents would have risen and fallen, though less than 10% of archean rock is known to remain across the planet, in locations spread across the globe. The most significant part of this time period would be that life, if not in the previous Eon, began in this era, though what there was would have been very simple. [ edit ] Proterozoic The Proterozoic is the final eon of the Precambrian, lasting from 2500mya to 542mya. This eon marks the beginning of life in a way we would understand it (non simple) and the creatures that would ultimately make up the Cambrian explosion would have first evolved in this time period. Some of the most significant events of this time period would have been the first glacial periods, including a hypothesized time when all except the equator was locked under ice (Snowball Earth hypothesis) and the change of the atmosphere as oxygen rose from almost nothing to the current percentage, as well as triggering a mass extinction of lifeforms to whom oxygen was a poison in the same way carbon dioxide is to modern creatures that breathe oxygen. [ edit ] Paleozoic The Paleozoic Era is a geological era that started 542 mya and finished 252.2 mya, encompassing the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian geological periods. It is marked in the beginning by the emergence of soft shelled life, and near the end of the Era, marked by complex plants (first modern ones), insects, fish and small reptiles . Sea levels reached ~200m higher than today, due to the warmer climate at the end of the period, which was likely moderate at the start of the era. However due to continental drift it became much warmer in come places and much colder in areas where life was located. This era ended with the greatest known mass extinction in history . [ edit ] Cambrian The Cambrian (from Cambria, the classical name for Wales ) was a geologic period of time that lasted from 542 to 488 million years ago. It was the first period of the Paleozoic era, and is distinguished from the preceding Pre-Cambrian period by a spectacular increase in the number of living organisms; specifically, the emergence of multicellular life that possessed hard exoskeletons, and the divergence of many modern phyla like Mollusca , Echinodermata and, notably, Chordata, which of course is the phylum that contains all vertebrate life. The Cambrian explosion is often misunderstood by creationists; see that article for why. It should also be noted that most of the lifeforms peculiar to the Cambrian looked freaking awesome. [ edit ] Ordovician The Ordovician (from the Ordovices, a Welsh tribe) is the name given to a geologic period of time following the Cambrian and preceding the Silurian period. It lasted from 488 to 443 million years ago, and was the second period of the Paleozoic era. Some interesting facts include: Seas were ~180m higher than present day Southern continents were grouped into one named Gondwana First land plant spores ~470 million years ago Ocean temperatures may have reached 45°C An Extinction is thought to have been caused by an ice age , and it started with an extinction event as well. [ edit ] Silurian Yay, fish! The Silurian (from the Silures, a Welsh tribe) is a period of geologic time that lasted from approximately 443 to 416 million years ago. It was preceded by the Ordovician period (the boundary between the two is marked by a mass extinction event) and was followed by the Devonian period. The Silurian period saw the first appearance of coral reefs and jawed fish in the fossil record, in addition to widespread terrestrial plant life. [ edit ] Devonian The quarry in Devon whose rocks gave the period its name. The Devonian (from Devon, the English county where rocks from this period were first identified) is a period of geologic time that lasted from approximately 416 to 359 million years ago. It was preceded by the Silurian period and followed by the Carboniferous period. The Devonian period was marked by the formation of large continents, which would later conglomerate into Pangaea . It also witnessed extensive colonisation of the land by plants, and the emergence of the first terrestrial animals (insects and other arthropods). By the end of the period, the first amphibians had appeared in the fossil record. Marine life was dominated by bony fishes, which first appeared in the Silurian period. The end of the Devonian period was marked by a mass extinction event. [ edit ] Carboniferous The Carboniferous (coal-bearing) is the name given to a geologic period of time that lasted from approximately 359 to 299 million years ago. It was preceded by the Devonian period and followed by the Permian period. Its name is derived from the numerous coal beds that were laid down during this time. The supercontinent Pangaea formed during the Carboniferous period. Animal colonisation of the land increased, with the diversification of arthropods and amphibians . It was during the Carboniferous that most of today's so-called " fossil fuel " deposits were laid down. It is often divided into the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian time periods. The massive amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere enabled arthropods to grow to enormous sizes (for arthropods—think volleyball size, not monster-movie size). [ edit ] Permian The P-T boundry The Permian (named after the kingdom of Permia, Russia ) was the final geological time period of the Paleozoic era, and extended from 290 million years ago to 250 million years ago. [1] It was preceded by the Carboniferous period and succeeded by the Triassic . The start of the Permian was cool and dry; however, by its end the temperature on Earth reached levels higher than at any time since the Cambrian explosion and higher than at any point since. The continents were in one giant landmass called Pangaea . [ edit ] Young earth creationist claims Young Earth creationists claim that the split of Pangaea was a result of the flood [2] . Many young Earth creationists address the high volcanic activity due to the meteorite that is said to have impacted the Earth, and allegedly caused the flood. They state this even though true scientists claim there was a drought - which is the opposite of a flood. Indeed, over the course of the Permian sea levels dropped around 80 meters, [3] creating many basins of salt from evaporated seas. [ edit ] "The Great Dying" The Permian Mass Extinction was the worst extinction within the most recent 600 million years of Earth's history. It happened somewhere between 251 and 248 million years ago, marking the transition from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic Era. This event is estimated to have killed off 90-95% of sea life and about 70% of land organisms. [4] Various hypotheses have been put forth on what caused this event including an asteroid or comet impact, volcanic activity, radiation from a nearby supernova , global warming, or a combination of any or all of the above factors. Many scientists speculate that the formation of Pangaea played a major role in the Permian Mass Extinction, in that all of the continents coming together would have reduced the amount of shoreline, as well as induces desertification of the interior of Pangaea. Furthermore, the amount of land over both the North Pole and South Pole would have caused massive glaciation, and further reduced shallow-water marine habitats by lowering the sea level. [ edit ] Triassic The Triassic is the name given to a geological time period which extended from 251 to 199 million years ago. The Triassic is the start of the Mesozoic Era. It is preceded by the Permian and succeeded by the Jurassic . It followed the largest extinction event known, the P/T, with 95% of species dying. It is the first geological period in which dinosaurs appear. Yay, dinosaurs! Oil , too! Synapsids also survived into and developed in the Triassic; they would later evolve into mammals . [ edit ] Jurassic DInosaurs! The Jurassic is the geological time period between the Triassic and Cretaceous periods and lasted from 199.6 million years ago to 145.5 million years ago. The Jurassic period is named for the Jura mountains in Europe , where rocks from this era can be found. Dinosaurs were the dominant animal group in this period, and the largest animals to ever walk the Earth emerged during this period, the sauropods—just like in the movie. However, most of the creatures shown in Jurassic Park actually lived during the Cretaceous. [ edit ] Cretaceous The Cretaceous was a geologic period of time that lasted from approximately 145 to 65 million years ago. It was preceded by the Jurassic period and followed by the Paleogene period, the latter boundary also forming the demarcation between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. It was the last period of the "Age of Reptiles ": dinosaurs , pterosaurs and marine reptiles were the dominant global megafauna. [ edit ] K-T Extinction The end of the Cretaceous period was marked by a mass extinction event known as the K-T (Cretaceous-Tertiary [5] ) Extinction, now also known as the K-Pg Extinction using the more modern timescale. It is believed to be caused by a combination of a meteorite impact and volcanic activity, and resulted in the extinction of nearly all of the hitherto dominant dinosaurs ( birds survived), in addition to the pterosaurs, many marine reptiles, several mollusc groups, and other organisms. This is the most famous and widely known mass extinction (due to the mass appeal of dinosaurs), though it isn't the largest or most recent. The largest event is considered to be the Permian – Triassic extinction event, and the most recent may well be occurring now. [ edit ] Cenozoic The Cenozoic Era is a geologic period that includes the last 65 million years. It begins with the mass extinction of non-avian dinosaurs [6] 65 million years ago. The Cenozoic Era is divided into Paleogene and Neogene periods, which are further broken up into nine epochs. Given the relatively recent time frame, the Cenozoic period is the best understood of all geological time periods including everything from weather features, temperature, geological changes, changes in life forms including detailed evolutions and extinctions. [ edit ] Paleogene The Paleogene was a geologic period that lasted from approximately 65 to 23 million years ago. It was also the first period of the Cenozoic era. It was preceded by the Cretaceous period and followed by the Neogene period. (Formerly the Paleogene and Neogene were lumped together as the Tertiary period.) The Paleogene period is itself divided into three epochs: the Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene. The Paleogene period began with the K-T extinction , an event that removed most of the then-dominant dinosaurs from the ecosystem, along with many other groups, and allowed mammals and the one surviving group of dinosaurs, birds , to proliferate. [ edit ] Neogene The Neogene was a geologic period that lasted from approximately 23 to 2.6 million years ago. Alternatively, it has been argued that the current Quaternary period should be included within the Neogene period. It followed the Paleogene period, and was the second period of the Cenozoic era. It is subdivided into two epochs: the Miocene (23 to 5.3 million years ago) and the Pliocene (5.3 to 2.6 million years ago). [7] During the Neogene period, the continents roughly assumed their present positions and the world's flora and fauna evolved into forms of which the majority would be comparable with modern species. The genus Homo, which would eventually give rise to humans (us!), also appeared at the end of the Neogene. [ edit ] Quaternary The Quaternary is the current geologic time period, which began approximately 2.6 million years ago. [8] It is divided into two epochs: the older Pleistocene (2.6 million to 11,700 years ago) and the current Holocene (11,700 years ago to the present). [9] Its status, however, is disputed, as some geologists claim that it should be included within the preceding Neogene period. The name Quaternary itself derives from the obsolete Primitive (or Primary), Secondary and Tertiary periods which were classified by the Italian geologist, Giovanni Arduino, in 1760. The Primitive referred to crystalline basement rocks, Secondary to consolidated sedimentary rocks, and Tertiary to alluvial rocks that were thought to have been deposited by the Global Flood but now corresponds to the period of time covered by the Paleogene and Neogene periods. Whether it remains a separate period or not, the Quaternary is of particular importance to humanity as this is the time when Homo sapiens evolved. The period has also been marked by frequent glacial periods , of which more are forecast to come (unless global warming changes the plan and ends the ongoing ice age). [ edit ] The Future Assuming that the processes of the past continue to operate as they have and something else doesn't drastically change the current geologic motions, the Pacific Ocean will be subducted under the Eurasian and North American Plates as the Atlantic Ocean expands, pushing the two continents together into a new super-continent, nicknamed "Amasia" (not to be confused with the Amero ) by some, potentially centered around the North Pole. [10] Beyond that we have only wild speculation as to what will happen, as Amasia is predicted to form around a hundred million years in the future and from there it's anybody's guess. However Geologic time will continue until the world itself ceases to exist, even if only as a dead husk orbiting a long dead star. [ edit ] Summary in table form	Silurian
"What was the 'Asahi Shimbun', first produced 24th, September 1980, and advertised as ""untouched by human hand""?"	Steve Stone Coral Reef Foundation Steve Stone Coral Reef Foundation Geologic Time Geologic History of Reef Construction Bacteria. They were the first life forms on Earth and have managed to exploit virtually every environment on the planet. We find them deep underground in oil pools and even within solid rock. They occur in the deepest parts of the ocean and high up in the atmosphere. They are incredibly important as decomposers and as mutualistic "partners" in many symbiotic relationships. The cyanobacteria are important photosynthesizers that contribute free oxygen to the atmosphere. In this essential process, they are part of a trinity of O2-producers which includes the various species of marine algae and the land plants. They were also the very first reef-builders on Earth. Stromatolite Reef (exposed at low tide in Shark Bay, Australia) Evidence of ancient cyanobacterial growth has been found in rocks as old as 3.5 billion years. Known as stromatolites, these organosedimentary structures comprised the bulk of the fossil record during the Archean Eon and most of the Proterozoic Eon. Vast reefs were produced by the actions of cyanobacteria who were joined by the red algae (Rhodophyta), brown algae (Phaeophyta), and green algae (Chlorophyta) during the Proterozoic. These stupendous reef-building projects were curtailed during the Cambrian Period by the emergence of a host of "grazing" invertebrates which took advantage of the extensive bacterial and algal mats. Consequently, although stromatolites are still being produced today, they are nowhere near as abundant as they once were. Cambrian Period The Cambrian Period also witnessed the rise of the first skeletal reef-building organisms on Earth, the Archeocyathids. Unfortunately, their time on Earth would be brief. The entire phylum, consisting of 16 families and some 80 genera, disappeared from the fossil record just prior to the end of the Cambrian Period. But during that relatively short period of geologic time, these primitive "cup animals" constructed some large and impressive reefs, usually in association with stromatolites and sponges. For the sponges also make their appearance during the Cambrian Period. Significantly for our story, this period of Earth's history also witnessed the rise of the massive, colonial stromatoporoid sponges. This group of formidable reef-builders would prove to be far more successful than the Archeocyathids, persisting and surviving in the shallow seas of our planet well into the Tertiary Period. Thriving in the warm waters of the early Paleozoic seas, the stromatoporoids will join a new group of reef-builders during the Ordovician Period. Solitary Rugose Corals (showing the classic "horn-shaped" structure of these Ordovician species) Ordovician Period During the middle part of the Ordovician Period, a major marine transgression resulted in widespread inundation of the continental cratons. As a result of this increase in the shallow marine environment, benthic organisms proliferated. Among these were three great reef-building groups and a significant contributor to the reefs being constructed at this time. The stromatoporoid sponges comprise one of the reef-building groups, but the other two are corals. Known as the tabulate corals and the rugose corals, these novel and revolutionary forms of life would become the premier reef-builders of the Paleozoic. It is this trinity of stromatoporoid sponges, tabulate corals, and rugose corals that would dominate reef-building during the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian Periods. They would be assisted in this effort by the trepostome bryozoans. These "stony bryozoans" constructed dense carbonate structures which contributed significantly to the coral reefs, helping to "glue" them together into a compact mass. The trepostomes flourished during the Ordovician but then steadily declined during the Silurian and Devonian Periods. Silurian Period The tabulate corals were the principal reef-building corals during the Silurian Period. Their place was gradually taken by the rugose corals during the following Devonian Period. But both groups coexisted during this period and would continue to do so to the very end. Both groups are important in that the tabulate corals were the world's first true coral reef builders and the rugose corals literally set the stage for modern-day coral reef systems. Tabulate Coral (Favosites species), Devonian Period Devonian Period Near the end of the Devonian Period, a mass extinction event occurred in the marine ecosystem which resulted in a global collapse of the world's reef communities. The massive reef structures of the Silurian and Devonian Periods virtually disappeared, being replaced by smaller "patch" reefs dominated by sea lilies, bryozoans, brachiopods, and calcareous algae. Of course, "life will find a way" and this unoccupied niche in the shallow marine environment could not remain vacant for long. By the middle of the Mississippian Period, another group of important reef-building tabulate corals had emerged to fill the gap. The chaetetids, as they are called, became the dominant constructors of reefs during the Pennsylvanian Period. Their populations then declined somewhat, but they somehow managed to survive the great Permian extinction event. This catastrophic die-off wiped out over 90% of the life forms on Earth. The slate was nearly wiped clean and the world would never be the same again. A new and vibrant group of reef-building corals would appear and come to dominate the reef systems of the world. Known as the scleractinians, this group of highly successful corals made their appearance during the Triassic Period, shortly after the demise of the tabulate and rugose corals. The scleractinians are still with us today. The huge coral reefs that flourish in the tropical waters of present-day Earth are a testament to their success. Fossil Bryozoans (including both lace-like and branching forms) Jurassic Period Their history was one of success, but only when water conditions were nearly perfect. During the Jurassic Period, a group of unusual reef-building clams known as the rudistids actually came to dominate some portions of the shallow epeiric seas surrounding the land masses. In highly saline waters, rudistids frequently out-competed the scleractinians. But the corals would turn out to be the ultimate winners. The rudistid clams vanished from the fossil record at the end of the Cretaceous Period. Cretaceous Period The Cretaceous Period witnessed the rise of another Cnidarian reef-building group that survived the Cretaceous extinction event and went on to dominate the warm Tertiary seas that followed. The colonial reef-building hydrozoans known as the milleporids joined the scleractinian corals in constructing massive reefs during this period of time. Yet another group of Cnidarians appeared during the Cretaceous Period, survived the die-off, and then joined the milleporids and scleractinians in constructing reefs during the following Tertiary Period. The coenothecalians secreted massive CaCO3 skeletons which augmented and strengthened the structures produced by the other reef-building groups. The Modern Era The coral reefs of today are dominated by scleractinian corals, although some coenothecalians like the Blue Coral (Heliopora coerulea) are locally quite abundant. But again, only in waters where temperature, chemistry, and turbidity levels are nearly perfect do we find healthy, thriving coral. In less than perfect conditions, coral is easily stressed and can be out-competed by other benthic sessile, encrusting organisms. Red coralline algae in particular is notorious for colonizing and "taking over" coral reef substrate when water conditions are compromised.	i don't know
R.V. Shepherd and H.J. Turpin invented which light sub- machine gun?	Sten \| Define Sten at Dictionary.com noun 1. a light 9 mm sub-machine-gun formerly used in the British Army and Commonwealth forces, developed during World War II Word Origin C20: from s and t (initials of Shepherd and Turpin, the inventors) + -en, as in Bren gun Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for sten Expand Sten n. type of light, rapid-fire submachine gun, 1942, from initials of surnames of designers R.V. Shepherd and H.J. Turpin + En(field) (see Bren ). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper People invent new words all the time, but which ones actually make it? Word of the Day	Sten
Who played the part of 'Alfie' in the 1975 film 'Alfie Darling'?	Sten gun – British machine carbine Mk2 (Mark 2) from WW II British machine carbine Marks 1-5 British soldiers with a Mk 2 Sten gun. Sten gun, machine carbine Marks 1-5 Type: sub-machine gun History In the summer of 1940 the British Government began to look seriously at the submachine gun question, and in August a decision was taken to put into production a copy of the German MP28 from WW1, an order for 50,000 weapons being contemplated. At the same time an order for 110 million rounds of 9mm ammunition was placed in the USA, since the manufacturing capacity for this caliber in Britain was then negligible. An acceptance trial of the new weapon, known as the Lanchester, was carried out on 28 November 1940 and arrangements for production were put in hand. Then, in the first few days of January 1941, the situation changed. A simplified weapon, designated the ‘N.O.T. 40/1’ was produced by Major R. V. Shepherd and Mr. H. J. Turpin of the Chief superintendent of Design’s department. It was demonstrated at the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield Lock on 10 January 1941 and again on 21 January, whereupon instructions were given for an immediate trial and a rapid decision as to whether the manufacture of the Lanchester should proceed as planned or whether its production should be curtailed in favor of the new design. As the Ordnance Board pointed out the following day, ‘the most important consideration at the moment seems to be to get some form of machine carbine acceptable to all three services into production as quickly as possible.’ The N.O.T.40/1 was tested and a report submitted on 31 January. The various tests were passed satisfactorily, 5400 rounds being fired without breakages or malfunction. The report concluded by saying, ‘This carbine appears to be fundamentally sound and functions satisfactorily and accurately.’ Arrangements were then made to organize production and the first weapons began to come from the factories in June 1941. The result of all this effort was the Sten Mark 1. While it was a simple weapon, it still had a certain amount of refinement; there was a wooden fore-end and a folding grip for the forward hand, a barrel jacket and protectors for the foresight, and a flash hider-cum-muzzle compensator. A safety slot at the rear of the cocking handle slot allowed the lever to be turned down and locked as a rudimentary safety measure. Sten gun Mark 1 with folding hand grip and muzzle flash hider. Once production began it was appreciated that some of this refinement could be shorn off, thus both speeding production and lightening the gun. The flash hider and fore-grip went, and the wooden fore-end replaced by a sheet metal cover over the trigger mechanism. This became the Mark 1. But further simplification was possible, and a Sten gun Mark 2 version, probably the most common of all the Marks, soon entered service. This dispensed with the barrel jacket, retaining the barrel by a large perforated sleeve which doubled as a forward hand grip; the magazine housing was modified so that it could be swung down through 90 degrees to close the feed and ejection openings against dirt; and the safety slot was repositioned at the top rear of the cocking handle slot, since turning the handle up to lock was an easier movement than turning it down. Over two million of this pattern were made, and at one stage they were being turned out at a rate of over 20,000 a week from one factory alone, and the price of manufacture was down to £2.87 per gun. The Mark 2 was first used in action during the Dieppe raid of August 1942, and though the raid was a fiasco there were no complaints about the part the Sten gun played in it. Next came the Mark 3; even easier to manufacture, this dispensed with the removable barrel and movable magazine housing, containing everything within a welded steel tube with a stiffening rib along the top which also aided quick sighting. A British paratrooper using his Sten gun Mark 5 during the battle at Arnheim, the first time this model was used in combat. A Mark 4, intended for Airborne troops was next designed but never put into production, and in 1944 the Mark 5 was issued. This was rather more carefully made than the previous marks and had a wooden butt and pistol grip. The muzzle and front sight were of the same pattern as those of the Number 4 rifle, allowing a bayonet to be fitted. This model was first issued to Airborne troops and had its baptism of fire at the Battle of Arnhem , after which it became the standard issue model and gradually replaced the earlier versions. A silenced version of the Mark 2, known as the Mark 2S was developed for Commando use, and there was also a silenced version of the Mark 5, the Mark 6. The Sten was a highly successful weapon; its introduction was greeted with some reserve by soldiers who were accustomed to more elegant products, but its performance in battle showed that looks count for little, and the initial misgivings soon died away. It was not without its defects; perhaps the worst was the design of the magazine, which was never entirely satisfactory and unless carefully looked after was prone to deformation of the lips and consequent misfeed. But in spite of this it was one of the most effective submachine guns of the entire war, and countless thousands are still in existence around the world. It was copied extensively; resistance and partisan groups in Europe manufactured their own versions, using a parachute-supplied Sten as their pattern; the German Army copied it, with some slight modification, calling it the MP3008; and perhaps the most remarkable of the wartime copies was a German forgery, complete even to the Enfield inspector’s stamps, intended for issue to German guerrilla forces intended to harass the Allied troops in Germany. Since WW2 laudable copies have been seen from China, Kenya, the Northwest Frontier of India, Cyprus and Indonesia, all made in primitive conditions by irregular forces. Imitation, after all, is the sincerest form of flattery. Pictures of Sten Gun A French resistance fighter using a Mark 2 Sten gun. The Mark 2 silenced Sten gun. A variant Mark 2 Sten gun without trigger guard. The British Mark 2 Sten gun (above) compared with the German copy (bewlow), produced for use by Werewolves guerillias. 3d model Sten Mk 2 Data for Sten gun Mk 2 Technical data	i don't know
In March 2003, which 29 year-old became the youngest ever recipient of the Best Actor 'Oscar'?	Hollywood Golden Guy - 75th Academy Awards Anniversary Page The 75th Academy Awards honored the best films of 2002, were held on March 23, 2003, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, California. It was produced by Gil Cates and hosted for the second time by Steve Martin. The nominees were announced on February 11, 2003, by Academy president Frank Pierson and actress Marisa Tomei, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in the Academy's Beverly Hills headquarters. Chicago led the nominations with thirteen. The film went on to win six Oscars including Best Picture, the first musical to win this category since Oliver! in 1968. Roman Polanski, who was nominated for the fourth time, won the Oscar for Best Director. Adrien Brody, at age 29, became the youngest ever recipient of the Best Actor Award for his role in The Pianist Best Picture: Chicago Ugh, Russell Crowe said 'don't cry if you get up there' and now i'm crying. [turn around, crying]. Sorry.." - Nicole Kidman, upon received her Oscar for Best Actress. "We live in fictitious times. We live in the time where we have fictitious election results, that elect a fictitious president. We live in a time where we have a man sending us to war for fictitious reasons. Whether it's the fiction of duct tape or fiction of orange alerts, we are against this war, Mr. Bush. Shame on you, Mr. Bush! Shame on you! And any time you got the Pope and the Dixie Chicks against you, your time is up! Thank you very much!" - Michael Moore, as he received his Oscar for Best Documentary Bowling for Columbine. "It was so sweet backstage, you should have seen it. The Teamsters were helping Michael Moore into the trunk of his limo." â€“ host Steve Martin, after Michael Moore's acceptance "In About Schmidt, Jack Nicholson plays a retired insurance executive who climbs into a hot tub with Kathy Bates...But hey, who hasn't?" - host Steve Martin. "Every time an Oscar is given out, an agent gets his wings." - Kathy Bates. "There comes a time in life when everything makes sense. This is not one of those times." - Adrien Brody after winning Best Actor. "...you know, it fills me with great joy. But I am also filled with a lot of sadness tonight, because I'm accepting an award at -- at such a strange time. And you know my experiences of making this film made me very aware of the sadness and the dehumanization of people at times of war, and the repercussions of war. And whomever you believe in, if it's God or Allah, may He watch over you, and let's pray for a peaceful and swift resolution."- Adrien Brody.	Adrien Brody
Who was voted FIFA 'Footballer Of The Year' 2003?	2002 Academy Awards® Winners Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (2002) Treasure Planet (2002) Actor: ADRIEN BRODY in "The Pianist," Nicolas Cage in "Adaptation.," Michael Caine in "The Quiet American," Daniel Day-Lewis in "Gangs of New York," Jack Nicholson in "About Schmidt" Actress: NICOLE KIDMAN in "The Hours," Salma Hayek in "Frida," Diane Lane in "Unfaithful," Julianne Moore in "Far from Heaven," Renee Zellweger in "Chicago" Supporting Actor: CHRIS COOPER in "Adaptation.," Ed Harris in "The Hours," Paul Newman in "Road to Perdition," John C. Reilly in "Chicago," Christopher Walken in "Catch Me If You Can" Supporting Actress: CATHERINE ZETA-JONES in "Chicago," "Kathy Bates in "About Schmidt," Julianne Moore in "The Hours," Queen Latifah for "Chicago," Meryl Streep in "Adaptation." Director: ROMAN POLANSKI for "The Pianist," Rob Marshall for "Chicago," Martin Scorsese for "Gangs of New York," Stephen Daldry for "The Hours," Pedro Almodovar for "Talk to Her" This was the first year that the Academy Awards ceremony was broadcast in high-definition television. All five of the Best Picture nominees were released in the last two weeks of 2002 (December 18 or after). All of them were also set in the past. The most-nominated film of this year's Best Picture competitors, Chicago, with thirteen nominations, was also the Best Picture Oscar winner - and the film debut of choreographer and first-time feature director Rob Marshall. Chicago became the first musical to win the top honor since Oliver! (1968) - 34 years earlier. It marked the second-consecutive year that a live-action musical received a Best Picture nomination (last year's nominee was Moulin Rouge (2001)) - after a long spell of non-recognition for the genre - since Fiddler on the Roof (1971) and Cabaret (1972) were nominated back-to-back. Chicago won six Oscars from its thirteen nominations, mostly in minor categories: Best Picture, Best Supporting Actress (Catherine Zeta-Jones), Best Sound, Best Art Direction, Best Film Editing, and Best Costume Design. Its seven other nominations included three additional acting nominations (Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress, and Best Supporting Actor), Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay (Bill Condon), Best Cinematography, and Best Original Song ("I Move On"). [Chicago tied the record set by Mary Poppins (1964) of 13 nominations for a musical. Chicago's impressive nominations-total tied with seven other films having the same honor: All About Eve (1950) and Titanic (1997) each had 14 nominations.] Chicago was a musical drama and a screen adaptation of the hit, mid-70s Broadway musical Chicago from John Kander and Fred Ebb, originally directed and choreographed by Bob Fosse, and revived on Broadway in 1996. The sexy musical extravaganza, based on a 1926 play by Chicago Tribune reporter Maurine Dallas Watkins, told a tale of mid-1920s murderous passion involving two cold-blooded, cell-block chorus girls (Renee Zellweger and Catherine Zeta-Jones) who became rivals for tabloid celebrity status and fame. The other four Best Picture nominees included: Roman Polanski's harrowing, semi-autobiographical, dark WWII non-documentary tale, The Pianist (with seven nominations and three wins including Best Director, Best Actor (Adrien Brody), and Best Adapted Screenplay) - an adaptation of Polish Jew Wladyslaw Szpilman's 1946 Holocaust memoirs, and the Palme d'Or winner at Cannes Martin Scorsese's historical epic Gangs of New York (with a total of ten nominations, but with only one acting nominee, and no Oscar wins), about Manhattan gang warfare in the mid-19th century the poignant, dramatic, literary triptych from director Stephen Daldry, The Hours (with nine nominations and only one win, Best Actress for Nicole Kidman) about three women's interconnected lives (via Virginia Woolf) over a period of over 75 years - a film adaptation of Michael Cunningham's 1999 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by screenwriter David Hare the enormously-successful (the fourth-highest-grossing Best Picture nominee ever), epic adventure of the fictional Middle Earth from director Peter Jackson, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (with six nominations and two wins, Best Visual Effects and Best Sound Editing) - the second film in the fantasy trilogy and only the third sequel to be nominated for Best Picture (the other sequels to be so honored previously were The Bells of St. Mary's (1945) and The Godfather, Part II (1974) - with a second 'sequel' of sorts, The Godfather, Part III (1990) which was also nominated for Best Picture!). Its predecessor, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) had 13 nominations and also won in technical categories: four similar minor Oscar wins for Best Visual Effects, Best Cinematography, Best Makeup, and Best Original Score. Two other films scored six nominations, although they weren't nominated for Best Picture: Frida (with two Oscar wins, Best Makeup and Best Original Score) and Road to Perdition (with one win, a posthumous one for Best Cinematography to Conrad L. Hall, his third Oscar.) [Hall was a 10-time Best Cinematography nominee who had previously won for American Beauty (1999) and Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) .] Disney-owned Miramax Studios was associated with three of the Best Picture nominees: Miramax distributed Chicago and Gangs of New York, and co-produced The Hours (sharing the honors with Paramount). New Line released The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers , and Focus Features distributed The Pianist. [This year marked the last year of Miramax boss Harvey Weinstein's 11-year run of consecutive Best Picture nominees (from 1992-2002) - the longest streak for any studio since the Academy limited the number of Best Picture nominees to five in 1944. The streak ended with no Best Picture nomination for Miramax's Cold Mountain (2003).] In regards to the five Best Director nominees, an upset occurred when exiled fugitive (on a statutory rape charge of having sex with a 13 year old), 69 year-old Roman Polanski (with three Best Director nominations) took his first Best Director Oscar for the Holocaust drama The Pianist. In addition, with his win he became the oldest Best Director in Academy history, surpassing 65 year-old George Cukor for My Fair Lady (1964) . His previous nominations were for Chinatown (1974) and Tess(1980). The four other Best Director nominations included: Martin Scorsese with his sixth career nomination and fourth Best Director nod (with no wins) for Gangs of New York, after previous nominations for Raging Bull (1980) , The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), and GoodFellas (1990) . His three hour epic of Gotham City's Five Points was in the planning stages for over 25 years British director Stephen Daldry with his second Best Director nomination (with no wins), after a previous nomination for Billy Elliot (2000) Spanish film director Pedro Almodovar with his first Best Director nomination, for the quirky romance Talk to Her (with only two nominations and one win - Best Original Screenplay for Almodovar), although Almodovar had already won one Oscar, for All About My Mother (1999) - the year's Best Foreign Language Film Chicago's director Rob Marshall with his first Best Director nomination for the Best Picture winner Almodovar's Best Director nomination for an un-nominated Best Picture film (that was also not submitted as an official Best Foreign-Language Film contender) replaced Peter Jackson's expected spot in this year's slate. (Jackson had earned a Best Director nomination for the fantasy trilogy's first chapter last year, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) .) Before this year, the last time that all five Best Picture nominees matched the Best Director nominees was 1981. The winner of Best Animated Feature Film, the second year of the category's existence, was the magical, ecological-minded Japanese anime Spirited Away, created by legendary animator Hayao Miyazaki, who wrote and directed the beautiful and evocative cel-animated movie (the only traditionally-animated film to ever win the award). It was the first anime to win the Oscar in this category. It was also the highest-grossing Japanese film of all time. For the only time in Academy Award history, five animated films qualified for the category, and surprisingly, only one was completely or purely CGI (Ice Age). All of the performance/acting nominations were for compelling and rich performances. Chicago had four acting nominations (with only one acting Oscar win), and The Hours and Adaptation both exhibited great ensemble acting - each had three nominated performers (and each won one acting Oscar). Both Oscars for the lead and supporting actor categories were won by first-time nominees. The Best Actor category included a strong contingent of character actors, with four veteran Oscar winners and only one newcomer. Nominees Michael Caine and Jack Nicholson had both earned nominations for films in five consecutive decades. Except for Adrien Brody, all the Best Actor contenders had been nominated and won Oscars previously. The longshot winner was 29 year-old Adrien Brody (with his first nomination and first Oscar) for his sensitive role as Wladyslaw Szpilman, a gifted Jewish piano player in Poland who survives the Holocaust, in Roman Polanski's The Pianist. With his win, he became the youngest Best Actor winner in Academy history. The other Best Actor nominees were: 39 year-old Nicolas Cage (with his second nomination, after winning the Best Actor Oscar for Leaving Las Vegas (1995)) in a dual role as struggling, neurotic screenwriter Charlie Kaufman (the film's real-life scriptwriter) attempting to adapt Susan Orlean's non-fiction best-seller The Orchid Thief, and as his oafish identical twin brother Donald Kaufman, in director Spike Jonze's Adaptation (with four nominations and only one win, Best Supporting Actor) [Trivia note: Donald Kaufman is the first (and only) fictional person ever to be nominated (or co-nominated) for an Academy Award] Michael Caine (with his sixth career nomination, and fourth Best Actor nomination) in director Phillip Noyce's political drama The Quiet American (the film's sole nomination, with no wins) - an adaptation of Graham Greene's novel about the Vietnam conflict, as Thomas Fowler, a married but lovelorn, dissolute British journalist for the London Times reporting on the Indo-China conflict in the early 1950s, while keeping a young Vietnamese mistress. Noyce's film, although completed in 2001, was not released until 2002 due to the September 11th terrorist attack. [Caine already has won two Best Supporting Actor Oscars, for Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) and for The Cider House Rules (1999) and has yet to win a Best Actor Oscar.] Daniel Day-Lewis (with his third Best Actor nomination) [previously, Day-Lewis won his sole Oscar for My Left Foot (1989)] as the violent, knife-wielding, roguish William "Bill the Butcher" Cutting, head of the "Native Americans" Manhattan underworld ghetto gang who wars against Liam Neeson's Irish gang, the "Dead Rabbits" and Neeson's vengeful son Amsterdam (Leonardo DiCaprio) 16 years later in Scorsese's mid-1800's epic Gangs of New York 65 year-old Jack Nicholson (with his twelfth nomination stretching over a period of 34 years, and 8th Best Actor nomination) as retired, Midwestern (Ohama), widowed insurance salesman Warren Schmidt in director Alexander Payne's black comedy About Schmidt (with two nominations and no wins), who travels in his Winnebago to try and prevent his daughter from marrying a water-bed salesman. [Nicholson's twelfth nomination gave him the honor of being the most-nominated actor ever. He had already won three career Oscars (two were Best Actor awards, for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) and for As Good As It Gets (1997)). If Nicholson had won the Best Actor Oscar, he would have tied Katharine Hepburn's long-time record of four Oscar wins.] The Best Supporting Actor category also included both veteran and newcomer actors, only one of whom has ever won a Best Supporting Actor award (Walken). One of the nominees, John C. Reilly, also co-starred in three Best Picture nominated films: Chicago, The Hours and Gangs of New York. [This feat was first accomplished by Claudette Colbert in 1934, and then repeated by Charles Laughton in 1935 and Thomas Mitchell in 1939.] [Note: The first performer who had three appearances in Best Picture-nominated films in the same year was Claudette Colbert, in 1934: Cleopatra (1934) , It Happened One Night (1934), and Imitation of Life (1934). Charles Laughton also appeared in Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) , Les Miserables (1935), and Ruggles of Red Gap (1935) in 1935, and Thomas Mitchell appeared in three Best Picture-nominated films in 1939: The Best Supporting Actor winner was Chris Cooper (with his first nomination) as crusading, self-absorbed, garrulous, scraggly and almost toothless orchid lover/thief John Laroche in Adaptation. The other Best Supporting Actor nominees were: Ed Harris (with his fourth nomination and third supporting nomination, with no wins) as Meryl Streep's ex-boyfriend and AIDS-stricken gay patient and poet Richard Brown in The Hours [Harris was previously nominated as Best Supporting Actor for Apollo 13 (1995) and The Truman Show (1998), and as Best Actor for Pollock (2000).] 78 year-old veteran actor Paul Newman (with his ninth career nomination for acting - and his first nomination as Best Supporting Actor) as aging, Depression-era, Irish gangster godfather/boss John Rooney in Dreamworks' and Sam Mendes' Road to Perdition [Newman has won one Best Actor Oscar, for The Color of Money (1986). In addition to his performance nominations, he has one other nomination as producer for Best Picture-nominee Rachel, Rachel (1968).] John C. Reilly (with his first nomination) as Amos Hart, Renee Zellweger's put-upon, submissive, jilted and cuckolded husband in Chicago 59 year-old Christopher Walken (with his second nomination) as failed businessman Frank Abagnale Sr., con artist Leonardo DiCaprio's father in director Steven Spielberg's crime caper Catch Me If You Can (one of the film's two nominations) [Walken previously won the Best Supporting Oscar for his only other nomination, for The Deer Hunter (1978) .] According to reports, the average of this year's Best Actress nominees was 37 years - the youngest group of nominees since 1994. None of this year's Best Actress nominees had ever won an Oscar. The Best Actress category includes two repeat Best Actress nominees from the previous year (Nicole Kidman and Renee Zellweger) who both lost to African-American winner Halle Berry for Monster's Ball (2001). And the list of nominees included a double-nominee - Julianne Moore, who was also nominated in the supporting category (in two similar roles as an unhappy 50s housewife). [Moore's double nominations made her the ninth performer to have two acting nominations in the same year. Other years in which a female performer had been nominated twice for different films in the same year include: 1938, 1942, 1982, 1988, and 1993 (two actresses), and 1944 and 1992 for a male performer. If Moore had won in both categories, she would have been the first actress and performer to do so.] The Best Actress winner was 35 year-old Australian Nicole Kidman (with her second Best Actress nomination and first Oscar win) as Virginia Woolf, the troubled and depressed author of Mrs. Dalloway in The Hours. [Kidman was previously nominated for Moulin Rouge (2001)]. The other Best Actress nominees were: 36 year-old Mexican-born actress/producer Salma Hayek (with her first nomination) as iconoclastic, single-browed, fierce Mexican painter Frida Kahlo in director Julie Taymor's biographical drama Frida - Hayek's nomination is also a milestone - she is the first Mexican ever to be nominated for Best Actress [Mexico had a record number of nominations this year - including Best Foreign Film (El Crimen del Padre Amaro), Best Original Screenplay for Y Tu Mama Tambien, and Best Director and Best Original Screenplay for Talk to Her.] 38 year-old Diane Lane (with her first nomination for her 42nd film) as Richard Gere's cheating and anguished suburban housewife Connie Sumner in director Adrian Lyne's steamy erotic thriller Unfaithful (the film's sole nomination) 43 year-old Julianne Moore (with her third/fourth career nominations, with no wins) as frustrated 50s Connecticut housewife Cathy Whitaker who fails to act upon her impulse to cheat with black gardener (Dennis Haysbert) in director Todd Haynes' melodramatic Far From Heaven (with four nominations and no wins) [Moore was previously nominated as Best Supporting Actress for Boogie Nights (1997), and Best Actress for The End of the Affair (1999).] Renee Zellweger (with her second Best Actress nomination) as scheming, mid-20s, imprisoned chorus dancer Roxie Hart in Chicago [Zellweger was previously nominated for Bridget Jones's Diary (2001).] The Best Supporting Actress category included two competing performances from Chicago. It has been noted that three of the performances (Moore, Streep, and Zeta-Jones) in the Best Picture were not really supportive roles, but lead roles. The surprise winner was 33 year-old Catherine Zeta-Jones (with her first nomination and Oscar) as rival jailhouse murderess and high-stepping cabaret star Velma Kelly in Chicago. She became the first performer to win an Oscar for a musical since 1972, when both Joel Grey (in a supporting role) and Liza Minnelli (in a lead role) won acting Oscars for Cabaret (1972) . [It was the third time that a husband/wife had acting Oscars (husband Michael Douglas won Best Actor for Wall Street (1987)). The other previous winning couples were Paul Newman-Joanne Woodward, and Laurence Olivier-Vivien Leigh.] The other Best Supporting Actress nominees were: 54 year-old Kathy Bates (with her third nomination after one Oscar win) in a scene-stealing, hot-tub performance as free-spirited, bawdy Roberta Hertzel, the mother of the fiancee of Nicholson's daughter in About Schmidt (one of the film's two acting nominations) [Bates was previously nominated as Best Supporting Actress for Primary Colors (1998), and she won the Best Actress Oscar for Misery (1990).] Julianne Moore (with her third/fourth career nominations, with no wins) as depressed 50's LA suburban housewife Laura Brown in The Hours 32 year-old Queen Latifah (with her first nomination) as opportunistic, money-grubbing cell-house warden Mama Morton who sings "When You're Good to Mama" in Chicago the favored nominee - Meryl Streep (with thirteen nominations, and two Oscar wins in 1979 and 1982) as drug-snorting magazine writer and author of The Orchid Thief, Susan Orlean in Adaptation [This was Streep's 13th career nomination over a period of only 24 years (from her Best Supporting Actress nomination for The Deer Hunter (1978) to this nomination). [Streep's nomination made her the most-nominated or honored performer in Oscar history, surpassing the record of 12 nominations set by screen legend Katharine Hepburn, and stretching over a period of 49 years (from Hepburn's Best Actress win for Morning Glory (1932/33) to her Best Actress win for On Golden Pond (1981)). Streep has already won two Oscars: Best Actress for Sophie's Choice (1982) and Best Supporting Actress for Kramer vs. Kramer (1979).] This year's Honorary Oscar Award was presented to 70 year-old Peter O'Toole, "whose remarkable talents have provided cinema history with some of its most memorable characters," many of whom were among his seven Best Actor nominations (to date) - with no wins (a record!): Lawrence of Arabia (1962) , Becket (1964), The Lion in Winter (1968), Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969), The Ruling Class (1972), The Stunt Man (1980), and My Favorite Year (1982). He also appeared in Man of La Mancha (1972) and The Last Emperor (1987). His final Best Actor nomination (and loss), his eighth, was for Venus (2006). Oscar Snubs and Omissions: The offbeat films Adaptation (with only four nominations) and About Schmidt (with only two nominations) lacked Best Picture nominations, as did Catch Me If You Can, Road to Perdition, and Far From Heaven. There were no nominations for Denzel Washington's directorial debut film Antwone Fisher with a great performance by Derek Luke, and only one nomination for About a Boy (Best Adapted Screenplay). Best Director hopefuls without nominations included Peter Jackson for The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers , Sam Mendes for Road to Perdition, Alexander Payne for About Schmidt , Spike Jonze for Adaptation, Todd Haynes for Far From Heaven (although Haynes was nominated for his original screenplay), and Steven Spielberg for two films: Catch Me If You Can (with two nominations and no wins) and Minority Report (with only one nomination). [Payne was also unnominated as Best Director for other previous films, Citizen Ruth (1996) and Election (1999).] Not nominated for Best Actor (for a Musical or Comedy) was Golden Globe winner Richard Gere as tap-dancing lawyer Billy Flynn in Chicago. [If Gere had been nominated, it would have been his first nomination in a 25-year film career - and he stood a better chance as Best Supporting Actor than as lead actor.] And there was no Best Actress nomination for Nia Vardalos as thirty-ish and single Greek-American Toula in director Joel Zwick's hugely successful My Big Fat Greek Wedding, although actress Vardalos was nominated for Best Original Screenplay (the film's sole nomination). Although nominated in the Best Supporting Actress category, Meryl Streep was denied a Best Actress nomination for her performance as literary editor and party-planner Clarissa Vaughn in The Hours. TV star Jennifer Aniston was absent from the list of Best Actresses for her role as bored department store cosmetics clerk and wife Justine Last in The Good Girl. Two favored actors came up empty-handed in two films: Leonardo DiCaprio as charming crook Frank Abagnale, Jr. in Catch Me If You Can and as Amsterdam Vallon in Gangs of New York; and Tom Hanks as FBI agent Carl Hanratty in Catch Me If You Can and as hitman Michael Sullivan in Road to Perdition. Dennis Quaid, in one of his best career performances, was snubbed in the Best Supporting Actor category as Frank, Julianne Moore's closeted homosexual husband in Far From Heaven, as was Quaid's co-star Patricia Clarkson as Eleonor Fine (Moore's bigoted 'best friend') in the Best Supporting Actress category. Salma Hayek's co-star Alfred Molina, was omitted from the Best Supporting Actor nominees for his role in Frida as Diego Rivera, Frida's lover. And Michelle Pfeiffer's name was missing from the Best Supporting Actress category for her role as imprisoned, strict mother Ingrid Magnussen in British director Peter Kosminsky's White Oleander. Three other strong supporting performances were also omitted in these films: Toni Collette as frumpy Fiona (the mother of the 'boy') in the British film About a Boy, Edie Falco as Florida cafe and motel manager Marly Temple in John Sayles' Sunshine State, Maggie Gyllenhaal as abused secretary Lee Holloway in Steven Shainberg's Secretary, and Lupe Ontiveros as critical Latino mother Carmen in Patricia Cardoso's debut, coming-of-age film Real Women Have Curves. Miranda Richardson was also overlooked for her masterful performance in three roles (Yvonne / Mrs. Cleg / Mrs. Wilkinson) in David Cronenberg's horror film Spider. Two of the biggest blockbusters of the year were passed over or almost entirely neglected, except for their technical achievements: George Lucas' Star Wars (Episode II): Attack of the Clones (with only one nomination for Best Visual Effects), and Sam Raimi's Spider-Man (with two nominations, Best Visual Effects and Best Sound). And Gore Verbinski's chilling supernatural horror thriller The Ring (with no nominations), was neglected in many respects: Daveigh Chase as Samara, Naomi Watts as curious journalist Rachel Keller, Best Cinematography (Bojan Bazelli), Best Editing (Craig Wood), Best Sound/Sound Effects Editing, and Visual Effects. There was some talk of a nomination for the voice-over work and movement provided by Andy Serkis for an all-CGI and special effects character, Gollum, in The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers . Paul Thomas Anderson's Punch-Drunk Love (2002) (with no nominations) starring Adam Sandler should have at least had a screenplay nomination.	i don't know
In which year did the 'Torrey Canyon' sink, Donald Campbell was killed and the 'Colonels' seized power in Greece?	Pay Articles from May 1967 Part 2 - Site Map - The New York Times For a comprehensive guide to our site, please see the Site Index . Site Map > Pay Articles 1967 > May Part 2	1967
"In which year was the 'Great Train Robbery' the 'Profumo Affair' hit the headlines and Martin Luther King made his ""I have a dream"" speech?"	On This Day 1733 Dr Joseph Priestley, Yorkshireman, scientist and discoverer of oxygen was born. What did people breath before then? Garp Yeah.....and one thing for sure, if a Yorkie had anything to do with it, it wouldn't be free. raveydavey March 14th: 1757 British admiral John Byng was court-martialled and executed by firing squad at Plymouth, for "failing to do his utmost" to relieve Minorca from the French fleet. 1805 Master Betty (William Betty) played Hamlet on the London stage, aged just 14. He was such a success that the House of Commons was adjourned to enable members to watch his performance. His success was short-lived and, not long afterwards, he was hissed off the stage. 1864 English explorer Samuel Baker was the first European to see the lake he named Lake Albert after the recently deceased Prince Albert, consort of Queen Victoria. 1873 The Insurance Institute of Scumchester was born, the first insurance institute in the world. 1891 The submarine Monarch laid telephone cable along the English Channel bed to prepare for the first telephone links across the Channel. 1930 A proposed tunnel linking England and France was approved by the Channel Tunnel Committee. 1945 The 617 Dambuster Squadron of the RAF dropped the heaviest bomb of the war (the 22,000-pound "Grand Slam") on the Bielefeld railway viaduct in Germany. They practiced their techniques at the Derwent Dam in Derbyshire where there is a memorial to them. 1960 The Government announced plans for a Thames Barrier to protect London from flooding. 1960 Jodrell Bank's radio telescope in Cheshire set a new record, making contact with the American Pioneer V satellite at a distance of 407,000 miles. The previous record was 290,000 miles. 1961 The New English Bible was published. 1984 Sinn Fein president, Gerry Adams, was shot and wounded in an attack in central Belfast when his car was riddled with bullets. 1991 The 'Birmingham Six' were freed from jail after 16 years when their convictions for the murder of 21 people in two pubs were quashed by the Court of Appeal. 1996 Joseph O'Connor , operator of the Devon trawler Pescado, which sank in 1991 with the loss of 6 lives, was jailed for 3 years. raveydavey March 15th: 44 BC: Gaius Julius Caesar was assassinated by conspirators, including Brutus and Cassius in the Senate House in Rome. ï¿½Beware the Ides of March!ï¿½ 1672 King Charles II enacted the 'Declaration of Indulgence'. It was a first step at establishing freedom of religion in England. 1813 The birth of John Snow, the English physician who pioneered the use of ether. 1824 Building work started on the London Bridge designed by John Rennie. 1877 The first cricket test between Australia and England was played in Melbourne. Australia won by 45 runs. 1898 Sir Henry Bessemer, English metallurgist and pioneer of mass-produced steel, died. 1906 Rolls-Royce Limited, the British car and aero-engine manufacturing company was founded by Henry Royce and C.S. Rolls. Whilst many shorten the company name to 'Rolls', those in the know refer to it as 'Royce' as he was the engineer. 1909 Selfridges store (named after its owner Gordon Selfridge) was opened in London's Oxford Street. In September 1997 they opened their first store outside London when the Trafford Centre (Scumchester) opened. 1933: Hitler proclaimed the Third Reich, which he said would endure for a thousand years. The Nazi flag would fly side by side with the German Imperial flag. Left-wing newspapers and kosher meat were banned. 1949 Clothes rationing, which had been introduced during the 2nd World War, was ended. 1962 The Liberals won the seat of Orpington from the Conservatives in their first by-election victory for four years. 1964 Film stars Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor married in Montreal. They later divorced then remarried. 1974 The architect John Poulson was jailed for five years for corruption. He was found guilty of bribing public figures to win contracts. He designed the International Pool in Leeds you know. 1976 The driver of a London Underground train was shot dead as he chased a gunman after a bomb exploded on the train. 1983 A letter bomb sent to the Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was defused by explosives experts. 1984 Tommy Cooper, English comedian died. raveydavey March 16th: 1190 The Crusades begin the massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York. Some committed mass suicide rather than submit to baptism. 1647 Harlech Castle surrendered in the English Civil War. It was a Royalist stronghold and the last Welsh castle to be taken by Parliament. 1774 The birth of Matthew Flinders, English explorer who circumnavigated Australia. The Flinders River in Queensland and the Flinders Range in South Australia are named after him. 1872 The Wanderers beat the Royal Engineers 1ï¿½0 in the first English FA Cup Final, at Kennington Oval. The number of spectators was 2000. 1888: The first recorded sale of a manufactured motor car was to Emile Roger of Paris, who bought a petrol-driven car from Karl Benzï¿½s new factory. 1912: Lawrence Oates, (born in Meanwood, Leeds) a member of Scottï¿½s ill-fated South Pole expedition who was suffering serious frostbite and hampering the progress of his companions, left the tent saying, ï¿½I am just going outside and may be some time.ï¿½ ï¿½A very gallant gentleman,ï¿½ Scott recorded. His body was never found. 1935 The first driving test pass slip was presented to Mr R. Beene of Kensington, a pupil of the British School of Motoring. Tests were introduced on a voluntary basis and became compulsory in June. 1971 The British heavyweight boxing champion Henry Cooper announced his retirement after being defeated by Joe Bugner. 1973 Queen Elizabeth II opened the new London Bridge. The old one was sold to an American oil tycoon for ï¿½1m and transported to the United States. Rumour has it that he thought he was buying Tower Bridge... 1976 Harold Wilson, Prime Minister for almost eight years, and leader of the Labour Party for 13 years, resigned. He insisted that there were no hidden reasons for his resignation. 1988 A gunman killed three mourners and injured at least 50 people who had been attending a funeral for IRA members shot dead in Gibraltar. 1993 Britain's Chancellor, Norman Lamont, announced the imposition of the Value Added Tax (VAT) on domestic fuel. Tw@t 1998 Sir George Martin (producer of The Beatles in the 1960s and 70s) announced his retirement, aged 73. 2001 According to a health survey, 16th March 2001 was the only day between 1993 and 2002 when nobody in the United Kingdom killed themselves. 30 Mill Quote: 1774 The birth of Matthew Flinders, English explorer who circumnavigated Australia. The Flinders River in Queensland and the Flinders Range in South Australia are named after him. Also has an all girls High School named after him, which may have educated 30Mill's first pubescant love??? Also has a pub named after him which in no way affected the point above raveydavey March 17th: St Patrick's Day. St. Patrick was born Circa 385 and is the Patron Saint of Ireland. Not the patron Saint of England as you might think given the wall to wall media coverage it's getting. No doubt St Georges Day will pass (again) largely ignored by the very same people... The Feast Day of Gertrude of Nivelles, patron saint of the recently dead, who would help them on their way to the other world. In the Middle Ages, this was reckoned to be the day Noah entered the Ark as the great Flood began. 1337: The Duchy of Cornwall was created when Edward the Black Prince was made the first Duke. 1649 Oliver Cromwell abolished the position of King of England and the House of Lords and declared England a Commonwealth. 1845: Elastic bands were patented by Stephen Perry of a London rubber company. 1858: Major Keatinge of the Bombay Artillery suffered two severe wounds leading an attack through murderous fire on the mutineer-held fortifications at Chundairee. He was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). 1873 The birth of Margaret Grace Bondfield, Labour politician who became chairman of the TUC in 1923 and Minister of Labour in 1929, the first woman to hold office in the Cabinet. 1879: In Afghanistan, a survey team came under attack and was forced to withdraw. Captain Leach of the Royal Engineers led a small force of men from the 45th Sikh Regiment to their aid, attacking overwhelming numbers of tribesmen. Leach was wounded but killed several opponents in close combat and the ferocity of the attack drove the tribesmen away. Leach received the Victoria Cross. 1899 The first-ever radio distress call was sent, summoning assistance to a merchant ship aground on the Goodwin Sands, off the Kent coast. 1912 Lawrence Oates (from Leeds), a member of Scottï¿½s ill-fated South Pole expedition who was suffering serious frostbite and hampering the progress of his companions, left the tent saying, ï¿½I am just going outside and may be some time.ï¿½ ï¿½A very gallant gentleman,ï¿½ Scott recorded. His body was never found. Date of birth March 17th 1880 Died March 17th 1912. Hmmm - another website said this happened yesterday.... 1939 The birth of Robin Knox-Johnston, the first person to sail single handed, non stop around the world. 1951 The comic strip character Dennis the Menace appeared for the first time. 1957 British European Airways withdrew their Viscount 701s from service after one of them crashed at Scumchester Airport 4 days previously, killing 21 people. 1968 More than 200 people were arrested after demonstrators clashed in an anti Vietnam war protest outside the US embassy in London. 1978 The oil tanker Amoco Cadiz ran aground on the coast of Brittany. Over 220,000 tons of crude oil seeped out of the crippled ship, causing serious pollution in Britain and France. 1984 The 130th Boat Race was postponed (for 24 hours) an hour before the start, after the Cambridge boat was in collision with a barge and sank. 1995 Gangster Ronnie Kray died in Broadmoor hospital. He was serving a life sentence. 1996 The Queen visited Dunblane - Scotland, following the massacre, on 13th March, of 16 children and their teacher at the local school. raveydavey March 18th: 978 Edward, King of England was murdered at Corfe Castle. The murder is thought to have been ordered by his stepmother Aelfryth, mother of Ethelred the Unready who was eager to see her son crowned. 1662: The first public buses ran in Paris. Louis XIV intended them for use by the poor of the city who could not afford carriages, but they were taken up by the fashionable who crowded out the less fortunate. The poor decided that buses were not for them, and when the Parisian ï¿½trendiesï¿½ got bored, the service was discontinued. 1745 Robert Walpole, Britain's first Prime Minister, died. 1834: The ï¿½Tolpuddle Martyrsï¿½, six Dorset farm labourers, were sentenced to be transported to a penal colony for forming a trade union. 1861: Maoris successfully ambushed a party of skirmishers from the 40th Regiment, killing or wounding five men. Colour-Sergeant Lucas sent one wounded man to the rear, aided by the only other uninjured soldier, whilst he himself remained alone guarding the other casualties, engaged in a firefight with the Maoris at only about 30 yards (27.4m) range until a relief party was able to reach him. Lucas was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). 1869 Neville Chamberlain, British prime minister was born. In 1938 he returned from Munich with the claim - 'peace in our time' but in less than a year Britain was at war with Germany. His appeasement policy towards Hitler led to his downfall in 1940, when he handed over to Churchill. 1871: The Communards began their uprising in Paris, which would lead, in May, to the first socialist government in history. Jimmy Somerville was appointed Foreign Secretary... 1891 The London to Paris telephone link came into operation. 1922 Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi was jailed for six years by the British authorities for encouraging public disorder. 1925 Two floors of the Madame Tussaudï¿½s waxworks in London were destroyed by fire. 1932: Sydney Harbour bridge was opened. It was the worldï¿½s longest single-arch bridge. It was, of course, built by an English firm. 1947 The Queenï¿½s husband, Prince Philip, who was born in Corfu - Greece, became a naturalized Briton. 1949 NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was proposed. The aim was to 'safeguard the freedom and security of its 26 member countries by political and military means.' 1967 The Torrey Canyon oil tanker, with a cargo of 100,000 gallons of crude oil, ran aground on rocks between Land's End and the Scilly Isles and its cargo discharged into the sea. The RAF was called in to napalm bomb the slick in an attempt to reduce the risk of pollution. In the weeks that followed the accident, oil escaped and spread along the shores of the south coast of England and the Normandy coast of France. Worst hit were the Cornish beaches of Marazion and Prah Sands, where sludge was up to a foot deep. 1979: Three die in Golborne mine blast. Three die and eight are seriously injured in an explosion at a colliery in Lancashire. 1982 Moral campaigner Mary Whitehouse brought a charge of gross indecency against a National Theatre director under the Sexual Offences Act 1956. The play, Romans in Britain featured male rape scenes. The trial was halted after intervention by the Attorney-General. 1988 Percy Thrower, English gardener and broadcaster, died. 1989: Britainï¿½s first National Fat Womenï¿½s conference was held. More than 150 overweight ladies planned to establish associations throughout the country to urge fat women to stop worrying about their weight. The local patisserie did such good business he was able to close at lunchtime and have the rest of the day off... 1992 White South Africans backed a motion to end apartheid and create a multi-racial government. 30 Mill Quote: 1925 Two floors of the Madame Tussaudï¿½s waxworks in London were destroyed by fire. You would have thought they could have just blown the flame out ........ coat raveydavey March 19th: The Feast Day of Joseph, patron saint of fathers, carpenters, procurators and bursars. 721 BC: The first eclipse ever recorded was observed by the Babylonians, according to Ptolemy. 1702 Anne Stuart, sister of Mary, succeeded to the throne of England, Scotland and Ireland on the death of William III of Orange. 1813 Dr David Livingstone, Scottish missionary and explorer and the first white man to see the Victoria Falls of the Zambezi, was born. 1821 Sir Richard Francis Burton, English scholar and explorer who discovered the source of the Nile, was born. 1834 Six Dorset farm workers, known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs, were sentenced to seven years transportation for forming the first trade union and introducing collective bargaining for better wages. There was such an outcry that they were pardoned two years after sentencing and allowed to return to England. 1848: Birth of Wyatt Earp, US lawman who was involved in five gunfights in Tombstone, Arizona including the Gunfight at the O K Corral. He is said to have survived by wearing a bullet-proof vest. 1931: Alka-Seltzer was first marketed in the US. Plink, plink, fizz... 1938 The BBC televised its first rugby match, the Calcutta Cup game between England and Scotland at Twickenham. Scotland won 21-16. 1940: Following a German air raid on Scapa Flow on 17 March, which had killed a civilian and wounded seven others, Bomber Command was authorised for the first time to conduct a bombing raid against a German land target, having previously been restricted to anti-shipping missions, and reconnaissance and leaflet drops. The selected target was the important German seaplane base at Hornum at the southern end of the island of Sylt. Thirty Whitley and twenty Hampden bombers took part in the operation, bombing over a six-hour period during the night. The crews believed they had bombed accurately, but it is unlikely that significant damage was caused, given the difficulties of precise navigation at night, the full extent of which had yet to be realised by Bomber Command. One Whitley failed to return. 1958 Britainï¿½s first planetarium opened at Madame Tussaudï¿½s, London. 1965 The Tailor And Cutter Magazine ran an article asking The Rolling Stones to wear ties to save tie makers from financial disaster. 1969 British troops landed on the Caribbean island of Anguilla, after the island declared itself a republic. They were well received, and the island remained a UK dependency. 1982 A group of Argentines landed at the British colony of the Falkland Islands and planted their nation's flag. The provocation led to war between Britain and Argentina. 1986 Buckingham Palace announced the engagement of Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson. Exactly six years later it was announced that they were to separate. 1988 Two British soldiers, in civilian clothes, blundered into an IRA funeral in Northern Ireland and were kicked and beaten to death. 2003 British troops were poised to invade Iraq as Saddam Hussein defied a final United States ultimatum to leave the country or face war. raveydavey March 20th: 1413 The death of King Henry IV of England. It partly fulfilled a prophecy saying that he would die in Jerusalem. He died in Westminster Abbey's Jerusalem Chamber. 1549 Thomas Seymour, Lord High Admiral of England who had planned to marry Princess Elizabeth after his wife, Catherine Parr died, was tried and executed for treason. 1602: The Netherlands government formed the Dutch East India Company. It became one of the most powerful companies in the world during its 96-year history. 1727 Isaac Newton, English scientist and discoverer of the 'Laws of Gravity', died, aged 84. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. 1780 James Watt began manufacturing the first duplicator, which he had invented to help with the burden of office work generated by his steam engine business. 1806 The foundation stone of Dartmoor prison (see picture) in Devon was laid. It opened three years later to house French prisoners of war, but by 1850 the first convicts were being imprisoned. 1917 Dame Vera Lynn (known during the Second World War Vera as the "Forces Sweetheart" was born. Her songs included "We'll Meet Again" and "White Cliffs of Dover". 1917: Whilst bombing Ottoman troops on the Egyptian border, an aircraft of 1 Squadron Australian Flying Corps was damaged by ground fire and forced to land behind enemy lines. As Turkish cavalry closed in, another pilot, Lieutenant McNamara, decided to attempt a rescue, even though he too had been hit and wounded. He managed to land his aircraft and picked up the pilot. However, weakened by his injury and with the extra burden aboard, McNamara lost control of the aircraft and it overturned during the takeoff run. Undaunted, he and his fellow pilot made their way to the first damaged aircraft, where McNamara once more took the controls whilst his colleague managed to start the engine. This time, McNamara managed to hold the aircraft steady and flew the two of them back to their base, a flight of close on an hour, despite his loss of blood. McNamara received the Victoria Cross (VC), the first presented to an Australian airman. 1966 The football World Cup (Jules Rimet trophy) was stolen whilst being exhibited at Central Hall in London. 1974 An attempt was made to kidnap Princess Anne in the Mall by a gunman who fired six shots, then tried to drag her out of the car. He fled as passers-by joined her bodyguard and police to foil the attempt, and was later caught. Ian Ball, who was charged with attempted murder, claimed he did it to highlight the lack of mental care facilities. 1980 Pirate radio, Radio Caroline, closed down after 16 years on air when the ship sank. 1993 Two young boys (Johnathan Ball, aged 3 and Tim Parry aged 12) died and at least 50 people were injured in two bomb blasts close to Warrington's shopping centre. 1999 British balloonist Brian Jones and Swiss physicist Bertrand Piccard became the first to fly a hot-air balloon non-stop around the world. 2003: 3 Commando Brigade mounted an amphibious assault on the Al Faw peninsula during the night 20/21 March as the opening operation of the land campaign against Iraq. Enemy resistance was light but eight British Servicemen were lost, along with four US aircrew, in a helicopter accident during the initial phase of the attack. British and Australian frigates provided gunfire support to the Royal Marines, while Royal Navy submarines fired Tomahawk missiles at strategic targets. RAF aircraft were also very active, with Tornado aircraft attacking key targets while Harriers provided close air support. 2003 Prime Minister Tony Blair made a live televised address and confirmed that British troops were in action in Iraq. American missiles hit Baghdad at 5:35 a.m. signalling the start of the US led campaign to topple Saddam Hussein. halfaperson Quote: 1966 The football World Cup (Jules Rimet trophy) was stolen whilst being exhibited at Central Hall in London. For two points can you tell me who found it? (only funny if you're a fan of brilliant tv comedy Early Doors) NE1 halfaperson wrote: Quote: 1966 The football World Cup (Jules Rimet trophy) was stolen whilst being exhibited at Central Hall in London. For two points can you tell me who found it? ï¿½ ï¿½(only funny if you're a fan of brilliant tv comedy Early Doors) a dog (jack russell) called jack or trixie or something Mort halfaperson wrote: Quote: 1966 The football World Cup (Jules Rimet trophy) was stolen whilst being exhibited at Central Hall in London. For two points can you tell me who found it? ï¿½ ï¿½(only funny if you're a fan of brilliant tv comedy Early Doors) a dog (jack russell) called jack or trixie or something A black and white mongrel called Pickles - he died later choking on his lead as he chased a cat. NE1 Mort wrote: halfaperson wrote: Quote: 1966 The football World Cup (Jules Rimet trophy) was stolen whilst being exhibited at Central Hall in London. For two points can you tell me who found it? ï¿½ ï¿½(only funny if you're a fan of brilliant tv comedy Early Doors) a dog (jack russell) called jack or trixie or something A black and white mongrel called Pickles - he died later choking on his lead as he chased a cat. thats it! I was close. I thought it was a jack russell.....it looked like a jack russell (I think) raveydavey March 21st: 1556 England's first Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer was burnt at the stake as a heretic, under the Catholic Queen Mary I, also know as "Bloody Mary". 1829 The Duke of Wellington, aged 60, fought a bloodless duel with the Earl of Winchelsea. The reason for the duel was the Dukeï¿½s support of Catholic emancipation. Wellington was both Prime Minister and leader of the Tory Party at the time. 1918 Germany's last major offensive of World War One began on The Somme. 1935 Brian Clough, English footballer and manager was born. 1945 British warplanes destroyed Gestapo headquarters in Copenhagen, killing over 70 Nazis. The raid also killed civilians, including 86 schoolchildren, in Denmark's worst civilian disaster of the war. 1946 Labour politician Aneurin Bevan announced the Government's proposals for a free National Health Service, paid for by the taxpayer. The doctors immediately announced the setting-up of a fighting fund to oppose legislation, fearing a loss of earnings. 1960: Scores die in Sharpeville shoot-out. More than 50 Africans die and 169 are injured as police open fire in the South African township of Sharpeville. 1963: This was the last night at Alcatraz Prison in San Francisco Bay for the convicts. In its 29 years as a penitentiary, it had housed Al Capone as well as the famous ï¿½Birdman of Alcatrazï¿½. 1969 John Lennon and new wife Yoko Ono staged their ï¿½Beds in Peaceï¿½ at the Amsterdam Hilton; Yokoï¿½s idea to get over their peace message while on honeymoon. 1983 The government announced that the first automatic trains on London's underground could be in operation by early April. 1984 Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher came under attack for the breakdown of negotiations at the common market summit in Brussels regarding Britain's rebate. 1989: Australiaï¿½s Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, cried on television after confessing to adultery. He said in a national broadcast that he had stopped womanizing and thanked his wife for her understanding. 1990 A demonstration in London against the poll tax became a riot. More than 400 people were arrested. 1991 The government announced plans for a new property tax in place of the controversial poll tax. 1996 British beef imports were banned in Europe. 1999 Ernie Wise, comedian, died aged 73. He's from Morley, you know. Mort raveydavey wrote: March 21st: 1935 Brian Clough, English footballer and manager was born. Think I read somewhere there's a film out about someone with a name very similar to this. raveydavey March 22nd: 1459: Birth of Maximilian I, German Emperor who did much to foster the arts while at the same time playing a game of European ï¿½Monopolyï¿½ with the various states and nations, using his relations as tokens to acquire more territory and power. 1765 The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act, which introduced a tax to be levied directly on its American colonies. 1774 Mary Cooper published the first book of English nursery rhymes. Called Tommy Thumb's Song Book it included Baa Baa Black Sheep, (which was already 500 years old). The black sheep's 'three bags full' is thought to refer to a tax imposed on the wool trade in 1275. 1824 The British parliament purchased 38 paintings (cost ï¿½57,000) to establish a national collection now at the National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London. 1859: In Melbourne Ben Douglas, a plasterer, became chairman of the Political Labour League of Victoria, the first ï¿½Labour Partyï¿½. 1888 The English Football League was founded when 12 clubs met at a hotel in Fleet Street, London. 1906 The first rugby international between France and England in Paris ended with a 35-0 victory to England. 1911: The Royal Fleet Auxiliary Service was established, to provide logistic support to the Royal Navy at sea. 1926 The first directional road markings were introduced onto British roads (Hyde Park Corner, London). They caused confusion and led to seven accidents on the first day. 1942 The BBC began broadcasting in Morse code to the French Resistance. Can you imagine that now? The current BBC would insist on impartiality and invite Goebbells on Question Time... 1945: An attack by Australian infantry on the island of Bougainville was held up by a network of three Japanese bunkers. Corporal Rattey charged forward alone and with a Bren Gun and grenades succeeded in knocking out each of the bunkers in turn. Later that day, he succeeded in capturing another machine-gun post. His heroism was rewarded with the Victoria Cross. 1948 Andrew Lloyd Webber, English composer of musicals, was born. 1963 John Profumo (Secretary of State for War) denied any impropriety with the model Christine Keeler, or that he was in any way connected to her disappearance when she had been due to appear as a witness in a trial at the Old Bailey. On 5th June 1963 he resigned after admitting that he had lied about his relationship. 1997 Comet Hale-Bopp made its closest approach to Earth in the skies over the northern hemisphere. The cometï¿½s next pass is predicted for the year 4397. 2000 D.C. Cook became the first major dealership to sell imported vehicles on the Internet and car buyers were offered price reductions of up to 40% 2002 A woman, paralysed from the neck down and known to the court as 'Miss B', won the legal right to die by having her treatment withdrawn. raveydavey March 23rd: 1831 London's first tramcars begin operating. They had been designed by a Mr. Train from New York! 1860 The birth of Horatio William Bottomley, English journalist and financier who wanted a life of luxury but whose grandiose business schemes kept leading to bankruptcy. When found guilty of fraud for a third time, he was sentenced to seven years in jail. The founder of the patriotic journal John Bull, Horatio Bottomley had been a Member of Parliament, and gone through millions of pounds when he died in poverty in 1933. 1918: Three Victoria Crosses (VC) were won on the Western Front. Lieutenant Colonel Bushell led a battalion of the Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment in a counter-attack near the St Quentin Canal. He suffered a severe head wound, but continued to lead his men from the front, walking through heavy machine-gun fire to encourage his troops and establish their positions, before eventually collapsing and being taken to the rear for treatment. Captain Gribble of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment and his men mounted a last-ditch defence against a German assault. Surrounded, they were eventually overrun. Gribble fell badly wounded and, taken prisoner, died of his injuries shortly afterwards. Elsewhere, the Germans secured a river crossing, but Second Lieutenant Herring of the Royal Army Service Corps organised a counter-attack with a few men, and managed to capture no less than six machine-guns and their crews. He and his men then held the position throughout the night against further heavy German attacks. 1919: Italian Socialist journalist, Benito Mussolini, formed the Fascists to fight liberalism and communism. 1921 The birth of Donald Malcolm Campbell, son of the former world land and water speed holder, Sir Malcolm. He was in awe of his father and was determined to carve his own name as a world speed record-breaker which he did, on numerous occasions. Donald Campbell is buried in the new parish churchyard at Coniston. 1923: ï¿½Yes, We Have No Bananasï¿½ with words and music by Frank Silver and Irving Conn, was published. 1925: Tennessee state banned the teaching of Darwinï¿½s theory of evolution. One teacher later disobeyed and sparked off one of the most bizarre court cases ever, known as the ï¿½Monkey Trialï¿½. 1929 Dr. Roger Bannister, the first person in the world to run a mile in under four minutes was born. His world beating record time was 3 min 59.4 sec 1956 Queen Elizabeth II laid the foundation stone of the new Coventry cathedral. The new building was built next to the remains of the 14th-century cathedral that had been destroyed in the 2nd World War 1966 The first official meeting between the Catholic and Anglican churches for 400 years took place when Pope Paul VI and Dr Ramsey, the Archbishop of Canterbury met in Rome. 1981 Mike Hailwood, 9 times World Champion motor cyclist died, along with his 9 year old daughter Michelle, following a motoring accident in Warwickshire. 1983: Reagan launches Cold War into space. President Reagan has unveiled plans to combat nuclear war in space. 1984 Sarah Tisdall, the young British civil servant who tipped off the Guardian newspaper that Cruise missiles were on their way to Britain, was sent to jail for six months. 1985 Ben Hardwick, Britainï¿½s youngest liver transplant patient at just three years old, died in hospital. He inspired a national fund raising campaign. 1987 More than 30 people were injured when a car bomb exploded at the UK Army headquarters in Rheindahlen, West Germany. 1991 Prime Minister John Major issued his Citizens' Charter. Failing public service providers would be forced to offer customers cash refunds or face government budget cuts. And what a roaring success it's been - never have public services in the UK been so good. raveydavey March 24th: 1338: The French admiral Nicholas Behuchet led a devastating naval raid on Portsmouth. His ships appeared in the Solent flying English flags and caught the town completely by surprise. Despite its importance as a base, Edward III had not provided properly for its defence, and the French troops who landed were able to burn the town, sparing only the church and a hospital, before returning to their ships. 1339: A mercenary fleet of Genoese galleys in French pay attacked Harwich, hoping to disrupt Edward III's supply lines to his army in the Low Countries. Like Portsmouth the year before, Harwich was unprotected despite its importance. This time however, the French and Italian raiders enjoyed far less success. The local militia put up a stout fight and drove them back out of the town. The raiders then attempted three times to set fire to the town, but the wind was blowing in the wrong direction and the flames failed to spread. The sailors returned to their ships and left empty-handed. 1387: The Earl of Arundel secured a major success when ships under his command captured a French-Burgundian merchant fleet. 1603 After 44 years of rule, Queen Elizabeth I of England died. The English and Scottish crowns were united when James VI of Scotland became King James 1st of England. 1834 William Morris, English craftsman, poet and socialist, was born. His designs for furniture, fabrics, stained glass, wallpaper, and other decorative products revolutionized Victorian taste. 1877 The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race on the River Thames ended in a dead heat. 1922: The Grand National at Aintree saw only three of the 32 horses finish. The winner was 100/1 outsider 'Music Hall'. 1946 Broadcaster Alastair Cooke read his first 'Letter from America' on BBC Radio. His weekly broadcasts continued for more than 50 years. 1951 In the annual University Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge, the Oxford boat sank. Cambridge won the rematch two days later. 1953: Queen Mary dies peacefully after illness. Her Majesty Queen Mary, the Queen's grandmother, dies in her sleep after a lengthy illness. 1956 At Aintree's Grand National, the Queen Mother's horse Devon Loch cleared the last fence well ahead of the field but collapsed before the finishing line. Winner was Music Hall. 1964 Stansted was chosen as the site of London's third major airport. 1970 Boxer Henry Cooper retained his heavyweight title beating challenger Jack Bodell. 1976 The death of British Field Marshal Montgomery, one of the outstanding Allied commanders in World War II. 1978 The oil tanker Amoco Cadiz, aground in the English Channel since March 16th, split in two, spilling the last of her 1.6 million barrels of oil. 1981 The 'Great Train Robber' Ronnie Biggs was rescued by Barbados police following his kidnapping. 1992 Punch, Britain's oldest satirical magazine dating back almost 151 years, announced that it would cease publication because of financial losses. 1994 The new Jewel House, at the Tower of London, was opened by the Queen. raveydavey March 25th: Only 9 months 'til Christmas! National Day of Greece, marking this day, 1924, when it became a republic after King George of Greece was deposed. 1133 Henry II, future King of England, was born. 1306 Robert the Bruce (eighth Earl of Carrick) was crowned King of Scotland at Scone Palace near Perth. Bruce secured Scottish independence from England militarily, if not diplomatically, at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. His statue is at the Bannockburn battlefield site, his body is buried in Dunfermline Abbey, while his heart is at Melrose Abbey. 1609: English navigator, Henry Hudson, undertook his third (and last) voyage of exploration, this time for the Dutch East India Company. He was trying to find the North West Passage, believing it to be the shortest route to the spice islands of the east. He discovered the great bay that bears his name. 1807 The Slave Trade Act received the royal assent, eventually bringing an end to the slave trade. British merchants transported nearly three million black Africans across the Atlantic between 1700 and the early 19th century. The 1833 Slavery Abolition Act outlawed slavery itself throughout the British Empire but slaves did not gain their final freedom until 1838. 1876 The first football international between Wales and Scotland took place in Glasgow. Scotland won 4-0. 1918: Four Victoria Crosses (VC) were won on the Western Front, as British troops fought to contain the German Michael offensive during the battles known as the Kaiserschlacht: Captain Toye distinguished himself in a series of fierce attacks and counter-attacks. He recaptured three positions during the course of the day, and at one point had to fight his way back through the German lines at the head of a small party. He then returned with more substantial forces and stabilised the line, despite being wounded twice. Lance-Corporal Cross volunteered to go forward on a lone reconnaissance to discover the whereabouts of two British machine-guns which were known to have been captured. Armed only with a revolver, Cross located the guns, then proceeded to capture the Germans now manning them. He forced his prisoners to carry the heavy machine-guns back to the British lines, then found crews to man them, and directed their fire to break up the next German attack. Private Young, a stretcher bearer, braved continual enemy fire to venture into No Man's Land in broad daylight nine times to rescue nine wounded men. Several had suffered serious wounds that needed attention before they could risk being moved, and Young ignored the barrage to dress their injuries before carrying them back. All nine survived thanks to his efforts. Lieutenant-Colonel Anderson, commanding the battered remnants of the 12th Battalion of the Highland Light Infantry, led his men - well below half-strength - in a successful counter-attack on a wood which the Germans had just taken and which threatened the flank of the British positions. The attack was made despite fire from a dozen machine-guns, all of which were captured along with a substantial number of prisoners. Anderson led a second counter-attack that day which also proved successful, but cost him his life. 1940 The United States agreed to give Britain and France access to all American warplanes for the war effort. 1949 The film Hamlet, starring Laurence Olivier, won five Oscars. It was the first British film to win an academy award. 1950: Ski jumpers soar over Hampstead Heath. Norway comes to North London for a ski-jumping competition complete with imported snow. 1957 Six European nations signed the Treaty of Rome thus establishing the Common Market. They were Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Holland and Luxembourg. 1975 The National Front marched through London protesting against integration with Europe. 1980 Robert Runcie was enthroned as the 102nd Archbishop of Canterbury. 1980: Britain will go to Moscow Olympics. The British Olympic Association votes by a large majority to defy government requests and send athletes to the Olympic Games in Moscow. 1989 For the first time, both the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race crews entered the event with women coxes . The race was won by Oxford. 1999 The 13 year old singer Charlotte Church became the youngest artist to enter the American top 30 album chart. raveydavey March 26th: 1780: The first Sunday newspaper in Britain was published; the British Gazette and Sunday Monitor. 1839 At a public meeting held in Henley Town Hall, the Henley Regatta was born when it was decided that the introduction of an annual regatta would attract visitors to the town and be a source of amusement to the locals. 1840: Birth of George Smith, English Assyriologist who studied cuneiform inscriptions in the British Museum. A former banknote engraver, he eventually deciphered the Chaldean account of the Deluge at about the time of Noah. 1863: The first steeplechase under National Hunt rules was run at Market Harborough, when Mr Goodman on Socks was the winner. 1885 ï¿½A lady well-known in literary and scientific circlesï¿½ was the only clue The Times gave to the identity of the woman who was cremated by the Cremation Society in Woking, Surrey. She was the first person to be officially cremated in Britain and was a Mrs. Pickersgill, the first of three cremations that year. 1902 The British imperialist Cecil John Rhodes died in Cape Town aged 48. Rhodes who controlled 90% of the world's diamond production, was influential in establishing the British crown in South Africa and Rhodesia. 1918: During the continuing rearguard actions against the German Michael offensive, Sergeant Mountain of the West Yorkshire Regiment advanced with just ten men to ambush a force of 200 German troops spearheading the attack in that sector. He and his men killed some 100 enemy, routing the remainder. Then, with just four survivors, he then proceed to hold off the main German force of 600 troops for half an hour until his unit had been able to withdraw safely. Rejoining the battalion, he took command of a key position on the flank which he then held for over 27 hours until finally surrounded and forced to surrender. He was awarded the Victoria Cross. 1920 The British special constables known as the Black and Tans arrived in Ireland. Their nickname came from the colours of their uniform. 1923 BBC Radio started regular weather forecasts. 1945 David Lloyd George, British statesman and Liberal prime minister, died. 1964: The first performance of Funny Girl on Broadway with Barbra Streisand. It established her as a star. 1973 Women stockbroker were allowed on the floor of the London Stock Exchange for the first time in its 200 year history. 1973 Noï¿½l Coward, English playwright and entertainer died. 1981 Four Labour defectors, known as the Gang of Four, launched the Social Democrats party. Their aim was to "reconcile the nation" and "heal divisions between classes". 1990: Birth of Princess Eugenie of York, second child of Prince Andrew and Sarah, Duchess of York. 1999 Ex-miners suffering from lung diseases won a compensation deal worth ï¿½2 billion. It was the biggest industrial injuries case in British legal history. It's subsequently come to light that much of the money paid out was ripped off by unscrupulous lawyers. 2000: Pope prays for Holocaust forgiveness. Pope John Paul II, visiting Jerusalem, has prayed for forgiveness for those involved in the Holocaust. 2006 From 6 a.m. the prohibition of smoking in all substantially enclosed public places came into force in Scotland. 2007 Ian Paisley and Gerry Adams made history in Northern Ireland with their first face-to-face meeting, where they agreed on the restoration of the Stormont assembly and the return of power sharing. raveydavey March 27th: 1625 King James I of England (he was also James VI of Scotland), died. King Charles I ascended to the throne. He later lost the English Civil War and was executed by parliament. 1794: The US Navy was officially created. 1811: A detachment of Royal Marines fought off efforts by Danish forces to retake Anholt island, which the Royal Navy had christened HMS Anholt. 1863 Henry Royce, co-founder of the Rolls-Royce auto & aerospace companies was born. 1871 Scotland beat England in the first international rugby union match in Edinburgh. 1880 The Salvation Army uniform was authorized, but the distinctive bonnets for women did not appear until June. 1899 Italian inventor Marconi achieved the first international radio transmission (a Morse Code message) between England and France. 1912 Birth of (Leonard) James Callaghan, former Labour Party leader and Prime Minister 1976-1979 1923 The death of Scotsman Sir James Dewar, the inventor of the vacuum flask. 1942: British commandos destroyed the U-boat base at St Nazaire. The destroyer Campbeltown rammed the dock gates at 20 knots with five tons of explosives on board. She put out the main dry dock on the Atlantic coast. A German ship trying to cut off the British commandos as they made their getaway in fast launches was sunk by German guns in error. 1961: The first women traffic wardens began ticketing in Leicester. 1963 The Beeching Report on Britain's railways was published. The report concluded that only half the network's routes carried enough traffic to cover the cost of operating them. Many lines and stations were subsequently closed. This included the 'Leeds New Line' the remains of which can be seen just a stones throw from Elland Road - but do you know where..? 1964 Six months after the ï¿½Great Train Robberyï¿½ in Buckinghamshire, 20 of the gang were still at large, but the ten who were arrested were found guilty of stealing more than ï¿½2.6m from mailbags. They included Ronnie Biggs. Sentences totalled 307 years in jail. 1966 The stolen football world cup was found in south London by a dog called Pickles whilst it was out for a walk with its owner. 1977: Hundreds dead in Tenerife plane crash. At least 560 people die when two jumbo jets collide on a runway in the popular holiday destination of Tenerife. 1980 The oilrig platform Alexander Keiland, located 235 miles east of Dundee, overturned in the North Sea killing 123. 1989: Millions of Russians go to the polls. Russian voters have gone to the polls - with early indications that many Communist candidates have been rejected by the electorate. 1991 David Icke, former footballer, BBC sports presenter and member of the Green Party, announced that he had been "chosen" to save the world. 1994 The future warplane, Eurofighter, made its inaugural flight two years later than expected. Eurofighter is the most expensive combat aircraft built in Europe, and was developed by a consortium of European companies, including British Aerospace. NE1 see, I was right, a dog called Pickles.............. raveydavey March 28th: 1515: Birth of St Teresa of Avila, Spanish founder of the reformed Carmelites who originally came from an aristocratic Castilian family. In 1970, she was declared a Doctor of the Church, the first woman saint to be so honoured. 1660 King George I was born. He succeeded Queen Anne in 1714 but spent most of his reign in Hanover, never having mastered the English language. 1800 The Irish Parliament passed the Act of Union with England. The Act included joining Ireland to Great Britain to form a single kingdom, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 1912 Both the Oxford and the Cambridge boats sank in the annual university boat race. 1913 The first Morris Oxford car left the converted Military Academy at Cowley, Oxfordshire. It was William Morris's first factory. 1917 The Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) was founded. They were Britain's first official service women. 1918: Heavy fighting continued on the Western Front as the German Michael offensive slowly lost momentum. Three Victoria Crosses were won that day, by Lieutenant Colonel Watson and 2nd Lieutenant Cassidy, both killed during desperate rearguard actions, and Sergeant McDougall, 47th Australian Battalion, who single-handedly countercharged a wave of enemy infantry and put them to flight. 1921 Dirk Bogarde, English actor and author was born. 1939: The Spanish Civil War ended as Franco and his Nationalist troops took Madrid. 1941 English novelist Virginia Woolf threw herself into the River Ouse near her home in Sussex. Her body was never found. 1942: Perhaps the most audacious of all Commando raids, Operation Chariot, was mounted in the early hours of the morning against the Normandie dry-dock at St Nazaire, the largest in Europe and the only facility on the Atlantic seaboard capable of supporting the battleship Tirpitz. The elderly destroyer HMS Campbeltown, formerly the USS Buchanan given to the Royal Navy 9 September 1940, led the attack, her bows packed with 4.5 tons (4.57 metric tons) of explosive to make her into a massive bomb. Campbeltown's superstructure had also been modified, to give her the approximate appearance of a German Mowe class escort vessel, in the hope that uncertainty as to her identity would help her get past the formidable shore batteries guarding the Loire estuary. Accompanied by a flotilla of 16 small and vulnerable Motor Launches, a Motor Gun Boat and a Motor Torpedo Boat, Campbeltown made her way up the Loire under heavy fire and rammed the dock gates at high speed at 0134 hrs. An assault force of Army Commandos stormed ashore, with the task of destroying dockside facilities. The Germans reacted swiftly and extremely fierce fighting ensued for several hours. Only four of the 16 Motor Launches survived to get back out to sea. The delayed action fuses in Campbeltown's bows detonated ten hours after she hit the docks. 360 German troops were killed in the blast - they had not realised the true purpose of the attack - and the dock was put out of action for the remainder of the war. Of the 611 Royal Navy and Army personnel involved, 222 were brought out on the Motor Launches, five escaped on foot south through Occupied France and into Spain, 215 were captured, and 169 were killed. Five Victoria Crosses were awarded: Commander Ryder, who led the flotilla in MGB314. Lieutenant Commander Beattie, commanding Campbeltown. Sergeant Ryder, Royal Engineers, who died of his wounds sustained aboard ML306. Able Seaman Savage, killed in action aboard MGB314. Lieutenant Colonel Newman, who led the Commando force. 1942 Neil Kinnock, British politician, was born. 1945 Germany dropped its last V2 bomb on Britain. 1964 Pirate radio station, Radio Caroline, began transmitting from a ship in the North Sea. 1965: Thousands join Dr King in Alabama rally. Martin Luther King leads protests to the steps of the state capital of Montgomery in Alabama. 1979 Prime Minister James Callaghan lost a parliamentary vote of confidence by a minority of one, forcing him to call an early general election. 1979: Nuclear leak causes alarm in America. Radioactive steam leaks into the atmosphere at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania prompting fears for the safety of the plant's 500 workers. 1983: Macgregor named as coal boss. Ian Macgregor, leader of the British Steel Corporation is named as the new chairman of the National Coal Board. 1991 A jury returned a verdict of accidental death at the end of the inquest into the Sheffield Hillsborough disaster in which 95 football fans died. The 90-day inquest was the longest in British history and recommended extra security measures at football stadiums. 2003: In Iraq, D Squadron of the Household Cavalry Regiment was conducting reconnaissance operations far in advance of the main body of 16 Air Assault Brigade. A pair of Scimitar armoured reconnaissance vehicles came under mistaken attack by Coalition aircraft. The 18-year old driver of one of the Scimitars, Trooper Finney of the Blues & Royals, escaped from his burning vehicle, and successfully rescued the wounded gunner, trapped in the turret. Having carried him to safety, Finney returned to the vehicle to use the radio to alert headquarters. He then began carrying his wounded comrade towards a Royal Engineer Spartan vehicle which was coming to their assistance. Unfortunately, the Coalition aircraft then mounted a second attack which wounded both Finney and the already injured gunner, and set fire to the second Scimitar. Nevertheless, Finney got the casualty to the safety of the Spartan, and then attempted, in vain, to rescue a crewman trapped in the second Scimitar. He eventually collapsed, overcome by smoke and his injuries. He was awarded the George Cross (GC) for his heroism. NE1 raveydavey wrote: March 28th: 1913 The first Morris Oxford car left the converted Military Academy at Cowley, Oxfordshire. It was William Morris's first factory. My dad used to have a Morris Oxford. dark blue with pale blue leather seats and a walnut dash. (he had an Austin cambridge as well two tone grey with red leather seats...I liked that one better). Lovely cars. raveydavey March 29th: An old folk belief claimed this to be a ï¿½borrowed dayï¿½, since it was believed the last three days of March had been taken from April. 1461 Over 28,000 people were killed in the battle of Towton, North Yorkshire during the War of the Roses (Lancaster against York). The Lancastrians, under Henry VI, were crushed and the throne was claimed by Edward IV of York. 1788 Charles Wesley, English evangelist and hymn-writer, died. 1855: At Sevastopol, Major Elton of the 55th Regiment led a counter-attack against Russians who had sallied from the fortress to destroy siege works. Meanwhile, Private Coffey of the 34th Regiment saved the lives of many of his comrades when he picked up a live shell that had landed in a crowded trench and managed to throw it clear before it exploded. Both men received the Victoria Cross (VC). 1871 Queen Victoria opened the Royal Albert Hall in London, built in memory of Prince Albert. 1879: In heavy fighting at Hlobane, Lieutenant Browne spurred to the assistance of a mounted infantryman who had lost his horse, and helped him to safety before the Zulus could close in. Browne was awarded the Victoria Cross. 1886: Coca-Cola, invented by Dr John Pemberton of Atlanta, Georgia, was launched as an ï¿½Esteemed Brain Tonic and Intellectual Beverageï¿½. It was not until 1894 that mass production bottling began. 1912 The last entry in British explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott's diary. He died in Antarctica, along with the rest of his party, whilst returning from the South Pole. 1920 Sir William Robertson, who enlisted in 1877, became a field marshal in the British Army, the first man to rise to this rank from private. 1927 Sir Henry Segrave beat Malcolm Campbellï¿½s land speed record in his 'Mystery' car (a 1,000 hp Sunbeam with a World War I aircraft engine) on the Daytona Beach, clocking 203.79 mph. He became the first driver to exceed 200 mph. 1940 The Bank of England introduced thin metal strips into banknotes as an anti-forgery device. 1943 John Major, former British Prime Minister, was born. 1967 The Torrey Canyon oil tanker 'refused' to sink, despite more than a day of heavy bombing. Tens of thousands of tons of oil formed a slick 35 miles long and up to 20 miles wide around the area. 1981 The first London marathon took place, with around 7,000 entrants. 1982: David Puttnamï¿½s Chariots of Fire won the Oscar for best film. 1988 Lloyd Honeyghan became the first British boxer to regain a world title since Ted ï¿½Kidï¿½ Lewis, 71 years previously. Honeyghan knocked out Jorgï¿½ Vaca of Mexico in the third round at the Wembley Arena, London. 1988: Ian Botham plus elephants began a fund-raising trek across the Alps in Hannibalï¿½s footsteps. On the same day, he learned his contract with Queensland Cricket Association had been cancelled because of his behaviour. It still had two years to run. 1999 The case of James Hanratty was sent back to the Court of Appeal, 37 years after he was hanged for murder. New DNA evidence emerged and a police inquiry highlighted flaws in the original investigation. eddiesleftfoot raveydavey wrote: March 29th: An old folk belief claimed this to be a ï¿½borrowed dayï¿½, since it was believed the last three days of March had been taken from April. 1461 Over 28,000 people were killed in the battle of Towton, North Yorkshire during the War of the Roses (Lancaster against York). The Lancastrians, under Henry VI, were crushed and the throne was claimed by Edward IV of York. 1788 Charles Wesley, English evangelist and hymn-writer, died. 1855: At Sevastopol, Major Elton of the 55th Regiment led a counter-attack against Russians who had sallied from the fortress to destroy siege works. ï¿½Meanwhile, Private Coffey of the 34th Regiment saved the lives of many of his comrades when he picked up a live shell that had landed in a crowded trench and managed to throw it clear before it exploded. ï¿½Both men received the Victoria Cross (VC). 1871 Queen Victoria opened the Royal Albert Hall in London, built in memory of Prince Albert. 1879: In heavy fighting at Hlobane, Lieutenant Browne spurred to the assistance of a mounted infantryman who had lost his horse, and helped him to safety before the Zulus could close in. ï¿½Browne was awarded the Victoria Cross. 1886: Coca-Cola, invented by Dr John Pemberton of Atlanta, Georgia, was launched as an ï¿½Esteemed Brain Tonic and Intellectual Beverageï¿½. It was not until 1894 that mass production bottling began. 1912 The last entry in British explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott's diary. He died in Antarctica, along with the rest of his party, whilst returning from the South Pole. 1920 Sir William Robertson, who enlisted in 1877, became a field marshal in the British Army, the first man to rise to this rank from private. 1927 Sir Henry Segrave beat Malcolm Campbellï¿½s land speed record in his 'Mystery' car (a 1,000 hp Sunbeam with a World War I aircraft engine) on the Daytona Beach, clocking 203.79 mph. He became the first driver to exceed 200 mph. 1940 The Bank of England introduced thin metal strips into banknotes as an anti-forgery device. 1943 John Major, former British Prime Minister, was born. 1967 The Torrey Canyon oil tanker 'refused' to sink, despite more than a day of heavy bombing. Tens of thousands of tons of oil formed a slick 35 miles long and up to 20 miles wide around the area. 1981 The first London marathon took place, with around 7,000 entrants. 1982: David Puttnamï¿½s Chariots of Fire won the Oscar for best film. 1988 Lloyd Honeyghan became the first British boxer to regain a world title since Ted ï¿½Kidï¿½ Lewis, 71 years previously. Honeyghan knocked out Jorgï¿½ Vaca of Mexico in the third round at the Wembley Arena, London. 1988: Ian Botham plus elephants began a fund-raising trek across the Alps in Hannibalï¿½s footsteps. On the same day, he learned his contract with Queensland Cricket Association had been cancelled because of his behaviour. It still had two years to run. 1999 The case of James Hanratty was sent back to the Court of Appeal, 37 years after he was hanged for murder. New DNA evidence emerged and a police inquiry highlighted flaws in the original investigation. He should have told them he'd be gone for a bit raveydavey March 30th: 1135: Birth of Maimonides (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon), Jewish philosopher born in Cï¿½rdoba, Spain, who migrated with his family to Egypt, where he became Saladinï¿½s physician. His contribution to Jewish thought in a number of commentaries rates him second to Moses. 1296: Edward I sacked Berwick, then the largest and richest town in Scotland, and massacred several thousand of its inhabitants. 1406 On his way to France, (for his safety after his elder brother, David, Duke of Rothesay, was murdered), James I of Scotland was captured at Flamborough Head, Yorkshire and imprisoned by King Henry IV. 1533 Thomas Cranmer became Archbishop of Canterbury. 1775 The British parliament passed an act forbidding its North American colonies to trade with anyone other than Britain. 1842: Ether was used as an anaesthetic for the first time by Dr Crawford Long in Jefferson, Georgia, to remove a cyst from the neck of a student. 1858: Hyman Lipman of Philadelphia patented a pencil with an eraser attached to one end. 1867: ï¿½A lot of dollars for an awful lot of ice,ï¿½ critics cried when US Senator William H. Seward bought Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million - approximately two cents an acre. No one knew about the oil. 1936 Britain announced the construction of 38 warships, the largest construction programme for 15 years. 1943: The first performance of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical destined to be a landmark, Okalahoma!, on Broadway. 1964 The seaside holiday resort of Clacton was the scene of pitched battles by rival gangs of 'mods' and 'rockers'. 1972 Britain assumed direct rule over Northern Ireland, with William Whitelaw as Secretary of State. 1974 Red Rum won the Grand National at Aintree for second year running. 1978 Tory leader Margaret Thatcher recruited advertisers Saatchi & Saatchi to revamp the Conservative Party image ahead of the General Election. Labour isn't working was the memorable slogan - perhaps they could use it again? 1979 Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary Airey Neave was killed by a car bomb as he left the House of Commons car park. 1981: President Reagan is shot. President Ronald Reagan is shot and wounded when a lone gunman opens fire in Washington. 1987 The picture 'Sunflowers', painted by Vincent van Gogh was sold at auction by Christie's for ï¿½24,750,000. 1988: A former paratrooper bit off the ear of his sisterï¿½s boyfriend after an ï¿½unprovoked attackï¿½ following a heavy drinking session, an Exeter court was told. The attacker laughed as he bit off half of the left ear, chewed and swallowed it in front of the victim and said ï¿½Yum, yumï¿½. At the police station, the accused had said, ï¿½His nose was nextï¿½. 1994 The West Indies cricket team dismissed England for 46, the lowest total reached by an English side since 1887. 1997 Pop group The Spice Girls helped launch Britain's newest terrestrial TV channel - Channel 5. 2002 Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, (born August 4th 1900), died peacefully in her sleep, aged 101. raveydavey March 31st: 1596: Birth of Renï¿½ Descartes, French philosopher and mathematician who is considered the ï¿½father of modern philosophyï¿½. 1836 The first monthly instalment of Charles Dickens' Pickwick Papers was published. 1837 John Constable, English painter, best known for his paintings of the English countryside, died. 1855 Charlotte Bronte, Yorkshire novelist and author of Jane Eyre, died during her pregnancy. 1889: The 985 ft (359.06 m) high Eiffel Tower, costing ï¿½260,000 at the time, was officially opened by French Premier Tirard. Designed by Gustave Eiffel, it had taken two years to erect. 1892: The worldï¿½s first fingerprinting bureau was formally opened by the Buenos Aires Chief of Police, although it had been operating unofficially since 1891. 1901: The Daimler factory turned out its first car. 1921 British champion jockey Sir Gordon Richards rode the first of his career total of 4,870 winners. 1924 The first British national airline, Imperial Airways, was founded at Croydon Airport. 1930 Scottish engineer John Logie Baird installed a TV set at 10 Downing Street. 1934: The most wanted man in the US, John Dillinger, blasted his way out of a police trap after escaping from prison in Indiana using a fake wooden pistol. 1939 Britain and France agreed to support Poland if Germany threatened to invade. 1949 Winston Churchill declared that the atomic bomb was the only thing that kept the Soviet Union from taking over Europe. 1950: Norwegian Thor Heyerdahl published his account of the ï¿½Kon-Tiki Expeditionï¿½, which he undertook to demonstrate that the Polynesians came originally from South America. To do this, he built a balsa wood raft similar to those used by the Polynesians, and, with a Scandinavian crew, took 101 days to travel the possible route. 1953: John Halliday Christie was arrested after a manhunt. As well as that of his wife, Ethel, the bodies of seven women were found hidden in the house and garden at 10 Rillington Place. Three were found together in a secret alcove in the small kitchen. The dull-witted Timothy Evans, another tenant in the house, had been convicted three years previously of the murder of his wife, Beryl Evans, and her 14-month-old daughter, Geraldine, and hanged. Christie had kept all the press cuttings of the murder, which he probably committed. 1953 More than 1,500 attended the funeral of Queen Mary at St. George's Chapel, Windsor. 1959: Dalai Lama escapes to India. The spiritual leader of Tibet, the Dalai Lama, crosses the border into India after an epic 15-day journey on foot over the Himalayan mountains. 1966 Harold Wilson won a sweeping victory in the general election, with a majority of about 100 seats in the House of Commons. 1972 The Beatles' Official Fan Club closed down. 1972 More than 500 people attended a rally in London ahead of a four-day demonstration against nuclear arms. 1973 Racehorse Red Rum won the Grand National Steeplechase in a record time of 9 min 1.9 sec., a record that remained unbroken for 16 years. He is the only horse to have won the Grand National three times. 1986: Greater London Council abolished. Thousands of people take part in festivities to mark the historic final hours of 97 years of local rule in London. West Yorkshire County Council was also abolished at the same time. 1986 Hampton Court Palace was severely damaged by fire. 1990 An anti-poll tax rally in London erupted into the worst riots in the city for a 100 years. As an interesting aside, actress Anna Carteret was peacefully taking part in the protests and was being held, along with many others, just away from the rioting as the police tried to restore order. She was then recognised from her most famous role as 'Juliet Bravo' (where she played a female police inspector)and was immediately allowed on her way! raveydavey April 1st: All Fools' Day (April Fools' Day). 1578 William Harvey, the English physician who explained the circulation of blood, was born. 1841 The Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, originally created from the 9 acres of Princess Augusta's botanic garden, was opened to the public. 1908 The Territorial Army, a force of volunteer soldiers mainly for home defence, was formed in Britain. 1918 The Royal Air Force was formed. It incorporated the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service. 1935 Green Belt legislation was introduced to stop indiscriminate building on many areas of the countryside. 1948: The Berlin blockade began with Soviet troops enforcing road and rail blocks between Berlin and the Allied Western Zone. To solve the problem, the Allies mounted a massive airlift. 1957: BBC fools the nation. The BBC receives a mixed reaction to a spoof documentary about spaghetti crops in Switzerland. 1964: The Ministry of Defence was established, combining in a single Department of State the functions of the Admiralty, the War Office and the Air Ministry. 1973 Britain introduced VAT (Value Added Tax). It replaced Purchase Tax and Selective Employment Tax. 1980 Britain's first nudist beach opened at Brighton. 1983 Tens of thousands of peace demonstrators formed a human chain stretching for 14 miles, lining a route along what the protesters called "Nuclear Valley" in Berkshire. 1984: US singer Marvin Gaye was shot dead by his father during a violent row, on the eve of his 45th birthday. 1989 Despite threats of non-payment and other protests, the Community Charge or Poll Tax was introduced in Scotland. 1990 Up to 1,000 prisoners staged a riot at Strangeways Prison in Scumchester in a violent protest against overcrowding. It was the longest prison riot in British history and lasted until 25th April. One remand prisoner died. 1998 A world record price for a musical instrument. A 1727 Stradivarius violin was sold at Christie's for ï¿½947,500. 1999: Britain gets first minimum wage. A legally-binding minimum rate of pay has been introduced in Britain for the first time. 2000 The Enigma machine, used by the Germans to encrypt messages in the Second World War, was stolen from Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire. NE1 April 1st: 2009- Alan Shearer took over the manager post of his blessed Newcastle United and continued to walk on water raveydavey April 2nd: 742: Birth of Charlemagne, French Holy Roman Emperor who was crowned by the Pope on Christmas Day, 800. 1792: The US mint was established in the nationï¿½s capital, then Philadelphia. 1801 In the Battle of Copenhagen, British hero Horatio Nelson (born at Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk) put his telescope to his blind eye and ignored Admiral Parker's signal to stop fighting. "I have only one eye. I have a right to be blind sometimes. I really do not see the signal." He continued until the Danish fleet was defeated. 1873 Almost 14 years after the United States, British trains were fitted with toilets, but only for sleeping cars. Day carriages were fitted in 1881. Third class passengers werenï¿½t able to "spend a penny" until 1886. 1877 The first Human Cannonball Act was performed at London's Amphitheatre when acrobat Lady Zazal, attached by elastic springs, was fired into a safety net. 1879: During the Second Afghan War, Lieutenant Hamilton of the Guide Cavalry won the Victoria Cross (VC) for his leadership and bravery during a cavalry action. He assumed command of the Regiment after his Commanding Officer was killed, and as well as distinguishing himself leading a charge, went to the rescue of a Sowar lying trapped under a dead horse and being attacked by three enemy. Hamilton killed all three and carried the Sowar to safety. 1905: The Simplon Tunnel under the Alps linking Switzerland and Italy was officially opened. 1914 Alec Guinness, English actor was born. His roles included "Kind Hearts and Coronets", "The Bridge on the River Kwai," for which he won an Oscar, and "The Ladykillers." 1921 The IRA took delivery of their first consignment of ï¿½Tommyï¿½ guns (their nickname derived from their potential targets, British ï¿½Tommiesï¿½). They were designed for them by Oscar Payne and Theodore Eickhoff of Hartford, Connecticut. 1943: 1409 (Meteorological) Flight of Bomber Command flew its first operational sortie, a Mosquito to Brittany in preparation for a Bomber Command raid on the U-boat pens at Saint Nazaire and Lorient. For the remainder of the war, 1409 Flight's Mosquitoes flew 1,364 sorties, unarmed and usually alone, deep into enemy territory, to conduct vital weather reconnaissance in advance of bomber operations. Only three Mosquitoes were lost in during these operations. 1946 Britain's Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst was founded. 1954 Britain's first TV soap opera was transmitted. It was 'The Grove Family' , named after the BBC's Lime Grove Studios in London. 1962 A new style of pedestrian crossing (the Panda crossing) was launched in London by the Minister of Transport, Ernest Marples. It caused confusion among both drivers and pedestrians. 1966 The author C.S Forester, best known for his 'Hornblower' books, died. 1977 Charlotte Brew becomes the first woman jockey to ride in the Grand National. Her horse, Barony Fort, fell at the 27th fence. 1977 Red Rum won the Grand National for a record third time. 1982 Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic, a British possession for 149 years. They didn't know about our secret weapn, Armley White... 2005: Pope John Paul II dies. Pope John Paul II dies at the age of 84 following heart failure, ending one of the longest pontificates in history raveydavey April 3rd: 1043 Edward the Confessor was crowned King of England in Winchester Cathedral 1367 The birth of Henry IV, (son of John of Gaunt). He became the first Lancastrian king of England in 1399. His reign was marked by many uprisings from home and abroad. 1721 Sir Robert Walpole was appointed first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer, effectively Britain's first prime minister. 1860: The Pony Express started its regular run of almost 2,000 miles (3218 km) from St Joseph, Missouri to San Francisco. It took about ten days, at a speed of around 8 mph and only operated for 18 months, until the first transcontinental telegraph line was completed. In 1882, St Joseph would feature again in the history of the West. Jesse James, the legendary US outlaw, was shot in the back here by one of his own gang, Robert Ford. He was 35. 1862 The death of Sir James Clark Ross, English polar explorer who has the Ross Barrier, Sea and Island named after him. 1901 Death of the British Impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte, founder of the Savoy Theatre and Hotel and manager of the Gilbert & Sullivan opera company. 1913 English suffragette Emmeline Pankhurst was sentenced to 3 years in prison for inciting supporters to place explosives at the London home of British politician David Lloyd George. The Home Secretary banned all future public meetings of suffragettes. 1933 Everest was conquered for the first time by plane when 2 specially built British planes made aviation history by flying over the summit. The pilots were the Marquis of Douglas and Clydesdale and Fl. Lt. David McIntyre. 1945: At Lingen, an important bridge over the Ems had been prepared for demolition by the Germans. A company of Coldstream Guards commanded by Captain Liddell was ordered to take the bridge intact. Liddell went forward alone under very heavy fire, managed to climb over a ten-foot (3m) high roadblock and disconnected the fuse wires at the near end. He ran across the bridge, still under intense fire, and disconnected the fuses at the German end. To be sure, he climbed under the bridge and disconnected the wires to the charges placed there. Finally he returned to the roadblock, climbed on it to be seen better, and summoned his men forward. Liddell was awarded the Victoria Cross, but was killed in action shortly afterwards on 21 April during the final days of the war. 1954 Oxford won the 100th Boat Race in rough conditions on the River Thames. 1981 Mobs of youths went on the rampage in Brixton, South London, throwing petrol bombs and looting shops. Police harassment over a long period was given as the cause. Gene Hunt was dispatched to restore order. 1982: Following the invasion of the Falklands, Argentine forces landed on South Georgia, defended by a small party of Royal Marines under Lieutenant Keith Mills and Sergeant Leach. The Royal Marines eventually surrendered after inflicting significant losses on their opponents, including damaging a corvette with an anti-tank round. 1987 The jewels of the late Duchess of Windsor, (the former Mrs Wallis Simpson who married Edward VIII of England after his abdication in 1936,) fetched more than ï¿½31 million at auction, six times more than the expected figure. 1993 The Grand National was declared void after a series of events at the start reduced the world-famous horse race to a shambles. 30 of the 39 riders failed to realise a false start had been called and set off around the racetrack, completing both laps of the course and passing the finish line before they realised their mistake. Blooming 'eck! Was that really 16 years ago...? I feel old now 2000 A controversial plan to give asylum seekers vouchers instead of cash came into force. raveydavey April 4th: 1581 Queen Elizabeth I knighted Francis Drake aboard his ship the Golden Hind at Deptford after his successful circumnavigation of the world. 1617 John Napier, the Scottish mathematician who invented logarithms died. 1720: The House of Lords passed the South Sea Bill to allow the South Sea Company a monopoly of South American trade in return for a loan of ï¿½7 million to ease the countryï¿½s French War debt. Expecting to get rich quickly, investors flocked to buy shares until the ï¿½South Sea Bubbleï¿½ burst. The promoters fled, corruption in high places was exposed and many people faced bankruptcy. 1934 Yorkshireman Percy Shaw laid the first "cats' eyes" along the centre of the road at an accident black spot near Bradford. 1949 The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established by 12 Western states including Great Britain. The military alliance provided for a collective self-defence against Soviet aggression and greatly increased American influence in Europe. 1958 The first Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) protest march left Hyde Park in London towards Aldermaston in Berkshire. 1964 British pop group The Beatles occupied the first five places in the US singles pop charts with:- 'Can't Buy Me Love', 'Twist and Shout', 'She Loves You', 'I Want To Hold Your Hand' and 'Please Please Me'. 1968: Martin Luther King shot dead. The American black civil rights leader, Dr Martin Luther King, is assassinated. 1981 An emotional Aintree saw Bob Champion win the Grand National on Aldaniti. Champion, suffering from cancer, had been given eight months to live, while Aldaniti, who had led all the way, had been plagued with tendon problems and a broken back. 1984 The women from the main peace camp at Greenham Common in Berkshire were evicted, but said it would not end their protest. 1985 Royal Assent was given for the Bill to hand Hong Kong to China in 1997. 1988 The British TV soap opera 'Crossroads' came to an end after 24 years with the transmission of the last of its 4,510 episodes. 1991 Children at the centre of 'satanic abuse allegations' in the Orkney Islands were reunited with their families after the case was thrown out of court. 1997 The residents of Eigg, a small island off the west coast of Scotland, bought their island with help from an anonymous English millionairess, after an eight-month ownership battle. raveydavey April 5th: 1264: King Henry III surrounded rebels supporting Simon de Montfort at Northampton. The royal army succeeded in taking the town and castle, and seriously weakened de Montfort's position in the Midlands. 1588: Birth of Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher, born prematurely when his mother heard that the Armada was approaching. His political philosophy, that absolute authority should be vested in government, was expounded in his masterpiece, Leviathan (1651). 1649: Birth of Elihu Yale, US-born English official who became the governor of Madras. When in 1701 he sold some of his US effects, he stipulated that the money should go towards the establishment of a collegiate school which, in 1718, became Yale College. It expanded to become Yale University in 1887. 1724: Birth of Giovanni Jacopo Casanova, the worldï¿½s best known lover. 1827 Joseph Lister, the English physician who introduced the idea of using antiseptics during surgery, was born. 1843 Queen Victoria proclaimed Hong Kong a British crown colony. 1895 The start of the trial of Irish playwright Oscar Wilde who was accused of homosexuality. 1902 25 football fans were killed at Ibrox Park, Glasgow, Scotland when a stand collapsed during a Scotland / England international match. At least another 200 were injured. 1955 Sir Winston Churchill, the British leader who guided Great Britain through the crisis of World War II, retired as Prime Minister, aged 81, handing over to Anthony Eden. 1964 Automatic, driverless trains began operating on the London Underground. 1976 Harold Wilson resigned as Prime Minister and was succeeded by James Callaghan. 1976: Billionaire Howard Hughes dies. One of the world's richest men dies on a plane to Houston, Texas, having spent two decades in seclusion. 1976 James Callaghan won the Labour leadership contest and took over at Number 10 Downing Street. 1982 A British Task Force set sail from Southampton to recapture the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic after the invasion by Argentina. 1997 The 150th running of the Grand National at Aintree, Liverpool was cancelled because of an IRA bomb scare. 1999 Richard Dunwoody became the most successful jump jockey of all time, when he clocked up his 1,679th win at Wincanton. (The record is now held by Tony McCoy with over 2,000 winners.) 2001 Perry Wacker, a Dutch lorry driver was sentenced to 14 years in prison for his part in the deaths of 58 Chinese illegal immigrants. They were found suffocated in the back of his lorry when it was searched at Dover in June 2000. 2002 People queued for miles beside the Thames to pay their last respects to the Queen Mother, whose body was lying in state in Westminster Hall, London. raveydavey April 6th: 1199 King Richard I (Richard the Lionheart) died after being wounded by a crossbow bolt during a siege in France. 1339: Following a siege which had seen the first use of early cannon during the Hundred Years War, the Gascon garrison of Puyguilhem, a key fortress in the English-owned province of Aquitaine, surrendered to the French. 1580 An earth tremor damaged several London churches, including the old St Paul's Cathedral. 1789: George Washington became the first Chief-magistrate or President of the 12 American states which formed the government following the War of Independence. 1843 English poet William Wordsworth was appointed Poet Laureate, a day before his 73rd birthday. 1913 Suffragettes increased their militant activities by cutting telephone lines and damaging post boxes. 1941: Knowing full well the risks they were running, a Beaufort torpedo-bomber crew of 22 Squadron, Coastal Command, piloted by Flying Officer Kenneth Campbell, penetrated the inner harbour at Brest in bad weather at extreme low level to attack the German battlecruiser Gneisenau. Under massive anti-aircraft fire, and with little chance of avoiding crashing into the hills behind the harbour, they succeeded in torpedoing Gneisenau before being shot down. All four crew were killed. Their efforts put the battlecruiser into dry dock for repairs for several months, and Campbell was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross in recognition of the crew's gallantry. 1944 Pay As You Earn (PAYE) income tax was introduced into Britain. It was devised by Cornelius Gregg. 1963 Britain and the USA signed the Polaris missile agreement. Polaris was a submarine launched, nuclear tipped weapon designed as a nuclear deterrent. 1968: United States erupts in race violence. Dozens of major cities in the United States are rocked by an escalation in the race riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King. 1975 'Operation Babylift'. A plane carrying 99 Vietnamese orphans, victims of the war in Vietnam, landed at Heathrow airport. 1984 The 17-year-old South African barefoot long and middle distance runner, Zola Budd, was granted British citizenship by Home Secretary, Leon Brittan, after only a matter of weeks, enabling her to compete as a British citizen in the Olympic games. The decision provoked considerable controversy. 1989 The government announced it was to abolish legislation which guarantees 'jobs for life' for more than 9,000 dockers. 1990 Married women in Britain became independent entities for income tax purposes for the first time, making them responsible for their own tax declarations. Their income was no longer assessed with that of their husbands. 1993 Following public disquiet, Queen Elizabeth II began paying income tax. 1997 BBC news reporter Martin Bell announced that he would be standing as an independent 'anti-sleaze' candidate against Tory MP Neil Hamilton at the forthcoming General Election. raveydavey April 7th: 1506: Birth of St Francis Xavier, Spanish priest, who was ordained in Venice. 1739 English highwayman Dick Turpin was hanged in York for murdering an inn-keeper. Before becoming a highwayman, he had been a butcher's apprentice. 1770 William Wordsworth, English romantic poet and Poet Laureate, was born. 1779: A former footman who became a deacon in the Church of England shot and killed the Earl of Sandwichï¿½s mistress, Margaret Reay, as she left the Covent Garden Theatre. The Rev James Hackman had fallen in love with Margaret when he was a footman to the Earl, but she had always rejected his advances. He was sentenced to death and rejected help from the Earl for clemency saying he wanted to die. 1827 Chemist John Walker of Stockton on Tees sold the world's first box of matches. 1832 Joseph Thompson, a farmer, went to Carlisle to sell his wife, both having agreed to part. A large crowd gathered as he offered her for 50 shillings. After an hour, the price was knocked down to 20 shillings, together with a Newfoundland dog as an incentive. 1853 Queen Victoria became the first monarch to receive chloroform. It was administered to ease the birth of her eighth child, Prince Leopold. 1891: Ole Kirk Christiansen, Danish toy maker who, in 1932, formed the company Lego, from the Danish leg godt which means ï¿½play wellï¿½. After seeing his Lego bricks become one of the most successful toys of all time, Christiansen later discovered that Lego is also Latin for ï¿½I put togetherï¿½. 1902: The Texas Oil Company, better known as Texaco, was formed. 1914 The House of Commons passed the Irish Home Rule Bill. 1917: On the Western Front, Captain Newland of the 12th Australian Battalion led his company in an assault on a German position, Newland personally spearheading the attack with a small bombing party armed with grenades. Having taken the position, he and his men faced two days of counter-attacks, at one point being driven back. However, Newland rallied the company and once again took the position. He was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). 1936 Butlins opened its first family holiday camp at Skegness. 1958 An Easter march to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston attracted 3,000 anti-atomic bomb marchers and a further 12,000 members of the new CND movement (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament). 1968 British world motor-racing champion Jim Clark died in a crash at the Hockenheim circuit in Germany. 1976 MP John Stonehouse resigned from the Labour Party, leaving James Callaghan's government in a minority of one. Stonehouse was accused of faking his own death, and also faced 18 charges of theft, forgery, attempted insurance frauds and conspiracy. 1986 Home computing pioneer Sir Clive Sinclair sold the rights to his machines to Amstrad. 1988: The first Yorkshire Pudding Birthday Lunch was held near Hull. The famous puddingï¿½s earliest known reference is in Hannah Glasseï¿½s The Art of Cookery Plain and Easy (1747). 1997 The 150th Grand National (cancelled on the 5th) due to bomb threats by the IRA, was held for the first time ever on a Monday, with the organisers offering free admission. Some 20,000 people had been left stranded over the weekend, as their cars and coaches were locked in the course. There was limited accommodation space in the city and surrounding areas, and those local residents not affected by the incident opened their doors and took in many of those stranded. raveydavey April 8th: 1838 The day before his 32nd birthday, Isambard Kingdom Brunelï¿½s 236 ft steamship Great Western sailed from Bristol on her maiden voyage to New York. The journey took 15 days, half the time of the fastest sailing ship. She became the first steamship to make regular Atlantic crossings. 1889 Adrian Boult, English conductor was born. 1898: Lord Kitchener, aided by Corporal Jones, captured the Mahdi at Atbara River, after defeating his Sudanese army. 1904 Britain and France settled their foreign affairs differences with a newly negotiated 'Entente Cordiale'. Britain recognised the Suez Canal Convention and surrendered its claim to Madagascar. 1908 King Edward VII appointed Liberal politician Herbert Asquith as Prime Minister following the death of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. 1919 The birth of Ian (Douglas) Smith, Rhodesian Prime Minister who advocated white supremacy and unilaterally declared independence (UDI) from Britain in 1965. After the transfer of power to the black majority in 1979, he was elected a member of parliament in the government of Robert Mugabe. 1925 The Australian Government and the British Colonial Office offered low interest loans to encourage Britons to borrow the money to emigrate to Australia. I wish that offer was still on... 1940: During the Norwegian campaign, the destroyer HMS Glowworm encountered the German heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper, over seven times her size. Glowworm had become separated from the main Royal Navy force after turning back to search for a seaman washed overboard. Despite the odds, Lieutenant-Commander Roope took his ship into an immediate attack on the cruiser. Glowworm was badly pummelled, but Roope managed to close the range and rammed his opponent, causing her significant damage. After one last salvo, which did further damage to Hipper, Glowworm capsized. Only 31 men were rescued from her crew. Roope was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross. 1946 The League of Nations held its last meeting in Geneva before dissolution. It was replaced by the United Nations (UN). 1953 British colonial authorities in Kenya sentenced Jomo Kenyatta to seven years' imprisonment. He allegedly organized the extremist Mau Mau in their violence against white settlers and the colonial government. 1973: Art master Picasso dies. The artist Pablo Picasso has died of a heart attack at his chateau near Cannes on the French Riviera. 1986: Eastwood voted mayor by landslide. Residents of the Californian town of Carmel have overwhelmingly voted for actor Clint Eastwood as their mayor. Go ahead, voter. Make my day. 1990 British golfer Nick Faldo won his second successive US Masters after a play-off. 1994: Rock musician Kurt Cobain 'shoots himself'. The lead-singer of grunge rock band Nirvana, Kurt Cobain, is found dead in his Seattle home. 1995 British-born Nicholas Ingram was executed in the electric chair in the US after two appeals to the US Supreme Court were turned down. He had been on death row since 1983 for murdering J C Sawyer and injuring his wife, Eunice Sawyer, during a robbery. 1997 The results of the first ultrasonic scan of the front of the Titanic revealed a series of six short slits as the principal damage to the ship after it struck an iceberg in the North Atlantic in 1912. raveydavey April 9th: 1483 The young Edward V acceded to the throne on the death of Edward IV. The boy was murdered in the Tower 75 days later, on 25th June. 1649 The birth of James Scott, Duke of Monmouth, claimant to the English throne, who led a failed rebellion against James II which cost him his head. His 320 accomplices were sentenced to death by Judge Jeffreys. 1747 The Scottish Jacobite Lord Lovat was beheaded on Tower Hill, London, for high treason. He was the last man to be executed in this way in Britain, in a form of execution which had been reserved for the nobility. 1770 The explorer Captain Cook arrived in Botany Bay, Australia, the first European to do so. 1806 English engineer and inventor Isambard Kingdom Brunel was born. He was perhaps the greatest of the 19th-century engineers and designed railways, bridges, tunnels, viaducts and ships. 1838 The National Gallery in Trafalgar Square, London opened. 1865: At Appotomax, General Robert E Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S Grant in the US Civil War. 1940: The German invasion of Norway and Denmark began. 1940: In appalling weather amid snow squalls off Norway, the elderly battlecruiser HMS Renown took on the two German battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. The weather prevented a conclusive action, but Renown distinguished herself with accurate long range gunnery under the most difficult of conditions. 1969 Sikh busmen in Wolverhampton won the right to wear turbans on duty. 1969 Brian Trubshaw the first British pilot to fly Concord, made his first flight in the British built prototype. The 22 minute flight left from a test runway at Filton near Bristol and landed at RAF Fairford in Gloucestershire. 1976: Young Liberal leader cleared of robbery. The president of the Young Liberals, Peter Hain, has been acquitted of robbing a branch of Barclays bank. Hain is now a minister within the Labour government. 1983 English trainer Jenny Pitman became the first woman to train the winner of the Grand National (Corbiere) at Aintree, Liverpool. 1984 About 100 pickets were arrested during violent clashes with police outside two working coal pits in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire. 2002 The funeral of the Queen Mother was held at Westminster Abbey. 2003 Iraqis pulled down symbols of Saddham Hussein as US tanks rolled into Baghdad. 2005 The Prince of Wales and Camilla Parker Bowles were married, in a civil ceremony at the Guildhall in Windsor. raveydavey April 10th: 1512 The birth of James V of Scotland, who allied his country with France against the English. He became king at the age of 17 months. 1633 Bananas went on display in Thomas Johnson's shop window in London. This was the first time the fruit had been seen in Britain. 1710 The Copyright Act came into effect in Britain. It allowed authors to hold exclusive rights to their work for up to 50 years after their death. 1814: On Easter Sunday, Wellington launched his attack on Toulouse, the last major action of the Peninsular War. With 49,000 men, he faced a similar sized force under Marshal Soult. Beresford took two divisions around the northern flank to attack from the east of the city, whilst Wellington's main body diverted the French to the west. Beresford's troops found the going difficult, but eventually took the Heights of Calvinet, where the superiority of his veteran infantry won the day. Soult's position being untenable, he withdrew the following day and Toulouse fell. 1820 The first British settlers landed at Algoa Bay, South Africa. 1829 Birth of William Booth, founder of the Salvation Army, which he began in 1865 while performing mission work to the poor in Londonï¿½s East End. It was named the 'Salvation Army' in 1878, when he took the title ï¿½Generalï¿½. 1858 The bell 'Big Ben' was cast. It is the largest of the five bells in the clock tower of the Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament). 1864: The Archduke Maximilian of Austria became the Emperor of Mexico. 1912 The British built luxury liner Titanic set sail on its doomed maiden voyage from Berth 44, White Star Line dock, Southampton to New York. 1932: In the German elections, Paul von Hindenburg was elected president with 19 million votes to Hitlerï¿½s 13 million. 1941: The epic siege of Tobruk began, as Axis troops surrounded the port, held by Australian and British troops. Other Commonwealth forces were heavily engaged north across the Mediterranean in Greece, attempting to stem the German advance there. 1955 Ruth Ellis shot her lover David Blakely outside a pub in Hampstead in North London. Following her murder trial she became the last woman to be hanged in Britain. 1972 An agreement, banning the use of biological weapons, was signed by 46 countries. 1981 Imprisoned IRA hunger striker Bobby Sands was elected to Westminster as the MP for Fermanagh and South Tyrone. 1989 Nick Faldo became the first Englishman to win the US Masters in a dramatic sudden death play-off. 1997 The National Trust's ruling council voted unanimously to ban stag-hunting on its land after a study concluded that the chase caused extreme suffering and exhaustion to the deer. 1998 The Northern Ireland peace talks ended with an historic agreement called the Good Friday Agreement. raveydavey April 11th: 1644: Lord Fairfax and his son Sir Thomas advanced on York with their northern Parliamentary forces. They were met at Selby by some 3,300 Royalists under Colonel Belasyse. With a 2:1 superiority, the Fairfaxes attacked the town, and after fierce fighting won the day, taking 1,600 prisoners and opening up the way to York. 1689 William II (Prince of Orange and champion of Protestants) and Mary II were crowned joint monarchs by the Bishop of London. The Archbishop of Canterbury refused to officiate. 1713 France handed over Gibraltar and Newfoundland to Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht. 1755 James Parkinson, the English physician who discovered Parkinson's disease was born. His observations were so detailed and complete that they laid the foundation for all subsequent research. 1819 Charles Hallï¿½, the German-born British pianist and conductor was born. 1855 Britain's first pillar boxes were put up in London. There were six of them, all painted green. 1902: Fred Gaisburg of the Gramophone Company made the first recordings of Caruso, who received the unheard of advance of ï¿½100. Caruso eventually made over ï¿½1 million from his recordings, the first artist to achieve this. 1939 The game of darts was banned in public houses in Glasgow because it was 'too dangerous'. 1951 The Stone of Scone, stolen from Westminster Abbey 107 days earlier by Scottish nationalists who wanted it returned to Scotland, turned up on this day, at Arbroath Abbey in Angus. 1952 Queen Elizabeth II announced that her children and descendents would bear the surname of Windsor. 1957 Britain agreed to Singapore self rule, to come into effect in 1958. 1959 Billy Wright, former England football captain became the first player in the world to play for his country in a hundred matches when England beat Scotland 1-0. 1961 The trial began, in Israel, of Adolf Eichmann, accused of helping Hitler in his plan to exterminate the Jews. He faced 15 charges, including crimes against humanity, crimes against the Jewish people and war crimes. 1973 The British Government introduced a tar content table to be printed on cigarette packets. 1981 The arrest of a black man led to hundreds of youths rampaging through the streets of Brixton in south London. 1983 The film Gandhi, directed by Sir Richard Attenborough, won eight Oscars, the most any British film has ever won. 1990: Customs seize 'supergun'. Customs officers in Middlesbrough say they have seized what they believe to be the barrel of a massive gun on a ship bound for Iraq. raveydavey April 12th: Easter Sunday 1204: The Fourth Crusade, which had more to do with finance and lands than religion, was diverted by the Venetians to the riches of Constantinople, sacked this day. 1567 The Earl of Bothwell was found not guilty of the murder of Lord Darnley, the husband of Mary Queen of Scots. Bothwell and Mary then married. 1606 The Union Flag became the official flag of Britain. It combined the flags of St. George (England) and St. Andrew (Scotland). As Wales was not a Kingdom but a Principality it could not be included on the flag. In 1801 the cross of St. Patrick (Ireland) was incorporated to create the flag that has been flown ever since. 1709 The first edition of the Tatler Magazine. 1838 English settlers in South Africa defeated the Zulus at the Battle of Tugela. The settlers had guns whereas the Zulus only had spears. 1879: Captain Creagh of the Indian Army began a ten day defence of the village of Kam Dakka near Kabul, holding it with 150 men against ten times that number of raiders. Although eventually forced to retreat to the cemetery, he and his men held out until a relief force arrived. Creagh received the Victoria Cross (VC). 1902 In South Africa, Boer leaders met the British commander Lord Kitchener to discuss peace proposals to end the Boer War. 1927 The British Cabinet came out in favour of voting rights for women. 1937 British engineer, Frank Whittle, tested the first jet engine at the Thomson-Houston factory in Rugby. The first jet flight was achieved by the German Heinkel, but it was Whittleï¿½s engine that was used as the prototype 1941 Bobby Moore, English footballer was born. 1954 Bill Haley recorded 'Rock Around The Clock'. It was first record to sell a million copies in Britain. 1961: Soviets win space race. The Soviet Union beats the USA in the race to get the first man into space and Yuri Gagarin becomes a national hero. 1984 Arthur Scargill, leader of the miners' union the NUM, would not allow a national ballot to take place on whether to stop the miners' strike. 1989 Lloyd Webberï¿½s Cats was performed for the 3,358th time at the New London Theatre, Drury Lane, making it Britainï¿½s longest running musical. Steven Wain who played one of the cats, was the only member of the original cast still in the show after eight years. Seats were booked to the end of 1999. 2000 The Queen presented the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) with the George Cross, the highest civilian award for bravery. Garp 1984 Arthur Scargill, leader of the miners' union the NUM, would not allow a national ballot to take place on whether to stop the miners' strike. And knowingly used thousands of workers' jobs in pursuit of his personal ambition to impose his disusting version of socialism on the UK by forcing the down fall of the government through illegal and anarchaic tactics. raveydavey April 13th: 1668 The appointment of the first Poet Laureate - John Dryden. 1732 The birth of Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guildford, who, as Lord North, levied the tax on tea that so incensed the American colonists it provoked the ï¿½Boston Tea Partyï¿½. 1741 Britain's Royal Military Academy was established at Woolwich. It is now at Sandhurst. 1771 Richard Trevithick, Cornish engineer was born. He designed high pressure steam engines and road, steam powered locomotives including 'the Puffing Devil'. It was one of the world's first road vehicles to carry passengers. 1821: Friday the 13th proved to be John Horwoodï¿½s unlucky day. He was hanged at Bristol for the murder of Eliza Balsam. While the crime is now of little interest, Horwoodï¿½s claim to immortality is as a result of the usual practice of allowing criminalsï¿½ bodies to be used for anatomical purposes. Not one scrap of Horwood was wasted, even his skin was used to bind the anatomistï¿½s account of the post-mortem which may be found on the shelves of Bristolï¿½s record office. 1829 The British Parliament passed the Catholic Emancipation Act, lifting restrictions imposed on Catholics at the time of Henry VIII. 1892 The birth of Sir Arthur Travers Harris, Royal Air Force Bomber commander, nicknamed ï¿½Bomber Harrisï¿½, who instituted the mass bombing raids over Germany, including the controversial blanket bombing of Dresden. 1912 The formation of the Royal Flying Corps (later incorporated into the RAF). 1919 British troops opened fire on 10,000 unarmed civilians at Amritsar in India who had defied the restrictions against public gatherings. 379 people were killed and 1,200 wounded. 1922 John Braine, English novelist was born. His books included best sellers 'Room at the Top' and 'Life at the Top'. 1933 The first flight over Mount Everest was completed by Lord Clydesdale. 1935 Imperial Airways and QANTAS inaugurated their London to Australia air service. 1936 Luton Town footballer Joe Payne, aged 22, set a goal scoring record when he scored ten goals in one match against Bristol Rovers. 1964: Poitier breaks new ground with Oscar win. Sidney Poitier has become the first black person to win the best actor Oscar. 1980: Four days after his 23rd birthday, Severiano Ballesteros won the US Masters, the youngest winner ever at that time. 1992 Neil Kinnock resigned as Labour Party leader. He blamed the Conservative backed press for his party's defeat at the general election. 1997: Tiger Woods wins Masters at 21. Golfing sensation Tiger Woods wins the US Masters, the youngest player ever to do so. NE1 April 13th: 2009: Leeds United let me down yet again raveydavey April 13th: 2009: Leeds United let me down yet again I'm sure that if we look at every date, we can find a year where that has happened... raveydavey April 14th: 1471 The Yorkists defeated the Lancastrians at the Battle of Barnet. Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, ï¿½the Kingmakerï¿½, was slain in the battle. He had put Henry VI on the throne, but Edward IV returned from exile in Holland to reclaim the crown. 1527: Birth of Philip II of Spain, who, in 1588, tried to conquer England, but sent his ill-fated Armada to destruction. 1536 Henry VIII dissolved the 'Reformation Parliament'. 1865: On this Good Friday, at Fordï¿½s Theatre, Washington, actor John Wilkes Booth shot Abraham Lincoln, the US president. Lincoln died the following day. Booth, who injured his leg escaping from the theatre, was later cornered in a barn and shot dead. 1904 John Gielgud, English actor was born. 1912 The British built luxury liner Titanic struck an iceberg in the North Atlantic shortly before midnight, and sank in the early hours of the next morning. 1500 passengers and crew were killed. 1917: Sergeant Ormsby of The King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry acted as company sergeant-major during an attack on German positions. He played a major part in the clearance of a village, then pushed on to deal with several snipers. When the last officer in the company fell wounded, Ormsby took command and continued the advance, taking a position and organising a successful defence. He received the Victoria Cross (VC). 1931 The Ministry of Transport issued the first Highway Code, a set of guidelines and rules for drivers. 1939 The birth of Trevor Locke, policeman who was taken hostage while on guard duty outside the Iranian Embassy in London. He tackled the terrorist leader as the SAS stormed the building, saving the life of the first SAS man on the scene. 1950 Comic strip hero Dan Dare, the pilot of a space ship, made his first appearance in the first edition of the comic, the Eagle. The comic merged with Lion comic in 1969. All 900,000 copies of the first issue were sold. Its founders were Mancunian Frank Hampson and an Oxford-educated vicar Marcus Morris. 1954: In Canberra, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov asked for political asylum. His defection exposed a vast spy ring in Australia and first confirmed that Burgess and Maclean were spying for the Russians. 1970: Critical explosion cripples Apollo 13. An explosion on board Apollo 13 causes one of the most critical situations in American space history. Fortunately Tom Hanks was on hand to save the day. 1983 The first cordless telephone, capable of operating up to 600 feet from base, was introduced. It was made by Fidelity and British Telecom and sold for ï¿½170. Bargain! 1988: USSR pledges to leave Afghanistan. The Soviet Union signs an agreement paving the way for pulling Russian troops out of Afghanistan. 1996 British golfer Nick Faldo won the US Masters title for the third time. 1989 Police in Huddersfield, Yorkshire, revealed that violent prisoners were being put into a bright pink cell which seemed to have a calming effect. The colour was named Baker-Miller Pink after the police chief and psychologist who thought up the idea. 2000 Kenneth Noye, who carried out a "road rage" killing on the M25 began a life sentence after being convicted of murder at the Old Bailey in London. He fled to the Costa del Sol after the attack and was arrested in 1998 by British police. Mort raveydavey wrote: April 13th: 2009: Leeds United let me down yet again I'm sure that if we look at every date, we can find a year where that has happened... Oh, I don't know ravey, there must be the odd summer date where nothing happened - or maybe I'm using the rose-coloured glasses again! raveydavey April 15th: 1755 Dr Samuel Johnson's dictionary was first published. It contained explanations and meanings for 40,000 different words and had taken him almost 9 years to compile. 1793 The Bank of England issued the first ï¿½5 notes. 1793: At Spithead in the Solent, off Portsmouth, British naval personnel mutinied over poor conditions and pay. 1901 The birth of Joe Davis, world snooker and billiards champion from 1927-1946. 1912 The British built Titanic luxury ocean liner that had collided earlier with an iceberg about 400 miles from Newfoundland sank at 2:20 a.m. More than 1,500 people drowned or froze to death in the icy waters. Most of the 700 survivors were women and children. 1901 The first motor hearse appeared on the streets of Britain when it carried the body of William Drakeford to his burial in Coventry. His employer, the Daimler Motor Company, had adapted one of their cars for the occasion. 1917: Lieutenant Pope commanded a small detachment of Australian troops guarding a key position on the Western Front. ï¿½They came under heavy and sustained attack from overwhelming forces. ï¿½At length, their ammunition exhausted, Pope led his men forward in a desperate bayonet charge which inflicted heavy losses before they were cut down almost to a man. ï¿½Pope was awarded the Victoria Cross posthumously. 1925 Author James Barrie donated his copyright fee for the story of Peter Pan to the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children in London. 1942 The people of the British colony of Malta were awarded the George Cross in recognition of their heroic war time struggle against enemy attack. 1945 British troops entered the Belsan concentration camp after negotiating a truce with the German commandant. Soldiers found piles of dead and rotting corpses and thousands of sick and starving prisoners. 1945: Art treasures looted by the Nazis were discovered down an Austrian mine. Amongst the find were paintings by Rubens, Leonardo da Vinci, Goya, Raphael and Michelangeloï¿½s famous Ghent altarpiece. 1953 Reis Leming, a 22-year-old US airman stationed in Britain was presented with the George Medal. He had rescued 27 people in East Anglia during winter floods. The award was the first given to a foreigner during peacetime. 1964 Footballer George Best made his debut for Northern Ireland against Wales. 1986: US launches air strikes on Libya. The United States bombs Tripoli in retaliation for Libyan terrorist attacks on American targets. 1988: The British nuclear submarine Talent became the last boat to be launched down a conventional slipway at Barrow-in-Furness. In future, new craft will be lowered by crane into the water. 1989 Britain's worst football disaster at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield. 96 football fans were crushed to death shortly after the start of the FA Cup semi-final match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest. Most of those killed were from Liverpool. 2000 A white farmer in Zimbabwe became the first white farmer to be killed in land confrontations involving President Robert Mugabe's ruling party. Garp Author James Barrie donated his copyright fee for the story of Peter Pan to the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children in London. Wow....What a gift raveydavey 1661: Birth of Charles Montague, 1st Earl of Halifax, founder of the Bank of England. 1705 Queen Anne of England knighted the scientist Isaac Newton at Trinity College, Cambridge. 1746 Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) was defeated at the Battle of Culloden Moor by an English Army under the the command of William, Duke of Cumberland. The bloody battle earned the Duke the name ï¿½Butcher Cumberlandï¿½. The Young Pretender Charles Stuart escaped and was later helped by Flora Macdonald to flee the country. 1786 The birth of John Franklin, English Arctic explorer who discovered the Northwest Passage. 1889 Charlie Chaplin, English-born film actor and director was born. 1895 The birth of Sir Ove Arup, English structural engineer, to Danish parents. He built the Sydney Opera House and worked with Sir Basil Spence on Coventry Cathedral. 1918 Spike Milligan, English comedian and writer was born. 1951 Seventy-five people died when the British submarine Affray sank in the Channel. 1953 Queen Elizabeth II launched the Royal Yacht Britannia at Clydeside. It was used by the British Royal Family for state visits and diplomatic missions for the next 45 years. 1964 Twelve members of the Great Train Robbery gang were sentenced, to a total of 307 years. 'Robbery', a film clearly inspired by and loosely based upon the Great Train Robbery is on ITV1 at midnight tonight. It's a classic of it's genre. 1982 Queen Elizabeth proclaimed the new Canadian constitution, severing Canada's last colonial links with Britain. 1986 Brewery heiress Jennifer Guiness was released in Dublin after being kidnapped and held hostage for 7 days. 1987: MP on gay sex charges. Conservative MP Harvey Proctor has appeared in court charged with indecency. 1996 The Duke and Duchess of York, Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson, announced that they were to divorce. 1996 Barclay's bank revealed that it had been the target of a 15-month terrorist campaign by the 'Mardi Gras' bomber who was attempting to extort large sums of money from the bank. 1997 A DNA data base for birds was launched, to deter thieves from stealing valuable eggs. Garp 1987: MP on gay sex charges. Conservative MP Harvey Proctor has appeared in court charged with indecency. Now part of the acceptance criteria for the Tory Party, and for Civil Service personal aides and advisors......So long as you don't promote your partner's business in Parliament. 1918 Spike Milligan, English comedian and writer was born. Comedian, writer and war hero personally responsible for the downfall of Hitler......Good read that. . I think one of the lines from his application to the RAF was that he felt qualified becouase he had travelled upstairs on a double decker bus raveydavey April 17th: 1521: Martin Luther was excommunicated by the diet at Worms. 1780: Admiral Rodney, with 21 ships of the line, caught the French Comte de Guichen in the Dominica Channel escorting a convoy. Rodney manouevred into the advantageous upwind position, but found it difficult for his ships to keep pace with the French. He therefore chose to concentrate his attack on their rear. Unfortunately, communicating this plan to his captains proved less than successful, and Rodney's flagship HMS Sandwich broke through the French line on her own, suffering heavy damage. The battle ended inconclusively, but de Guichen chivalrously sent a message to Rodney congratulating him on his efforts and acknowledging that he would have been defeated if Rodney had achieved his intent. 1860 The first world title boxing match took place near Farnborough, Hampshire, when Briton Tom Sayers took on American John Heenan. Despite being 46 lb lighter, Sayers forced a draw after 42 rounds of bare-knuckle fighting. 1888 The formation of the English Football League took place at a formal meeting in the Royal Hotel, Scumchester. 1951 The entire 75 strong crew of a British submarine died after it went missing off the south coast of England. It was the worst British submarine accident since the 2nd World War. 1956 Premium Bonds were introduced into Britain by the Conservative Chancellor of the Exchequer Harold Macmillan. They were described as a ï¿½squalid raffleï¿½ and as a ï¿½cold, inhuman activityï¿½. 750,000 Methodists were urged by their church leaders to boycott the scheme. 1963 The opening of the Hilton Hotel in London. 1964 The British pop group The Rolling Stones released their first album. The debut album was called ......... The Rolling Stones! It was released a month later in the US with the title 'Englandï¿½s Newest Hit Makers'. 1969 A 21-year-old woman, Bernadette Devlin, was voted in as Britain's youngest ever female MP and the country's third youngest ever. 1969 The age at which a person was eligible to vote in Britain was lowered from 21 to 18. 1979 British tennis star John Lloyd married the American tennis star Chris Evert. 1984 WPC Yvonne Fletcher was shot dead during an anti Gadaafi protest outside the Libyan Peopleï¿½s Bureau in London. Diplomatic relations with Libya were severed on 23rd April and her killer escaped under the cloak of diplomatic immunity. 1986 British journalist John McCarthy was kidnapped in Beirut. He was not released until August 1991. 1986 El Al security officials at Heathrow Airport, London foiled an attempt to smuggle a bomb on board an airliner with 360 passengers. The bomb was found in the baggage of a pregnant Irish woman duped by her Jordanian boyfriend. He was arrested the following day. 1999: Dozens hurt in London bomb blast. An explosion outside a busy supermarket in Brixton, south London, has injured at least 45 people. raveydavey April 18th: 1775 At the start of the War of American Independence, US patriot Paul Revere rode from Charleston to Lexington, warning people that British troops were advancing. 1881 The Natural History Museum in London was opened. 1906: At 5.12 am the first rumblings of the San Francisco earthquake were felt. Enrico Caruso was in the city to sing in Carmen with the Metropolitan Opera. He survived the destruction, but swore never to return. Four square miles, 514 blocks of 28,000 buildings were destroyed by the earthquake, which killed over 450 people. 1909: Joan of Arc was beatified at the Vatican. 1917: Pacific Aero products changed its name to the Boeing Airplane Company. 1934: The first launderette or ï¿½washeteriaï¿½ was opened in Fort Worth, Texas. 1941: An ANZAC brigade composed of the 2/2 and 2/3 Australian and 21st New Zealand Battalions fought a determined rearguard action at Tempe Gorge in northern Greece, allowing other Commonwealth and Greek forces to establish a defensive position at the famous Thermopylae pass. 1946 Hayley Mills, English actress was born. 1949 The Republic of Ireland Act came into force as Eire (Southern Ireland) became a Republic and left the British Commonwealth. 1949 The first 'Bob-a-Job week' began when 440,000 British Scouts started a nationwide campaign to raise the ï¿½22,000 needed to cover the deficits of the Scout movement. In the first year ï¿½60,000 was raised. The variety of jobs undertaken included a 13 year old who spent four hours cleaning the silver at 10 Downing Street. 1960 At least 60,000 demonstrators gathered in Trafalgar Square to mark the end of the Aldermaston to London 'ban the bomb' march. 1968 London Bridge was sold for ï¿½1m to American oil tycoon Robert McCullough. He decided to knock it down, brick by brick, and have it re-built at Lake Havasu in the United States. 1980 Rhodesia became Zimbabwe at midnight and independent from Britain. Canaan Banana was the President and Robert Mugabe the Prime Minister. 1986 Guinness, the giant brewery business, won their battle to take over the equally large spirits combine, the Distillers Group. The manner of the takeover was later investigated by the Director of Public Prosecutions and led to arrests of top financial figures including the Guinness chief executive, James Saunders. 1988 In the House of Commons, the 16th-century symbol of the Speakerï¿½s authority, the Mace, was damaged by Ron Brown, Labour MP for Leith, when he flung it to the floor during a debate. It was described by his own supporters as ï¿½a childish stuntï¿½ and led to his 20 day suspension. 1992 Benny Hill, English comedian died. 1994 West Indian batsman Brian Lara broke the record for the highest individual score in Test Cricket when he scored 375 against England (who else?) in Antigua. raveydavey April 19th: 1587 The English naval commander Sir Francis Drake sailed a small number of ships into Cadiz Harbour and sank most of the Spanish fleet. The incident became known as 'singeing the King of Spain's beard'. 1637: Amye Everard became the first English woman to be granted a patent for her tincture of saffron and essence of roses. 1775 The start of the American War of Independence against Britain when fighting began at Lexington and Concord. 1824 Lord Byron, the great English poet, died (aged 36) from malaria on his way to fight for Greek independence 1880 The Times war correspondent telephoned a report of the Battle of Ahmed Khel (part of the Second Afghan War). It was the first time that news had been sent from a field of battle in this manner. 1882 Charles Darwin, the English biologist who developed the theory of evolution, died at his home in Kent. 1883 At a meeting in Liverpool to establish a home for dogs, the proposer, T.F. Agnew, suggested it should perhaps be turned into a home for children as he had seen the work of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to children. On the evening of this day, the Liverpool Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was formed. Later, it would become the National Society (NSPCC). 1905 The birth of James Allan ï¿½Jimï¿½ Mollison, Scottish aviator who flew from Australia to England in 1931 in eight days, 19 hours and 28 minutes. He married aviator Amy Johnson, and together they made the first east-west crossing of the North Atlantic and several other pioneering flights. 1933 'Dickie' Bird, (Harold Dennis Bird) English cricket umpire, was born in Barnsley, Yorkshire. 1951 The first Miss World Contest was won by Kiki Haakonson, a 21 year old from Sweden. There were 30 contestants and 25 came from Britain, although all nations could enter. The contest was devised by Mecca publicity officer, Eric Morley, as part of the Festival of Britain celebrations. 1956: Prince Rainier marries Grace Kelly. Prince Rainier III of Monaco marries film actress Grace Kelly in a religious ceremony at the Cathedral of Monaco. 1958 The English footballer Bobby Charlton (owner of the games most famous combover) made the first of his 106 appearances for England against Scotland and scored the first of his 49 goals for his country. 1966: An advance party of 4,500 Australian troops sailed from Sydney to join with US troops in Vietnam. 1993: Waco cult siege ends with inferno. At least 70 people are feared to have died in a fire at the besieged headquarters of the Branch Davidian sect near Waco, Texas. 1995: Many feared dead in Oklahoma bombing. President Clinton condemns the "evil cowards" behind a huge car bomb which has killed at least 80 people. 1995 The first television advert for football pools was screened in a ï¿½1.5m Littlewood's campaign. The ban on such commercials was lifted after the company protested to the government that the National Lottery was hitting their profits. 2005: Ratzinger is elected as new Pope. Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger is elected as the Pope - the head of the world's 1.1 billion Roman Catholics. Garp 2005: Ratzinger is elected as new Pope. Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger is elected as the Pope - the head of the world's 1.1 billion Roman Catholics. Didn't he play Dustin Hoffman in Midnight Cowboy? raveydavey April 20th: 1653 Oliver Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament. It had followed the Long Parliament that had governed during the Civil War. 1657 The Spanish Fleet was destroyed in the Battle at Santa Cruz by an English Fleet commanded by Admiral Blake. 1689 The siege of Londonderry began when supporters of James II attacked the city. The population nearly starved to death before the siege was raised on 30th July. 1770 Yorkshireman Captain James Cook discovered New South Wales in Australia. 1841: The Murders in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allan Poe, considered the first modern detective story, was published in Grahamï¿½s magazine in the US. 1879 The first mobile home (horse-drawn) was used in a journey from London to Cyprus. 1889: Birth of Adolf Hitler, German dictator, whose real name was Schickelgrï¿½ber and whose original ambition was to be a painter. He sold postcard sketches in Vienna and drifted into politics, ranting against money lenders and trade unions, revealing his philosophy in Mein Kampf (1925). In 1933, he came to power in a Germany weakened by its defeat in the First World War. His ï¿½Third Reichï¿½, which he claimed would last 1,000 years, ended after twelve years when he died in a Berlin bunker in 1945. 1912 The Irish-born writer Bram Stoker, author of Count Dracula, died at his London home. He was 65. Whitby, Yorkshire was the inspiration for his novel. 1915: Three Victoria Crosses were won on the Western Front during German assaults on British positions at Hill 60. This is where 'Hill 60' at Roundhay Park (adjacent to Soldiers Field) got its name. 1949 The Badminton Horse Trials were held for the first time, at Badminton, Gloucestershire. 1964 BBC Two launched, with a power cut because of a fire at Battersea Power Station. 1968 The Conservative right-winger, Enoch Powell, made a hard-hitting speech attacking the government's immigration policy. Mr Powell said Britain had to be mad to allow in 50,000 dependents of immigrants each year. He compared it to watching a nation busily engaged in heaping up its own funeral pyre. "Like the Roman, I seem to see the river Tiber foaming with much blood." 1969 British troops guarded public utilities in N. Ireland after post offices were bombed. 1974 The conflict in Northern Ireland claimed its 1,000th victim, a petrol station owner from County Fermanagh. 1981 Steve Davis became the world snooker champion at 23 years of age, beating Doug Mountjoy at Sheffield. 1988: The worldï¿½s largest termite mound, around 21 ft high, was found in the Australian outback, it was claimed this day. The mound was located at Hayes Creek, 105 miles south of Darwin. 1989 Scientists said that the Earth had narrowly missed being struck by a passing asteroid weighing 400 million tons. 'Narrowly' in so much that there was a big enough gap for an average woman to parallel park in... 30 Mill Quote: 1949 The Badminton Horse Trials were held for the first time, at Badminton, Gloucestershire. WOW!!!!! Those are very talented horses - Bdaminton eh, who'd have thought raveydavey April 21st 753 BC: According to the historian Varro, this was the day that Romulus founded Rome. Rome is famously built on seven hills, much like Morley. 1509 Henry VIII became King of England following the death of his father, Henry VII. 1689 William III and Mary II were crowned joint king and queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. 1816 Charlotte Bronte, eldest of the three literary sisters, was born in Yorkshire. Her publisher rejected her first novel, 'The Professor,' but she went on to write her masterpiece, 'Jane Eyre'. 1907 Political clubs in Ireland merged to form the Sinn Fein League. 1913 Richard Beeching, British Rail chairman was born. 1916 Roger Casement, the Irish-born British consular official, landed in Ireland from a German submarine prepared to lead the Sinn Fein rebellion, but was arrested as the ï¿½Easter Uprisingï¿½ took place. The rebellion against the British in Dublin reached its worst level as Irish republicans took over sections of the city, while a Royal Navy gunboat bombarded them from the River Liffey. 1918 Baron Manfred von Richthofen, the legendary German ace pilot who had destroyed 80 Allied aircraft, was shot down by an RAF fighter and died from the crash behind British lines. He was known as the ï¿½Red Baronï¿½ because of his distinctive red Fokker tri-plane. As Iron Maiden once sang "Get that Fokker, shoot him down". 1926 Queen Elizabeth II was born. 1945: Red Army enters outskirts of Berlin. Russian troops capture some outlying suburbs of Berlin at the beginning of what promises to be a bitter battle for control of the city. 1945: A troop of tanks from the Irish Guards provided support to an infantry attack on a German village. A German counter-attack left all the tanks damaged, but Guardsman Charlton, one of their crewmen, salvaged a machine-gun and went to the aid of the infantry, firing from the hip. Despite being wounded in the arm, he managed to rest the machine-gun on a fence and kept up a heavy fire that drove back the German troops. He suffered further wounds, which proved fatal. He was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross. 1955 National newspapers were published for the first time in nearly a month following the end of the maintenance workers' strike. 1959 English ballerina Dame Margot Fonteyn was jailed for a day in Panama while the police looked for her Panamanian husband, accused of plotting a coup. 1962: The US Bell Telephone Company introduced radio paging. 1964 BBC television launched Playschool as the opening programme of their second channel. BBC2 actually opened a day late due to a major power failure the previous day. 1983 One pound coins replaced notes in England and Wales. 1989: Over 100,000 Chinese students poured into Pekingï¿½s Tiananmen Square, ignoring government warnings of severe punishment. 1994 One of the 'Guildford Four', Paul Hill, won his appeal against a conviction for an IRA murder in Northern Ireland. halfaperson 30 Mill wrote: 1949 The Badminton Horse Trials were held for the first time, at Badminton, Gloucestershire. WOW!!!!! ï¿½Those are very talented horses - Bdaminton eh, who'd have thought He's coming on aint he halfaperson Quote: 1989: Over 100,000 Chinese students poured into Pekingï¿½s Tiananmen Square, ignoring government warnings of severe punishment. Did you see how those evil commies treated those protesters who just wanted to protest against how things were? Thank God that sort of thing doesnt happen here in the free world. raveydavey April 22nd: 1662 King Charles II granted a charter to the Royal Society of London, which became an important centre of scientific activity in England. 1778 James Hargreaves, the English inventor of the spinning jenny died. After he had begun to sell the machines to help support his large family, hand spinners, fearing unemployment, broke into his house and destroyed a number of jennies, causing Hargreaves to move from Blackburn to Nottingham in 1768. 1834 The South Atlantic island of St Helena was declared a British crown colony. 1838 The British steamer Sirius became the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean from England to New York. The voyage took 18 days and 10 hours. 1915 The second battle of Ypres started when German troops released clouds of deadly chlorine gas on British troops. It was the first major gas attack of World War I. 1916 The birth of Yehudi Menuhin, the US born violinist. In 1965 he was granted a knighthood, but did not receive the title until 1985, when he became a British citizen. 1933 Sir Frederick Henry Royce, co-founder of the English car company Rolls-Royce, died. 1943 Britain discontinued printing ï¿½1,000 notes. 1951: The gallant action fought by the 1st Battalion Gloucestershire Regiment and C Troop 170 (Mortar) Battery at the Imjin river in Korea began on 22 April and continued to 25 April. Part of 29 Brigade Group, comprising British and Belgian troops, the Glosters and their attached mortar troop, numbering in total about 750 men, were holding the left flank of a defensive position overlooking the river, when the Chinese launched a massive assault on their positions, combining massed infantry attacks with well-executed infiltration tactics to surround them. All efforts by the Brigade and other UN forces to break through and relieve the Glosters failed. By 25 April, the surviving members of the unit, holding Hill 235 (now "Gloster Hill") were down to five rounds of ammunition a man, and Lieutenant Colonel Carne gave the order for those who could to attempt to break out. Few made it. The Medical Officer and Sergeant, plus the Chaplin, volunteered to stay behind and tend the wounded, rather than attempt to escape. In the action, 29 Brigade Group suffered over 1,000 casualties; 629 from the Glosters. 59 were killed, and 532 taken prisoner. 27 subsequently died in captivity. Their stand allowed the UN troops to fall back, stabilise the line and prevent further Chinese advances. The exact number of Chinese troops concentrated against the Glosters will probably never be known, but involved at least one division of 10,000 men. Lieutenant Colonel Carne was awarded the Victoria Cross. It was also posthumously awarded to Lieutenant Curtis, who died in a lone counter-attack on enemy machine-guns. Lieutenant Waters, who died in captivity, was awarded a posthumous George Cross (GC) for his resolute conduct after capture despite appalling mistreatment. A total of 96 medals and awards were won by members of the Battalion in Korea. The Battalion and C Troop were also awarded a United States Presidential Citation for their gallantry. 1964 British businessman Greville Wynne, imprisoned by the Russians for spying, was swapped for the Russian spy Gordon Lonsdale, who was jailed by the British for his role in an espionage ring in 1961. 1969 British yachtsman Robin Knox-Johnston sailed into Falmouth Harbour, completing the first non-stop solo voyage around the world. He was at sea for 312 days. His yacht was named Suhaili which means "good wind". 1972 Sylvia Cook and John Fairfax became the first people to row across the Pacific Ocean (the world's largest ocean). They arrived in Australia in their boat Britannia after being at sea for 362 days. 1996 Diana, Princess of Wales personally attended a five-hour heart transplant operation on a young boy at Harefield Hospital in Middlesex. raveydavey April 23rd: The National Day of England and the Feast Day of St. George. St George slayed the dragon in Libya in the third century, and became the patron saint of England when he appeared as an apparition in the sky while the Crusaders were fighting their Muslim enemy. 1564 The birth of poet & playwright William Shakespeare at Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. He died on his 52nd birthday in 1616. 1661 Charles II was crowned King of England, completing the restoration of the monarchy. His father, Charles I, had been beheaded by Oliver Cromwell following the Civil War. 1775 J M W Turner, English painter was born. 1850 William Wordsworth, English poet, died. For almost 9 years he lived and wrote at Dove Cottage - Grasmere. 1879 The first Shakespeare Memorial Theatre opened in Stratford-upon-Avon, and in 1932 the New Shakespeare Memorial Theatre was opened by the Prince of Wales. 1915 In the Aegean, one of the most famous poets of the war, Rupert Brooke, died of blood-poisoning en route to join the Dardanelles campaign. For ever remembered for the lines: "If I should die, think only this of me: That there's some corner of a foreign field That is for ever England", it is not often realised that he was not a soldier but a Sub-Lieutenant serving with the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve ashore. 1917 Captain Hirsch of The Yorkshire Regiment led his men in the capture of a German position on the Western FRont. Then, despite already being wounded, Hirsch went back out into the open, braving intense machine-gun fire to check the position on his flanks. He was killed standing on the parapet rallying the defence against a counter-attack. He was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross. 1962: Stirling Moss crashed at the Goodwood circuit at 110 mph. He was rushed to hospital with a broken rib and leg, and serious head injuries. It was his last Formula 1 race. 1968 The first decimal coins appeared in Britain - the 5p and 10p pieces which replaced the 1 shilling and 2 shilling coins. 1979 A 33-year-old man died from head injuries after a battle broke out between police and demonstrators in Southall. The fighting began when thousands of protesters gathered to demonstrate against a National Front campaign meeting. 1980 The British Ambassador to Saudi Arabia was expelled from the country following the broadcast on British TV of the documentary 'Death of a Princess'. It depicted the life and execution of a Saudi Arabian Princess found guilty of committing adultery. 1983 Canadian snooker player Cliff Thorburn completed the first televised maximum break of 147 during the World Snooker Championships at the Crucible Theatre, in Sheffield. 1990 Charlie Wilson, the ï¿½silent man' of the Great Train Robbery (8th August 1963), was shot dead at his home near Marbella, Spain. 1998: Martin Luther King killer dies. James Earl Ray, the convicted killer of black American civil rights leader Martin Luther King dies in prison raveydavey April 24th: St Markï¿½s Eve, on which apparitions of those to die in the coming year are said to appear at midnight in churchyards. 1558 Mary Queen of Scots married the French Dauphin. 1743 Edmund Cartwright, inventor of the cotton spinning power loom, was born. 1882 Lord Dowding, air force commander who directed the 1940 Battle of Britain, was born. 1889: Sir Richard Stafford Cripps, British statesman, economist and chemist who became the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the 1947 Labour government. The ravages of war left him no alternative but to introduce an austerity programme, but his style produced a positive public response; trade unions imposed a voluntary wage freeze. 1900 The first issue of the newspaper the Daily Express. It was founded by Arthur Pearson. 1906 William Joyce, British traitor and Nazi propagandist ('Lord Haw-Haw') was born. 1916 In Dublin, Irish nationalists, led by Patrick Pearse, launched the Easter Rebellion against British rule. 1918: During heavy fighting around Villers-Bretonneaux, the Germans threw in their entire operational force of domestically produced tanks (as opposed to those captured from the British); thirteen of the huge A7V Sturmpanzerwagen. ï¿½British Mark IV tanks were also operating in the area, and the first ever tank versus tank engagement took place near the village of Cachy. ï¿½Honours were broadly shared: Second Lieutenant Mitchell is credited with the first tank victory when his Mark IV "Male" knocked out an A7V which had damaged its two "Female" companions. ï¿½Shortly afterwards, there was a brief encounter when British Whippet tanks broke through the German lines and were met by another A7V. ï¿½Australian infantry that night conducted a successful night attack that retook Villers-Bretonneaux. ï¿½In the course of this, Lieutenant Sadlier led a section armed with grenades against a network of machine-guns. ï¿½He and his men bombed out two positions, but every man fell casualty. ï¿½Sadlier, himself wounded, went forward alone armed only with a revolver and wiped out a third machine-gun nest, being wounded a second time in the process. ï¿½He was awarded the Victoria Cross. 1930: Yorkshire's Amy Johnson landed her Gypsy Moth Jason in Darwin, Australia, the first woman to fly solo from England. Her departure 19 days earlier had not attracted much attention, but her courage in braving sandstorms and forced landings made her an international heroine. 1932 A mass trespass by thousands of ramblers took place on Kinder Scout in the Peak District. Their aim was to establish public right of access on the moors and mountains that were privately owned for grouse shooting. 1939: Robert Menzies became Australian Prime Minister, aged 44. ï¿½His brother John was a newsagent. Possibly. 1949 Sweet rationing in Britain ended. It had been introduced during World War II. 1953 Winston Churchill was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II. 1965 The official opening of the Pennine Way in England - a 250 mile path along the Pennine Hills from Edale in Derbyshire to Kirk Yetholm on the Scottish border. The opening ceremony was held at Malham Moor, North Yorkshire. 1982 A crewman of a Sea King helicopter on its way to the Falklands Islands was missing and presumed dead after the aircraft crashed. Petty Officer Kevin Stuart Casey was the first casualty of the Falklands war against Argentina. 1989: Peter Scudamore became the first National Hunt jockey to ride 200 winners in a season over jumps when he won at Towcester with Gay Moore. 1993 A massive bomb ripped through the the City of London, killing one and injuring more than 40. 2003 Britain's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest failed to score a single point, a fact later blamed on the UK's stance during the Iraq conflict. * * I probably won't get chance to post this tomorrow - feel free to step in and have a go * * raveydavey April 25th: Anzac Day, commemorating the landing at Gallipoli in 1915 of the heroic Australian and New Zealand troops. It was first celebrated in 1916. (See below) 1284 The birth of King Edward II, who became the first heir-apparent to bear the title Prince of Wales. King from 1307, he ruled during a period of pestilence, famine and defeats at the hands of the Scots, and was eventually murdered. 1559 The birth of Oliver Cromwell, Protector of England who led his ï¿½Ironsidesï¿½ in the English Civil War against the ï¿½Roundheadsï¿½ of King Charles I. Cromwellï¿½s victories enabled him to have the King tried and beheaded, after which he established a republic. 1719 Robinson Crusoe first appeared in paperback. Written by Daniel Defoe it was based partly on the story of Alexander Selkirk who was marooned on a Pacific island for four years. 1769 Mark Isambard Brunel, French-born British engineer was born. His son, Isambard Kingdom Brunel followed a similar career to his father in a life marked by projects unparalleled in engineering history. 1873 Walter de la Mare, English poet and novelist was born. 1848 The first Royal yacht, Victoria and Albert, was launched at Pembroke Docks, after suffering serious damage when first floated. 1859: Ferdinand de Lesseps saw his great plan initiated when work began on the 100-mile Suez Canal. He supervised the project until its opening on 16 November 1869. 1915: Previous efforts to breach the Dardanelles by naval power alone having narrowly failed, British, Australian and New Zealand troops were landed at dawn along the Gallipoli peninsula, whilst French troops landed as a diversion across the straits at Kum Kale. ï¿½The British landed at Cape Helles at the southern tip of the peninsula, whilst the Australian & New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) came ashore further north at Ari Burnu, better remembered now as ANZAC Cove. ï¿½The operation was not a success as the troops rapidly became bogged down by determined Turkish defences and never came near to successfully linking the two bridgeheads. ï¿½Twelve Victoria Crosses (VC) were awarded for actions that day. ï¿½Commander Unwin, Midshipman Malleson, Midshipman Drewry, Able Seaman Williams and Seaman Samson were all decorated for their heroic efforts aboard the converted assault ship River Clyde and her accompanying lighters to put the troops ashore at Cape Helles under murderous fire. ï¿½Six officers and men of the 1st Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers were elected to receive the Victoria Cross in recognition of that unit's overall performance in taking the cliffs above Cape Helles despite horrendous losses. ï¿½And Sub-Lieutenant Tisdall, RNVR, serving as an infantryman with the Royal Naval Division, was decorated for rescuing numerous wounded men from the beach. 1916: ANZAC Day was commemorated for the first time, to remember the casualties suffered the year previously. 1953 Two Cambridge University scientists published their answer to how living things reproduced. In an article published in Nature magazine, James D Watson and Francis Crick described the structure of a chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. Their achievement was recognized in 1962 when they received the Nobel Prize for Physiology. 1956: Rocky Marciano, US world heavyweight champion since 1952, retired unbeaten. 1959 Queen Elizabeth II and President Eisenhower officially opened the St. Lawrence Seaway to link the Atlantic with ports on the Great Lakes. 1969 The BBC Radio serial Mrs. Dale's Diary ended after 21 years and more than 5,400 episodes. Her final words were: "I'm rather worried about Jim...." 1980: Tehran hostage rescue mission fails. A top-secret attempt by the United States to free American hostages held in Iran collapses in failure, with the death of eight soldiers. 1982 British Royal Marines recaptured South Georgia in the Falkland Islands. 1983: 'Hitler diaries' published. The German magazine, Stern, publishes the first instalment of the controversial "Hitler Diaries", said to be written by the Fï¿½hrer himself. 1988: In Israel, a monkey and his owner were arrested by police after they both got drunk on cocktails in a hotel bar. The owner bought the cocktails. 2002 Two teenage brothers (their names were not allowed to be revealed) were cleared of the murder of 10-year-old Damilola Taylor. I got up especially early to post this today, as I'm off out. How's that for commitment / stupidity...? NE1 Aril 25th: 1981: Mr NE1 waited at the alter for NE1 as she strode beautifully down the aisle a 'vision in ivory' and for the last 28 years he has had the immense honour of being married to me Gopher Congratulations Bron, If you had done him in, you would have only had to serve 7 years love. raveydavey April 26th: 121: Birth of Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor who was trained as a philosopher. He proved a noble, civilized emperor despite ruling through difficult times. He found time to write his Meditations, revealing his loneliness, and founded chairs of philosophy 1607 Captain John Smith landed at Cape Henry, in Virginia with the first group of colonists who established a permanent English settlement in America. 1876: The town of Deadwood, Arizona was officially laid out. The locals included ï¿½Wild Billï¿½ Hickock, Calamity Jane, Wyatt Earp and later, ï¿½Docï¿½ Holliday. With residents like that, it sounds like Brighouse... 1886 John Tiller created the Tiller Girls' Dancing Troupe. 1895 The start of the trial of playwright Oscar Wilde who was charged with homosexuality. 1915 2nd Lt. Rhodes-Moorhouse of the Special Reserve Flying Corps became the first airman to win the Victoria Cross. 1921: The first motorcycle police patrols went on duty in London. 1923 The marriage of Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later 'the Queen Mother') to the Duke of York (later King George VI) at Westminster Abbey in London. It was the first royal wedding at the abbey since 1383. 1944: Australian troops liberated Alexishafen in New Guinea. 1944: During the raid on Schweinfurt, a Lancaster of 106 Squadron was hit by a night fighter attack, and a wing fuel tank set on fire. At 20,000 feet (6km), the Flight Engineer, Sergeant Jackson, climbed out of a hatch into a 200 mph slipstream to tackle the blaze with a fire extinguisher, whilst colleagues held onto the rigging lines of his partially deployed parachute. Despite his efforts, the fire spread and badly burnt both Jackson and his parachute. His fellow crewmen realised that any further delay would mean his certain death and released the rigging lines. Jackson was blown from the wing and, despite the damage to his parachute which was still burning, descended relatively safely, though breaking his ankle on landing. The remainder of the Lancaster crew bailed out, joining him as prisoners of war. After the war, when the RAF learnt the details of Jackson's heroism, he was awarded the Victoria Cross. 1957 English astronomer Patrick Moore presented the first broadcast of The Sky at Night, on BBC television. 1962 In a joint USA British venture, the first international satellite was launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida. 1975 Labour Party members voted by almost 2-1 to leave the EEC, underlining the deep divisions over the issue of Europe. But on 6th June in the same year British voters backed the UK's continued membership by a large majority in the country's first nationwide referendum. 1986: The worldï¿½s worst nuclear accident occurred at Chernobyl. The area around the power station near Kiev, USSR, was evacuated, but radioactive levels increased over a huge area, even affecting Welsh sheep. It was four days before the Soviets admitted the disaster. 1988 Mick Jagger was cleared of pirating a song by an unknown reggae musician and recording it as ï¿½Just Another Nightï¿½. The judgement came after a two-day hearing in the US. 1989 Naas, County Kildare, in Ireland held their first annual pig race watched by over 7,000 people. One punter won ï¿½200 on the favourite, Porkyï¿½s Revenge, and the bookies handed the remainder of their money to the charity People in Need. 1993: Recession over - it's official. The government announces the recession is over after new figures show growth in the economy for the first time in over two years. 2000 The government announced a ï¿½10m aid package for firms hit by the sale of car giant Rover as a report detailed the wider effects of redundancies. 2000 The Home Secretary, Jack Straw, witnessed nine people being caught attempting to illegally enter the UK as he inspected immigration procedures in Dover. raveydavey April 27th: 1296: Following Edward I's sack of Dunbar town on 30 March, the Scots launched a raid into Northumberland, hoping to draw him back south of the border. Despite deliberate atrocities, including the burning alive of schoolboys in a church at Hexham, Edward refused to rise to the bait, and the Scots retreated north to Dunbar. Edward then detached Earl Warenne to blockade them. Scottish reinforcements attempted to trap Warenne on 27 April, but, leaving Sir Henry Percy with a small force to maintain the blockade of Dunbar, he met the Scots head-on with his cavalry. The Scots cavalry failed to wait for infantry support and charged the English men-at-arms. The English knights and sergeants proved far superior and comprehensively defeated their opponents. The failure to relieve Dunbar forced the garrison to surrender to Edward when he arrived on the scene the following day. 1667 The blind, impoverished John Milton sold the copyright of Paradise Lost for ï¿½10. 1749 The first official performance of Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks in Green Park, London. It finished early due to the outbreak of fire, but Handel stuck to his conducting, whilst the audience ran for their lives! 1828 The opening of the London Zoological Gardens in Regent's Park, London. Lady visitors were politely requested to refrain from poking the beasts through the bars of the cages. 1840 Edward Whymper, English mountaineer who was the first to climb the Matterhorn, was born. 1927 The birth of Sheila (Christine) Scott, English aviator who broke 104 light aircraft records and was the first to fly solo over the North Pole. Despite this, she failed her driving test three times. Her flying endeavours were always under-financed and when funds ran out, she was left to a sad and lonely retirement. 1932: Imperial Airways began its service from London to Cape Town. 1937 King George VI officially opened the National Maritime Museum. 1939 Conscription for men aged 20 - 21 was announced in Britain. 1943 English-born Judy Johnson rode Lone Gallant in a steeplechase in Baltimore to become the first woman jockey to ride as a professional. 1945: Russians and Americans link at Elbe. Russian and American troops join hands at the River Elbe in Germany, bringing the end of the war in Europe a step closer. 1945 World War II: The Vï¿½lkischer Beobachter, the newspaper of the Nazi Party, ceases publication. 1968 The Abortion Act legalised abortion in Britain when pregnancy could endanger the physical or mental health of a woman or child. 1970: US actor Tony Curtis was fined ï¿½50 in London for being in possession of cannabis. 1971 Police were forced to physically remove demonstrators from the entrance of a courtroom after they disrupted proceedings inside. Eight people were accused of conspiring to damage, remove or destroy English language road signs in Wales during a rally in December 1970. It was regarded as a major event in the struggle for greater recognition of the Welsh Language. 1984: Libyan embassy siege ends. The siege of the Libyan Embassy in London ends 11 days after the shooting of WPC Yvonne Fletcher outside the St James's Square building. 1992 The House of Commons elected a woman to the post of Speaker for the first time. She was Betty Boothroyd, the 62-year-old Labour MP for West Bromwich. raveydavey April 28th: 1660 King George I was born. 1759 William Pitt the Younger, British politician, was born. He became the youngest ever British prime minister at the age of 24. 1770: Yorkshire's Captain James Cook in Endeavour landed at Botany Bay. It was first named Sting Ray Bay, but this was changed to Botany Bay when it was found to be a botanistï¿½s paradise. 1772: The worldï¿½s most travelled goat died in London. She had circumnavigated the world twice, first on Dolphin under Captain Wallis, then on Cookï¿½s Endeavour. The Lord of the Admiralty signed a document admitting her to the privileges of an in-pensioner, but she died soon after. 1779 Thomas Chippendale, English cabinet-maker from Otley in Yorkshire died. 1795: Birth of Charles Sturt, English explorer who headed three major Australian expeditions. With Hume, he discovered the River Darling. He also charted the Murray to its source near Adelaide, suffering great hardships along the way. Another area he explored, the Sturt desert, is named after him. 1842 Britain's first public library opened, in Frederick Street, Salford. 1907 The first Isle of Man TT (Tourist Trophy) motor cycle races were held. The winner was Charlie Collier on his pedal assisted Matchless, at an average speed of 38.22 mph. It was argued that rival Jack Marshall, riding a Triumph, would have won if he'd fitted pedals, and the following year pedals were banned. 1908 Ian Fleming, English author (James Bond novels) was born. 1923: The first FA Cup final was held at Wembley Stadium. Before the game started, the huge crowd spilled out on to the pitch, but a single policeman astride a white horse managed to get the crowd off the playing area. Bolton Wanderers won 2-1 against West Ham in front of a crowd of 126,000 people and another 75,000 who had scaled the walls. 1937 Neville Chamberlain became Prime Minister of a coalition government following the retirement of Stanley Baldwin. 1940: HMS Arab arrived at Namsos in Norway to support the British troops fighting ashore there. During the next five days, she endured over thirty air attacks, shooting down one German bomber. Her Commanding Officer, Lieutenant Stannard, and two sailors succeeded in extinguishing a dangerous fire which broke out on a jetty packed with ammunition. Stannard was awarded the Victoria Cross. 1945 World War II: the English broadcaster of Nazi propaganda, William Joyce (Lord Haw-Haw) was captured near Hamburg. He was later tried for treason, found guilty, and hanged. 1945: Italian partisans kill Mussolini. Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy until his downfall in 1943, has been killed by partisans along with his mistress, Clara Petacci, and some close associates. 1951 BBC radio broadcast the first edition of The Goon Show, starring Peter Sellers, Spike Milligan and Harry Secombe. 1967 Sir Francis Chichester arrived in Plymouth on his yacht, Gipsy Moth IV, after completing his solo voyage around the world. 1982 Falklands War: British troops re-captured Port Darwin and Goose Green, taking almost 1500 Argentine prisoners. 1987: It was announced that some 3,000 toads had passed through a special toad tunnel at Henley-on-Thames during the first six weeks. This crossing between woods had reduced the death toll by 95 per cent as it was now unnecessary for toads to risk life and limb crossing the road. 1990 The Maiden arrived in Southampton, completing the Whitbread around-the-world yacht race. The first ever all-woman crew was skippered by Tracy Edwards. 30 Mill Quote: 1770: Yorkshire's Captain James Cook in Endeavour landed at Botany Bay. It was first named Sting Ray Bay, but this was changed to Botany Bay when it was found to be a botanistï¿½s paradise. True - Theres 1000's of pansy's living there!!! raveydavey April 29th: 1376: The first Speaker of the House of Commons, Sir Peter de la Mare, took office. 1429 Joan of Arc arrived at the besieged city of Orleans to eventually lead her French forces to victory (on May 6th) over the English. 1696 There were many attempts on the life of William III, King of England, who attracted opposition, in part because he was a foreigner. This day, three would-be assassins, Rookwood, Lowick and Cranbourne, were executed for an attempt that failed. 1769: Birth of Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, in Ireland. Known as the Iron Duke, he defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. He was Tory Prime Minister from 1828-30, becoming unpopular when he conceded Roman Catholic emancipation. His London house had its windows smashed by an angry mob on the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo. 1802: The Marines were awarded by George III the honour of "Royal" for meritous service. 1879 Thomas Beecham, conductor and founder of the London Philharmonic was born. 1884 Oxford University agreed to admit female students to examinations. However, woman were not to be awarded degrees. 1909 In a revolutionary budget, the British Chancellor David Lloyd George introduced a new 'supertax' of sixpence in the pound for anyone earning more than ï¿½5,000 a year. The new high level of supertax was to pay for old age pensions and re-armament of the forces. 1930: The UK to Australia telephone service was inaugurated. 1933: The FA Cup Final match between Everton and Scumchester City was the first in which players wore numbered shirts - from 1 to 22. Everton, who wore 1 to 11, won 3-0. 1935 Just one year after their invention by Percy Shaw of Yorkshire, "cats' eyes" were being inserted into British roads. 1945 The German army in Italy surrendered to the Allies under the British General Alexander. Meanwhile, parts of Holland remained under German occupation with the population facing starvation. The Allies negotiated a ceasefire with the German commander on humanitarian grounds, and RAF Bomber Command commenced Operation Manna; the air-drop of over 6,600 tons (6,706 metric tons) of food in just nine days. 1978: Afghan coup rebels claim victory. The new left-wing rulers of Afghanistan say almost all the leaders of the ousted Daoud regime are dead. 1980 Alfred Hitchcock, English film director died. 1986 The Duchess of Windsor, Wallis Simpson, was laid to rest alongside her husband, the abdicated King Edward VIII, at Frogmore in Windsor. 1990 Scottish snooker player Stephen Hendry beat Jimmy White 18 frames to 12 to become the youngest ever world champion at the age of 21 years and 106 days. 1992: LA in flames after 'not guilty' verdict. Fierce rioting breaks out in Los Angeles following the acquittal of four white police officers accused of beating black motorist Rodney King. 1993 It was announced that Buckingham Palace would be opened to the public for the first time (during August & September) in a bid to raise funds to repair Windsor Castle. 1998 David Hempleman-Adams became the first person to conquer adventuring's grand slam' when he reached the North Pole. He had walked to both Poles and climbed the highest peaks on all seven continents. raveydavey April 30th: National Day of the Netherlands. Walpurgisnacht in Germany - the Witchï¿½s Sabbath held in the Harz Mountains, during which bonfires are lit. 311: Galerius Valerius Maximianus issued the edict of Nicomedia which meant the Roman Empire legally recognized Christianity. 1770 Birth of David Thompson, London-born Canadian explorer who explored much of western Canada, including the Columbia River. 1789: General George Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States. John Adams was the first Vice-President. 1821 The first iron steamship, Aaron Manby, named after the proprietor of the Staffordshire ironworks at which it had been made, was completed. It weighed 116 tons and after trials on the River Thames it made its maiden voyage across the Channel. 1865: During the Bhutan War, 200 enemy occupied a blockhouse, covering the retreat of their main body. Two engineer officers, Major Trevor and Lieutenant Dundas, led an assault party of Sikh troops against the blockhouse, first scaling a 14 foot (4m) wall under heavy fire, then crawling head-first through a small opening to get inside. The attack succeeded, but both officers were wounded. Each received the Victoria Cross (VC). In March 2002, Royal Engineers serving with ISAF completed a new bridge in Afghanistan named for James Dundas VC, near where he fell in action in 1879. 1938 The FA Cup was televised on British TV in its entirety, for the first time. The TV audience was estimated as 10,000. Preston played Huddersfield Town and Preston won in the last minute of extra time. 1943 The body of a mystery man (planted with false invasion plans) was used by Britain to fool Nazi Germany into defending the 'wrong' regions of the Mediterranean, aiding a successful invasion of Sicily. 1944 The first of 500,000 prefab homes went on show in London. They were designed for demobilised servicemen and bombed-out families and consisted of 2 bedrooms, a living room, bathroom and toilet and kitchen on one floor. They covered an area of 616 sq ft and were built by the motor industry 1945 Nazi leader Adolf Hitler commited suicide. Before beginning his assault on Europe, Hitler had assured his followers that the Third Reich would last for 1,000 years. His mistress, Eva Braun, whom he'd married the day before, died alongside him after taking a cyanide pill. 1948 The Land Rover was introduced at the Amsterdam Motor Show. 1952 The British public got the chance to read 'The Diary of a Young Girl', written by Anne Frank who hid from the Nazis in Holland during the war. 1974 England's football manager Sir Alf Ramsey, manager of the England team which won the World Cup in 1966, was sacked. 1980 Armed terrorists siezed the Iranian Embassy in London taking 20 hostages and threatening to blow up the building. 1993: Tennis star stabbed. The world number one women's tennis player, Monica Seles, is stabbed in the back during a quarter-final match in Hamburg. 1999 Two people were killed and at least 30 injured in the third nail-bomb attack in London in two weeks. The bomb went off in a public house in the heart of London's gay community. ArmleyWhite Also, if I may. Yesterday - 30/04/82 saw a formal declaration of conflict from the British govmnt to the Argentinian junta and formalising the 200 mile exclusion zone. Today - 01/05/82- Saw the 1st British attacks on the Islands, in the form of the black buck raids. Vulcan bombers dropping 1000lb bombs on Stanley airport. A move designed to stop any aircraft from using the runway. Tomorow - 02/05/82 will see the sinking of the General Belgrano. I remember sitting in my bunk feeling sick as a twat at the huge loss. Stil, it made the rest of the way a little easier to know she was out of the picture! raveydavey May 1st: (or April 31st if you have this years FHM calendar... ) May Day - originally a Roman festival which began on 28th April and lasted several days to mark the commencement of summer. In England, middle and lower classes would gather flowers - ï¿½go a mayingï¿½ - and the prettiest village maid was crowned Queen of the May, celebrated with dancing around the maypole. Labour Day, the annual Labour movement holiday, held on the first Monday each May, and linked to 1 May, became an official bank holiday in England from 1976. (In the US, Labor Day is celebrated on the first Monday in September). 1517 In 'Evil May Day' riots in London, London apprentices attacked foreign residents. Wolsey suppressed the rioters, of whom 60 were hanged. 1707 The Union of England and Scotland was proclaimed. 1840 The first British Penny Black stamp went on sale. Invented by Rowland Hill, it was the worldï¿½s first adhesive postage stamp and it became valid for postage on May 6th. 1851 Queen Victoria opened the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, London. Over 10,000 exhibitors set up eight miles of tables. Although technological wonders from around the world were on display, the exposition was dominated by Britain which was the premier industrialized nation and workshop of the world. 1916 The end of the Easter Rising in Ireland, following a week of bitter fighting in Dublin after Irish Nationalists rose against British rule on Easter Monday, April 24th. More than 400 lost their lives. 1925: Cyprus became a British colony, having originally been annexed in 1914 when Turkey supported Germany during the First World War. 1939: Batman, the creation of Bob Kane, made his debut (as The Batman) in the May edition (No 17) of Detective Comics. 1955 Stirling Moss and co-driver Dennis Jenkinson became the first British drivers to win the Mille Miglia. His Mercedes Benz finished 30 minutes ahead of the second car, driven by the legendary Argentinian, Fangio. 1960: The USSR shot down the US U-2 spy aircraft piloted by Gary Powers. He was captured and later put on trial which ended with a ten-year sentence. 1973 More than a million workers joined a one day strike in protest at the pay restraint policy and price rises by the Conservative government under Edward Heath. 1982: The Royal Air Force undertook the first of what were then the longest bombing raids ever attempted: the Black Buck missions against the Argentine forces at Stanley airfield. ï¿½Each mission lasted some 16 hours in the air, flying from Ascension Island, and needed 11 Victor tankers to get one Vulcan bomber to and from its target. This was followed by the first Fleet air engagements and an airstrike by Sea Harriers against Stanley airfield and the airstrip at Goose Green. More here: http://www.raf.mod.uk/falklands/bb.html and here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Black_Buck 1994: Race ace Senna killed in car crash. The world-class Brazilian racing driver Ayrton Senna dies in a crash at the San Marino Grand Prix in Italy. See the seperate post in the 'General Sports' section 1997 A landslide victory for the Labour Party in the General election brought an end to the Conservative Party's 18 years in power. The new Prime Minister was Tony Blair. Were we all duped? 2000: May Day violence on London streets. Hundreds of anti-capitalist demonstrators fight running battles with police - the Cenotaph and statue of Winston Churchill are defaced with graffiti 2004: In the early hours of the morning, a company of the 1st Battalion The Princess of Wales' Royal Regiment was tasked with extricating a foot patrol which had come under attack in Al Amarah during a prolonged period of violent unrest in the Iraqi city. ï¿½The troops, advancing in Warrior armoured vehicles, came under repeated attack. ï¿½The lead Warrior of the reserve platoon was ambushed and struck by multiple rocket-propelled grenades which wounded and incapacitated most of the crew, including the commander and gunner, and destroyed the radio and intercom systems. ï¿½The driver, Private Johnson Beharry, unable to communicate with anyone, pressed on in an attempt to drive through the ambush, before being brought to a halt by a barricade. ï¿½A further volley of rocket-propelled grenades hit the Warrior, setting it on fire. ï¿½Beharry crashed the Warrior through the barricade, despite the risk of mines, clearing a path for the following five Warriors to extricate themselves. ï¿½He then spotted another rocket-propelled grenade coming straight at his hatch. ï¿½He managed to close the hatch just in time, but the blast destroyed his periscope. ï¿½This left him with no option but to drive the remaining distance of the ambush - 1500 metres in length - with his head out of the hatch, exposed to heavy enemy fire. ï¿½More RPGs struck the vehicle, and a bullet penetrated his helmet, fortunately coming to rest on the inner lining. ï¿½Once clear of the ambush, Beharry drove the burning vehicle to a Coalition position, where he managed to help out of the vehicle all his injured comrades, all the time exposed to enemy fire, and get them under the protection of another Warrior. ï¿½He then drove his damaged Warrior to a secure location within the compound before activating the engine fire extinguisher which immobilised the vehicle. ï¿½He collapsed from his efforts and was evacuated. ï¿½Having subsequently returned to duty, on 11 June 2004, he was again the driver of a Warrior that was struck by RPGs in an ambush, again incapacitating the crew. ï¿½One exploded next to Beharry's head, causing severe injuries, but he managed to reverse the vehicle out of danger before losing consciousness. ï¿½In recognition of his supreme gallantry on both occasions, Private Beharry was awarded the Victoria Cross. raveydavey May 2nd 1536 Anne Boleyn, second wife of England's King Henry VIII, was sent to the Tower of London, accused of adultery and incest. She was executed 17 days later. 1611 The Authorized Version of the Bible (King James Version) was first published and became the standard English language Bible. 1797 A mutiny in the British navy spread from Spithead to the rest of the fleet. 1923: At the BBCï¿½s new studio (opened the previous day) at Savoy Hill, London the first Womanï¿½s Hour programme was broadcast on radio. 1933 The modern legend of the Loch Ness Monster was born when a sighting made local news. Several London newspapers sent correspondents to Scotland, and a circus offered a ï¿½20,000 reward for capture of the beast. 1942 World War II: HMS Edinburgh was sunk in the Barents Sea off the Norwegian coast. Its cargo of gold bars lay in 800 feet of water until salvaged in 1981. 1945: In Operation Dracula, 26th Indian Division conducted amphibious landings to retake the city of Rangoon. 1952 The world's first ever jet airliner, the De Havilland Comet 1, set off from London to Johannesburg on its maiden flight. 1953 Football legend Sir Stanley Matthews, at the age of 38, won an FA Cup winners' medal as Blackpool came back from trailing 3-1 to beat Bolton 4-3. In recognition of the impact he had on the match, it become known as the 'Matthews Final'. 1964 Nancy Astor, first British woman MP died. 1965 Britain's Early Bird satellite began transmitting TV programmes to more than 300 million viewers. The first programme was:- 'Out Of This World'. 1969 The passenger liner Queen Elizabeth II set off from Southampton on its first voyage. 1982 The Argentinean battleship General Belgrano was torpedoed by the British submarine HMS Conqueror during the Falklands War. The crew of 368 seamen perished and there was considerable criticism in Britain as the ship was sailing outside the 200-mile exclusion zone at the time. 1997 Following Tony Blair's victory in the general election, John Major announced that he was stepping down as leader of Britain's Conservative Party. raveydavey May 3rd 1469: Birth of Niccolo di Bernardo dei Machiavelli, Italian author and statesman who wrote The Prince (1532), which insisted that all means are acceptable to achieve the maintenance of authority. 1497 A rising broke out in Cornwall, provoked by taxation. James Tutchet led an army of 15,000 from Taunton through the southern counties to attack London. 1788 The first daily evening newspaper, the Star and Evening Advertiser, was published in London. 1810: Lord Byron swam the Hellespont (Dardanelles) in Turkey which separates Europe from Asia. He took one hour ten minutes. 1841 New Zealand was declared a British colony. 1844 Richard D'Oyly Carte, producer of Gilbert and Sullivan operas, was born. 1926 Britain's first General Strike, in support of the miners. It ended on May 12th 1934 Science fiction writer H.G.Wells predicted there would be a world war before 1940. 1934 Henry Cooper, English boxer was born. 1951 King George VI opened the Festival of Britain. It was built on an old bomb site near Waterloo Station in London. 1952 Newcastle United became the first team since 1891 to win two FA Cups in succession by beating Arsenal 1-0. They've won nothing of note since.... 1956 Granada TV broadcast for the first time at 7.30 p.m. With the ending of the BBC's monopoly on broadcasting, viewers saw their first television advertising and four days later Granada did the first sports outside broadcast. 1968 The first heart transplant in Britain was carried out at the National Heart Hospital in Marylebone, London. It was undertaken on an unnamed 45-year-old man. 1999 The body of missing English climber George Mallory was found near the summit of Mount Everest. He had gone missing more than 60 years earlier. 2000 The London Stock Exchange and Germany's Deutsche Boerse merged, creating the world's second largest stock market. 2000 Two Libyan men pleaded not guilty to charges that they were involved in the Lockerbie bombing of PanAm flight 103 in 1988. The court heard that lawyers acting for Abdelbaset Ali Mohamed Al Megrahi, 48, and Al Khalifa Fhimah, 44, would produce evidence that would incriminate others. raveydavey May 4th: Star Wars Day The Feast Day of Florian, patron saint of blacksmiths and firemen. 1471 The Battle of Tewkesbury, the last battle in the Wars of the Roses, took place. The Yorkists defeated the Lancastrians. 1780 The first Derby was run at Epsom. The winner was Diomed. The idea of the race was first discussed in 1778 at a house party given by the 12th Earl of Derby and a toss of a coin settled the name. The other founder was Sir Charles Bunbury. 1827 The birth of John Speke, the English explorer who discovered the source of the Nile. 1839: The Cunard Shipping Line was founded by Sir Samuel Cunard. 1882 The birth of (Estelle) Sylvia Pankhurst, English painter and suffragette who was the third member of her family to fight for votes for women. Unlike her mother and sister, who believed that the vote should be for middle-class women, she wanted the vote for women of all classes. 1896 The first British halfpenny newspaper, the Daily Mail, was published. It was the first paper to sell more than one million copies and was heralded as the birth date of modern journalism. 1904 A provisional agreement was signed in Scumchesterï¿½s Midland Hotel by the Hon. Charles Rolls, seller and repairer of motor cars, and Henry Royce, electrical engineer and builder of a single motor car. In 1907 the Rolls Royce silver Ghost was the first of their many luxury models. 1926: The first General Strike in British history called by the TUC began. Troops were called in to man essential services and public volunteers helped on the buses and with the mail. Troops and armoured cars were out in all cities in case of trouble, but the strike lasted just nine days. 1945: On Luneburg Heath, Admiral von Friedeburg surrendered to Montgomery all German forces in the Netherlands, Denmark and north west Germany. 1953 The Duke of Edinburgh was awarded his pilot's "wings" during a private ceremony at Buckingham Palace. 1966 Harold Wilson's government agreed to increase doctors' and dentists' salaries by up to 30% after fears that thousands of GP's would leave the Health Service for private practice. 1976: ï¿½Waltzing Matildaï¿½ was adopted as the Australian national anthem, but was replaced by ï¿½Australia Fairï¿½ in 1986. 1979 The Conservative Party won the general election, making Margaret Thatcher Britain's first woman prime minister. 1982 Argentine missiles sank the British destroyer HMS Sheffield. 20 were killed. 2000 The London Mayoral contest ended in victory for Ken Livingstone, an independent candidate and MP expelled from the Labour Party. He remained in office until 3rd May 2008 when Boris Johnson was declared London's new mayor. He signed the declaration of office at City Hall, with a pledge to deal with youth crime and disorder. halfaperson Indeed May the Fourth Be with you. Quite a day it seems looking at that as well raveydavey May 5th: 1760 The first public hanging took place at Tyburn in London. Earl Ferrers was executed after being convicted of murdering his valet. He was the first to be hanged by the new 'drop' which had just been introduced in the place of the barbarous cart, ladder and medieval three-cornered gibbet. 1811: Marshal Massena, attempting to relieve the besieged town of Almeida, attacked Wellington's army at Fuentes de Onoro. The French VI Corps did well and was on the verge of breaking Wellington's right wing when the British Light Division arrived on the scene after a forced march and reversed the situation, despite a considerable French superiority in numbers. Massena was forced to withdraw to Salamanca, and Almeida fell to Wellington within the week. 1818: Birth of (Heinrich) Karl Marx, German author and founder of international Communism. With Engels, he co-wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848). Using the resources of the British Museum reading room to study economics and political thought, he produced Das Kapital (1867), although he didnï¿½t live to complete the final volume. 1904 The birth of Sir Gordon Richards,the first jockey ever to be knighted. He was the first to ride 4,000 winners and his career total of 4,870 victories was a world record that stood until 1956 when it was broken by Johnny Longden of the United States. 1930 Yorkshire aviator Amy Johnson took off from Croydon Airport in her Gypsy Moth plane 'Jason'. She became the first woman to fly solo to Australia, arriving on May 24th. 1941: Haile Selassie returned in triumph after five years to his capital in Addis Ababa after British and Ethiopian forces defeated the Italians. 1942: British forces launched an attack - Operation Ironclad - on Diego Suarez in Vichy-held Madagascar, to secure control over the convoy routes around Africa to Suez. HMS Anthony ran the gauntlet of shore batteries to land Royal Marines on the quayside itself, while infantry landed on beaches close to the port. 1943 The birth of Monty Python's Michael Palin, now best known for his explorative TV shows. 1955 World famous American virologist Dr Jonas Salk witnessed a ceremonial polio vaccination in London when Margaret Jenkins from Kent became the 500,000th person in London to receive the vaccine to prevent the crippling disease poliomyelitis. 1964 The first meeting of a 'Clean Up TV' campaign led by Norah Buckland and her friend Mary Whitehouse. The organization was later given the name of The National Viewersï¿½ and Listenersï¿½ Association. 1967 The first ever all-British satellite, Ariel 3, was successfully launched into orbit from the United States. It was followed by Persil 4, Daz 5 and the less successful OMO 6. 1980 The SAS stormed the terrorist-occupied Iranian Embassy at Knightsbridge in London. Four gunmen were killed in the attack and all 19 hostages were rescued. 1981 Riots in Northern Ireland followed the death of IRA hunger striker Bobby Sands in the Maze prison. 1997 William Hague was elected leader of the Conservative Party. 2001 Britain's tourist industry hoped that the bank holiday weekend and good weather would attract visitors to areas previously closed due to foot and mouth disease. 2005 Labour, under Tony Blair, won a historic third term in Government for Labour, but with a greatly reduced majority. Cock. raveydavey May 6th: 1626: A Dutch settler, Paul Minuit, bought what is now Manhattan Island from the local natives for a handful of trinkets worth no more than ï¿½25. 1840 The first postage stamps, the ï¿½Penny Blackï¿½ and two-penny ï¿½bluesï¿½, which were the brainchild of Roland Hill, officially went on sale in Britain. 1851: US inventor, Linus Yale, patented his Yale lock. 1910: Following the death of King Edward VII, George V acceded to the throne. He celebrated his Silver Jubilee with Queen Mary in 1935. 1937: The German airship, Hindenburg, arrived at Lakehurst, New Jersey, after its flight from Frankfurt. A radio commentator for WLS, Herb Morrison, began to describe the scene when the airship struck the landing mast and suddenly exploded. Within seconds, it was a ball of fire. Morrisonï¿½s now classic broadcast heard him sob, ï¿½Oh, the humanity, all the passengers, I donï¿½t believe it.ï¿½ Amazingly, only 36 of 97 on board perished, but it was the end of airships for another 50 years. Ironically, this very day back in 1919 the British Admiralty had recommended that helium, a non-inflammable, lighter-than-air gas was a safe substitute for hydrogen-filled balloons and airships. 1954 Roger Bannister, a 25 year old British medical student, became the first man to run a mile in less than four minute (at the Iffley Road Sports Ground, Oxford). His time was 3 minute 59.4 seconds. 1959 Icelandic gunboats fire lived ammunition at British trawlers during a Cod War between Britain and Iceland over fishing rights in the North Sea. 1960 Princess Margaret, sister of Queen Elizabeth II, married Anthony Armstrong-Jones at Westminster Abbey in London. 1961 The first football team to achieve the double (FA Cup and League champions), was Tottenham Hotspur led by Danny Blanchflower when they beat Leicester City 2-0 to win the Cup at Wembley. 1966 At Chester Crown Court, 'Moors murderers' Ian Brady and Myra Hindley were found guilty of torturing and killing several children before burying their bodies on the moors north of Scumchester. 1988 Graeme Hick, Worcestershire's 21 year year old cricketer, scored more than 400 runs in a county championship match, the highest innings in England this century. 1990 London telephone codes changed to 071 and 081 (replacing 01). 1994 The Queen and France's President Francois Mitterrand formally opened the Channel Tunnel during two elaborate ceremonies in France and Britain. 1995 The Queen Mother opened (in Hyde Park) three days of VE Day celebrations to mark the 50th anniversary of the ending of World War 2. 1997: Brown sets Bank of England free. The Chancellor, Gordon Brown, gives the Bank of England independence from political control. 1999 In an historic vote, electors in Scotland and Wales went to the polls to chose their representatives for the newly-devolved Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly. Once elected, they immediately started leeching money from English taxpayers to fund a better lifestyle for themselves. raveydavey May 7th: 1663 The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, built by Thomas Killigrew, opened under a charter granted by Charles II. 1765 HMS Victory, the ship which became the flagship of British Admiral Horatio Nelson, was launched at Chatham. The ship is now preserved at Portsmouth. 1812 Robert Browning, English poet was born. 1821 Sierra Leone, Gambia, and the Gold Coast were taken over by the British government to form British West Africa. 1888: George Eastman patented his Kodak box camera, a name he felt would be easy to remember. 1907: The first Isle of Man TT Race was held. The winner was Charles Collier on a Matchless, at an average speed of 38.22 mph. 1915 World War I - The Cunard liner Lusitania, bound for Liverpool, was torpedoed by a German submarine off the coast of Ireland with the loss of almost 1,200 lives. The loss of 128 US citizens brought the USA to the verge of war with Germany. 1919: Birth of Maria Eva Duarte Perï¿½n (nï¿½e Ibarguren), ï¿½Evitaï¿½, legendary Argentinean who was born the illegitimate daughter of a cook. Singing in a Buenos Aires nightclub, she met Juan Perï¿½n, then Minister of Labour. He married her a year later when she was just 16. After he became President, her popularity increased, despite her involvement in corruption and torture. However, she did achieve many reforms and became the heroine of ï¿½the shirtless onesï¿½. 1928 The voting age for women in Britain was reduced from 30 to 21. 1945 Germany signed an unconditional surrender in a small school in Rheims (France) when General Jodl, German Army Chief of Staff, signed his name on documents that formally ended six years of war in Europe. 1956 The Health Minister, RH Turton, rejected calls for a government campaign against smoking, saying no ill effects had actually been proven. 1959 British Rail announced plans to close down 230 stations. 1965 White voters in the African colony of Rhodesia backed Prime Minister Ian Smith's Rhodesian Front which was demanding independence from the UK. 1987 Ex-Guinness chairman Geoffrey Saunders was remanded on bail on a charge of attempting to pervert the course of justice. 1988: The first gathering of people claiming to have been abducted by aliens met in Boston. 1997 Scottish football team Glasgow Rangers won their 9th successive Scottish League title - to equal the record held by their closest rivals, Glasgow Celtic. 1999 The first Scottish Parliament for 300 years was elected. 30 Mill Quote: 1988: The first gathering of people claiming to have been abducted by aliens met in Boston. 1999 The first Scottish Parliament for 300 years was elected. Coincidence???? I THINK NOT!!! raveydavey May 8th: 1429 The French warrior maiden, Joan of Arc, led the Dauphin's troops to victory over the English laying siege to Orleans. 1559 The Act of Supremacy was passed by which the new Queen Elizabeth I became "Supreme Governor" of the Church of England and a Common Prayer book was introduced. 1660 Charles II was proclaimed King of England. This was the restoration of the monarchy after the English Civil War and the reign of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector. 1701 English pirate Captain Kidd went on trial at the Old Bailey in London. After being found guilty of piracy he was hanged on May 23rd, 1701. 1828: Birth of Jean Henri Dunant, Swiss founder of the Red Cross (29 October 1863). It was while he was at the Battle of Solferino (1859) that he saw the agony of war and determined to establish an international organization accepted by all nations. 1896 The highest county cricket championship innings score, 887, was achieved by Yorkshire against Warwickshire at Edgbaston. We're not doing too badly there today, either... 1902: Volcanic activity had begun in April near St Pierre, Martinique, forcing over 100 fer-de-lance snakes to invade the townï¿½s mulatto quarter. Over 50 people and many animals died before these six-foot long snakes were finally killed by the townï¿½s giant street cats. On this day, however, the volcano erupted violently and within minutes St Pierre was destroyed. Of the 30,000 inhabitants only two survived. 1923 Jack Hobbs, the Surrey and England opening batsman, made his 100th century in first-class cricket. 1926 Sir David Attenborough, English naturalist and broadcaster was born. 1945 VE Day in Europe. After five years, eight months, and five days of massive devastation, the end of the European phase of World War II was celebrated. Victory in Europe was commemorated with celebrations all around the world in recognition of the unconditional surrender of all German forces signed in Reims, France, the day before. 1961 Former British diplomat George Blake, was jailed for 42 years after being found guilty of spying for Russia. In 1966 he successfully escaped from London's Wormwood Scrubs. 1968 The Kray twins, Reginald and Ronnie and their brother Charlie were arrested after dawn raids by police in London. 1978: 'Son of Sam' pleads guilty to murders. The man alleged to have murdered six people in a killing spree last year has pleaded guilty to all the charges against him. 1984 The official opening of the Thames Barrier in London. The barrier is designed to be raised when exceptionally high tides on the River Thames threaten to flood parts of London. 1986 British climber Alison Hargreaves became the first climber to conquer a Himalayan peak by its toughest route when she reached the 11,500 foot summit of Kantega in 5 days without oxygen, porters or a fixed camp. raveydavey May 9th: 1662 The first recorded Punch & Judy Show in Britain took place at Covent Garden in London. 1671: Colonel Thomas Blood, the Irish adventurer, gained entry to the Tower of London disguised as a parson, and befriended one of the keepers of the Royal Regalia. This night, together with several accomplices armed with pistols and daggers, he stole the crown jewels. The gang managed to make their way out of the Tower, but were soon apprehended by a Captain Beckman. Tried and found guilty, Blood convinced King Charles I that his death would set off a revolution, so was granted a pardon. 1695 The Scottish Parliament met and enquired into the massacre of Glencoe. 1785: Joseph Bramah patented the beer pump handle. Raise a pint in his honour next time you're in the pub! 1860 Sir J.M. Barrie, Scottish playwright best known for Peter Pan, was born. 1874 Howard Carter, the British Egyptologist who discovered the tomb of Tutankhamen, was born. 1887 Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show opened in London. 1896 The first 'Horseless Carriage' Show opened at the Imperial Institute in London, when ten engine-powered models went on show to the public. 1901: The first Federal parliament met in Melbourne, Australia, and on this day, 1927, the Duke of York opened the Parliament House in Canberra, replacing Melbourne as the capital. 1930 Britain appointed John Masefield as Poet Laureate. 1934 Alan Bennett, English actor and playwright born. 1936 Albert Finney, British actor (Murder on the Orient Express, Tom Jones) was born. 1939 British prime minister Winston Churchill urged military alliance with USSR. 1940 The RAF began night bombing of Germany. In London, it was announced that Winston Churchill would lead a coalition government after Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain said that he was stepping aside. 1941: In the North Atlantic, the U-boat U-110 was depth-charged by HMS Aubretia. Forced to the surface, HMS Bulldog chose not to ram her, but instead sent over a boarding party to capture the submarine. The victory marked a double success: the submarine's commander, Lemp, was one of the best known U-boat officers, who had sunk the liner Athenia on the very first day of the war. But more importantly, the U-boat's Enigma cypher machine and code books were captured intact, providing a significant boost to Bletchley Park's efforts to break the specific version of Enigma used to control U-boat deployments. U-110 was taken in tow, but later sank. Funny the Americans aren't mentioned once there, unlike a certain film based on this very story.... 1956: Mystery of missing frogman deepens. Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden refuses to give details about the disappearance of a naval diver during a goodwill visit by the Soviet leadership. 1960 Start of the sexual revolution of the 1960s when the birth control pill went on the market. 1995 Wayne Mills became the first soldier to win Britain's new gallantry award for courage (the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross) in Bosnia when he put his life in danger by protecting his comrades as they withdrew from a Serb attack. 1996 The British House of Commons voted to maintain the Ministry of Defence ban on homosexuals serving in the armed forces. raveydavey May 10th: 1307 Scottish King Robert the Bruce defeated an English cavalry army at the Battle of Loudon Hill in Ayrshire. 1655: The English captured Jamaica from the Spanish. 1804 William Pitt the younger, British prime minister, returned to office. 1850 Sir Thomas Johnstone Lipton, founder of Lipton's grocery chain, was born in Glasgow. He went from errand boy to millionaire by the age of 30. 1857 A revolt by Sepoys at Meerut started the Indian Mutiny by Indian soldiers serving in the British Army. 1869: The Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met at Promontory, Utah, where the lines were linked to complete the transcontinental railroad. 1886: The FA Council approved football international caps. 1897 The Evening Chronicle was first published, by Edward Hulton, a Scumchester man. 1907: Motherï¿½s Day was first celebrated, initiated by Miss Anna Jarvis of Philadelphia, as part of her womenï¿½s suffrage and temperance movement. 1910 The British House of Commons resolved that the maximum lifetime of Parliament be reduced from seven to five years. 1916 Explorer Ernest Shackleton and companions reached the Falkland island of South Georgia after sailing 800 miles in 16 days in an open boat. They were looking for help for the remaining members of their party marooned on Elephant island, Antarctica. 1919 The first scheduled commercial air service in Britain began. The flight from Scumchester to Southport cost 4 guineas one way and was run by A.V.Roe. 1940 German forces invaded Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg by air and land. The invasion began at dawn with large numbers of aeroplanes attacking the main aerodromes and landing troops. Winston Churchill formed a coalition wartime Government. When he first met his cabinet on 13th May he told them - "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears & sweat". 1941 Rudolf Hess, deputy leader of Nazi Germany, flew a small plane to Scotland and parachuted to the ground in a bizarre attempt to negotiate a peace settlement with Britain. After interrogation he was jailed for life. 1941 World War II - The worst night of the Blitz in Britain. 550 German bombers dropped 100,000 bombs on London. More than 1500 people were killed and many thousands more were injured. 1967: Two Rolling Stones on drugs charges. Mick Jagger and Keith Richards appeared before magistrates charged with drug offences. 1988: In New York State, rescue workers had to cut a hole in a bedroom wall to extract a man needing hospital care for acute bronchitis. He weighed 70 stone. 1994: Mandela becomes SA's first black president. Nelson Mandela becomes South Africa's first black president after more than three centuries of white rule. 1998 The political wing of the republican IRA backed the Good Friday peace agreement heralding a major shift in modern republicanism. raveydavey May 11th: 1778 The death of William Pitt the Elder, Earl of Chatham The original chav?)and British politician. He conducted most of the Seven Years' War (1756-63) which secured Britain a huge new empire. 1812 British Prime Minister Spencer Percival was assassinated in the House of Commons, apparently mistaken by his killer, bankrupt broker John Bellingham, for someone else. He is the only Prime Minister in Britain to have been assassinated. Yet... 1904: Australian diva, Nellie Melba, signed a contract with the Gramophone Company. The records, which were to have a distinct mauve label, would be sold for one guinea, a far higher price than anything else on sale at this time, and she would receive an advance of ï¿½1000 and a five-shilling (25%) royalty. The first records reached the shops in July and were sold out within days. 1937 The knighting of Pelham Warner, a cricketer, marked the first time the honour was conferred upon a sportsman. 1945: The Australian 6th Division, after heavy fighting, took Wewak in New Guinea, headquarters of the Japanese 18th Army. 1963 British businessman Greville Wynne, aged 44, accused of spying for the West was sentenced to eight years' detention by a Moscow tribunal. 1964 Interior designer and businessman Terence Conran opened his first Habitat Shop in London's Fulham Road. 1967 Britain, Ireland and Denmark officially applied to join the EEC. 1968: In Vietnam, Warrant Officer Simpson, a member of the Australian Army Training Team, fought a lone action to hold off a strong Viet Cong force whilst a number of friendly casualties were evacuated. A few days previously he had rescued another member of the Training Team wounded in an attack on a Viet Cong position. Simpson was awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry. 1971 The Daily Sketch newspaper, which was founded in 1909, was published for the last time. It was Britain's oldest 'tabloid' newspaper. 1977 Wallace Virgo, former head of the police pornography squad, was found guilty of taking bribes from Soho vice kings. 1985 At least 52 people were killed, with many more missing, as a wooden stand at Bradford City Football Club caught fire during a match. 1988 Athlete Zola Budd flew back to her home in South Africa following the diplomatic row over her eligibility to compete for Britain. 1988 Kim Philby, the English born Soviet spy, died in the USSR. 1989 Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical 'Cats' , based on T.S.Eliot's Old Possum poems, became the West End's longest-running musical, completing eight years. 1995 Lord Nolan presented his report on standards in public life, in an attempt to rid Westminster of constant allegations of individual 'sleaze'. Well, whatever he said clearly hasn't worked, has it? raveydavey May 12th: 2009 - raveydavey went to visit the Bentley factory at Crewe after work. This was very good and the presentation on the V8 engine was excellent. Bentley is a fine old company, much like Aston Martin who I've also visited. Aston's freebies are far superior though. Got nowt from Bentley, not even a biro.... raveydavey May 13th: 2009 - raveydavey attended a lecture on Correct Repair Techniques for UHSS (there's something for you to google ) after work. This was also very interesting and like the Bentley visit the previous day gained valuable time towards this years Continuing Professional Development (CPD) requirement. Sadly on neither day did anyone else bother to post "On this Day" raveydavey May 14th: National Day of Paraguay, marking this day, 1811, when she proclaimed her independence from Spain. 1080 Walcher, Bishop of Durham and Earl of Northumberland, was murdered. In revenge, William the Conqueror ravaged the area and took the opportunity to invade Scotland and build the castle at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 1264: Following his victory at Northampton on 5 April, Henry III advanced south to confront Simon de Montfort's main rebel force, which had been besieging Earl Warenne in Rochester. The two armies met at Lewes castle, where de Montfort drew his men up on a nearby hill. However, his left wing, composed of poorly armed volunteers from London, impetuously left the safety of the hill to attack the Royal army. Prince Edward's knights cut them to pieces, then chased the survivors for several miles across the fields. The centre of the Royal army then attempted to attack up the hill, but they in turn were routed by more disciplined elements of de Montfort's force. The Royalist nobility suffered heavy losses and King Henry, much battered in his armour, was forced to flee to Lewes Priory. By the time Prince Edward returned to the field from his cross-country chase, it was too late, and he too was forced to seek sanctuary with his father in the priory. They surrendered the following day, leaving de Montfort de facto ruler of England. 1727 Thomas Gainsborough, English painter and founder of the English School of portrait and landscape painting, was born. 1779 The classic English horse race The Oaks was first run at the Epsom Racecourse in southern England. 1796 Edward Jenner became the first British physician to carry out a successful vaccination; on an eight year old boy against smallpox. His pioneering work laid the foundation for modern immunology techniques. 1847 HMS Driver completed the first circumnavigation of the world by a steamship when it arrived back at Spithead on the Hampshire coast. 1856 The trial of William Palmer, doctor and poisoner, began at the Old Bailey. Palmerï¿½s victims were poisoned with strychnine and included creditors, at least four of his 14 illegitimate children, his mother-in-law, his wife who had brought him a large dowry, and other relations. Palmer was found guilty and executed in his native Staffordshire. 1889 The children's charity the NSPCC was launched in London. 1894 Blackpool Tower Circus first opened to the public and 30,000 people paid a 6d entrance fee. Click here for a night-time picture of Blackpool's 'Big One'. (File size 87K) 1921 The British Legion was founded by Earl Haig (known as 'Butcher of the Somme'). 1926 Eric Morecambe, comedian, was born. 1940: The British Local Defence Volunteers was formed. It would later become known as the Home Guard, with civilians providing a last-ditch defence against a possible German invasion. 1940 The birth of Chay Blythe, English yachtsman who circumnavigated the world solo. 1948: Atlantic Records was founded by Ahmet Ertegun, son of the Turkish ambassador to the US. He nurtured many famous artists from Ray Charles and Aretha Franklin to rock stars Led Zeppelin, the Bee Gees and Mick Jagger. 1955: Communist states sign Warsaw Pact. The Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies sign a defence pact in the Polish capital, Warsaw, places all member countries under one military command. 1957: Cheers as petrol rationing ended. Relief across the country as the paymaster general announces restrictions on fuel consumption imposed during the Suez crisis are to be lifted. 1965 The field at Runnymede, the site of the signing of the Magna Carta, was dedicated by the Queen as a memorial to the late John F Kennedy, US President. 1982: British troops conducted a very successful night raid on Pebble Island in the Falklands, where Argentine attack aircraft were based. 1991: Mandela's wife jailed for kidnaps. Winnie Mandela, the wife of anti-apartheid campaigner Nelson Mandela, is given a six-year jail term for her part in the kidnap of four youths. The Special AKA didn't release a song demanding her release though... 2001: Scientists warn of more CJD cases. Variant CJD - the human form of BSE or "mad cow disease" - has been found in 99 people so far - but scientists warn a "second wave" in several years could be much larger. raveydavey May 15th: The Feast Day of Dympna, patron saint of the insane, thought to have been an Irish princess who was slain by her father. 1536 The trial of Anne Boleyn. She was accused of incest, sleeping with 4 men and an assassination plot against her husband, King Henry VIII. She was found guilty and executed four days later. 1567 Mary Queen of Scots married James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, just three months after the assassination of her husband, Lord Darnley. 1718 The first machine gun was patented by London lawyer James Puckle who, as a keen fisherman, intended to use it at sea! He began to manufacture it in London in 1721. 1740 Ephraim Chambers, the English encyclopaedist died. 1800 George III survived two assassination attempts in one day, the second coming from James Hadfield who fired a shot at the King during a performance at the Drury Lane Theatre in London. 1895 Joseph Whitaker, English publisher of Whitaker's Almanac, died. 1928: The Australian Flying Doctor service was started by Dr Vincent Welsh, at Australian Inland Mission, Cloncurry in Queensland. 1929 In the first football international, England lost to Spain 4-3, in Madrid. 1936 Aviator Amy Johnson arrived in England after a record-breaking 12 day, 15 hour flight from London to Cape Town and back. 1940: Nylon stockings went on sale in the US. All competing brands went on sale simultaneously under an agreement between the manufacturers. 1941 The first flight of Britain's first jet propelled aircraft, the Gloster-Whittle E28/39. It was devised by Frank Whittle. 1945: Australian troops at Wewak in New Guinea were held up by a Japanese bunker. Private Kenna stood up only fifty yards (45.7m) from the bunker, firing his Bren Gun from the hip, then, when the magazine ran out, a rifle. He was completely exposed to enemy fire the whole time, with rounds passing between his limbs and his body. Miraculously he avoided injury, and thanks to his selfless courage, the position was taken without further Australian losses. Kenna was awarded the Victoria Cross. 1957 Britain's first hydrogen bomb was exploded on Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. The effect of the radiation on some of the British soldiers who watched the test only came to light many years later. 1981 Birth of Zara Phillips, daughter of Anne, the Princess Royal and Mark Phillips. 1990 Home produced beef was banned in UK schools and hospitals as a result of concern over 'mad cow disease' (BSE). 1995 The British Police Federation voted against the routine arming of police officers. 2001: UK supermarkets slash price of drugs. British consumers reap the benefits of cheaper over-the-counter medicine after a court ruling puts an end to the drug industry's price-fixing policy. halfaperson Quote: May 15th: The Feast Day of Dympna, patron saint of the insane, thought to have been an Irish princess who was slain by her father. Aye, thought only by the insane	i don't know
Picasso's 'Still Life With Chair Caning' in which strips of oilcloth in imitation of chair caning are stuck onto the surface of the work, is an example of which artistic technique?	The Object in 20th-century Art Introduction The object has run throughout the western pictorial tradition ever since antiquity. But it was in the 16th century that the representation of inanimate objects became quite separate as a genre in itself: the still life, which would then be canonised as the painting of objects posed as if suspended in time and arranged by the hand of the artist. Skulls, musical instruments, mirrors, baskets of flowers and fruits seem to enclose the viewer in the mute world of things. Dutch painting in the 16th and 17th centuries was full of tables arrayed with crystalline glasses and peeled fruit, while the vanitas became established in France, where a century later the undisputed genius of the genre would rise to prominence: Chardin. The still life was to be Cézanne's preferred realm of pictorial production, since it offers an inexhaustible repertoire of forms, colours and different kinds of light. The Cubists would see it as the genre best suited to conveying the question of the representation of space in painting. With his revolutionary Still Life with Chair Caning, as early as 1912, Picasso brought into the picture a piece of oilcloth for the caning and a rope to give material presence to the oval of the chair's frame. Components lifted from reality therefore sometimes replace representation and they enter into dialogue with the painted parts. The object, or rather fragments of real objects, invade the representation. But the radical gesture was Duchamp's, transforming the manufactured everyday object into a work of art by means of nothing more than the artist's declaration that it was one. The first ready-mades date from 1913. Since that time, the object has left the picture frame and invaded the real world, presenting itself as such on the stage of art. It would later be deployed in the most unlikely appropriations and assemblages by the Surrealists, in the "accumulations", "compressions" and various "traps" of the New Realists, in the installations of current new objective sculpture, and by way of American Pop Art's simultaneous celebration and critique, which took the consumer society and its objects as the main subject of its art. The object addresses 20th-century art, its status and its boundaries, pushing them further and further. What this dossier proposes is a perusal of the National Museum of Modern Art's collections through one of the main artistic events of the last century: "the affirmation of the object". Representing the Object The Cubist Experiment The Cubist still lives are peopled with violins and bottles, pedestal tables and newspapers, glasses and guitars. Devoid of any action, this pictorial genre was ideally suited to the plastic experiments of Braque and Picasso between 1910 and 1914. There, the object is represented in its countless facets and through a diffracting of picture planes whereby it is developed in space. The monocular vision of classical perspective is shattered into pieces by virtue of a multiplication of planes intercut across the surface of the painting. Cinq bananes et deux poires (Five Bananas and Two Pears), 1908 Oil on canvas 24 x 33 cm Here Braque explores the motif of the fruit bowl, with an explicit reference to Cézanne. It is superfluous to refer to Cézanne's influence on Cubist painting, but Braque does so in a conscious and singular manner. He returns to the motif of the still life and develops it in a spatial dynamic where what has prime importance is the continuity of space rather than the strict definition of the object. The green of the pears chimes with the green of the tablecloth and the ochre of the bananas with that of the wall. The geometrical forms have a resonance with the light and shadows of the space. Braque reminds us that "The painter thinks in shapes and colours, the object is poetics"; he also says that "one must not merely reproduce things. We must penetrate them, become the thing ourselves". Le Guéridon (The Pedestal Table), 1911 Oil on canvas 130 x 89 cm The motif of the round table was to be a constant in Braque's painting. Only a hint of the table remains: one segment of a circle indicating the outline, while the objects elude us the moment we think we recognise them. The fragmentation of the objects into a multitude of luminous facets which mentally recreate light, creates the sensation of a tactile space in movement. Colour is reduced to greys and brown ochres, a procedure typical of this early phase of Cubism, dubbed Analytical Cubism. The artist stated that the austerity of the colours comes about from a concern to convey space and space above all without there being any interference that might disturb the perception of this. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) If 19th-century Naturalism had been obsessed with the "reality of vision", Cubism did not aspire to real vision, but to the artist's mental experience of the world. Thus a new "writing of the real" (Kahnweiler) was developed, put into practice by Braque and Picasso first in the so-called Analytical phase which is dominated by a "reality of conception", to which the representation of the world submits. On the basis of the papier collés (pasted-paper pictures) invented by Braque in the autumn of 1912 and continued by Picasso, another phase of Cubism began, the Synthetic phase, characterised by a return to reality and another mode of expressing the real. There is a dialogue between the drawn framework and the cut-outs from newspapers selected for their plastic or semantic aspects. The object is conveyed through the breaking up of fragments derived from reality and in an interplay with letters and drawings. Picasso then invented a language of signs recapitulating the object, hence the term Synthetic. He would increasingly insist upon the ambiguity of the representation, the trompe-l'oeil effect, by alternating three different techniques: painting, sculpture and collage. Verre dï¿½absinthe (The Glass of Absinthe), 1914 Painted bronze with sand and absinthe spoon 21.5 x 16.5 x 6.5 cm Verre dï¿½absinthe is the only monochrome example of a series of six, a first cycle of variations by Picasso. Here the form is open towards its interior, which also has to be represented. Between the brown monochrome version and the others the difference in colour seems also to affect the form. But this is only an illusion brought about by the colour being applied at certain points. By means of the colour, sometimes one element and then another comes into the foreground. Verre dï¿½absinthe belongs to Synthetic Cubism through this intervention of colour within the synthesis of planes. The glass, along with the bottle, is one of Cubism's favourite objects. It brings about transparency and optical diffraction, allowing a widening of the form. Unlike the object as something strange, which it was for the Surrealists, this is a studio object, a familiar object. As underlined by Werner Spies, the originality of this work lies in the curious conjunction of the glass shaped by the hand of the artist, therefore a represented glass, a real silver spoon, and the facsimile imitation of a lump of sugar. So here we find three levels of reference. "I was interested in the relation between the real spoon and the sculpted glass. In their confrontation", Picasso declared. Spies further observes that it was a matter of giving the object "the object's maximum experience". The object is not presented as something static, nor within a kinetic perception (the Futurists) which would muddle the form. Picasso reconciles the form and the perceptual richness of a form which is opened up to a space where the various planes of the object "are added up". The sanded side of the outside of the glass echoes the roughness of the sugar which contrasts with the smooth appearance of the perforated spoon. The real object and the art object coexist in a tension which gives a dynamism to the work and to its effectiveness. As Spies writes, the silver spoon emphasises the illusion, namely the reality effect of the representation. We are right at the heart of the glass of absinthe and its function connected with the mythical alcoholic drink. Everything is in place for the water; mixed with the liquor and poured onto the sugar, it will begin the magic ritual. THE REAL OBJECT SUBVERTED From Duchamp to the Surrealists With his Still Life with Chair Caning (1912), Picasso had already made great advances in the process of desacralising the work of art through the insertion of components taken straight from reality into the painting. The use of collage emphasised this challenge to the canonical representation. The raw materials of reality broke into the representation, but these intrusions formed a dialogue with the painted or drawn parts of the work and the Cubists used them for plastic purposes. Marcel Duchamp went a step further in desacralising the work of art. This desacralisation and its implicit relation to the object was to be redeployed in a new drama of the object, the Surrealist object, on the search for the dream's irruption into reality. Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) The Ready-mades In 1913, Marcel Duchamp exhibited a "sculpture" titled Bicycle Wheel. Two everyday objects were attached and stuck together by the artist: a bicycle wheel and a stool. Nothing here was the handiwork of the artist, who produced a three-dimensional collage by assembling two ordinary objects. Duchamp had been a painter to begin with and rebelled against painters, whom he called "turpentine addicts", and against "the retinal stupidity" connected with this art. He pronounced himself closer to the style of Leonardo, and defined painting as a mental thing. His Nude Descending a Staircase caused a sensation in New York and made him famous. Going beyond the nude, with it he sought a method of reducing movement in space. Porte-bouteilles (Bottle-Rack), 1914 (1964) (Séchoir à bouteilles ou Hérisson, Bottle-Drier or Hedgehog) Bottle-Rack in galvanised iron 64.2 x 42 cm (diam.) In 1914, with his famous Porte-bouteilles, bought at a department store, the Bazar de l'Hôtel de ville, Duchamp elaborated the concept of the ready-made: "an ordinary object elevated to the dignity of the work of art by the mere decision of the artist" (Dictionnaire abrégé du Surréalisme, André Breton, 1938). The hand of the artist no longer intervenes in the work. All skill and all aesthetic pleasure connected with the perception of the work are made void. The creator's traces have disappeared and been reduced to the mere choosing and titling of the object. The title which from the outset names the object most baldly, Porte-bouteilles (Bottle-Rack), will assume increasing importance; later the object would be rechristened Séchoir à bouteilles ou Hérisson (Bottle-Drier or Hedgehog). Yet the choice of this object was not an insignificant one. Glasses and bottles had invaded Cubist painting, from which Duchamp wished to escape since it was, in his words, like a "straitjacket". Analytical Cubism's bottles and glasses broken down into countless transparent facets were succeeded by the real object, opaque and made of iron, welcoming them with the prickliness of a hedgehog. Fontaine (Fountain), 1917/1964 Upturned urinal, porcelain 63 x 48 x 35 cm In 1915 Duchamp left for the United States. Continuing with his ready-mades, he added inscriptions to them, like the one on a snow shovel: In Advance of a Broken Arm. It is only verbal logic that, through humour or puns, transforms the ordinary object into something else: a precipitation of the likely future. Duchamp was to lay increasing stress on this verbal dimension which, by insinuation, involved the mind of the viewer in the perception of the work. The delectation of the eye was succeeded by that of the mind. His best-known ready-made, the famous upturned urinal rechristened Fontaine, dates from 1917. When it was submitted for exhibition at the Society of Independent Artists, in New York, under the pseudonym R.Mutt, the jury to which he himself belonged rejected it, and the epic success of the ready-mades got under way with this scandal. The original ready-mades have disappeared and replicas remain which, as Duchamp put it, "convey the same message as the original". In his view, aesthetic criteria alone are not enough to define what art is and what it is not, and it will be the artist who calls into question the limits of art by pushing them further and further. The disappearance of the utility of the object proclaimed by its installation in a museum environment, and the new meaning conferred upon it by its title, would henceforth suffice to qualify as a work of art what had not been so a priori. Duchamp's radical and innovative approach laid the foundation for a great many interrogations of the status of art in the twentieth century, and for a breakthrough of the object into the domain of the plastic arts. Surrealism and the Strangeness of the Object In the view of André Breton: "Ready-mades and assisted ready-mades, objects chosen or composed by Marcel Duchamp from 1914, are the first surrealist objects". Where the Dadaist spirit of revolt and provocation had seen Duchamp as one of its most representative figures, the Surrealists too acknowledged his paternity in terms of how they saw the object. In fidelity to the principle of their aesthetic, which is illustrated by Lautréamont's words: "Beautiful as the fortuitous meeting of an umbrella and a sewing-machine on a dissection table", the surrealist object is the fruit of combining the most unlikely objects that have issued from the encounter of two different realities on an inappropriate level. The sought-after effect is always surprise, astonishment, the sense of strangeness like that provoked by the irruption of a dream into reality. The association of objects made in the name of the free association of words or ideas which, according to Freud, dominate unconscious activity and dream activity in particular. Since the Surrealists were particularly interested in the object, the Dictionnaire abrégé du Surréalisme offers a panoply of artistic objects: real and virtual objects, the mobile and the mute object, the oneiric object, the phantom object, etc. What unites these different declensions of the object is their unconscious and symbolic charge, the appeal to a surreality which the Surrealists found more real than the real itself. Man Ray (1890-1976) A painter and photographer, Man Ray literally illustrated Lautréamont's clarion words from the Chants de Maldoror - "Beautiful as the fortuitous meeting of an umbrella and a sewing-machine on a dissection table" - by photographing the coming together of these objects. Man Ray was a protagonist of the Dada movement, and his strange objects mark the shift in Dada's cherished aesthetic of revolt against fine painting towards the poetic of the strange, the fantastic and the dream, which is Surrealism's, to be made official by Breton in 1924 with his Surrealist Manifesto. Objet à détruire (Object for Destruction), 1923 Metronome and collage 23.5 x 11.5 cm Surrealist avant la lettre, the metronome that has ceased to mark time is one of Man Ray's "objets empêchés" (impeded objects). Similarly as with Cadeau (Gift) (1921), an iron to whose base he had affixed 14 nails which made it impossible to use, here the metronome is made silent and motionless, and set off with the incongruous addition of an eye and a label which subvert the original object and lead towards other spaces suggesting the overdetermined meanings of dream images. Plaster 148.5 x 103 x 43 cm Conceived as a piece of furniture, this sculpture, whose principle resides in the strange association of objects, exerts a subtle sense of troubling strangeness upon the viewer. The partly veiled head of a woman and her veil extended into the void suggest by metonymy a body absent from the scene of the representation but potentially part of the table. The strange polyhedron, balanced unstably on the edge of the table, in contrast with the figurative elements of the sculpture, adds to the mystery of the composition. Here we can discern a quality of expectation and dread. Lï¿½objet du couchant (Sleeping Object), 1935-36 Painted carob tree trunk with metal components, 64 x 44 x 26 cm On a carob tree trunk painted red, Miró hung pieces of scrap iron found by chance on his walks. These attracted him by some irresistible magnetic force. A metal spring, a chain and a gas burner were meant to represent a bridal couple. When it was made this object was presumed to be a joke, except by Breton, who was gripped by its magical quality and to whom the object was given. Wood and parts of stuffed fox 54 x 57 x 28.50 cm The table, whose connection with meals and life-giving nourishment makes it the most familiar and reassuring of objects, is turned into its opposite by metamorphosis into an aggressive and devouring animal. The word loup (wolf), contained in the title, conjures childhood tales and fantasies of being swallowed up and eaten. However, there is a further unsettling of our vantage point in the fact that what this peculiar assemblage shows us is a fox. Loplop présente une jeune fille (Loplop introduces a young girl), 1930, 1936, 1966 Oil on wood, plaster and collage of objects 194 x 89 x 10 cm Surrealist objects are not only presented as such by association with other objects. They can also invade the two-dimensional space of the painting, as in this picture synthesising his work, which Ernst returned to twice after long intervals. The artist is identified with Loplop, the bird at the top, who presents his painting in an effect of distancing which is disturbing both visually and mentally. Max Ernst had already produced pictures in relief, but here it is painting itself which is called into question by the derisory quotation of the picture within the picture. The painting presented by Loplop is only a simulacrum of painting as emphasised by the painted frame. Inside it is a rough surface, like the rest of the panel, in which real objects replace painted objects. This is a crazy challenge to pictorial mimesis, to illusionism as a whole and to the work of the painter, who is resolutely placed beyond the painting. Objects - a metal wheel, a stone in a net and a horse's mane - impose their reality as objects without the ambiguity of being decorative. They belong to the thematic repertoire of the artist, who thereby declares his creative output to be in the realm of distanciation. THE OBJECT IN SOCIETY American Pop Art and New Realism In the United States as well as in Europe, the 1960s opened in the realm of the object. What the pop artists proposed was a return to the real, a reality that they identified with the consumer society, mainly employing its media images simultaneously to decry it and proclaim it. For the New Realists, who defined their art as a "new perceptual approach to reality", the object became a fully-fledged protagonist in their means of expression. American Pop Art The object as a commodity promoted by the consumer society became established in the 1960s with its language of advertising and its mass media. Already in the late 1950s, artists such as Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns had reacted against the final gasps of Abstract Expressionism, finding sources of inspiration in the anti-academic spirit of Dada and in the figure of Duchamp. These artists advocated a return to the real, and while Rauschenberg was integrating all kinds of second-hand objects (newspapers, stools, beds, Coca-Cola bottles, etc) into his vast Combine Paintings, Johns was making paintings of the American flag or of shooting targets, these being literal paintings of the object in question. In the way opened up by these two pioneers, artists such as Claes Oldenburg and Jim Dine in sculpture, and Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein in painting, turned resolutely towards the discredited world of commodities (hamburgers, detergent boxes, Coca-Cola bottles) and new forms of popular culture: advertising, comic strips, film stars and famous politicians, with a vigour that was simultaneously enthusiastic and critical. Despite the elevation of such objects and images to the status of works of art, it was generally the perverse workings of the consumer society that were revealed by these artists, with humour, irony and unease. Warhol's Campbell's tomato juice packing cases are fake ready-mades, for they were created by the artist, who had the advertising graphics printed on the crates. In the image of market logic, these objects deceive the eye and the mind. With the American pop artists the object was seldom presented as such. It was reproduced as trompe-l'oeil or in some grotesque form through enlargements altering its meaning, by emphasising the screenprint, sometimes seeming more real than reality itself, to the point of unreality and unease. Claes Oldenburg (1929) His version of Pop Art, which is to say art aiming to be within reach of a mass audience, consists in imitating everyday objects connected to the world of food or clothing: commodities that are bought at street stalls or in downmarket shops. Oldenburg's replicas of these objects are enlarged, exposing the materials of which they are made and exaggerating their colours. Giant lollipops, hamburgers, caps and jackets produced in plaster and coarsely painted - drips and all - intrude upon the space around them, blighting it with bad taste. Pink Cap, 1961 Enamel paint on plastered muslin 86 x 97 x 21 cm Pink Cap was shown as part of a group show together with other objects relating to clothing in New York in 1961. It would subsequently be one of the objects in Oldenburg's shop, The Store, opened by the artist at his studio in ironic imitation of places where such commodities are sold. The spectator-buyer can then, without any mystery, enter the space of production of the work, made by an artist-craftsman working at the very point of sale. The targets here are the art gallery circuit and museum valuation. There is something troubling about these objects which can no longer be held and handled since they spread out in space. This is the familiar being revealed as strange, assuming vast and enveloping proportions. Andy Warhol (1930-1987) Warhol started out as a commercial artist and he is the most representative figure of Pop Art. Both his personality and his work have been a source of fascination. Although he seems the most impersonal and most distant of the pop artists, his work plays upon ambiguity. It was the image of the object that Warhol tackled. By infinitely reproducing advertising and mass media images through the process of silkscreen printing, Warhol took away their substance, casting it into the hectic domain of the multiple and the banal, yet elevated to the status of a work of art. "I want to be a machine", he declared, legitimising his mechanical process of reproducing the image, the echo of a soulless society which his work represented and implicitly criticised. He made himself the representative of a capitalist society at its peak which was nonetheless troubled by the image of death. Road accidents and electric chairs are the other side of his art. Acrylic and lacquer applied to screen printing on canvas 137 x 185 cm Warhol subjected the most varied of subjects to the same treatment assumed from a great distance. Drawing always from the mass media repertoire, through the process of the mediatised image which interposes itself between the viewer and reality, he showed the impossibility of reaching the thing itself. Hence the absence of any affect in his works, which denounce the numbing of the modern individual's reality by the society of the spectacle and the commodification of the world. Thus, the electric chair which, with the Coca-Cola bottle, is one of the symbols of America, is presented in terms of a cold and dehumanised image. This work belongs to the Disaster Series (1963). The same violent subject is shown in different colours and, with this aspect of death, it presents the other extreme of his art, in opposition to smiling faces. Here the object is replaced by the serial image, its repetition cold and numbing. The New Realists On 27 October 1960, at the Paris home of Yves Klein, in Rue Campagne Première, the official birth of New Realism took place, bringing together the following artists: Arman, François Dufrêne, Raymond Hains, Yves Klein, Martial Raysse, Daniel Spoerri, Jacques Mahé de la Villeglé, Jean Tinguely. Their names would be joined by that of the critic who was to be their spokesperson: Pierre Restany. Their declaration amounted to two sentences and announced their programme: "On Thursday 27 October the New Realists became aware of their collective singularity. New Realism = a new perceptual approach to reality". To these first names would later be added those of César, Gérard Deschamps, Mimmo Rotella and Niki de Saint Phalle. The following year, in a text titled 40° au-dessus de Dada (40° above Dada), Restany situated this movement in a line from Dada and Duchamp. While demonstrating very different approaches, these artists had a shared interest in the imagery of mass culture and from it they appropriated objects. Raysse went so far as to say: "Prisunic stores are the museums of modern art". But the expression "new perceptual approach to reality" distinguished them from Pop Art and allowed each artist a great deal of freedom. The object as such became a full protagonist in this art which consisted in its appropriation. While Arman "accumulated" his objects in terms of a quantitative logic which obliterated their singularity, Cesar made a fetish object of cars as sheet metal, "compressing" them to end up with huge parallelepipeds which sat on the ground like polychrome sculptures. Spoerri's "trap-pictures" captured moments of reality by taking the leftovers of a meal which he placed with their dish on the vertical. Raysse developed assemblages in which the anonymous and stereotyped photographic images of women played with the real object in an actual "objective poetry", while Tinguely's absurd and complex machinery, aggregating noisy mechanical objects, set in motion infernal and incoherent mechanisms in the image of our contemporary world. Arman (1928) To begin with Arman was an abstract painter, although he has always claimed that his art was a development of painting. He abandoned this practice when he introduced everyday objects into his work. His output is characterised by an ever-changing relationship to the object. Accumulated willy-nilly, or as refuse (the Dustbins series begun in 1959), broken up in the Rages series, burned in the Combustions, becoming detached from a surface such as that of the painting which he called into question, or assembled into huge sculptures, objects mark his work. Accumulation of gas masks in a box closed with Plexiglas 160 x 140.5 x 20 cm In this work, Arman accumulates old objects that are identical, fixes them onto a two-dimensional support and sets them in a box closed by a pane of glass, with the same meticulousness as an entomologist collecting butterflies. But these are not insects. These are not commonplace objects. They are gas masks, arranged differently according to each of the three versions that the artist will give to the work. The principle is that of the infinite profusion of the same, of the repetition that is apt to spill out of the frame and suggest a sense of all-pervasiveness. The title, intimating the sweet domestic cosiness of the collector engaged in his passionate hobby at home, is in tragically ironic contrast to an object with strong connotations: gas masks, now generally linked in our consciousness to the horror of the Nazi extermination camps. This object, symptomatic of the 20thcentury, is thoroughly restored to its macabre aspect by its accumulation and enclosure in a literal context, the house-as-box, where horror resides. Martial Raysse (1936) Martial Raysse often appears as the most prestigious representative of New Realism, to which he belonged in the 1960s. In 1970 the artist was to call into question the ideology of the 1960s rupture with a subtle return to traditional painting, in pastiche form, and by invoking a mysterious and resolutely singular world of mythological references. 3-panel assemblage: photograph painted in acrylic and objects 100 x 225 cm Out of this "picture with variable geometry", operating on discrepant planes and balancing finely between the three registers of photography, painting and sculpture, the real object "suddenly" erupts into the viewer's own space. A straw hat and a towel protrude beyond the painted surface, in a moment of intrusion which recalls that of the title taken from Tennessee Williams. "Suddenly", also like the photographic shutter release which has caught the pose of the young woman on the beach, an anonymous and stereotyped figure from consumer images for sunscreen products or seaside holidays. But on this enlarged photographic image, the painting and the retouching disclose areas which seem to belong to traditional painting: the trompe-l'oeil of the arm, the green shadings on the young woman's legs, the white of the painted sheet. While celebrating a form of mass imagery, Martial Raysse transcends it with the abrupt irruption of poetry into the here and now of the perception of the work, which does not remain fixed. The photographic model comes out of the frame of the painting, and the real object comes out of the frame of the representation to disturb our perception. Time too seems to be unhinged and suggest several different temporalities simultaneously: the actuality of the photograph as a modern technique of representation joins with the past tense of the pose, "last summer"; the references to traditional painting are answered by the time-disjunction of something breaking in, and the "suddenly" whose meaning here is overdetermined, by the shutter release, by the impression of the image and the perception of the work. STAGING THE OBJECT Personal Mythologies Concealed, painted, freighted with particular psychic resonances, the object was also to be isolated and staged. In these cases, brought into the foreground, the object became a part of the milieu that received it and exhibited it: the museum or the art gallery. Increasingly the work of art is the expression of isolated contemporary projects which have their basis in a personal mythology for which the artist alone has the key to interpretation. Jean Michel Sanejouand made his first Charges-objets (object-weights) in 1963, works deriving from his anti-paintings. The object is in opposition to painting and presides alone in space. Made up of real objects incongruously assembled with other fragments of objects, these Charges-objets are assembled in such a way that their meaning disappears along with their former use. They aspire to a banality without any signification other than their being there, their problematic presence, their non-sense. All the same, there is an ironic aspect that comes through in these objects weighted with nothing. For Joseph Beuys, who was close to the Fluxus group, the objects he exhibited (such as Fat Chair, 1964, or Infiltration Homogen for Grand Piano, 1966) are pieces taken from performances he did, where the disguised object took up the whole of the stage. In the late 1960s, Jean-Pierre Raynaud invented his Psycho-objets, while in the 1980s Bertrand Lavier showed his "fridges" and his painted office furniture. Joseph Beuys (1921-1986) Beuys expanded the idea of art to reality as a whole. His ritual actions aimed to release the plurality of the senses. Art would have a therapeutic virtue and the artist would be akin to a shaman. Objects and materials linked to an entirely personal symbolism anchored in his biography were involved in an art with social aims in a sick society. Grand piano covered in felt and fabrics 100 x 152 x 240 cm By associating a piano, a musical instrument and carrier of sound waves, with felt, a material symbolic of life and survival for the artist, Beuys aimed to make this object an energy vector. The piano's sound potential is filtered through the felt. The object is disguised and can be made out behind the fabric which opens it to other sensory experiences. "The two crosses", said Beuys, "signify the urgency of the danger that threatens if we remain silent [...]. Such an object is devised to encourage debate and in no case as an anaesthetic product." Thus the object becomes increasingly arrayed with symbolic resonances which the artist has to explain since they are particular to him, as is also the case for Raynaud's Psycho-objects. The flowerpot and the square white tile which recur in his work refer respectively to life and death in a cold and increasingly aseptic world. Bertrand Lavier (1949) Bertrand Lavier's work has its place on the pathway that was opened up by Duchamp when he questioned the boundary between art and non art with his ready-mades. This boundary has become an ever finer one and Lavier challenges it with his ordinary objects from everyday life: "fridges" or cupboards with plain, straight lines, impersonal pieces removed from their context and set up in the museum. With his painted objects from the 1980s, Lavier resolves the dilemma between art and non art. Acrylic paint applied in thick layers that parody Van Gogh's brushwork lifts these objects above the mere status of ready-mades. As Jean-Hubert Martin stresses, the paint covers exactly what it speaks of. The object sitting on the ground therefore addresses us with its very ambiguity: it is simultaneously a painting and an object, therefore neither wholly one nor the other. By employing the superimposition of one object upon another, as for example a refrigerator on a safe, Brandt\Haffner, 1984, Lavier returns to notions of the sculpture and its plinth. Contrary to appearances, Lavier claims to take his inspiration more from Brancusi than from Duchamp, and his subtly organised installations exemplify an interrogation of sculpture itself, by means of the object. Acrylic-painted metal cupboards 195 x 91.5 x 50 cm The humorous title brings to mind a female figure in contrast with the object and its strictly geometric form. This surrounds it with a mystery that is redoubled by the pictorial covering of its surface. This metal office cupboard is a banal piece of furniture, completely covered in green acrylic paint, a paint that adheres to the object like a thick elastic skin and gives it a waxy consistency. While the object is insignificant, commonplace and pre-existing its appropriation by the artist, it is the act of a painter which gives it the status of a work of art. This hybrid piece was shown in the exhibition Cinq pièces faciles (Five Easy Pieces) at the Eric Fabre Gallery, along with two other pieces of office furniture, a Westinghouse refrigerator and a Gabriel Gaveau grand piano. In relation to the other objects in the series and in terms of its installation, as well as the space of exhibition, through its imposing static presence it connects with the kind of sculpture to which the artist lays claim. Margherita LEONI-FIGINI BIBLIOGRAPHY Works ï¿½ La Collection du Musée national d'art moderne, published by the Centre Georges Pompidou, 1986 ï¿½ La Collection du Musée national d'art moderne, Acquisitions, 1986-1996, published by the Centre Georges Pompidou, 1997 ï¿½ L'ivresse du réel, edited collection, Carré d'art contemporain, Nîmes, 1993 ï¿½ Denys Riout, Qu'est-ce que l'art moderne ?, Folio, Gallimard, 2000 ï¿½ Catherine Millet, L'art contemporain en France, Flammarion, 1989 ï¿½ Werner Spies, Picasso sculpteur, Centre Pompidou Editions, 2000 • Art moderne. La Collection du Centre Pompidou, Musée national d'art moderne, sous la direction de Brigitte Léal, 2007 • Art contemporain. La Collection du Centre Pompidou, Musée national d'art moderne, sous la direction de Sophie Duplaix, 2007 Links	Assemblage
Which architect designed the Sydney Opera House?	Europe and America, 1900 to 1945 \| Cleveland State Art Cleveland State Art Europe and America, 1900 to 1945 Learning Objectives: Identify the formal and iconographic characteristics of Expressionism, Cubism,Futurism, Dada, Neue Sachlichkeit, Surrealism, Constructivism, Suprematism, De Stijl, the International Style, Art Deco, Regionalism, and Mexican Muralism Discuss abstraction and the principles of Cubism Describe the impact of the 1913 Armory Show in New York on America and on American artists Discuss the European response to World War I and how art reflected the horror and grief of the war Identify the founders of psychoanalysis and the artists and movements that were affected by the psyche and dreams Describe the utopian ideals ascribed to artistic movements and the effect those ideals had on art, architecture, and the crafts movements Discuss the organic and its impact on Frank Lloyd Wright’s architecture, and sculpture by Brancusi, Moore, and Calder Explain the relationship of politics and art in the early 20th century Major industrial powers expanded their empires Two global wars Rise of Communism, Fascism, and Nazism The Great Depression. Advanced industrial societies in Europe and America Intense imperialist expansion. (expanding a country’s power and beliefs through diplomacy or military force) By the beginning of the 20th century Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Portugal all had footholds in Africa. In Asia Dutch controlled Indonesia’s stretch of islands French held power in Indochina Russians ruled Central Asia and Siberia. Japan becomes a major force in the 1930s. The imperialism was capitalist and expanded everywhere established colonies to extract raw-materials growth of manufacturing markets acquired tremendous amounts of territory. Some used missions to bring the “light” of Christianity and civilization to “backward peoples” Sought to educate “inferior races.” Nationalism and imperialism also led to competition. Countries negotiated alliances to protect their individual interests. Conflicts started to rise between two major blocs/alliances Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) Triple Entente (Russia, France, and Great Britain) Led to World War I, which began in 1914. Lasted until 1918. More than nine million soldiers killed in battle Introduction of poison gas in 1915. United States tried to remain neutral Felt compelled to enter the war in 1917. In 1919 27 Allied nations negotiated the official end of World War I WWI contributed to widespread misery, social disruption, and economic collapse In 1917 Russian Revolution made the chaos worse. Dissatisfaction with the regime of Tsar Nicholas II Led workers to stage a general strike, Monarchy’s rule ended with the tsar’s resignation in March. Late 1917 Bolsheviks took control of the country from the ruling government. The Bolsheviks Group of Russian Social Democrats led by Vladimir Lenin Lenin nationalized the land (make private property the state’s) Turned it over to the local rural soviets (councils of workers and soldiers’ deputies). created violent revolution. After a long civil war Communists succeeded in keeping control of Russia Took over several satellite countries in Eastern Europe 1923 New state took the official name the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, or Soviet Union) Economic chaos followed on the war and revolution. Great Depression in the 1930s Further devastated Western countries Economic depression deeply affected the United States and many European countries Largely due to the international scope of banking and industrial capitalism By 1932 Production in the United States was cut in half Economic and the failure of postwar treaties provided the groundwork for the 2nd World War The League of Nations could not keep the peace Totalitarian regimes took over power in several European countries Benito Mussolini headed the nationalistic Fascist regime in Italy. Joseph Stalin consolidated his control of the Soviet Union by 1929 Adolf Hitler built the National Socialist German Workers Party (also known as the Nazi Party) in German Were ruthless in their attempts to gain power In 1939 Britain and France declared war on Germany – was then declared a world war Germany and Italy fought most of Europe and the Soviet Union Japan invaded China and occupied Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam In 1941 Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor in Hawaii United States declares war on Japan Germany has a loose alliance with Japan Declared war on the United States US joined the war in Europe as allies of Britain and France Most of the war was about territory, but there were other reasons. The Nazis Wanted to build an exclusive Aryan state (white, not Jewish) Led to the Holocaust Killing of two out of every three European Jews 6 million Jews were killed 5 million non-Jews were killed World War II ended in 1945 Allied forces defeated Germany United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan Although the war’s were over, the feeling was not a happy one The Arts 1900 to 1920 Europe, 1900 to 1920 Radical changes in the arts Painters and sculptors challenged the most basic assumptions about the purpose of art and how art should even be made. Artists New ones took their places Shift from communism to capitalism Artists needed new definitions of art Each new modernist style challenged artistic ideas Avant-garde (“front guard”) and Kitsch Term comes from a French military term Soldiers sent ahead of the army’s main body for reconnaissance and make raids on the enemy Politicians adopted the term Was used in the art world in the 1880s Referred to artists who were ahead of their time These artists broke almost every rule there was Rejected classical, academic, and traditional ways to make art Explored the formal qualities of painting, sculpture, and other media The Post-Impressionists were the first artists labeled avant-garde Expressionism Art that is the result of the artist’s unique inner or personal vision Usually very emotional The term “Expressionism” came from the German avant-garde magazine, Der Sturm Two major movements; the French Fauves and the German Expressionists Fauvism At the third Salon d’Automne in Paris Group of young painters exhibited several canvases used simplified design were shockingly bright in color Startled the critic, Louis Vauxcelles described the artists as fauves (wild beasts) Were totally independent of the French Academy and the “official” Salon. Wanted to create an art that painted like Impressionism but used intense emotional color. Fauves pushed color even further explored it’s emotional and psychological possibilities also explored how color could illustrate space. Made spontaneous portraits, landscapes, still lifes, and nudes Lots of texture, pattern and bold color. Was not an organized group. Within five years, most of the artists left Fauvism and developed their own, personal styles. Henri Matisse Believed color could play a primary role in conveying meaning. Woman with the Hat Matisse depicted his wife Amélie in a normal pose and composition The arbitrary colors and sketchiness seem shocking. The entire painting is nothing but splotches of color. Colors seem odd placed next to each other. Matisse explained his approach: “We rejected imitative colors, and that with pure colors we obtained stronger reactions.” Can express emotions and ideas through color He was a friend as well as rival of his younger contemporary Picasso, to whom he is often compared. A key difference between them is that Matisse drew and painted from nature, while Picasso was much more inclined to work from imagination. The subjects painted most frequently by both artists were women and still lifes, with Matisse more likely to place his figures in fully realized interiors. In 1941 he was diagnosed with cancer and, following surgery, he started using a wheelchair. Matisse did not allow this setback to halt his work, and with the aid of assistants he set about creating cut paper collages, often on a large scale, called gouaches découpés. Matisse's Portrait of Madame Matisse Portrait of Madame Matisse. (The green line). 1905. 40.50 x 32.5 cm. Oil and tempera on canvas. Statens Museum for Kunst. In his green stripe portrait of his wife, he has used color alone to describe the image. Her oval face is bisected with a slash of green and her coiffure, purpled and top-knotted, juts against a frame of three jostling colors. Her right side repeats the vividness of the intrusive green; on her left, the mauve and orange echo the colors of her dress. This is Matisse’s version of the dress, his creative essay in harmony. Matisse painted this unusual portrait of his wife in 1905. The green stripe down the center of Amélie Matisse’s face acts as an artificial shadow line and divides the face in the conventional portraiture style, with a light and a dark side, Matisse divides the face chromatically, with a cool and warm side. The natural light is translated directly into colors and the highly visible brush strokes add to the sense of artistic drama. Matisse's Other Works Maid placing fruit and wine on the table. Painted objects simply and flattened out the forms. Eliminated the front edge of the table Made the table as flat as the wall behind it. Table cloth and wallpaper match The window could also be a painting on the wall, flattening the space even more. Over painted the color to try to strike the right mood with the viewer The painting was originally green, then blue, painted it red and it felt right. His essay “Notes of a Painter,” published in 1908 Responded to his critics Set forth his principles and goals as a painter. “What I am after, above all, is expression. . . . Expression, for me, does not reside in passions glowing in a human face or manifested by violent movement. The entire arrangement of my picture is expressive: the place occupied by the figures, the empty spaces around them, the proportions, everything has its share. Composition is the art of arranging in a decorative manner the diverse elements at the painter’s command to express his feelings. . . .Both harmonies and dissonances of colour can produce agreeable effects. . . . Suppose I have to paint an interior: I have before me a cupboard; it gives me a sensation of vivid red, and I put down a red which satisfies me. A relation is established between this red and the white of the canvas. Let me put a green near the red, and make the floor yellow; and again there will be relationships between the green or yellow and the white of the canvas which will satisfy me. . . . A new combination of colours will succeed the first and render the totality of my representation. I am forced to transpose until finally my picture may seem completely changed when, after successive modi- fications, the red has succeeded the green as the dominant colour. I cannot copy nature in a servile way; I am forced to interpret nature and submit it to the spirit of the picture. From the relationship I have found in all the tones there must result a living harmony of colours, a harmony analogous to that of a musical composition. . . .The chief function of colour should be to serve expression as well as possible. . . . My choice of colours does not rest on any scientific theory; it is based on observation, on sensitivity, on felt experiences. . . . I simply try to put down colours which render my sensation. There is an impelling proportion of tones that may lead me to change the shape of a figure or to transform my composition. Until I have achieved this proportion in all parts of the composition I strive to- wards it and keep on working. Then a moment comes when all the parts have found their definite relationships, and from then on it would be impossible for me to add a stroke to my picture without having to repaint it entirely.” Andre Derain The harsh colors, aggressively brushed paint, and distorted forms Express the artists’ feelings about the horrors of society. Science and Art New discoveries meant people had to change how they understood their world. Started to understand and benefit from what happened in the Enlightenment. Modernist artists often referenced the new technologies and thoughts in their work. Much of the art in the 1900’s is a rejection of everything that had come before it. One of the Enlightenment beliefs was faith in science. Science had started to replace religion Isaac Newton Said the universe was a huge machine consisting of time, space, and matter. Various physicists: Max Planck (1858–1947), Albert Einstein (1879–1955), Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937), and Niels Bohr (1885–1962). Helped to create a new model of the universe. Planck’s quantum theory investigated atomic energy. Einstein introduced his theory of relativity. Argued that space and time are not absolute. Time and space all depend on who’s looking and when Theory of E = mc 2 – formula for understanding atomic energy. Rutherford and Bohr investigated the structure of atoms. Wassily Kandinsky KÄTHE KOLLWITZ (1867–1945) The emotional range of German Expressionism extends from passionate protest and satirical bitterness to the poignantly expressed pity for the poor in the prints of Käthe Kollwitz , who had no formal association with any Expressionist group. The graphic art of Gauguin and Munch stimulated a revival of the print medium in Germany, especially the woodcut, and these proved inspiring models. Kollwitz worked in a variety of print- making techniques, including woodcut, lithography, and etching, and explored a range of issues from the overtly political to the deeply per- sonal. One image she explored in depth, producing a number of print variations, was that of a mother with her dead child. Although she ini- tially derived the theme from the Christian Pietà, she transformed it into a universal statement of maternal loss and grief. In Woman with Dead Child, an etching and lithograph, she disavowed the reverence and grace that pervaded most Christian depictions of Mary holding the dead Christ and replaced those attributes with an animalistic passion, shown in the way the mother ferociously grips the body of her dead child. The primal nature of the image is in keeping with the aims of the Expressionists, and the scratchy lines the etching needle produced serve as evidence of Kollwitz’s very personal touch. The impact of this image is undeniably powerful. Not since the Gothic age in Germany had any artist produced a mother-and-son group of comparable emotional power. That Kollwitz used her son Peter as the model for the dead child no doubt made the image all the more personal to her. The image stands as a poignant premonition. Peter died fighting in World War I at age 21. Primitivism and Cubism The Evolution of Cubism Beginning in 1908, and continuing through the first few months of 1912, Braque and Picasso co-invent the first phase of Cubism. Since it is dominated by the analysis of form, this first stage is usually referred to as Analytic Cubism. But then during the summer of 1912, Braque leaves Paris to take a holiday in Provence. During his time there, he wanders into a hardware store, and there he finds a roll of oil cloth. Oil cloth is an early version of contact paper, the vinyl adhesive used to line the shelves or drawers in a cupboard. Then, as now, these materials come in a variety of pre-printed patterns. Braque purchased some oil cloth printed with a fake wood grain. That particular pattern drew his attention because he was at work on a Cubist drawing of a guitar, and he was about to render the grain of the wood in pencil. Instead, he cut the oil cloth and pasted a piece of the factory-printed grain pattern right into his drawing. With this collage, Braque changed the direction of art for the next ninety years. Collage As you might expect, Picasso was not far behind Braque. Picasso immediately begins to create collage with oil cloth as well—and adds other elements to the mix (but remember, it was really Braque who introduced collage—he never gets enough credit). So what is the big deal? Oil cloth, collage, wood grain patterns—what does this have to do with art and Cubism? One of the keys to understanding the importance of Cubism, of Picasso and Braque, is to consider their actions and how unusual they were for the time. When Braque, and then Picasso placed industrially-produced objects (“low” commercial culture) into the realm of fine art (“high” culture) they acted as artistic iconoclasts (icon=image/clast=destroyer). Moreover, they questioned the elitism of the art world, which had always dictated the separation of common, everyday experience from the rarefied, contemplative realm of artistic creation. Of equal importance, their work highlighted—and separated—the role of technical skill from art-making. Braque and Picasso introduced a “fake” element on purpose, not to mislead or fool their audience, but rather to force a discussion of art and craft, of high and low, of unique and mass-produced objects. They ask: “Can this object still be art if I don’t actually render its forms myself, if the quality of the art is no longer directly tied to my technical skills or level of craftsmanship?” Picasso One of the biggest misconceptions people have about Picasso is that he could not paint. If you look at his early work, especially the work from his Blue and Rose periods, you can see he was quite talented. Not all artists are satisfied with just painting realistically, however, and choose to move on and explore other ways of expressing themselves. Picasso’s move was towards Cubism and Abstraction. PABLO PICASSO (1881–1973) Born in Spain four years after Gustave Courbet’s death Mastered Realism by the time he entered the Barcelona Academy of Fine Art in the late 1890s. Experiment with a wide range of painting styles First in Spain and then in Paris, where he ended up staying in 1904. Most prolific artist in history Explored virtually every artistic medium during his career Made sketches for each major work. Always shifting styles By 1906, Picasso was searching restlessly for new ways to depict form. He found clues in the ancient Iberian sculpture of his homeland and other “primitive” cultures. Inspired by these sources, Picasso returned to a portrait of Gertrude Stein, his friend and patron. Picasso had begun the painting earlier that year but left it unfinished after more than 80 sittings. When he resumed work on the portrait, Picasso painted Stein’s head as a simplified planar form, incorporating aspects derived from Iberian stone heads. Although the disparity between the style of the face and the rest of Stein’s image is striking, together they provide an insightful portrait of a forceful, vivacious woman. More important, Picasso had discovered a new approach to the representation of the human form. Cubism Cubism was a 20th century art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. It developed as a short but highly significant art movement between about 1907 and 1914 in France. The most notable of cubism’s small group of active participants were the Spaniards Juan Gris, and Pablo Picasso, accompanied by French artist Georges Braque. These artists were the movement’s main innovators. After meeting in 1907 Braque and Picasso in particular began working on the development of Cubism in 1908 and worked closely together until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. In cubist artworks, objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form — instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context. The cubists went further than Cézanne; they represented all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane as if the objects had had all their faces visible at the same time, in the same plane. This new kind of depiction revolutionised the way in which objects could be visualised in painting and art and opened the possibility of a new way of looking at reality. Picasso's Les Demoiselles Demoiselles D’Avignon The influence of “primitive” art also surfaces in Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (The Young Ladies of Avignon)which opened the door to a radically new method of representing form in space. Picasso began the work as a symbolic picture to be titled Philosophical Bordello, portraying two male clients (who, based on surviving drawings, had features resembling Picasso’s) intermingling with women in the reception room of a brothel on Avignon Street in Barcelona. One was a sailor. The other carried a skull, an obvious reference to death. By the time the artist finished, he had eliminated the male figures and simplified the room’s details to a suggestion of drapery and a schematic foreground still life. Picasso had become wholly absorbed in the problem of finding a new way to represent the five female figures in their interior space. Instead of depicting the figures as continuous volumes, he fractured their shapes and interwove them with the equally jagged planes that represent drapery and empty space. Indeed, the space, so entwined with the bodies, is virtually illegible. Here Picasso pushed Cézanne’s treatment of form and space to a new level. The tension between Picasso’s representation of three-dimensional space and his conviction that a painting is a two-dimensional design lying flat on the surface of a stretched can- vas is a tension between representation and abstraction. The artist extended the radical nature of Les Demoiselles d’Avignon even further by depicting the figures inconsistently. Ancient Iberian sculptures inspired the calm, ideal features of the three young women at the left, as they had the head of Gertrude Stein. The energetic, violently striated features of the two heads to the right emerged late in Picasso’s production of the work and grew directly from his increasing fascination with the power of African sculpture, which the artist studied in Paris’s Trocadéro ethnography museum as well as collected and kept in his Paris studio. Perhaps responding to the energy of these two new heads, Picasso also revised their bodies. He broke them into more ambiguous planes suggesting a combination of views, as if the observer sees the figures from more than one place in space at once. The woman seated at the lower right shows these multiple angles most clearly, seeming to present the viewer simultaneously with a three-quarter back view from the left, another from the right, and a front view of the head that suggests seeing the figure frontally as well. Gone is the traditional concept of an orderly, constructed, and unified pictorial space that mirrors the world. In its place are the rudimentary beginnings of a new representation of the world as a dynamic interplay of time and space. Clearly, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon represents a dramatic departure from the careful presentation of a visual reality. Explained Picasso: “I paint forms as I think them, not as I see them.” Picasso drew each of the figures differently. The woman pulling the curtain on the far right has heavy paint application throughout. Her head is the most cubist of all five, featuring sharp geometric shapes. The cubist head of the crouching figure underwent at least two revisions from an Iberian figure to its current state. The masks seem to be derived from African tribal masks. Maurice Vlaminck is often credited with having introduced Picasso to African sculpture of Fang extraction in 1904. Much of the critical debate that has taken place over the years centers on attempting to account for this multiplicity of styles within the work. The dominant understanding for over five decades, espoused most notably by Alfred Barr, the first director of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and organizer of major career retrospectives for the artist, has been that it can be interpreted as evidence of a transitional period in Picasso’s art, an effort to connect his earlier work to Cubism, this style he would help invent and develop over the next five or six years. In 1974, however, critic Leo Steinberg in his landmark essay “The Philosophical Brothel” posited a wholly different explanation for the wide range of stylistic attributes. Using the earlier sketches, which were completely ignored by most critics, he argues that, far from evidence of an artist undergoing a rapid stylistic metamorphosis, the variety of styles can be read as a deliberate attempt, a careful plan, to capture the gaze of the viewer. He notes that the five women all seem eerily disconnected, indeed wholly unaware of each other. Rather, they focus solely on the viewer, their divergent styles only furthering the intensity of their glare. Picasso's Influences Many scholars have noted that one major source for much of early-20th-century art is non-Western culture. Many modernist artists incorporated stylistic elements from the artifacts of Africa, Oceania, and the native peoples of the Americas—a phenome- non art historians call primitivism. Some of them, for example, Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso, were enthusiastic collectors of “primitive art,” but all of them could view the numerous non-Western objects displayed in European and American collections and muse- ums. During the second half of the 19th century, anthropological and ethnographic museums began to proliferate. In 1882, the Musée d’Ethnographie du Trocadéro (now the Musée du quai Branly) in Paris opened its doors to the public. The Musée Permanent des Colonies (now the Musée National des Arts d’Afrique et d’Océanie) in Paris also provided the public with a wide array of objects—weapons, tools, basketwork, headdresses—from colonial territories, as did the Musée Africain in Marseilles. In Berlin, the Museum für Völkerkunde housed close to 10,000 African objects by 1886, when it opened for public viewing. The Expositions Universelles, regularly scheduled ex- hibitions in France designed to celebrate industrial progress, included products from Oceania and Africa after 1851, familiarizing the public with these cultures. By the beginning of the 20th century, significant non-Western collections were on view in museums in Liverpool, Glas- gow, Edinburgh, London, Hamburg, Stuttgart, Vienna, Berlin, Mu- nich, Leiden, Copenhagen, and Chicago. The formation of these collections was a by-product of the rampant colonialism central to the geopolitical dynamics of the 19th century and much of the 20th century. Most of the Western powers maintained colonies. For example, the United States, Hol- land, and France all kept a colonial presence in the Pacific. Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Spain, and Portugal divided up the African continent. People often perceived these colonial cultures as “primitive” and referred to many of the non-Western artifacts dis- played in museums as “artificial curiosities” or “fetish objects.” In- deed, the exhibition of these objects collected during expeditions to the colonies served to reinforce the perceived “need” for a colonial presence in these countries. These objects, which often seemed to depict strange gods or creatures, bolstered the view that these peo- ples were “barbarians” who needed to be “civilized” or “saved,” and this perception thereby justified colonialism—including its mission- ary dimension—worldwide Whether avant-garde artists were aware of the imperialistic im- plications of their appropriation of non-Western culture is unclear. Certainly, however, many artists reveled in the energy and freshness of non-Western images and forms. These different cultural products provided Western artists with new ways of looking at their own art. Matisse always maintained he saw African sculptures as simply “good sculptures . . . like any other.” Picasso, in contrast, believed “the masks weren’t just like any other pieces of sculpture. Not at all. They were magic things. . . . mediators” between humans and the forces of evil, and he sought to capture their power as well as their forms in his paintings. “[In the Trocadéro] I understood why I was a painter. . . . All alone in that awful museum, with masks, dolls . . . Les Demoiselles d’Avignon must have come to me that day.” Further, “primitive” art seemed to embody a directness, close- ness to nature, and honesty that appealed to modernist artists deter- mined to reject conventional models. Non-Western art served as an important revitalizing and energizing force in Western art. Picasso's Other Works (READ) The quote below probably best summarizes the artistic thought process at the time. A man once criticized Picasso for creating unrealistic art. Picasso asked him: “Can you show me some realistic art?” The man showed him a photograph of his wife. Picasso observed: “So your wife is two inches tall, two-dimensional, with no arms and no legs, and no colour but only shades of gray?” The Guinness World Records names Picasso as the most prolific painter ever. Georges Braque Georges Braque (May 13, 1882 – August 31, 1963) was a major 20th century French painter and sculptor who, along with Pablo Picasso, developed the art movement known as cubism. Braque’s paintings of 1908–1913 began to reflect his new interest in geometry and simultaneous perspective. He conducted an intense study of the effects of light and perspective and the technical means that painters use to represent these effects, appearing to question the most standard of artistic conventions. In his village scenes, for example, Braque frequently reduced an architectural structure to a geometric form approximating a cube, yet rendered its shading so that it looked both flat and three-dimensional. In this way Braque called attention to the very nature of visual illusion and artistic representation. Analytic Cubism Analytic cubism is the first form of cubism. It was developed by Picasso and Braque from about 1907-1912. They had gotten the idea from Paul Cezanne, who said to treat nature as if it were basic shapes. The main concept of analytic cubism was to analyze the object, hence the name analytic, and then to make them into basic geometric shapes. These shapes were used to represent the natural world. The paintings did not just consist of cubes, but it’s more breaking the 3 dimensional objects up into other shapes. The paintings depict the object from many different perspectives because of this. There wasn’t much emphasize on color, the paintings consisting of primarily simple, monotone colors, like gray and blue. Braque and Cubism GEORGES BRAQUE AND CUBISM For many years, Picasso showed Les Demoiselles only to other painters. One of the first to see it was Georges Braque (1882–1963), a Fauve painter who found it so challenging that he began to rethink his own painting style. Using the painting’s revolutionary ideas as a point of departure, together Braque and Picasso formulated Cubism around 1908. Cubism represented a radical turning point in the history of art, nothing less than a dismissal of the pictorial illusionism that had dominated Western art since the Renaissance. The Cubists rejected naturalistic depictions, preferring compositions of shapes and forms abstracted from the conventionally perceived world. These artists pursued the analysis of form central to Cézanne’s artistic explorations, and they dissected life’s continuous optical spread into its many constituent features, which they then recomposed, by a new logic of design, into a coherent aesthetic object. For the Cubists, the art of painting had to move far beyond the description of visual reality. This rejection of accepted artistic practice illustrates both the period’s aggressive avant- garde critique of pictorial convention and the public’s dwindling faith in a safe, concrete Newtonian world in the face of the physics of Einstein and others. The new style received its name after Matisse described some of Braque’s work to the critic Louis Vauxcelles as having been painted “with little cubes.” In his review, Vauxcelles described the new paintings as “cubic oddities. The French writer and theorist Guillaume Apollinaire (1880–1918) summarized well the central concepts of Cubism in 1913: “Authentic cubism [is] the art of depicting new wholes with formal elements borrowed not from the reality of vision, but from that of conception. This tendency leads to a poetic kind of painting which stands outside the world of observation; for, even in a simple cub- ism, the geometrical surfaces of an object must be opened out in order to give a complete representation of it. . . . Everyone must agree that a chair, from whichever side it is viewed, never ceases to have four legs, a seat and a back, and that, if it is robbed of one of these elements, it is robbed of an important part” Art historians refer to the first phase of Cubism, developed jointly by Picasso and Braque, as Analytic Cubism. Because Cubists could not achieve Apollinaire’s total view through the traditional method of drawing or painting models from one position, these artists began to dissect the forms of their subjects. They presented that dissection for the viewer to inspect across the canvas surface. In simplistic terms, Analytic Cubism involves analyzing the structure of forms The Portuguese Georges Braque’s painting The Portuguese exemplifies Analytic Cubism. The artist derived the subject from his memories of a Portuguese musician seen years earlier in a bar in Marseilles. Braque concentrated his attention on dissecting the form and placing it in dynamic interaction with the space around it. Unlike the Fauves and German Expressionists, who used vibrant colors, the Cubists chose subdued hues—here solely brown tones—in order to focus the viewer’s attention on form. In The Portuguese, the artist carried his analysis so far that the viewer must work diligently to discover clues to the subject. The construction of large intersecting planes suggests the forms of a man and a guitar. Smaller shapes interpenetrate and hover in the large planes. The way Braque treated light and shadow reveals his departure from conventional artistic practice. Light and dark passages suggest both chiaroscuro modeling and transparent planes that allow the viewer to see through one level to another. As the observer looks, solid forms emerge only to be canceled almost immediately by a different reading of the subject. The stenciled letters and numbers add to the painting’s complexity. Letters and numbers are flat shapes, but as elements of a Cubist painting such as The Portuguese, they allow the artist to play with the viewer’s perception of two- and three-dimensional space. The letters and numbers lie flat on the painted canvas surface, yet the image’s shading and shapes seem to flow behind and underneath them, pushing the letters and numbers forward into the viewing space. Occasionally, they seem attached to the surface of some object within the painting. Ultimately, the constantly shifting imagery makes it impossible to arrive at any definitive or final reading of the image. Examining this kind of painting is a disconcerting excursion into ambiguity and doubt, especially since the letters and numbers seem to anchor the painting in the world of representation, thereby exacerbating the tension between representation and abstraction. Analytical Cubist paintings radically disrupt expectations about the representation of space and time Robert Delaunay ROBERT DELAUNAY (1885–1941) Cubism was usually very dull and the lack of color was regarded as a key component of Cubism Delaunay Developed a kind of color Cubism. Apollinaire called this art style Orphism After Orpheus, the Greek god with magical powers of music-making. Believed art was different from the representation of the visible world. Delaunay worked with his wife Sonia, also an artist, to develop ideas about color. She created paintings, quilts, other textile arts, and book covers. They became convinced that the rhythms of modern life could best be expressed through color. Champs de Mars, or The Red Tower one of many paintings depicting the Eiffel Tower. Broke Eiffel’s tower into a assemblage of colored pieces His work with color influenced the Futurists and the German Expressionists. Expressed violent motion through light and color. The work may have been a comment on WWI Said, “the synthesis of a period of destruction; likewise a prophetic vision with social repercussions: war, and the base crumbles.” Synthetic Cubism Synthetic Cubism was the 2nd main branch of Cubism. It was seen as the first time that collage had been made as a fine art work. The first work of this new style was Picasso’s Still Life with Chair-caning (1911-1912), which included oil cloth pasted on the canvas, and the letters “JOU” – which appeared in many cubist paintings. “JOU” may refer to a newspaper titled “Le Journal” – clippings of which were a common inclusion in this style of cubism, whereby physical pieces of newspaper, sheet music, etc. were included in the collages. JOU can at the same time be a pun on the french word(s) for “game” or “play”: “jeu” and “jouer” respectively. Picasso and Braque had a constant friendly competition with each other and including the letters in their works may have been an extension of their game. Whereas analytic cubism was an analysis of the subjects (pulling them apart into planes), synthetic cubism is more of a pushing of several objects together. Picasso, through this movement, is the first to use Text in his artwork (to flatten the space), and the use of mixed media – using more than one type of medium in the same piece. Opposed to analytic cubism, synthetic cubism has fewer planar shifts (or schematism), and less shading, creating flatter space. Another technique used was called papier collé, or stuck paper, which Braque used in his collage Fruit Dish and Glass. (1913) Synthetic Cubism In 1912, Cubism entered a new phase called Synthetic Cubism, in which artists constructed paintings and drawings from objects and shapes cut from paper or other materials to represent parts of a subject. The work marking the point of departure for this new style was Picasso’s Still Life with Chair-Caning, a painting in which the artist imprinted a photo lithographed pattern of a cane chair seat on the canvas and then pasted a piece of oilcloth on it. Framed with a piece of rope, this work chal- lenges the viewer’s understanding of reality. The photographically replicated chair-caning seems so “real” that one expects the holes to break any brush strokes laid upon it. But the chair-caning, although optically suggestive of the real, is only an illusion or representation of an object. In contrast, the painted abstract areas do not refer to tangible objects in the real world. Yet the fact they do not imitate anything makes them more “real” than the chair-caning. No pretense exists. Picasso extended the visual play by making the letter U escape from the space of the accompanying J and O and partially covering it with a cylindrical shape that pushes across its left side. The letters JOU appear in many Cubist paintings. These letters formed part of the masthead of the daily French newspapers (journaux) often found among the objects represented. Collage From the French word “coller” (“to stick”) composition of bits of objects, such as newspaper or cloth, glued to a surface. Braque’s Bottle, Newspaper, Pipe, and Glass papier collé (“stuck paper”)—gluing paper shapes to a drawing or painting. charcoal lines and shadows help define objects. Roughly rectangular strips of variously printed and colored paper dominate the composition. The paper imprinted with wood grain and moldings provides an illusion whose concreteness contrasts with the lightly rendered objects on the right. Five pieces of paper overlap each other in the center of the composition to create a layering of flat planes that both echo the space the lines suggest and establish the flatness of the work’s surface. All shapes in the image seem to oscillate, pushing forward and dropping back in space. Shading carves space into flat planes in some places and turns planes into transparent surfaces in others. The pipe in the foreground illustrates this complex visual interplay especially well. Although it appears to lie on the newspaper, it is in fact a form cut through the printed paper to reveal the canvas surface, which Braque lightly modeled with charcoal. The artist thus kept his audience aware that Bottle, Newspaper, Pipe, and Glass is an artwork, a visual game to be deciphered, and not an attempt to reproduce nature. Picasso explained the goals of Cubist collage: Not only did we try to displace reality; reality was no longer in the object. . . . [In] the papier collé . . . [w]e didn’t any longer want to fool the eye; we wanted to fool the mind. . . . If a piece of newspaper can be a bottle, that gives us something to think about in connection with both newspapers and bottles, too. Like all collage, the papier collé technique was modern in its medium—mass-produced materials never before found in “high” art—and modern in the way the artist embedded the art’s “message” in the imagery and in the nature of these everyday materials. Although most discussions of Cubism and collage focus on the formal innovations they represented, it is important to note that the public also viewed the revolutionary and subversive nature of Cubism in sociopolitical terms. The public saw Cubism’s challenge to artistic convention and tradition as an attack on 20th-century society. Many artists and writers of the period allied themselves with various anarchist groups whose social critiques and utopian visions appealed to progressive thinkers. It was, therefore, not a far leap to see radical art, like Cubism, as having political ramifications. Indeed, many critics in the French press consis- tently equated Cubism with anarchism, revolution, and disdain for tradition. Picasso himself, however, never viewed Cubism as a protest movement or even different in kind from traditional painting. Picasso on Cubism Cubism did not just open new avenues for representing form on two-dimensional surfaces. It also inspired new approaches to sculpture. Picasso explored Cubism’s possibilities in sculpture throughout the years he and Braque developed the style. Picasso created Guitar in 1912. As in his Cubist paintings, this sculpture operates at the intersection of two- and three- dimensionality. Picasso took the form of a guitar (an image that surfaces in many of his paintings as well) and explored its volume via flat planar cardboard surfaces. (FIG. 35-18 reproduces the ma- quette, or model. The finished sculpture was to be made of sheet metal.) By presenting what is essentially a cutaway view of a guitar, Picasso allowed the viewer to examine both surface and interior space, both mass and void. This approach, of course, was completely in keeping with the Cubist program. Some scholars have suggested that Picasso derived the cylindrical form that serves as the sound hole on the guitar from the eyes on masks from the Ivory Coast of Africa. African masks were a continuing and persistent source of inspiration for the artist. Here, however, Picasso seems to have transformed the anatomical features of African masks into a part of a musical instrument—dramatic evidence of his unique, innovative artistic vision. Ironically—and intentionally—the sound hole, the central void in a real guitar, is, in Picasso’s guitar, the only solid form. Picasso on Cubism In 1923, Picasso granted an interview to the Mexican-born painter and critic Marius de Zayas (1880–1961), who had settled in New York City in 1907 and in 1911 had been instrumental in putting to- gether the first exhibition in the United States of Picasso’s paintings. In their conversation, the approved English translation of which appeared in the journal The Arts under the title “Picasso Speaks,” the artist set forth his views about Cubism and the nature of art in general “We all know that Art is not truth. Art is a lie that makes us realize truth, at least the truth that is given us to understand. The artist must know the manner whereby to convince others of the truthfulness of his lies. . . . They speak of naturalism in opposition to modern paint- ing. I would like to know if anyone has ever seen a natural work of art. Nature and art, being two different things, cannot be the same thing. Through art we express our conception of what nature is not. . . .Cubism is no different from any other school of painting. The same principles and the same elements are common to all. . . . Many think that Cubism is an art of transition, an experiment which is to bring ulterior results. Those who think that way have not understood it. Cubism is not either a seed or a foetus, but an art dealing primarily with forms, and when a form is realized it is there to live its own life. . . . Mathematics, trigonometry, chemistry, psychoanalysis, music, and whatnot, have been related to Cubism to give it an easier interpretation. All this has been pure literature, not to say nonsense, . . . Cubism has kept itself within the limits and limitations of paint- ing, never pretending to go beyond it. Drawing, design, and color are understood and practiced in Cubism in the spirit and manner that they are understood and practiced in all other schools. Our subjects might be different, as we have introduced into painting objects and forms that were formerly ignored. . . . [I]n our subjects, we keep the joy of discovery, the pleasure of the unexpected; our subject itself must be a source of interest.” Futurism Central to Futurist ideas Influenced by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Giacomo Balla adopted the Futurism style, creating a pictorial depiction of light, movement and speed. He was signatory to the Futurist Manifesto in 1910 and began designing and painting Futurist furniture and also created Futurist “antineutral” clothing. In painting, his new style is demonstrated in the 1912 work titled Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash. Seen here, is his 1914 work titled Abstract Speed + Sound. In 1914, he also began sculpting and the following year created perhaps his best known sculpture called Boccioni’s Fist. Boccioni and the Futurist Manifesto Futurist Painting: Technical Manifesto in Milan An attempt to apply the writer Marinetti’s views on literature to the visual arts Signed by Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Luigi Russolo, Giacomo Balla, and Gino Severini It states in part: “On account of the persistency of an image on the retina, moving objects constantly multiply themselves [and] their form changes. . . . Thus a running horse has not four legs, but twenty. . . .What was true for the painters of yesterday is but a falsehood today. . . . To paint a human figure you must not paint it; you must render the whole of its surrounding atmosphere. . . . The vivifying current of science [must] soon deliver painting from academic tradition. . . . The shadows which we shall paint shall be more luminous than the highlights of our predecessors, and our pictures, next to those of the museums, will shine like blinding daylight compared with deepest night. . . . We declare . . . that all forms of imitation must be despised, all forms of originality glorified . . . that all subjects previously used must be swept aside in order to express our whirling life of steel, of pride, of fever and of speed . . . that movement and light destroy the materiality of bodies.” Two years later, Boccioni published a Technical Manifesto of Futurist Sculpture He argued that “traditional sculpture was ‘a monstrous anachronism’… Modern sculpture should be a translation, in plaster, bronze, glass, wood or any other material, of those atmospheric planes which bind and intersect things. . . . Let’s . . . proclaim the absolute and complete abolition of finite lines and the contained statue. Let’s split open our figures and place the environment inside them. We declare that the environment must form part of the plastic whole.” This next statement summarizes the brutality of Futurism “We will fight with all our might the fanatical, senseless and snobbish religion of the past, a religion encouraged by the vicious existence of museums. We rebel against that spineless worshipping of old canvases, old statues and old bric-a-brac, against everything which is filthy and worm-ridden and corroded by time. We consider the habitual contempt for everything which is young, new and burning with life to be unjust and even criminal.” Umberto Boccioni Dropped them onto a sheet of paper on the floor and then glued them down Probably did adjust the image somewhat so that it would be a grid The operations of chance were for Dadaists a crucial part of this kind of improvisation As Richter stated: “For us chance was the ‘unconscious mind’ that Freud had discovered in 1900. . . . Adoption of chance had another purpose, a secret one. This was to restore to the work of art its primeval magic power and to find a way back to the immediacy it had lost through contact with . . . classicism.” Illustrates the anarchy of Dada Cabaret Voltaire Poet, musician, and theatrical producer The first Dada performances were fairly tame Musical presentations and poetry readings Quickly became more aggressive, anarchic, and illogical Tristan Tzara described one of these performances in the usual absurd Dadaist language: “Boxing resumed: Cubist dance, costumes by Janco, each man his own big drum on his head, noise, Negro music/trabatgea bonoooooo oo ooooo/ literary experiments; Tzara in tails stands before the curtain, stone sober for the animals, and explains the new aesthetic: gymnastic poem, concert of vowels, bruitist poem, static poem chemical arrangement of ideas, ‘Biriboom biriboom’ saust der Ochs im Kreis herum (the ox dashes round in a ring) (Huelsenbeck), vowel poem a a ò, i e o, a i ï, new interpretation of subjective folly of the arteries the dance of the heart on burning buildings and acrobatics in the audience” Marcel Duchamp The chocolate grinder in the center of the lower panel represents masturbation (“the bachelor grinds his own chocolate”) Duchamp often contemplated the worlds of desire and sexuality Chance actually finished the work During the transportation from an exhibition in 1927, the glass panes shattered Rather than replace the broken glass, Duchamp pieced it back together Encased the reconstructed work between two heavier panes of glass Duchamp declared the work completed “by chance” Utter freedom for artists Duchamp spent much of World War I in New York Inspiring a group of American artists and collectors with his radical rethinking of the role of artists and of the nature of art Hannah Hoch One of the Berlin Dadaists who perfected the photomontage technique Höch’s photomontages advanced the absurd illogic of Dada By presenting the viewer with chaotic, contradictory, and satiric compositions Provided insightful and scathing commentary on two of the most dramatic developments during the Weimar Republic in Germany The redefinition of women’s social roles The explosive growth of mass print media Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany Höch arranged an eclectic mixture of cutout photos in seemingly haphazard fashion On closer inspection, however, the viewer can see that the artist carefully placed photographs Some of her fellow Dadaists among images of Marx, Lenin, and other revolutionary figures in the lower right section Aligning this movement with other revolutionary forces She promoted Dada in prominently placed cutout lettering— “Die grosse Welt dada” (the great Dada world) Juxtaposing the heads of German military leaders with exotic dancers’ bodies Provided the wickedly humorous critique central to much of Dada Höch also positioned herself in this topsy-turvy world she created A photograph of her head appears in the lower right corner Juxtaposed with a map of Europe Showing the progress of women’s enfranchisement Aware of the power both women and Dada had to destabilize society Höch made forceful visual manifestations of that belief Kurt Schwitters Used as a generic title for a whole series of collages Derived nonsensically from the German word Kommerzbank (commerce bank) Appeared as a word fragment in one of his compositions Although nonobjective, his collages still resonate with the meaning of the fragmented found objects they contain Recycled elements of the collages acquire new meanings through their new uses and locations Elevating objects that are essentially trash to the status of high art Certainly fits within the parameters of the Dada program Parallels the absurd dimension of much of Dada art Contradiction, paradox, irony, and even blasphemy are Dada’s bequest They are the free and defiant artist’s weapons in what has been called the hundred years’ war with the public America, 1900 to 1930, Women and Art America, 1900 to 1930 Many European artists lived out the end of their careers in America mainly because of the wars in Europe Art Matronage in America Until the 20th century, their were few women artists because art institutions didn’t allow them in Women were prohibited from life-drawing classes Women’s work such as quilts or basket making, were not considered high art. (craft) By the early 20th century, many of these restrictions on women become artists were gone. Women played an incredibly important role as art patrons Provided financial, moral, and political support to help build a body of artists in America Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney First American museum west of the Mississippi Got its start in 1905 on the grounds of Stanford University Leland Stanford Sr. and Jane Stanford founded after the tragic death of their son Houses a wide range of objects, including archaeological and ethnographic artifacts These two driven women committed much of their time, energy, and financial resources to ensure the success of these museums Both were intimately involved in the day-to-day operations of their institutions The museums these women established flourish today Attesting to the extraordinary vision of these “art matrons” Remarkable contributions to the advancement of art in the United States The Armory Show Ambitious exhibition organized by two artists Walt Kuhn and Arthur B. Davies Contained more than 1,600 artworks by American and European artists Matisse, Derain, Picasso, Braque, Duchamp, Kandinsky, Kirchner, Lehmbruck, Brancusi, etc. Gave American artists a place to show their work The catalogue for the exhibition said: “The American artists exhibiting here consider the exhibition of equal importance for themselves as for the public. The less they find their work showing signs of the developments indicated in the Europeans, the more reason they will have to consider whether or not painters or sculptors here have fallen behind . . . the forces that have manifested themselves on the other side of the Atlantic.” When the show opened, it was under tons of criticism The New York Times described the show as “pathological” Called the modernist artists “cousins to the anarchists” The magazine Art and Progress compared them to “bomb throwers, lunatics, depravers” Other critics demanded the exhibition be closed as a menace to public morality The New York Herald said: “The United States is invaded by aliens, thousands of whom constitute so many perils to the health of the body politic. Modernism is of precisely the same heterogeneous alien origin and is imperiling the republic of art in the same way.” Very important milestone in American art The Armory Show traveled to Chicago and Boston after New York Man Ray Grew bored with the uppity people of first class Walked as far forward on the first-class level as he could Was blocked bya rail around the opening onto the lower deck This level was for the steerage passengers the government sent back to Europe They had been refused passage into the US Later, Stieglitz described what happened next: “The scene fascinated me: A round hat; the funnel leaning left, the stairway leaning right; the white drawbridge, its railing made of chain; white suspenders crossed on the back of a man below; circular iron machinery; a mast that cut into the sky, completing a triangle. I stood spellbound. I saw shapes related to one another—a picture of shapes, and underlying it, a new vision that held me: simple people; the feeling of ship, ocean, sky; a sense of release that I was away from the mob called rich. Rembrandt came into my mind and I wondered would he have felt as I did. . . . I had only one plate holder with one unexposed plate. Could I catch what I saw and felt? I released the shutter. If I had captured what I wanted, the photograph would go far beyond any of my previous prints. It would be a picture based on related shapes and deepest human feeling—a step in my own evolution, a spontaneous discovery” Was very interested in the formal qualities of a photograph Mixture of found patterns and human activity Edward Weston In the upper right corner A woman’s head comes from the burning building Overlooking the destruction is a bull Represents “brutality and darkness” Uses elements of Cubism to express pain and suffering Picasso refused to allow exhibition of Guernica in Spain while General Issimo Franco was in power At the artist’s request Guernica hung in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City after the 1937 World’s Fair concluded Not until after Franco’s death in 1975 did Picasso allow the mural to be exhibited in his homeland It hangs today in the Centro de Arte Reina Sofia in Madrid Post-War Expressionism Born in Catalonia, Spain Insisted on his “Arab lineage” Claiming that his ancestors were descended from the Moors who invaded Spain in the year 711 Attributed to these origins, “my love of everything that is gilded and excessive, my passion for luxury and my love of oriental clothes.” Created paintings, sculptures, jewelry, and designs for furniture and movies Most of his work had a deeply erotic side Studied the writings of Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Sigmund Freud Invented what he called the “paranoiac-critical method” to assist his creative process Aimed “to materialize the images of concrete irrationality with the most imperialistic fury of precision . . . in order that the world of imagination and of concrete irrationality may be as objectively evident . . . as that of the exterior world of phenomenal reality.” Dalí was a skilled draftsman Best known for the striking, bizarre, and beautiful images in his surrealist work His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters His best known work, The Persistence of Memory, was completed in 1931 Dalí’s artistic repertoire also included film, sculpture, and photography Collaborated with Walt Disney on the short cartoon Destino, which was released posthumously in 2003 Widely considered to be greatly imaginative Had an affinity for doing unusual things to draw attention to himself This sometimes irked those who loved his art as much as it annoyed his critics His eccentric manner sometimes drew more public attention than his artwork The purposefully sought notoriety led to broad public recognition and many purchases of his works by people from all walks of life Dali's Persistence of Memory Allegory of empty space where time has ended Never-setting sun illuminates the empty landscape Creature draped with a limp pocket watch sleeps in the foreground Another watch hangs from the branch of a dead tree that grows out of a blocky architectural form A third watch hangs half over the edge of the rectangular form A small watch is face down on the block’s surface Ants cover the small watch A fly walks along the face of the melting clock Well-known surrealistic piece Introduced the image of the soft melting pocket watch Epitomizes Dalí’s theory of ‘softness’ and ‘hardness’, which was central to his thinking at the time Fundamentally part of Dalí’s Freudian phase The imagery predicts his transition to the scientific phase Occurred after the dropping of the atomic bomb in 1945 It is possible to recognize a human figure in the middle of the composition In the strange “monster” that Dalí used in several period pieces to represent himself The abstract form becoming something of a self portrait, reappearing frequently in his work In general the tree means life In this case, it has the same function as the rest of the elements in the picture: To impress anxiety and terror It is likely that it was conceived as a functional element on which to drape one of the watches The golden cliffs in the upper right hand corner are reminiscent of Dalí’s homeland, Spain Derived from the rocks and cliffs at Cape Creus, where the Pyrenees meet the sea It was there that Dalí and his wife Gala went for solitude. History Original idea of this painting came from a memory of Dalí’s From childhood he got bashed by a brutal chinese eating monster “Hu Gru Ma Shu Ma Shi Ka” While undergoing a routine physical, the Doctor asked Dalí to stick out his tongue This phrase in Spanish sounded much like the words for “melting clocks. The painting was first exhibited in Paris at the Galerie Pierre Colle in 1931 It was purchased by the New York gallerist Julien Levy for $250 In 1933 it was sold to Mrs. Stanley B. Resor Donated the piece anonymously to the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1934. Dali's Other Works Humor thats part of Surrealism. Fur-lined teacup inspired by a conversation she had with Picasso. After admiring a bracelet Oppenheim had made from a piece of brass covered with fur, Picasso said that anything might be covered with fur When her tea got cold, Oppenheim responded to Picasso’s comment by ordering “un peu plus de fourrure” (a little more fur), and the sculpture was made Object takes on an anthropomorphic quality Animated by the quirky combination of the fur with a functional object The fur is seductive, we almost want to feel it on our lips Joan Miro JOAN MIRÓ (1893–1983) Surrealists used many methods to free the creative process Some used automatism and various types of planned “accidents” to provoke reactions closely related to subconscious experience Spanish artist Joan Miró was a master of this approach Made from fantasy and hallucination Resisted being labeled into an artistic group André Breton identified him as “the most Surrealist of us all” Surrealist poets in Paris introduced him to the use of chance to create art Miró began this painting by making a scattered collage composition with assembled fragments cut from a catalogue for machinery The shapes in the collage were reshaped to create black silhouettes—solid or in outline, with accents of white and yellow Miró described his creative process Back-and-forth switch between unconscious and conscious image-making: “Rather than set- ting out to paint something, I begin painting and as I paint the picture begins to assert itself, or suggest itself under my brush. The form becomes a sign for a woman or a bird as I work….The first stage is free, unconscious. . . . The second stage is carefully calculated.” Joan Miró i Ferrà was a Catalan painter, sculptor, and ceramist born in Barcelona, Spain His work has been interpreted as Surrealism A sandbox for the subconscious mind A recreation of the childlike A manifestation of Catalan pride In numerous interviews dating from the 1930s onwards, Miró expressed contempt for conventional painting methods Desire to “kill”, “murder”, or “rape” them in favor of more contemporary means of expression Young Miró was drawn towards the arts community that was gathering in Montparnasse and in 1920 moved to Paris There, under the influence of the poets and writers, he developed his unique style: Organic forms and flattened picture planes drawn with a sharp line Generally thought of as a Surrealist because of his interest in automatism and the use of sexual symbols Miró’s style was influenced in varying degrees by Surrealism and Dada He rejected membership to any artistic movement in the interwar European years André Breton, the founder of Surrealism, described him as “the most Surrealist of us all” Miró confessed to creating one of his most famous works, Harlequin’s Carnival, under similar circumstances: “How did I think up my drawings and my ideas for painting? Well I’d come home to my Paris studio in Rue Blomet at night, I’d go to bed, and sometimes I hadn’t any supper. I saw things, and I jotted them down in a notebook. I saw shapes on the ceiling…” Paul Klee Spent time in Paris, just before World War I Introduced Mondrian to abstraction such as Cubism Eventually wanted to purge his art of every reference to the external world Initially favored the teachings of theosophy Can learn about nature and the human condition by understanding the spiritual Later he would abandon these ideas Began exploring non-objective design—“pure plastic art” Believed that non-objective art could express something that was universal He articulated his credo with great eloquence in 1914: “What first captivated us does not captivate us afterward (like toys). If one has loved the surface of things for a long time, later on one will look for something more. . . . The interior of things shows through the surface; thus as we look at the surface the inner image is formed in our soul. It is this inner image that should be represented. For the natural surface of things is beautiful, but the imitation of it is without life. . . . Art is higher than reality and has no direct relation to reality. . . . To approach the spiritual in art, one will make as little use as possible of reality, because reality is opposed to the spiritual. . . . [W]e find ourselves in the presence of an abstract art. Art should be above reality, otherwise it would have no value for man.” Moved beyond Cubism He felt “Cubism did not accept the logical consequences of its own discoveries; it was not developing towards its own goal, the expression of pure plastics.” Avoided WWI by visiting Holland Came up with Neoplasticism—thenew “pure plastic art” Believed all great art had polar but coexistent goals Attempt to create “universal beauty” Desire for “aesthetic expression of oneself.” To express this vision, Mondrian eventually limited what he used to make art The three primary colors (red, yellow, and blue) The three primary values (black, white, and gray) The two primary directions (horizontal and vertical) Said that primary colors and values are the purest colors These would make the best compositions Created numerous paintings such as Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow Sculpture Sculpture It was impossible for early-20th-century artists to ignore the increasingly intrusive expansion of mechanization and growth of technology. However, not all artists embraced these developments, as had the Futurists. In contrast, many artists attempted to overcome the predominance of mechanization in society by immersing themselves in a search for the organic and natural. These sculptors believed abstraction was the ultimate goal Not only produced works of art, but also wrote intensely intellectual theories about art Were committed to abstraction as an idea CONSTANTIN BRANCUSI (1876–1957) “Simplicity is not an objective in art, but one achieves simplicity despite oneself by entering into the real sense of things.* What is real is not the external form but the essence of things. Starting from this truth it is impossible for anyone to express anything essentially real by imitating its exterior surface.” Romanian artist Created departments for painting, sculpture, photography, prints and drawing, architecture, and the decorative arts. Developed a library of books on modern art and a film library. Collection includes van Gogh’s Starry Night, Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, and Dali’s The Persistence of Memory, as well as many others illustrated in this book, 19 in this chapter alone. MoMA also started commissioning major works of art. Calder, Lange, Hopper, Lawrence and Wood ALEXANDER CALDER (1898–1976) His father and grandfather were sculptors Calder initially studied mechanical engineering. Fascinated all his life by motion Explored motion in his sculptures As a young artist in Paris in the late 1920s, Calder invented a circus filled with wire-based miniature performers that he activated into realistic analogues of their real-life counterparts’ motion. After a visit to Mondrian’s studio in the early 1930s, Calder set out to put the Dutch painter’s brightly colored rectangular shapes into motion. (Marcel Duchamp, intrigued by Calder’s early motorized and hand-cranked examples of moving abstract pieces, named them mobiles.) Calder’s engineering skills soon helped him to fashion a series of balanced structures hanging from rods, wires, and colored, organically shaped plates. This new kind of sculpture, which combined nonobjective organic forms and motion, succeeded in expressing the innate dynamism of the natural world. An early Calder mobile is Lobster Trap and Fish Tail, which the artist created in 1939 under a commission from the Museum of Modern Art in New York City for the stairwell of the museum’s new building on 53rd Street. Calder carefully planned each non-mechanized mobile so that any air current would set the parts moving to create a constantly shifting dance in space. Mondrian’s work may have provided the initial inspiration for the mobiles, but their organic shapes resemble those in Joan Miró’s Surrealist paintings. Indeed, a viewer can read Calder’s forms as either geometric or organic. Geometrically, the lines suggest circuitry and rigging, and the shapes derive from circles and ovoid forms. Organically, the lines suggest nerve axons, and the shapes resemble cells, leaves, fins, wings, and other bioforms. GREAT DEPRESSION In the 1930s much of the Western world plunged into the Great Depression, which had particularly acute ramifications in the United States. The decade following the catastrophic stock market crash of October 1929 dramatically changed the nation, and artists were among the many economic victims. The limited art market virtually disappeared, and museums curtailed both their purchases and exhibition schedules. Many artists sought financial support from the federal government, which established numerous programs to provide relief, assist recovery, and promote reform. Among the programs supporting artists were the Treasury Relief Art Project, founded in 1934 to commission art for federal buildings, and the Works Progress Administration (WPA), founded in 1935 to relieve widespread unemployment. Under the WPA, varied activities of the Federal Art Project paid artists, writers, and theater people a regular wage in exchange for work in their professions. Another important program was the Resettlement Administration (RA), better known by its later name, the Farm Security Administration. The RA oversaw emergency aid programs for farm families caught in the Depression. DOROTHEA LANGE The RA hired American photographer Dorothea Lange (1895–1965) in 1936 and dispatched her to photograph the rural poor attempting to survive the desperate conditions wrought by the Great Depression. At the end of an assignment to document the lives of migratory pea pickers in California, Lange stopped at a camp in Nipomo and found the migrant workers there starving because the crops had frozen in the fields. Among the pictures Lange made on this occasion was Migrant Mother, Nipomo Valley,in which she captured the mixture of strength and worry in the raised hand and careworn face of a young mother, who holds a baby on her lap. Two older children cling to their mother trustingly while shunning the camera. Lange described how she got the picture: [I] saw and approached the hungry and desperate mother, as if drawn by a magnet. I do not remember how I explained my presence or my camera to her, but I remember she asked me no questions. I made five exposures, working closer and closer from the same direction. . . . There she sat in that lean-to tent with her children huddled around her, and she seemed to know that my pictures might help her, and so she helped me. Within days after Lange’s photograph appeared in a San Francisco newspaper, people rushed food to Nipomo to feed the hungry workers. Painting The political, social, and economic developments of the 1930s and 1940s also had a profound effect on American painters. EDWARD HOPPER Trained as a commercial artist, Edward Hopper (1882–1967) studied painting and printmaking in New York and then in Paris. When he returned to the United States, he concentrated on scenes of contemporary American city and country life. His paintings depict buildings, streets, and landscapes that are curiously muted, still, and filled with empty spaces, evoking the national mind-set during the Depression era. Hopper did not paint historically specific scenes. He took as his subject the more generalized theme of the overwhelming loneliness and echoing isolation of modern life in the United States. In his paintings, motion is stopped and time suspended, as if the artist recorded the major details of a poignant personal memory. From the darkened streets outside a restaurant in Nighthawks,the viewer glimpses the lighted interior through huge plate-glass windows, which lend the inner space the paradoxical sense of being both a safe refuge and a vulnerable place for the three customers and the counterman. The seeming indifference of Hopper’s characters to one another and the echoing spaces that surround them suggest the pervasive loneliness of modern humans. In Nighthawks and other works, Hopper created a Realist vision recalling that of 19th-century artists such as Thomas Eakins and Henry Ossawa Tanner, but, consistent with more recent trends in painting, he simplified the shapes in a move toward abstraction. JACOB LAWRENCE African American artist Jacob Lawrence (1917–2000) found his subjects in modern history, concentrating on the culture and history of his own people. Lawrence moved to Harlem, New York, in 1927 at about age 10. There, he came under the spell of the African art and the African American history he found in lectures and exhibitions and in the special programs sponsored by the 135th Street New York Public Library, which had outstanding collections of African American art and archival data. Inspired by the politically oriented art of Goya, Daumier, and Orozco, and influenced by the many artists and writers of the Harlem Renaissance whom he met, including Aaron Douglas, Lawrence found his subjects in the everyday life of Harlem and in African American history. In 1941, Lawrence began a 60-painting series titled The Migration of the Negro, in which he defined his own vision of the continuing African American struggle against discrimination. Unlike his earlier historical paintings depicting important figures in American history, such as the abolitionists Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman, this series called attention to a contemporaneous event—the ongoing exodus of black labor from the southern United States. Disillusioned with their lives in the South, hundreds of thousands of African Americans migrated north in the years following World War I, seeking improved economic opportunities and more hospitable political and social conditions. This subject had personal relevance to Lawrence: I was part of the migration, as was my family, my mother, my sister, and my brother. . . . I grew up hearing tales about people “coming up,” another family arriving. . . . I didn’t realize what was happening until about the middle of the 1930s, and that’s when the Migration series began to take form in my mind.” The “documentation” of the period, such as the RA program, ignored African Americans, and thus this major demographic shift remained largely invisible to most Americans. Of course, the conditions African Americans encountered both during their migration and in the North were often as difficult and discriminatory as those they had left behind in the South. Lawrence’s series provides numerous vignettes capturing the experiences of these migrating people. Often, a sense of bleakness and of the degradation of African American life dominates the images. No. 49 of this series bears the caption “They also found discrimination in the North although it was much different from that which they had known in the South.” The artist depicted a blatantly segregated dining room with a barrier running down the room’s center separating the whites on the left from the African Americans on the right. To ensure a continuity and visual integrity among all 60 paintings, Lawrence interpreted his themes systematically in rhythmic arrangements of bold, flat, and strongly colored shapes. His style drew equally from his interest in the push-pull effects of Cubist space and his memories of the patterns made by the colored scatter rugs brightening the floors of his childhood homes. He unified the narrative with a consistent palette of bluish green, orange, yellow, and grayish brown throughout the entire series. GRANT WOOD Although many American artists, such as the Precisionists, preferred to depict the city or rapidly developing technological advances, others avoided subjects tied to modern life. At a 1931 arts conference, Grant Wood (1891–1942) announced a new movement developing in the Midwest, known as Regionalism, which he described as focused on American subjects and as standing in reaction to the modernist abstraction of Europe and New York. Four years later, Wood published an essay “Revolt against the City” that underscored this new focus. Wood and the Regionalists, sometimes referred to as the American Scene Painters, turned their attention instead to rural life as America’s cultural backbone. Wood’s paintings, for example, focus on rural Iowa, where he was born and raised. The work that catapulted Wood to national prominence was American Gothic, which became an American icon. The artist depicted a farmer and his spinster daughter standing in front of a neat house with a small lancet window, typically found on Gothic cathedrals. The man and woman wear traditional attire. He appears in worn overalls, and she in an apron trimmed with rickrack. The dour expression on both faces gives the painting a severe quality, which Wood enhanced with his meticulous brushwork. The public and professional critics agreed that American Gothic was “quaint, humorous, and AMERICAN” and embodied “strength, dignity, fortitude, resoluteness, integrity,” qualities that represented the true spirit of America. Wood’s Regionalist vision involved more than his subjects. It extended to a rejection of avant-garde styles in favor of a clearly readable, Realist style. Surely this approach appealed to many people alienated by the increasing presence of abstraction in art. Interestingly enough, despite the accolades this painting received, it also attracted criticism. Not everyone saw the painting as a sympathetic portrayal of Midwestern life. Indeed, some in Iowa considered the depiction insulting. In addition, despite the seemingly reportorial nature of American Gothic, some viewed it as a political statement— one of staunch nationalism. In light of the problematic nationalism in Germany at the time, many observers found Wood’s nationalistic attitude disturbing. Nonetheless, during the Great Depression, Regionalist paintings had a popular appeal because they often projected a reassuring image of America’s heartland. The public saw Regionalism as a means of coping with the national crisis through a search for cultural roots. Thus, people deemed acceptable any nostalgia implicit in Regionalist paintings or mythologies these works perpetuated because they served a larger purpose. Frida and Diego Diego Rivera was an avid proponent of a social and political role for art in the lives of common people and wrote passionately about the proper goals for an artist—goals he fully met in his murals depicting Mexican history. Rivera’s views stand in sharp contrast to the growing interest in abstraction on the part of many early-20th-century painters and sculptors. “Art has always been employed by the different social classes who hold the balance of power as one instrument of domination—hence, as a political instrument. One can analyze epoch after epoch—from the stone age to our own day—and see that there is no form of art which does not also play an essential political role. . . . What is it then that we really need? . . . An art with revolution as its subject: because the principal interest in the worker’s life has to be touched first. It is necessary that he find aesthetic satisfaction and the highest pleasure appareled in the essential interest of his life. . . . The subject is to the painter what the rails are to a locomotive. He cannot do without it. In fact, when he refuses to seek or accept a subject, his own plastic methods and his own aesthetic theories become his subject instead. . . . [H]e himself becomes the subject of his work. He becomes nothing but an illustrator of his own state of mind . . . That is the deception practiced under the name of “Pure Art.” DIEGO RIVERA (1886– 1957) Like his countryman, Diego Rivera received great acclaim for his murals, both in Mexico and in the United States. A hardline Marxist An important symbol in the art of the Aztecs Mexican nationalists believed they were the last independent rulers of Mexico. Represents both Kahlo’s personal struggles and the struggles of Mexico. As a young artist, Kahlo approached the famous Mexican Diego Rivera, whom she had previously admired, and asked him for his advice on pursuing art as a career. He immediately recognized her talent and her unique expression as truly special and uniquely Mexican. He encouraged her development as an artist, and began an intimate relationship with Frida. They were married in 1929, to the disapproval of Frida’s mother. They were often referred to as “The Elephant and the Dove.” The nickname originated when Kahlo’s father noticed their extreme difference in size. Their marriage was often tumultuous. Both Kahlo and Rivera had notoriously fiery temperaments and both had numerous extramarital affairs. The openly bisexual Kahlo had affairs with both men and women (including Leon Trotsky); Rivera knew of and tolerated her relationships with women, but her relationships with men made him jealous. For her part, Kahlo was outraged when she learned that Rivera had an affair with her younger sister, Cristina. The couple eventually divorced, but remarried in 1940; their second marriage was as turbulent as the first. Architecture and Rietveld ARCHITECTURE The first half of the 20th century was a time of great innovation in architecture too. As in painting, sculpture, and photography, new ideas came from both sides of the Atlantic. Europe In the years immediately following the Russian Revolution, a new art movement called Productivism emerged in the Soviet Union as an offshoot of the Constructivist movement. The Productivists devoted their talents to designing a better environment for human beings. GERRIT RIETVELD Some European architects explored the ideas Mondrian and De Stijl artists advanced. One of the master- pieces of De Stijl architecture is the Schröder House in Utrecht, built in 1924 by Gerrit Thomas Rietveld (1888–1964). Rietveld came to the group as a cabinetmaker and made De Stijl furnishings throughout his career. His architecture carries the same spirit into a larger integrated whole and perfectly expresses Theo van Doesburg’s definition of De Stijl architecture: “The new architecture is anti-cubic, i.e., it does not strive to contain the different functional space cells in a single closed cube, but it throws the functional space (as well as canopy planes, balcony vol- umes, etc.) out from the centre of the cube, so that height, width, and depth plus time become a completely new plastic expression in open spaces. . . . The plastic architect . . . has to construct in the new field, time-space.” The main living rooms of the Schröder House are on the second floor, with more private rooms on the ground floor. However, Rietveld’s house has an open plan and a relationship to nature more like the houses of his contemporary, the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Rietveld designed the entire second floor with sliding partitions that can be closed to define separate rooms or pushed back to create one open space broken into units only by the furniture arrangement. This shifting quality appears also on the outside, where railings, free-floating walls, and long rectangular windows give the effect of cubic units breaking up before the viewer’s eyes. Rietveld’s design clearly links all the arts. Rectangular planes seem to slide across each other on the Schröder House facade like movable panels, making this structure a kind of three-dimensional projection of the rigid but carefully proportioned flat color rectangles in Mondrian’s paintings. Rietveld extends the concepts seen in his chair to interior space of Schröder House, built in 1925 The space is open and geometric, and can be manipulated with sliding walls and doors The space flows and can change constantly, but is based on geometric forms The space reflects a Mondrian painting, but in three dimensions Gerrit Rietveld, Red and Blue Chair, c. 1918, wood, painted, height 341⁄8 ; width: 26; depth 261⁄2 A number of avant-garde artists looked to Picasso and Braque, and their interest in Cubism for inspiration This style was the De Stijl (The Style) movement in Holland The geometry that defines the cubist style is reflected in the rigidity of the De Stijl movement In a narrower sense, the term De Stijl is used to refer to a body of work created by a group of Dutch artists, from 1917 to 1931 De Stijl is also the name of a journal which was published by the painter and critic Theo van Doesburg, propagating the group’s theories The group’s principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian and Bart van der Leck, and the architects Gerrit Rietveld and J.J.P. Oud The artistic philosophy that formed a basis for the group’s work is known as neoplasticism — the new plastic art Proponents of De Stijl sought to express a new utopian ideal of spiritual harmony and order They advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour — they simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal directions, and used only primary colors along with black and white Bauhaus Gropius’s goal was to train artists, architects, and designers to accept and anticipate 20th-century needs. Developed an extensive curriculum based on certain principles. Advocated the importance of strong basic design (including principles of composition, two- and three-dimensionality, and color theory) and craftsmanship as fundamental to good art and architecture. Declared: “Architects, sculptors, painters, we must all go back to the crafts. . . . There is no essential difference between the artist and the craftsman.” To achieve this integration of art and craft, both a technical instructor and a “teacher of form”—an artist—taught in each department. Among the teachers Gropius hired were Vassily Kandinsky and Paul Klee. Second Gropius promoted the unity of art, architecture, and design. “Architects, painters, and sculptors,” he insisted, “must recognize anew the composite character of a building as an entity.” Wanted to eliminate the boundaries that seperate art from architecture and art from craft Bauhaus offered courses in a wide range of artistic disciplines. Weaving, pottery, bookbinding, carpentry, metalwork, stained glass, mural painting, stage design, and advertising and typography, in addition to painting, sculpture, and architecture. Third Emphasized thorough knowledge of machine-age technologies and materials. Felt that to produce truly successful designs, the artist-architect-craftsperson had to understand industry and mass production. Ultimately Gropius hoped for a marriage between art and industry. Gropius’s declaration reveals the idealism of the entire Bauhaus enterprise: “Together let us conceive and create the new building of the future, which will embrace architecture and sculpture and painting in one unity and which will rise one day toward heaven from the hands of a million workers like a crystal symbol of a new faith.” BAUHAUS IN DESSAU After encountering increasing hostility from a new government elected in 1924, the Bauhaus moved north to Dessau in early 1925. By this time, the Bauhaus program had matured. In a statement, Walter Gropius listed the school’s goals more clearly: A decidedly positive attitude to the living environment of vehicles and machines. The organic shaping of things in accordance with their own cur- rent laws, avoiding all romantic embellishment and whimsy. Restriction of basic forms and colors to what is typical and universally intelligible. Simplicity in complexity, economy in the use of space, materials, time, and money. The building Gropius designed for the Bauhaus at Dessau visibly expressed these goals. It is, in fact, the Bauhaus’s architectural manifesto. The Dessau Bauhaus consisted of workshop and class areas, a dining room, a theater, a gymnasium, a wing with studio apartments, and an enclosed two-story bridge housing administrative offices. Of the major wings, the most dramatic was the Shop Block. Three stories tall, the Shop Block housed a printing shop and dye works facility, in addition to other work areas. The builders constructed the skeleton of reinforced concrete but set these supports well back, sheathing the entire structure in glass to create a streamlined and light effect. This design’s simplicity followed Gropius’s dictum that architecture should avoid “all romantic embellishment and whimsy.” Further, he realized his principle of “economy in the use of space” in his interior layout of the Shop Block, which consisted of large areas of free-flowing undivided space. Gropius believed this kind of spatial organization encouraged interaction and the sharing of ideas. Marcel Breur MARCEL BREUER The interior decor of this Dessau building also reveals the comprehensiveness of the Bauhaus program. Because carpentry, furniture design, and weaving were all part of the Bauhaus curriculum, Gropius gave students and teachers the task of designing furniture and light fixtures for the building. One of the memorable furniture designs that emerged from the Bauhaus was the tubular steel “Wassily chair” crafted by Hungarian Marcel Breuer (1902–1981) and named in honor of Bauhaus instructor Vassily (sometimes spelled Wassily) Kandinsky. Breuer supposedly got the inspiration to use tubular steel while riding his bicycle and admiring the handlebars. In keeping with Bauhaus aesthetics, his chairs have a simplified, geometric look, and the leather or cloth supports add to the furniture’s comfort and functionality. These chairs could also easily be mass produced and thus epitomize the goals of the Bauhaus. Mies Van Der Rohe LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE In 1928, Gropius left the Bauhaus, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969) eventually took over the directorship, moving the school to Berlin. Taking as his motto “less is more” and calling his architecture “skin and bones,” the new Bauhaus director had already fully formed his aesthetic when he conceived the model for a glass skyscraper building in 1921. In the glass model, which was on display at the first Bauhaus exhibition in 1923, three irregularly shaped towers flow outward from a central court designed to hold a lobby, a porter’s room, and a community center. Two cylindrical entrance shafts rise at the ends of the court, each containing elevators, stairways, and toilets. Wholly transparent, the perimeter walls reveal the regular horizontal patterning of the cantilevered floor planes and their thin vertical supporting elements. The bold use of glass sheathing and inset supports was, at the time, technically and aesthetically adventurous. The weblike delicacy of the lines of the model, as well as the illusion of movement created by reflection and by light changes seen through the glass, appealed to many other architects. A few years later, Gropius pursued these principles in his design for the Bauhaus building in Dessau. The glass-and-steel skyscrapers found in major cities throughout the world today are the enduring legacy of Mies van der Rohe’s design. END OF THE BAUHAUS One of Hitler’s first acts after coming to power was to close the Bauhaus in 1933. During its 14-year existence, the beleaguered school graduated fewer than 500 students, yet it achieved legendary status. Its phenomenal impact extended beyond painting, sculpture, and architecture to interior design, graphic design, and advertising. Moreover, art schools everywhere began to structure their curricula in line with the program the Bauhaus pioneered. The numerous Bauhaus instructors who fled Nazi Germany disseminated the school’s philosophy and aesthetic. Many Bauhaus members came to the United States. Gropius and Breuer ended up at Harvard University. Mies van der Rohe moved to Chicago and taught there. Le Corbusier Le Corbusier, Pavilion of the New Spirit, 1925. The Avant-Gardes Many artists and designers celebrated the new modernity, and saw the desire for hand crafted items as an unwanted link to the past. French architect Le Corbusier’s submission to the Paris Exposition in 1925 distressed organizers so much that they gave him an unfavorable location. The architect built around the tree in the middle, and claimed that only mass-produced items reflected the style of the day. To Courbusier, making expensive handcrafted objects amounted to making antiques in a contemporary world. Courbusier’s ideas horrifed the event organizers at the Grand Palais, so they gave him a spot between the two buildings. The space had a tree which was not to be removed, s Courbusier built around it and included it in the building. 1925 marks the point between the old and the new. Art Deco America America also embraced the new European architecture, particularly the Bauhaus style, which rejected ornament of any kind. But other styles also won wide followings, some of which were reactions against the severity of Bauhaus design. ART DECO According to Bauhaus principles, pure form emerged from functional structure and required no decoration. Yet popular taste still favored ornamentation, especially in public architecture. A movement in the 1920s and 1930s sought to upgrade industrial de- sign as a “fine art.” Proponents wanted to work new materials into decorative patterns that could be either machined or handcrafted and that could, to a degree, reflect the simplifying trend in architecture. A remote descendant of Art Nouveau, this movement became known as Art Deco, which acquired its name at the Exposition des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes (Exposition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts), held in Paris in 1925. Art Deco had universal application—to buildings, interiors, furniture, utensils, jewelry, fashions, illustration, and commercial products of every sort. Art Deco products have a “streamlined,” elongated symmetrical aspect. Simple flat shapes alternate with shallow volumes in hard patterns. The concept of streamlining predominated in industrial-design circles in the 1930s and involved the use of organic, tapered shapes and forms. Derived from nature, these simple forms are inherently aerodynamic, making them technologically efficient (because of their reduced resistance as they move through air or water) as well as aesthetically pleasing. Designers adopted streamlined shapes for trains and cars, and the popular appeal of these designs led to their use in an array of objects, from machines to consumer products. Art Deco’s exemplary masterpiece is the stainless-steel spire of the Chrysler Building in New York City, designed by William van Alen (1882–1954). The building and spire are monuments to the fabulous 1920s, when American millionaires and corpo- rations competed with one another to raise the tallest skyscrapers in the biggest cities. Built up of diminishing fan shapes, the spire glitters triumphantly in the sky, a resplendent crown honoring the business achievements of the great auto manufacturer. As a temple of commerce, the Chrysler Building celebrated the principles and success of American business before the onset of the Great Depression. This from the Niagra Mowhawk building in Syracuse, New York, where I paid my electric bill. Frank Lloyd Wright	i don't know
Who played 'Mister Wilson' in the 1994 film 'Denis'?	Dennis the Menace (1993) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error When his parents have to go out of town, Dennis stays with Mr. and Mrs. Wilson. The little menace is driving Mr. Wilson crazy, but Dennis is just trying to be helpful. Even to the thief who's arrived in town. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 49 titles created 12 Dec 2012 a list of 25 titles created 06 Oct 2013 a list of 31 titles created 07 Dec 2013 a list of 42 titles created 17 Feb 2015 a list of 36 titles created 1 month ago Title: Dennis the Menace (1993) 5.5/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 3 wins & 3 nominations. See more awards » Videos A rich young boy finds his family targeted in an inside job and must use his cunning to save them. Director: Donald Petrie A slobbering St. Bernard becomes the center of attention for a loving family, but must contend with a dog-napping veterinarian and his henchmen. Director: Brian Levant Hey, Mr. Wilson! It's another Dennis the Menace movie! The day starts out fine, it's Mr. Wilson's birthday and guess who shows up uninvited? Dennis and a few of his bug friends. After ... See full summary » Director: Charles T. Kanganis A woman kidnaps puppies to kill them for their fur, but various animals then gang up against her and get their revenge in slapstick fashion. Director: Stephen Herek When a boy learns that a beloved killer whale is to be killed by the aquarium owners, the boy risks everything to free the whale. Director: Simon Wincer A doctor discovers that he can communicate with animals. Director: Betty Thomas A paranormal expert and his daughter bunk in an abandoned house populated by three mischievous ghosts and one friendly one. Director: Brad Silberling Dennis Christmas is a Dennis The Menace version of A Christmas Carol where Mr. Wilson plays his own version of Scrooge. While Dennis has problems of his own with the neighborhood bully, he ... See full summary » Director: Ron Oliver Baby Bink couldn't ask for more; he has adoring (if somewhat sickly-sweet) parents, he lives in a huge mansion, and he's just about to appear in the social pages of the paper. Unfortunately... See full summary » Director: Patrick Read Johnson Beethoven, the St. Bernard dog, becomes a father, but his girlfriend Missy is dog-napped, and his puppies are in danger of the same fate. Director: Rod Daniel Babe, a pig raised by sheepdogs, learns to herd sheep with a little help from Farmer Hoggett. Director: Chris Noonan An absent-minded professor discovers "flubber," a rubber-like super-bouncy substance. Director: Les Mayfield Edit Storyline Everyone's favorite kid from the comics is back. When his parents have to go out of town, he stays with Mr. and Mrs. Wilson. The little menace is driving Mr. Wilson crazy, but Dennis is just trying to be helpful. Even to the thief who's arrived in town. Written by Brian W. Martz <[email protected]> He's armed... He's adorable... And he's out of school for the entire summer. See more » Genres: Rated PG for comedic mischief \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 25 June 1993 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia In the United Kingdom the film was initially titled simply as "Dennis" to avoid confusion with the identically named character from the British children's comic "The Beano". The film has since been released online in the UK under its American title in line with the DVD and online releases of Hank Ketcham's character whilst the Beano character is now published as "Dennis the Menace and Gnasher". See more » Goofs When Dennis is taking a bath, the water is low to Dennis' waist, but in the next few shots, it's high almost up to his chest. See more » Quotes (Cap-de-la-Madeleine, Canada) – See all my reviews This film had a very good point : it stands on something solid, like the old TV serie and the comic strip. Some similar films don't have this, like these awful Home Alone movies.The film can also count on the talent of Mr. Matthau. He's ideal for playing Mr. Wilson. And the kid is very alright. Another good point is that the film do not have a great success and it provides us from those ugly sequels. Sometimes a bit violent, but in a comic strip way. Good fun! 11 of 16 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Walter Matthau
What was the name of the Army Major found guilty of cheating his way to £1million on the TV show 'Who Wants To Be A Millionaire'?	Dennis the Menace (1993) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error When his parents have to go out of town, Dennis stays with Mr. and Mrs. Wilson. The little menace is driving Mr. Wilson crazy, but Dennis is just trying to be helpful. Even to the thief who's arrived in town. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 49 titles created 12 Dec 2012 a list of 25 titles created 06 Oct 2013 a list of 31 titles created 07 Dec 2013 a list of 42 titles created 17 Feb 2015 a list of 36 titles created 1 month ago Title: Dennis the Menace (1993) 5.5/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 3 wins & 3 nominations. See more awards » Videos A rich young boy finds his family targeted in an inside job and must use his cunning to save them. Director: Donald Petrie A slobbering St. Bernard becomes the center of attention for a loving family, but must contend with a dog-napping veterinarian and his henchmen. Director: Brian Levant Hey, Mr. Wilson! It's another Dennis the Menace movie! The day starts out fine, it's Mr. Wilson's birthday and guess who shows up uninvited? Dennis and a few of his bug friends. After ... See full summary » Director: Charles T. Kanganis A woman kidnaps puppies to kill them for their fur, but various animals then gang up against her and get their revenge in slapstick fashion. Director: Stephen Herek When a boy learns that a beloved killer whale is to be killed by the aquarium owners, the boy risks everything to free the whale. Director: Simon Wincer A doctor discovers that he can communicate with animals. Director: Betty Thomas A paranormal expert and his daughter bunk in an abandoned house populated by three mischievous ghosts and one friendly one. Director: Brad Silberling Dennis Christmas is a Dennis The Menace version of A Christmas Carol where Mr. Wilson plays his own version of Scrooge. While Dennis has problems of his own with the neighborhood bully, he ... See full summary » Director: Ron Oliver Baby Bink couldn't ask for more; he has adoring (if somewhat sickly-sweet) parents, he lives in a huge mansion, and he's just about to appear in the social pages of the paper. Unfortunately... See full summary » Director: Patrick Read Johnson Beethoven, the St. Bernard dog, becomes a father, but his girlfriend Missy is dog-napped, and his puppies are in danger of the same fate. Director: Rod Daniel Babe, a pig raised by sheepdogs, learns to herd sheep with a little help from Farmer Hoggett. Director: Chris Noonan An absent-minded professor discovers "flubber," a rubber-like super-bouncy substance. Director: Les Mayfield Edit Storyline Everyone's favorite kid from the comics is back. When his parents have to go out of town, he stays with Mr. and Mrs. Wilson. The little menace is driving Mr. Wilson crazy, but Dennis is just trying to be helpful. Even to the thief who's arrived in town. Written by Brian W. Martz <[email protected]> He's armed... He's adorable... And he's out of school for the entire summer. See more » Genres: Rated PG for comedic mischief \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 25 June 1993 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia In the United Kingdom the film was initially titled simply as "Dennis" to avoid confusion with the identically named character from the British children's comic "The Beano". The film has since been released online in the UK under its American title in line with the DVD and online releases of Hank Ketcham's character whilst the Beano character is now published as "Dennis the Menace and Gnasher". See more » Goofs When Dennis is taking a bath, the water is low to Dennis' waist, but in the next few shots, it's high almost up to his chest. See more » Quotes (Cap-de-la-Madeleine, Canada) – See all my reviews This film had a very good point : it stands on something solid, like the old TV serie and the comic strip. Some similar films don't have this, like these awful Home Alone movies.The film can also count on the talent of Mr. Matthau. He's ideal for playing Mr. Wilson. And the kid is very alright. Another good point is that the film do not have a great success and it provides us from those ugly sequels. Sometimes a bit violent, but in a comic strip way. Good fun! 11 of 16 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know
What is the smallest bird in the world?	Smallest Bird, Largest Bird, Fastest Bird, Slowest Bird \| Birds of a Feather B&B Birds of a Feather B&B We had a wonderful time! The dogs were great. We will certainly come again! - Kim & John Beautiful... great experience and hospitality ! - Karen 'Thank you for the nice stay. We enjoyed our short trip to Vancouver Island and now know a fine place to stay for our next trip to... - Andrea & Sven Thanks so much, your B&B was much more than advertized. We chose the right place for our last night in B.C. The 5km run to Royal... - Sarah My recent stay at Birds of a Feather was a great experience. As a new student to Royal Roads University I found the location to the... - Dianne Appleby We thoroughly enjoyed our stay. Everything from the views, our room, the comfort, the company, and Dieter's generous hospitality was... - Sonia We had an amazing time here on the island for our honeymoon! This room was perfect! It was our first experience at a B&B, and... - Ryan & Christine Holst This place is magical!! I loved eveything from the wildlife and the scenery to the full moon that took my breath away!! Thank you... - Diane Todosychuk Lovely place to stay! Dieter gave us the best advice about how to spend our limited time here. We are in awe of the beauty of the... - Patricia Bender & Judy Kelly Thank you for welcoming us into your home, everything absolutely perfect - not often I am left speecless but.... WOW! We have found... - Helena & Ray Farmer Smallest Bird, Largest Bird, Fastest Bird, Slowest Bird Best Price Guarantee Smallest Bird Male bee hummingbirds (mellisuga helenae), which live in Cuba, weigh 0.056 ounces and are 2.75 inches in length. The bill and tail account for half of this length. Smallest Bird of Prey The black-legged falconet ( Micrphierax fringlius ) of southeast Asia and the white-fronted or Bornean falconet ( M. latifrons ) of northwestern Borneo both have an average length of 5.5-6 inches, including a 2 inch tail, and weigh approximately 1.25 ounces. Smallest Parrot [contributed by Harold Armitage, Wild Macaws Wild Macaws] The Pygmy parrots of Papua and nearby islands. Genus Micropsitta. There's six different sorts - Yellow-capped, Buff-faced, Finsch's, Geelvink, Meek's, Red-breasted - all around 3" long (8cm). Thought to eat lichens and mosses but not much is known about their lifestyles. Fastest Swimming Bird Gentoo Penguin found on the Antarctic Islands can swim 40 km per hour. Large populations are found at South Georgia, Falkland Islands, and Iles Kerguelen although their breeding distribution is circumpolar. An orange bill and a white stroke behind its eye distinguish the black and white gentoos from the smaller adelie and chinstrap species. Long stiff tail feathers stick out behind as they walk, often cocked up in the water, no other penguin has such a prominent tail. They breed in winter at the more northerly sub-Antarctic islands, laying two eggs as early as July. Can dive over 300' though most prey dives are shallower. Most dives last only half a minute. Largest Carnivorous Bird (contribution by Christoph Kulmann) Titanis Walleri. This bird is known from the early Pleistocene (Ice Age) of Florida. It is the last known member of the family Phorusrhacidae, a group of large, flightless birds which evolved in South America. This creature had an estimated body height of 3 meters (if it stood fully erect, and 2.5 meters in more normal situations). Titanis really had arms instead of wings. Tallest Flying Birdscrane The largest cranes (family Gruidae) can be almost 6 ft. 6 in. tall. Heaviest Flying Birds The Kori Bustard or paauw (Ardeotis Kori) of northeast and southern Africa and the great bustard (Otis tarda) of Europe and Asia weigh about 40-42 pounds. There is a report of a 46 lb. 4 oz. male great bustard shot in northeastern China. It was too heavy to fly. Heaviest Birds of Prey Andean condors (Vultur gryphus) are the heaviest species of bird of prey. Males weigh 20-27 pounds and have a wingspan of at least 10 feet. A male California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) preserved in the California Academy of Sciences is reported to weigh 31 pounds. It is rare for the species to exceed 23 pounds in weight. Heaviest Parrot Flightless Kakapo around 7lbs in weight; New Zealand [contributed by Harold Armitage, Wild Macaws Wild Macaws] SinbadA flightless nocturnal bird, which was described by early European settlers as " the most wonderful bird on Earth, " the Kakapo parrot was once endemic throughout New Zealand. Today only 50 birds remain, some of which live on Little Barrier Island (Hauturu) as part of a Department of Conservation endangered species recovery programme. The name "Kakapo" is Polynesian (Maori) for "parrot of the night." Moss green, like Kakapo "Suzanne's" foster brood, Codfish Island, 2002. Photo by Don Merton/DOC.the foliage of the native trees and grasses in which it evolved, funny and cuddly, with a wonderful spicy fragrance, this unique bird has small wings, useless for flight but handy to steer with when you're jumping down a bank, and a rudimentary keel in its sternum. It browses forest trees, ferns, herbs, moss and lichen and grinds its food between a powerful lower mandible and a grooved pad in the upper mandible, a method of mastication which is thought to be unique. Longest Feathers The phoenix fowl or Yokohama chicken (a strain of the red junglefowl Gallus is bred in Japan for ornamental purposes. A rooster with a 34 ft. 9.5 in. Tail covert was reported in 1972. Longest Bills The bill of the Australian pelican (Pelicanus conspicillatus) is 13-18.5 inches long. The longest beak in relation to body length is that of the sword- billed hummingbird ( Ensifera ) of the Andes. At 4 inches, the beak is longer than the bird’s body (excluding the tail). Only Nostrils on tip of Beak The Kiwi is the only bird with nostrils at the tip of its beak. Whereas other birds hunt by sight or by hearing, the national bird of New Zealand uses its beaky nostrils to sniff out food at night. Although the Kiwi is roughly the same size as a chicken, it lays an egg which is 10 times larger than a hen's. It also has wings but cannot fly. Biggest Eyes The ostrich has the largest eyes of any land animal. Each eye can be up to 2 inches in diameter. Largest Field of Vision The eyes of the woodcock are set so far back in its head that it has a 360 degree field of vision, enabling it see all round and even over the top of its head Best Talker The African Grey Parrot has been called "the perfect mix of brains and beauty" (Bird Talk, Aug. 92) and the "cadillac of parrots" (Bird Talk Sept. 93). Much of the notoriety of this species stems from the phenomenal gift of speech members exhibit. While many parrots learn some words or phrases, many cases have been documented of African Greys learning multiple lines of songs, prayers, or plays. The Guinness Book of World Records lists the best talking parrot or parrot like bird as a African Grey named Prudle. Prudle was captured near Jinja, Uganda in 1958 and when "he" retired from public life in 1977 had a vocabulary of nearly 1000 words. Many owners have been surprised (and sometimes shocked) when their Grey learned a new word or phrase after hearing it only a few times. One of our favorite stories in this respect was one related by a priest that had a pet Grey. While hanging some pictures in his office, the priest hit his hand with a hammer. He let out a stream of obscenities that his Grey learned (from this one occurrence according to the priest). The priest's embarrassment was compounded by the other aspect of greys gift for mimicking, that is they often sound exactly like the person that spoke the words or phrase. [contributed by Harold Armitage, Wild Macaws Wild Macaws] Most Airborne Bird The sooty tern (Sterna fuscata) leaves its nesting grounds as a youngster and remains aloft for 3-10 years, settling on water from time to time. It returns to land to breed as an adult. Longest Flight A common tern (Sterna hirundo) that was banded in June 1996 in Finland was recaptured alive 16,250 miles away at Rotamah Island, Victoria, Australia in January 1997. It had traveled at a rate of 125 miles a day. Slowest-Flying Birds The American woodcock (Scolopax minor) and the Eurasian woodcock (S. Rusticola) have both been timed lying at 5 mph with out stalling during courtship displays. Slowest Wing beat The slowest wing beats recorded during true level flight averaged one per second. They were by several species of the New World vulture ( family Cathartidea) Largest Wingspan The wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) has the largest wingspan of any living bird. As a result, it is an expert glider and it is capable of remaining in the air without beating its wings for several hours at a time. The largest known specimen was an extremely old male with and 11 ft. 11 in. wingspan. It was caught in the Tasman Sea in September 1965. It has also been known to sleep while it flies! Largest Ever Wingspan The South American teratoron ( Argentavis magnificens), which existed 6-8 million years ago, had an estimated wingspan of 25 feet. Parrot with largest Wingspan Hyacinth Macaw, around 1100 mm - Brazil [contributed by Harold Armitage, Wild Macaws Wild Macaws] The Hyacinth macaw is the most majestic of all parrots. Although the Hyacinth Macaw and Green Wing Macaw are both commonly referred to as the "gentle giant" of the macaw species. The Hyacinths are truly the "dream bird" of all bird lovers. The Hyacinth macaw can attain the total length of up to 42 inches and have a beak pressure that can easily disassemble a welded wrought iron cage bar by bar in a very short time. In spite of their tremendous strength, this is one of the most laid back and easy-going of all of the macaws. Fastest Flying Bird The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) is the fastest living creature, reaching speeds of at least 124 mph and possibly as much as 168 mph when swooping from great heights during territorial displays or while catching pry birds in midair. Fastest Wing beat The horned sungem (Heliactin cornuta), a hummingbird from South America, beats its wings up and down 90 times a second. Flying Backwards While hummingbirds are probably the champions of backwards flight they are by no means the only birds that can fly in this way. When two herons or egrets fight, periodically one of them caught at a disadvantage in the dispute will flutter backward. Occasionally warblers fluttering at the tip of a branch as they pick off insects will flutter backward when they overshoot some flying insect. It is probable that any bird which uses fluttering flight can move backward when pressed to do so. Fastest Land Bird Despite its bulk, the ostrich can run at speeds of up to 45 mph if necessary. Highest-Flying Birds A Ruppell’s vulture (gyps rueppellii) collided with a commercial aircraft over Abidjan, Ivory Coast, at an altitude of 37,000 feet in November 1973. The impact damaged one of the aircraft’s engines, but the plane landed safely. The species is rarely seen above 20,000 feet. In 1967, about 30 whooper swans (Cygnus were spotted at an altitude of just over 27,000 feet by an airline pilot over the Western Isles, UK. They were flying from Iceland to Loch Foyle on the Northern Ireland/republic Ireland border. Their altitude was confirmed by air traffic control. Longest Stride The stride of an ostrich may exceed 23 feet in length when the bird is sprinting. Highest G-Force Borne The beak of the red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) hits the bark of a tree with an impact of velocity of 13 mph, subjection the bird’s brain to a deceleration of approximately 10 g when its head snaps back. Other woodpeckers may experience and even higher g-force. Most Food Consumed Hummingbirds (family Trochilidon) requires at least half their own body weight in food (mainly nectar and tiny insects) every single day. With the possible exception of shrews, they have the highest metabolic rate of any known animal. Strangest Diet An ostrich living at the London Zoo, England was found to have swallowed an alarm clock, a roll of film, a handkerchief, a 3-foot long piece of rope, a cycle valve , a pencil, three gloves, a collar stud, a Belgian franc, four halfpennies and two farthings. Longest Fast The male emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) spends several months without feeding on the frozen wastes of the Antarctic sea ice. It travels overland from the sea to the breeding colony, courts the female, incubates the egg for 62-67 days, waits for the female to return and travels back to the open sea, going without food for up to 134 days. Largest Prey The wild animal known to have been killed and carried away by a bird was a 15 pound male red howler monkey killed by a harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) in Manu National Park, Peru in 1990. The harpy eagle is considered the world’s most powerful bird of prey, although it weighs only 20 pounds. An incredible video of a Golden Eagle taking a small Mountain sheep or goat and carrying it off to it's nest. www.youtube.com/watch?v=4irYqe5yjcE The largest documented prey taken by a Philippine eagle is a 14 kg (30.8 lbs) Philippine deer Cervus at a nest studied by Kennedy in 1985. also on records; a mature female monkey taken and carrying it in one foot in Cagayan; and a large python. The African crowned eagle is Africa's most powerful and ferocious eagle in terms of the weight and nature of prey taken. Mammalian prey, especially duikers, may weigh up to 34 kg (75 lbs) and still be preyed on by these eagles. Sharpest Vision The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) is believed to be able to spot a pigeon from a distance of more than 5 miles under ideal conditions. Biggest Nest The incubation mounds built by the mallee fowl (Leipoa ocellata) of Australia are up to 15 feet tall and 35 feet wide. A nest site is estimated to weigh 330 tons. A 9 ft. 6 in. Wide 20 foot deep nest was built by a pair of bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus), and possibly by their successors, close to St Petersburg, Florida. When examined in 1963, the nest was estimated to weigh in excess of 2.2 tons. Smallest Nests The vervian hummingbird ( Mellisuga minima) builds a nest about half the size of a walnut shell. The deeper but narrower nest of the bee hummingbird (M. Helenae) is thimble sized. Smallest Egg The smallest known bird’s egg were tow vervain hummingbird (Mellisuga minima) eggs less than 39/100 inch long. They weighed 0.365 g. (0.0128 oz.) And 0.375 g (0.0132 oz.) Biggest Eggs (contribution by Christoph Kulmann) The extinct giant elephant bird (Aephornis maximus) - picture below under heaviest birds - laid 1 foot long eggs with a lElephant Bird egg compared to chicken eggliquid capacity of 2.25 gallons- the equivalent of seven ostrich eggs and more than 12,000 humming bird eggs. When early Arabian and Indian explorers started returning from their journeys along the coast of Africa with stories of gigantic birds many times the size of a man, they brought evidence...huge eggs, up to three feet in circumference. They were the eggs of a bird that would later come to be known as the Elephant Bird, or Vouron Patra (Aepyornis maximus). The eggs that the Elephant Bird laid were larger than the largest dinosaur eggs, and, in fact, they were as large as a structurally functional egg could possibly be...the largest single cells to have ever existed on Earth. The ostrich egg is 6-8 inches long. 4-6 inches in diameter and weighs 2 lb. 3 oz. - 3 lb.14 oz.. It is equal in volume to 24 chicken eggs. The shell is 3/50 inch thick but can support eh weight of an adult human. The largest on record was laid in 1988 by a two year old northern/southern hybrid (Struthio c. camelus x s. c. australis) at the Kibbutz Ha’on collective farm, Israel. Ti weighted 5 lb. 2 oz. Heaviest Bird Ever Alive - 2 candidates (contribution by Christoph Kulmann) Elephant BirdThe Elephant Bird (shown above under biggest eggs) is thought to have been the inspiration for the Roc (or Ruhk) made famous in the stories of Sinbad and the accounts of Marco Polo. While Aepyornis was by no means as large and terrible as the elephant-eating Roc, it WAS one of the largest birds that ever lived. The flightless bird grew to around ten or eleven feet tall, and is estimated to have weighed up to 1100 pounds. By comparison, a BIG Ostrich will go eight feet and 300 pounds. The home of the Elephant Bird was the island of Madagascar, off the eastern coast of Africa. The island was first populated by African and Indonesian peoples that are thought to have arrived around the time of Christ, about 2000 years ago. They were, in turn, visited by Muslim traders from East Africa and the Comoro Islands in the ninth century. The first Europeans to visit the island were the Portuguese in 1500, but Europeans didn't really establish a foothold on the island until the French settled there beginning in 1642. The Elephant Bird was probably still around at that time but it had already become very rare. One of the only contemporary European accounts of the bird was written by the first French Governor of Madagascar, Étienne de Flacourt, who wrote, in 1658, "vouropatra - a large bird which haunts the Ampatres and lays eggs like the ostriches; so that the people of these places may not take it, it seeks the most lonely places." The natives' histories of the Elephant Bird, however, rarely describe it as an aggressive bird, and more often portray it as a shy, peaceful giant. Most likely the Vouron Patra was driven to extinction by people raiding their nests. The eggs and egg shells were both very important items to the tribal Malagasy, who used them for food and all kinds of stuff. The fossil record shows that maximus was not the only species of Aepyornis that ever lived. It is thought that between three and seven different types of Elephant Bird have lived since the Pleistocene although only one, the smaller Aepyornis mullerornis is thought to have survived into historic times along with the Elephant Bird. Only the giant is known to have co-existed with humans, and by 1700, it too was gone. Only the largest of the New Zealand Moas were taller, some reaching thirteen feet, but they weren't as massively built. Moa were large flightless birds that went extinct in the late 1700's or early 1800's. These huge, bulky birds lived in lowland forests on the islands of New Zealand. The word moa comes from the Maori language, in which the plural of moa is moa (we are using that convention). The oldest-known moa fossils date from 2.4 million years ago. The last of the moa (the smaller species) lived on the South Island of New Zealand until the 1700's. On its native New Zealand, there were no large mammals to prey on the moa or its eggs; its only predators large birds, like the Haast eagle (which is now extinct). When the Maori people moved to New Zealand over 1,000 years ago, they destroyed much of the moa's lowland forest habitat and introduced mammals, including dogs and rats. These mammals ate the moa's eggs. The Maori people also hunted and ate the moa. These forces probably contributed to the extinction of the moa. The moa had a large body, a small head, a long neck, short, thick legs, and a large beak. There were 11 species of moa. The largest was almost 11.5 feet (3.5 m) tall and weighed perhaps 700 pounds (320 kg); the smallest of the moa were turkey-sized. The moa's nest was located on the ground (leaving the eggs vulnerable to predators). The moa was an herbivore (plant-eater); it ate fruit and some plant material (like leaves). These birds swallowed stones (which went into gizzard) that helped digest the food. Classification: Kingdom Animalia (animals), phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates), class Aves (birds), order Dinornithiformes, family Anomalopterygidae (the lesser moa) and family Dinornithidae (the greater moa). There were 11 (or possibly 13) different species of moa, including Dinornis, the biggest moa and the biggest bird that ever lived. In ancient Australia, until 50,000 years ago, there was a group of birds called the Dromornithids. By far the largest of them was "Dromornis stirtoni", a massive creature that stood 3 meters tall and must have weighed more than half a ton. They disappeared rather abruptly, and there is still much debate about the reasons. But the Australians seem to have kept a memory of these giant birds. In some legends, there is a creature called "mihirung", and most likely this means a dromornithid bird. Smelliest Bird The south American hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) has an odor similar to cow manure. Colombians call it pava hedionda ("stinking pheasant"). The cause of the smell is believed to be a combination of its diet of green leaves and its specialized digestive system, which involves a kind of foregut fermentation. Large Flocks Flamingoes, with their long necks and legs, have a height range of 3-5 feet and are the biggest bird to form large flocks. Of the four species, the lesser flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) of eastern and southern Africa has been seen in flocks of several million birds, particularly in the Great Lakes of eastern Africa. Biggest Bird The largest and strongest living bird is the North African ostrich (Struthio camelus . Males can be up to 9 feet tall and weigh 345 pounds, and when fully grown the have one of the most advanced immune systems of any animal. South Africa was the first country to see the commercial potential of ostrich products - the creature are prized not only for their large soft white feathers and their meat but also for their skins, which are made into the strongest commercially available leather in the world. Ostrich farming is believed to have begun in the Karoo and Eastern Cape c. 1863. By 1910 there were more than 20,000 domesticated ostriches in the country, and by 1913 ostrich feathers were the fourth most important south African export product. Demand began to dry up soon afterwards, but there was an ostrich revival in the 1920's when farmers started to produce biltong ( dry strips of ostrich meat) commercially. Biggest Seabird (contribution by Jacob Casson) The Northern Royal Albatross (Diomedea epomophora sanfordi) with a wing span 3 metres, flight speed up to 115 km/h. 80% of life spent at sea. White body, black on backs of wings. Feeds on surface shoaling fish and squid. Male and female equal share in rearing chick, raising one chick every two years. Mature at six years, live about 45 years. Mate in October, one egg laid in November, incubation 79 days. Chick guarded for first six weeks, young depart late September. Biggest Cockatoo Sub-species Proboscigar Aterimus Goliath. The weight of the female Palm Cockatoo is between 500-950 grams, and the males weigh between 540-1100 grams. Both females and males height range from 49-68 centimeters. The wings are about 35.1 centimeters, the tail about 23.8 centimeters, the bill about 9.1 centimeters, and the tarsus about 3.5 centimeters. These Palm Cockatoos are very large birds. They are the largest of all parrots. The scientific name is derived from both Greek and Latin. Proboscis is Greek for nose, gero is Greek for carry, and atterimus is Latin for black. Most Palm Cockatoos are dark gray and black with a cheek-patch of bare red skin . The cheek skin color may change according to their level of stress, it may change pink or beige if it is stressed, or if it is excited it will turn yellow. Palm Cockatoos have a very strong mandible, which they use for cracking nuts. Most Abundant Bird The red- billed quelea (Quelea quelea) of Africa has an estimated adult breeding population of 1.5 billion. The slaughter of at least 200 million of them each year has no impact on this number. Rarest Bird With 168 birds on the list of the world's most critically endangered creatures--and many of them from remote, inhospitable places--researchers cannot say for sure which species is the rarest. But that dubious distinction may belong to the po'ouli (pronounced "poh-oh-U-lee"). This Hawaiian honeycreeper, whose name means "black-faced," survives only in a few hundred acres of nearly impenetrable rain forest on the windward side of Maui's Haleakala Crater. At last count, the known po'ouli population was six. And with time running out, experts are scrambling to find a way to save the species from extinction. Rarest Parrot Spix's Macaw. Endemic to one small area of northeastern Brazil, in a habitat known as the "caatinga" (an arid region of flat savanna scrubland interspersed with seasonal creeks and gallery forests), the Spix's Macaw was considered to be extinct in the wild 10 years ago. Despite concerted efforts of the Brazilian government and an international committee whose members include the aviculturists that hold this endangered species, government officials, conservationists and ornithologists the last one died in 2001. The conservation of this species is now dependent on the success of the captive-breeding and field program. The global captive population has grown significantly from a low of 11 known birds to 60 (54 of which are captive-hatched); new holders are participating in the program, the field research program has collected valuable data on the natural history of this species and the ecology of the region, a strong community outreach program is in place, habitat protection and restoration projects are ongoing, and basic research on psittacine reintroduction techniques has been successfully completed. [contributed by Harold Armitage, Wild Macaws Wild Macaws] Bossiest Bird The kea ( Nestor notabilis) from New Zealand is the only bird known to have a society in which the higher status individuals force others to work for them. Most Unusual Birds The home of the Great Indian Hornbill is a prison. When the female is ready to lay her eggs, she hides in a hole in a tree. The male then seals up the hole, leaving her just a narrow slit through which he passes her food. The female stays in there until the chicks are a few months old, when she breaks out and helps the male with feeding duties. The Secretary Bird may have long legs but it can't run. Instead it hops along the African scrublandin search of its staple diet of snakes and lizards. The bird gets its name from the 20 black crest feathers behind its ears which are reminiscent of the old quill pens once favored by secretaries. The Quetzal from central America has such a long tail (up to 3 feet) that it can't take off from a branch in the normal way without ripping its tail to shreds. So instead it launches itself backwards into space like a parachutist leaving an aircraft. The Quetzal nests in hollow trees but has to reverse into the hole. Once inside, it curls up its tail over its head and out of the hole. The Male Bower-Bird from Australia attracts a female by building an elaborate love bower. After building a little hut out of twigs, he decorates it with flowers and colorful objects such as feathers, fruit, shells, and pebbles or sometimes glass and paper if the nest is near civilization. One particular species (the Atlas Bower-Bird) actually paints the walls by dipping bark or leaves into the blue or dark-green saliva he secretes. The entire bower-building procedure can take months and the bird will often change the decorations until he is happy with them. When finally satisfied, he performs a love dance outside the bower, sometimes offering the female a pretty item from his collection. The Young Hoatzin of the Amazon forests has claws on its wings to help it clamber through the dense undergrowth. The bird is a throwback to the prehistoric archeopteryx, which also had three claws on each wing. The Little Tailorbird uses its sharp beak to pierce holes along the edges of two leaves. It then constructs a nest by neatly stitching the leaves together with pieces of grass. What advantage do many birds gain by flying in V-formation? As a bird flap its wings it disturbs the air and leaves whirling eddies behind. Some gregarious species take advantage of the upward sections of these whirls and each bird in the V-formation stations itself at the correct place so the inner wing obtains support from the wake of the bird immediately ahead. Thus every bird in the flock except the leader saves energy by using the V-formation type of flight.	Bee hummingbird
Which actor sped off with Jack Lemmon in a speedboat at the end of the film 'Some Like It Hot'?	Smallest bird \| Guinness World Records Guinness World Records Where Cuba The smallest bird is the bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) of Cuba and the Isle of Youth. Males measure 57 mm (2.24 in) in total length, half of which is taken up by the bill and tail, and weigh 1.6 g (0.056 oz) Females are slightly larger. This is believed to be the lowest weight limit for any warm blooded animal. All records listed on our website are current and up-to-date. For a full list of record titles, please use our Record Application Search. (You will be need to register / login for access)	i don't know
What is the name of the Japanese port that was devastated by a huge earthquake in 1995. resulting in 4000 deaths?	Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths 1900-2014 Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths 1900-2014 This data is current through the end of 2014. Date UTC Quezaltenango and San Marcos, Guatemala 14N 91W 2000 7.5 This quake also caused damage in Mexico at Tapachula, Chiapas. It was felt as far away as Jalapa, Veracruz and Mexico City. The duration in Mexico was estimated at one to one and a half minutes. [ 307,308,A-51 ] 1902/12/16 Andijon (Andizhan), Uzbekistan (Turkestan, Russia) 40.8N 72.3E 4700 6.4 Over 41,000 buildings destroyed in the Andijon-Margilan area. A train was "thrown from the tracks" at Andijon station. A strong aftershock about 40 minutes later caused additional damage. [ 233 ] 1903/04/28 3500 7.0 About 12,000 houses destroyed and 20,000 animals killed in the Malazgirt-Patnos area. Slight damage as far away as Erzurum and Bitlis. A strong aftershock on August 6 caused additional casualties. [ 215,71 ] 1903/05/28 1000 5.8 Several villages destroyed. Death toll may be overstated, since Ambraseys said quake "is alleged to have killed over 1000 people. [ 215 ] 1905/04/04 Damage in the Kangra area and at Dehra Dun [ 6,299 ] 1906/01/31 Off coast of Esmeraldas, Ecuador 1N 81.5W 1000 8.8 Damage in the Tumaco, Colombia - Esmeraldas, Ecuador area from the earthquake and tsunami. Earthquake damage occurred as far as 100 km (60 mi) inland, from Cali, Colombia to Otavalo, Ecuador. Felt as far away as Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. Tsunami waves as high as 5 m (16 ft) observed at Tumaco, but fortunately some of the waves were dissipated on offshore islands before reaching the city. About 450 houses destroyed in the Guapi area, Colombia by a series of 6 waves, the largest described as being as high as tall trees. Coastal uplift as high as 1.6 m (5 ft) observed in the harbors of Manta, Ecuador and Buenaventura, Colombia. Submarine cables were broken in several places between Buenaventura and Panama. Cable breaks also occurred off Puerto Rico, implying there may have been a tsunami generated in the Caribbean Sea as well. [ 207,3,325,312,314 ] 1906/03/16 72000 7.2 Over 40% of the population of Messina and more than 25% of Reggio di Calabria killed by the earthquake and tsunami, as well as by fires in some parts of Messina. Casualty toll is based on census data 1901-1911, some estimates are as high as 110,000. Severe damage in large parts of Calabria and Sicily. Felt throughout Sicily and north to Naples and Campobasso. Also felt on Malta, in Montenegro and Albania and on the Ionian Islands. Tsunami heights of 6-12 m (20-39 ft) observed on the coast of Sicily south of Messina and heights of 6-10 m (20-33 ft) observed along the coast of Calabria. Aftershocks continued into 1913. [ 301,299,A-75 ] 1909/01/23 32610 7.0 Severe damage in the Avezzano-Pescina area. An estimated 3,000 more people died in the next few months from indirect effects of the earthquake. Felt throughout Central Italy from Veneto to Basilicata. [ 301,321 ] 1917/01/20 9.0S 115.8E 1500 Landslides on Bali caused most of the casualties. Many houses damaged. One source lists casualty toll as 15,000, but that seems high compared to the damage descriptions. 1917/07/30 North of Daguan, Yunnan, China 28.0N 104.0E 1800 7.5 Many houses collapsed in the Hengjiang and Daguan River Valleys. An iron chain bridge at Yanjin was turned upside down and several stone bridges collapsed. Rockslides blocked the Daguan River, causing the water to flow back upstream for several kilometers. [ 310,104 ] 1918/02/13 200000 7.8 Total destruction (XII - the maximum intensity on the Mercalli scale) in the Lijunbu-Haiyuan-Ganyanchi area. Over 73,000 people were killed in Haiyuan County. A landslide buried the village of Sujiahe in Xiji County. More than 30,000 people were killed in Guyuan County. Nearly all the houses collapsed in the cities of Longde and Huining. Damage (VI-X) occurred in 7 provinces and regions, including the major cities of Lanzhou, Taiyuan, Xi'an, Xining and Yinchuan. It was felt from the Yellow Sea to Qinghai (Tsinghai) Province and from Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia) south to central Sichuan (Szechwan) Province. About 200 km (125 mi) of surface faulting was seen from Lijunbu through Ganyanchi to Jingtai. There were large numbers of landslides and ground cracks throughout the epicentral area. Some rivers were dammed, others changed course. Seiches from this earthquake were observed in 2 lakes and 3 fjords in western Norway. Although usually called the Kansu (now Gansu) earthquake by Western sources, the epicenter and highest intensities are clearly within Ningxia Autonomous Region. [ 310,92,316 ] 1923/03/24 Near Luhuo, Sichuan (Szechwan), China 31.3N 100.8E 3500 7.3 Severe damage and landslides in the Luhuo-Dawu area. Some damage and casualties occurred at Qianning. [ 310 ] 1923/05/25 142800 7.9 Extreme destruction in the Tokyo - Yokohama area from the earthquake and subsequent firestorms, which burned about 381,000 of the more than 694,000 houses that were partially or completely destroyed. Although often known as the Great Tokyo Earthquake (or the Great Tokyo Fire), the damage was apparently most severe at Yokohama. Damage also occurred on the Boso and Izu Peninsulas and on O-shima. Nearly 2 m (6 ft) of permanent uplift was observed on the north shore of Sagami Bay and horizontal displacements of as much as 4.5 m (15 ft) were measured on the Boso Peninsula. A tsunami was generated in Sagami Bay with wave heights as high as 12 m (39 ft) on O-shima and 6 m (20 ft) on the Izu and Boso Peninsulas. Sandblows were noted at Hojo which intermittently shot fountains of water to a height of 3 m (10 ft). [ 303,6,312,321 ] 1925/03/16 Near Dali (Talifu, Ta-li), Yunnan, China 25.7N 100.2E 5800 7.0 More than 76,000 houses collapsed or burned in the Dali area, where over 3,600 people were killed and 7,200 injured. (There is a slight possibility that these are the total figures for the earthquake, not just Dali). Damage and casualties also occurred in Fengyi, Midu, Binchuan and Dengchuan Counties. It was felt at Kunming. [ 310,92 ] 1927/03/07 40900 7.6 Extreme damage in the Gulang-Wuwei area. Landslides buried a town near Gulang and dammed a stream in Wuwei County, creating a new lake. Large fissures and sandblows occurred in the area. Damage occurred from Lanzhou through Minqin and Yongchang to Jinta. It was felt at Xi'an and as far as 700 km (440 mi) from the epicenter. This area along the base of the Qilian Shan (formerly named Nan Shan, which is why this is sometimes called the Nan Shan earthquake) was part of the Silk Road connecting China with Central Asia. Some sources list the death toll as high as 200,000, but this may be a confusion with the much-bigger Ningxia quake of 1920. Also, Gu et al. report that over 250,000 livestock were killed by this earthquake. [ 310,311,92,3 ] 1929/05/01 2500 7.2 About 60 villages destroyed in the Salmas Plain and surrounding mountains. The town of Dilman (population 18,000) was completely destroyed, but there were only 1,100 deaths because a magnitude 5.4 foreshock had occurred at 07:03 UTC. Although the foreshock killed 25 people, it probably saved thousands of lives since many people chose to sleep outdoors that night. Faulting was observed on the Salmas and Derik Faults, with the maximum offsets 5 m (16 ft) vertically and 4 m (13 ft) horizontally on the Salmas Fault. Dilman was rebuilt west of the ruins and named Shahpur, now Salmas. [ 191,92,A-138 ] 1930/07/23 3000 8.4 Because this earthquake occurred about 290 km (180 mi) off the coast of Honshu, most of the casualties and damage were caused by the large tsunami that was generated, instead of directly from the earthquake itself. About 5,000 houses in Japan were destroyed, of which nearly 3,000 were washed away. Maximum wave heights of 28.7 m (94 ft) were observed at Ryori Bay, Honshu. The tsunami also caused slight damage in Hawaii, where a 2.9-meter (9.5-foot) was recorded at Napoopoo. [ 312,322,8f,321 ] 1933/08/25 North of Maowen, Sichuan (Szechwan), China 32.0N 103.7E 9300 7.5 The city of Diexi and about 60 villages in the area were completely destroyed. Damage and casualties also occurred at Chengdu. Felt at Chongqing and Xi'an. Landslides created 4 lakes on the Min Jiang River. Over 2,500 of the casualties occurred 45 days after the earthquake, when the lakes broke through the slides and inundated the valley. [ 310 ] 1934/01/15 10700 8.1 Extreme damage (X) in the Sitamarhi-Madhubani, India area, where most buildings tilted or sank up to 1 m (3 ft) into the thick alluvium. Sand covered the sunken floors up to 1 m deep. This liquefaction damage extended eastward through Supaul to Purnia, India. In the Muzaffarpur-Darbhanga area south of the zone of liquefaction most buildings were shaken apart by "typical" severe earthquake damage. Two other areas of extreme damage (X) from shaking occurred in the Munger (Monghyr) area along the Ganges River, India and in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Large fissures occurred in the alluvial areas [ 6,3,330 ] 1935/04/20 32700 7.8 Extreme damage in the Erzincan Plain and the Kelkit River Valley. Damage (VII) occurred from near Turcan, where a strong earthquake (possibly a fore- shock) had occurred on Nov 21, west to Amasya and from Sivas north to the Black Sea coast. The quake was felt strongly at Larnaca, Cyprus. Over 300 km (190 mi) of surface faulting was observed in the North Anatolian Fault Zone between Erzincan and Niksar, with as much as 3.7 m (2.5 ft) of horizontal displacement and 2.0 m (1.2 ft) of vertical offset. A small tsunami was observed at Fatsa on the Black Sea coast of Turkey. It was recorded by tide stations from Tuapse, Russia to Sevastopol, Ukraine. [ 71,306,92,6,322,A-138 ] 1940/11/10 2790 7.4 About 50,000 houses destroyed or heavily damaged in the North Anatolian Fault Zone from Bolu through Gerede to Kursunlu. Damage (VI) occurred in the Sakarya-Zonguldak-Kastamonu area. The quake was felt strongly at Ankara. Surface faulting was observed from Bayramoren to Abant Lake with maximum horizontal offset of 3.5 m (11 ft) and up to 1 m (3 ft) vertical displacement. This rupture zone is immediately to the west of the 1943 Ladik earthquake. In total, about 800 km (500 mi) of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, from Erzincan to Abant Lake, ruptured during a time interval of slightly more than 4 years. [ 71,306,A-138 ] 1945/01/12 1961 7.1 More than 17,000 houses destroyed or seriously damaged, primarily in Aichi (Aiti) and Gifu (Gihu) Prefectures. It was felt from Fukushima (Hukusima) to Shimane Prefectures, Honshu and on Shikoku. Surface faulting observed with up to 2 m (6 ft) vertical displacement. [ 313,6,228af ] 1945/11/27 Makran Coast, Pakistan (Baluchistan, India) 24.9N 63.5E 4000 8.0 Severe damage at Pasni and Ormara. A large tsunami was generated that caused damage at Karachi and damage and casualties in the Mumbai (Bombay) area, India. Four new islands appeared off the coast near Hinglaj. The quake was felt as far away as Dera Ismail Khan and Sahiwal. [ 228af,8p,92 ] 1946/05/31 3769 7.3 Nearly 67,000 houses destroyed in the Fukui area by the earthquake and fires. Damage was especially severe in areas of alluvium. Some ground fissures were observed in the area. It was felt from Ibaraki and Niigata Prefectures, Honshu to Uwajima, Shikoku. More than 550 aftershocks were felt in the month following the quake. Some sources list the death toll as high as 5,390. [ 228ai,6,A-152,3 ] 1948/10/05 Ashgabat (Ashkhabad), Turkmenistan (Turkmeniya, USSR) 37.95N 58.32E 110000 7.3 Extreme damage in Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) and nearby villages, where almost all brick buildings collapsed, concrete structures were heavily damaged and freight trains were derailed. Damage and casualties also occurred in the Darreh Gaz area, Iran. Surface rupture was observed both northwest and southeast of Ashgabat. Many sources list the casualty total at 10,000, but a news release on 9 Dec 1988 advised that the correct death toll was 110,000. [ 233,191 ] 1949/07/10 5050 6.8 Guano, Patate, Pelileo and Pillaro were completely destroyed, as was about one-third of the city of Ambato. Damage occurred in Tungurahua, Chimborazo and Cotopaxi Provinces. Landslides blocked roads and streams in the area. It was felt (IV) at Cuenca, Guayaquil and Quito. [ 207,228aj,A-47 ] 1950/08/15 Near Zhamo (Rima), Xizang (Tibet), China "Assam-Tibet" Earthquake 1526 8.6 At least 780 people killed and many buildings collapsed in the Nyingchi-Qamdo-Zhamo (Rima, Zayu) area of eastern Tibet. Sandblows, ground cracks and large landslides occurred in the area. In the Medog area, the village of Yedong slid into the Yarlung Zangbo (Brahmaputra) River and was washed away. The quake was felt at Lhasa and in Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, China. Severe damage (X) also occurred in the Sibsagar-Sadiya area of Assam, India and in the surrounding hills. About 70 villages were destroyed in the Abor Hills, mostly by landslides. Large landslides blocked the Subansiri River. This natural dam broke 8 days later, creating a wave 7 m (23 ft) high which innundated several villages and killed 536 people. The quake was felt (VI) as far away as Calcutta. Seiches were observed in many lakes and fjords of Norway and in at least 3 reservoirs in England. Many sources call this the Assam-Tibet earthquake or even the Assam earthquake, even though nearly all place the epicenter in Tibet. Thus it is possible that the casualties for Tibet are not included in the total, as well as those from the Subansiri River flood. Furthermore, Gu et al. do not give casualty totals for Yedong or other areas of the most severe damage in Tibet. Therefore, the actual casualty toll may be much higher than the value given. [ 228ak,310,316,6 ] 1951/08/02 1070 7.3 Several thousand buildings damaged in the Can-Yenice-Gonen area. Felt (VI) at Sakarya (Adapazari), Bursa, Edirne, Istanbul and Izmir. Felt throughout the Aegean Islands and in much of mainland Greece. Also felt in Bulgaria. About 50 km (30 mi) of surface faulting with as much as 4.3 m (14 ft) of strike-slip (horizontal) offset observed east of Yenice. Damage estimated at $3,570,000. [ 306,228an,8x,92,A-138 ] 1954/09/09 Chlef (Orleansville, El Asnam), Algeria 36.28N 1.47E 1250 6.8 Severe damage and about 3,000 people injured in the Orleansville area, which was rebuilt and renamed El Asnam (now Chlef). Felt from Mostaganem east to Tizi Ouzou and south to Tiaret. Faults and fissures occurred in a 16-km (10-mi) zone at the southern edge of the Dahra Massif. Undersea cables in the Mediterranean broke several hours after the earthquake. There were many aftershocks - a strong one on Sep 16 at 22:18 caused additional damage. See also the El Asnam earthquake of 1980 Oct 10. [ 302,3,6 ] 1957/07/02 Near Sang Chai, Mazandaran, Iran 36.14N 52.70E 1200 7.1 Nearly all villages destroyed in the Ab-e Garm-Mangol-Zirab area on the north side of the Elburz Mountains. Many landslides and rockslides blocked the Amol-Tehran Road and caused nearly as much damage in some villages as had been caused by shaking. It was felt strongly at Tehran. [ 336,191,92,302 ] 1957/12/13 15000 5.7 Over one-third of the population of Agadir was killed and at least another third injured by this short-duration earthquake, which lasted less than 15 seconds. It is the most destructive "moderate" quake (magnitude less than 6) in the 20th Century - the direct opposite of the magnitude 8.1 Mongolian earthquake of 04 Dec 1957, which killed very few people. All buildings in the Founti, Kasbah and Yachech sections of Agadir were destroyed or very severely damaged and more than 95 percent of the people in these areas were killed. Over 90 percent of buildings were destroyed or damaged in the Talbordjt district and more than 60 percent were damaged in New City and Front-de-Mer districts. The exact casualty figure is unknown because once it was clear there could be no more survivors in the rubble, much of the area was bulldozed because of health and safety concerns. This moderate quake was so destructive because it was a shallow event right under the city. Also, few buildings had been built to seismic codes because people thought that the area did not have a serious earthquake risk. It had been forgotten that a previous town at this location, named Santa Cruz de Aguer, had been destroyed by an earthquake in 1731. [ 183,A-40,3 ] 1960/05/22 1655 9.5 Severe damage from shaking occurred in the Valdivia-Puerto Montt area. Most of the casualties and much of the damage was because of large tsunamis which caused damage along the coast of Chile from Lebu to Puerto Aisen and in many areas of the Pacific Ocean. Puerto Saavedra was completely destroyed by waves which reached heights of 11.5 m (38 ft) and carried remains of houses inland as much as 3 km (2 mi). Wave heights of 8 m (26 ft) caused much damage at Corral. Tsunamis caused 61 deaths and severe damage in Hawaii, mostly at Hilo, where the runup height reached 10.6 m (35 ft). Waves as high as 5.5 m (18 ft) struck northern Honshu about 1 day after the quake, where it destroyed more than 1600 homes and left 185 people dead or missing. Another 32 people were dead or missing in the Philippines after the tsunami hit those islands. Damage also occurred on Easter Island, in the Samoa Islands and in California. One to 1.5 m (3-5 ft) of subsidence occurred along the Chilean coast from the south end of the Arauco Peninsula to Quellon on Chiloe Island. As much as 3 m (10 ft) of uplift occurred on Isla Guafo. Many landslides occurred in the Chilean Lake District from Lago Villarica to Lago Todos los Santos. On May 24, Volcan Puyehue erupted, sending ash and steam as high as 6,000 m. The eruption continued for several weeks. This quake was preceded by 4 foreshocks bigger than magnitude 7.0, including a magnitude 7.9 on May 21 that caused severe damage in the Concepcion area. Many aftershocks occurred, with 5 of magnitude 7.0 or greater through Nov 1. This is the largest earthquake of the 20th Century. The rupture zone is estimated to be about 1000 km long, from Lebu to Puerto Aisen. Note that the tsunami deaths from outside Chile are included in the 1,655 total. This is still considerably fewer than some estimates which were as high as 5,700. However, Rothe and others state that the initial reports were greatly overestimated. The death toll for this huge earthquake was less than it might have been because it occurred in the middle of the afternoon, many of the structures had been built to be earthquake-resistant and the series of strong foreshocks had made the population wary. [ 8ae,312,40,307A,327,305A,322,339,303A,92 ] 1962/09/01 12225 7.1 Ninety-one villages destroyed and 233 damaged - over 21,000 houses destroyed, nearly all built of poor-quality materials. Slight damage at Tehran. Felt as far away as Tabriz, Esfahan and Yazd. Based on damage to old structures, this was probably the largest earthquake in this immediate area since at least 1630. Surface faulting with small offsets occurred in a 100-km (63-mi) east-west zone of the Ipak Fault. Some landslides and sandblows occurred. Earthquake lights (a red to orange glow) from the Rudak area were observed prior to the quake by various people. [ 8ag,92,299A,191 ] 1963/07/26 Skopje, Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia (Makedonija, Yugoslavia) 1100 6.0 About 75 percent of the buildings in Skopje destroyed or severely damaged and more than 4,000 people injured. The heaviest damage occurred to buildings on alluvium in the Vardar River Valley. There was little damage outside Skopje, indicating the quake was very shallow and located almost directly under the city. The Illyrian city of Scupi was destroyed by an earthquake in 518. It was rebuilt nearby and briefly named Justiniana Prima, later Skopje. Called Uskub while part of the Ottoman Empire, it was destroyed again by an earthquake in 1555. [ 8ah,300C,3 ] 1966/03/07 East of Longyao, Hebei (Hopeh), China 37.35 114.92 1000 7.0 More than 135,000 houses collapsed and 190,000 were severely damaged in Hebei Province. The worst damage was in Julu County, where over 106,000 houses collapsed and another 100,000 were heavily damaged. Some houses collapsed in Shanxi (Shansi) Province. It was felt throughout Hebei and Shanxi Provinces and in most of Henan (Honan) and Shandong (Shantung) Provinces. Ground fissures and sandblows occurred along the banks of the Fuyang River. Except for reports that 4,166 families "suffered disaster" in Longyao County and that great numbers of medical personnel had been rushed to Xingtai (Singtai) to care for the victims, no casualty figures were released for this earthquake. Based on the amount of damage and time of day it occurred, we assume that it killed at least 1,000 people, and very likely many more than that. [ 310,92,8ak ] 1966/03/22 Southeast of Ningjin, Hebei (Hopeh), China 37.5 115.1 1000 6.9 More than 180,000 "rooms" collapsed and 276,000 were severely damaged in Hebei Province, with the most severe damage in the Ningjin-Shinhe area. At least 10,000 rooms collapsed and over 22,000 were heavily damaged in Shandong (Shantung) Province. Over 6,000 rooms and cave dwellings collapsed in Shanxi (Shansi) Province and some rooms collapsed in the Anyang area of Henan (Honan) Province. Some damage occurred at Beijing (Peking) and Tianjin (Tientsin). It was felt as far away as Hohhot and Nanjing. In the epicentral area, large fissures crisscrossed the ground and there were many sandblows. Embankments slumped into the Fuyang River. As with the Mar 07 quake, no no casualty figures were released, other than to say fewer people died than in the previous event. We assume that at least 1,000 people were killed in this earthquake based on the severe and extensive damage, despite the fact that it occurred in the afternoon, when most people would have been awake and better able to protect themselves. [ 310,92,8ak ] 1966/08/19 12000 7.3 Five villages were totally destroyed in the Dasht-e Bayaz area, and another 6 from Kakhk to Salayan had at least half of the buildings destroyed. A strong aftershock on Sep 01 destroyed the town of Ferdows (see next event). In all, more than 175 villages were destroyed or damaged in this rather sparsely populated area of Khorasan Province. Most buildings in the area were built of adobe with very thick (1-2 m, or about 3-6 ft) arched roofs. The walls shattered, bringing tons of material down on the people inside. This was a major reason for the severity of damage and casualties in this earthquake. The death toll would likely have been much higher if this quake would have struck in the middle of the night, when many more people would have been indoors. The few steel-frame or brick-and-mortar structures in the area generally survived with only minor to moderate damage, making it difficult to assign a maximum intensity to the quake. The intensity estimates range from VIII to X. Surface faulting occurred in a zone about 80 km (50 mi) long. The maximum strike-slip (horizontal) offset was about 4.5 m (15 ft) near Dasht-e Bayaz with a vertical offset of about 2 m. Extensive ground ruptures and sandblows occurred in the Nimbluk Valley east of Salayan, south of the main fault trace. [ 299B,300B,8am ] 1969/07/25 10000 7.5 The earthquake was centered 75 miles southwest of Kunming, a city of almost one million population, and 60 miles northwest of Gejiu (Kokiu), which has 180,000 people. Residents in Hanoi, North Vietnam, about 300 miiles from the epicenter, fled from their homes in terror as the temblor rumbled through that city. That severe damage occurred in the Tonghai area may be inferred from the approximate number of casualties, which was announced in 1988. It caused about 50 km (about 30 mi) of surface faulting on the Tonghai Fault, with maximum horizontal offset of 2.5 m (8 ft) and vertical offset of about 0.5 m (1.5 ft). [ 311A,300A,185 ] 1970/03/28 1086 6.9 More than 12,000 houses were destroyed or severely damaged in the Gediz-Emet area of Kutahya Province. Over 50 percent of the buildings were damaged in 53 villages in the area. A large amount of the damage was caused by landslides and fires triggered by the earthquake. Some damage occurred at Bursa and Yalova. It was felt at Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir and as far east as Erzincan. It was also felt on Chios (Khios) and Lesvos, Greece. Strong aftershocks caused considerable additional damage. A total of 61 km (38 mi) of predominantly normal (vertical, extensional or "pull-apart") faulting was observed in several zones in the Gediz area with a maximum offset of 275 cm (9 ft) on the Ayikayasi Fault. A large part of the fault displacements may be due to creep after the earthquake, rather than from the quake itself. Numerous landslides and changes in thermal springs occurred in the epicentral area. [ 306,335A,299C,8ao ] 1970/05/31 2000 7.0 The earthquake caused many fatalities and injuries, and extensive damage in the Yingkou-Haicheng areas. Minor damage was reported in Seoul, South Korea. The quake was felt in Primorskiy Kray, USSR, and on Kyushu, Japan. Chinese officials ordered the evacuation of Haicheng (population about 1 million) the day before the earthquake. In the preceding months, changes in land elevation and in ground water levels, and widespread reports of peculiar animal behavior had been reported. The increase in foreshock activity triggered the evacuation warning. It was estimated that the number of fatalities and injuries would have exceeded 150,000 if no earthquake prediction and evacuation had been made. The evacuation, along with the local style of housing construction and the time of the main shock, 7:36 p.m., saved thousands of lives. 1975/09/06 9500 8.0 At least 9,500 people were killed, about 30,000 were injured, more than 100,000 people were left homeless, and severe damage was caused in parts of Mexico City and in several states of central Mexico. According to some sources, the death toll from this earthquake may be as high as 35,000. It is estimated that the quake seriously affected an area of approximately 825,000 square kilometers, caused between 3 and 4 billion U.S. dollars of damage, and was felt by almost 20 million people. Four hundred twelve buildings collapsed and another 3,124 were seriously damaged in Mexico City. About 60 percent of the buildings were destroyed at Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco. Damage also occurred in the states of Colima, Guerrero, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, parts of Veracruz and in other areas of Jalisco. 1986/10/10 25000 6.8 Two events about 3 seconds apart. At least 25,000 people killed, 19,000 injured and 500,000 homeless in the Leninakan-Spitak-Kirovakan area of northern Armenia, USSR. More than 20 towns and 342 villages were affected and 58 of them were completely destroyed. Damage totaled 16.2 billion U.S. dollars. Damage (X) at Spitak and (IX) at Leninakan, Kirovakan and Stepanavan. Surface faulting 10 km in length and with a maximum throw of 1.5 m occurred. Power transmission lines were severely damaged and landslides buried railroad tracks in the epicentral area. Damage occurred in the Kelbadzhar area, Azerbaijan, USSR. Felt (VII) at Tabatskuri and Borzhomi; (VI) at Bogdanovka, Tbilisi and Yerevan; (V) at Goris; (IV) at Makhachkala and Groznyy; (III) at Sheki and Shemakha, USSR. Four people killed and damage in the Tuzluca-Kagizman-Kars area, Turkey. Felt in the Tabriz-Orumiyeh area, Iran. 1990/06/20 2500 7.5 At least 2,200 people killed or missing in the Flores region, including 1,490 at Maumere and 700 on Babi. More than 500 people were injured and 40,000 left homeless. 19 people were killed and 130 houses destroyed on Kalaotoa. Severe damage, with approximately 90 percent of the buildings destroyed at Maumere by the earthquake and tsunami; 50 to 80 percent of the structures on Flores were damaged or destroyed. Damage also occurred on Sumba and Alor. Tsunami run-up of 300 meters with wave heights of 25 meters was reported on Flores along with landslides and ground cracks at several locations around the island. Felt (V) at Larantuka, Flores; (IV) at Waingapu, Sumba and Ujung Pandang, Sulawesi; (II) at Kupang, Timor. 1993/09/29 5502 6.9 Five thousand five hundred two people confirmed killed, 36,896 injured and extensive damage (VII JMA) in the Kobe area and on Awaji-shima. Over 90 percent of the casualties occurred along the southern coast of Honshu between Kobe and Nishinomiya. At least 28 people were killed by a landslide at Nishinomiya. About 310,000 people were evacuated to temporary shelters. Over 200,000 buildings were damaged or destroyed. Numerous fires, gas and water main breaks and power outages occurred in the epicentral area. Felt (VII JMA) along a coastal strip extending from Suma Ward, Kobe to Nishinomiya and in the Ichinomiya area on Awaji-shima; (V JMA) at Hikone, Kyoto and Toyooka; (IV JMA) at Nara, Okayama, Osaka and Wakayama; (V) at Iwakuni. Also felt (IV JMA) at Takamatsu, Shikoku. Right-lateral surface faulting was observed for 9 kilometers with horizontal displacement of 1.2 to 1.5 meters in the northern part of Awaji-shima. Liquefaction also occurred in the epicentral area. 1995/05/27 1567 7.3 At least 1,567 people killed, 2,300 injured, 50,000 homeless, 10,533 houses destroyed, 5,474 houses damaged and landslides in the Birjand-Qayen area. Five people killed and some damage in the Herat area, Afghanistan. Felt in the Kerman, Khorasan, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan and Yazd regions of Iran. This earthquake occurred on the Abiz fault, as confirmed by field work of Manuel Berberian. This fault is north of the collision zone between the Arabian and Eurasian plates. The region of the Abiz fault is comprised of several microplates and is tectonically very active. The most notable regional earthquake was the Dasht-e-Bayez earthquake (magnitude 7.3) of 1968, which resulted in 12,000-20,000 deaths. Both the Abiz and Dasht-e-Bayez earthquakes showed left-laterial, strike-slip faulting. 1998/02/04 2183 7.0 2,183 people killed, thousands injured, about 9,500 homeless and about 500 missing as a result of a tsunami generated in the Sissano area. Maximum wave heights estimated at 10 meters. Several villages were completely destroyed and others extensively damaged. Maximum recorded wave heights from selected tide stations (one-half peak-to-trough, in cm) were as follows: 20 on Miyake-jima; 15 at Tosa-Shimuzu, Shikoku; 13 at Muroto, Shikoku; 12 at Naze, Amami O-shima; 10 on Tanega-shima; 10 at Kushimoto, Honshu. Other recorded wave heights (peak to trough, in cm) were as follows: 6 at Jackson Bay and 4.7 at Kaikoura, New Zealand; 5 on Yap. Felt along much of the northern Papua New Guinea coast. 1999/01/25 2400 7.6 At least 2,400 people killed, 8,700 injured, 600,000 people left homeless and about 82,000 housing units damaged by the earthquake and larger aftershocks. Damage estimated at 14 billion U.S. dollars. Maximum intensity (VI JMA) in Nan-tou and Tai-chung Counties. Half of a village was lost by subsidence into the Ta-an Hsi and landslides blocked the Ching-shui Hsi, creating a large lake. Two other lakes were created by substantial ground deformation near the epicenter. Surface faulting occurred along 75 km of the Chelungpu Fault. Felt (V JMA) at Chia-i and I-lan; (IV JMA) at Kao-hsiung, Taipei and Tai-tung; (IV JMA) on Lan Yu and Peng-hu Tao; (III JMA) at Hua-lien. Felt strongly in Fujian, Guangdong and Zhejiang Provinces. Felt (IV) in Hong Kong. Also felt (II JMA) on Iriomote-jima and Yonaguni-jima; (I JMA) on Ishigaki-jima and Miyako-jima, Ryukyu Islands. Complex earthquake. A small event is followed by a larger one about 11 seconds later. 2001/01/26 20085 7.6 At least 20,085 people killed, 166,836 injured, approximately 339,000 buildings destroyed and 783,000 damaged in the Bhuj-Ahmadabad-Rajkot area and other parts of Gujarat. Many bridges and roads damaged in Gujarat. At least 18 people killed and some injured in southern Pakistan. Felt throughout northern India and much of Pakistan. Also felt in Bangladesh and western Nepal. The earthquake occurred along an approximately east-west trending thrust fault at shallow depth. The stress that caused this earthquake is due to the Indian plate pushing northward into the Eurasian plate. Complex earthquake. A small event is followed by a larger one about 2 seconds later. 2002/03/25 2266 6.8 At least 2,266 people killed, 10,261 injured, about 180,000 homeless and more than 43,500 buildings damaged or destroyed (X) in the Algiers-Boumerdes-Dellys-Thenia area. Underwater telecommunication cables were cut and landslides, sandblows, liquefaction and ground cracks were observed. Maximum ground acceleration of 0.58g was recorded at Keddara. Damage estimated at between 600 million and 5 billion U.S. dollars. Felt from Mostaganem to Guelma and as far south as Biskra. Felt (III) on Mallorca and (II) on Ibiza and Menorca, Spain. Also felt (II) at Albacete, Alcantarilla, Alicante, Barcelona, Cartagena, Castellon de la Plana, Elda, Molina de Segura, Murcia, Sagunto and Villafranca del Panades, Spain. Felt in Monaco and southern France and on Sardinia, Italy. About 40 to 80 cm of uplift of the sea floor was measured along the coast of Algeria between Reghaia and Zemmouri el Bahri. A tsunami with a maximum estimated wave height of 2 m caused damage to boats in the Balearic Islands, Spain, especially in Puerto de Mahon, where 10 boats sank. It was recorded on tide gauges with the following maximum wave heights (peak-to-trough): 1.2 m at Palma de Mallorca, Spain; 10 cm at Nice, France; 8 cm at Genoa, Italy. The tsunami was also observed on the coast of Alicante, Castellon and Murcia, Spain. 2003/12/26 227898 9.1 This is the third largest earthquake in the world since 1900 and is the largest since the 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska earthquake. In total, 227,898 people were killed or were missing and presumed dead and about 1.7 million people were displaced by the earthquake and subsequent tsunami in 14 countries in South Asia and East Africa. (In January 2005, the death toll was 286,000. In April 2005, Indonesia reduced its estimate for the number missing by over 50,000.) The earthquake was felt (IX) at Banda Aceh, (VIII) at Meulaboh and (IV) at Medan, Sumatra and (III-V) in parts of Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The tsunami caused more casualties than any other in recorded history and was recorded nearly world-wide on tide gauges in the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Seiches were observed in India and the United States. Subsidence and landslides were observed in Sumatra. A mud volcano near Baratang, Andaman Islands became active on December 28 and gas emissions were reported in Arakan, Myanmar. 2005/03/28 86000 7.6 At least 86,000 people killed, more than 69,000 injured and extensive damage in northern Pakistan. The heaviest damage occurred in the Muzaffarabad area, Kashmir where entire villages were destroyed and at Uri where 80 percent of the town was destroyed. At least 32,335 buildings collapsed in Anantnag, Baramula, Jammu and Srinagar, Kashmir. Buildings collapsed in Abbottabad, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Islamabad, Lahore and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Maximum intensity VIII. Felt (VII) at Topi; (VI) at Islamabad, Peshawar and Rawalpindi; (V) at Faisalabad and Lahore. Felt at Chakwal, Jhang, Sargodha and as far as Quetta. At least 1,350 people killed and 6,266 injured in India. Felt (V) at Chandigarh and New Delhi; (IV) at Delhi and Gurgaon, India. Felt in Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh, India. At least one person killed and some buildings collapsed in Afghanistan. Felt (IV) at Kabul and (III) at Bagrami, Afghanistan. Felt (III) at Kashi, China and (II) at Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Also felt at Almaty, Kazakhstan. An estimated 4 million people in the area were left homeless. Landslides and rockfalls damaged or destroyed several mountain roads and highways cutting off access to the region for several days. Landslides also occurred farther north near the towns of Gilgit and Skardu, Kashmir. Liquefaction and sandblows occurred in the western part of the Vale of Kashmir and near Jammu. Landslides and rockfalls also occurred in parts of Himachal Pradesh, India. Seiches were observed in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, India and in many places in Bangladesh. 2006/05/26 87587 7.9 At least 69,195 people killed, 374,177 injured and 18,392 missing and presumed dead in the Chengdu-Lixian-Guangyuan area. More than 45.5 million people in 10 provinces and regions were affected. At least 15 million people were evacuated from their homes and more than 5 million were left homeless. An estimated 5.36 million buildings collapsed and more than 21 million buildings were damaged in Sichuan and in parts of Chongqing, Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi and Yunnan. The total economic loss was estimated at 86 billion US dollars. Beichuan, Dujiangyan, Wuolong and Yingxiu were almost completely destroyed. Landslides and rockfalls damaged or destroyed several mountain roads and railways and buried buildings in the Beichuan-Wenchuan area, cutting off access to the region for several days. At least 700 people were buried by a landslide at Qingchuan. Landslides also dammed several rivers, creating 34 barrier lakes which threatened about 700,000 people downstream. A train was buried by a landslide near Longnan, Gansu. At least 2,473 dams sustained some damage and more than 53,000 km of roads and 48,000 km of tap water pipelines were damaged. About 1.5 km of surface faulting was observed near Qingchuan, surface cracks and fractures occurred on three mountains in the area, and subsidence and street cracks were observed in the city itself. Maximum intensity XI was assigned in the Wenchuan area. Felt (VIII) at Deyang and Mianyang; (VII) at Chengdu; (VI) at Luzhou and Xi'an; (V) at Chongqing, Guozhen, Lanzhou, Leshan, Wu'an, Xichang and Ya'an. Felt in much of central, eastern and southern China, including Beijing, Guangzhou, Hefei, Nanjing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Wuhan and in Hong Kong. Also felt in parts of Bangladesh, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. Seiches were observed at Kotalipara, Bangladesh. 2009/09/30 1117 7.5 At least 1,117 people killed, 1,214 injured, 181,665 buildings destroyed or damaged and about 451,000 people displaced in the Padang- Pariaman area. Landslides disrupted power and communications in the area. Felt (VII) at Padang; (VI) at Bukittinggi; (IV) at Bengkulu, Duri, Mukomuko and Sibolga; (III) at Pekanbaru. Also felt (IV) at Gunungsitoli, Nias and (II) at Jakarta, Java. Felt throughout Sumatra and in much of Java. Felt (III) in Singapore and at George Town, Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya, Shah Alam and Sungai Chua, Malaysia. Felt in much of Peninsular Malaysia and as far away as Chiang Mai, Thailand. A 27-cm (center-to-peak) local tsunami was recorded at Padang, Sumatra. 2010/01/12 316000 7.0 According to official estimates, 316,000 people killed, 300,000 injured, 1.3 million displaced, 97,294 houses destroyed and 188,383 damaged in the Port-au-Prince area and in much of southern Haiti. Other estimates suggest substantially lower numbers of casualties, perhaps as low as fewer than 100,000. The casualties include at least 4 people killed by a local tsunami in the Petit Paradis area near Leogane. Tsunami waves were also reported at Jacmel, Les Cayes, Petit Goave, Leogane, Luly and Anse a Galets. The tsunami had recorded wave heights (peak-to-trough) of 12 cm at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and 2 cm at Christiansted, US Virgin Islands. Uplift was observed along the coast from Leogane to L'Acul and subsidence was observed along the coast from Grand Trou to Port Royal. Felt (VIII) at Leogane; (VII) at Carrefour, Port-au-Prince and Petionville; (VI) at Vieux Bourg d'Aquin; (V) at Port-de-Paix. Felt (V) at La Vega, Moca and San Cristobal; (IV) at Bani, Bonao, Luperon, Nagua, Puerto Plata, Santiago, Santo Domingo and Sosua, Dominican Republic. Felt throughout Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Felt (III) at Oranjestad, Aruba; (IV) at Santiago de Cuba and (III) at Guantanamo, Cuba; (II) in the Kingston-Mona area, Jamaica; (II) at Carolina and San Juan, Puerto Rico; (III) at Cockburn Harbour and (II) at Cockburn Town, Turks and Caicos Islands; (III) at Maracaibo and (II) at Caracas, Venezuela. Felt in parts of The Bahamas, Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands and as far as southern Florida, northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. 2010/04/13	Kobe (disambiguation)
What was Buddy Holly's real first name?	Claim: Huge Earthquake overdue Pacific North West \| Watts Up With That? Watts Up With That? The world's most viewed site on global warming and climate change Menu OFUNATO, Japan (March 15, 2011) A fishing boat is among debris in Ofunato, Japan, following a 9.0 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Matthew M. Bradley/Released) Guest essay by Eric Worrall h/t IceAgeNow – seismologist Chris Goldfinger has warned that a gigantic Earthquake, just off the coast of the Pacific Northwest, with the potential to kill over 10,000 American people, is many decades overdue. According to The New Yorker; San Andreas, which runs nearly the length of California and is perpetually rumored to be on the verge of unleashing “the big one.” That rumor is misleading, no matter what the San Andreas ever does. Every fault line has an upper limit to its potency, determined by its length and width, and by how far it can slip. For the San Andreas, one of the most extensively studied and best understood fault lines in the world, that upper limit is roughly an 8.2—a powerful earthquake, but, because the Richter scale is logarithmic, only six per cent as strong as the 2011 event in Japan. Just north of the San Andreas, however, lies another fault line. Known as the Cascadia subduction zone, it runs for seven hundred miles off the coast of the Pacific Northwest, beginning near Cape Mendocino, California, continuing along Oregon and Washington, and terminating around Vancouver Island, Canada. The “Cascadia” part of its name comes from the Cascade Range, a chain of volcanic mountains that follow the same course a hundred or so miles inland. The “subduction zone” part refers to a region of the planet where one tectonic plate is sliding underneath (subducting) another. Tectonic plates are those slabs of mantle and crust that, in their epochs-long drift, rearrange the earth’s continents and oceans. Most of the time, their movement is slow, harmless, and all but undetectable. Occasionally, at the borders where they meet, it is not. Read more: http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/07/20/the-really-big-one The Earthquake and tsunami are not the only problems which victims of the coming Earthquake will face. According to The New Yorker, Fifteen per cent of Seattle is built on liquefiable land, including seventeen day-care centers and the homes of some thirty-four thousand five hundred people. . Liquefiable land is exactly what it sounds like – during a strong Earthquake it temporarily turns to a liquid similar to quicksand. Anything solid simply sinks into the ground. The odds of a major in the next 50 years are estimated as one in three, or a “full rupture”, which would generate a magnitude 9+ Earthquake just off the coast of the Western seaboard, as one in ten. In the wake of the devastating 2011 Japan Earthquake , Japan has been busy deploying Earthquake early warning sensors throughout the country. Earthquakes create non destructive “ P waves “, which can be detected ahead of the main quake, providing a few minutes warning. The following Fox News interview claims there is no budget to deploy a Japanese style early warning system in the Seattle area, or any of the other regions at risk from the Cascadia fault – perhaps local government departments are too busy writing “global warming impact” studies, to give attention to Earthquake risks. http://video.foxnews.com/v/video-embed.html?video_id=4356513070001 According to the video, if a full rupture Earthquake strikes, everything West of Interstate 5 will be “toast”. The last time the Cascadia fault produced a major Earthquake was in 1700, and there is evidence of 41 similar events occurring roughly every 240 years, stretching back over the last 10,000 years, so there is strong historical evidence that this is a real and present danger to the citizens of the American Northwest. The next Earthquake is at least 60 years overdue. Rate this: 200 thoughts on “Claim: Huge Earthquake overdue Pacific North West” indefatigablefrog Has anyone noticed that insurance payout costs for seismic events are rising? Surely proof of “extreme seismicity”. As we all know, insurance costs are the new perfect barometer of all global trends. At least, they are, if you are an idiot. Jbird July 21, 2015 at 5:27 am Yah. Increased population and more buildings in earthquake vulnerable cities, added to the cost of inflation can account for higher insurance payouts. Of course the insurance companies also collect more in premiums for the same reasons, so it’s a wash for them. Even so, you can probably expect these companies to use the disaster as an excuse to raise premiums. (What? Their actuaries didn’t figure it In?) Soo, a major disaster like this one can also have financial reverberations for people not directly affected long after the seismic waves have ceased. I wonder if the cost of a tall Pike Place at Starbucks will rise after the Pike Place Starbucks has been leveled. Greg Roane July 21, 2015 at 9:01 am Which Pike Place Starbucks? There are two on Pike Place (one at the Market entrance at Pike Street and First, and the original Starbucks down by Virginia Ave.) Also, there are at least another seven up Pike and Pine Streets between the Market and I-5. It will cost a lot to raise the razed, and that cost will be extracted from the consumer of fine, Fair Trade coffee blends the world over. You will be made to pay. Jbird July 21, 2015 at 2:41 pm Greg; I was referring to the original Pike Place Starbucks by the market. It’s the one I am never able to get into when I’m visiting, because there is always a line nearly a block long. Seems to me that one would definitely get clobbered along with the Pike Place Market. Pete J. July 21, 2015 at 7:17 pm Yes but… This has been known since at least the Geology of Quakes class I had at UC in the ’70s. Timing could be tomorrow, or could be in 100 years. In geologic time “now” is measured in centuries… OTOH, The Cascadia quake of 1700 was just 7 years off of the 9ish Great Quake in Japan so there might be a teleconnection between the two sides and we just had a Japan Great Quake in Fukushima… queue spooky sound effect… Our lives are just too short to really grasp geologic scale timing… I’d not move from Seattle if I lived there…though I’d get a good USGS Quake Damage Map if I was moving in and avoid the highest risk places. I say this having been in a 7 quake and living visual distance to The San Andreas and Hayward faults (but where the USGS map said shake was low…and they were right. Lost one wine glass from the mantle and not much else.) noaaprogrammer July 21, 2015 at 10:45 pm Not too long after the Seattle Space Needle was built, a cousin of mine was in the Space Needle when a minor earthquake occurred, but the inverted pendulum effect at the top of the tower caused quite a sway, and certainly frightened the occupants. July 21, 2015 at 7:18 pm Yes, and when it does, if the North Shore of Vancouver (North Vancouver and West Vancouver) is in a wet cycle, the whole thing will slide into Burrard Inlet. Learned this in geology classes at UBC 50 years ago. Of course the “big one” could still be hundreds of years away, but Burrard inlet will fill up with mud. (Interesting aside – I was project manager for a marina project there many years ago. The bottom of Burrard Inlet is full of colloidal clay. The navigation charts have an interesting note that goes something like this: Low tide depth 25 feet, navigable to 40 feet [ not exact as that was 40 years ago but close]) July 22, 2015 at 9:08 am I used to do something like that in San Francisco Bay (though not as extreme). The depth average is about 10 feet. I had a “shoal draft keel” of 27 inches on my motor-sailer… so I could go where others could not. Now add in about a foot (or sometimes 2) of thin ‘silt’… I’d sail into places where you could see the mud under a thin layer of water, and back out again leaving a muddy water trail behind me…. Folks with 6 foot ‘fin keels’ would be waving madly at me trying to ‘warn me off’…. On one occasion, headed into Port Sonoma, the navigable channel is quite long. So long you can’t see the port when you see the outer channel marker (some miles out in the water). Saw a nice big yacht just outside the right channel mark. As I made a LOT of leeway with my stumpy keel, and tacking single handed was a pain, and this was where the depth was a good 4 or 5 feet outside the dredged channel, I decided to just ‘swing outside’ of him (thinking he could tack back toward the channel if I wasn’t in his way). As I started to pass his stern some ways back, folks on board started to frantically wave. I waved back before I realized they were not saying “hello” but were “warning”. As I passed astern out to starboard, I saw a cloud of muddy water churning aft of them. They had a long fin keel, stuck in the mud, and were desperate to motor off of it. But were not moving and were quite stuck. The waving and shouting died down and they just stood on deck looking at me blankly as I went about 50 yards past the channel markers and made a lazy tack back toward the channel. I needed to swing wide to assure my leeway would not put me too close to them, but with the small full length keel, that was no problem. I didn’t have to worry until I could SEE the bottom and that was a good 2 or 3 miles further toward shore ;-) How to get dirty looks and annoy people … I had bought my boat based on the “conditions” where it would sail. A mud flat barely covered with water called a ‘bay’ but really a “river channel with wide flood plains”. Other people bought racing boat wanna-bees and had to worry about finding the dredged channels or stay in the small deep parts near Angel Island… Yeah “light silt is your friend” department… rogerthesurf July 21, 2015 at 12:26 am “Liquefiable land is exactly what it sounds like – during a strong Earthquake it temporarily turns to a liquid similar to quicksand. Anything solid simply sinks into the ground.” As someone who has had the misfortune to see “liquifaction” first hand, the above is a pretty poor description, at least for the examples I saw. In my case, the shaking, (and we had Ground Accelerations of over 3 G’s which is among the highest ever recorded let alone recorded under a city), caused the solids to sink and all the moisture was squeezed up to the surface and caused flooding. I saw things that were less dense than the silt/sand also squeezed up,including water sewers/pipes etc.although it could be that the utilities did not move and the silts and road moved down.. River banks liquified and slumped towards rivers. Saw a quite a few buildings that had foundation probs but none that actually sunk completely out of sight. Some of the sink holes in the roads were big enough to trap cars though. Cheers July 21, 2015 at 12:51 am I’ve never seen it firsthand, my “quicksand” reference came from the Fox News video. Having said that there are cases on record of extreme liquefaction which causes large scale damage, so its possible that more extreme events might sometimes occur than what you witnessed. A 9.2 Earthquake would be around 1000 times stronger than the recent Christchurch Earthquakes. For example, the Wikipedia description of the 1692 Jamaica Earthquake which destroyed Port Royal, estimated to be a 7.5, suggests people were buried alive when huge fissures opened up then closed again, trapping them underground, and much of the town simply flowed into the sea. July 21, 2015 at 7:14 am @ climatereason I followed the link and read the story. I was disappointed to note that they used models. Models all the way down. For example, ” … Dr Madabhushi then subjected the model to a simulated earthquake – and his data provided the ultimate proof on whether whole towns could have been destroyed.” Data? What data? He has results of a model, not data. The story was interesting and I enjoyed it, but the whole thing is little more than a wild assed guess. It was a SWAG … a scientific wild assed guess. (although a plausible one) July 21, 2015 at 7:58 am As a life-long Portlandian, I can tell you our local and state elected officials are FAR more concerned with allowing sex-change operations (without parental knowledge) for middle schoolers, licensing “vegan strip clubs”, persecuting Christian bakers and providing subsidized gold-plated light rail service for the 15 folks interested in using it, than in preparing for the the Big One. Soddom and Gomorrah is a perfectly apt comparison. rogerthesurf July 21, 2015 at 3:37 am Sorry I meant to say that the ground acceleration in Christchurch was over 2 G’s. Actually this is incredibly high. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_ground_acceleration Although there have been larger events recorded such as Richter scale 9 etc. it does not mean that the city or populated area receives the full effect of it because of depth of the quake and the distance from the epicenter etc. Comparing PGA gives a better evaluation of the earthquake as it is measuring the event where the damage is being done. For instance the Kobe earthquake had PGA of 0.8 and the ’64 Alaska earthquake only 0.18. The San Francisco earthquake in ’89 as I recall, does not even appear to make the Wikipedia list. Well I hope this is of some interest. Cheers July 21, 2015 at 6:41 am The Embarcadero in San Fran suffered significant liquefaction during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. One of the cooler features during severe earthquakes like this are ‘sand volcanoes’, best seen around New Madrid, Missouri. One of the dangers not touched on in the generally excellent New Yorker article is the danger from lahars originating from Mount Rainier. Smithsonian magazine, about 1996, ran an extensive article on the large-scale rock modification beneath the glaciers of Mt. Rainier. It turns out that the bases of the glaciers have been melting, and the ground water is being heated and ejected onto the surface, and the cycle repeating. This changes the rock into a clay-like substance, which, in a seismic or volcanic event, will fail, causing the glaciers to head down the mountain. It is barely possible that a Cascadia earthquake would literally shake the glaciers off Rainier. Dan Kurt July 21, 2015 at 7:26 pm Having sunk into a sand bar due to its liquefaction from the vibrations of hoof beats while riding a horse over it, I can certainly attest to the suddenness of the effect. The only warning was spurts of water suddenly shooting a few inches out of the pores of the sand all over the sand bar before it liquified and dropped my horse into the sand up to its belly … and the sand sort of solidified enough for the horse and I to roll to more solid land. I learned about this effect and did experiments to demonstrate pore pressures in soils class at university but seeing it first hand was much more impressive. (I wish I had only experienced it once – ) [No injuries to the horse, or rider? .mod] les July 21, 2015 at 12:31 am If memory serves, in addition to several 500 year gaps in that record, the last 4 earthquakes average out at a little over 300 years. The article above leaves out one of the more significant factors mentioned in the original article – the sudden drop of 1-2 meters with respect to sea level that will accompany the quake. This is why in Japan the 10 meter tsunami overwhelmed a 10 meter sea wall. The sudden release of pressure meant that the coast of Japan dropped 1-1.5 meters with respect to sea level so as a result the top of the 10 meter sea wall was reduced to 8.5 meters above sea level. Despite this, where they were built those walls still deflected most of the energy of the tsunami. Sadly, here in the Pacific North West, such precautions do not exist. M Courtney It depends on what you mean by “particular time”. A 1,000-year window is pretty darn “particular” on a geological time scale. Don K July 21, 2015 at 5:57 am “Are earthquakes run on a periodic frequency, a clockwork seismology?” Pretty much they are … we think. Current conceptual models for subduction (Cascadia) and slip-strike (San Andreas) fault systems amount to relaxation oscillators. The underlying plate motions are constant. Quakes occur when the stresses accumulated from plate motion overcome the friction that keeps the fault from slipping. Quakes reset the oscillator, but stresses start to build again immediately. The period between oscillations isn’t completely fixed, but it’s not random. So unlike tropical cyclones where each event is independent of predecessors, the probability of many earthquake events — especially the very big ones — does increase with the time since the last event on the fault. jorgekafkazar Seismic moment M = shear modulus x length x width x displacement Displacement = plate velocity x time since last earthquake = 4 cm/year x 300 years = 12 meter That translates to a quake between 7 and 9.3 depending on the rupture area. Beta Blocker July 22, 2015 at 1:04 pm Hans, over the weekend, the New Yorker article was a topic of conversation at a large annual gathering of my family relatives who are scattered around the Pacific Northwest. Some number of these relatives live on or near the coast. One of these relatives is a retired geologist who lives and works in central Washington State. He noted that the predicted seismic displacement for the next Cascadia subduction zone earthquake is approximately 39 feet. His basic observation was that if the Really Big One hits the Pacific Northwest within our lifetimes, those of us who live well inland must be prepared to host our west coast relatives for a period lasting possibly as long as five years. M Courtney July 21, 2015 at 1:26 am The 10,000 deaths you mention is the estimate for Oregon alone, based on the assumption that Cascadia happens in February when most people are in their homes. A “full rupture” Cascadia event affects everywhere from the Mendocino Triple Junction in northern California to Vancouver, BC. Thousands more will die elsewhere. If Cascadia struck on a sunny summer weekend then 10,000 could die in Seaside, Oregon alone because of it’s unique geology. An early warning system will not be much good. Coastal residents will only have about 15 minutes or so from the time the earthquake hits and the tsunami arrives. The best coastal residents can do is to have a tsunami escape plan before the quake hits. Fortunately, the State of Oregon has already done about all possible to help Oregonians prepare. It’s called the Oregon Resiliency Plan. The Oregon Department of Mineral and Industries (DOGAMI), where Chris Goldfinger works and the DOGAMI team works, have created exceptionally detailed maps of the the entire Oregon coast tsunami danger zones. From those detailed maps, the State of Oregon installed marked tsunami escape routes all along Oregon’s coast. The state also created an online tool that any coastal resident can enter their home address and it will build a customized escape route for them out of the danger zone. Even 315 years later, the effects of the Great Cascadia Earthquake of 1700 are still apparent along Oregon/Washington coastal rivers and estuaries: The dead snags seen in this picture are the remains of a coast forest that sank about 8 feet or so during that quake and got inundated by salt water, which both killed and preserved the trees. Called “ghost forests” these can be found all along the Oregon/Washington coasts. I wrote an article about Cascadia a couple years ago. It’s titled “Cascadia: Day of Destiny”: July 21, 2015 at 2:13 am I think even a few minutes warning might save some lives. The videos of the Japanese tsunami, taken by people who survived, were mostly created by people in strong, modern Earthquake resistant steel and concrete buildings. A lot of the people who died were driving their cars, or otherwise completely taken by surprise – some of the videos show people driving towards the tsunami, because they couldn’t see what was happening a few hundred yards ahead of them. The buildings the survivors were in – the tsunami and the debris mostly washed around them, leaving the people inside unharmed. If I knew an Earthquake was about to hit, or had hit, and the tsunami was about to arrive, it would be nice to have a few minutes warning, so I could stop driving and find one of those Earthquake resistant buildings. It would also be nice if those Earthquake resistant buildings were easy to find – a bit sign out front saying “Earthquake safe house” or some such might help. Hector Pascal July 21, 2015 at 4:36 am The early warning system is in place in Japan, and it works. You get the warning, then the shake. What happens is your cellphone rings with a unique tone, and you get a text message. I’ve heard it several times in the past few years, Thankfully we’ve had nothing as violent as the Tohoku earthquake in that time. That was scary. After the Great Hanshin Earthquake, the building regulations were heavily revised. Many older multi story buildings were triangulated and braced. All newer public buildings are tied to the ground with pilings, and heavily steel reinforced. So, the city office, hospital, school or particularly school gym will be earthquake resistant up to about magnitude 8-9. Don’t know the exact figure. School gyms are important because they have plenty of space, toilets, showers, kitchens and tatami mats. They are dual purposed as evacuation centres. Hector in Tohoku. July 21, 2015 at 7:20 am Agreed, more warning time is better. The Pacific Northwest has a distinct disadvantage compared to Japan. It was built up believing there is very little earthquake threat there, let alone anything like Cascadia. Scientists didn’t really start becoming aware of the Cascadia threat until the 1980s. By then most of the northwest’s infrastructure was already built, and none of it to earthquake standards. The State or Oregon was the first government to get serious about Cascadia and it’s plan didn’t come out until 2013! I grew up in the Pacific Northwest. I was always told “The Big One” was gonna happen along California’s San Andreas fault and we had nothing to worry about. Little did the northwest know the real “Big One” is gonna hit them. July 21, 2015 at 5:13 am Good article azleader. You’ve summarized and explained much better most of the points I was going to try and make. A Cascadia earthquake is only the first strike of a very deadly two or three punch event. The following tsunamis and even aftershocks are the second and third punch stacking injury, death and physical destruction perhaps better phrased as utter devastation. The tsunamis that washed over Sri Lanka were moderated by the flat terrain of Sri Lanka. The tsunamis that will swamp the Oregon, Washington, British Columbia coasts will be multiplied by the shallow estuaries funneling up into heavily developed narrowing hilly river valleys. Earthquake researchers digging up tsunamis deposits have documented tsunamis washing over the hills. West Coast city plans for citizens to start walking towards high ground when the sirens sound; a tough escape plan if the ground is still undergoing aftershocks. Now about those strato volcanoes all along the coast. Their lahars (global warmed melted glaciers, no doubt) would bring deadly danger from the allegedly ‘safe’ East. Dan_Kurt July 21, 2015 at 1:39 pm God is trying to help in Seattle at least as the Tunnel project to permit US 99 to go underground the center of Seattle for circa 2 miles along the waterfront is (permanently?) stalled due to “technical difficulties” in a broken boring machine. Dan Kurt July 21, 2015 at 8:15 am Very similar “ghost forests” can be found at high altitude lakes where they certainly did not sink 8 feet into salty brine. They are used extensively in tree ring drought studies. Sorry, the Cascadia subduction zone is a really, really wimpy subduction that has largely been translated to strike slip. You can see slab descent in Benioff zones where the depths of hundreds of tiny earthquakes can be mapped as contour lines. Here is the western Pacific: Here is “Cascadia”: We should certainly improve our earthquake/tsunami preparedness, but to equate the subduction earthquake potential in the Cascades with Japan, as is done in the New Yorker article, is just plain silly. Jake J July 21, 2015 at 2:33 pm We should certainly improve our earthquake/tsunami preparedness, but to equate the subduction earthquake potential in the Cascades with Japan, as is done in the New Yorker article, is just plain silly. Why? Your post didn’t really explain it. I live in Seattle and have read about and watched the documentary about the next big one. If this is overblown, I’d love to know about it. Please present your evidence. July 21, 2015 at 9:32 pm To my mind I presented ample visual evidence. We can see subduction. We see it both in the Benioff zones I showed and from seismic tomography. Please look at the images carefully and compare Japan with Seattle. Please don’t get me wrong. Seattle is at risk from tsunami. Everywhere coastal is. Crescent City California was devastated by a tsunami in 1964. That 9.2 earthquake was in ALASKA. Please look at the images again. For whatever reason Seattle pretty much got a pass. My point is a response to somewhere in the beginning of the article where they say that the San Andreas is only capable of 8.something. Cascadia as well. There is virtually no subduction going on there. Furthermore, subduction thrust faults make way gnarlier tsunamis than San Andreas style lateral faults. John F. Hultquist July 22, 2015 at 2:26 pm I have to agree with John F. Hultquist on this. When a zone is moving it isn’t as much of a threat as when it is locked. That very very astoundingly naively short duration map of “subduction” can’t say much at all about what does, or does not, subduct on longer time scales (i.e. real geologic time). Similar to the San Andreas. The parts that DO move are not where you get the really great quakes. The parts that are presently locked and have been for a few hundred years are where you wait to die. The “evidence in the dirt” around Cascadia is darned clear. Great Quakes of about a size 9 happen, and with modest periodicity of the 300-500 year range. No ifs, ands, or buts. Get ready for it, or get dead from it. That that plate is hung up right now, and has been for a 100 years+, is reason for grave concern. That Japan has more steady creep in it’s side of the Pacific is why it hasn’t been destroyed (yet). July 22, 2015 at 10:39 pm Whoa, why do I sense alarmism here. The Japanese +9.0 is proven. The Alaskan +9.0 threat is proven. The Cascadia +9.0 threat…not. Get used to it, the really big logarithmic scaled earthquakes happen in serious subduction zones. The tiny scrap of a plate being pushed by a relict ridge of Cascadia simply isn’t one of these. Strain develops in all regimes. Strain is measured mightily along the San Andreas strike slip system. No pretense of understanding why, but the largest Richter scale earthquakes happen in real subduction zones. Tsunamis are ocean sloshes. They are tides. Check out the videos of Japan. There was no Maverics style crashing wave. It was a tide that wouldn’t quit. If you want to slosh the ocean, subduction is way more efficient than strike slip. July 22, 2015 at 4:49 pm It’s true there are ghost forests created in other ways. That is NOT the case of the ones on the Washington/Oregon coasts. In fact, their discovery by UW scientist Brian Atwood in the 1980s was the first hard evidence of the Cascadia threat. Atwater had noticed a similar phenomena happened in Alaska after the Prince Williams Sound 9.2 mega-quake of 1964, then looked similar occurrences in in the Pacific Northwest. Chris Goldfinger and others found turbidite evidence in sea floor sediments documenting 41 total Cascadia mega-quakes over the last 10,000 years: The New Yorker didn’t get all their facts right, especially about Seattle, but they did not exaggerate the threat. It’s very real. There is a 37% chance another Cascadia will happen in the next 50 years. When it strikes, it will indeed be the largest natural disaster to strike the continental United States. July 22, 2015 at 11:18 pm Statistics is rolling dice. I’m inclined with good company that God does not play dice. At least with dice the outcome is constrained by moments as they leave the hand, angles of incidence with the impact surface, and the shapes of the die. When you say there is a 37% chance in the next fifty years of another of the 41 historic quakes, what are the parameters? How, exactly do turbidite flows gauge earthquake severity as opposed to sediment instability? Mary Brown July 23, 2015 at 6:22 am “Statistics is rolling dice” Not really. Statistics is doing science and collecting data. You take what you know and create “loaded dice”. Then you roll them to randomize the unknowns while quantifying the knowns. In most of the country, to get a 8.0 earthquake, you have to roll two dice and get a total of 13. July 23, 2015 at 8:11 am Loading dice does not randomize the unknowns. It merely validates your preconception. The Pacific coast of North America is a very dangerous place for earthquakes. A mid 8 is possible anywhere along the margin. It would wreak so much havoc nobody would even care if there was a tsunami. But please don’t ignore the New Madrid fault in the heartland. I think many would agree you could roll two dice and get a 13 there. Mary Brown July 23, 2015 at 9:32 am You only need to roll snake eyes to get an 8.0 on New Madrid, Charleston, or the west coast. Portland has been my home for many years but the worst earthQ I ever rode out was 5.9 in Virginia of all places… That was really freaky… and the odds on that were probably rolling snake eyes twice in a row. July 23, 2015 at 10:42 am Irony intended. Einstein did not reject quantum. He worked closely with Bohr on the quanta of electron states and fully agreed. They parted ways over the post quantum perversion of elevating statistics to the stature of a force of nature. You can say Einstein was wrong. I humbly agree with him. Statistics is whitewash for what we do not understand, earthquakes equally with quantum superposition etc. Anyway, thanks for the links.We WILL be whacked by a big earthquake and it will be a holocaust whether it be in LA, SF, of Cascadia. My only point in all of this is that the Cascadia drama seems excessive. Mary Brown July 23, 2015 at 11:48 am “Statistics is whitewash for what we do not understand” Statistics don’t improve science, but I would argue that statistics enable you to maximize the operational use of scientific knowledge. We don’t know for certain if it will rain or not, but if you develop stats for sharpness and reliability, knowing whether the POPs are 2% or 88% makes a big difference in the operational value of meteorological knowledge. Can you tell I work for a statistics operation ? July 23, 2015 at 10:06 pm I can tell that you are a philosopher. If you work for a statistics operation, thank goodness. Statistics is in dire need of your philosophy. I completely agree with your argument above. Still keeping the 37% chance of Cascadia cataclysm under advisement. Time is short and work is long. You are the statistician. What do you think? Mary Brown July 24, 2015 at 8:20 am I don’t know squat about forecasting earthquakes. But I’ve forecast just about anything else….one year here at work, most of our company profit came from forecasting American Idol eliminations. Not kidding. What makes me furious about climate change is the lack of accountability of forecasts. They are so far in the future and have no statistical cross-check. Now that we have a quarter century of verification, the results aren’t pretty. Statistically, about 40% of the warming forecast seems justified, the rest is model bias. But there are so few forecast cases, stats really can’t tell the story. Weather models were originally terrible but after zillions of cases, the statistics identified the problems which were then addressed. Now the weather models still have numerous flaws that are statistically corrected. Climate models do not…and will not… have the robust verification database that could lead to model improvements. There just aren’t enough independent cases. Interesting article. My response is too long to put here and requires a lot of explanation so I’ve posted it on my blog: Could global warming be delaying the “Big one” earthquake (re WUWT) Summary: In short, increasing temperatures could be delaying “the big one”. Phil B. July 21, 2015 at 5:04 am There is a paper currently undergoing peer review that analyses the correlation between the solar magnetic cycles, their relative strength and polarity, and earthquakes of M8 or greater in magnitude. Assuming that the sun does in fact have some geo-effective influence on large earthquakes (which this paper strongly suggests) then there is perhaps some mechanism whereby a period of strong solar activity reduces the occurrence of large earthquakes in the Pacific North-West of the continental United States. There are other papers that are currently being written which investigate the correlation between strong pressure systems and earthquake activity associated with them. These papers treat pressure systems as electromagnetic interactions (coined “earthspots”, as per their solar counterpart, sunspots), and view earthquakes through an electromagnetic lens. If either (or both) of these hypotheses, which are in their infancy, prove to be true, then perhaps the warm temperatures experienced by the Pacific North-West correlate with reduced major earthquake activity. Though in either of these cases the warmth correlates with, rather than is the cause of, this phenomena. July 21, 2015 at 6:58 am “Correlation does not imply causation”. I remember an article in Science Digest in the 1970s that warned that the Grand Alignment of all the outer planets would cause extreme weather events which would cause The Big One on the San Andreas. Didn’t happen. Phil B. July 21, 2015 at 8:21 am I agree entirely. But correlation is a good starting point for investigating whether or not causation is there as well, no? I mean, correlation does not imply causation. But causation demands correlation – so the latter is the right place to start looking. Och, aye. An’ Ah could hae haggis forrr brrreakfast. But Ah’m not. Frank July 21, 2015 at 2:15 am Eric wrote: “The last time the Cascadia fault produced a major Earthquake was in 1700, and there is evidence of 41 similar events occurring roughly every 240 years, stretching back over the last 10,000 years, so there is strong historical evidence that this is a real and present danger to the citizens of the American Northwest. The next Earthquake is at least 60 years overdue.” Many of the events involved only a partial rupture of the Cascade fault and weren’t as strong as the one in 1700. A weaker earthquake is “overdue”. Seismologists estimate a 15% chance of a full rupture within 50 years, producing an earthquake and tsunami similar to Tohoku in Japan in 2011. July 21, 2015 at 5:43 am You are right, a weaker event is expected next time, but a “weaker” Cascadia is 8.7 or 8.8 and would still be the largest earthquake to strike the continental United States. Of the 41 events, the Cascadia of 1700 was rated “medium”. A partial Cascadia begins down at the Mendocino Triple Junction and rips northward some distance, but not all the way up to the Seattle/Vancouver BC areas. They would be less affected than by a full rupture Cascadia event. Liquifaction, of course, can occur great distances away, like happens in Mexico City, depending on geology. Gamecock July 23, 2015 at 6:01 am An early warning system would be of help, but nothing will stand in the way of Cascadia; just as nothing stood in the way for Japan in 2011 with all it’s massive earthquake preparedness. The best the Pacific Northwest can do is start a long-term and very expensive project to require all new major structures west of the Cascade Mountains be EQ resistant to 9.0 and that existing buildings and critical infrastructure retrofitted to that same standard. It would be a great economic boom to the construction business. :) Mary Brown July 23, 2015 at 6:55 am “but nothing will stand in the way of Cascadia; just as nothing stood in the way for Japan in 2011 with all it’s massive earthquake preparedness. ” Japan was prepared and 16,000 people died. During the Boxing Day Tsunami of 2004, most people had no preparation and no warning. 230,000 people died. Preparations make a huge difference. Mary Brown… You are absolutely correct, preparation makes all the difference in the world! That’s why the State of Oregon is to be commended for accurately identifying all the tsunami zones in great detail along its coast and marking their escape routes. That, no doubt, will save many lives in that state. Other places should do the same thing. Every coastal resident should pay attention and be aware of their escape routes if they are in an affected area. That’s about as good as you can do for a tsunami. I don’t think there is any such thing as tsunami-proofing structures. It will be harder to convince people away from the tsunami zones to expensively prepare for a hidden danger that hasn’t happened in hundreds of years and may not happen for hundreds more. highflight56433 Have an earthquake kit outside the house, if possible. Juan Slayton July 21, 2015 at 2:49 am …if a full rupture Earthquake strikes, everything West of Interstate 5 will be “toast” This statement appears to be from an unnamed FEMA official. Anybody know who said it, and on what basis? It certainly wouldn’t be from the tsunami; there are whole mountain ranges between I-5 and the coast.. les July 21, 2015 at 11:00 am I read a good part of the USGS document that led to the “toast” conclusion. The conclusion arises out of the consequence of the earthquake, not the quake itself. If memory serves, the estimate was over 60% of bridges would be unusable. The USGS document stated that together with landslides, re-directed rivers and streams, power outage, shattered water and gas distribution, those living east of the I-5 would be on their own for between one and three months before services could be restored (priority would be given to the major population centers). The community groups that heard this presentation agreed that the ‘toast’ comment was an accurate summary of what it would mean if even a small town if they had to ‘live off the land’ for a month. The effect on a medium sized city are the stuff of horror flicks. * 85,000 buildings with extensive damage requiring months to years of repair. * Approximately $32 billion in economic losses. * 27,600 displaced households. * 1-3 years to restore drinking water and sewer to coastal communities * 1 month to 1 year to restore water and sewer to the “safe” Willamette Valley (55 miles inland) * 6-12 months to restore partial function to top-priority highways in the Willamette Valley (like I-5) * 2-4 months to restore police and fire services in the Willamette Valley * 18 month to restore healthcare facilities in the Willamette Valley * 3 years or more to restore healthcare facilities on the coast * 1-3 months to restore electricity in the Willamette Valley * 3-6 months to restore electricity to the coast * Almost 10 million tons of debris (1 million dump truck loads) Some folks might call that “toast”. What do you think?? Mike M. July 21, 2015 at 7:14 am I think that “toast” implies much more extensive damage than perhaps 1% of buildings being destroyed. Seems to me that what will happen will be bad enough that there is no need to exaggerate. Pamela Gray July 21, 2015 at 10:28 am Toast or not, I have a great place tucked way into NE Oregon for my entire I-5 family (kids, adults, even the ex and whoever he brings, animals, and whatever else) to hide out safe and sound till it is safe to return to their homes. I’ll even go get them. And if I am dead and gone by then, they will still have this place if they are smart enough to keep it instead of selling it. I’ve been in an earthquake that shook us right out of bed in Albany, Oregon. And it was a mild one! I have crawled around the Cascades and observed the awesome power of that Cascadia Zone. I do not doubt that a quake in that zone (which is not sliding, it is subducting) will be devastating. Jake J July 21, 2015 at 2:53 pm Toast or not, an 8+ earthquake will be devastating. Part of the issue — never mentioned in these stories or documentaries — is that the areas west of the Cascades (with a population of 7+ million) are geographically much more isolated than people realize. Here in Seattle, there are only a few major roads. I-5 and I-90 are almost certainly going to be blocked, and the two or three secondary, two-lane roads will be blocked. Getting supplies in here is going to be an undertaking of gargantuan proportions, especially considering how many people live here now. Also in Seattle, and Portland, there are a LOT of buildings that don’t conform to earthquake codes, which themselves are recent. The relatively mild Nisqually earthquake of 2001, magnitude 6.8, did $13,000 worth of damage to my house, much of it barely visible. If they’re right about an 8+ quake here, this is going to be a bigger disaster than most people know. In particular, much of downtown Seattle is built on loose fill, and there are some other big areas of the city that will be in big trouble. rogerthesurf I think you are somewhat light in your timing figures. In Christchurch NZ, several major things happened that were more disastrous that the earthquakes themselves. 1. The insurance companies became cash strapped and found excuses not to pay out. 2. Insurance companies refuse Building Insurance for more than two years after the final quake. 3 The government got involved and tried to “Help”. 4. The government decided to not to just clean up but instead decided to use this “Unprecedented Opportunity” to rebuild Christchurch as a brand new sustainable and carbon emission free city. Result after almost 5 years:- 1. The government compulsorily bought up, (read ripped off), CBD and other properties at rock bottom “earthquake prices” in order to implement 3 above. 2. CBD is still being “rebuilt” and private owners and investors have largely moved out. 3.The local government has run out of cash and is politically unable so far to tap into the NZ$1 Billion assets it holds in order to be able to complete the infrastructure repairs. 4. Roads have been dug up as many as three times in order to attempt the above mentioned infrastructure repairs. 5. CBD Businesses that survived the government intervention, (andhave stayed in the area) have relocated out to the suburbs and seem unlikely to come back to the CBD. 6. Worst of all, after nearly 5 years, some citizens are still waiting for their insurance payouts which means they are either still living in the garage or are paying both a rent or mortgage. 7.Riverbanks have been cleared in order to comply with Agenda 21 (Water sustainability doctrine) although a few in those areas whose properties were NOT damaged significantly are holding out in spite of the threatened and progressive removal of utilities. 8. There is a group legal action being assembled at the moment to try and get a certain major insurer to actually pay out. And so on. There is some commentary on this in my blog http://www.thedemiseofchristchurch.com Cheers [CBD is Christchurch B ?? Downtown ?? .mod] rogerthesurf July 23, 2015 at 7:23 am Mike M… According to the State of Oregon commissioned Oregon Resiliency Report, 109,000 structures will be destroyed (24,000) or extensively damaged, taking months to years for repairs. That’s just for Oregon. That doesn’t include northern California, Washington State or British Columbia. That might not sound like much to you, but don’t tell that to affected Oregonians. Ged July 21, 2015 at 7:27 am I-5 run right next to the Puget Sound on a hill side all the way from Tacoma through Seattle. Even the 6.8 quake we had years ago caused a lot of damage and liquification in that area, along with mudslides. A big quake would very much “toast” all the area west of I-5 along that corridor. Gamecock Do you have any idea where Redmond is? Patrick July 21, 2015 at 3:51 am I can’t seem to find it, but there is an island off the West coast of Africa, that if it splits, and it will do one day, will cause a tsunami that will destroy large sections of the east coast of America. Peter Yates July 21, 2015 at 4:49 am That would be the Canary Islands, or specifically a volcano on the island: La Palma. This appears to be the original paper: //w…geo.arizona.edu/~andyf/LaPalma/Rift%20Zone.pdf … There is also an article: “Tidal wave threat ‘over-hyped’ ” .. “The risk of a landslide in the Canary Islands causing a tidal wave (tsunami) able to devastate America’s east coast is vastly overstated. That is the view of marine geologists studying ancient landslides in the area. In typical Canary Island landslides, chunks of land break off in bits, not in one dramatic plunge, they argue.” //newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3963563.stm The Ghost Of Big Jim Cooley says: Patrick, you mean La Palma. If it ever did split, it would be game over for Eastern US, and many countries. Marnof July 21, 2015 at 6:16 am Now that prediction I find more unnerving than any by Hansen, Gavin, gore,… Though getting their new residences designed and built for them does reek of taking advantage of the gullible. HocusLocus July 21, 2015 at 4:20 am “Being a petroleum geophysicist, I prefer the explanation that S&G [Soddom and Gomorrah] went up in flames from a natural gas leak via fault rupture, ignited by open flame and fires. I can’t explain the pillar of salt. But the fireball has an all too real source.” I can explain the pillar of salt: currency. Salt poured into small deep holes, dissolved into solution, compressed with heavy poles, let dry then lifted out of the ground as a crystalline “pillar” — was a densest and preferred method for transport. Salt pillars were ingots of desert currency. I believe Lot sold his wife into slavery and the pillar was payment. Perhaps he did it because he had an incestuous relationship with his daughters, which was amply documented (and their progeny clumsily explained) in a later chapter. Perhaps the wife — whose actual name was scrubbed from the record by the same re-write committee — merely did not approve. Sturgis Hooper July 21, 2015 at 5:34 am I attended a civil defense special conference in Ashland, Oregon in 2000. We were told that because a magnitude 9 earthquake along the Cascadia subduction zone would affect two major metropolitan areas at once, small towns in western Oregon and Washington should plan to be without outside aid for as long as six months. I live on far more stable crust now. Eustace Cranch July 21, 2015 at 6:26 am small towns in western Oregon and Washington should plan to be without outside aid for as long as six months. Um, what? You mean the rest of the country is just going to sit there and stare at them? rogerknights “Without outside aid” is a pretty specific phrase. I read that as “no one is going to help you for as long as six months” which is simply not true in any realistic scenario. Mike the Morlock July 21, 2015 at 11:18 am Eustace Cranch Last Sunday afternoon, a simple rain storm washed out a important bridge on I-10 near Desert Center, CA. Note the disruption it is causing interstate movement and the time frame for it’s repair. Now imagine every bridge and overpass damaged. Also due to steep hills and mountain sides, you will have landslides destroying roads.The list goes on. A lot will depend on the epicenter and focus of the event. Remember the tip of the Pacific plate extends all the way to (subterranean) the I-5 corridor in Oregon. Yeah, people will be cut off and on their own for quite sometime. There are only so many helicopters and so much fuel for them. It will be a bear getting any supplies in with so much of the infrastructure crippled. The big cites will more desperately need the first pulses of help that come available. michael July 21, 2015 at 11:28 am I have no doubt of the 6 month timeline. At least in Oregon, it is peppered with tiny towns that will all but disappear amid a changed landscape who’s landmarks will have substantially changed, making it difficult to locate where the town USED to be. There are also single family houses built well within and hidden from view in a 100’s of acre landtrack that will be extremely hard to locate. Plus survivors will need to seek substantial shelter that may hide their heat trace to overflights. So yes, prepare for 6 months of no help from anybody. Karl Compton July 21, 2015 at 12:41 pm I’m guessing you are too young to remember Katrina. They worked every angle possible to get the death toll for that to an even 1000, so it would seem worse than it was, and there are parts of the region that are still impacted. I spent a lot of time there helping family with the cleanup, and it was a couple of years before things got back to normal for much of the city and surrounding areas. That was trivial compared to a 9.0 on the Cascadia, or the New Madrid fault, which is also overdue. And NOLA and Mississippi are very centrally located compared to the Pacific Northwest. Six months without any significant reconstruction or restoration of critical services is utterly within reason. highflight56433 July 21, 2015 at 2:10 pm Think “Continuity of Government.” Certain agencies have 10,000’s of gallons of underground fuel, multiple megawatt generators, etc… They have agreements with fuel and energy resources to be first…period. Everyone else is last in that department. That includes food and water. Those on public water and public everything are slaves to that system. On the west coast of Oregon and Washington a simple snow storm or wind storm puts folks out of power for weeks with all the fallen trees, blown transformers, etc. Now imagine having to depend on someone else when your name is on the “Z” list. Put your droid and ipad away…it won’t work without power to the towers they depend on. I’d plan on a year. The folks I talk with say the parts to repair our power grid simply are not available, that they are a year or two away. After 9/11 we purchased a “large” chunk of land…with all the comforts except the grid. It has a runway, no roads. I see others doing the same in remote areas. I suggest you make friends with Pamela Grey…or at least emulate her, she too has well conceived plan. (see her post) K. Kilty July 21, 2015 at 10:25 pm It will stretch all possible help just to respond to the metro areas. The civil defense people were trying to impress upon everyone the reality of the situation. A magnitude 9.0 earthquake on a fault such as the Cascadia is not just a tsunami. It is the equivalent of the 1960 Chilean earthquake, but in a heavily populated region–the earthquake will impact everything a long way inland. It would be a trillion dollar event. Yes, the rest of the country will just sit there staring at their TV screens. It’s what we do. As per the notion that an army of helicopters will swoop in with everything needed: Not going to happen. Just not enough transport available. Look at the massive quantity of goods going in to that region from ships, trains, and heavy trucks. Couldn’t get 1% of that onto choppers. Now realize that all the distribution is taken out as well. Warehouses. Refrigeration. Fueling facilities. Electric power. Networking and communications. Trying to recover that mess will take at least 6 months IFF you are very lucky. Sometime after that TPTB might start to care about the 2000 person town next to a small creek with steep hillsides on each side, with no “H” pad anywhere near… For those folks, they are, and always have been, on their own. Washington State has a population of 7 million. US Army is presently just under 1/2 million world wide. That’s 14 people per US Army staff. Now figure many are overseas and not available. We will not be emptying out the Pentagon and Fort Benning. Etc. etc. Now add in the population of Oregon. You will end up with about 100 to 200 people per “boot on the ground” IFF you are lucky. Most of them in big cities. The “bang for the buck” leverage will be those big cities (getting expedient ports working, putting in ersatz bridges, getting airports functional, etc.). It’s simple rational triage. Start at the “ports of entry” and along “communications and transport” lines and build back out. That means big cities first. (Even inside that, you start with hospitals, command and control, infrastructure and support – like fuel depots, food distribution, … not with Aunt Mable 20 miles after Old Joe’s barn) Now Cascadia will be a whole ‘nother animal. First off, it will be off coast and below the ocean. Tsunami will be astounding. A 10 footer took out Crescent City. This will be about 100 foot. It’s a long fault running consistently just off shore of a bunch of major population and infrastructure centers. Basically, it wipes out the best and most important bits. Most all of the major services run North / South along that line. Roads. Rail. Pipelines. Telco. That’s where the nice easy to build valleys run… and near the water ’cause folks love a water front property. Essentially, Bend will become the new capitol of Oregon until Portland can be recovered. A mass exodus inland will need to happen also until that can be done. Look at this “heat map” of population density for Washington State: https://data.wa.gov/Demographics/heat-map-population-density/exfi-4bxp Now ask yourself: You are sitting in D.C. and dispatching “aid”, where do you send it? To that giant glowing blob near the water and where shaking was the worst? Or to Kennewick? How about the small spot that doesn’t even show up on that map due south of the Seattle Blob. You won’t even know that small town exists for the next 3 months as every moment of your attention will be on the Big Blob and the news reports sending out broadcasts from it. My credentials on this: Loma Prieta quake – Manager In Charge when it happened. Ran shutdown and recovery for the Supercomputer Center at Apple Computer. All of Apple took 3 days off before even starting to think about it. (Other than a couple of brave souls – mostly single IIRC – who stayed behind as minders). Drove 20 miles from Apple to get home post-quake and post-building clearance. It took HOURS, and that was with minimal damage and no bridges out along my route as we were away from the epicenter. It was a good week before things were back to anything near normal. NO traffic lights working and everyone driving at once brought things to a crawl even where intact. It was worse where there was real surface damage. At no time was any “disaster relief” seen. (Not like I needed it, but you would think it was wall to wall Red Cross and it was mostly Red Cross begging money on the Satellite TV…) UC classes in geology of quakes and natural hazards. Produced Hurricane Disaster Recovery documents and did D.R. Exercises for Disney on contract. Yeah, I was one of the “D.R. Guys” for about 18 months. Lifelong interest in “preparedness”, with full quake kits. Partial use in 7 scale event (‘partial’ as I’d used USGS maps in choosing where to buy a home… low shake zone). My interest started from several floods when I was growing up. So it’s not like I don’t have some background in Disaster Recovery… In California, the general rule of thumb is that if you are not “50 miles inland” from the major faults, you need to be prepared to be entirely on your own for one week. Cascadia will be orders of magnitude worse, mostly from the tsunami. July 23, 2015 at 8:12 am E.M. Smith… For the record, Salem – not Portland – is the capital of Oregon, as implied by your comment. It’s my home town so I should know. ;) I doubt Bend would become the defacto capitol of Oregon, but it will be in a lot better shape than major population centers west of it. Even though Portland is 75 miles inland, there still will be sea freighter access to the metro area from the west and river/I-84 access from the east. There aren’t a lot of bridges on the Columbia west of Portland so clearing that channel of bridge collapses, like the Astoria-Megler Bridge should it collapse, will likely be a high priority. Sturgis Hooper E.M.Smith July 22, 2015 at 3:23 pm There are almost as many members of the National Guard as of the Active Army, plus over 200K in the Reserves. It’s also possible to deploy Marines, sailors, airmen and Coast Guardsmen in emergencies, along with federal law enforcement personnel. OR and WA also have emergency preparedness fusion centers involving state and local police, plus selected individuals with useful skills and experience. Chinook helicopters are not abundant, however. OR and WA NG each have eight, as do most states. Rarely are two operational at any one time. The Active Army also has some, of course. Most of the now 12 (I think) Combat Aviation Brigades have 12 each. Upgraded CH-47F-models are being delivered by Boeing now. Some of both Guard and Active Chinooks are still deployed overseas. Seattle is at sea level. How is being in Puget Sound at sea level and getting devastated far fetched? Any sizable tsunami would roll through the sound and spread the devastation beyond imagination. DAN SAGE July 21, 2015 at 11:58 am I think Bellingham may be at great risk from a local T.V. program I saw on the subject, but Seattle itself would have the effects filtered by the Puget Sound and the corner the tidal wave would have to turn at the end of the Strait of Juan De Fucca (sp???). As I recall the depth of the water level would be maybe +3? feet in Elliot Bay (don’t quate me on this). Jake J The more likely problem will be a collapse of portions of Mt. Rainier and the resulting lahar, which should wipe out Tacoma. Kirk July 24, 2015 at 9:23 am “I (think the) idea that Seattle will be devastated by a tsunami is a bit far-fetched, given its location in Puget Sound.” Lake Washington has had periods of being salt water, progressing to brackish, and then back to fresh water again for as far back as they can get core samples. On top of that, if you core drill the eastern shore of the lake, you will find layers of soil and sediment filled with things that only grow out on the Puget Sound’s saltwater shore. Look at a terrain map, and then tell me that the odds of Seattle getting hit by a tsunami are far-fetched. Assuming that those core samples and so forth are not the products of error, something happened that allowed Lake Washington to develop those features. My money is on “tsunami”, along with a bunch of folks who know more than I do. I spoke with a hydrologist who worked for the Army Corps of Engineers, and he claimed to have modeled the effects of a major tsunami coming down the Sound from the faults up around the Straits of Juan de Fuca. Per that conversation with him, the island features in the Sound are just about perfect for causing refraction waves that wash over the Seattle city site with great force. There’s a reason that the only major civilization that got going here in the Americas was in Central America. Everywhere else gets whacked periodically. If it’s not the earthquakes, it is the volcanoes, or the droughts. The so-called “Potlatch Cultures” of the Puget Sound region start to make a whole lot more sense, once you realize that the locals were merely adapted to the periodic resetting of the clock, so to speak. Why the hell not “eat, drink, and be merry…”, when you could count on Mother Nature sweeping whatever you built into oblivion every few hundred years? July 21, 2015 at 6:44 am Here in the PNW there is no secret about the earthquakes we get around here. They are strong, but infrequent. When I moved up here they had just had one – and they said that these things happen every twenty years. It is a bit past that now… When I bought my house about twenty years ago, real estate agents had maps of the geologic underpinnings of neighborhoods. It was easy to see that the areas with sedimentary or landfill underpinnings were mostly the lower priced neighborhoods. I bought my house on solid rock. It cost me more, as these things usually do. Now the people who bought their homes on unstable ground expect me to pay for their danger they are in, but they never bring up the savings they realize every month when they pay their mortgage. Not everyone can afford to live where I do, I guess, but I think the matter is more about never taking these things into account in the first place. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. DAN SAGE July 21, 2015 at 12:08 pm I have heard that the really dangerous area in Seattle is along Elliot Bay due to the landfill in the early days to create someplace to build. That is pretty expensive real estate there, but it will be payback in a perverse sort of way for forcing the population to waste billions to put the Viaduct underground, so, that their view of Elliot Bay would not be cluttered by cars and a freeway (main throughfare). Jake J July 21, 2015 at 6:43 pm It would be hard to overestimate just how bad a job local and state government does here. Come a big earthquake or eruption of one of the local volcanoes (Rainier is the most widely famous, but Glacier and Baker — just as close — are considered more likely to erupt, for whatever that’s worth), the response will be materially degraded by the rank incompetence at every level of government here. July 21, 2015 at 7:54 am Come on the claim is not new as opposed to the writer. “Kathryn Schulz joined The New Yorker as a staff writer in 2015. Previously, she was the book critic for New York, the editor of the environmental magazine Grist, and a reporter and editor at the Santiago Times. She was a 2004 recipient of the Pew Fellowship in International Journalism and has reported from Central and South America, Japan, and the Middle East. She is the author of “Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error” (2010).” mandobob July 21, 2015 at 8:02 am The following link is to a lecture presented by CWU Geology’s Nick Zentner regarding the Cascadia subduction zone, related earthquakes, and tsunami risks for the northern California, Oregon, and Washington coasts. It was presented to a general audience and is scientific while not being obtuse or sensational. If you have the time I recommend a viewing. John F. Hultquist July 21, 2015 at 8:14 am For the San Andreas, one of the most extensively studied and best understood fault lines in the world, that upper limit is roughly an 8.2—a powerful earthquake, but, because the Richter scale is logarithmic, only six per cent as strong as the 2011 event in Japan. Ugh. The Richter Scale was developed years ago in specific relation to the measured amplitude from a seismogram from a Wood-Anderson seismometer. All seismometers have a limited band-width, and the Wood-Anderson was no exception. The consequence of this is that the Richter Scale was only applicable to earthquakes that were not near field, and no greater than what what we would call a magnitude 6 or so, or the Wood-Anderson would have clipped. Yet the Richter Scale gained traction due to its use in the media when there were earthquakes in southern California. Real seismologists don’t talk about the Richter Scale. They talk about the seismic moment. * * * * * From Wikipedia: Seismic moment is a quantity used by earthquake seismologists to measure the size of an earthquake. The scalar seismic moment M_0 is defined by the equation M_0=\mu AD, where \mu is the shear modulus of the rocks involved in the earthquake (in Pa) A is the area of the rupture along the geologic fault where the earthquake occurred (in m2), and D is the average displacement on A (in m). M_0 thus has dimensions of energy, measured in Joules or Newton meters. The seismic moment of an earthquake is typically estimated using whatever information is available to constrain its factors. For modern earthquakes, moment is usually estimated from ground motion recordings of earthquakes known as seismograms. For earthquakes that occurred in times before modern instruments were available, moment may be estimated from geologic estimates of the size of the fault rupture and the displacement. Seismic moment is the basis of the moment magnitude scale introduced by Hiroo Kanamori, which is often used to compare the size of different earthquakes and is especially useful for comparing the sizes of especially large (great) earthquakes. * * * * * Get in a life raft and speed out to sea….ride the wave rather than experience the 3X power of a waves falling energy. Eugene WR Gallun July 21, 2015 at 9:13 am I live in Oregon. This claim hits the pages of our newspapers every couple of years. Its slow news day stuff. Of course, its true. We will eventually have an earthquake — but I worry more about crossing the street safely than I do about this “coming” tragic earthquake. Portland has a dormant volcano in its city limits — Mt. Tabor. Its a city park. We also get the occasional speculative article about it becoming active again. Its been overdue for an eruption for a couple of million years. Our small lives are driven by our day to day necessities. I got woken up this morning by what sounded to me like shotgun blasts. Perhaps 15 or 20 of them. I have no idea what it was. If it doesn’t make the news I’ll know it was nothing. If it does? So which should I spend my morning worrying about — earthquake or possible shotgun blasts? I think neither. I shall have corn flakes for breakfast. I hope I have enough milk. I forgot to buy it yesterday. Eugene WR Gallun http://peer.berkeley.edu/publications/nisqually/geotech/liquefaction/distribution/ I have lived in the Seattle/Tacoma area for many years, and was outdoors at a construction site during this 6.8 earthquake, experiencing the P and S waves. Eerie to say the least. However, the soils where I was standing are unconsolidated glacial fill, considered to be Steilacoom Gravel quality (see: http://wa-dnr.s3.amazonaws.com/Publications/ger_misc_steilacoom_gravel.pdf ). While I did not experience liquefaction first hand, sand blows and other evidence of the phenomenon were documented throughout the Puget Sound Lowlands at that time: ( https://washingtondnr.wordpress.com/2011/02/22/dnr-maps-earthquake-hazards-in-every-county-of-washington-state/ ) As to the potential for damage also personal injury/loss of life should ‘The Big One’ hit now, there has been a quite large increase in Western Washington State population since 2001, along with the changing of land use in the lowland areas that were traditionally (since European occupation) farmlands, especially in the increasingly gentrified Fife and Puyallup River valley areas adjacent to the Tacoma Tideflats. These lowlands are the site of ancient lahars and pyroclastic events emanating from the geologically active Mount Rainier (Mount Tahoma); these locations are much more vulnerable to liquefaction-type outcomes than the Steilacoom gravel deposits. ( http://citizenreviewonline.org/june2004/mudflow.htm ). However, I am merely an amateur geologist for these topics; I would think there are local Geologists that are itching to weigh in on this very pertinent, and extremely interesting subject. Regards, July 21, 2015 at 10:09 am Seattle is too busy trying to get Rent Control, $15 an hour minimum wages, and special transgender rights. When the Cascadia rips, I expect the survivors from Seattle (if any) to swarm around Lake Washington and spread West. A remarkably childish group of people all living under group-think illusions… indefatigablefrog July 21, 2015 at 11:38 am We are afflicted by a similar set of bogus priorities here in the UK. In the year that the UK Environment Agency argued that maintenance of man-made drainage channels would not have been “cost effective”, they were revealed to have been spending our money explicitly on the promotion of gay rights. (It would have been cost effective by even a simple metric, since the estimated £10 million dredging cost was immediately exceeded by economic losses and pumping costs, in just one year). I’m have no objection to gay people having rights – but how in their exacting cost-benefit analysis did the EA conclude that funding gay rights marches would be the most cost-effective use of apparently tightly controlled budget? And how does it relate to their remit, as guardians of the environment? Questions which have yet to be satisfactorily answered: July 21, 2015 at 10:17 am Living in the NW has its hazards. The big kahuna at wa.gov EMS preparedness is the Cascadia Event. It will be a freak show if it happens. Imagine the chaos after four days of no food and water, bridges that fail, old brick buildings falling into rubble, no fuel, no electrical power, …the business continuity will fail. So if talking being prepared, then be prepared which doesn’t mean living in fear. Have a plan, have resources…you might be camping in your home…if it doesn’t catch fire or fall off its foundation. I think Fox news was looking for some sensationalism…imagine that. Cheers Resourceguy July 21, 2015 at 12:15 pm What surprises people about big quakes is that it not merely small things like teacups that bounce up and down. Your car bounces on the driveway like a basketball. All the water in your swimming pool leaps into the air and comes down on the lawn. I only experienced a modest earthquake in California. I was cooking french fries in 400° fat at a fast food joint, and the burning hot fat began sloshing. That single experience completely convinced me that I had no desire to experience a Big One. Now I live in New England. David July 21, 2015 at 12:27 pm Hey, at least we’ll have rainbow color sidewalks, lots of bike lanes that slow traffic to a crawl, a “rapid transit” system that moves at 20mph, and Sharia Law friendly home lending practices. Those are the things that matter /sarc off/ asybot July 21, 2015 at 1:19 pm ” For the San Andreas, one of the most extensively studied and best understood fault lines in the world, that upper limit is roughly an 8.2—a powerful earthquake, but, because the Richter scale is logarithmic, only six per cent as strong as the 2011 event in Japan.” Please guys, correct me if I am wrong here, I have always been completely confused by the scale system re earthquakes Here goes, is the step up from a 8.0 to an 8.1 twice as strong or 10 x as strong? then if a 8.1 is twice as strong as a 8.0 what then is an 8.2 compared to an 8.0? 4 x’s? Can I find a graph somewhere. Thanks I have always thought this is a question that many people have a problem with, I sure did 50 years ago and still do. I guess I stumble over the sheer energies involved and what the damage can be. I can still see the tsunami rolling over acres and acres of green houses , harbors etc. , it was mind boggling. If one ignores the Richter Scale, and instead looks at seismic moment, then each whole number jump represents a 33X increase in energy released. So a 7 = 33X the energy released by a 6. An 8 = 33×33 = 1089X the energy released by a 6. And a 9 = 33x33x33 = 35937X the energy released by a 6. The Mother of All Earthquakes was in Chile (1960) Wikipedia > 1960 Valdivia earthquake … with magnitude 8.1 and 8.6 foreshocks … a main event magnitude of 9.5 … 11-13 minutes of violent ground motion (though the earth rang like a bell for a month) … 25 meter tsunami … fault plane estimated at 1000km by 200km … with a whopping 20 – 40 meter displacement. Eek. July 21, 2015 at 3:38 pm Biggest issues in Pac NW would be liquifaction around Puget Sound and the large number of buildings that predate knowledge of the true seismic risks. Unlike Japan, Indo, etc, there are not any major urban areas on the immediate open coast, facing the severe tsunami run up. The much muted version would be less dramatic upon reaching the inner Puget, or the Willamette / Columbia confluence, where the urbanization is. James at 48 July 21, 2015 at 3:57 pm BTW, no offense to folks north of the border, I was referring to the US. Vancouver is a different story, being directly opposite the Strait of Juan de Fuca, which would obviously allow much more energy to pass through, versus the twists and turns of the Puget Sound and all its inlets. Jeff Alberts July 22, 2015 at 6:38 pm I live at the north end of Whidbey Island. Whidbey will certainly take a lot of damage from a tsunami, even one muted by the sound. But the island has some pretty hilly terrain. It will end up as three or four islands for a while, the main road going north/south (SR20/525) is at sea level in a few places. NAS Whidbey will have real problems, they’re right at sea level. I’m about 4 miles from the base, but at 220′ elevation. So I’m not worried about a tsunami affecting my property. A strong quake might, since I’m on a gentle slope. I’m more worried about the Deception Pass bridge. It’s the only non-ferry way on/off the island. It was built in the 1930s, and is solid as a rock. The bridge deck is at about 289′, so a tsunami won’t affect it, but too much shaking probably will. Fortunately I’ve got a 10kw generator which kicks in automatically. In the event of an extended emergency, we’d certainly keep it turned off except for a couple hours a week as needed, to conserve fuel. the bigger problem would be 6 months of food. Lots of Navy personnel live here, obviously, so maybe that would give us a bit more clout as far as outside help. Dunno. bushbunny July 22, 2015 at 9:44 pm Well at least you are prepared and I am sure that if your water supply is unaffected you will get enough food. It’s those who are not prepared that should worry. Because in a disaster, often those who are not prepared, prey on those who are. highflgiht56433 July 21, 2015 at 3:42 pm Dear J. Philip Peterson, Sir have you lived on the Oregon coast? Are you aware of the scenic 101 miles of Southern Oregon and its actual Tsunami prep? I lived on the Oregon Coast for two years between 2009 and 2011. I-5 is not the Oregon Coast. It is a primary road that is about 2 hours East of the coast by driving any of the roads that connect 101 to I-5. The mountains between I-5 and Highway 101 on the southern coast of Oregon is a wilderness that kills tourist that don’t understand the extreme nature of the landscape. ie the CNN producer and his family, where he starved to death trying to walk out to get rescue for his wife and child. This is not easy land here. If you look at a map, and look at highway 101 and the towns of Brookings, Gold Beach, Bandon, Reedsport they will be toast. There is 100 miles of 2 lane road that has to be continuously rebuilt during each summer because highway 101 is continuously eroding away. Between Brookings to the South, and Bandon to the North, there is exactly 1 dirt road over the mountains to I-5 that erodes away more winters for weeks at a time. My wife was the City Manager of Gold Beach at the time it experienced two small Tsunamis, including the death of a former city council member during one of the events. We were told to not to expect even Helo fly overs in the first 10 day’s after a major event. Internally, they told us to stock up on body bags and to expect 80% loss of life before civilization could catch up with rescuing us. So, Ya, I consider up to 80% death rate on the coast with no escape routes and two weeks before someone flys over… Toast, burnt to a crisp actually. The use of “overdue” is an implicit invocation of the Gambler’s fallacy. A longer than normal period without a specific random event occurring does not mean the probability of that random event is greater. Darrin July 21, 2015 at 7:08 pm As a native Oregonian who has spent most his life in the Willamette Valley I thought I would add a few things. Roughly half the states population lives within the Valley. The ways in an out are few, the Valley is hemmed in on the east and west side by mountains with very few paved roads over them. To the East are the cascades, dams, volcanoes and roads that will probably be impassible after a major quake. To the west is the Coast Range (folded mountains) that are highly unstable with few paved roads that need constant repair as it is. North and south is I5 crossing bridges that are not earthquake proof. The Willamette Valley most certainly will be isolated, only way in will likely be a couple air ports. Due to the above, coastal people will be isolated as the roads getting out will be gone. Central and Eastern Oregon will be somewhat OK, a lot of the goods travel from the Willamette Valley over the Cascades to them but routes can be altered to bring in goods from the east. Yes, expect the survivors to go a long period of time without aid. Oh, I think the 10k dead is to low of a number if it hits when the dams are full. Those go and say good bye to a heck of a lot of people. Eugene sits below quite a few dams. Salem sits below several dams. Portland sits below more dams than I care to count, did you know Portland is only 30ft above sea level? If the big one happens during the summer, well most folks head to the coast to avoid the inland heat if they can swing it. Nothing like dropping 30 degrees in temperature by driving a short ways west. 601nan Now it is clear. Academia.edu is an old fraud site from before 2000. Not a university, .edu, but a fraud site backed by fraud funding from ‘venture capital’. [from Wikipedia.org] “In November 2011, Academia.edu raised $4.5 million from Spark Capital and True Ventures. Prior to that, it had raised $2.2 million from Spark Ventures and a range of angel investors including Mark Shuttleworth, Thomas Lehrman, and Rupert Pennant-Rea. As of March 2014, Academia.edu claimed to have raised $17.7 million from Khosla Ventures, True Ventures, Spark Ventures, Spark Capital and Rupert Pennant-Rea.” They engage in copying copyrighted works as if their own and even use the e-mail contacts of victims as a means to commit credit card fraud. Ha ha Look at the bright side: No more Microsoft. bushbunny July 22, 2015 at 9:40 pm Well – there is an Aboriginal legend regarding ‘The Last Wave’, hitting the Easter side of Australia. There was a film made years ago staring Richard Chamberlain. There is a trench west of New Zealand I can’t remember the name, but if it were to collapse then it would create a big tsunami. But whether it would affect Sydney is doubtful. Sydney is built around the harbor and many inlets with most homes built actually high above sea level. Anyway, let’s hope that this won’t happen, but tsunami’s often kill more people than an earthquake. David July 30, 2015 at 4:11 am While all the physical problems coming from this would be devistation for those living in the area, the economic impact to the world would effect far more people. Many of the import ports would be disrupted for a serious length of time. With our $22 trillion dollar plus debt and the federal government expected to pick up most of the repair costs, our economy would be thrown into another recession, if not worse. We have no economic wiggle room to absorb this now. http://www.pressreader.com/canada/the-vancouver-sun/20110312/295137268925180/TextView _____________________ During this event, Japan residents got 10 to 15 minutes warning to move to higher ground. The tsunami alarm was issued 3 minutes after the earthquake occurred. If the Cascadia fault ruptured, the folks at Tofino would get about that much warning, assuming our tsunami warning system worked perfectly. In Vancouver, they would get about 30 minutes warning. Ever try to evacuate Surrey and Delta in 30 minutes? Yeah, that’ll work. _________________________________________ http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-20042318-76.html The tsunami warning system worked Friday, with the agency alerting people to imminent tsunamis within three minutes of the quake, and the first waves struck 10 to 15 minutes later. The alert may have saved hundreds of lives, as some residents were able to flee to higher ground. https://wattsupwiththat.com/2014/12/24/calculations-suggest-that-global-warming-caused-by-the-doubling-of-co2-will-be-less-than-0-6k/#comment-1822226 True Story. OT, but kindly bear with me Moderator, concerning a very strange event that happened ten years ago today. My girlfriend Vicky and I were walking on the pebble beach at Sechelt, BC when an unusual question popped into my head. I asked Vicky: “What would you do if the sea suddenly retreated and left all the little fishes flapping around on the tidal flats?” Being an animal lover, Vicky said she would run around putting the fish into the remaining shallow pools of water. I explained that this sea retreat would be immediately followed by a tsunami, and the best move is to run for high ground – the little fishes would be fine, but the people on the beach, not so much. That evening we joined her parents to watch TV, and heard the first news of the great SE Asia tsunami that killed 250,000 people that day. Pure coincidence? A perturbation in the Force? I have no idea. Vicky just stared at me. Anyway, I also wanted to tell you that in 2002 I (we) predicted global cooling by 2020-2030… … and our predictive track record is very good. So buy that Honda generator and bundle up. It’s going to get colder out there. Happy Holidays to all, Allan	i don't know
On 29th July 2000, Martin Dugard of Eastbourne became the first-ever winner of the British Grand Prix - in which sport?	RIDERS - W - British Speedway Official Website [ N ] - [ O ] - [ P ] - [ Q ] - [ R ] - [ S ] - [ T ] - [ U ] - [ V ] - [ W ] - [ X ] - [ Y ] - [ Z ] The following is an A-Z list of riders who are contracted to appear in 2011, at Elite League, Premier League and National League level. NOTE: (1) All entries for the current season are as per the declared team line-ups, but do not necessarily relate to actual appearances for the named clubs, particularly in the case of No. 8 riders in the Elite League; (2) The symbol II after a team's name differentiates between a club's National level and higher league side, when more than one team was operated in the same season; (3) With regard to 'Club Honours', riders have been credited with a contribution to a league title-winning side if they rode in 6 or more matches of the team's league programme - and with a cup-winning contribution if they appeared in at least one leg of the final; (4) '2011 Starting Average' is each rider's figure at the beginning of the campaign or, indeed, if they joined after the start of the season. These are the official figures, which exclude bonus points. By contrast, all averages mentioned under 'Additional Info' are 'real-time' figures; this means the average a rider achieved from all official meetings, inclusive of bonus points; (5) The Speedway Grand Prix statistics will be updated for participating riders after each round of the 2011 series. Speedway Grand Prix and Speedway World Cup statistics courtesy of Steve Brandon. LAST UPDATED: NOVEMBER 3, 2011 RIDERS - W DATE OF BIRTH: 4 May 1992, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. BRITISH CAREER: (2008) Boston; (2009) King’s Lynn; (2010-11) Poole. MAJOR HONOURS: Queensland Under-21 State Champion: 2009; Australian Under-21 Champion: 2009, 2010, 2011; World Under-21 Champion: 2009, 2010; New South Wales State Champion: 2010. CLUB HONOURS: League Championship winner: 2009 [King’s Lynn], 2011 [Poole]; Premier Trophy winner: 2009 [King’s Lynn]; Knock-Out Cup winner: 2009 [King’s Lynn], 2010 [Poole], 2011 [Poole]; Pairs Championship winner: 2011 [Poole]. 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 6.63 (EL). ADDITIONAL INFO: Having ridden spectacularly for Boston at Conference-level during the second-half of the 2008 campaign, the teenage sensation started the 2009 season at reserve for King’s Lynn in British speedway’s middle sphere. However, he soon became the talk of the sport after a string of magnificent displays, which led to him moving up to the side’s No. 1 slot in early June. His blistering form continued and saw him shoot to pole position in the overall Premier League averages, before injury struck at Edinburgh on 10 July. The Aussie was leading heat five, but lost control on the pits bend and crashed into the safety fence, chipping a bone at the bottom of an ankle. The injury necessitated a spell on the sidelines and the use of guests in his place; the youngster quickly recovered, though, returning to the Stars’ line-up on 2 August to continue his high-scoring exploits. Ward’s efforts helped propel King’s Lynn to a League Championship and Premier Trophy double, whilst individually the talented Aussie finished a gallant runner-up to home representative Ricky Ashworth in the Premier League Riders’ Championship at Sheffield on 27 September. Further glory came his way on 3 October, though, when he annexed the World Under-21 Championship with a typically breathtaking display at Goričan, Croatia. Ward was to retain top spot in the Premier League averages, finishing up with a real-time figure of close on 10 points per match. He did, however, sustain a back injury whilst representing Australia against Great Britain in an Under-25 Test match at Ipswich on 15 October. That necessitated a trip to Poland, where he received specialist attention from his Extra League club’s physiotherapist at Toruń, before returning to the UK for more treatment with a specialist in London. He subsequently appeared in the first leg of the Knock-Out Cup final at Edinburgh on 23 October, but missed the return fixture five days later when the Stars secured an aggregate victory. That capped a superb year for the club, as they collected their third piece of major silverware. Completing a swift rise through the three tiers of British speedway, it was revealed in mid-November that Ward had completed an undisclosed big money transfer from King’s Lynn to Poole for the 2010 season. Indeed, his transfer fee was a club record and exceeded the £28,000 that the Pirates had shelled out for Jason Crump at the tail end of 2006. In December, Ward won the highly coveted Premier League Rider of the Year award at the annual Speedway Riders’ Association ceremony. The following month, he finished third in the Australian Championship and, on 16 January at Mildura, secured his second successive Aussie Under-21 crown. Despite being burdened with a huge transfer price tag, the Queenslander went on to take the move to the highest UK echelon in his stride, posting an average of just under 8 points a match as the Pirates dominated the domestic campaign to occupy first place in the final league standings. Along the way, he registered his maiden paid maximum at top-flight level on 21 July, when he tallied 14+1 points against Belle Vue in a Knock-Out Cup tie at Wimborne Road. On 2 October, the Australian sensation became only the second rider in history to retain the World Under-21 Championship at Pardubice, Czech Republic. The 18-year-old defeated Pole Maciej Janowski and Latvian star Maks Bogdanovs in a run-off for the gold medal. This was after the trio tied on 30 championship points in the new three-round series. Although Poole eventually missed out on the League Championship after losing to Coventry in the Play-Off final, they did at least gain some consolation at Wimborne Road on 27 October, when they clinched an aggregate victory over Eastbourne to lift the Knock-Out Cup; it being Ward’s initial piece of silverware in top-flight British racing, having previously won three trophies at Premier League level with King’s Lynn. Ward’s final real-time average for the season was 7.93; the impressive figure being derived courtesy of 301 points from forty official appearances. And, on 3 December, he was named FIM Rookie of the Year at a gala award ceremony in Portugal. The Aussie received his award having retained his World Under-21 Championship title. In what was a double celebration for speedway, World Champion Tomasz Gollob won the Personality of the Year award, with the duo beating off strong competition from several motorcycle disciplines, including MotoGP World Champion Jorge Lorenzo, MAXXIS FIM E3 Enduro World Champion David Knight and FIM MX1 Motocross World Champion Toni Cairoli. On 15 December, Poole boss Matt Ford confirmed that both Ward and his Australian compatriot, Chris Holder, would be remaining with the club in 2011. The duo forged a formidable on-track partnership in 2010 that enabled the Pirates to soar to the top of the Sky Sports Elite League, finishing 17 points clear of their closest rivals. In addition, the two were good buddies off-track and helped to form a camaraderie that was infectious amongst the side. Ward won his third Australian Under-21 Championship on the bounce with an unbeaten performance at North Brisbane on 8 January, emulating Chris Holder and Leigh Adams in claiming a straight hat-trick of titles. Both his peers had a career record of four titles apiece, Holder having won consecutive titles between 2005 and 2008, whilst Adams’ quartet began in 1988 and he then won three more in the years 1990 to 1992. Ward was relatively unchallenged as he strung five winning rides together to top the qualifying heats, before he headed home Richard Sweetman, Josh Grajczonek and Micky Dyer in the final. On 17 March, Poole Speedway reported that Ward had ruled himself out of the early stages of the 2011 campaign after a moto-cross accident near Salisbury the previous day had left him with a broken wrist and shoulder. The rider, together with fellow Australians Chris Holder and Davey Watt, had been taking part in some pre-season training when the accident occurred. Jason Doyle was subsequently recalled to the Pirates’ line-up to replace his compatriot. Then, on 26 March, Poole announced that they had re-declared their starting line-up as a result of on-going uncertainties with the situation regarding the availability of Polish recruit Rafał Dobrucki, who had become embroiled in a row over the new silencers. The silencers had courted controversy amongst a number of riders and leading Polish figures had vetoed their use on the grounds of considered risks to rider safety. The Polish authority, PZM, had announced that the ‘old’ silencers would be used in any meetings that fell under their jurisdiction. They had further stated that they wouldn’t sanction start permissions for any of their riders – other than the four riders who had their permissions granted by 17 March – to appear outside of Poland. Dobrucki was one of those four, along with Tomasz Piszcz [Belle Vue], Dawid Lampart [Eastbourne] and Krzystof Kasprzak [Birmingham]. But the rider himself had been one of the leading figures in persuading the PZM to back the riders’ position, which had subsequently left him facing the dilemma of riding for the Pirates, thereby contradicting his belief that the silencers were unsafe, or by remaining firm to the cause. Matt Ford explained that the situation with Dobrucki had effectively become ‘untenable’ and, whilst the rider didn’t want to let the Pirates down, he did have his views on the use of the silencers, which conflicted with those of the BSPA. As a result, the Pirates’ promoter felt unable to let the matter drift on any further and made the decision to move ahead without him. The club restructured the side in such a way that Jason Doyle was effectively the Pole’s replacement, with Ward re-declared in the 1-7. The Aussie had been having oxygen chamber therapy on his shoulder and had responded well, but although he was still thought to be about a fortnight away from a return to the saddle, by making the change it meant he would be able to slot straight back into the side as soon as he was given the go-ahead. In the meantime, Poole operated the rider replacement facility for him, beginning with their first league match of the campaign at Birmingham on 28 March. Just 30 days after sustaining his injuries, Ward returned to action in the Emil Kramer Memorial meeting at Somerset on 15 April, when he included a hat-trick of race wins in a 13-point tally, before being beaten into second place by former Poole team-mate Bjarne Pedersen in the grand final. Shortly after, the Pirates clinched the first piece of top-flight silverware for 2011 when, on 27 April, the Australian duo of Ward and Chris Holder romped to victory in the Elite League Pairs Championship at King’s Lynn. The Poole pairing defeated Belle Vue’s Chris Harris and Rory Schlein in the final after getting the better of Wolverhampton in the second semi-final on a night of thrilling racing at the Norfolk Arena. Ward was to show blistering form in the Elite League and continued in that vein when he lived up to his billing as pre-meeting favourite by winning the first round of the World Under-21 Final at Poole on 24 July. The Australian star, who was going for a third successive overall title, won a three-man run-off against Maciej Janowski and Dennis Andersson. However, the following evening, he sustained a groin injury and faced a spell on the sidelines after a crash in the Pirates’ televised league match at Coventry. He wasn’t out of action for long, though, as Ward handed Poole a massive boost on 1 August by declaring himself fit to return from injury ahead of schedule. With Ward and Chris Holder forming a dynamic spearhead, the Pirates went to to take victory in the Elite League Play-Offs – defeating Eastbourne in the final – and the Dorset side completed a clean sweep of the top-flight trophies on 20 October, when they sealed an aggregate success over Belle Vue to retain the Knock-Out Cup. FIM Speedway Grand Prix Record: Ward was named as the wildcard for the 2011 FIM Torun Speedway Grand Prix of Poland and was scheduled to make his SGP debut at the Marian Rose Motorarena on Saturday 27 August. FIM Speedway World Cup Record: SWC tournaments: 2 Events: 5 – 10th on Australia’s list; 66th on SWC all-time list Points: 40 – 9th on Australia’s list; 52nd on SWC all-time list Finals: 1 WARWICK, Daniel (Danny) John DATE OF BIRTH: 21 November 1983, Poole, Dorset. BRITISH CAREER: (2002) Newport II; (2003) Newport II, Poole; (2004) Weymouth, Swindon II, King’s Lynn II; (2005) Newport II; (2006) Berwick, Weymouth; (2007) Somerset, Sittingbourne; (2008) Reading; (2009) Berwick, Bournemouth; (2010-11) Isle of Wight. MAJOR HONOURS: Knock-Out Cup winner: 2009 [Bournemouth]; League Championship winner: 2009 [Bournemouth]. RIDER LINKS: Brother of Carl Warwick (born: 7 October 1981, Poole, Dorset). 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 7.41 (NL). ADDITIONAL INFO: Warwick took his first speedway laps when aged sixteen at Reading’s then-training circuit in 2000. It wasn’t until 2002 that he made his Conference League debut, however, when he rode for Newport against Carmarthen at Queensway Meadows on 1 April. And, in something of a sensational start, he sped to a tally of 11+1 points from seven starts. He went on to race in a total of twenty-two official matches for the Welsh outfit and, with 103 points to his name, posted a satisfactory 4.83 average. The year also saw him ride for Reading, when he made a guest appearance for the side in a Premier League encounter at Swindon on 29 August. Despite having to fill the absent Anders Henriksson’s berth at No. 3, he acquitted himself well to net 2 points from three starts. In 2003, Warwick again raced for Newport at Conference level, raising his average to a 6.05 figure. It was a fairly busy season for the Dorset lad, since he also represented Poole on six occasions in the British League Cup competition. That wasn’t the end of his activities for the year, since he also made guest appearances for both the senior Newport side and Exeter in the Premier League, and also rode in the opening meeting at the new Weymouth circuit, finishing as runner-up to Justin Elkins in the Wessex Rosebowl on 15 August. Although Warwick was to begin the 2004 campaign in a Weymouth race-jacket, he didn’t stay with the Dorset side for long and subsequently linked with Swindon Sprockets. He proved to be a very dependable rider for the Wiltshire side, appearing in a full quota of twenty-four meetings and scoring 156 points for a solid 6.58 average. The highlight was a paid maximum (10+2 points) on 12 July, when the Sprockets ran riot to swamp Newport 65-27 in a one-sided match at the Abbey Stadium. The rules in operation at the time also permitted him to represent King’s Lynn in the Conference Trophy, but he was to make just a solitary appearance for the Norfolk team. He returned to race for Newport Mavericks in 2005 and, a year later, made his official Premier League bow when joining Berwick. Although that meant a long distance round-trip for home meetings, he thoroughly enjoyed himself with the Borders club to register 125 points and a 3.36 average. His reliability and willingness to do anything in the club’s cause made him very popular with the Bandits’ supporters and he deservedly scooped the end-of-term Rider of the Year award. The season also saw him make three late appearances for Weymouth in the Conference Shield. In 2007, he linked with Somerset and, remarkably, for a fourth successive season, stayed ever-present for his main side throughout their busy 46-match schedule, yielding 211 points and an impressive 5.12 average. He also enjoyed a stint with Sittingbourne in the Conference League, making ten appearances for the Kent side. His incredible ever-present record – which totalled 138 official meetings and was achieved with four different teams – came to an unfortunate end in 2008 when, having linked with Reading, he sustained a small fracture to his right ankle in a challenge match against Somerset at Smallmead on 17 March. That occurred in the original running of heat two, when he took a knock from visiting rider Stephan Katt entering the first bend and came down heavily. Although he bravely participated in the re-run, Warwick was clearly in pain and pulled up without completing the race. Soon after returning to the saddle, he was in the wars once more in another home match versus King’s Lynn in the Knock-Out Cup on 28 April. Again, in heat two, he was inadvertently clipped on the first corner as both visiting riders, John Oliver and Kozza Smith, came to grief. The upshot was a fractured shoulder for the Poole-born rider and a lengthy spell out of action. He returned to the Racers’ line-up for the last sector of the season but, with the track closing at the end of the term, had to move on in 2009. Warwick was to secure a second spell with Berwick, but lost his team spot in May when the Bandits opted to bring in the locally-based Greg Blair. Renowned for his dreadlocks, the popular speedster subsequently joined Bournemouth later the same month, replacing Luke Priest in the line-up. Belatedly in the season, on 8 October, he hit a bump on the Poole racing strip and was catapulted over his handlebars in an alarming heat ten spill against the USA Dream Team. His crash was described as one of the worst ever seen at the venue and he was extremely lucky to walk away from it. Despite being black and blue, he bravely turned out for the Buccaneers in a Play-Off semi-final tie at Weymouth the following evening, before the pain got too much for him to represent the side in the first leg of the Knock-Out Cup final at Buxton on 11 October. He did, however, return to the line-up as they sealed KOC glory in the second leg four days afterwards. And, later in the month, he helped Bournemouth secure the League Championship courtesy of a Play-Off final success over Plymouth. In January, the Isle of Wight announced that they had agreed a one-year loan deal with the Buccaneers for Warwick’s services in the new term. ‘The Dreaded one’, as the rider had become known because of his distinctive hairstyle, celebrated his landing of a 2010 team berth by heading off to Grindelwald in Switzerland for an extended snowboarding holiday! He was to remain ever-present throughout the Islanders’ official 28-match schedule, totalling 247 points for a real-time average of 7.82. In 2011, Warwick was employed by Poole Speedway as a mechanic for Russian thrill-merchant Renat Gafurov and, keeping himself really busy, he also returned to the Isle of Wight team-sheet as a replacement for Brendan Johnson on 1 July. WATT, David (Davey) John DATE OF BIRTH: 6 January 1978, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. BRITISH CAREER: (2001) Isle of Wight; (2002) Newcastle; (2003) King’s Lynn, Poole; (2004) Rye House, Poole, Eastbourne; (2005) Eastbourne; (2006) Oxford; (2007) Eastbourne; (2008) Poole; (2009) Eastbourne; (2010-11) Poole. MAJOR HONOUR: Queensland State Champion: 2005. CLUB HONOURS: Young Shield winner: 2001 [Isle of Wight]; League Championship winner: 2003, 2004, 2008, 2011 [all Poole]; Elite Shield winner: 2009 [Eastbourne]; Knock-Out Cup winner: 2010, 2011 [both Poole]. 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 7.59 (EL). ADDITIONAL INFO: Having first ridden a bike at just 3-years-of-age in 1981, Watt was already a vastly experienced motorcyclist when he initially appeared in British speedway with the Isle of Wight in 2001. His official debut for the Islanders occurred in a Premier Trophy encounter at Swindon on 29 March, when he recorded a paid 5 points. He subsequently appeared for Newcastle and King’s Lynn, respectively, in the ensuing couple of seasons, whilst also riding for parent club Poole in the latter year. A loan move to Rye House followed in 2004 and he also continued to ‘double-up’ with the Pirates, sharing a position with André Compton. However, he was released by the Dorset side in mid-June, when they re-signed Krzysztof Kasprzak. A month later, the Aussie returned to a top-flight position, however, when he linked with Eastbourne to share a post alongside Andrew Moore. Watt was to move into the Elite League on a full-time basis with the Eagles in 2005, but spent a term with Oxford a year later, before resuming with the East Sussex club in 2007. Following that, the Australian international played an integral role in Poole’s 2008 Elite League-winning side, forming a potent unit with the likes of Bjarne Pedersen, Chris Holder, Magnus Zetterström, Adam Skórnicki, Freddie Eriksson and Daniel Davidsson. The popular rider, renowned for his fast starts, bravery, commitment and exciting riding style, was unable to be accommodated in 2009, though, and instead again linked with his former club, Eastbourne, on loan. Late, in November, however, the Pirates were delighted to announce that the locally-based speedster would rejoin them as skipper in 2010. He proved an inspirational leader, as the Dorseteers dominated the regular Elite League programme to occupy top spot in the standings, with the Aussie maintaining an average of over 8 points a match. And, having been called into the British Grand Prix as a replacement for the injured Emil Sayfutdinov at Cardiff on 10 July, he was to fill the Russian’s place in a further three of the final four rounds after the hard-charging rider from Salavat had taken another knock in the Scandinavian GP at Målilla, Sweden, on 14 August. Watt overcame a hand injury whilst making a guest appearance for Coventry in a league fixture versus Peterborough at Brandon Stadium on 20 August. And although Poole eventually missed out on the League Championship after losing to Coventry in the Play-Off final, they did at least gain some consolation at Wimborne Road on 27 October, when they clinched an aggregate victory over Eastbourne to lift the Knock-Out Cup; it being Watt’s fourth piece of silverware with the Pirates, having previously won three league titles in their colours. The Aussie was to conclude the campaign with 324.5 points to his name, having been the only rider to remain ever-present throughout the Pirates’ forty-two official matches; that yielded a real-time average of 8.01. And, during a club sponsors’ evening on 17 December, it was confirmed that Poole would again be led by Watt in 2011 after the Australian had endorsed terms. The Pirates’ skipper sustained an ankle injury in the club’s opening meeting of the season, a challenge match at Eastbourne on 20 March, before he had even had a chance to complete four laps. Watt was taken for X-rays on the affected area after appearing to lay his machine down to avoid fallen Eastbourne rider Dawid Lampart at the start of his first race of the meeting. The rider was pleased to learn that there were no broken bones and underwent a fitness test prior to the return match at Wimborne Road on 23 March with a view to declaring himself fit which, as things transpired, he did before going on to net a 9-point tally. Watt was to average 8 points a match for the Pirates and overcame a late-season injury to lead the club to the Elite League Championship, courtesy of an aggregate victory over Eastbourne in the Play-Off final. Amazingly, it was the Australian’s fourth such success with the Dorset outfit. Shortly after, he was also on hard to collect the Knock-Out Cup after victory in the final against Belle Vue. FIM Speedway Grand Prix Record: Grand Prix ridden: 4 – 83rd on SGP all-time list Grand Prix points: 19 – 75th on SGP all-time list Grand Prix races: 20 – 74th on SGP all-time list Grand Prix race wins: 3 – 72nd on SGP all-time list Grand Prix wins: 0 – n/a Grand Prix finals: 0 – n/a FIM Speedway World Cup Record: SWC tournaments: 6 Events: 12 – 5th on Australia’s list; 27th on SWC all-time list Points: 73 – 6th on Australia’s list; 33rd on SWC all-time list Finals: 4 WEBSTER, Timothy (Tim) Mark DATE OF BIRTH: 26 May 1989, Birmingham, West Midlands. BRITISH CAREER: (2004) King’s Lynn II; (2005) Weymouth, Scunthorpe; (2006) Newport II; (2007) Plymouth; (2008-09) Weymouth; (2010) Newport II; (2011) Stoke, Edinburgh. CLUB HONOURS: League Championship winner: 2008 [Weymouth]; Pairs Championship winner: 2011 [Stoke]. 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 6.68 (NL), 3.00 (PL). ADDITIONAL INFO: Webster first rode a speedway bike in October 2003 at an Olle Nygren training school and, a year later, made his official debut with King’s Lynn’s second side – the then-nicknamed Starlets – in their final Conference Trophy match of the season in an away encounter versus Weymouth on 31 October, failing to score from four outings. He made just a single Knock-Out Cup appearance for Weymouth the following year and also raced in one Conference League match for Scunthorpe. Thirteen appearances came his way for Newport Mavericks in 2006 as he continued to make his way in the sport. A season with Plymouth in 2007 proved a good move as he attained a real-time average of 3.74 from twenty-seven official matches. Webster then enjoyed the first of two terms in Weymouth’s colours in 2008, when he increased his average to above 6 points per match. Highlighting a fruitful 2009 campaign, he established a new track record of 50.9 seconds for the Radipole Lane circuit on 8 August; this occurred in heat two of a National League fixture against Newport. Prior to the season’s end it was confirmed by Wildcats’ boss Phil Bartlett that the rider was set for a full transfer back to Newport, whom he had previously been an asset of. This came after Webster had officially requested a permanent move with the Speedway Control Bureau. He was to post an average in excess of 6 points per match for the Hornets in 2010, but faced an enforced spell on the sidelines after sustaining a broken wrist in heat one of an away league match at King’s Lynn on 1 August. Whilst he recuperated, Webster’s team spot was filled by Luke Priest in a subsequent re-declaration. However, when Mark Jones’ six-month work permit came to an end later that same month, Webster found himself recalled to the side upon his recovery from injury. His return didn’t last long, though, as he suffered a broken ankle in a National Trophy engagement at the Isle of Wight on 21 September, which brought his season to a premature end. The injury occurred in heat seven, when Webster laid down his machine on the third bend in an attempt to avoid fallen team-mate Tom Young. He had represented the club on twenty-three occasions, scoring 143 points for an average of 6.98. On 8 February 2011, Stoke announced the signing of Webster on a full transfer from Newport ahead of their first season at National League level, having decided to drop down a tier for financial reasons. He was to be a regular tall-scorer for the Potters and, on 18 June, he partnered Simon Lambert to glory in the National League Pairs Championship at Newport’s Queensway Meadows racing strip, as they defeated the home duo of Todd Kurtz and Jay Herne in the final. Webster’s form – and his excellent gating ability – was to earn him a Premier League call-up from Edinburgh as a direct replacement for Lee Dicken, the Scottish outfit announcing the move on 29 June. However, his spell with the Monarchs was to conclude towards the end of August, when the Armadale-based club elected to draft in Byron Bekker. Webster had faced plenty of long-distance travel for Premier League meetings and had suffered several falls during his stint with Edinburgh. However, he saw the season out on the injured list after suffering ligament damage to his hand, as well as broken knuckles and fingers after falling in heat six of the Potters’ Play-Off semi-final at Mildenhall on 2 October. WELLS, Rick (Ricky) DATE OF BIRTH: 27 July 1991, Auckland, North Island, New Zealand. BRITISH CAREER: (2009) Coventry; (2010) Stoke; (2011) Wolverhampton, Plymouth. MAJOR HONOURS: USA Under-21 Champion: 2007, 2008; AMA American Champion: 2009; California State Champion: 2009. CLUB HONOUR: Elite Shield winner: 2011 [Wolverhampton]. 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 3.33 (EL). 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 3.33 (EL), 5.55 (PL). ADDITIONAL INFO: Previously nicknamed ‘The Kiwi Kid’, Wells – who races on an American licence – had the start of his British career delayed slightly with Coventry in 2009, whilst his official paperwork was ironed out. He was temporarily replaced by Filip Šitera, before being able to line-up for the Bees in April. The Warwickshire outfit had been taking a keen interest in Wells’ progress for over a year, and members of their management team had attended his meetings on previous trips to Europe, including his run to the semi-finals of the World Under-21 Championship in 2008. Having agreed to join the Brandon-based club, it initially looked likely that the Auckland-born rider would be loaned out to a Premier League outfit in order to gain more experience but, with the regulations ruling that out, he made the big step directly into the top-flight. The youngster experienced the highs and lows of the sport in a three-day spell as the season unfolded, winning the American Championship on 19 September. But, on 21 September, he crashed heavily in heat eleven of the Play-Off semi-final between Coventry and Swindon at Brandon Stadium, sustaining bad bruising to his lower back, although thankfully no broken bones. That necessitated a spell on the sidelines for the rider. Wells’ success in the 41st United States National Championship at the famous Orange County Fairgrounds, Costa Mesa, California, made him the youngest-ever winner of the title at 18 years and 54 days old. He was also the first foreign-born rider to claim the Championship. In November, it was revealed that the Californian would race for Premier League Stoke in 2010 – in a loan deal from Coventry – having had a tough debut British season in the highest sphere. And, in December, the Bees announced that he would be ‘doubling-up’ in their reserve department, alongside Josh Auty. However, the Bees were subsequently forced to review their options when they learnt that Wells wasn’t eligible for a place in their squad because riders without an established Premier League average are not permitted to ‘double-up’ or take the No. 8 stand-by position at EL level. The Warwickshire club eventually opted to sign Richard Sweetman for the role. Wells recorded his best score in British speedway with a haul of paid 17 (14+3 points) from seven rides in Stoke’s home league match against Glasgow on 19 June. And he went on to be the Potters’ only ever-present representative throughout their thirty-eight official meetings, from which he yielded 248 points and an average of 5.98. On 30 January 2011, Wolverhampton announced the signing of Wells ahead of their Elite League campaign. This represented something of a dream move for the rider, who returned to the top-flight at Monmore Green; a track that he rated as his favourite. He was to average a shade over 4.5 points per match for the Wolves and, on 15 July, the West Midlanders revealed that the Auckland-born rider would be heading South-West the following week to link with Plymouth. He was also to remain in the Wolverhampton squad in a ‘doubling-up’ role with Tero Aarnio. WETHERS, Matthew James DATE OF BIRTH: 30 May 1985, Adelaide, South Australia. BRITISH CAREER: (2003) Armadale, Wolverhampton II, Edinburgh; (2004) Edinburgh, Armadale; (2005) Glasgow, King’s Lynn, Edinburgh; (2006) Edinburgh, Poole; (2007-09) Edinburgh; (2010) Edinburgh, Wolverhampton; (2011) Edinburgh. MAJOR HONOUR: South Australian State Under-16 Champion: 2001. CLUB HONOURS: League Championship winner: 2003, 2008, 2010 [all Edinburgh]; Premier Trophy winner: 2008 [Edinburgh]; Play-Off winner: 2008, 2009 [Edinburgh]. 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 7.04 (PL). ADDITIONAL INFO: ‘Stormy’ represented Edinburgh for a seventh successive season in 2009 and was the Armadale-based team’s only remaining rider from the legendary Championship-winning side of 2003. During this time, the mega-popular Aussie had brief spells with other outfits – most notably in 2005 with stints at Glasgow and King’s Lynn – but it’s with the Monarchs that his heart lies. He went on to become an accomplished competitor with the Scottish outfit, winning the Rider of the Year award in 2007 and adding a further league title in 2008, as well as being part of the side that triumphed in both the Premier Trophy and the Play-Offs. He posted a real-time average of almost 8 points per match in 2009 and also skippered Edinburgh to another Play-Off success against King’s Lynn in an enthralling final. With a casual approach that hides a natural racing instinct and intelligence, the Adelaide-born rider has tended to come under the radar outside of Scotland where, understandably, he is very highly-rated by the Monarchs’ management. Naturally, he again remained with Edinburgh in 2010 and in May, following the broken leg sustained by Wolverhampton’s Chris Kerr, he was brought into the Elite League side’s squad in a ‘doubling-up’ capacity. This was the second time he had linked with the Monmore club, having represented the then-Wolf Cubs in the Conference League in 2003. Wethers spun off when lying third in heat seven of Wolverhampton’s league fixture versus Swindon at Monmore Green on 12 July. The Aussie was thrown from his machine, taking a heavy fall on the last turn. After lengthy treatment, he was taken from the track by ambulance with suspected concussion. However, he returned to action later in the same week with Edinburgh and went on to seal a third League Championship success in seven years with the Scottish side, forming a particularly potent cutting edge alongside Ryan Fisher and Kevin Wölbert. At the campaign’s end, he was the only Monarch to remain ever-present throughout the club’s 44-match programme in official competition, from which he registered 353 points and an 8.18 average. His record for the season took him up to tenth place in the Monarchs’ leading all-time league scorers’ list, behind club greats Les Collins, George Hunter, Dave Trownson, Brett Saunders, Peter Carr, Scott Lamb, Kenny McKinna, Doug Templeton and Dick Campbell. Meanwhile, in his role at Wolverhampton, he made eighteen appearances for 78 points and a healthy 5.30 average. His best performance for the top-flight side occurred in a league match at Belle Vue on 30 June when, riding from a reserve berth, he recorded an excellent 9+1 points from five starts in a 45-45 draw. On 27 November, at a Video Night, Edinburgh announced the return of the popular Wethers for his ninth season in 2011 and his third as captain. WHITE-WILLIAMS, James (Jamie) DATE OF BIRTH: 2 December 1985, Ringland, Newport, Gwent, South Wales. BRITISH CAREER: (2008) Plymouth; (2009) Weymouth; (2010-11) Newport II. CLUB HONOUR: Conference Trophy winner: 2008 [Plymouth]. 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 4.96 (NL). ADDITIONAL INFO: The Welshman represented Plymouth in 2008, before switching to Weymouth in 2009, when he made thirty official appearances for 166 points and an impressive real-time average of 5.83. However, in November, Newport revealed that they had signed White-Williams as a full asset to represent his home city club at National League level in 2010. He was knocked unconscious when he clattered through the first bend safety fence after tangling with home rider Marc Owen during the Hornets’ league fixture at Rye House on 11 September. As a result, he was sidelined with a shoulder strain. Although he subsequently returned to action, White-Williams was to sustain another shoulder injury during the Farewell to Weymouth Speedway meeting at Radipole Lane on 22 October, which brought the curtain down on his campaign. He had made twenty-nine appearances for Newport’s National League side, scoring 159 points for an average of 5.30. On 4 February, having previously declared their intention to again run a second team at Newport in 2011, the Welsh club confirmed that White-Williams would remain with the Hornets. He joined Aussies Jay Herne and Todd Kurtz, fellow Newportonians Tom Young and David Gough, plus Devonians Mattie Bates and Richard Andrews in the side’s starting line-up. WIDMAN, Christopher (Chris) David DATE OF BIRTH: 25 March 1990, Leicester, Leicestershire. BRITISH CAREER: (2005) Scunthorpe; (2008) Boston; (2009-10) King’s Lynn II; (2011) Belle Vue II. 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 3.00 (NL). ADDITIONAL INFO: Widman first sampled speedway on a 125cc machine at the then-Sheffield training track in September 2000, before going on to compete in the British Under-15 Championship in 2004 and 2005. He was fifteenth in the inaugural year of the Championship, but an expected improvement the following term was unfortunately scuppered by a broken arm. His Conference League debut occurred for Scunthorpe in a home match versus Rye House on 24 April 2005 but, due to his arm injury, it was to be one of only three official appearances that year. He failed to add to his official tally until 2008, when he rode in a dozen matches for Boston during their last season of operating from the Norfolk Arena raceway, including appearances in the finals of both the Play-Offs and Knock-Out Cup. . He was still based at the same venue in 2009, when he made fourteen appearances at National League level for King’s Lynn, scoring 46 points for a 3.46 real-time average. In February 2010, the re-branded Young Stars revealed that Widman would remain on board for the new campaign. However, an amendment to the side’s declaration in May saw him moved from a spot in the 1-7 to instead fill the No. 8 berth, as Jake Knight was promoted from the position in his place. He was to lose his spot in the squad in mid-June, though, when the Norfolk club signed Lewis Kerr. At the season’s end, he had totalled eleven appearances for the Young Stars although five of those were classed as a guest when he wasn’t included in the team declaration. His six official appearances produced 15 points and a 2.81 average. Following the close season decision of Belle Vue to run a second team in the 2011 National League, the Manchester outfit announced on 16 February that Widman would be part of a solid line-up that also included local boys Kyle Howarth and Jason Garrity, along with Byron Bekker, Scott Richardson, Karl Mason and Adam McKinna. WILKINSON, Carl Adam DATE OF BIRTH: 16 May 1981, Boston, Lincolnshire. BRITISH CAREER: (1997) Peterborough II; (1998) Norfolk; (1999) King’s Lynn II; (2000) Boston, Newcastle, Glasgow; (2001) Boston; (2002-03) Newport, Newport II; (2004) Newport; (2005) Boston, Berwick; (2006) Newport, Ipswich; (2007) Newcastle, Wolverhampton; (2008-10) Scunthorpe, Ipswich; (2011) Scunthorpe. CLUB HONOURS: League Championship winner: 1997 [Peterborough II]; Knock-Out Cup winner: 2000 [Boston]. 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 6.83 (PL). ADDITIONAL INFO: Wilkinson was named as one of Ipswich’s ‘doubling-up’ riders for 2009 and shared the position with Australian Kozza Smith. The Brit first burst on to the scene at Amateur League level for the then-Peterborough Thundercats in May 1997 and his distinctive, spectacular riding style has thrilled crowds the length and breath of the UK ever since at a variety of clubs. Prior to the end of the season, ‘Wilko’ tied-up a deal to remain with Scunthorpe for a third successive term in 2010 and, in December, it was announced that he would also remain with Ipswich in a ‘doubling-up’ capacity, alongside Linus Sundström. But the Witches were to find themselves propping up the league table and, in mid-July, they opted to replace Wilkinson with the same Kozza Smith who, of course, he had shared the role with in the previous season. Wilkinson was one of three riders to remain ever-present throughout Scunthorpe’s forty official meetings; the other two being David Howe and Magnus Karlsson. Those appearances yielded 321 points and a solid 7.57 averages for the North Lincolnshire outfit. His most eye-catching performance at the Eddie Wright Raceway occurred in a league match against Rye House on 4 July, when he tallied a whopping 16+1 points from six starts out of the No. 4 berth. On the Scorpions’ travels, his best showing came at King’s Lynn just three days later, when he carded 14+1 points, again from half-a-dozen outings. Meanwhile, prior to his departure from Ipswich, he had scored 16 points from nine meetings for an average of 2.11. At the re-shaped Foxhall Heath raceway, his best performance had been to score 4 points from seven rides in a league match against Lakeside on 13 May, whilst on the Witches’ travels his leading display was 4+2 points from four starts at Eastbourne on 10 April. In December, the Scunthorpe promotion confirmed that the exciting rider would remain on board with them for a fourth straight term in 2011. He was joined by fellow Englishmen David Howe, Ben Wilson and Steve Worrall, Dane Thomas Jørgensen, Swede Viktor Bergström and Finn Tero Aarnio in a cosmopolitan starting line-up. With a total of 138 career appearances for the Scorpions going into the season, Wilko was seventh in Scunthorpe’s all-time list. Regrettably, the popular rider was badly injured in the Scorpions’ home league match versus Rye House on 8 April. A nasty crash in heat seven left Wilkinson with a double break of his left leg and Rockets’ captain Chris Neath with a suspected broken arm. The Scunthorpe rider was subsequently replaced in the team by Joe Haines. In mid-June, Wilkinson suffered a setback in his bid to return to action from his broken leg, having received the news that the injury wasn’t healing. Unfortunately, an X-ray showed his injury hadn’t healed at all since the day he did it. But he was to make a remarkable recovery thereafter and returned to the Scorpions’ line-up in September as a replacement for the injured Tero Aarnio. WILSON, Ben Ryan DATE OF BIRTH: 15 March 1986, Sheffield, South Yorkshire. BRITISH CAREER: (2001-02) Sheffield II; (2003) Sheffield, Sheffield II, Buxton; (2004) Sheffield, Sheffield II, Carmarthen; (2005) Sheffield; (2006) Sheffield, Wolverhampton; (2007) Sheffield, Belle Vue; (2008) Sheffield; (2009) Redcar, Poole; (2010) Redcar, Stoke; (2011) Scunthorpe. MAJOR HONOUR: British Under-21 Champion: 2006. CLUB HONOUR: League Championship winner: 2001 [Sheffield II]. 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 5.92 (PL). ADDITIONAL INFO: Wilson’s first steps on the speedway ladder took place at the Sheffield training school, before he took his bow at Conference level with the Prowlers in 2001. He was to make huge strides with Sheffield’s second side a year later, remaining ever-present throughout their twenty-four official matches to yield 183 points and a 7.49 average. A real highlight occurred on 29 July, when he romped to a first-ever paid maximum in a home league match versus Wimbledon, notching 12+3 points from five starts. His rapid progress earned him a place in the senior Tigers team in 2003 and he held his spot throughout, recording a 3.81 average from forty meetings. The year also saw him continue to gain experience with the Prowlers in the Conference League and he also enjoyed a couple of outings with Buxton in the Conference Trophy. Indeed, his form for Sheffield’s youngsters was excellent, as he posted a 9.47 average and hit half-a-dozen maximums (2 full and 4 paid) from eighteen appearances. Wilson’s sharp rise gathered momentum in 2004, when his average for the Tigers moved up to 5.15. Meanwhile, he again represented the Prowlers and, although the side had curtailed their activities to the Conference Trophy, he achieved an impressive 9.03 average. Aside from that, he also rode in four Conference League matches for Carmarthen. In an eventful season, he took a splendid victory in the Jeff Hall Suzuki Top Gun Championship at Sheffield on 27 May after defeating Richard Hall in a title run-off. And, a little over two months later, he made his international debut for a touring Great Britain Under-21 side against their Swedish counterparts in Örebro. Regrettably, though, he was to end the campaign with a broken collarbone, suffered on 29 October whilst appearing for the GB Under-21s versus Scotland at Edinburgh’s Armadale Stadium. The meeting was held amidst dreadfully wet conditions and was abandoned after the fourth heat, which had seen Wilson collect his painful injury when David McAllan had inadvertently spun and fallen in front of him. Fully fit for 2005, the Sheffield-born youngster was to ride solely for his hometown team. His improvement continued unabated, as he remained ever-present throughout their 50-match programme to card a 6.03 average. The pinnacle of Wilson’s career occurred in 2006, however, when he was crowned British Under-21 Champion at King’s Lynn on 3 May. The meeting saw him run a second to Edward Kennett first time out, but he went on to brilliantly collect 14 points from his five starts. That booked him a comfortable passage through to the final, which he subsequently won superbly ahead of Daniel King, Lewis Bridger and Steve Boxall. Meanwhile, for the Tigers, he once more came on a bomb, registering an 8.11 average from fifty official meetings. He was again identified with Sheffield in 2007 and also filled a ‘doubling up’ role alongside James Wright at Belle Vue; although he was to be restricted to just one appearance in the Elite League against Reading at Kirkmanshulme Lane on 29 August. Yet another term with Sheffield followed but, having been on the club’s books for eight seasons, a change of track in 2009 saw Wilson link with Redcar. And, in May that year, he also joined Poole in a ‘doubling-up’ capacity alongside the late Paul Fry, when the Pirates’ management released Carl Stonehewer and Tomasz Piszcz. He seemed likely to miss the remainder of the season after sustaining a broken heel, when he lost control and crashed whilst leading heat fourteen of Redcar’s televised league match versus Edinburgh on 24 August. However, he defied the medical experts and took part in a behind-closed-doors practice session, before amazingly returning to the Bears’ line-up in an away league match at Sheffield on 3 September – just 10 days after his accident! Wilson, having moved away from his Owlerton ‘comfort zone’, proved a big hit with the Bears and deservedly won the club’s Rider of the Year award. The Yorkshireman continued his excellent form with Redcar in the early weeks of the 2010 campaign, but came a cropper in the Bears’ Premier League match at Berwick on 1 May. In heat nine, he took a double points outing, only to plough through the safety fence at high speed exiting the second bend. He ended up against the outer spectator retaining wall, before being taken to hospital for further treatment. Although not diagnosed immediately, Wilson suffered a chipped bone in the heel he had injured the previous term, whilst also hurting an arm and receiving severe bruising. He returned to action for Redcar in a Premier Trophy match at Sheffield on 27 May but, broadly speaking, was unable to replicate his pre-injury form and this culminated in him losing his team spot to Joe Haines early in August. At the time he had attained an average of 6.56, having recorded 156 points from twenty-three official appearances. His high spot for the Bears at home was a haul of 14+1 points from six rides versus Edinburgh in a league encounter on 29 April. Meanwhile, on the team’s travels, his best showing came at Newport on 25 April, when he totalled 12 points from five starts. Despite being dropped he was snapped-up almost immediately by Stoke to replace Jan Graversen, although his season was to end abruptly on 9 October after a heavy crash in a league fixture against Newport at Loomer Road. This saw Wilson collected by Wasps’ Kyle Legault in his first race of the meeting and, although he was later released from hospital, the rider was left feeling decidedly second-hand. He had ridden in just seven matches for the Potters, from which he gleaned 33 points and a 5.48 average. With the addition of his earlier meetings for Redcar, it gave Wilson a seasonal tally of 189 points from thirty official appearances and an overall average of 6.34. As 2010 ticked into 2011, Scunthorpe announced that they acquired the services of Wilson ahead of the new season and that he would start the campaign alongside Tero Aarnio in one of the Scorpions’ second-string positions. He was to average over 6.5 points a match for the side, before suffering knee and wrist injuries in a heavy crash during heat thirteen of Scunthorpe’s home league match versus Plymouth on 19 August. Wilson had been unbeaten to that stage but the home side still gained a 56-37 win, with five riders paid for at least 12 points. FIM Speedway Grand Prix Record: Wilson has signed on as a reserve for one Grand Prix, at Cardiff, Wales, for the 2006 FIM British Speedway GP, but didn’t get a ride and is still waiting to make his SGP debut. WOFFINDEN, Tai DATE OF BIRTH: 10 August 1990, Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire. BRITISH CAREER: (2006) Scunthorpe, Sheffield; (2007) Rye House, Scunthorpe, Poole; (2008) Rye House; (2009-11) Wolverhampton. MAJOR HONOURS: Conference League Riders’ Champion: 2007; British Under-18 Champion: 2007, 2008; British Under-21 Champion: 2008, 2011; Premier League Riders’ Champion: 2008. CLUB HONOURS: League Championship winner: 2006 [Scunthorpe], 2007 [Rye House and Scunthorpe], 2009 [Wolverhampton]; Knock-Out Cup winner: 2006, 2007 [both Scunthorpe]; Conference Trophy winner: 2006, 2007 [both Scunthorpe]; Conference Shield winner: 2006 [Scunthorpe]; Four-Team Championship winner: 2007 [Scunthorpe]; Elite Shield winner: 2010, 2011 [both Wolverhampton]. RIDER LINKS: Son of Rob Woffinden (born: 27 March 1962, Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire). 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 7.06 (EL). ADDITIONAL INFO: In October 2006, Wolverhampton won the race to sign the highly talented youngster on a full contract. He subsequently spent two seasons with Rye House in the Premier League, before stepping up to the Elite League on a full-time basis with the Wolves in 2009. It was hard not to get excited about the talented Woffinden, whose progress through the leagues was emphatic and included the scooping of numerous individual titles along the way. He learnt to ride speedway in Perth, Australia, prior to beginning his British career with Scunthorpe – just like his father, Rob, had done in 1978 – before progressing on to Rye House. In 2008, ‘Wuffy’ occupied a hugely impressive third place in the British Final staged at Swindon and, in the 2009 event at Poole on 20 May, he replicated that performance, finishing behind Chris Harris and Edward Kennett. He went on to play a vital role in Wolves’ League Championship success, netting 303 points from thirty-seven official appearances to yield a remarkable real-time average of 8.30. In November, he was named as one of the four permanent wildcards for the 2010 Grand Prix series, along with Hans Andersen, Chris Harris and Wolverhampton team-mate Fredrik Lindgren. And, in mid-December, the Wolves’ management confirmed that he would remain with them for a second successive term. Regrettably, his dad passed away on 30 January, aged just 47, following a near year-long battle with cancer. He had been a major influence on his son’s career and was held in high regard within the Wolves’ camp for helping to generate such a wonderful team spirit amongst the side on their way to the league title success. Woffinden jnr found the ideal distraction the day after his father’s sad passing by getting back on his steed and completing some testing at Scunthorpe’s Eddie Wright Raceway. Another mark of distinction came his way in March when, at 19 years-of-age, he was instated as the Wolverhampton skipper. Wuffy suffered ligament damage to a wrist when he fell awkwardly after clipping Peterborough guest Scott Nicholls’ rear wheel in heat fifteen of Wolves’ home league match on 17 May. Bravely, after receiving a pain-killing injection from Ipswich-based injury specialist Brian Simpson, he returned to action five days later in the Czech GP and recorded his first-ever race win in the series. He was in the wars again during Event Two of the Speedway World Cup at King’s Lynn on 26 July, when he crashed in his second outing. Despite taking a knock to the ribs, he rode on as Great Britain qualified directly to the final and, although he was struggling to breathe properly, he vowed to race through the pain barrier in the pursuit of glory for his country. Then, in heat fifteen of Wolverhampton’s league match at Swindon on 2 September, he clattered into the air safety barrier during the initial attempt to run the race. As a result, he was forced to miss the Elite League Pairs Championship at Ipswich two days later and was also unable to represent Great Britain in the World Under-21 Team Cup Final at Rye House on the 5th of the month. When all the numbers were added up at the season’s conclusion, Woffinden had ridden in forty official matches for the Wolves, scoring 344 points for a 7.54 average. And there was little doubt that he would remain with the Monmore men in 2011, his continuance with the club confirmed in the close season. On 15 April, he romped to a second victory in the British Under-21 Championship at Lakeside. Indeed, the Wolves rider was rarely troubled on his way to a 15-point maximum and, in the showdown final, he brushed aside his rivals to take the crown ahead of Steve Worrall, Joe Haines and Josh Auty. Unfortunately, on Easter Monday [25 April], Woffinden sustained an injury when he fell whilst riding his BMX bike. It was initially thought that he had broken his collarbone, but it actually turned out to be a shoulder break. It meant several weeks on the sidelines for the Wolverhampton rider, with the team operating the rider replacement facility in his absence. The rider had hoped to return in Wolves’ Elite Shield clash against Poole at Monmore Green on 23 May, but was forced to pull out over the weekend preceding the fixture. Instead of riding on the day, he returned to hospital for further X-rays on his shoulder. There was good news following that, though, with Woffinden announcing that he would be fit to return a week later. He duly resumed with Wolverhampton in a home league clash with Belle Vue on 30 May, but only took one outing because the meeting was curtailed after three heats due to rain. Woffinden subsequently helped Great Britain to a 2-0 Test series victory over Australia, scoring 6+2 and 6+1 points at Poole and Lakeside on 1 and 3 June, respectively. Then, on 6 June, Woffinden was left in a philosophical mood after coming agonisingly close to a first British Championship success at Monmore Green. He ignored the pain from another heavy crash on the night to reach the final with a 15-point maximum. He was then a victim of both incidents that led to the deciding race being stopped, before he had to follow Scott Nicholls and Chris Harris home and settle for third place. The rider then returned to hospital for X-rays on the shoulder he had broken in his BMX accident at Easter and, fortunately, he was told it hadn’t re-broken. They told him to simply rest and whilst Woffinden was happy to do that on the Tuesday – when Wolverhampton didn’t have a meeting – he was prepared to put his body on the line for the club the following evening in a match at Poole. FIM Speedway Grand Prix Record: Grand Prix ridden: 12 – 55th on SGP all-time list Grand Prix points: 51 – 57th on SGP all-time list Grand Prix races: 57 – 51st on SGP all-time list Grand Prix race wins: 5 – 60th on SGP all-time list Grand Prix wins: 0 – n/a Grand Prix finals: 0 – n/a FIM Speedway World Cup Record: SWC tournaments: 4 Events: 7 – 7th on Great Britain’s list; 49th on SWC all-time list Points: 51 – 8th on Great Britain’s list; 47th on SWC all-time list Finals: 1 DATE OF BIRTH: 14 June 1989, Crivitz, Parchim, Germany. BRITISH CAREER: (2009-10) Edinburgh; (2011) Edinburgh, Birmingham, Poole. MAJOR HONOUR: German Champion: 2008, 2011. CLUB HONOURS: Play-Off winner: 2009 [Edinburgh]; League Championship winner: 2010 [Edinburgh], 2011 [Poole]; Knock-Out Cup winner: 2011 [Poole]. 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 7.96 (PL), 4.78 (EL). ADDITIONAL INFO: Having attracted considerable attention in recent years, the talented Wölbert continued his progression up the speedway ladder when he finished sixth in the European Under-19 Championship at Stralsund in his home country on 30 August 2008. Then, the following day, he further showcased his abilities by taking third spot in the German Under-21 Championship at Herxheim. However, the pinnacle of his career thus far occurred in Diedenbergen on 14 September, when he was crowned German Champion. The meeting saw Wölbert notch 12 points to tie for first place with Richard Speiser and defending Champion Martin Smolinski but, in the title run-off, he jetted away and held off the pressing former Coventry rider for a fine success. Prior to his excellent run on the individual front, Wölbert had also top-scored for Germany as they grabbed a highly creditable second-place behind Sweden in the European Under-19 Team Championship final at Rawicz, Poland, on 22 May. After lining-up at Edinburgh for the aborted Scottish Open on 31 July 2009, the German subsequently joined the then-reigning Premier League Champions in August, replacing the injured Andrew Tully and also linking with compatriot Max Dilger, who had been acquired by the Monarchs a couple of weeks earlier. His signing was to be one that re-ignited the season for the Scottish side, as he averaged almost 9 points per match (including bonus) and caused a sensation with his brilliant and daring racing. Regrettably, though, Wölbert was to miss Edinburgh’s trip to King’s Lynn for the second leg of the Knock-Out Cup final after receiving a hand injury during the Promotion Play-Off at Belle Vue on 26 October. The injury occurred in the nominated heat, when the German’s clutch disintegrated on the first bend, causing him to fall heavily. He also missed out on the return leg against the Aces, but at least had enjoyed the satisfaction of helping the Monarchs to victory over King’s Lynn in the Play-Off final earlier in the month. Immediately prior to his injury, the club had handed their fans an early Christmas present with the news that Wölbert was the first name on the Edinburgh team-sheet for 2010, the popular rider having agreed to return for a full term. He endured a bumpy start to the new season, though, in the re-staging of the previous year’s Scottish Open at Armadale on 19 March, when he suffered a couple of heavy crashes. However, he was able to complete the meeting and subsequently declared himself fit for the Monarchs’ opening matches of the campaign. Then Wölbert injured his back in the Monarchs’ home match versus Glasgow in the Premier Trophy on 23 April. After struggling through several further meetings, he eventually had it re-checked in Germany and underwent an operation to drain off the fluid. The advice was that he should take two weeks’ rest but, being a typical speedway rider, he was back in the saddle much sooner than that. He was to be a key component of a powerful Edinburgh side that went on to clinch the League Championship, as he formed a powerful spearhead alongside Ryan Fisher and Matthew Wethers. Indeed, he scored a paid maximum (13+2 points) at Stoke on the night – 4 September – the Monarchs clinched the Premier League title and also rode brilliantly in a win at Glasgow the following day to net 13+1 points. A little later, he took a remarkable fourth place in the Czech Golden Helmet, which was probably the best result of his career thus far. He ended the campaign with a real-time average of 8.53, having scored 301 points from thirty-four official matches. And, on 15 December, the Monarchs announced that Wölbert would remain on board in 2011 and that the rider had pledged to make the UK his top priority. Then, on 5 February, Birmingham revealed that they had snapped-up the German international for their debut Elite League campaign to share a ‘doubling-up’ role with James Wright. The German was to average a shade over 5 points a match with the Brummies, but both him and Wright were to lose their shared position within the side in July, when the club decided to retain the services of Ulrich Østergaard for the remainder of the season. That followed the Dane’s excellent spell as cover whilst Aleš Dryml recovered from injury. In September, Poole made a change to their squad ahead of the Elite League Play-Offs by drafting in the German international to replace Gary Havelock in a ‘doubling-up’ position alongside Jason Doyle. FIM Speedway Grand Prix Record: Wölbert has signed on as a reserve for one Grand Prix, at Gelsenkirchen, Germany, for the 2008 FIM German Speedway GP, but the event was postponed and moved to Bydgoszcz, Poland and, as he was not named as a reserve for the re-staging, he is still waiting to make his SGP debut. FIM Speedway World Cup Record: SWC tournaments: 1 Events: 1 – 18th on Germany’s list; 176th on SWC all-time list Points: 2 – 11th on Germany’s list; 150th on SWC all-time list Finals: 0 DATE OF BIRTH: 8 January 1985, Mildura, Victoria, Australia. BRITISH CAREER: (2003) Poole; (2004-05) Edinburgh; (2006-11) Eastbourne. MAJOR HONOURS: Victoria State Champion: 2006, 2008, 2009. CLUB HONOURS: Knock-Out Cup winner: 2008 [Eastbourne]; Elite Shield winner: 2009 [Eastbourne]. 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 5.63 (EL). ADDITIONAL INFO: Woodward began his UK career with Poole in 2003, making just five appearances in the British League Cup competition that ran only for the one season only. The Aussie then joined Edinburgh for his first full term of British racing in 2004 and was to spend two years with the Scottish club, raising his average to over 7 points per match at Premier League level. He then stepped-up to the Elite League with Eastbourne in 2006 and, from then on, the laid-back speedster made steady progress. Woodward remained in the Eagles’ colours for a fourth successive campaign in 2009, when a neat style, together with the ability to conjure decent starts and good speed meant he assumed a second-string role in the side’s septet. He was to remain ever-present over the course of the club’s thirty-six official matches, scoring 236 points to yield a solid real-time average of 6.64. Late in December, the Eastbourne management confirmed that he would once again represent them in 2010. And, upon his arrival back in the UK from Down Under in February, Woodward was handed the Eagles’ captaincy; a singular honour which saw the Aussie’s name ranked alongside such club legends as Martin Dugard, Gordon Kennett, Nicki Pedersen and David Norris to name but a few. The Aussie made his usual solid start to the campaign, but required a spell on the sidelines after tangling with Wolverhampton’s Fredrik Lindgren in heat five of a league fixture at Arlington on 17 June. The coming together resulted in the Eagles’ skipper going over the safety fence and, although he raced on for a time in the match-up, he was unable to take his place in his last ride. It was subsequently confirmed that he had suffered a hefty knock to his left thigh, which swelled heavily and necessitated treatment for blood clots. He eventually returned to action in a home league match versus Poole on 15 July and celebrated by notching 12+2 points. And he was to clinch a first-ever top-flight maximum when he totalled a whopping 15+3 points from six starts against Wolverhampton in the first leg of the Knock-Out Cup semi-final at Arlington on 10 October. Woodward finished the campaign with a healthy real-time average of 7.26, having totalled 218 points from thirty-one appearances in the Eagles’ colours. And, on 6 January, the East Sussex club was pleased to announce that the popular Aussie would be remaining on board for a sixth straight campaign in 2011. WORRALL, Richie DATE OF BIRTH: 23 September 1991, St Helens, Merseyside. BRITISH CAREER: (2011) Newcastle, Scunthorpe II/Sheffield II. CLUB HONOURS: Premier Shield winner: 2011 [Newcastle]; League Championship winner: 2011 [Scunthorpe II/Sheffield II]. RIDER LINKS: Twin brother of Steve Worrall (born: 23 September 1991, St Helens, Merseyside). 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 3.00 (PL), 3.00 (NL). ADDITIONAL INFO: Richie is slightly the elder of the two racing twins, having been born at 1.17 p.m. on 23 September 1991; his sibling arrived just two minutes later. Almost nineteen years later, in 2010, he followed his brother into Scunthorpe’s National League side, although all his appearances for the Saints were classed as those of a guest due to him never being officially named in the team declaration. Despite that – and on occasion filling the No. 8 role – he was handed the team captaincy on more than one occasion. The former moto-cross rider made his first appearance for the side in a league fixture at the Isle of Wight on 29 June, when he netted 2+1 points from three outings. Aside from representing Scunthorpe on five occasions, he also appeared in three National League meetings for Bournemouth, beginning with a match at King’s Lynn on 12 September. He made three appearances for Newport Hornets, too. Two of these were in the National Trophy, with the other one occurring in the Knock-Out Cup. The first of his matches for the Welsh outfit was in a NT fixture at Weymouth on 24 September. Four late-season appearances also came his way for Buxton, as he helped the Hitmen secure victory in both the Knock-Out Cup final and the Play-Off final, scoring an impressive total of 25 points. On 4 December, it was announced that the entertaining leg-trailer would fill one of Newcastle’s reserve berths, alongside Kyle Newman, in 2011; the Diamonds having agreed a loan deal with Worrall’s parent club, Scunthorpe. And, on 10 February, it was also confirmed that he would represent the Saints at NL level. It was later revealed that the NL team would be a joint venture with Sheffield and that home fixtures would be split between the two tracks. WORRALL, Steven (Steve) DATE OF BIRTH: 23 September 1991, St Helens, Merseyside. BRITISH CAREER: (2010) Scunthorpe, Scunthorpe II; (2011) Scunthorpe, Scunthorpe II/Sheffield II. CLUB HONOUR: League Championship winner: 2011 [Scunthorpe II/Sheffield II]. RIDER LINKS: Twin brother of Richie Worrall (born: 23 September 1991, St Helens, Merseyside). 2011 STARTING AVERAGE: 3.00 (PL), 5.74 (NL). ADDITIONAL INFO: In February 2010, Scunthorpe Saints announced the signing of the former moto-cross rider to fill one of their reserve berths in the new campaign. St Helens born and bred Worrall, who had been racing moto-cross since the age of seven, saw speedway on television and decided to try the sport on the club’s mini-track in 2009. After enjoying the experience, he attended the practices at the Eddie Wright Raceway and progressed through the club’s amateur meetings towards the end of the season. Highlighting just how far he had progressed in a short space of time – in only his third meeting – he mixed-it with established National League riders Paul Starke and Mattie Bates, together with fellow Saints’ signing Ashley Birks, in the Open Class ‘A’ final on 12 December. That came hot on the heels of a second-place finish in the ‘A’ final of the Support Class at the Eddie Wright Raceway on 29 August, and a brace of victories in both the ‘A’ and ‘B’ Support Class finals on 18 October. And, quite incredibly, after riding in just two National League meetings for Scunthorpe, Worrall appeared in the British Under-21 qualifying round at Mildenhall on 11 April and scooped a brilliant second-place finish, behind Scott Campos. His form for the Saints was impressive, too, with an early high spot being a return of 11+1 points in an away league fixture at Plymouth on 21 May. His efforts were to be rewarded at the tail-end of June, when Scunthorpe elected to share a reserve berth between him and Gary Irving in their senior team, having released Simon Lambert. However, another change in August saw the Scorpions’ management draft in Jan Graversen to replace Worrall and Irving. He went on to total 144 points in the Saints’ colours from nineteen matches, which equated to an average of 6.46. Meanwhile, for the senior Scorpions, he rode officially on half-a-dozen occasions, scoring 11 points for an average of 2.43. On 1 January 2011, Scunthorpe confirmed that Worrall would be in their starting line-up for the new campaign where he would initially join Viktor Bergström in the reserve berths. Having first tried speedway when he attended a mini-track session hosted by Wayne Carter less than two years previously, this cemented his rapid rise through the amateur ranks to a National League reserve berth and experience in the Scorpions side, with his full-time promotion to the Premier League being the next logical step in his speedway education. It was also confirmed on 10 February that he would again represent the Saints at NL level. It was later revealed that the NL team would be a joint venture with Sheffield and that home fixtures would be split between the two tracks. At Lakeside on 15 April, Worrall further highlighted his outstanding potential by claiming the runner-up position in the British Under-21 Championship little more than twelve months after his league debut. He finished second only to former Scorpion and 2010 Grand Prix rider Tai Woffinden, whilst Scunthorpe’s new signing and defending champion, Joe Haines, was third. = WRATHALL, Adam Mark Edward	Speedway
Which former pop singer is now known as Yusuf Islam?	10/21/12 by I-75 Newspaper Group - issuu It’s Where You Live! SPORTS Local news stories from the past PAGE B3 REAL ESTATE TODAY PAGE C1 Pick the bed of your dreams Troy wins sectional, now its on to district tourney PAGE A8 www.troydailynews.com an award-winning Ohio Community Media newspaper October 21, 2012 Worries spur local gun sales Volume 104, No. 247 INSIDE Shooter’s Paradise seeing plenty of customers BY MELANIE YINGST Staff Writer [email protected] During Tuesday’s presidential town hall debate, President Barack Obama and former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney discussed gun control. TROY At Shooter’s Paradise, owner Jonathan Workman said sales of guns are up and approximately 30 to 50 people come through the door daily and up to 125 people on weekends. “Firearms are getting extremely hard to purchase from manufacturers — it’s about a two- to 10month backorder,” Jonathan Workman said Thursday. He said approximately 400 guns have been sold from the store located in Concord Township — only 8 feet away from the Troy city limits. Shooter’s Paradise, the only gun shop in Miami County, opened on June 1 this year. During the town hall debate, Obama said his administration has “done a much better job in terms of background checks, but we’ve got more to do when it comes to enforcement.” • See GUNS on A2 TROY Book store owners love horror For the cast and crew at Around About Books in Troy, Halloween means horror. “Horror,” however, has a different meaning for coowners Mike Wilkinson, Dave Crouse and Sue Cantrell. “Horror creates a family,” Wilkinson said. “It’s a small smattering of people that share a common love of horror movies. You’ll meet a lot of people that say, ‘Sure, I like horror movies.’ But they don’t love horror movies.” See BROWN Senate faceoff nasty, costly Valley, Page B1. COLUMBUS (AP) — Job experience has surfaced as the defining issue of the hotly contested, superexpensive fight for Ohio’s Senate STAFF PHOTOS/ANTHONY WEBER seat this fall. Incumbent Democratic Sherrod Bart Denlinger discusses the design of the homes built by Denlinger & Sons Builders Inc. Brown faces Republican Josh Mandel in the race, which is one of the highest-profile contests in the country. Brown’s liberal voting record and surprise victory six years ago over incumbent Mike DeWine in a closely divided battleground state make him a prime target for Republicans seeking to gain Senate seats. BY NATALIE KNOTH In a fight infused with outside TROY Staff Writer money, Brown has painted Mandel [email protected] as ignoring his job as state treashood residents. urer in a continual quest for highAfter a long, tumultuous battle Stonebridge Meadows is located er office. Mandel says Brown has to approve Stonebridge Meadows, across from Concord Elementary been on his job too long and the 63-acre housing development School, west of the intersection of Washington needs new blood. on Troy’s west side is coming along State Route 718 and McKaig The spat has played out in milsmoothly, said both the developer Avenue. lions of dollars of television ads and homebuilder. All roads and curbs will be in across the state. The Wesleyan “The truth is that I’m thrilled place and foundations for the first Media Project found that $6 milthat it’s under way, but I’m very few homes should be laid by the lion was spent on more than saddened for the community that first week of November, said Bart 10,000 ads in the state Sept. 9-30 they were forced to face 12 years Denlinger of Denlinger & Sons alone. of opposition for a project that Builders Inc. In the first phase, 25 Mandel’s youth and backwill help the city of Troy,” said homes out of the 133 total will be ground made him a prime condeveloper Judy Tomb, adding that built; two homes have commit- Construction has begun at tender to take on a popular incumthe dispute, which officially ments thus far. Stonebridge Meadows on Route bent. Besides being a U.S. Marine ended in April, caused significant 718 across from Concord distress for herself and neighbor• See DEVELOPMENT on A2 Elementary School. Newsweek had unique troubles Construction under way at Stonebridge Meadows LOS ANGELES (AP) —Newsweek’s decision to stop publishing a print edition after 80 years and bet its life entirely on a digital future may be more a commentary on its own problems than a definitive statement on the health of the magazine industry. INSIDE TODAY Announcements ...........B8 Business.....................A13 Calendar.......................A3 Crossword ....................B7 Dates to Remember .....B6 Menus...........................B3 Movies ..........................B5 Opinion .........................A4 Property Transfers........C4 Sports...........................A8 Travel ............................B4 Weather......................A14 OUTLOOK Today Mostly sunny High: 64° Low: 38° Ghouls, goblins invited to Hometown Halloween festivities Troy’s long-standing Hometown Halloween tradition — beginning at 9:30 a.m. Oct. 27 — has never once been rained out in downtown Troy, says one of the costume contest judges, Leib Lurie. Magic plays an impor1 100 Off LUNCH DINE IN ONLY 11a-3p M-F Res Mexican A Fam ily w/purchase of $4 or more nt t aur a Cannot be used with any other coupon, discount or on Holidays. TROY tant role: “Witches, warlords, goblins, Harry Potter characters and other folks with magic wands do an incantation so any threat of rain ceases,” Lurie said. For more than 20 years, the Troy Noon Optimist Club, of which Lurie is a part, have been judging Troy’s downtown Halloween event. Children through grade five are invited to don costumes and walk in the parade Saturday, with a costume judging to follow at 9:45 a.m., conducted by the Optimists along with Mayor Mike Beamish. The parade begins at the Hobart Government Center and will end at KIDS EAT FREE EVERY MONDAY at El Sombrero Family Mexican Restaurant. Dine-In Only, Ages 10 and under, with a purchase of an adult entree. Not valid with any other coupons/discounts or on Holidays. Prouty Plaza, where the costume contest commences. Trophies will be awarded for the winners in 23 categories. “Our objective is to not have many competing in each category, so we have many winners,” Lurie said. “Our judges look for originality and fun rather than store-bought costumes. Simple, homemade cos- tumes often work best — they’re unique and creative.” Troy Main Street Executive Director Karin Manovich said more than 3,000 fliers, printed courtesy Alvetro Orthodontics, have been passed out to local preschools and schools, encouraging children to • See HALLOWEEN on A2 Monday Mostly sunny High: 73° Low: 46° 6 Work signals end of long battle to approve 63-acre development See Business, Page A13. Home Delivery: 335-5634 Classified Advertising: (877) 844-8385 MANDEL w/purchase of $7 or more Cannot be used with any other coupon, discount or on Holidays. For Home Delivery, call 335-5634 • For Classified Advertising, call (877) 844-8385 nt Restaur a Mexican A Fam ily A2 Sunday, October 21, 2012 MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TDN-NET.COM Guns The average time it takes to purchase a gun from Shooter’s Paradise — up to six minutes, according to Workman. Sales include new guns, but many sales are for used handguns or rifles from people who come to his store at 542 N. Elm St. Workman explained a background check through the FBI takes approximately two to six minutes. Workman said only two individuals have been denied the sale of a gun from their store in the four months of operation. Workman said sales of all military weapons, such as machine guns, are illegal. Workman agreed history shows an increase in gun sales when a Democrat is in the Oval Office. “It worries a lot of people who come in the store,” Workman said. “Every time the president talks about limiting gun rights, people get concerned.” At the town hall debate, Nina Gonzalez asked the president what his administration had done or planned to do to limit the availability of assault weapons. During the town hall debate, Obama said, “I believe in the second amendment. We’ve got a long tradition of hunting and sportsmen and people who want to make sure they can protect themselves.” Obama also said he had visited with people who have been directly affected by gun violence, including victims of the Aurora Colorado movie theater shooting a few months ago. On July 20, 2012, a mass shooting occurred at a movie theater in Aurora during a midnight screening of the film The Dark Knight Rises. The sole suspect, James Eagan Holmes, dressed in tactical clothing, set off tear gas grenades and shot into the audience with multiple firearms, killing 12 people and injuring 58 others. “If one person had a gun on them during Aurora, less people would have been killed,” Shooter’s Paradise co-owner Rich Workman said. “Crime is up, people don’t have jobs and people need to protect themselves.” And for many, it’s the protection people are seeking or the love of sport, when they walk through the doors of Shooter’s Paradise. “We are seeing a lot of first-time gun owners here,” Jonathon Workman said. He said many firsttime gun owners purchase guns for home protection. They said they encourage all first-time gun owners to take the National Rifle Association’s basic course and Concealed Carry Weapons classes, both offered at the store. “Home defense is a big deal right now,” Workman said. He said he recommends a versatile shot gun for first-time owners, which he touts as a “great home protection gun.” Rich Workman said he believes in gun ownership as part of the nation’s basic rights, and,”We provide hands-on training and how to control and properly handle a gun.” “You take away a man’s gun, you take away their freedom — that’s history,” Rich said. And that history means more gun sales during presidential election years for the gun shop. veteran who served two tours in Iraq, he’s proven a gifted fundraiser. Married into the well-heeled Ratner family of Cleveland, Mandel has raised $8.4 million to Brown’s $10.5 million, according to the most recent federal election filings. But more than half the money being spent on the race is coming from outside groups. Wesleyan found more than 53 percent of the September spending came from non-campaign entities. On behalf of Mandel, they’ve included the GPS Crossroads organization affiliated with former Bush strategist Karl Rove and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. On behalf of the National Brown, Education Association and other unions are putting money into the race. At a September rally with AK Steel workers and other unions, Brown ripped the blitz of negative campaign ads aimed at him. “You can’t turn on your TV without seeing these nasty ads,” he said. The ads take on someone well-known to Ohio voters. Brown began his political career in 1974 as the youngest state representative in Ohio history, and went on to serve as secretary of state and congressman. Brown has campaigned alongside President Barack Obama, touting their shared support for the federal health care overhaul and the bailout of the auto industry so pivotal to the manufacturing state’s economy. Married to Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Connie Schultz, Brown had opened up a lead of 7 to 10 points in polls taken before the first presidential debate. Mandel was elected to his first statewide office in 2010 after stints as a stu- dent body president at Ohio State University, Cleveland-area city councilman and state legislator. He has shared polling with donors showing dedicated voters are in his corner. He has joined Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney in appearances around the state and could benefit from a post-debate bump. Mandel touts his fiscal conservatism and support for Washington reforms such as salary restraint and term limits. “When you look in the dictionary under ‘career politician,’ you see a picture of Sherrod Brown,” said Mandel, who is 35. Brown is 59. Mandel has faced a steady stream of criticism: for hiring friends and political operatives into his state office, for being a noshow to his official state duties, and for accepting donations later targeted in an FBI probe Thefts of cell phones rise rapidly beries in San Francisco this year are cell phonerelated, police say, and most occur on bustling transit lines. These brazen incidents are part of a ubiquitous crime wave striking coast to coast. New York City Police report that more than 40 percent of all robberies now involve cell phones. And cell phone thefts in Los Angeles, which account for more than a quarter of all the city’s robberies, are up 27 percent from this time a year ago, police said. “This is your modernday purse snatching,” said longtime San Francisco Police Capt. Joe Garrity, who began noticing the trend here about two years ago. “A lot of younger folks seem to put their entire lives on these things that don’t come cheap.” • Continued from A1 The last couple homes in the nearby Stonebridge community recently sold. “(Stonebridge Meadows) will be very similar to we have at what Stonebridge,” Denlinger said. “What’s been popular are ranch, single-level homes with finished basements. I don’t even like to call them basements, because they don’t look like what you’d call a basement. It’s more of a lower level, with a living space, kitchenette and open staircase.” Denlinger said the single-level homes have been gaining in popularity over the last three years, among all demographics — couples with young children, empty-nesters and everyone in between. “I call these a universal living house, from the time you’re 25 to 85,” he said. A shift has occurred recently in the design of new homes, he added. “The big, two-story participate. Last year, Manovich estimated that about 800 to 1,000 costumed youngsters attended. “We get a head count based on merchant feedback on the amount of candy they hand out,” Manovich explained. “Kids really like it, and the costumes are amazing. It’s hard for judges to pick — the costumes are so cute.” At 10:15 a.m., maps showing participating Date of birth: 5/25/80 Location: Piqua Height: 5’10” Weight: 235 Hair color: Blonde Eye color: ROLL Blue Wanted for: Probation violation — DUI, possession of drugs Jennifer Stark Date of birth: 5/5/74 Location: Versailles Height: 5’7” Weight: 120 Hair color: Brown Eye STARK color: Blue Wanted for: Probation violation — Bad check, theft Whitney Stemen great rooms have gone to the wayside,” he said. “We have more energy efficiency with less square footage and more bells and whistles.” Stonebridge Meadows homes will have minimum square footage of 1,800, whereas Stonebridge had 2,100. The model home at Stonebridge is priced at $419,000, while the one at Stonebridge Meadows will be approximately $375,000. Included in the plans is a 5-acre lake bordering on the east side, park space, walking trails, gazebos and benches. Tomb said she had presented 21 plans before a final plan was approved by council. Once the streets are completed in the next few days, Denlinger said a “marketing blitz” will be under way to sell more lots. Denlinger & Sons Builders Inc. can be reached at (937) 335-9096 or at denlingerandsonsbuilders.com. Halloween • Continued from A1 Phillip Roll businesses will be given out on Prouty Plaza. The Halloween festivities wouldn’t be complete without the handing out of treats. Downtown retailers, offices, restaurants and salons will pass out candy from 10:30 a.m. to noon. Hometown Halloween is presented by Troy Main Street Inc. and the Troy Noon Optimists, with sponsorship from Alvetro Orthodontics. For more information, visit troymainstreet.org or call (937) 339-5455. Date of birth: 5/8/88 Location: Sidney Height: 5’5” Weight: 140 Hair color: Brown Eye color: STEMEN Brown Wanted for: Passing bad check Michael Vest Date of birth: 12/10/81 Location: Conover Height: 5’8” Weight: 158 Hair color: Red Eye color: VEST Brown Wanted for: Probation violation — DUI Devin Wilson Date of birth: 6/1/91 Location: Piqua Height: 6’0” Weight: 185 Hair color: Red Eye WILSON color: Brown Wanted for: Failure to appear — DUS • This information is provided by the Miami County Sheriff’s Office. If you have information on any of these suspects, call the sheriff’s office at 440-6085. Don’t Miss Our Annual BAZAAR! Saturday, October 27 10AM - 3PM 2330733 Free to the public • Hosting 20+ Crafters A large variety of crafts • Outstanding door prize! For more information contact Pam Miller or Debbie Adkins at 937-778-9385 2329238 SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — In this tech-savvy city teeming with commuters and tourists, the cell phone has become a top target of robbers who use stealth, force and sometimes guns. Nearly half of all rob- said. “They called me when they heard I was working on one and they wanted to see it.” Workman was to demonstrate the QC40 close quarter 40SW caliber gun at the Miami County Sheriff ’s Office training quarters Friday. The gun Workman designed for law enforcement uses policeissued ammunition and can be loaded from the officer’s own handgun clip. Workman designed the gun to be shorter in length so officers are able to reach out with their free hand without lowering the barrel to open doors. Workman, along with his dad Rich, said many people have been to their store, which also offers classes in pepper spray defense, advanced firearms and women’s self-defense classes throughout the year. Both Workmans explained how the new business will eventually expand due to the number of people walking into their store. “We have to move things around because we get so many people in here on the weekends,” Workman said. Development Senate • Continued from A1 During the town hall debate, Obama pointed out how Romney signed an assault weapons bans as governor of Massachusetts. Romney defended the state bill as being a bipartisan piece of legislation. Endorsed by the National Rifle Association, Romney said during the debate, the assault weapons ban also opened more opportunities for hunting that had not been available in the state prior to its signing. Workman also explained how basic ammunition is hard to come by due to supply and demand. Workman said ammunition is sold at retail cost because of the high demand and low supply. “Ammo is extremely hard to get,” Workman said. “We have a hard time keeping it on the shelves.” Workman, who has a manufacturing license and is an auxiliary member of the Troy Police Department, showed his latest innovation, which may be the weapon of choice of local SWAT teams. “It’s something I’ve wanted to do,” Workman 1567 Garbry Rd., Piqua, OH • (937) 778-9385 TICKETS AVAILABLE ONLINE: October 21, 2012 MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM new idea or resource to share. Call the library at 339-0502 to register. • EMPLOYEE REUNION: The 26th C o m m u n i t y annual reunion of employees of the former Dettmer Calendar Hospital will be at 6 p.m. in the dining room at the CONTACT US Koester Pavilion. The dining room is to your left after you enter the main door. Donation for the dinCall Melody ner is $10, payable at the door. Bring your photos, Vallieu at memorabilia, memories 440-5265 to and stories to share. list your free Reservations are due by calling 440-7663 or by calendar email at items.You elainebergman@koestercan send pavilion.com. your news by e-mail to Civic agendas • The village of West [email protected]. Milton Council will have its workshop meeting on the fourth Tuesday at 7 p.m. in the council chambers. participants FYI • BOOK SALE: The Friends of the Troy-Miami County Public Library will sponsor the semi-annual book sale at the Miami County Fairgrounds. Hours will be 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Special books, CDs and videocassettes, book sets and puzzles are individually priced. All other books are 50 cents each. Sunday is $1 per bag day and specials are half price. All proceeds will be used for special purchases and programs at the library. For more information, call the library at 339-0502. • HAUNTED WOODS: Brukner Nature Center will offer its kid-friendly evening filled with a guided walk, live wildlife and costumed characters from 6:30-8 p.m. A guide will lead down a luminary-lit trail and stop at five stations to learn about creatures of the night. Activities also include free face painting, crafts and games, storytelling at a campfire, plus cookies and cider after the hike. A kid’s costume “contest” also has been introduced, where everyone is a winner. The program is $3 per person for BNC members and $5 per person for non-members. Tickets are available on a first-come, first-served basis on the night of the event, handed out in the order that you arrive at the gate. The gate opens at 6 p.m. with the first group leaving at 6:30 p.m. and every 5 minutes after that. Parking is limited. For more information, call BNC at (937) 698-6493 or email [email protected]. • BREAKFAST SET: Breakfast will be offered at the Pleasant Hill VFW Post No. 6557, 7578 W. Fenner Road, Ludlow Falls, from 8-11 a.m. They are made-toorder breakfasts and everything is ala carte. • VIEW FROM THE VISTA: Come see who is visiting the Brukner Nature Center birdbath from 1-3 p.m. Come discover BNC’s vista bird life, enjoy a homemade cookie and a hot cup of bird-friendly coffee and join members of the BNC Bird Club as you learn to identify our feathered friends. • FAMILY REUNION: Descendants of Uriah and Armina (Pearson) Hess will gather at 12:30 p.m. at the Mote Park Building, 635 Gordon St., Piqua, for a potluck dinner. Bring food to share and your own table service. For more information, contact Rose Ella Hess at 773-5420 or Mary (Hess) Stump at 339-7243. • CROP WALK: The Milton-Union Council of Churches will sponsor the annual community CROP Walk at 2 p.m. The walk will start and end at Hoffman United Methodist Church, 201 S. Main St., West Milton. It will be approximately a 3.1 mile walk using Main, Hamilton and Miami streets, Emerick Road and Main street back to Hoffman Church. For more information, call Les at (937) 698-5161. MONDAY • SUPPORT GROUP: A Mom and Baby Get Together support group for breastfeeding mothers is offered weekly at Upper Valley Medical Center from 9:30-11 a.m. at the Farmhouse located northwest of the main hospital entrance. The meetings are facilitated by the lactation department. Participants can meet other moms, share about being a new mother and learn more about breastfeeding and their babies. For more information, call (937) 440-4906. • BOOK LOVERS: Join the TroyMiami County Library’s Book Lovers Anonymous adult book discussion group at 6 p.m. at the library. Participants will be reading and discussing “The Cat’s Table,” by Michael Ondaatje. Light refreshments will be provided. • COLLEGE PLANNING: A college planning night will be at 7:30 p.m. at the Milton-Union High School auditorium. Guest speakers will be from UD, Wright State and Edison. For more information, call (937) 884-7950. Civic agendas • Covington Village Council will meet at 7 p.m. at Town Hall. • The Covington Street Committee will meet immediately following the regular council meeting. • Brown Township Board of Trustees will meet at 8 p.m. in the Township Building in Conover. TUESDAY • NOT-SO-SCARY PARTY: A not-soscary party will be offered from 6:30-7:30 p.m. at the Milton-Union Public Library. Heisey will have games, books, crafts and prizes for 8-12 year olds. Wear your favorite Halloween costume. No reservations necessary. • REFRESH YOUR HOME SCHOOL: Home school parents are invited to the Troy-Miami County Public Library from 6:30-7:30 p.m. for a presentation of new ideas for your home school. Take a look at newly published materials from the Notgrass Company, as well as an assortment of home school magazines. Come and see which publication features the Miami County Courthouse on the title page. Participants are invited to bring a WEDNESDAY • COMMISSION MEETING: The Miami County Veterans Service Commission will meet at 3 p.m. at 510 W. Water St., Suite 140, Troy. • KIWANIS MEETING: The Kiwanis Club of Troy will meet from noon to 1 p.m. at A Learning Place, Piqua, for a joint meeting with the Piqua organization. For more information, contact Donn Craig, vice president, at (937) 418-1888. • ADULT LECTURE: The WACO Historical Society will host a free adult lecture at 7 p.m. featuring guest speaker Susan Richardson. The topic will be the “Physiological Support of the U-2 and SR-71 High Altitude Reconnaissance Aircraft.” The lecture is open to the public. The WACO Air Museum is at 1865 S. County Road 25-A, Troy. For more information, go to www.wacoairmuseum.org or call (937) 335-WACO. THURSDAY • QUARTER AUCTION: Trinity Episcopal Church, 60 S. Dorset Road, Troy, will have a quarter auction beginning at 7 p.m. Doors open at 6 p.m. and paddles will be $2. Themed gift baskets, gift cards, products and a quilt will be auctioned. Food will be available for purchase. Proceeds will benefit outreach missions and Christmas baskets. For more information, call 773-2746. • MEET THE CANDIDATE: The Meet the Candidate night, sponsored by Leadership Troy Alumni, will be at Troy Junior High School cafeteria, 556 N. Adams St., Troy. The program will begin promptly at 7:30 p.m. and will last one hour. The event will feature candidates and issues facing the voters in Troy and Concord Township in the general election including State Issues 1 and 2; Troy Health Levy; Concord Township Fire and EMS Levy; Trafalgar Rezoning; 2nd District Court of Appeals: Carly Ingram and Jeffrey Welbaum; and 80th Ohio District State Representative Richard Adams and David Fisher. Steve Baker will emcee the event. • DISCOVERY WALK: A morning discovery walk for adults will be from 8-9:30 a.m. at Aullwood Audubon Center, 1000 Aullwood Road, Dayton. Tom Hissong, education coordinator, will lead walkers as they experience the wonderful seasonal changes taking place. Bring binoculars. Christmas Shoppe needs holiday donations, helpers For the Miami Valley Sunday News TROY This year Partners in Hope will once again be doing a Christmas Shoppe. Partners in Hope is asking for the community’s continued support of the Christmas Shoppe to serve those families who are in need. Last year, Partners in Hope served 162 families and 377 children. Gifts and donations will be collected and displayed in a store setting. The families then will be able to shop and select three gifts and one book for each of their children. This year, in order to give the gift of dignity, families will be responsible to volunteer for two hours per child or make a small monetary contribution of $10 per child to participate in the event. This monetary contribution will go back into the community to be used for scholarships for Troy sixthgrade children going on the Washington, D.C., trip. Donations of new toys (no clothing this year) or cash, as well as the gift of time are needed. If you are a business and are willing to have a box placed at your site to collect new toys, contact Kelli or Bethany at 335-0448 to make arrangements. Any donations of Christmas wrapping paper and/or baked goods to be given to the families also would be appreciated. Any cash or checks may be mailed or dropped off at the Partners in Hope office at 116 W. Franklin St., Troy; please mark “Christmas” on the donation. Any new toys, wrapping paper, tape or ribbon may be dropped off at First Lutheran Church, 2899 W. Main St., Troy, from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. Dec. 3. For those who need to drop off items at another time, contact Kelli or Bethany at 3350448 to make arrangements. Applications from families will be accepted at the Partners in Hope office from AREA BRIEFS Fruit sale is under way language skills. Washington golden deliThe workshop will procious apples, Ohio red delivide an Ohio professional cious apples, Ohio golden development verification of delicious apples, navel TROY — The NASA participation, catered oranges, tangelos, pears, Aerospace Education lunch, coffee and snacks pineapples, pink grapefruit, Services Project is teaming and funding for substitute mixed fruit and peanuts. up with WACO Historical teacher pay. It will be held The fruit is sold in full and Society and UTC Aerospace at the WACO Air Museum, half boxes. Systems to provide a 1865 S. County Road 25-A, The organization also is teacher workshop from 8:30 Troy. offering a variety of cheeses, a.m. to 2:30 p.m. Nov. 7. To register for the work- including colby, Swiss, marThe goal of the program shop online, go to ble, pepper jack and horseis to excite young minds www.wacoairmuseum.org radish, ring bologna, large and bring hands-on engiFor more information, neering and the adventure contact Lisa Hokky at (937) and small fruit gift baskets, and barbecue sauces. of space exploration to life 335-9226 or Additionally, FFA is offering for children. Participating LCDir@wacoairmuseum. Jack Link’s Beef Steaks in educators will be introorg. Class size is limited. original or teriyaki flavors. duced to the International Purchasers will receive 12 Space Station and the role 1-ounce steaks for $15. rockets play in its construc- Fruit sale Miami East FFA chapter tion. The workshop uses is under way will be selling from now these topics as the basis for through Nov. 14. Delivery interdisciplinary activities CASSTOWN — The for the early learner. The Miami East FFA Chapter is will be the first full week in December. activities integrate mathe- holding its annual fruit If an FFA member doesmatics, technology and fundraiser. n’t contact you, call Miami English language arts The Miami East FFA East High School at 335skills. will be selling Washington 7070, ext. 3212, to order. The teachers will leave red delicious apples, with a 3-2-1 Lift Off teachers guide with emphasis on Massage Therapy Awareness Week Oct 21-27 hands-on involvement, data collection, observation, SPECIAL SAVINGS exploration, prediction, interpretation, problem% solving and development of Salt/Sugar Scrub 10 Service must be received by 11/15/12. Must present ad at time of service. Not valid with any other coupon or discount. Now is the time to relax with a rejuvenating salt/sugar scrub, a hot stone massage or a reflexology treatment. Rental Center 865 W. Market Street, Troy, OH 45373 850 S. Market St., Troy 339-9212 2322395 MASSAGE: 937-332-8587 OH REG 06-03-1791T MJC.TRO.05467.K.101 Great Dental and Denture Care. Now a Great Value. OCT. 27-28 • HAUNTED WOODS: Brukner Nature Center will offer its kid-friendly evening filled with a guided walk, live wildlife and costumed characters from 6:30-8 p.m. A guide will lead participants down a luminary-lit trail and stop at five stations to learn about creatures of the night. Activities also include free face painting, crafts and games, storytelling at a campfire, plus cookies and cider after the hike. A kid’s costume “contest” also has been introduced, where everyone is a winner. The program is $3 per person for BNC members and $5 per person for nonmembers. Tickets are available on a firstcome, first-served basis on the night of the event, handed out in the order that you arrive at the gate. The gate opens at 6 p.m. with the first group leaving at 6:30 p.m. and every 5 minutes after that. Parking is limited. For more information, call BNC at (937) 698-6493 or email [email protected]. Off Hot Stone Massage Reflexology Treatment FRIDAY • SEAFOOD DINNER: The Pleasant Hill VFW Post No. 6557, 7578 W. Fenner Road, Ludlow Falls, will offer a threepiece fried fish dinner, 21-piece fried shrimp or a fish/shrimp combo with french fries and coleslaw for $6 from 67:30 p.m. Frog legs, when available, are $10. • FRIDAY DINNER: The Covington VFW Post No. 4235, 173 N. High St., Covington, will offer dinner from 5-8 p.m. For more information, call 753-1108. • FISH DINNER: An all-you-can-eat fish dinner with fries, slaw and bread and butter from 5:30-8 p.m for $8 at the AMVETS Post No. 88, 3449 Lefevre Road, Troy. 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. MondayThursday, Nov. 1-20, or until the maximum number of children are reached. The organization also will be taking applications from 9 a.m. to noon Nov. 3. Families with children ages birth through 17 will be served. Parents must bring a photo ID, Social Security card for each child, proof of address, verification of income and proof of custody if necessary. The Christmas Shoppe will be held for three nights, from 6-9 p.m. Dec. 11-13 at First Lutheran Church. For those who are interested in volunteering, the organization will need shoppers (helping families pick out toys), gift wrappers, help with loading vehicles, setting up and tearing down and sorting toys. Call Bethany or Kelli at 3350448 to volunteer or if you need any additional information. All volunteers the nights of the Christmas Shoppe must be at least 16 years old. 2326686 Use your flex-spending accounts and dental benefits before the year ends. Payments as low as per month when you use your CareCredit credit card * New Patient & X-RAYS** FREEEXAM $180 Savings Cannot be combined with insurance. 20% OFF Dentistry and Select Dentures† Call now or visit aspendental.com to schedule an appointment online! This offer ends soon! Call Mon-Sat 7am to 9pm SPRINGFIELD Near Best Buy (937) 324-1900 Troy Pavilion Plaza (937) 332-8900 2324078 LOCAL No Interest, if paid in full within 18 months, on any dental or denture service of $300 or more made on your CareCredit credit card account. Interest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the promotional purchase is not paid in full within 18 months or if you make a late payment. Minimum Monthly Payments required and may pay off purchase before end of promo period. No interest will be charged on the promotional purchase if you pay the promotional purchase amount in full within 18 months. If you do not, interest will be charged on the promotional purchase from the purchase date. Regular account terms apply to non-promotional purchases and, after promotion ends, to promotional balance. For new accounts: Purchase APR is 26.99%; Minimum Interest Charge is $2. Existing cardholders should see their credit card agreement for their applicable terms. Subject to credit approval. Depending on your account balance, a higher minimum monthly payment amount may be required. See your credit card agreement for information on how the minimum monthly payment is calculated. Not valid with previous or ongoing work. Discounts may vary when combined with insurance or financing and cannot be combined with other offers or dental discount plans. New patients must be 21 and older to qualify for free exam and x-rays, minimum $180 value. Cannot be combined with insurance. †Discounts taken off usual and customary fees, available on select styles. Discounts range from $5 to $1000. Oral surgery and endodontic services provided by an Aspen Dental Specialist excluded. See office for details. Offers expire 1/31/13. ©2012 Aspen Dental. Aspen Dental is a General Dentistry office, Parag Modi DMD. OPINION Contact us David Fong is the executive editor of the Troy Daily News. You can reach him at 440-5228 or send him e-mail at fong@tdn publishing.com. Sunday, October 21, 2012 • A4 T AILY NEWS • WWW .TROYDAILYNEWS .COM MROY IAMIDV ALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS .COM In Our View Miami Valley Sunday News Editorial Board FRANK BEESON / Group Publisher DAVID FONG / Executive Editor ONLINE POLL (WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM) Question: Do you plan on voting for Richard Adams or Dave Fisher for state representative? Watch for final poll results in next Sunday’s Miami Valley Sunday News. Last week’s question: If the election were today, would you vote for Sherrod Brown or Josh Mandel? Results: Yes: 35% No: 65% Watch for a new poll question in next Sunday’s Miami Valley Sunday News. “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” — First Amendment, U.S. Constitution EDITORIAL ROUNDUP The Daily News, Bowling Green, Ky., on the U.S. consulate attack in Libya: Just how damn stupid does the Obama Administration believe the American people are? The answer is pretty damn stupid based on the highly implausible and absurd fairy tale spouted for days by administration officials that the attack on our consulate in Benghazi, Libya, was the spontaneous reaction to an obscure video. White House spokesman Jay Carney and United Nations Ambassadors Susan Rice were among the high administration officials who were parroting this party line regarding a violent attack that took the life of U.S. Ambassador Christopher Stevens and three more Americans. Americans, however, are a lot sharper than this administration gives them credit for. Many citizens were not buying the Obama narrative from day one. It seemed more than passing strange that this attack occurred on the anniversary of 9/11 and that the spontaneous mob was conveniently armed with automatic weapons and grenade launchers and from all accounts were well organized. These facts strongly suggested a coordinated terrorist attack to the man on the street who was also hearing media reports that the president of Libya was very adamant that this was not a spontaneous event related to the video. Now we learn that our State Department has broken with the administration and says it never believed the Benghazi attack was a film protest. Good for the State Department. We commend them for not falling on its sword to provide cover for the utter stupidity demonstrated by its administration. Americans over a certain age remember the seizure of the U.S. embassy in Iran during the presidency of Jimmy Carter. That brings to mind a bumper sticker we saw that suggests that Obama’s presidency represents Carter’s second term. It certainly appears in the aftermath of Benghazi that the sticker is on target. The New York Times on Mitt Romney’s tax proposals: To the annoyance of the Romney campaign, members of Washington’s reality-based community have a habit of popping up to point out the many deceptions in the campaign’s blue-sky promises of low taxes and instant growth. The latest is the Joint Committee on Taxation, an obscure but well-respected Congressional panel — currently evenly divided between the parties — that helps lawmakers calculate the effect of their tax plans. Last month, the committee asked its staff what would happen if Congress repealed the biggest tax deductions and loopholes and used the new revenue to lower tax rates. The staff started adding it up: end all itemized deductions, tax capital gains and dividends as ordinary income, and tax the interest on state and local bonds, along with several other revenue-raisers. The answer: ending all those deductions would only produce enough revenue to lower tax rates by 4 percent. Mitt Romney says he can lower tax rates by 20 percent and pay for it by ending deductions. The joint committee’s math makes it clear that that is impossible. The analysis doesn’t include every possible tax expenditure, leaving out, for example, the tax break employers get for providing health insurance. But because Romney refuses to raise capital gains taxes and wants to end the estate tax, it is hard to see how he could do much better than 4 percent. This is why Romney has refused to say which deductions he would eliminate, just as Rep. Paul Ryan refused when asked a direct question in the debate. Specify a deduction, and some pest with a calculator will point out that it doesn’t add up. The Romney campaign claims it has six studies proving it can be done, but, on examination, none of the studies actually make that point, or counterbalance the nonpartisan analyses that use real math. THEY SAID IT “We thank you for coming out on this rather chilly day, but a beautiful day — a historic day.” — Troy Mayor Michael Beamish, at the dedication of the reconstructed Adams Street Bridge “It’s the hard work on behalf of all our students and staff that we are ‘Excellent’ once again and we are doing well compared to districts around the state of our (enrollment size).” — Troy City Schools Superintendent Eric Herman, on his district’s grade in the Ohio Department of Education’s state report cards “I remember as a kid, I think I was at least 9 years old, coming to help make sandwiches and meat trays. I always liked talking with the cooks and getting tips from them.” — Ording’s Party Time staff member Jackie Michael Ording, on being in business for 50 years Horror fans’ hopes are in the hands of a remake It’s not easy to say this. But the future of the entire horror movie genre — at least in traditional American theaters — rests solely on the shoulders … of a remake. This Halloween has been the most pathetically barren season when it comes to R-rated horror movies in theaters. Sinister came out last weekend and, despite taking in five times more than its minuscule budget, felt like a dud qualitywise. The upcoming Silent Hill: Revelation is based on a video game series, and even though the original Silent Hill movie was decent, horror movies based on video games are a waste of time as a whole (see the entire Resident Evil movie series for a good example). And then there’s the new yearly Halloween franchise, Paranormal Activity — a series where none of the movies have even earned or deserved the R-rating they’ve gotten. Much like the Saw movies — which saw a new release every Halloween up until last year — the franchise was dull by the second movie and was worn out by the third. This year’s release of Paranormal Activity 4 is keeping with the trend, too, in that it’s a total waste of time and money. Josh Brown Sunday Columnist But that’s the way horror movies have been in the U.S. for the last, oh, probably decade. Aside from a few hidden gems like Cabin in the Woods, every good R-rated horror movie that’s seen a major release has either been a remake of a classic — all of which have been horrific for all the wrong reasons save for Rob Zombie’s take on the Halloween movies — or an Americanized version of a quality foreign film, like High Tension, Quarantine ([REC]) or Let Me In (Let the Right One In) — all of which have been shoddy substitutes for the originals. Only a British film called The Descent was given a major U.S. release without being remade by American crews for American audiences — and it’s arguably the best horror movie that’s been seen in U.S. theaters since the 1980s. No, right now the only way to see high-quality horror movies is on the rare occasions that foreign movies or indie surprises like the recent V/H/S get video-on-demand releases. But it’s just not the same as seeing a great movie for the first time on the big screen with a big, rowdy crowd. Real horror’s last hope, it appears, is the upcoming remake of another classic, The Evil Dead. The announcement of the remake was met with what you’d expect from such a dedicated fan base — pure outrage. Even with original director Sam Raimi, original producer Rob Tapert and original star Bruce Campbell — whose entire career as a B-movie god exists because of the original Evil Dead movies — signed on as producers and acting as caretakers of the franchise, fans have watched too many classics utterly ruined by money-hungry companies that don’t care about the source material and just want to make a quick buck (cough* Michael Bay cough). And they — myself included — don’t want to see another beloved film series spoiled in the quest for cash. So Campbell took a trailer with him to New York Comic-Con recently, along with a message for the fans: Just be quiet for a minute and watch. That trailer leaked its way to the Internet that night because, well, that’s just what happens now. So I clicked the link, put my fanboy blinders on and was fully prepared to hate on … The sheer awesomeness shattered my blinders. There’s nothing campy or funny about the new Evil Dead, unlike the two most recent films in the old trilogy. There’s none of the old characters, so no one has the pressure of recreating Campbell’s iconic Ash role. And it’s just. So. Intense. I found myself grinding my teeth as the trailer showed one horrifying thing after another. “They (fans) can look past their anger at being afraid we’re going to insult them by giving them a bad movie,” Campbell said in an interview at NYCC. “As soon as they see the movie, they’re all going to get behind it.” And when Bruce Campbell speaks, all horror fans should listen. I haven’t been this excited to see a movie in years. Hail to the King, baby. Troy YOUR HOME MIAMI COUNTY Holiday Home & Gift Show FOR THE s y a d i l o H October 26th-28th, 2012 Miami Valley Centre Mall 2330229 Friday Thru Saturday 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. Sunday Noon to 6 p.m. Booth 53 The Miami County Holiday Home & Gift Show Helping you relax after the stress and strain of sports and everyday activities. Wildtree Simple. Healthy.Natural. Making healthy meals in 10 minutes or less and saving money. Cindy Florkey will feature remodelers such as JNB Home Construction, Keystone Renew and Hepnerâ€™s Door and Windows who are ready to help you get your home ready for the season. We will also feature unique gifts such as hand blown glass, purses from MICHE and Grace Adele, Wildtree products, jewelry from Premier Jewelry Designs, and ways to make your holiday entertaining easier from Tastefully Simple and Pampered Chef and Tupperware. Plus much, much more. Independent Consultant and Wildtree Representative The Holiday Home Show at Miami Valley Centre Mall featuring... home improvement products & decorating ideas for the upcoming holidays. October 26-28 Sponsored by the Miami County Home Builders Association For More Information on the Home Show Visit I-75 Exit 82 â€˘ Piqua â€˘ 937-773-1225 hbamiamicounty.com SPONSORED BY We can handle all of your RENEW needs OPEN: Weds. 12 - 8 Thurs. & Fri. 9 Í´ 5 Sat. 9 Í´ 4 150 E. Race St. Troy, OH 937-332-3763 ŕśˇ [email protected] Â‡)LQLVKHG %DVHPHQWV Â‡%DWKURRPV Â‡)LUHSODFHV Â‡6XQURRPV Â‡5RRP $GGLWLRQV Â‡&RPSOHWH 5HKDEV Â‡.LWFKHQV Â‡5RRĂ€QJ Â‡6LGLQJ Â‡'HFNV Â‡)ORRULQJ Â‡&RQFUHWH Â‡,QVXODWLRQ Â‡+RPH 7KHDWUHV HWF Visit our booth at the Miami County Holiday Home & Gift Show or call 937-332-8669 to learn more about Keystone RENEW HBA Home Builders Association of Miami County SPEC DĹ?Ä‚ĹľĹ? Ĺ˝ĆľĹśĆšÇ‡Í›Ć? Home Improvement Warehouse DONATE ŕśˇ SHOP ŕśˇ VOLUNTEER from minor improvements to complete remodels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amily Owned Since 1991 Visit Our â€˘ All Wood Kitchen & Bath Cabinetry Showroom! â€˘ Granite, Corian, Laminate Countertops â€˘ Installation Available 100 East Main Street Downtown Troy 937-339-4264 www.thecabinetshopoftroy.com Sunday, October 21, 2012 MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TDN-NET.COM Public health official wages war on blight Canton worker uses personal funds to buy equipment CANTON (AP) — Mark Adams recalls the time he introduced his wife to the rickety farm tractor he had purchased with their money to clean up eyesore city properties. Adams, a health department official, was waiting to break the news at the right moment. So he tried to smuggle the tractor to a pole barn in the backyard of their home. However, as he rumbled past the house, his wife, Michele, peeked out the window. “‘What is making so much noise?’ And then I look and see Mark driving a used tractor in the backyard,” she said. She asked her husband the obvious question: Why didn’t the health department or city government buy the tractor? Adams, the Canton Health Department’s director of environmental health, explained the tractor was part of his goodwill mission to speed up efforts to clean up properties cluttered with trash that create nuisances and drag down neighborhoods. He was well aware that both the health department and city government had budget constraints. And he wanted to prove to other officials how much the cleanup efforts would benefit from more equipment. “I’m a fake, if I’m in public health and I don’t care about what the neighborhoods look like,” Adams said. But the tractor was not the end of the story. Adams has shelled out a total of roughly $13,000 of his own dough to buy the tractor, plus a 1994 Ford dump truck, backhoe and other pieces of equipment so the health department can clean up more properties. Adams doesn’t buy new equipment. The dump truck, affectionately nicknamed “Big Red,” has logged 252,000 miles. A more recent purchase is a 1986 ambulance he found on Craigslist to haul equipment and members of the cleanup crew. The tractor cost $2,300; the dump truck $2,200; and the backhoe $1,800. As many as 15 properties have been cleaned up in one day, Adams said. “We can actually get it to where we have zero backlog,” he said. The health department gets assistance from Canton Municipal Court and the Community Service Road Crew, which is comprised of misdemeanant offenders overseen by community sanctions supervisors. Michael Kochera, administra- tor of municipal court, agreed that the cleanup effort has been effective and enhanced by additional equipment. Properties with health or building code violations are targeted. The Adams-led group cleans up properties at least once a week. In 2011, municipal court assisted the health department with 127 nuisance cleanups, Kochera said. Filled with debris were 1,230 55-gallon trash bags. And 1,757 abandoned tires were removed and recycled. A total of 110,720 pounds of debris hauled away. “Mark Adams is truly a testament of what a public servant should be,” Kochera said. “He spent … money out of his pocket … just to get the job done.” If the city ever buys the equipment, Adams said, he would sell it for no more than he paid. Another possibility is for the city to replace the equipment and take over the cleanup program headed by the health department. Adams said his personal insurance covers his use of the equipment, but he doesn’t allow other city workers to operate it. Borrowing equipment from other departments can be inconvenient and cause delays, Adams said. The street and sanitation departments often need the equipment, he said. Adams also has purchased chipping equipment, a trailer to haul equipment, a snowplow blade, log splitter, brush hog and tiller. Mayor William J. Healy II praised the city employee’s initiative. “He basically said, ‘I’m going to find a way to do it,’ ” Healy said. “… Not why we can’t do it.” Adams said he was able to buy the equipment because he’s saved money over the years, including squirreling away income from his 24 years of military service before retiring from the Coast Guard. However, he also sacrificed portions of the family budget. Adams said he delayed the full payment for his son’s braces before he paid off the entire bill. He also canceled the family’s trip to Florida to visit his parents. Instead he paid the cost for his parents to fly to Stark County. The use of the personally-purchased equipment coincides with the expansion of programs at the city’s recycling center. The program means that less of the trash the health department collects at problem properties is shipped to a landfill, Adams said. From the end of last October through this past September, the health department-led effort collected 106 tons of garbage, compared to 29 tons for a previous 12month period, Adams said. From the end of last October through September, 42.5 tons of electronic waste were collected. From this past March to the present, 2.5 tons of paper has been collected, Adams said. Adams gladly digs through the muck at cleanup sites. At a recent job, he climbed atop a pile of tree limbs and rubbish in the back of the dump truck, including a bag reeking of a decomposing cat, egg shells, furniture and rancid meat. The 17-year health department employee appears more at ease on the junk heap than he is on the days he wears a necktie and neatly-pressed shirt. Some properties are in near shambles. Adams ducked his head into a garage to discover a cavelike spot where it was obvious someone had been sleeping. Rolled carpet and blankets were arranged into a makeshift bed. “I love it,” he said. “… Some of the happiest people doing their work … are people who run large equipment every day. They come to work (and) there’s a beginning, a middle and an end. There’s a pile that they have to move and they use heavy equipment or big boys toys .. and at the end of the day there’s an accomplishment.” Casino caters to Asian-Americans Ryan blasts Obama’s energy policies SEAMLESS GUTTERS 5” & 6” DALE A. MOSIER INC. 667-2810 2326846 law. “We gamble; we take risks. The Chinese are all about risk.” But Kent Woo, who heads NICOS a group that advocates for the health of Chinese-Americans in San Francisco believes the major attraction is based more on luck and a cultural acceptance that begins with recreational gambling in the home. NICOS, an acronym for the names of founding agencies, started a problem-gambling program in 1997 after a survey of more than 1,800 adults in San Francisco ranked gambling addiction as the Chinese community’s most serious social problem. Johnny Wu, president of the Organization of Chinese Americans of Greater Cleveland, has been a consultant for the Presque Isle casino in Pennsylvania and Mountaineer casino in West Virginia. He and Wong said that they had not heard any alarm about gambling in Cleveland’s Chinese community. * Your 1st choice for complete Home Medical Equipment FISHER - CHENEY Funeral Home & Cremation Services Lift Chairs 1990 W. Stanfield, Troy, OH 45373 • 937-335-9199 www.legacymedical.net 2322723 S. Howard Cheney, Owner-Director Roger D. Thomas, Director • Pre-arranged funeral plans available 1124 W. Main St • Call 335-6161 • Troy, Ohio www.fisher-cheneyfuneralhome.com while campaigning in eastern Ohio BELMONT (AP) — Republican vice presidential candidate Paul Ryan criticized President Barack Obama’s administration at a campaign stop Saturday in the coal-rich eastern region of battleground saying the Ohio, Democrat’s energy policies are putting the coal industry out of business. Ryan spoke for less than 15 minutes to roughly 1,100 supporters gathered at a rainy rally at a campground in Belmont. He encouraged them to vote early for the GOP ticket, telling them they are in “the battleground of battleground states.” “The one thing you can do is elect a man named Mitt Romney who will end this war on coal and allow us to keep these good paying jobs,” Ryan said to applause. The area is close to West Virginia and in a region of Ohio where the Romney campaign thinks it can swing voters its way because of concerns about the economy and the future of the coal industry under Obama. Ryan told supporters they could be a “linchpin” in the election. Ryan, a congressman from Wisconsin, accused Obama of not telling the country about his policy agenda should the Democrat be elected to another term in office. “He’s not even telling CAREFREE CONNECTION CAREFREE CONNECTION 2 Week Vacation in Sunny Florida Dolphin Beach Resort in St. Petersburg, FL February 3rd - 16th, 2013 11 Nights/10 Full Days at Dolphin Beach Resort DON’T MISS OUT ON THE FUN! SNOOTY FOX SHOPPING For More Information Call Angie at (937) 467-4547 “New Winter Arrivals!” We’ll Shop Till We Drop! As seen on ABC World News, Snooty Fox is a well-known chain of upscale consignment shops of clothing & furniture in the Cincinnati area. Snooty Fox has one of their employees board our bus in morning & they will direct us to 5 different stops at five separate locations with an hour at each stop. At all 5 places we’ll be pampered to food, beverages & shopping compliments of Snooty Fox. Plenty of storage on bus! We start off the morning spoiled to danish, donuts, coffee and end the day with delicious Panera box lunches, sodas, wine, & sweet desserts while continuing to shop. Best part of all is we get a 15% shopping discount (for tour groups only) on all regularly priced items & extra discount coupons from Snooty Fox. Husbands welcome! Depart Troy Meijer at 7:45 am, return at 6:00 pm. you what he plans on doing,” Ryan said. He said Obama had told people in the last presidential campaign that when politicians don’t have fresh ideas, they resort to stale tactics to scare voters and make the election about “small things.” “Well ladies and gentleman, that’s what President Obama said in 2008, and that is exactly what President Obama is doing today,” Ryan said. “And we’re not going to let him get away with it, are we?” The Obama campaign on Saturday accused Ryan and Romney of not being truthful about their stance on coal. “Under President www.carefreeconnectiontours.com Family Owned & Operated in Greenville! www.carefreeconnectiontours.com Obama, employment in Ohio’s coal mining industry is up 11 percent while he’s making historic investments in clean coal research and development,” said Jessica Kershaw, an Obama campaign spokeswoman in Ohio. In Ohio, coal is responsible for some 3,000 underground and surface jobs, and it generates more than 87 percent of the state’s electricity. Ohio is seventh in the nation in coal reserves with 23.7 billion short tons, and Belmont County is the leading coal producer in the state, churning out 760 million tons since 1816, according to the Ohio Coal Association. OBITUARY POLICY In respect for friends and family, the Troy Daily News prints a funeral directory free of charge. Families who would like photographs and more detailed obituary information published in the Troy Daily News, should contact their local funeral home for pricing details. • No obituaries were submitted for publication in today’s edition. For a limited time we are currently offering these items to you for "FREE" with the purchase of your monument: • Laser Etchings (portraits, pictures) • Diamond Etchings (color pictures, scenes, etc.) • Family name on the back • Children’s names on the back • Shape Carves • Sandblast Scenes Visit our Display Room in Downtown Tipp City 6 South 3rd St. (The Monroe Twp Building) M-F 10-5 David Rousculp Sat. & Sun by appt. 937-877-3003 www.delphosgr anitewor ks.com Call Angie to be Added to Our Mailing List or to Reserve Your Seat Today! 2330684 2330431 NOVEMBER 5TH & 26TH AP PHOTO/KEITH SRAKOCIC Republican vice presidential candidate, Rep. Paul Ryan, R-Wis. poses with supporters after speaking at a campaign rally at the Valley View Campgrounds Saturday in Belmont, where he talked about economic conditions and the coal industry. 2326094 FALL & WINTER LEAF PROTECTION!! On a recent Monday, eight of the seats at one of the baccarat tables were filled by Asian women, five of whom have reached the top level in a customer loyalty program run by Caesars Entertainment, the company that manages the Cleveland casino. Gambling has been growing in popularity in Asia, with PriceWaterhouseCoopers analysts predicting that gambling revenue in Asia will rise 18.3 percent a year and hit $79.3 billion annually by 2015, according to the Plain Dealer. The latest census estimates show that northeast Ohio’s Asian communities are small, including only about 16,000 people of Chinese descent, but leaders of Cleveland’s Chinese community acknowledge gambling has a significant place in their culture. “Gambling is in our blood,” said attorney Margaret Wong, a ChineseAmerican widely known for her work in immigration 2322730 CLEVELAND (AP) — A new northeast Ohio casino is reaching out to gamblers of Asian descent with events tailored to Asian tastes and hosts that handle tasks for those bettors, including arranging for complimentary meals or hotel stays. The Horseshoe Casino Cleveland is among U.S. casinos catering to the ethnic group. Those players are important to the Ohio casino, where two baccarat tables are regularly packed with players of Asian descent primarily Chinese who might spend hours there, The Plain Dealer reported. 2322704 MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM Sunday,October 21, 2012 A7 Enough already: Voters hit with ads, calls Battleground states growing weary of campaign RICHMOND, Va. (AP) — People who live in battleground states tend to have a number and a coping strategy. Virginian Catherine Caughey’s number is four: Her family recently got four political phone calls in the space of five minutes. Ohioan Charles Montague’s coping mechanism is his TV remote. He pushes the mute button whenever a campaign ad comes on. All the attention that the presidential campaigns are funneling into a small number of hard-fought states comes at a personal price for many voters. The phone rings during a favorite TV show. Traffic snarls when a candidate comes to town. A campaign volunteer turns up on the doorstep during dinner. Bills get buried in a stack of campaign fliers. TV ads spew out mostly negative vibes. The effects are cumulative. “It’s just too much,” says Carmen Medina, of Chester, Va. “It’s becoming a little too overwhelming.” Medina, it should be noted, is an enthusiastic supporter of Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney. She squealed with joy outside the United Latino Market in Richmond when she learned that Romney had just appeared at a rally across the street. But she’s starting to block phone numbers to Make. The. Calls. Stop. Even Ann Romney, the candidate’s wife, has had enough. “I don’t want to get myself upset so I am not watching television for the moment,” she told the women on ABC’s “The View” on Thursday. “Trust me, the audience members that are in swing states are sick of them,” she said of political ads. Ditto the president. “If you’re sick of hearing me approve this message, believe me, so am I,” Barack Obama said during the Democratic National Convention. The parties speak with pride of their massive ground operations the door knockers, the AP PHOTO/MARK DUNCAN Jean Gianfagna displays some of the political mailers her family receives at her home in Westlake, Ohio, Oct. 19. Gianfagna says her family is ‘deluged’ and sometimes gets four of the same piece at a time — her husband and two grown kids all get their own. phone banks, the campaign signs and more. They trumpet the higher level of activity this year than in 2008. With the campaign now focused on just nine states Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Virginia and Wisconsin the parties are able to target their resources narrowly. Republicans say they’ve made three times more phone calls and 23 times more door knocks in Ohio than they had by this time in 2008, for example, and nearly six times more phones calls and 11 times more door knocks in Virginia. Democrats don’t give out that level of detail, but describe ambitious outreach activities from their 60-plus field offices in Virginia and 125 in Ohio. The campaigns and independent groups supporting them are expected to pour about $1.1 billion into TV ads this year, the vast majority of it in the most competitive states. The political mailers sometimes come four at a time for Jean Gianfagna of Westlake, Ohio, who says her husband and two grown kids all get their own copies of the same mailer. But does all of this activity reach a point of diminishing returns? Is there a risk of overkill? Not to David Betras, chairman of the Democratic Party in Ohio’s Mahoning County. He considers himself a field general in the battle to re-elect Obama, and enthusiastically details the party’s efforts on his turf. “Is there a saturation point? I haven’t heard that,” he says. “I think just the opposite. I think people, at least in my neck of the woods, are kind of excited that they’re playing such an important role.” But he does say, “Some people you call and of course they’re burned out with it, and you thank them very much and you move on.” Clearly, more exposure doesn’t always translate into more support. “The more I see Romney, the less I like,” says Kay Martin, who lives in the Denver suburb of Arvada. And if not generating a backlash, some of that political activity is surely just wasted energy. Gwynnen Chervenic, in Alexandria, has taught her kids to yell “lies” any time a political ad comes on. “I’m trying to make sure they develop a healthy skepticism about the election PR process,” she explains. “Makes me laugh every time and should help ease the pain until Election Day.” A Fairfax County woman who’s a strong Romney supporter emails: “I don’t mind telling the Romney campaign or the RNC National (Republican Committee) that I am voting for Romney, but why do I have to tell them that MULTIPLE times?” She’s ready to start giving out a phony phone number. But she doesn’t want to be identified by name because her husband’s working for the Romney campaign. And, yes, she even went with him recently to knock on doors. “But I was so uncomfortable knocking on people’s doors in the evening because I felt like I was doing the very thing that bothers me,” she admits. Political psychologist Stanley Renshon, a professor at City University of New York, said most Americans don’t spend a lot of time thinking about politics, and don’t particularly like being the focus of too much political attention. But the campaigns just won’t or can’t stop reaching out. “They can’t not try to win your vote, even at the risk of alienating your vote,” says Renshon. “You don’t want to regret not doing everything you can do.” John Geer, a political science professor at Vanderbilt University, says it’s the political equivalent of an arms race, and neither side dares stop the carpet bombing. “We don’t know exactly where saturation occurs, but I think we’re way past that,” he says. For those from less competitive states, the number and tone of ads can be jarring. “I think people are just upset about the lies,” says Pamela Ash, a 66-year-old Obama volunteer from Arizona who’s been visiting her brother in Ohio to help the campaign. “Enough already. I just can’t stand it.” Even the people making the calls understand the annoyance. Maria Buzzi estimates that 10 percent to 15 percent of the calls she makes during her volunteer shift at Romney’s Stow, Ohio, offices end with frustrations. “I’ve been called a G-D, F-ing B,” the 67-year-old retired nurse and grandmother said. “I’m a sensitive person and they are just vicious. It hurts my feelings and I take it personally. But I really want to help Mitt Romney.” After those tough calls, she hangs up and takes a moment to compose herself. Then she picks up the phone and dials another voter. Maybe one of her calls will end up in tiny Payson, Utah, about as far from the political front as you can get this year. That’s where Katie Peterson lives. She moved there from Ohio four years ago. Says Peterson: “Somehow all those people making the phone calls think I still live there and that they need to call all the time.” Meningitis victims face long, uncertain recovery after being hospitalized. Fungal meningitis which is not contagious is a tenacious disease that can be treated only with powerful drugs. “I’m determined I’m going to fight this thing,” she said. “The devil is not going to win.” Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease specialist who chairs Vanderbilt University’s Department of Preventive Medicine, said the treatment includes intravenous anti-fungal medicines that are tricky to use. “These are powerful drugs. They’re toxic,” he said. “You’re walking a tightrope because you want to get enough into a patient to have the therapeutic effect while at the same time you’re trying not to affect, or to minimize the effect on the liver and kidneys.” Even after leaving the hospital, he said, patients will continue antifungal drugs for weeks or months. The infectious disease doctor handling York’s case did not immediately respond to a phone message. When York talks about the last six weeks, tears run down her cheeks. She knows the disease is deadly. And if she needed a reminder, it’s right there in the headline from a local newspaper on her hospital bed: “Third death reported in Marion County from fungal meningitis.” For York, 2012 started well. The retired clothing shop clerk and widow from Illinois was doing water aerobics three times a week, tending to her flower garden and spending time with church friends. They’d get together at Olive Garden AP PHOTO/POUYA DIANAT, FILE A closeup view through the lens of a microscope and magnified on the computer screen shows the meningitis causing fungus Exserohilum rostratum at the Mycotic lab at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. and Red Lobster a couple of times a week and go to church every Sunday. On Jan. 21, she was on her way to a wedding when she got into a car crash. It wasn’t enough to put her in the hospital, but she did Wal-Mart invades Target’s turf Entered at the post office in Troy, Ohio 45373 as “Periodical,” postage paid at Troy, Ohio. The Troy Daily News is published Monday-Friday afternoons, and Saturday morning; and Sunday morning as the Miami Valley Sunday News, 224 S. Market St., Troy, OH. USPS 642-080. Postmaster, please send changes to: 224 S. Market St., Troy, OH 45373. Ohio’s Antique & Collectibles Show 2322737 total number of Minnesota stores to 57. When that happens, Minnesota will have more Wal-Mart outlets, including Sam’s Clubs, than it does Target stores. “Their whole strategy has always been to go into a market and dominate it,” said Stan Pohmer, a Twin Cities retail analyst. PERSONAL SERVICE-you deserve it! Assembly Building Greene Co. Fairgrounds, Xenia, Ohio Saturday, October 27 - 8 AM - 4 PM - Spring Show in April Admission $3.00 Hot Breakfast and Lunch Available For dealer info: Call Penny at Fox Antiques 937-372-2560 Varicose Veins More Than Just A Cosmetic Issue Pain Heaviness/Tiredness Burning/Tingling Swelling/Throbbing Tender Veins Phlebitis Blood Clots Ankle Sores /Ulcers Bleeding If you have any of the above, there are effective treatment options, covered by insurances. Midwest Dermatology, Laser & Vein Clinic Springboro, OH Troy, OH 2329132 ST. PAUL, Minn. (AP) — Target Corp. may be headquartered in Minneapolis, but that’s not stopping Wal-Mart Stores Inc. from making an aggressive push in its rival’s home state. Three Walmart SuperCenters are slated to open this week in Burnsville, St. Cloud and Redwood Falls, bringing the retail chain’s suffer back problems. The pain was strong enough for her to visit a doctor at Marion Pain Clinic, where she received two steroid shots on Aug. 16. A week later, the pain was still there and she began feeling headachy, nauseous and dizzy. She chalked it up to her back and got a third shot Aug. 28. In the weeks that followed, her health deteriorated. She couldn’t lie down without extreme back pain. A friend gave her a recliner to sleep in. The headaches grew severe, sharp pains shooting from all directions into her skull. “I couldn’t walk well, I couldn’t see good and I could wipe the sweat off my arms,” she said. On Sept. 27, her legs and arms grew numb. The numbness flowed upwards to her waist. That’s when she called 911. “I didn’t know whether I was getting ready for a stroke,” she said. When she arrived at the hospital, doctors took a spinal tap and discovered she had meningitis..” 2327244 OCALA, Fla. (AP) — Vilinda York lies in her Florida hospital bed, facing a dry-erase board that lists in green marker her name, her four doctors and a smiley face. Also on the board is this: “Anticipated date of discharge: NOT YET DETERMINED.” The 64-year-old contracted fungal meningitis after receiving three tainted steroid shots in her back. She’s one of 284 people nationwide who are victims of an outbreak that began when a Massachusetts compounding pharmacy shipped contaminated medication. Twenty-three people have died. Like many trying to recover, York, who has been hospitalized since Sept. 27, faces a long and uncertain road. Many people have died days or even weeks Tel: 937-619-0222 Tel: 937-335-2075 Call Today For A Visit With a Vein Specialist Physician. No Referral Needed 2322531 ■ Sports Editor Josh Brown (937) 440-5251, (937) 440-5232 [email protected] MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM TODAY’S TIPS ■ Volleyball • TROY SENIOR BUS: Senior citizens wishing to attend Troy varsity football away games may do so by riding a Troy City Schools bus for a nominal fee. For more information, call 335-7742. • FOOTBALL: Fans attending the Troy at Piqua varsity football game Oct. 26 will have the chance to compete in a Pass, Punt and Kick competition. One fan will be chosen in a random drawing to compete for a 2013 Chrysler 200 at halftime. Fans can register with a $5 donation, with proceeds being donated to Soldiers to Summits and the Wounded Warrior Project. Anyone who has participated in a high school varsity or college football, soccer or rugby game within the last six years is excluded. • BASEBALL/SOFTBALL: Extra Innings Troy and Louisville Slugger are sponsoring a winter hitting league for baseball and softball for age groups 10u, 13u, and 14-18. The league begins the weekend of Nov. 3 for eight weekends, plus a championship tournament. Games for the 10u and 13u will be held on Saturdays at Extra Innings Troy, while 14 and over games will be played on Sunday afternoons. Individual cost is $85 or $175 per team of 3. For more information, get online at www.extrainnings-troy.com or call at (937) 339-3330. • CROSS COUNTRY: Registration is now open for the 6th Annual Ohio Middle School Cross Country State Championships, to be held today at Groveport Madison High School. The first 900 athletes to register will receive a free event T-shirt. The entry deadline is Thursday. To register or for more information, go to www.ohiocrosscountry.org. • SUBMIT-A-TIP: To submit an item to the Troy Daily News sports section, please contact Josh Brown at [email protected] or Colin Foster at [email protected]. Always finding a way JOSH BROWN A8 October 21, 2012 Troy wins sectional, on to district BY JOSH BROWN Sports Editor [email protected] With Butler leading 20-19 in Game 2 and Greater Western Ohio Conference North Division Player of the Year Jenna Selby, the Troy Trojans did what they’ve done all season long. Found a different solution to the problem. Emily Moser, Lauren Freed and Jen Monnier put down back-to-backto-back kills to give Troy the advantage, then a block by Selby and an ace by Mackenzie Rice wrapped up the game, a series that summed up the entire match as the Trojans (204) found contributors all over the court to put away the Aviators in the Division I Sectional title match Saturday at the Trojan Activities TROY Center. “Our outsides — Emily, Lauren and Jen — played really, really well today, which was good because our stud middle wasn’t necessarily at her best,” Troy coach Michelle Owen said. “They hit to where Butler was not, and they tooled Butler’s block quite a few times. Emily probably tooled their stud middle Tatum Mitchell’s block three or four times on her own.” But having players step up when other players are having off nights has been a familiar story for the Trojans, who won their 11th straight and advanced to the district final for STAFF PHOTO/ANTHONY WEBER the first time since 2010. Troy’s Jillian Ross (2) and Lauren Freed (12) go up for a block “That’s what’s great about this Saturday afternoon against Butler in the Division I Sectional title ■ See CHAMPS on A10 match at the Trojan Activities Center. ■ Cross Country SPORTS CALENDAR STAFF PHOTO/COLIN FOSTER Tippecanoe’s Sam Wharton runs at the Division I District meet Saturday at the Miami Valley CTC. Wharton won race B. TODAY No events scheduled MONDAY Boys Soccer Division II Sectional Final Bellefontaine vs. Tippecanoe (7 p.m.) Division III Sectional Final at Fairborn Greeneview vs. Newton (7 p.m.) at Lebanon Bethel vs. Franklin Monroe (7 p.m.) TUESDAY Girls Soccer Division I Sectional Final at Northmont Troy vs. Springboro (7 p.m.) Division II Sectional Final at Valley View Tippecanoe vs. Oakwood (7 p.m.) Division III Sectional Final at Bethel Franklin Monroe vs. Troy Christian (7 p.m.) at Fairborn Miami East vs. Lehman (7 p.m.) WEDNESDAY No events scheduled THURSDAY Boys Soccer Division II District Final at TBA Tippecanoe/Bellefontaine vs. Indian Hill/Wyoming (7 p.m.) WHAT’S INSIDE Local Sports.................A9-A11 College Football.................A10 Auto Racing.......................A11 Scoreboard .........................A12 Television Schedule ...........A12 Wharton wins at district Tipp boys, girls both finish 2nd BY COLIN FOSTER Associate Sports Editor [email protected] STAFF PHOTO/COLIN FOSTER Troy’s Troy Schultz runs at the Division I District meet Saturday at the Miami Valley CTC. Trojans advance Troy boys 2nd, girls 3rd at district meet BY COLIN FOSTER Associate Sports Editor [email protected] A week removed from placing second overall at the Greater Western Ohio Conference meet, the Trojans found themselves facing familiar opponents in Butler, Beavercreek, Lebanon CLAYTON and Northmont. Truth be told, it was a twoteam race between Beavercreek and Troy, with the Beavers denying the Trojans their second consecutive district title, scoring a 43 to Troy’s 57 to win the Division I District meet’s Seven points. When all was said and done, those few points were the only thing keeping the Tippecanoe boys and girls from sweeping the Division I District boys and D-II District girls races. CLAYTON race A Saturday at the Miami Valley CTC. Butler was a distant third with 98 points. Branden Nosker continued to lead the pack for Troy, finishing fourth overall with a time of 16:09.12. The junior was a mere six seconds off Butler’s Jake Brumfield’s winning pace of Centerville (42 points) held off the Tippecanoe boys (46) for the D-I District title, while Oakwood scored a 52 to the Red Devils’ 55 to win the D-II girls race Saturday at the Miami Valley CTC. Wharton — who was the state runner-up last season in Division I — eased his way to victory in a time of 15:42.43. Seniors Rick ■ See TROJANS on A11 ■ Girls Soccer On cruise control Trojans coast into sectional final BY JAMES FREEMAN Sports Intern Buckeyes lose Miller, win game The darkest moment for Ohio State and its fans ended up being the brightest highlight of Kenny Guiton’s career. See Page A10. Troy’s Sierra Besecker controls the ball in front of a Stebbins defender Saturday at Troy Memorial Stadium. STAFF PHOTO/ANTHONY WEBER The screams of “push up!” echoed througout Troy Memorial Stadium on Saturday afternoon as Stebbins’ goalkeeper Alex Farmer pleaded with her team to advance the ball forward. Her cries went unanswered as Troy was able to coast to a 5-0 victory over the Indians in a Division I Sectional semifinal matchup. “We knew this was a game that we were probably going to have a lot of success in,” Troy TROY coach Michael Rasey said. “The first tournament game, you want to come out and get that first win under your belt.” It took less than two minutes for Troy to set the tone for the game. Madison Burchfield sent a cross to Leah Soutar who was able to put it past Farmer into the net and give them an early 10 lead. Soutar returned the favor 13 minutes later when she found a ■ See SOCCER on A10 For Home Delivery, call 335-5634 • For Classified Advertising, call (877) 844-8385 SPORTS MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM WEEK 9 RESULTS Troy 28, Greenville 6 Troy Greenville 16 First Downs 6 221 Yards Rushing 39 119 Yards Passing 90 8-12 Comp.-Att. 10-15 0 Interceptions Thrown 1 0 Fumbles-Lost 0 4-25 Penalties-Yards 2-10 3-28.7 Punts-Average 7-37.4 Scoring Summary Troy – Miles Hibbler 5-yard run (Zach Thompson kick). Troy – Brandon Lee 1-yard run (Thomspon kick). Troy – Nick Zimmer 15-yard pass from Matt Barr (Thomspon kick). Troy – Zimmer 38-yard pass from Matt Barr (Thomspon kick). Greenville – Zach Comer 40yard pass from Clay Guillozet (kick failed). Score by Quarters Troy.................7 7 7 7 – 28 Greenville ......0 0 0 6 – 6 Individual Statistics ■ Rushing: Troy — Fred Whitson 5-27, Anthony Shoop 1-12, Blake Williams 1-3, Hibbler 20-120, Lee 12-38, Marco Anverse 1-14, T.J. Michael 2-7. Greenville — Codi Byrd 3-9, Ryan Drew 3-0, Ryan Eldridge 10-30. ■ Receiving: Troy — Nick Zimmer 4-90, Whitson 2-2, Williams 2-6, Kurtis Johnson 129. Greenville — Comer 3-64, Drew 2-187, Eldridge 2-11, Tyler Neff 1-2, Zane Mize 2-8. ■ Passing: Troy — Barr 8-120 119. Greenville— Guillozet 10-15-1 90. ■ Records:Troy 4-5, 2-2; Greenville 1-8, 0-4. Miami East 27, Twin Valley South 14 Miami East TVS 12 First Downs 12 200 Yards Rushing 113 68 Yards Passing 92 8-12 Comp.-Att. 7-13 0 Interceptions Thrown 0 0-0 Fumbles-Lost 3-0 5-50 Penalties-Yards 3-30 0-0.0 Punts-Average 5-26.6 Scoring Summary TVS — Wes Cole 2-yard run (run failed). ME — Michael Fellers 4-yard run (Fellers kick). ME — Fellers 8-yard run (Fellers kick). ME — Fellers 40-yard run (kick failed). ME — Robbie Adams 20yard run (Fellers kick). TVS — Cole 11-yard run (Cole run) Score by Quarters Miami East ....0 7 13 7 – 27 TV South........6 0 0 8 – 14 Individual Statistics ■ Rushing: Miami East — Adams 13-62, Fellers 12-60, Colton McKinney 13-92, Braxton Donaldson 1-(-3), Ross Snodgrass 1-(-13). ■ Receiving: Miami East — Dalton Allen 5-32, Fellers 2-31, Franco Villella 1-5. ■ Passing: Miami East — Donaldson 8-12-0 68. ■ Records: Miami East 6-3, 6-2; Twin Valley South 3-6, 3-5. Bethel 41, Arcanum 20 Score by Quarters Bethel.............6 13 7 15 – 41 Arcanum........0 7 7 6 – 20 Scoring Summary Bethel — Mason Kretzer 3yard run (kick failed). Arcanum — Parker Buhrman 4-yard run (Dalton Lindemuth kick). Bethel — Kretzer 22-yard run (Garlough kick). Bethel — Kretzer 45-yard run (kick failed). Bethel — Aaron Bozarth 3yard run (Garlough kick). Arcanum — Dallas Johnson 4-yard run (Lindemuth kick). Bethel — Garlough 66-yard run (Garlough run). Bethel — Derrick Diddle 11yard run (Garlough kick). Arcanum — Austin Ripple 37-yard pass from Johnson (pass failed). ■ Records: Bethel 4-5, 3-5; Arcanum 3-6, 2-6. Butler 7, Piqua 0 Piqua Butler 10 First Downs 14 70 Yards Rushing 126 137 Yards Passing 80 9-19 Comp.-Att. 8-11 0 Interceptions Thrown 0 0-0 Fumbles-Lost 1-0 11-90 Penalties-Yards 7-70 3-38.0 Punts-Average 4-29.5 Scoring Summary But — Airion Kosac 13-yard pass from Richard Motter (Nathan Martin kick). Score by Quarters Piqua..............0 0 0 0 – 0 Butler .............7 0 0 0 – 7 Individual Statistics ■ Rushing: Piqua — Justice Young 18-34, Ryan Hughes 616, Trent Yeomans 4-12, Austin Covault 6-10, Tate Honeycutt 14, Luke Karn 1-(-6). Butler — Nick Martin 19-93, Martin 3-28, Kosak 1-3, Logan Mann 1-2, Motter 11-0. ■ Receiving: Piqua: Hughes 1-66, Honeycutt 4-37, Josh Holfinger 3-27, Cody Combs 17. Butler — Kosac 5-53, Jacob Haas 1-12, Michael Profitt 1-8, Clint Taynor 1-7. ■ Passing: Piqua — Young 9-19-0 137. Butler — Motter 811-0 80. ■ Records: Piqua 4-5, 2-2; Butler 6-3, 4-0. Tippecanoe 28, Kenton Ridge 7 Kenton Ridge Tippecanoe 7 First Downs 15 95 Yards Rushing 336 90 Yards Passing 76 3-14 Comp.-Att. 7-19 1 Interceptions Thrown 1 3-1 Fumbles-Lost 0-0 6-45 Penalties-Yards 1-15 7-32.1 Punts-Average 4-32.3 Scoring Summary Tipp – Jacob Hall 1-yard run (Taylor Clark kick). Tipp – Hall 67-yard run (Clark kick). Tipp – Jared Ervin 12-yard pass form Ben Hughes (Clark kick). KR – Jordan Harrington 69yard pass from Mitchell Schneider (Nathan Ander kick). Tipp – Hall 10-yard run (Clark kick). Score by Quarters KR.................0 0 0 7 – 7 Tipp ..............0 0 14 14 – 28 Individual Statistics ■ Rushing: Kenton Ridge — Max Winnenberg 21-96, Schneider 13-(-1). Tippecanoe — Hall 26-169, Cameron Johnson 18-108, Hughes 3-25, Nick Fischer 3-32, Kyle Winblad 1-2. ■ Receiving: Kenton Ridge — Brandon Davis 2-21, Harrington 1-69. Tippecanoe — Trey Walker 1-14, Johnson 320, Ervin 2-37, Brett Griffis 1-5. ■ Passing: Kenton Ridge — Schneider 3-14-1 90. Tippecanoe — Hughes 7-19-1 76. ■ Records: Kenton Ridge 63, 2-2; Tippecanoe 8-1, 3-1. Milton-Union 37, Waynesville 34 Waynesville Milton-Union 17 First Downs 15 234 Yards Rushing 267 151 Yards Passing 15 9-14 Comp.-Att. 2-8 1 Interceptions Thrown 0 0-0 Fumbles-Lost 1-0 8-73 Penalties-Yards10-105 Scoring Summary WVille — Brian Behmyer 10yard pass from Troy Black (Dillon Sarka kick). M-U — David Karns 10-yard run (Nick Fields kick). M-U — Fields 25-yard field goal. M-U — Brad Stine 6-yard run (Fields kick). WVille — Sarka 27-yard field goal. WVille — Black 8-yard run (Sarka kick). M-U — Tyler Brown 9-yard run (Fields kick). WVille — Black 8-yard run (Sarka kick). WVille — Kory Stilwell 17yard pass from Black (Dillon Sarka kick). WVille — Sarka 30-yard field goal. M-U — Stine 1-yard run (Fields kick). M-U — Brown 10-yard run (Fields kick). Score by Quarters WVille.............7 10 14 3 – 34 M-U ................10 7 7 13 – 37 Individual Statistics ■ Rushing: Waynesville — Stilwell 1-5, Michael Vogel 3-26, Troy Black 14-63, Justin Stanley 12-140. Milton-Union — Karns 16-77, Brown 19-129, Stine 1167, Cowan 2-(-6). ■ Receiving: Waynesville — Ty Black 2-23, Behmyer 2-35, Stilwell 3-61, Stanley 1-19, Michael Vogel 1-13. MiltonUnion — Alex King 2-15. ■ Passing: Waynesville — Troy Black 9-14-1-151. MiltonUnion — London Cowan 2-8-015. ■ Records: Waynesville 6-3, 3-2; Milton-Union 7-2, 4-1. Covington 70, Ansonia 0 Scoring Summary Covington — A.J. Ouellette 4-yard run (Bobby Alexander kick). Covington — Trent Tobias 57-yard run (Alexander kick). Covington — Oullette 55yard punt return (Alexander kick). Covington — Ouellette 6yard run (Alexander kick). Covington — Tobias 24yard run (Alexander kick). Covington — Dylan Owens 35-yard interception return (Alexander kick). Covington — Brandon Magee 5-yard run (Alexander kick). Covington — Kyler Deeter 40-yard blocked punt return (Alexander kick). Covington — Magee 5yard run (Alexander kick). Covington — Magee 88yard run (Alexander kick). Score by Quarters Covington ...21 21 21 7 – 70 Ansonia........0 0 0 0 – 0 Individual Statistics ■ Records: Covington 9-0, 8-0; Ansonia 1-8, 1-7. Sunday, October 21, 2012 A9 ■ High School Football Worth the long wait? Troy and Piqua meet in final week of season BY DAVID FONG Executive Editor [email protected] The timing of the game begs the question — what took so long? For the first time since 1989, the Troy-Piqua game will take place in the final week of the regular season. “It makes it that much more important,” Brewer said. “Usually you are worried about the next game and whether your team will be too up or too down. This year, both teams can go and leave it all out there on the field. With neither team going to the playoffs, you don’t have to worry about the next week. Both teams will have to live with the result the entire offseason.” This Friday, Troy and Piqua will meet for the 128th time. Troy comes into the game holding a 62-59-6 edge in the series and currently is in the midst of a five-game winnning streak that dates back to a thrilling 36-35 win in 2007. The week leading up to the game will be filled with pep rallies, blood drives and plenty of excitement. There will be time for all of that. First, however, some final notes from Troy’s 28-6 win over Greenville. • PLAYER OF THE GAME Troy quarterback Matt Barr completed 8-of-12 passes for 119 yards — including a pair of touchdown strikes to Nick Zimmer. More than any of that, however, on a sloppy, muddy field, Barr managed the game effectively, not throwing any interceptions or bobbling any snaps from center — a constant problem for Greenville quarterback Clay Guillozet. • UNSUNG HERO OF THE GAME On a night in which Troy’s two touchdowns through the air took center stage, Trojan tailback Miles Hibbler produced an impressive night of his own, carrying the ball 20 times for 120 yards and a touch- PHOTO COURTESY LEE WOOLERY/SPEEDSHOT PHOTO Troy quarterback Matt Barr throws a pass during the Trojans’ 28-6 victory over Greenville Friday night. down. Much like Barr, Hibbler — who has had trouble holding onto the ball at times during the season — did not fumble the ball, despite the horrible weather conditions. • PLAY OF THE GAME With the Trojans up 7-0 early in the second quarter, Barr completed a 29-yard pass to Kurtis Johnson, who nearly scored on the play, but got pushed out of bounds at the Greenville 1-yard line. On the next play, Brandon Lee scored to put the Trojans up 14-0. Troy never looked back from there. • WHAT WE LEARNED Despite a frustrating season — the Trojans are about five plays away from being 8-1 heading into the final week of the season — Troy has showed its resilience time and again. Troy showed no ill effects of last week’s 42-14 against the Green Wave. Troy’s offense — a problem all season long — moved the ball almost at will against the Green Wave. Considering all Troy has been through this season, finishing 5-5 and beating rival Piqua would have to be seen as a major accomplishment. • WHAT HAPPENS NEXT Troy plays Piqua. No more need be said. ■ Volleyball Champs Troy’s Cassie Rice hits a kill from the back row Saturday against Butler. ■ CONTINUED FROM A8 team. We’re so well-rounded and balanced,” Owen said. “Anybody can score. Even (setter) Mackenzie (Rice) does some things in the front row. There’s not one person that carries the load all the time, and that takes pressure off of everybody. That’s why this is such a tight-knit group, too.” Moser finished with a team-high nine kills, 11 digs and two aces, Freed added seven kills, nine digs and four aces and Monnier had seven kills and three digs. Even though she struggled hitting-wise, Selby found ways to help, too. She had five blocks, seven digs and three aces to go with three kills, and fellow middle hitter Jillian Ross had three kills and four digs. Mackenzie Rice had 29 assists, a kill and six digs, libero Cassie Rice had 16 digs, two kills and an ace, Leah Selby had an ace and four digs and Abby Brinkman had an ace and three digs. It was the third time this season Troy knocked off Butler — all at the Trojan Activities Center. The Trojans swept the Aviators during the regular season en route to a GWOC North title and won in four on their way to winning their first-ever GWOC Tournament. STAFF PHOTOS/ANTHONY WEBER Troy’s Jenna Selby goes up for a kill Saturday afternoon against Butler. “It’s tough (to beat a team three times in one season) because Butler is so wellcoached and motivated. They wanted to come at us in the tournament, and they wanted beat us,” Owen said. “But our kids wanted it, too, and that really showed in Game 2. At the end of the day, our kids showed they wanted it a little more.” Troy faces Lakota West or Sycamore — who play each other on Monday — Saturday at Lebanon. “Three years ago, it was the other way around. Butler beat us three times. We jumped on them in the sectional, they beat us — and went on to win the district,” Owen said. “It’d be really sweet if the girls can flip that script this year. We did all of those other things. Now we just need to win at district. “I told the girls in the locker room that we’ve finished our checklist. Now it’s time to put a new item on it.” Troy’s Abby Brinkman serves against Butler. A10 MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM ■ College Football OSU loses Miller, wins in OT COLUMBUS (AP) — The darkest moment for Ohio State and its fans ended up being the brightest highlight of Kenny Guiton’s career. With star quarterback Braxton Miller on the way to the hospital for evaluation, Guiton took his place and led the seventh-ranked Buckeyes to a tying touchdown and two-point conversion with 3 seconds left to overtime against AP PHOTO force Ohio State quarterback Braxton Miller lies injured on Purdue. Guiton wasn’t done. He the ground after being tackled by a Purdue player during the third quarter on Saturday in Columbus. Ohio then guided Ohio State into position for Carlos Hyde’s 1State defeated Purdue 29-22 in overtime. yard touchdown run that ended up as the difference in a heart-stopping 29-22 win over the Boilermakers on Saturday. “I’m still trying to figure that bad boy out,” a stunned coach Urban Meyer said after his Buckeyes (8-0, 4-0 Big Ten) remained perfect on the season with the improbable victory. “We won, right?” Many in a crowd of 105,290 thought the Buckeyes had little or no chance of winning after Miller lay on the turf for several minutes after being thrown down on the nextto-last play of the third quarter. The mood had sunk even lower when Guiton, who had just thrown an interception on his last play, came out with just 47 seconds left, Ohio State trailing 22-14, and 61 yards remaining to get to the end zone. “The people around me calmed me down and got me ready to go out there and have fun,” the senior said. He did more than have fun. “Some of the efforts I saw tonight were leg- endary,” Meyer said. “I mean, that was a moment that I’ll certainly never forget the quarterback jogging into the game, the old righthander. (He) just did a heck of a job.” After Guiton threw the interception to Landon Feichtner with 2:40 left that could have ended Ohio State’s hopes, Meyer grabbed Guiton. “I said, ‘You’re going to win us a game,’” Meyer said. “He looked right at me. I think he was down but I think that moment kind of picked him up.” ■ Girls Soccer Soccer Eagles, Vikings, Devils advance Troy’s Gracie Huffman settles the ball Saturday against Stebbins. ■ CONTINUED FROM A8 cutting Burchfield on a pass in front of the goal. Burchfield one-touched the ball and gave Troy a 2-0 advantage. The Trojans maintained possession for a majority of the game and had a lot of opportunities, but they had trouble capitalizing on those opportunities. “We knew coming in with the good squad that we have that we could score a lot of goals and should be successful in this game,” Rasey said. “You have got to give Stebbins a lot of credit. They frustrated us a little bit.” Stebbins was at a disadvantage coming into the game, having only three players available off the bench. With 15 minutes remaining in the first half, starter Marisa Coker went to the ground and had to be helped off the field. With a 2-0 score going into the second half, Troy took advantage of the wind by scoring two goals in the first 10 minutes. Gracie Huffman received a through-ball, stayed onside and powered a shot past Farmer for Troy’s third goal of the contest. Less than a minute later, Soutar had a flip-throw go soaring into the box. Sierra Besecker found the ball at her feet and she scored to give Troy a 4-0 lead. The passing exhibition then went into effect. Troy moved the ball with ease through the Stebbins defense. Each touch by a Troy player was made with a purpose. When Stebbins was able to interrupt Troy’s fancy footwork, they would kick the ball in hopes that it went to one of their teammates. “We really settled down in the second half and started playing to feet,” Rasey said. “We have gotten to a possession style of play in STAFF PHOTOS/ANTHONY WEBER Troy’s Natasha Lucas and a Stebbins player both chase down a ball in the air Saturday during a Division I Sectional semifinal match at Troy Memorial Stadium. the last few years — this year especially. I told the girls at halftime that when you play that style, we’re going to be really successful.” Stebbins had nine girls back on defense for a majority of the second half — rarely advancing the ball past midfield. With that type of congestion, Troy’s passing was that much more impressive. Burchfield was able to score her second goal of the game when she received a long pass inside the penalty box, turned and put it past the keeper. With the win, Troy (15-20) advances to the sectional championship match Tuesday. They will face the Springboro Panthers — whose victory in the other semifinal caused Tuesday’s match, originally scheduled to be played at Springboro, to be moved to Northmont High School. Troy is hoping that their possession offense will continue to propel them in the playoffs. Troy’s Ashley Litrell brings the ball up the field Saturday against Stebbins. “We know whoever we ward to getting back to get in this next game is district again. We’re lookgoing to be pretty good ing forward to the chaland moving competition,” Rasey said. lenge “We are really looking for- forward.” Staff Reports MIAMI COUNTY TROY — Troy Christian hasn’t been behind many times this season. So when the thirdseeded Eagles found themselves trailing West Liberty-Salem 1-0 with 20 minutes to play, they had a decision to make. As it turns out, they weren’t ready for the season to end. West Liberty-Salem broke a scoreless tie less than five minutes into the second half, but Troy Christian scored three goals in the game’s final 20 minutes Saturday night, rallying for a 3-1 victory over the Tigers in a Division III Sectional semifinal matchup. “Relieved,” Troy Christian coach Brian Peters said when asked how he felt after the game. “Kudos to West Liberty. They played a phenomenal game, and we weren’t ready for it, to be honest.” But the Tigers weren’t ready for the way the Eagles fought back. The Eagles scored on a corner kick to tie the game with 19:47 left on the clock, then Jordanne Varvel and Morgan Haddad worked the ball all the way down the field giving and going — and Varvel went far post with her left foot to put Troy Christian on top. The Eagles worked one more combo play to put the game away. Lauren Peters threw the ball in to Meredith Haddad, who sent a cross to Morgan Haddad on the opposite side of the field. Morgan Haddad fired off a nearpost shot, and the Eagles had the all-important insurance goal with less than five minutes to play. “We’re still missing some starters, but I’m proud of the way the girls came back,” Peters said. “I’m proud of the way we played in the final 20 minutes.” Now the Eagles will face a familiar opponent — Franklin Monroe — in the sectional title game Tuesday at Bethel. And Peters wants to make sure his team is ready this time. “I hate playing a team we’ve already beaten,” Peters said. “There’s this huge sense of security, and we have to get past that. The tournament is a whole new season, and we have to be ready for that.” Miami East 13, Mechanicsburg 0 CASSTOWN — No. 2 Miami East had no trouble advancing to the Division III Sectional title match, scoring less than four minutes into the game and not letting up in a 13-0 rout of Mechanicsburg in the semifinal round Saturday. Eleven different Vikings were involved in the scoring. Kendra Beckman and Katrina Sutherly each had two goals and two assists to lead the way, Morgan Jess scored twice and Lindsey Roeth had a goal and an assist. The Vikings are now 17-1 on the season and recorded 14 have shutouts. They will face Lehman Tuesday at Fairborn. Lehman 3, Botkins 0 SIDNEY — Sarah Titterington played a role in all three goals Saturday in a Division III Sectional semifinal matchup against Botkins as top-seeded Lehman cruised to a 3-0 victory. Titterington scored twice and assisted on Maddie Franklin’s goal, and Taylor Lachey added an assist for the Cavaliers (15-2). Dayton Christian 5, Bethel 2 DAYTON — Sixthseeded Bethel saw its season come to an end in the Division III Sectional semifinal round Saturday night as the Bees fell to the Dayton Christian Warriors 5-2. • Division II Sectional Tippecanoe 2, Monroe 1 OT MONROE — The sixth-seeded Tippecanoe Red Devils scored a minor upset Saturday night, knocking off No. 5 Monroe 2-1 in overtime in the Division II Sectional semifinal round. The Devils will now face No. 4 Oakwood Tuesday at Valley View. ■ Volleyball Vikings win 2nd straight sectional, Cavs 20th Staff Reports MIAMI COUNTY BROOKVILLE — Sectional titles are already somewhat old hat for the Miami East Vikings. Even though they won their first one last season. The Vikings breezed through the Division III Sectional title game at Brookville Saturday, defeating the host Blue Devils 25-11, 25-11, 25-9 with calculated precision. “It was a little awkward. It was only the second one in school history, and we were very business-like about it,” Miami East coach John Cash said. “We kept the game simple and didn’t show too many cards, and we executed well. We knew Brookville would get balls up but not return them well, and we wanted to take advantage of short returns — and we did.” Sam Cash led the offense with 10 kills, an ace, a block, a dig and nine assists, Angie Mack had seven kills, two aces and two digs, Leah Dunivan had six kills, two aces, two blocks and six digs, Trina Current had six kills and Abby Cash had a kill, two aces, a block, three digs and 18 assists. Allison Morrett had six digs and an ace, Allie Millhouse had seven digs and Ashley Current had an assist. Now the Vikings will face Taylor in a rematch of last year’s district final at Tippecanoe High School — the same step they took on their way to their first-ever state championship. “We didn’t go crazy or anything like that when we won today. We met on the court, sang the fight song, did everything we normally do after winning a match,” Cash said. “It’s what the girls expect of each other. They’re doing the job for each other. “With a year of experience at this, things are going a lot faster this time. It’s important to smell the roses a little along the way, because those moments are going by a little quicker.” • Division IV Sectional Lehman 3, Triad 0 PIQUA — Lehman took control early and never let up Saturday at Garbry Gymnasium, cruising to its 20th straight Division IV Sectional title with a 25-4, 25-11, 25-10 win over Triad. The Cavaliers, 20-5 and ranked fourth in the state, will play Russia looking for a 20th straight district title at 3:30 p.m. Saturday at Troy High School. “The girls came out fired up which was good to see,” Lehman coach Greg Snipes said. “Of course, you are always thinking about those big matches coming up. But, the girls came out focused today.” Southeastern 3, Covington 0 PIQUA — First-year Covington volleyball coach Ashley Miller saw the glass as half full — and then some. While Saturday’s 25-13, 25-11, 25-9 loss to Southeastern in the Piqua Division IV sectional finals was a disappointing end to the season — it didn’t change what Miller felt was a building block to the future. “Tonight was disappointing,” Miller said. “But it has been a great year. We won 11 matches (going 1112), we finished third in our conference and we got to the sectional finals. You can’t complain about being in the sectional finals.” “We lost five starters off last year’s team,” Miller said. “We were starting several freshman. We had a great group of seniors, that did a great job all season. I can hardly wait for next season.” Because the positives far outweighed the negatives. MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM SPORTS ■ Cross Country District ■ CONTINUED FROM A8 Andrews (16:45.85) and Grant Koch (16:49.83) placed fifth and seventh, while Mitch Poynter finished 16th (17:10.45) and Jay Schairbaum got 17th (17:16.99). Also for the Devils, Oscar Freyre finished 19th (17:20.26) and Michael Taylor placed 24th (17:36.92). It was a strong surge by Centerville’s fifth runner Zach Hughes, who placed 15th, in the latter stages of the race that sealed the deal for the Elks, who had five runners in the top 15. “We had control of the race through a mile and a half,” Tippecanoe coach Byron Kimmel said. “Centerville’s fifth guy ran a really nice last 1,000 meters and overtook our pack. That was the race right there.” Despite that, the Red Devils are in prime position to make a run at a state berth next Saturday. And Wharton — who has drawn interest from colleges such as Wisconsin, Stanford and Ohio State — likes what his team has been able to accomplish thus far. “We have matured as a team,” the Tipp senior said. “We knew we were going to have a lot better chance this season. I’m just thankful we have all stayed healthy. Our coaches really did a great job of getting us into shape, and preparing us for the postseason.” If Saturday’s race was any indication, the Tipp girls will be vying with a handful of teams to make state next week in Troy. And Kimmel knows it, having ran against most teams they will face all season. “There are six teams out of Division II that have a shot at going to state or even winning state,” Kimmel said. “Alter, Eaton, Oakwood, Tipp, Bellbrook, and Thornville Sheridan comes up too. All six are very even, so it’s going to probably be single digits to see who will go to state.” Just 15 points separated the top four schools in the Division II race. Oakwood won the team title with 52 points. Tipp (55 points) held off Bellbrook (57) and Northwestern (67) for second. Like she has done all season long, Allison Sinning put on a show, placing second overall (19:15.29) as Oakwood freshman Mary Kate Vaughn won the race in a ridiulous time of 17.57.30. Brinna Price was sixth (20:01.02), Claudia Barhorst (20:56.32) and Emily Wolfe (20:57.25) finished 13th and 14th and Anna Klepinger took 23rd (22:02.72). Meredith Coughlin (26th, 22:07.39) and Katherine Wilcher (30th, 22:22.64) were the next in for Tipp. The sixth and seventh runners could make all the difference next weekend in a race that is expected to come down to the wire. “We made it to state on a tie-breaker in 2010,” Kimmel said. “It may be that way again next week.” • Milton-Union Boys Finish Fifth It had been four years since the Milton-Union boys failed to qualify for regional. That streak was ended Saturday in an all to familiar way. Kyle Swartz placed 14th (17:48.58) to advance to the Division II Regional race, but the Bulldogs placed fifth as a team (114 points), missing out on qualifying by one spot as Valley View STAFF PHOTOS/COLIN FOSTER Milton-Union’s Troy Tyree (748) and Connor Lunsford (743) pace themselves behind a Springfield Shawnee runner Saturday at the Division II District meet at the Miami Valley CTC. STAFF PHOTO/COLIN FOSTER Troy’s Rachel Davidson finished third at the Division I District meet’s race A Saturday at the Miami Valley CTC. Trojans Covington’s Carly Shell competes at the Division III District meet Saturday. Tippecanoe’s Allison Sinning runs ahead of an Oakwood runner Saturday at the Division I District meet at the Miami Valley CTC. snuck up to take fourth 102 points. with Springfield Shawnee ran away with the title, scoring 30 points. “We’re always in the mix,” Milton-Union coach Michael Meredith said. “I think in the last 10 years, we have probably finished fifth (at district) four times.” Troy Tyree and Connor Lunsford — two runners who helped Milton earn a state berth last season — just missed out on individual qualifications. Tyree placed 17th (17:54.82) and Lunsford was 18th (17:55.15). The top 16 advanced. Also for the Bulldogs, River Spicer finished 31st (18:48.62) and Zack Pricer took 34th (18:52.58). Milton’s girls team finished 12th. Leading the way was Katie Litton in 52nd (23:39.80) and Grace Warner in 68th (25:10.38). Alter (42 points) and Eaton (54) were atop the list in the team standings. • Buccs, Viking Girls Advance The Covington boys and girls teams earned their way to the Division III Regional meet Saturday. That was also the case for the Miami East girls team. And Lehman junior Joe Fuller and Newton freshman Brady McBride continued their dream seasons. Competing in a stacked race A, the Bucc boys finished fourth with 112 points. Lane White placed fifth (17:15.39), Dustin Fickert was 18th (17:52.45), Alex Schilling got 21st (17:59.95), Dale Brant took 34th (18:32.09) and Nate Dunn ended the race in 36th (18:36.99). Isaac Canan (58th, 19:37.17) and Sam Sherman (60th, 19:43.95) rounded out the Bucc finishers. As for Fuller and McBride, they will both be racing in Troy next Saturday, as well. Fuller (16:29.22) took second Tri-Village’s behind Clayton Murphy (15:58.74) and McBride came through in seventh (17:23.63). Fuller and McBride’s teams, however, will not be making the trip to regional with them. The Cavaliers missed out by one spot in fifth (187 points) and Newton took 10th (257). For Lehman, Nick Elsner got 25th (18:04.04) and Gabe Berning finished 39th (18:38.95). As for the Indians, their second guy in was senior David Brauer in 26th (18:04.93), while Jacob Studebaker placed 47th (19:07.26). Miami East’s Seth Pemberton — a regional qualifier last season — missed out on his second trip to regional, finishing in 22nd (18:00.82). As a team, the Vikings placed eighth. Other notable finishers for East include Matthew Amheiser (50th, 19:18.81), Ben Marlow in 55th (19:24.08) and Brandon Mack in 59th (19:43.68). The Shelby County League showed its muscle in the race as Russia (56 points), Anna (75) and Botkins (85) finished 1-23. In the boys race B, Troy Christian, Bradford and Bethel had their seasons come to an end. The Eagles — who finished seventh overall (209 points) — got a strong performance by Blake Klingler (24th, 18:27.97), who ended up missing the qualifying cut by eight spots. Craig Helman placed 35th (18:41.91), Mark Dillahunt came in 39th (18:51.38) and Eric Cooper took 49th (19:10.15), but it wasn’t enough as Sam Prakel led the Versailles Tigers to a team title with 46 points. West Liberty-Salem, Jackson Center and Ft. Loramie will also be joining Versailles at regional. Notable runners for Bradford include Mikey Barga (42nd, 18:56.07) and Brett Arnett (59th, 19:33.19). Bethel’s top finisher was Zach Danner in 46th (19:08.69). In girls race A, Covington claimed the fourth spot with a total of 110 points. Leading the way was freshman Carly Shell, who placed seventh (20:39.47), and Jessie Shilt (19th, 21:33.86). Following them was Hannah Retz (28th, 22:01.58), Casey Yingst (29th, 22:12.86), Julianna Yingst (35th, 22:36.75), Heidi Cron (36th, 22:40.95) and Heidi Snipes (38th, 22:51.13). Bradford was the next best area finisher in ninth (274 points). Bradford top two runners were Chelsea Dross in 44th (23:25.95) and Jennifer Ross in 59th (24:16.12). The race also ended the fine career of Troy Christian’s Sarah Grady. The senior missed out on qualifying with a 24thplace finish (21:44.25) en route to helping the Eagles place 11th overall. Jasmine Beverly (58th, 24:14.42) and Cassandra Mendez (68th, 25:11.30) were the other top finishers for the Troy Christian. Russia, which had the races top three finishers, ran away with the team title with 25 points. Versailles was second with 50. Cross County Conference champion Miami East earned a spot a regional. The Viking girls placed third in race B with 89 points. East held off Yellow Springs (92 points) and Xenia Christian (98) for the third spot. Meredith Wesco (ninth, 20:29.24), Abigael Amheiser (16th, 21:03.08) and Abby Hawkins (18th, 21:24.58) paced the Vikings, while Sami Sands followed in 31st (22:05.97). Erin Augustus took 36th place (23:00.34) A regional berth wasn’t in the cards for the Bethel Bees, though. The Bees placed seventh in race B. The top runners for the Bees were Marieke Van haaren in 34th (22:43.88) and Jill Callaham in 43rd (24:24.28). Those who qualified will run at the regional meet Saturday in Troy. ■ CONTINUED FROM A8 16:03.15. Troy had five runners in the top 17, averaging a combined time of 16:48. Jon Osman was Troy’s second runner, finishing in 10th (16:52.50), freshman Stephen Jones placed 12th (16:55.56), Troy Schultz — running in his second race since the beginning of the season — posted his best time of the year (16:58.74) to finish 14th. Blake Guillozet was the fifth guys in, placing 17th (17:08.96). Following those runners were Josh Spayde (44th, 17:52.80) and Alex Meier (55th, 18:09.49). “The guys ran well today,” Troy boys coach Bob Campbell said. “I mean they really did. Branden PRed, Alex Meier PRed, Josh Spade PRed, Troy had his best time of the year. I mean, I can’t complain. We win the North last week, got second overall. We come back and get second here a real good to Beavercreek team.” And now the Trojans will aim high next week against one of the most feared regional fields in the state. “It’s going to be hard to get out in the top four, but we have a chance,” Nosker said. “I think we should shoot for top four to be honest. If we have a good race, you never know what can happen.” • Troy Girls Third With a third-place finish at district Saturday, the Troy girls have now qualified for regional three consecutive years. Although the team wasn’t certain where it would finish heading into the day. “We knew we were going to be anywhere from second to sixth depending on the way things shook out,” Troy coach Kevin Alexander said. “Obviously you hope for the best, but we really weren’t sure.” But the Trojans ran well enough to secure third place with 93 points. Leading the way were freshman Rachel Davidson (third, 19:39.97), senior Caitlyn McMinn (ninth, 20:03.20) and sophomore Natalie Snyder (14th, 20:32.95). “Our first three girls really carried us today,” Alexander said. “Rachel Davidson, Caitlyn McMinn and Natalie Snyder just ran lights out. That was an absolutely exceptional performance by them.” “It feels awesome because we were expecting fourth but we got third,” McMinn said. Troy’s third through seventh runners finished in a pack. Lindsay Smith placed 33rd (21:55.75), Cristina Dennison finished 34th (21:55.75), Megan Falknor got 35th (21:57.99) and KatieGrace Sawka followed in 37th (22:05.83). The Trojans will seek to advance to state next Saturday in front of their home fans at the Troy Levee. “It’s a tough course to run on, but we’ll see how it goes,” Snyder said. And as the Trojans have experienced in years past, the competition will be even tougher. ■ Auto Racing Stenhouse Jr. rallies to win KANSAS CITY, Kan. (AP) — Ricky Stenhouse Jr. rallied from two laps down at Kansas Speedway to salvage his points day. Then he stole a win, as well. Stenhouse, the defending Nationwide Series champion, lucked into his sixth win of the season Saturday when leader Kyle Busch ran out gas heading into the final turn. A late caution extended the race by six laps, and it stretched the fuel tanks of several cars at the front of the field. Not Stenhouse, though. Because he ran into Joey Logano early into the race, falling two laps down during his stops for repairs, he was on a different pit sequence and had plenty of gas to make it to the end. So he liked his chances when he lined up fifth on the final restart. As the field prepared to take the green, Sam Hornish Jr. ran out of gas and NASCAR called off the start. It tacked on yet another lap, and that cost Paul Menard, who led a race-high 110 laps but ran out of gas as the field took the green. Busch, who was seeking his first Nationwide win of the season and first in his Kyle Busch Motorsports entry, was the leader on the restart and jumped out to a comfortable lead. But his tank ran dry as he exited the third turn, and Stenhouse cruised past for the improbable victory. “I saw Kyle and he was really shaking it down the back straightaway trying to make sure it had a lot of fuel and I thought it was good to go,” Stenhouse said. “But right in the center it ran out and I was able to sneak by him on the outside and get the win. That was exciting.” The win tightened up the Nationwide championship race, too. Stenhouse was 13 points behind leader Elliott Sadler at the start of the race, but cut it to six points with three races remaining. “We knew we had to do that. I didn’t see the win coming like this but I felt we had a car that was capable of winning before we got in the mess there with (Logano),” Stenhouse said. “We know we need to win races and if we win the rest we will win the championship no matter what.” A12 SCOREBOARD Sunday, October 21, 2012 BASEBALL Major League Baseball Postseason Glance All Times EDT WILD CARD Friday, Oct. 5 National League: St. Louis 6, Atlanta 3 American League: Baltimore 5, Texas 1 DIVISION SERIES (Best-of-5; x-if necessary) American League Series A Detroit 3, Oakland 2 Saturday, Oct. 6: Detroit 3, Oakland 1 Sunday, Oct. 7: Detroit 5, Oakland 4 Tuesday, Oct. 9: Oakland 2, Detroit 0 Wednesday, Oct. 10: Oakland 4, Detroit 3 Thursday, Oct. 11: Detroit 6, Oakland 0 Series B Baltimore 3, NewYork 2 Sunday, Oct. 7: New York 7, Baltimore 2 Monday, Oct. 8: Baltimore 3, NewYork 2 Wednesday, Oct. 10: New York 3, Baltimore 2, 12 innings Thursday, Oct. 11: Baltimore 2, New York 1, 13 innings Friday, Oct. 12: New York 3, Baltimore 1 National League Series A San Francisco 3, Cincinnati 2 Saturday, Oct. 6: Cincinnati 5, San Francisco 2 Sunday, Oct. 7: Cincinnati 9, San Francisco 0 Tuesday, Oct. 9: San Francisco 2, Cincinnati 1, 10 innings Wednesday, Oct. 10: San Francisco 8, Cincinnati 3 Thursday, Oct. 11: San Francisco 6, Cincinnati 4 Series B St. Louis 3,Washington 2 Sunday, Oct. 7: Washington 3, St. Louis 2 Monday, Oct. 8: St. Louis 12, Washington 4 Wednesday, Oct. 10: St. Louis 8, Washington 0 Thursday, Oct. 11: Washington 2, St. Louis 1 Friday, Oct. 12: St. Louis 9, Washington 7 LEAGUE CHAMPIONSHIP SERIES (Best-of-7; x-if necessary) American League All games televised by TBS Detroit 4, NewYork 0 Saturday, Oct. 13: Detroit 6, NewYork 4, 12 innings Sunday, Oct. 14: Detroit 3, New York 0 Tuesday, Oct. 16: Detroit 2, New York 1 Wednesday, Oct. 17: New York at Detroit, ppd., rain Thursday, Oct. 18: Detroit 8, NewYork 1 National League All games televised by Fox Sunday, Oct. 14: St. Louis 6, San Francisco 4 Monday, Oct. 15: San Francisco 7, St. Louis 1 Wednesday, Oct. 17: St. Louis 3, San Francisco 1 Thursday, Oct. 18: San Francisco 5, St. Louis 0 Friday, Oct. 19: San Francisco 5, St. Louis 0 Sunday, Oct. 21: St. Louis (Carpenter 02) at San Francisco (Vogelsong 14-9), 7:45 p.m. x-Monday, Oct. 22: St. Louis at San Francisco, 8:07 p.m. WORLD SERIES (Best-of-7; x-if necessary) All games televised by Fox Wednesday, Oct. 24: Detroit at National League (n) Thursday, Oct. 25: Detroit at National League (n) Saturday, Oct. 27: National League at Detroit (n) Sunday, Oct. 28: National League at Detroit (n) x-Monday, Oct. 29: National League at Detroit (n) x-Wednesday, Oct. 31: Detroit at National League (n) x-Thursday, Nov. 1: Detroit at National League (n) FOOTBALL National Football League All Times EDT AMERICAN CONFERENCE East W L T Pct PF PA N.Y. Jets 3 3 0 .500 133 141 New England 3 3 0 .500 188 137 3 3 0 .500 120 117 Miami Buffalo 3 3 0 .500 137 192 South W L T Pct PF PA Houston 5 1 0 .833 173 115 Indianapolis 2 3 0 .400 100 145 2 4 0 .333 114 204 Tennessee 1 4 0 .200 65 138 Jacksonville North W L T Pct PF PA Baltimore 5 1 0 .833 161 118 Cincinnati 3 3 0 .500 149 163 Pittsburgh 2 3 0 .400 116 115 Cleveland 1 5 0 .167 134 163 West W L T Pct PF PA Denver 3 3 0 .500 170 138 San Diego 3 3 0 .500 148 137 Oakland 1 4 0 .200 87 148 Kansas City 1 5 0 .167 104 183 NATIONAL CONFERENCE East W L T Pct PF PA N.Y. Giants 4 2 0 .667 178 114 Philadelphia 3 3 0 .500 103 125 Washington 3 3 0 .500 178 173 Dallas 2 3 0 .400 94 119 South W L T Pct PF PA Atlanta 6 0 0 1.000 171 113 Tampa Bay 2 3 0 .400 120 101 Carolina 1 4 0 .200 92 125 New Orleans 1 4 0 .200 141 154 North W L T Pct PF PA Chicago 4 1 0 .800 149 71 Minnesota 4 2 0 .667 146 117 Green Bay 3 3 0 .500 154 135 Detroit 2 3 0 .400 126 137 West W L T Pct PF PA San Francisco 5 2 0 .714 165 100 Arizona 4 2 0 .667 110 97 Seattle 4 3 0 .571 116 106 St. Louis 3 3 0 .500 110 111 Thursday, Oct. 18 San Francisco 13, Seattle 6 Sunday, Oct. 21 Arizona at Minnesota, 1 p.m. Green Bay at St. Louis, 1 p.m. Baltimore at Houston, 1 p.m. Washington at N.Y. Giants, 1 p.m. Dallas at Carolina, 1 p.m. New Orleans at Tampa Bay, 1 p.m. Cleveland at Indianapolis, 1 p.m. Tennessee at Buffalo, 1 p.m. Jacksonville at Oakland, 4:25 p.m. N.Y. Jets at New England, 4:25 p.m. Pittsburgh at Cincinnati, 8:20 p.m. Open: Atlanta, Denver, Kansas City, Miami, Philadelphia, San Diego Monday, Oct. 22 Detroit at Chicago, 8:30 p.m. Thursday, Oct. 25 Tampa Bay at Minnesota, 8:20 p.m. Sunday, Oct. 28 Jacksonville at Green Bay, 1 p.m. Indianapolis at Tennessee, 1 p.m. Carolina at Chicago, 1 p.m. Miami at N.Y. Jets, 1 p.m. San Diego at Cleveland, 1 p.m. Atlanta at Philadelphia, 1 p.m. Seattle at Detroit, 1 p.m. Washington at Pittsburgh, 1 p.m. New England vs. St. Louis at London, 1 p.m. Oakland at Kansas City, 4:05 p.m. N.Y. Giants at Dallas, 4:25 p.m. New Orleans at Denver, 8:20 p.m. Open: Baltimore, Buffalo, Cincinnati, Houston Monday, Oct. 29 San Francisco at Arizona, 8:30 p.m. The AP Top 25 Fared No. 1 Alabama (7-0) beat Tennessee 44-13. Next: vs. No. 15 Mississippi State, Saturday. No. 2 Oregon (7-0) beat Arizona State 43-21, Thursday. Next: vs. Colorado, Saturday. No. 3 Florida (7-0) beat No. 9 South Carolina 44-11.Next: vs.No.13 Georgia at Jacksonville, Fla., Saturday. No. 4 Kansas State (7-0) beat No. 17 West Virginia 55-14. Next: vs. No. 18 Texas Tech, Saturday. No. 5 Notre Dame (7-0) beat BYU 1714. Next: at No. 10 Oklahoma, Saturday. No. 6 LSU (7-1) beat No. 20 Texas A&M 24-19. Next: vs. No. 1 Alabama, Saturday, Nov. 3. No. 7 Ohio State (8-0) beat Purdue 2922, OT. Next: at Penn State, Saturday. No. 8 Oregon State (5-0) vs. Utah. Next: at Washington, Saturday. No. 9 South Carolina (6-2) lost to No. 3 Florida 44-11. Next: vs. Tennessee, Saturday. No.10 Oklahoma (5-1) beat Kansas 527. Next: vs. No. 5 Notre Dame, Saturday. No. 11 Southern Cal (6-1) beat Colorado 50-6. Next: at Arizona, Saturday. No. 12 Florida State (6-1) at Miami. Next: vs. Duke, Saturday. No. 13 Georgia (6-1) beat Kentucky 2924. Next: vs. No. 3 Florida at Jacksonville, Fla., Saturday. No. 14 Clemson (6-1) beat Virginia Tech 38-17. Next: at Wake Forest, Thursday. No. 15 Mississippi State (7-0) beat Middle Tennessee 45-3. Next: at No. 1 Alabama, Saturday. No. 16 Louisville (7-0) beat USF 27-25. Next: vs. No. 21 Cincinnati, Friday. No. 17 West Virginia (5-2) lost to No. 4 Kansas State 55-14. Next: vs. TCU, Saturday, Nov 3. No. 18 Texas Tech (6-1) beat TCU 5653, 3OT. Next: at No. 4 Kansas State, Saturday. No.19 Rutgers (7-0) beat Temple 35-10. Next: vs. Kent State, Saturday. No. 20 Texas A&M (5-2) lost to No. 6 LSU 24-19. Next: at Auburn, Saturday. No. 21 Cincinnati (5-1) lost to Toledo 2923. Next: at No. 16 Louisville, Saturday. No. 22 Stanford (5-2) beat California 213. Next: vs. Washington State, Saturday. No. 23 Michigan (5-2) beat Michigan State 12-10. Next: at Nebraska, Saturday. No. 24 Boise State (6-1) beat UNLV 327. Next: ay Wyoming, Saturday. No. 25 Ohio (7-0) did not play. Next: at Miami (Ohio), Saturday. College Football Scores EAST Albright 41, King's (Pa.) 10 American International 27, Bentley 23 Bowling Green 24, UMass 0 Brown 21, Cornell 14 Bryant 27, Monmouth (NJ) 24 California (Pa.) 41, Gannon 0 Case Reserve 24, Oberlin 17, OT Castleton St. 54, Anna Maria 33 Clarion 30, Lock Haven 28 Colgate 57, Georgetown 36 Cortland St. 24, Rowan 21 Dartmouth 21, Columbia 16 Delaware 47, Rhode Island 24 Delaware Valley 70, Misericordia 0 Duquesne 35, Sacred Heart 3 Hobart 35, RPI 7 Kansas St. 55, West Virginia 14 Kutztown 59, East Stroudsburg 33 Lafayette 30, Holy Cross 13 Lebanon Valley 41, FDU-Florham 14 Lehigh 42, Bucknell 19 Mass. Maritime 42, Maine Maritime 23 Merchant Marine 28, WPI 13 Merrimack 81, St. Anselm 35 Navy 31, Indiana 30 New Hampshire 28, Maine 21 Old Dominion 31, Towson 20 Pittsburgh 20, Buffalo 6 Princeton 39, Harvard 34 Robert Morris 37, CCSU 31 Rutgers 35, Temple 10 Salisbury 24, Alfred 21 Stony Brook 41, Gardner-Webb 10 Utica 43, Hartwick 7 W. New England 23, Plymouth St. 3 Wagner 31, St. Francis (Pa.) 24 Washington & Jefferson 40, St. Vincent 14 Widener 28, Lycoming 23 Wilkes 38, Stevenson 35 William Paterson 31, Morrisville St. 6 Yale 27, Penn 13 MIDWEST Adrian 28, Olivet 8 Albion 24, Alma 3 Ashland 31, Malone 7 Baldwin-Wallace 39, Capital 16 Ball St. 41, Cent. Michigan 30 Bethel (Minn.) 41, Gustavus 21 Buena Vista 42, Loras 19 Butler 39, Morehead St. 35 Carroll (Wis.) 21, Grinnell 20 Central 31, Luther 14 Chicago 23, Hiram 7 Coe 47, Simpson (Iowa) 7 Concordia (Ill.) 38, Aurora 34 Concordia (Moor.) 38, Augsburg 31 Concordia (Wis.) 23, Lakeland 16 Culver-Stockton 21, Lindenwood 14 Dayton 45, Valparaiso 0 Drake 34, Marist 27, OT E. Michigan 48, Army 38 Elmhurst 45, Millikin 42, OT Ferris St. 56, Michigan Tech 49 Findlay 41, Lake Erie 17 Grand Valley St. 42, Northwood (Mich.) 28 Grand View 37, Siena Heights 25 Heidelberg 28, Muskingum 14 Hillsdale 34, Saginaw Valley St. 17 Hope 30, Kalamazoo 7 Illinois College 49, Knox 29 Indiana St. 23, W. Illinois 7 Kent St. 41, W. Michigan 24 Kenyon 21, DePauw 19 Lake Forest 35, Cornell (Iowa) 30 Mac Murray 24, Westminster (Mo.) 22 Marian (Ind.) 59, Concordia (Mich.) 7 Michigan 12, Michigan St. 10 Minn. Duluth 30, Bemidji St. 0 Minn.-Morris 35, Presentation 28 Minot St. 38, Minn.-Crookston 14 Missouri St. 24, Illinois St. 17 Monmouth (Ill.) 56, Lawrence 28 Mount Union 51, Otterbein 0 MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM Scores AND SCHEDULES SPORTS ON TV AUTO RACING TODAY AUTO RACING 2 p.m. ESPN — NASCAR, Sprint Cup, Hollywood Casino 400, at Kansas City, Kan. 11 p.m. SPEED — FIA World Rally, at Sardinia (same-day tape) EXTREME SPORTS 2 p.m. NBC — Dew Tour, Toyota City Championships, at San Francisco 11 p.m. NBCSN — Dew Tour, Toyota City Championships, at San Francisco (same-day tape) GOLF 2 p.m. TGC — PGA Tour, The McGladrey Classic, final round, at St. Simons Island, Ga. 5 p.m. TGC — Web.com Tour, Jacksonville Open, final round, at Ponte Vedra Beach, Fla. (same-day tape) 7:30 p.m. TGC — LPGA, HanaBank Championship, final round, at Incheon, South Korea (same-day tape) MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 4:30 p.m. FOX — NLCS, game 6, San Francisco vs. Washington or St. Louis (if necessary; moves to prime time if no ALCS game 7) 8 p.m. TBS — ALCS, game 7, Detroit vs. Baltimore or New York (if necessary) MOTORSPORTS 4:30 p.m. SPEED — MotoGP Moto2, Malaysian Grand Prix, at Sepang, Malaysia (same-day tape) NFL FOOTBALL 1 p.m. CBS — Regional coverage, doubleheader FOX — Regional coverage 4 p.m. FOX — Regional coverage 4:25 p.m. CBS — Regional coverage, doubleheader game 8:20 p.m. NBC — Pittsburgh at Cincinnati SOCCER 9 p.m. ESPN — MLS, Dallas at Seattle WNBA BASKETBALL 8 p.m. ESPN2 — Playoffs, finals, game 4, Minnesota at Indiana (if necessary) WOMEN'S COLLEGE VOLLEYBALL 3 p.m. ESPN2 — Nebraska at Illinois THE BCS RANKINGS As of Oct. 14 Rk 1 1. Alabama 3 2. Florida 2 3. Oregon 4 4. Kansas St. 5 5. Notre Dame 6 6. LSU 7. South Carolina 7 10 8. Oregon St. 9 9. Oklahoma 10. Southern Cal 11 11. Georgia 12 12. Mississippi St.14 13. West Virginia 15 8 14. Florida St. 15. Rutgers 17 16 16. Louisville 17. Texas Tech 21 18. Texas A&M 19 13 19. Clemson 20 20. Stanford 18 21. Cincinnati 22. Boise St. 23 22 23. TCU 31 24. Iowa St. 25 25. Texas Harris Pts 2870 2554 2758 2538 2427 2263 1992 1850 1860 1820 1574 1348 1291 1898 947 1228 534 674 1437 634 793 488 514 24 188 Pct .9983 .8883 .9593 .8828 .8442 .7871 .6929 .6435 .6470 .6330 .5475 .4689 .4490 .6602 .3294 .4271 .1857 .2344 .4998 .2205 .2758 .1697 .1788 .0083 .0654 N. Dakota St. 54, South Dakota 0 N. Illinois 37, Akron 7 N. Iowa 27, S. Dakota St. 6 Nebraska 29, Northwestern 28 North Central 42, Carthage 10 North Dakota 40, Montana 34 Northern St. (SD) 28, St. Cloud St. 27 Northwestern (Minn.) 47, Martin Luther 26 Notre Dame 17, BYU 14 Ohio Dominican 45, Notre Dame Coll. 7 Ohio St. 29, Purdue 22, OT Ohio Wesleyan 34, Carnegie-Mellon 26 Ripon 42, Beloit 20 Rockford 34, Maranatha Baptist 14 S. Illinois 38, Youngstown St. 21 SW Minnesota St. 38, Upper Iowa 37 Sioux Falls 32, Augustana (SD) 31, OT St. Olaf 27, Carleton 20 St. Scholastica 45, Crown (Minn.) 13 St.Thomas (Minn.) 51, Hamline 9 Toledo 29, Cincinnati 23 UT-Martin 27, SE Missouri 17 Urbana 31, McKendree 23 Wabash 30, Wooster 0 Walsh 27, Tiffin 3 Wartburg 34, Dubuque 31 Washington (Mo.) 18, Denison 13 Wayne (Mich.) 38, N. Michigan 31 Wayne (Neb.) 48, Concordia (St.P.) 21 Wilmington (Ohio) 13, Marietta 12 Wis. Lutheran 14, Benedictine (Ill.) 2 Wis.-Eau Claire 17, Wis.-Stevens Pt. 14 Wis.-LaCrosse 33, Wis.-Stout 18 Wis.-Oshkosh 28, Wis.-Whitewater 13 Wis.-Platteville 31, Wis.-River Falls 0 Wisconsin 38, Minnesota 13 SOUTH Alabama 44, Tennessee 13 Ark.-Pine Bluff 50, Southern U. 21 Belhaven 35, Lindsey Wilson 7 Bethel (Tenn.) 33, Faulkner 21 Bethune-Cookman 48, Norfolk St. 3 Bridgewater (Va.) 31, Washington & Lee 14 Carson-Newman 21, UNC-Pembroke 10 Centre 31, Trinity (Texas) 14 Charleston Southern 31, Presbyterian 21 Chattanooga 20, Samford 13 Clemson 38, Virginia Tech 17 Coastal Carolina 34, VMI 7 Cumberland (Tenn.) 28, Campbellsville 23 Cumberlands 75, Virginia-Wise 13 Davidson 28, Campbell 21 Delaware St. 24, NC A&T 0 Duke 33, North Carolina 30 East Carolina 42, UAB 35 Elon 42, W. Carolina 31 Ferrum 21, Methodist 13 Florida 44, South Carolina 11 Fort Valley St. 35, Stillman 17 Georgetown (Ky.) 35, Pikeville 10 Georgia 29, Kentucky 24 Georgia Southern 38, Furman 17 Georgia Tech 37, Boston College 17 Grambling St. 22, Va. Lynchburg 7 Guilford 38, Randolph-Macon 35 Hampden-Sydney 42, Shenandoah 21 Howard 21, Morgan St. 20 Indianapolis 45, Kentucky Wesleyan 14 Jackson St. 14, MVSU 7, OT Jacksonville St. 31, Tennessee St. 28, OT Kentucky Christian 21, Union (Ky.) 7 Rk 1 4 2 3 5 6 8 11 7 9 12 16 15 10 17 14 20 19 13 23 18 22 21 35 27 USA Today Pts Pct 1475 1.0000 1297 .8793 1414 .9586 1307 .8861 1251 .8481 1179 .7993 1012 .6861 839 .5688 1021 .6922 995 .6746 806 .5464 671 .4549 677 .4590 919 .6231 495 .3356 695 .4712 274 .1858 397 .2692 741 .5024 215 .1458 456 .3092 271 .1837 272 .1844 5 .0034 54 .0366 Rk 3 1 6 4 2 9 7 5 10 15 17 12 12 28 11 19 7 14 28 16 21 20 26 18 23 Minnesota vs. Indiana Sunday, Oct. 14: Indiana 76, Minnesota 70 Wednesday, Oct. 17: Minnesota 83, Indiana 71 Friday, Oct. 19: Indiana 76, Minnesota 59 Sunday, Oct. 21: Minnesota at Indiana, 8 p.m. x-Wednesday, Oct. 24: Indiana at Minnesota, 8 p.m. Computer BCS Pct Avg Pv .930 .9761 — .960 .9092 — .780 .8993 — .920 .8963 — .940 .8774 — .670 .7522 — .700 .6930 — .830 .6808 — .660 .6664 — .480 .5959 — .400 .4980 — .530 .4846 — .530 .4793 — .000 .4277 — .560 .4083 — .320 .4061 — .700 .3572 — .510 .3379 — .000 .3341 — .430 .2654 — .160 .2483 — .240 .1978 — .050 .1377 — .330 .1139 — .090 .0640 — LaGrange 17, Maryville (Tenn.) 13 Lenoir-Rhyne 34, Mars Hill 21 Liberty 21, Concord 13 Livingstone 58, Winston-Salem 0 Louisiana Tech 70, Idaho 28 Louisiana-Monroe 43, W. Kentucky 42, OT Louisville 27, South Florida 25 Marshall 59, Southern Miss. 24 Miles 38, Lane 20 Millsaps 47, Rhodes 13 Mississippi St. 45, Middle Tennessee 3 NC State 20, Maryland 18 Newberry 31, Tusculum 17 Richmond 35, James Madison 29 SC State 27, Florida A&M 20, OT San Diego 24, Jacksonville 7 Savannah St. 42, Edward Waters 35 South Alabama 37, FAU 34, 2OT St. Augustine's 34, Fayetteville St. 28, 3OT Troy 38, FIU 37 Vanderbilt 17, Auburn 13 Villanova 49, Georgia St. 24 Virginia Union 37, Bowie St. 13 Wake Forest 16, Virginia 10 Wofford 38, Appalachian St. 28 SOUTHWEST Cent. Arkansas 24, Lamar 14 E.Texas Baptist 52, Howard Payne 28 LSU 24, Texas A&M 12 Louisiana College 41, Sul Ross St. 24 Mary Hardin-Baylor 45, HardinSimmons 32 Mississippi College 24, Texas Lutheran 21 Oklahoma 52, Kansas 7 Oklahoma St. 31, Iowa St. 10 Prairie View 52, Alcorn St. 37 San Jose St. 52, UTSA 24 Stephen F. Austin 44, Nicholls St. 10 Texas Tech 56, TCU 53, 3OT Tulsa 28, Rice 24 FAR WEST Air Force 28, New Mexico 23 Boise St. 32, UNLV 7 E. Washington 31, Sacramento St. 28 N. Arizona 21, UC Davis 7 N. Colorado 52, Idaho St. 14 Southern Cal 50, Colorado 6 Stanford 21, California 3 Utah St. 41, New Mexico St. 7 Weber St. 24, S. Utah 22 BASKETBALL WNBA Playoff Glance All Times EDT CONFERENCE SEMIFINALS (x-if necessary) (Best-of-3) Eastern Conference Connecticut 2, New York 0 Indiana 2, Atlanta 1 Western Conference Minnesota 2, Seattle 1 Los Angeles 2, San Antonio 0 CONFERENCE FINALS (Best-of-3) (x-if necessary) Eastern Conference Indiana 2, Connecticut 1 Western Conference Minnesota 2, Los Angeles 0 CHAMPIONSHIP (Best-of-5) NASCAR-Sprint Cup-Hollywood Casino 400 Lineup After Friday qualifying; race Sunday At Kansas Speedway Kansas City, Kan. Lap length: 1.5 miles (Car number in parentheses) 1. (5) Kasey Kahne, Chevrolet, 191.36 mph. 2. (55) Mark Martin, Toyota, 191.238. 3. (15) Clint Bowyer, Toyota, 191.13. 4. (18) Kyle Busch, Toyota, 191.096. 5. (43) Aric Almirola, Ford, 190.988. 6. (39) Ryan Newman, Chevrolet, 190.853. 7. (48) Jimmie Johnson, Chevrolet, 190.84. 8. (20) Joey Logano, Toyota, 190.813. 9. (11) Denny Hamlin, Toyota, 190.718. 10. (29) Kevin Harvick, Chevrolet, 190.409. 11. (16) Greg Biffle, Ford, 190.389. 12. (17) Matt Kenseth, Ford, 190.375. 13. (51) A J Allmendinger, Chevrolet, 190.154. 14. (27) Paul Menard, Chevrolet, 190.134. 15. (22) Sam Hornish Jr., Dodge, 190.094. 16. (56) Martin Truex Jr., Toyota, 189.94. 17. (99) Carl Edwards, Ford, 189.913. 18. (9) Marcos Ambrose, Ford, 189.827. 19. (24) Jeff Gordon, Chevrolet, 189.52. 20. (31) Jeff Burton, Chevrolet, 189.367. 21. (1) Jamie McMurray, Chevrolet, 189.268. 22. (47) Bobby Labonte, Toyota, 189.268. 23. (98) Michael McDowell, Ford, 189.261. 24. (42) Juan Pablo Montoya, Chevrolet, 188.851. 25. (2) Brad Keselowski, Dodge, 188.772. 26. (83) Landon Cassill, Toyota, 188.646. 27. (37) J.J.Yeley, Chevrolet, 188.633. 28. (13) Casey Mears, Ford, 188.6. 29. (78) Kurt Busch, Chevrolet, 188.37. 30. (19) Mike Bliss, Toyota, 188.173. 31. (93) Travis Kvapil, Toyota, 188.147. 32. (21) Trevor Bayne, Ford, 188.055. 33. (14) Tony Stewart, Chevrolet, 187.859. 34. (91) Reed Sorenson, Chevrolet, 187.761. 35. (95) Scott Speed, Ford, 187.748. 36. (87) Joe Nemechek, Toyota, 187.578. 37. (34) David Ragan, Ford, 187.474. 38. (38) David Gilliland, Ford, 187.233. 39. (88) Regan Smith, Chevrolet, 187.182. 40. (10) Danica Patrick, Chevrolet, 186.896. 41. (36) Dave Blaney, Chevrolet, Owner Points. 42. (32) Timmy Hill, Ford, Owner Points. 43. (79) Kelly Bires, Ford, 187.285. Failed to Qualify 44. (33) Cole Whitt, Chevrolet, 186.877. 45. (30) David Stremme, Toyota, 186.027. 46. (26) Josh Wise, Ford, 182.5. NASCAR Nationwide-Kansas Lottery 300 Results Saturday At Kansas Speedway Kansas City, Kan. Lap length: 1.5 miles (Start position in parentheses) 1. (10) Ricky Stenhouse Jr., Ford, 206 laps, 113.7 rating, 47 points, $91,143. 2. (2) Austin Dillon, Chevrolet, 206, 122.7, 43, $65,718. 3. (1) Joey Logano, Toyota, 206, 107.8, 0, $50,125. 4. (7) Elliott Sadler, Chevrolet, 206, 103.1, 40, $38,533. 5. (8) Cole Whitt, Chevrolet, 206, 109.3, 39, $35,158. 6. (6) Kyle Busch, Toyota, 206, 118.2, 0, $24,190. 7. (21) Justin Allgaier, Chevrolet, 206, 94.9, 38, $32,208. 8. (14) Michael Annett, Ford, 206, 96.4, 36, $28,508. 9. (12) Sam Hornish Jr., Dodge, 206, 111.7, 35, $27,418. 10. (13) Danica Patrick, Chevrolet, 206, 98.9, 34, $27,783. 11.(27) Ryan Blaney, Dodge, 206, 98.3, 0, $26,058. 12. (22) Joe Nemechek, Toyota, 206, 80.7, 32, $25,508. 13. (23) Mike Bliss, Toyota, 206, 81.6, 31, $24,958. 14. (37) Danny Efland, Chevrolet, 206, 62.3, 30, $24,448. 15.(15) Eric McClure, Toyota, 205, 71.5, 29, $24,888. 16. (5) Paul Menard, Chevrolet, fuel, 204, 133.1, 0, $20,160. 17. (39) Erik Darnell, Chevrolet, 204, 56.9, 27, $23,493. 18. (4) Kenny Wallace, Toyota, fuel, 203, 83.8, 26, $23,983. 19. (32) Joey Gase, Chevrolet, 202, 51.2, 25, $16,555. 20. (24) Jason Bowles, Dodge, 201, 65.7, 24, $23,488. 21. (29) Mike Wallace, Chevrolet, 200, 65.3, 23, $22,703. 22. (33) Jennifer Jo Cobb, Chevrolet, 200, 53, 0, $16,125. 23. (26) Brad Sweet, Chevrolet, engine, 199, 78.4, 21, $22,458. 24. (19) Scott Lagasse Jr., Chevrolet, accident, 197, 68.5, 20, $15,875. 25. (16) Hal Martin, Toyota, accident, 182, 57.6, 19, $22,683. 26. (3) Brian Scott, Toyota, 177, 71.9, 18, $23,098. 27. (42) Dexter Stacey, Ford, 165, 46.3, 17, $21,988. 28. (17) James Buescher, Chevrolet, engine, 155, 71.7, 0, $21,868. 29. (40) Derek White, Toyota, accident, 130, 42.3, 15, $21,718. 30. (31) Tony Raines, Chevrolet, vibration, 123, 41.4, 0, $15,440. 31. (9) Johanna Long, Chevrolet, accident, 109, 70.8, 13, $21,473. 32. (43) Morgan Shepherd, Chevrolet, rear gear, 75, 44.4, 12, $14,895. 33. (41) Nur Ali, Chevrolet, accident, 68, 38, 11, $21,253. 34. (30) Scott Saunders, Ford, accident, 31, 47.2, 10, $14,675. 35. (11) Jeremy Clements, Chevrolet, water pump, 24, 57, 9, $14,565. 36. (25) Blake Koch, Toyota, ignition, 24, 40.6, 8, $14,455. 37. (36) Carl Long, Chevrolet, overheating, 23, 36.6, 7, $14,335. 38. (34) Timmy Hill, Ford, engine, 14, 37.1, 6, $14,275. 39. (35) Robert Richardson Jr., Chevrolet, clutch, 14, 37.9, 5, $13,940. 40. (28) J.J. Yeley, Chevrolet, vibration, 9, 36.3, 0, $13,830. 41. (38) Mike Harmon, Chevrolet, rear gear, 8, 30.9, 3, $13,725. 42. (18) Jeff Green, Toyota, vibration, 4, 33.4, 2, $13,520. 43. (20) Chase Miller, Chevrolet, ignition, 4, 32.3, 1, $13,413. Race Statistics Average Speed of Race Winner: 111.597 mph. Time of Race: 2 hours, 46 minutes, 8 seconds. Margin of Victory: 0.288 seconds. Caution Flags: 12 for 50 laps. Top 10 in Points: 1. E.Sadler, 1,136; 2. R.Stenhouse Jr., 1,130; 3. A.Dillon, 1,110; 4.S.Hornish Jr., 1,038; 5.M.Annett, 986; 6. J.Allgaier, 974; 7. C.Whitt, 913; 8. M.Bliss, 820; 9. B.Scott, 758; 10. D.Patrick, 742. GOLF McGladrey Classic Scores Saturday At Sea Island Resort (Seaside Course) St. Simons Island, Ga. Purse: $4 million Yardage: 7,005; Par: 70 Third Round Davis Love III ................65-66-66—197 Jim Furyk ......................66-65-66—197 D.J.Trahan.....................66-67-66—199 Arjun Atwal....................67-63-69—199 Bud Cauley ...................62-70-68—200 Will Claxton...................70-66-65—201 Rory Sabbatini..............69-65-67—201 Charles Howell III .........66-68-67—201 Mathew Goggin ............67-66-68—201 Ben Crane.....................68-71-62—201 Kyle Reifers...................67-68-67—202 Peter Tomasulo .............67-67-68—202 Vijay Singh ....................66-68-68—202 Chad Campbell.............66-67-69—202 Michael Thompson.......65-68-69—202 Brian Gay......................65-68-69—202 David Toms ...................65-67-70—202 Gavin Coles ..................67-65-70—202 Billy Horschel................68-69-66—203 Harris English ...............71-66-66—203 Mark Wilson..................68-69-66—203 Daniel Chopra...............68-69-66—203 Ben Curtis.....................68-69-66—203 David Mathis.................69-69-65—203 Joe Durant ....................65-71-67—203 Brendon de Jonge........66-69-68—203 Ken Duke ......................67-68-68—203 Roberto Castro.............69-66-68—203 Stuart Appleby..............69-68-67—204 Bill Lunde ......................68-68-68—204 Tommy Gainey..............69-67-68—204 Brendan Steele.............67-71-66—204 Camilo Villegas.............65-71-68—204 Garth Mulroy.................68-70-66—204 Jason Kokrak ................68-70-66—204 Danny Lee ....................65-70-69—204 Boo Weekley.................64-71-69—204 Henrik Stenson.............67-68-69—204 Brian Harman ...............67-72-65—204 Greg Owen ...................64-69-71—204 Charlie Beljan ...............66-71-68—205 Kevin Chappell..............71-66-68—205 Blake Adams ................68-68-69—205 Scott Stallings...............68-70-67—205 Zach Johnson...............65-70-70—205 Rocco Mediate .............70-68-67—205 Matt Jones ....................72-67-66—205 Alexandre Rocha..........68-68-70—206 Tim Herron....................69-66-71—206 Chase Wright................67-71-68—206 Stewart Cink .................69-70-67—206 Martin Flores.................65-69-72—206 Jason Day.....................67-67-72—206 Russell Knox.................71-68-67—206 Sean O'Hair ..................73-66-67—206 Marco Dawson .............62-75-70—207 James Driscoll ..............67-69-71—207 Scott Brown ..................67-70-70—207 Billy Hurley III................66-71-70—207 Rod Pampling ...............64-71-72—207 Nathan Green...............72-67-68—207 Cameron Beckman ......66-73-68—207 Chris Kirk ......................69-70-68—207 Matt Every.....................67-72-68—207 Zack Miller.....................68-71-68—207 Heath Slocum...............69-68-71—208 David Hearn..................66-71-71—208 Justin Leonard ..............68-70-70—208 Jeff Overton ..................69-70-69—208 Mark Anderson.............69-70-69—208 Kyle Thompson.............67-72-69—208 LPGA KEB HanaBank Championship Scores Saturday At Sky 72 Golf Club (Ocean Course) Incheon, South Korea Purse: $1.8 million Yardage: 6,364; Par: 72 Second Round Suzann Pettersen ..............63-68—131 So Yeon Ryu.......................66-70—136 Se Ri Pak............................70-67—137 Sandra Gal .........................69-68—137 Yani Tseng..........................67-70—137 Catriona Matthew...............68-70—138 Lexi Thompson...................68-70—138 Ha-Neul Kim.......................66-72—138 Azahara Munoz..................66-72—138 Karin Sjodin........................64-75—139 Haeji Kang..........................70-70—140 Inbee Park..........................70-70—140 Jung-Min Lee .....................69-71—140 Beatriz Recari.....................69-71—140 Mina Harigae......................68-72—140 Danielle Kang.....................71-70—141 Gerina Piller........................69-72—141 Karine Icher........................68-73—141 Hyo Joo Kim.......................68-73—141 Ai Miyazato.........................66-75—141 Hyun-Hee Moon ................66-75—141 Brittany Lang......................73-69—142 Brittany Lincicome..............72-70—142 Jiyai Shin ............................71-71—142 Cristie Kerr..........................70-72—142 Amy Yang............................70-72—142 Hee Young Park..................69-73—142 Jodi Ewart...........................74-69—143 Na Yeon Choi......................70-73—143 Julieta Granada..................69-74—143 Yoon-Kyung Heo ................69-74—143 Hee Kyung Seo..................69-74—143 Hee-Won Jung...................69-75—144 Ilhee Lee.............................72-73—145 Eun-Hee Ji..........................71-74—145 Nicole Castrale...................70-75—145 Jennifer Johnson................70-75—145 Ji-Hyun Kim........................70-75—145 Angela Stanford .................68-77—145 Chella Choi.........................76-70—146 Mi Hyun Kim.......................76-70—146 Mi-Rim Lee.........................75-71—146 Hee-Won Han ....................73-73—146 I.K. Kim ...............................73-73—146 Michelle Wie.......................73-73—146 Shanshan Feng..................72-74—146 Stacy Lewis ........................72-74—146 Pornanong Phatlum...........71-75—146 Je-Yoon Yang......................71-75—146 Katherine Hull.....................76-71—147 Meena Lee .........................76-71—147 Anna Nordqvist ..................75-72—147 Rye-Jung Lee.....................74-73—147 Lindsey Wright....................73-74—147 Jessica Korda.....................80-68—148 Soo-Jin Yang.......................76-72—148 Ran Hong...........................75-73—148 Cheyenne Woods ..............73-75—148 BUSINESS Saturday, October 21, 2012 • A13 MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM Magazines make a comeback Week is up to 541,000 from 525,000. And unlike the bold move by Newsweek, many publications are taking steps to add digital formats while maintaining the print product, which is still the mainstay of their business. Paul Canetti, the founder and CEO of MAZ, a company that helps magazines publish digital editions, says he tells prospective clients to “dip their toes” into digital publishing and “wade in as the market demands it.” He notes only about a quarter of Americans own tablet computers, which have become a popular way to read online magazines. “Maybe what they’re really facing is an audience-connection problem and not really a print-versus-digital problem at all,” he said. Going all-digital could solve many problems associated with the print magazine business. For instance, magazine publishers charge advertisers according to a so-called “rate card” that is based on a promised number of paying subscribers, called a “rate base.” If subscriptions fall, publishers then must spend a lot of money mailing potential customers and offering heavy discounts just to keep advertising revenue from falling. Newsweek had unique troubles as industry recovers LOS ANGELES (AP) — Newsweek’s decision to stop publishing a print edition after 80 years and bet its life entirely on a digital future may be more a commentary on its own problems than a definitive statement on the health of the magazine industry. Magazine ad revenue in the U.S. is seen rising 2.6 percent this year to $18.3 billion, according to research firm eMarketer. That would be the third increase in three years, driven mainly by gains in digital ad sales, though print ads are expected to be flat. Paid magazine subscriptions were up 1.1 percent in the first half of the year, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations. And while single-copy sales at newsstands are down 9.6 percent, overall circulation — the bulk of which is in print — is steady compared to a year ago. The water is so warm for the magazine industry that in the first nine months of the year, 181 new magazines were launched while only about a third as many, or 61, closed, according to publication database MediaFinder.com. By several measures, the magazine business has stabilized, albeit at a lower level, since the Great Recession ended three AP PHOTO/MARY ALTAFFER In this May 16, 2005, file photo, pedestrians walk past the Broadway entrance to the Newsweek. building in New York. Newsweek announced Thursday that it will end its print publication after 80 years and shift to an all-digital format in early 2013. Its last U.S. print edition will be its Dec. 31 issue. years ago. For some, that casts a harsher light on Newsweek’s decision to abandon print — affecting the nearly 1.4 million Newsweek subscribers who get their copy each week in the mail. They say it speaks to the magazine’s trouble connecting with and keeping its readers. That brings to mind some questionable covers, like the July 2011 what-if image depicting what Princess Diana would have looked like at age 50, or last month’s “Muslim Rage” cover depicting angry protesters, which was roundly mocked on social networks like Twitter. Newsweek is using a difficult print ad environment as an “excuse” for its decision to end print runs, said Samir Husni, director of the Magazine Innovation Center at the University of Mississippi School of Journalism. He lays the blame at the feet of Tina Brown, the editor who took control of Newsweek when it merged with the news website she ran, The Daily Beast, two years ago. “Tina Brown took Newsweek in the wrong direction,” Husni said. “Newsweek did not die, Newsweek committed suicide.” To be sure, the problems were acute by the time Brown took control. Newsweek’s circulation had plummeted from about 3.1 million in 2007 to 1.8 million in 2010, when The Washington Post Co. sold the magazine to stereo equipment magnate Sidney Harman for $1. Harman later placed Newsweek into a joint venture with IAC/InterActiveCorp’s The Daily Beast website in an effort to trim the magazine’s losses and widen its online audience. This year, total circulation is down to about 1.5 million, less than half of what it was five years earlier, even including about 29,000 digital copies. Meanwhile, circulation of rival Time magazine is down from about 4 million in 2006 to 3.3 million this year, a decline of just 19 percent. General news format magazines have been challenged with the rise of news reading on the Internet, much of which is free. And Newsweek isn’t the first to drop its print product. US News & World Report dropped its weekly print edition years ago and now focuses on the Web and special print editions, such as a guide to the best graduate schools. SmartMoney announced in June that it was going alldigital. Yet others are succeeding. The Economist has nearly doubled its circulation to 1.6 million from 844,000 a year ago. The LOCAL BUSINESS LEDGER Trick joins HIWT staff placement of graduating students. Initially, his territory will include Ohio and states beyond TROY — After his successful are located west of that completion of the nine-month Interstate 75. Welding instrucStructural and Pipe Welding tors in this area are encouraged Program at Hobart to give Trick a call to Institute of Welding set up a visit to their Technology in June high school or vocation2008, Kevin Trick al center. worked in the industry “Kevin’s enthusiasm to obtain a few years of and ambition, along experience before with his desire to conexpressing an interest tinue his education, to share his own story makes him an ideal perand tell others about son to talk to incoming TRICK the opportunities availstudents,” said Scott able at Hobart Mazzulla, director of Institute. planning and development. “He Toward that goal, Trick can certainly provide a firstapplied for and recently was hired as marketing and career hand insight of Hobart Institute development representative. In along with recent work experience in the field of welding.” that role, he will assist high “I originally attended Hobart school students, veterans and after talking to a recent gradutransitioning adults in their decision-making process to pur- ate and thinking that if he could become a welder, so could I,” sue a career in welding. Trick is available to admin- Trick said. “I enjoyed my work experience, but wanted to conister tours for individuals and tribute in another way by letting groups at HIWT and to give others know about HIWT.” presentations about HIWT at “I am interested in continuhigh schools, vocational career centers and to groups of recent- ing to pursue my associate ly discharged veterans. He also degree,” Kevin continued. “At this point, that work is about 75 will be assisting with career T Name OrientEH EthanAl HovnanE DeanFds MGIC UtdRentals BadgerMtr HovnEnt un Vipshop n CtrySCkg Last 11.79 29.42 4.38 18.30 2.02 38.58 44.05 22.77 9.95 8.35 Chg +3.16 +7.18 +.81 +3.34 +.36 +6.50 +7.18 +3.67 +1.59 +1.32 %Chg +36.6 +32.3 +22.7 +22.3 +21.7 +20.3 +19.5 +19.2 +19.0 +18.7 LOSERS ($2 OR MORE) Name Last Chg %Chg OvShip 3.25 -1.83 -36.0 Bankrate 10.97 -3.70 -25.2 AMD 2.18 -.56 -20.4 MdbkIns 6.18 -1.46 -19.1 Kngswy rs 3.58 -.72 -16.7 Chipotle 243.00 -47.47 -16.3 Amrep 6.88 -1.32 -16.1 ETr2xSSD 21.85 -4.00 -15.5 VOC EnTr 16.13 -2.87 -15.1 Imperva n 31.09 -5.30 -14.6 MOST ACTIVE ($1 OR MORE) Name Vol (00) Last Chg BkofAm 8395557 9.44 +.32 SprintNex7158496 5.65 -.08 S&P500ETF5766596143.39 +.50 Citigroup 3393209 37.16 +2.41 SPDR Fncl2964967 16.11 +.30 NokiaCp 2716233 2.74 +.18 AMD 2404139 2.18 -.56 GenElec 2396537 22.03 -.45 iShEMkts2315642 41.50 +.23 AlphaNRs1796464 8.97 +1.09 Advanced Declined New Highs New Lows Total issues Unchanged Volume DIARY 1,889 1,254 461 64 3,199 56 17,889,958,546 d 2,408.53 -17.43 GAINERS ($2 OR MORE) Name Last Chg %Chg NovaCpp n 2.55 +.70 +37.8 MeetMe 4.05 +.80 +24.6 LongweiPI 2.14 +.38 +21.6 SDgo pfC 23.31 +2.87 +14.0 VirnetX 27.79 +2.77 +11.1 GenMoly 3.58 +.31 +9.5 HMG 5.62 +.44 +8.5 KeeganR g 4.02 +.30 +8.1 EntGmg rs 2.28 +.16 +7.5 Innsuites 2.30 +.15 +7.0 LOSERS ($2 OR MORE) Name Last Chg %Chg DocuSec 2.85 -.79 -21.7 IncOpR 3.10 -.78 -20.1 Vringo wt 2.18 -.50 -18.7 Medgen wt 3.20 -.71 -18.2 Vringo 3.93 -.85 -17.8 Crexendo 2.45 -.36 -12.8 GoldResrc 17.58 -2.55 -12.7 FAB Univ 3.74 -.50 -11.8 Medgenics 8.79 -.83 -8.6 RareEle g 4.34 -.39 -8.2 MOST ACTIVE ($1 OR MORE) Name Vol (00) Last Chg Vringo 310535 3.93 -.85 CheniereEn164197 15.70 -.03 NovaGld g112538 5.00 -.01 NA Pall g 111716 1.65 -.19 GoldStr g 110217 2.01 -.03 WalterInv 106046 41.34 +1.03 Rentech 97639 2.48 ... NwGold g 96684 11.85 +.05 ImmunoCll 85260 1.99 -.51 VantageDrl 65528 1.88 -.06 Advanced Declined New Highs New Lows Total issues Unchanged Volume DIARY 240 240 25 16 499 19 346,292,096 d NASDAQ 3,005.62 -38.49 Name Last Chg %Chg CybexIntl 2.45 +1.13 +86.2 Cymer 75.75 +28.93 +61.8 IntrntGold 4.67 +1.65 +54.8 B Comm 6.93 +2.13 +44.3 TSR Inc 5.07 +1.31 +34.7 JamesRiv 5.00 +1.12 +28.9 PremExhib 2.79 +.57 +25.7 DyaxCp 2.97 +.59 +24.8 Cyclacel pf 4.49 +.85 +23.4 Aegerion 19.65 +3.69 +23.1 LOSERS ($2 OR MORE) Last Chg 2.37 -.99 20.39 -8.25 5.70 -2.23 2.52 -.92 9.35 -3.29 77.01 -26.37 27.68 -8.88 6.06 -1.75 12.97 -3.29 2.43 -.59 %Chg -29.4 -28.8 -28.1 -26.7 -26.0 -25.5 -24.3 -22.4 -20.2 -19.5 MOST ACTIVE ($1 OR MORE) Name Vol (00) Last Chg SiriusXM 5134095 2.92 +.14 Clearwire3549415 1.85 -.47 Intel 3127450 21.27 -.22 Microsoft 2702188 28.64 -.56 PwShs QQQ205872865.68 -1.00 Cisco 1876472 18.04 -.37 Facebook n171024019.00 -.52 Oracle 1227907 30.48 -.53 Yahoo 1182001 15.84 -.04 eBay 966109 49.97 +2.12 Advanced Declined New Highs New Lows Total issues Unchanged Volume DIARY was recognized at an awards celebration in Baltimore, Md., hosted by SunDance Rehabilitation. The awards were developed by SunDance to recognize outstanding employee contribution and innovative ideas that help to fulfill their mission of serving residents, their families and the center as Inner Balance to a whole. “Judy is so deserving of this celebrate, recognition because she is a dedicated therapist committed open new facility to the total overall well-being TROY — Inner Balance of the patients and residents Massage Therapy is preparing she serves at Troy Care and to celebrate 10 years in busiRehab,” said John Leary, direcness — and its expansion. tor of program and service On Oct. 23, IBMT will host a development for SunDance Crim honored with party to celebrate its anniverRehab. sary and grand opening of its advocate award Crim was selected to receive new larger location, 1100 the award because of her leadWayne St. (Stouder Center), TROY — Judith Crim, physiSuite 1307, from 4-7 p.m. cal therapist at Troy Care and ership skills and excellence in overall patient care. Not only will the new space Rehabilitation Center, 512 SunDance Rehabilitation be on display, but all the thera- Crescent Drive, Troy, was recpists will be available to ognized as the Atlantic division was established in 1991 and operates in 38 states. It offers answer questions, and vendors recipient of the Physical occupational, speech and physifrom the new retail area of Therapy Resident Advocate cal therapy services to more IBMT will be on hand. award from SunDance than 400 U.S. health care Food, prizes and more will Rehabilitation, a national be offered. provider of rehabilitation thera- providers, including assisted living and skilled nursing cenInner Balance Massage py. ters, hospitals and continuing Therapy opened its doors Oct. Crim, who has served as a physical therapist for 25 years, care retirement communities. 23, 2002. It is staffed by 1,070 1,543 212 126 2,676 63 9,208,353,293 Stephani Stewart, LMT; Melody Van Hoose, LMT; and Kimberly Evilsizor, reflexologist. Inner Balance Massage Therapy specializes in treating clientele with chronic pain conditions, and assisting with injury and surgery recovery. Additionally, IBMT is one of the few medical massage practices in the area to offer specific treatments for headaches and TMJ syndrome. Therapy hours are by appointment. Contact Stephani Stewart, owner and general manager of Inner Balance Massage Therapy, at 339-1971 or at [email protected]. WEEKLY DOW JONES GAINERS ($2 OR MORE) Name MeadeInst ApolloGrp ClearSign n CytRx rs Isis Mellanox AlignTech NetElem n USMD n Pixelwrks percent completed.” When not working, Trick enjoys welding, hunting whitetail deer, cooking, and spending time with family and friends. Trick may be contacted at [email protected] or by calling (800) 332-9448, Ext. 5214, or (937) 332-5214. Close: 13,343.51 1-week change: 14.66 (0.1%) 14,000 127.55 -132.55 129.71 -205.43 TUES WED 13,661.72 5,390.11 499.82 8,515.60 2,509.57 3,196.93 1,474.51 15,432.54 868.50 4,190.81 FRI STOCKS OF LOCAL INTEREST Wk Wk YTD Chg %Chg %Chg Name Ex Div AT&T Inc AMD vjA123 BkofAm Cisco Citigroup Clearwire CocaCola s Disney EnPro FifthThird Flowserve FordM GenElec HewlettP iShEMkts ITW Intel JPMorgCh KimbClk NY NY Nasd NY Nasd NY Nasd NY NY NY Nasd NY NY NY NY NY NY Nasd NY NY 1.76 35.32 -.31 -0.9 +16.8 ... 2.18 -.56 -20.4 -59.6 ... .12 -.11 -47.7 -92.3 .04 9.44 +.32 +3.5 +69.8 .56 18.04 -.37 -2.0 +.1 .04 37.16 +2.41 +6.9 +41.2 ... 1.85 -.47 -20.3 -4.6 1.02 37.40 -.83 -2.2 +6.9 .60 51.90 +1.31 +2.6 +38.4 ... 36.25 -.20 -0.5 +9.9 .40 15.02 -.25 -1.6 +18.1 1.44 132.84 +4.53 +3.5 +33.7 .20 10.18 +.06 +0.6 -5.4 .68 22.03 -.45 -2.0 +23.0 .53 14.48 +.07 +0.5 -43.8 .82 41.50 +.23 +0.6 +9.4 1.52 60.79 +2.24 +3.8 +30.1 .90 21.27 -.22 -1.0 -12.3 1.20 42.32 +.70 +1.7 +27.3 2.96 86.88 +1.23 +1.4 +18.1 Name Ex Kroger NY McDnlds NY MeadWvco NY Microsoft Nasd NokiaCp NY Penney NY PepsiCo NY PwShs QQQ Nasd ProctGam NY Questar NY S&P500ETF NY SearsHldgs Nasd SiriusXM Nasd SprintNex NY SPDR Fncl NY Tuppwre NY US Bancrp NY VerizonCm NY WalMart NY Wendys Co Nasd Div Last O Wk Wk YTD Chg %Chg %Chg .60 25.13 +1.82 3.08 88.72 -3.79 1.00 30.37 +.29 .92 28.64 -.56 .26 2.74 +.18 ... 26.01 -.02 2.15 69.88 -.17 .61 65.68 -1.00 2.25 68.57 +1.19 .65 20.35 +.15 2.85 143.39 +.50 .33 58.72 -1.20 ... 2.92 +.14 ... 5.65 -.08 .25 16.11 +.30 1.44 55.37 +1.15 .78 34.23 +.51 2.06 45.16 +.54 1.59 75.62 -.19 .08 4.19 -.02 +7.8 -4.1 +1.0 -1.9 +7.0 -0.1 -0.2 -1.5 +1.8 +0.7 +0.3 -2.0 +5.0 -1.4 +1.9 +2.1 +1.5 +1.2 -0.3 -0.5 52-Week High Low +3.8 -11.6 +13.9 +10.3 -43.2 -26.0 +5.3 +17.6 +2.8 +2.5 +14.3 +84.8 +60.4 +141.5 +23.9 -1.1 +26.5 +12.6 +26.5 -21.8 Stock Footnotes: g = Dividends and earnings in Canadian dollars. h = Does not meet continued-listing standards. lf = Late filing with SEC. n = New in past 52 weeks. pf = Preferred. rs = Stock has undergone a reverse stock split of at least 50 percent within the past year. rt = Right to buy security at a specified price. s = Stock has split by at least 20 percent within the last year. un = Units. vj = In bankruptcy or receivership. wd = When distributed. wi = When issued. wt = Warrants. Mutual Fund Footnotes: b = Fee covering market costs is paid from fund assets. d = Deferred sales charge, or redemption fee. f = front load (sales charges). m = Multiple fees are charged. NA = not available. p = previous day’s net asset value. s = fund split shares during the week. x = fund paid a distribution during the week.Gainers and Losers must be worth at least $2 to be listed in tables at left. Most Actives must be worth at least $1. Volume in hundreds of shares. Source: The Associated Press. Sales figures are unofficial. 11,231.56 4,531.79 422.90 6,898.12 2,102.29 2,441.48 1,158.66 12,158.90 666.16 3,324.30 Name STOCK MARKET INDEXES Dow Jones Industrials Dow Jones Transportation Dow Jones Utilities NYSE Composite NYSE MKT Composite Nasdaq Composite S&P 500 Wilshire 5000 Russell 2000 Lipper Growth Index MONEY RATES Prime Rate Discount Rate Federal Funds Rate Treasuries 3-month 6-month 5-year 10-year 30-year Name American Funds CapIncBuA m American Funds CpWldGrIA m American Funds GrthAmA m American Funds IncAmerA m American Funds InvCoAmA m American Funds WAMutInvA m Fidelity Contra Fidelity Magellan Fidelity Advisor HiIncAdvT m FrankTemp-Franklin Income A m Janus RsrchT Janus WorldwideT d PIMCO TotRetIs Putnam GrowIncA m Putnam MultiCapGrA m Vanguard 500Adml Vanguard InstIdxI Vanguard InstPlus Vanguard TotStIAdm Vanguard TotStIdx Last 3.25 0.75 .00-.25 Pvs Week 3.25 0.75 .00-.25 0.10 0.14 0.75 1.76 2.94 0.11 0.16 0.66 1.66 2.83 Obj IH WS LG MA LB LV LG LG HY CA LG WS CI LV LG LB LB LB LB LB Last 13,343.51 5,082.16 483.76 8,324.14 2,408.53 3,005.62 1,433.19 14,959.87 821.00 4,029.59 +14.66 +37.53 +8.28 +97.06 -17.43 -38.49 +4.60 +41.93 -2.09 -9.28 +.11 +.74 +1.74 +1.18 -.72 -1.26 +.32 +.28 -.25 -.23 +9.22 +1.24 +4.11 +11.33 +5.71 +15.37 +13.96 +13.42 +10.81 +14.03 +13.00 +5.57 +6.87 +12.02 +8.53 +13.96 +15.74 +15.28 +15.24 +13.13 Australia Britain Canada Euro Japan Mexico Switzerlnd CURRENCIES Last .9681 1.6014 .9934 .7678 79.28 12.8652 .9285 .9648 1.6062 .9853 .7657 79.23 12.8543 .9253 British pound expressed in U.S. dollars. All others show dollar in foreign currency. MUTUAL FUNDS Total Assets ($Mlns) NAV 58,387 53.05 46,423 36.35 56,620 33.69 57,461 18.15 45,691 30.68 40,753 31.53 61,129 77.94 12,632 73.94 549 10.33 41,267 2.26 1,349 31.72 783 45.40 169,317 11.57 4,271 14.77 2,908 54.71 60,102 132.29 68,758 131.41 48,113 131.42 59,062 35.68 74,849 35.67 Total Return/Rank 4-wk 12-mo 5-year -0.4 +14.1/A +0.7/C -0.8 +16.5/B -1.3/C -2.1 +19.0/B +0.2/D +0.3 +16.3/A +2.7/B -1.7 +18.4/C +0.3/C -0.6 +19.0/D +1.2/B -3.4 +17.6/B +2.1/B -2.5 +19.0/B -3.3/E +0.1 +18.3/A +6.2/E +0.5 +17.7/A +4.1/B -3.5 +13.9/D +1.1/C -0.7 +11.6/D -3.6/D +0.4 +11.8/A +8.7/A +1.9 +23.2 -1.3 -3.7 +16.4/C +0.5/C -1.7 +21.1/A +1.3/B -1.7 +21.1/A +1.3/B -1.7 +21.1/A +1.4/B -1.9 +21.0/A +1.8/A -2.0 +20.8/B +1.7/A Pct Min Init Load Invt 5.75 250 5.75 250 5.75 250 5.75 250 5.75 250 5.75 250 NL 2,500 NL 2,500 4.00 2,500 4.25 1,000 NL 2,500 NL 2,500 NL 1,000,000 5.75 0 5.75 0 NL 10,000 NL 5,000,000 NL200,000,000 NL 10,000 NL 3,000 CA -Conservative Allocation, CI -Intermediate-Term Bond, ES -Europe Stock, FB -Foreign Large Blend, FG -Foreign LargeGrowth, FV -Foreign Large Value, IH -World Allocation, LB -Large Blend, LG -Large Growth, LV -Large Value, MA -Moderate Allocation, MB -Mid-Cap Blend, MV Mid-Cap Value, SH -Specialty-heath, WS -World Stock, Total Return: Chng in NAV with dividends reinvested. Rank: How fund performed vs. others with same objective: A is in top 20%, E in bottom 20%. Min Init Invt: Minimum $ needed to invest in fund. Source: Morningstar. A14 Minimal MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM Hi Atlanta 71 Atlantic City 70 Austin 88 Baltimore 66 Boise 64 Boston 74 Buffalo 53 Charleston,S.C. 76 Charleston,W.Va. 57 59 Chicago Cincinnati 56 Cleveland 52 Columbus 56 Dallas-Ft Worth 88 56 Dayton Denver 70 Des Moines 60 Detroit 57 Greensboro,N.C. 68 Honolulu 87 Houston 85 Indianapolis 57 Jacksonville 80 Key West 86 Las Vegas 87 Little Rock 77 Lo PrcOtlk 47 Clr 53 Clr 48 Cldy 48 Clr 51 .03 Cldy 59 .17 Clr 49 .56PCldy 52 Clr 49 .01PCldy 40 Clr 45 .06 Clr 45 .04PCldy 46 .19PCldy 53 Clr 44 .09PCldy 50 Clr 46 PCldy 46 .08PCldy 44 Clr 75 Clr 53 Cldy 45 .23 Clr 53 Clr 78 Clr 58 PCldy 42 PCldy Hi Los Angeles 73 Louisville 56 Memphis 72 Miami Beach 90 Milwaukee 58 Mpls-St Paul 54 Nashville 65 New Orleans 81 New York City 69 Oklahoma City 82 Omaha 66 Orlando 83 Philadelphia 67 Phoenix 91 Pittsburgh 52 Sacramento 77 St Louis 66 St Petersburg 83 Salt Lake City 78 San Antonio 86 San Diego 69 San Francisco 66 Seattle 52 Spokane 50 Tampa 84 Topeka 75 Tucson 89 Washington,D.C. 69 Lo Prc Otlk 66 Cldy 47 Clr 46 Clr 75 Clr 43 PCldy 34 Cldy 49 Clr 54 Clr 58 Clr 46 Clr 37 PCldy 69 Clr 55 Clr 67 Clr 45 .13PCldy 54 Cldy 48 PCldy 74 .08 Clr 53 Cldy 58 Cldy 66 Cldy 56 Cldy 44 .05 Rain 40 .02 Cldy 71 Clr 36 Cldy 62 PCldy 51 Clr W.VA. K SOURCE: ASSOCIATED PRESS REGIONAL ALMANAC Temperature High Yesterday .............................56 at 2:06 p.m. Low Yesterday..............................44 at 7:18 a.m. Normal High .....................................................62 Normal Low ......................................................43 Record High ........................................84 in 1953 Record Low.........................................24 in 1952 Precipitation 24 hours ending at 5 p.m..............................0.08 Month to date ................................................2.48 Normal month to date ...................................1.92 Year to date .................................................26.70 Normal year to date ....................................33.53 Snowfall yesterday ........................................0.00 TODAY IN HISTORY (AP) — Today is Sunday, Oct. 21, the 295th day of 2012. There are 71 days left in the year. Today’s Highlight: On Oct. 21, 1962, the Seattle World’s Fair closed after six months and nearly 10 million visitors. (President John F. Kennedy, scheduled to attend the closing ceremony, canceled because of what was described as a “head cold” the actual reason turned out to be the Cuban Missile Crisis.) On this date: In 1797, the U.S. Navy frigate Constitution, also known as “Old Ironsides,” was christened in Boston’s harbor. In 1879, Thomas Edison perfected a workable electric light at his laboratory in Menlo Park, N.J. In 1959, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, opened to the public in New York. In 1986, pro-Iranian kidnap- pers in Lebanon abducted American Edward Tracy (he was released in August 1991). In 1991, American hostage Jesse Turner was freed by his kidnappers in Lebanon after nearly five years in captivity. Ten years ago: President George W. Bush said he would try diplomacy “one more time,” but did not think Saddam Hussein would disarm even if doing so would allow the Iraqi president to remain in power. shop our new department 2328121 Come explore the Troy Cosmetics & Fragrance department! Shop our new look and our exclusive cosmetics lines from ELLE™ and Simply Vera Vera Wang. Plus, our beauty consultants will help you choose your perfect product, whether it’s a skincare treatment from Bremenn, a new Essie nail polish or a celebrity fragrance. And it’s all at the value you’ve come to expect from us. Troy, OH W Northwest corner of I-75 & SR 41 (W Main St) Ma in S t MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM Horror Around About Books has a reputation for celebrating the Halloween holiday. Around About Books owners’ family grows in October BY JOSH BROWN Sports Editor [email protected] F or the cast and crew at Around About Books in Troy, Halloween means horror. “Horror,” however, has a different meaning for co-owners Mike Wilkinson, Dave Crouse and Sue Cantrell. “Horror creates a family,” Wilkinson said. “It’s a small smattering of people that share a common love of horror movies. You’ll meet a lot of people that say, ‘Sure, I like horror movies.’ But they don’t love horror movies. “As a lover of horror movies, when you meet someone else that loves horror movies, it creates an instant bond. And it’s as strong as any family bond.” So naturally, the Halloween season is a high point of the year for them. “Halloween is like our Christmas,” Crouse said. “It’s just a love for the season. I’ve talked to lots of people — varying degrees of enthusiasts when it comes to horror movies — and a lot of them like Halloween more than Christmas. It’s less demanding — and a lot more fun. “It’s the time of year when we can go out in public — and not get chased by people with pitchforks,” Crouse added with a laugh. And as such, Halloween deserves a celebration. So Around About Books is sponsoring “Terror on the Square,” a collection of horrorrelated events — which include ghost walk tours, a 5K run at Duke Park, a zombie walk and a voodoo zombie ball at LeDoux’s — on Saturday and Sunday in downtown Troy. Proceeds from the event “will benefit local food pantries, the Miami County Animal Shelter and local access channel TV5,” according to its Facebook page. It’s something Wilkinson and Crouse have done since arriving at the bookstore. “The first couple of years we just decorated the store, made up ‘haunted” areas,’ Wilkinson said. “But we’ve been doing Halloween things officially in the store since we’ve owned it. At first, it took a while for the Troy area to respond to it.” Now, their reputation precedes them. “Now the store’s windows are kind of a tradition on the square in Troy,” Crouse said. “We’ve done Halloween events every year for many years now. Now, anytime anyone wants to know about how to put on a zombie walk or something like that, someone tells them ‘just EVENTS • Terror on the Square Friday, Oct. 26 Ghost Walk Tours 7-9 p.m. Cost: $10 Saturday, Oct. 27 5K Fun Run at Duke Park 3 p.m. Cost: $20 to participate Ghost Walk Tours 6-9 p.m. Cost: $10 Zombie Walk 6:30 p.m. Cost: Free with canned good or item donation to the Miami County Animal Shelter Voodoo Zombie Ball at LeDoux’s 8 p.m. Appetizers, karaoke, braineating contest, music, door prizes, zombie costume contest, raffles and more Cost: $5 at the door • Other local events TCM Event Series Double Feature Wednesday, Oct. 24 at Cinemark at Miami Valley Centre Mall Frankenstein and Bride of Frankenstein 2 p.m. and 7 p.m. Horrorama 2012 Friday, Oct. 26 at Englewood Cinema, 320 National Road Doors open at 6:30 p.m., movies start at 7 p.m. Movies: Creepshow Trick or Treat (1986) Atomic Brain Invasion The Manson Family Re-Animator Also, trailers, a costume contest, prizes and more Cost: $13 in advance, $15 at the door ABOVE: Mike Wilkinson adjusts a window display at Around About Books Wednesday in downtown Troy. BELOW: Wilkinson said there are at least three Halloween window displays along with various decorations throughout the store. go to the bookstore.’” The store has also already become part of the city of Troy’s history, and it’s played host to the biggest local horror celebrity. “We held horror movie marathons at the Mayflower, and actually, we showed the last films that Mr. (Alan) Teicher played there,” Wilkinson said. “We showed the original Halloween, Evil Dead 2 and Zombieland. Mr. Teicher let us put it on for charity.” “Our first major event was when we got Dr. Creep,” Crouse said of the late Barry Lee Hobart, who hosted the local horror showcase Shock Theater under the guise of Dr. Creep for many years in the 1970s and ’80s. “We had a line out the door of people wanting to meet him.” “Yeah, we did that up big,” Wilkinson said. “We went to the funeral home and brought him over in a hearse. People were lined up around the block.” “It was like we had the Beatles,” Crouse said with a laugh. Cantrell, however, is the longest tenured member of the bookstore staff — even if she’s known Wilkinson and Crouse for longer. “The bookstore’s been here almost 17 years now, and I’ve been here for 16 of those,” Cantrell said. “We bought it almost nine years ago. “Mike and Dave, oh I’ve known them since my son played in a band when he was 16.” • See HORROR on C2 JOSH’S FAVE FIVE HORROR MOVIES BY JOSH BROWN Sports Editor [email protected] Everyone has a list of their favorite movies of all time. I suppose I’m no different, only the first 10-15 on my list are all from one genre — horror movies. I could easily fill this entire section with a diatribe on all of the best horror movies ever made and why they’re superior to all other forms of filmmaking, but I’ll try to limit myself. Here then are my five favorite movies. If you’re planning a horror movie marathon of your own to celebrate the Halloween season, you can’t go wrong with these classics (unless you have kids, of course. All of these are rated ‘R.’ Use your own best judgement where that’s concerned). 1. A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) Best. Movie. Ever. That’s not hyperbole in my eyes. In all my (many) years, I still have yet to see its equal. Of course, it was the first movie I can remember watching once I was old enough to comprehend what movies were. Yes, I realize an 8-year-old kid probably shouldn’t have been watching a movie like that, but I couldn’t help it. After seeing a commercial for it before an episode of Fraggle allowed to. So I opened up the guide, found when it would be showing, waited for them to go to bed, snuck downstairs … and was introduced to the rest of my life. I couldn’t sleep for weeks after watching it. I did my best, when laying in bed, to arch my back away from the mattress to avoid getting pulled into it in my sleep (oh, Johnny Depp, how young you were). I went to school the Rock on HBO, I knew I HAD to next day involuntarily visualizing people in body bags in see it — even if my mom and dad told me there was • CONTINUED on C2 absolutely no way I was B2 Sunday, October 21, 2012 MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TDN-NET.COM Horror • Continued from B1 Every horror fan has his own origin story, and for Wilkinson, Dr. Creep — who actually became a large part of his horror family later on — was a major player. “It all started mostly through Shock Theater with Dr. Creep,” Wilkinson said. “Watching that … and kind of being a latchkey kid. My mom liked to play bingo and such with her friends, so she’d drop me off at the Troy Dixie Drivein, get picked up by them — and I’d sit in the car and watch movies all night long. Letting movies like Jaws and Friday the 13th be my babysitter was pretty fantastic.” And it was clear to Wilkinson early on that horror movies were going to be a major part of his life. “I fell into the films,” he said. “I’ve never understood how people could just watch movies. I get absorbed into them.” Cantrell got started early, too — although not through horror films in the traditional sense. “It was probably The Wizard of Oz,” she said. “The Wicked Witch of the West, she terrified me. Whenever she was on screen, I’d hide behind my dad. “I love horror movies because I love being scared.” It was in college, though, that Crouse joined his horror family — by force, in a way. “I really wasn’t particularly all that into horror,” Crouse said. “Then I met him in college. He’d bring over another movie every day and be like, ‘you’ve got to see this movie!’ He kept hammering me over the head with it — and after a while, I was like, ‘You know what? This stuff is pretty awesome!’” “And when we started hitting the conventions and meeting the people that were in the movies, that was the proverbial nail in his coffin,” Wilkinson said with a laugh. And their screen saver at Around About Books is a virtual who’s-who of horror, with pictures of themselves with the likes of John Carpenter, Linda Blair and many, many more. “You can never watch the movie the same way again after meeting them,” Crouse said, referring to how nice and downto-earth even the biggest of horror stars are. “Geoffrey Lewis called me, too, and said hello. It was really cool.” Even the surgery couldn’t keep Cantrell away, though. “I go in on my scooter, and I have a great time,” she said. “We just met Val Kilmer, and they let him come out of his booth to me. He shook my hand, he put his arm around me — he was very down to earth and nice. And they’re all that way, too. “It’s all these people you’ve seen on the big screen your whole life and wondered what they’re like in real life. And then you meet them and find out they’re just like you. It’s the most awesome feeling in the world.” And once Halloween season hits, Wilkinson, Crouse and Cantrell welcome new family members to the fold — even if a majority of them only remain for the month of October. “I love getting to see the reaction of people that are not all that into horror and bringing them to ‘the dark side,’” Wilkinson said, adding a jokingly-ominous voice to the last part. “It’s fun to be responsible STAFF PHOTO/ANTHONY WEBER for scares. A decoration hangs at the stairwell going to an upper level at Around About Books in downtown Troy. “Getting scared fires off certain chemicals and endorphins talk about horror. were walking down the street “That’s the sad thing,” in your brain. It’s a neat feeling “Here he is, the man that’s Cantrell said. “You think about right out here, and Barry was — and I love sharing that with created all of these faces and feeling down. He had his head how this guy stood there and people and watching them expedown and said, ‘No one remem- amazing special effects from talked with you and laughed rience it for the first time.” Creepshow to Friday the 13th, bers Dr. Creep.’ He was calling with you and hung out with The season isn’t just about and we’re talking about our you, and then you go and watch me ‘son’ by this point, and I putting on their own events, grandkids. How much more the movies and they’re trying to said to him, ‘Pops, that’s just though — they get to experidown to earth can you get?” not true.’ scare you.” ence things, too. And that extended family “Then this guy comes run“The one that was most sur“We always like to go down prising was the cast of House of ning across the street to us and can be supportive in times of to Foy’s in Fairborn at least stops us. He’s like, ‘Excuse me, great need — even if they’ve 1,000 Corpses and The Devil’s once every October,” Crouse never met before. Rejects,” Wilkinson said. “You’re but are you Dr. Creep?’ Out of said. “We’ve been petitioning In 2006, the group was plan- the city of Troy to let us makeup and everything, and he just expecting those people to be crazy — but then they’re not, still recognizes him. The guy is ning to go to a convention, and ‘Fairborn it up’ downtown durCantrell was particularly excit- ing Halloween.” geeking out and asks for his not at all. They’re just horror ed to meet Russell Steiner, the autograph and gets it, and fans, like us.” “We plan on going to actor who delivered the classic “I would love to be able to go after he runs off, I’m like, ‘Horrorama’ this year, too,” line “They’re coming to get you, Wilkinson said, referring to an back in time now, after meeting ‘See?’” Barbara” in the original Night And that bond of family Bill Mosely, and see the look on all-night horror movie my face the first time I saw The takes instantaneous hold, even of the Living Dead. But she marathon put on by Copp wasn’t able to make it due to between fan and superstar. Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2,” Friday night at the Englewood deteriorating health, and the “It was interesting when I Crouse said. Cinema. “They’ve got a fantastic Imagine their faces the first met Tom Savini,” Cantrell said, next year she had part of her lineup of movies this year, and leg surgically amputated. referring to a famous makeup time they met Dr. Creep, the it’s always lots of fun.” “That was right before her and special effects artist. man that introduced them to Because, like any other holi“Everyone always asks him the surgery,” Wilkinson said. “She their lives — directly or indiday, Halloween is all about famrectly. Hobart quickly became a same questions, and he can be really wanted to meet him but ily get-togethers. couldn’t come. So we told him close part of their family, partic- short with people at times. “The saw is family,” Cantrell about it — and he called her.” When I met him, I knew he’d ularly for Wilkinson. said, quoting a line from The “He did the voice and every- Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2. just had a new little grand“We were all the sons of Dr. daughter, so I asked him about thing,” Cantrell said. “I answer Creep, me, Dave, (local horror “Horror is family, but it’s the filmmaker) Andy (Copp) and all her. And we just stood there for the phone and hear, ‘They’re family you create,” Wilkinson a good long while talking about coming to get you, Sue,’ and I of those guys,” Wilkinson said. said. “Which, for some of us, is about flipped out. our grandkids. We never did “I remember this one time we the best family we’ve got.” JOSH’S FAVE FIVE HORROR MOVIES to-rights criminal thanks to a technicality. Vigilante the hallways calling out justice doing nothing but my name. The sound of lit- creating a never-ending tle girls singing “one, two, circle of violence. Parents Freddie’s coming for you” and adults in positions of followed me everywhere. authority never truly lisMy imagination was runtening to or believing their ning wild. I was utterly children — even when terrified. they’re right. And I’d never felt more And yes, the movie’s alive. resolution is painfully Sure, it’d be easy now anti-climactic, but what to write the movie off as could the filmmakers do? just another slasher flick They created the most — but the original awesome and unstoppable Nightmare dealt with force imaginable in Freddy some very adult themes. Krueger. How could anyThe inability of the justice one ever sleep soundly system to convict a deadagain? • Continued from B1 Troy Public Broadcasting presents... Terror On The Square! OCTOBER 27TH Special note: Whatever you do … Don’t. Watch. The remake. 2. The Cabin in the Woods (2011) This movie’s presence on the list is a bit of a misnomer. Cabin is technically a horror movie, but there’s nothing really scary about it. Instead, Cabin is both an homage to and a critique of the entire horror genre as a whole. Writers Joss Whedon — simply the most brilliant writer of our generation — and fellow Buffy the Vampire Slayer veteran Drew Goddard crafted a masterpiece that falls somewhere between satire and celebration. They took every overused cliche they could from every triedand-true horror movie formula in existence and twisted them into something completely new. Naysayers can point to the Scream movies and comedies like Shaun of the Dead or Tucker and Dale vs. Evil as pioneering meta-horror all they want, but Cabin digs deeper than any of those ever could have even dreamed of. To talk about the plot beyond “group of teens goes to a remote cabin in the woods and bad things happen” would be to spoil the creative turns the story takes. Which would be a shame, because even people who aren’t fans of horror would find something to enjoy here. It’s funny, it’s clever, it’s imaginative, it references countless horror movies from throughout the years and it’s original. There aren’t many movies made in the past 20 years that can claim all of that. Watch it. 3. Evil Dead 2: Dead By Dawn (1987) Some horror movies end up being unintentionally funny. Some are funny by design. 1ST ANNUAL TROY 5K HALLOWEEN FUN RUN/WALK at Duke Park 2:30 sign up or sign up early at keysports.net 6:00 PM •Ghost Tours •Zombie Walk •Zombie Ball at Le Doux's Ticket information call Around About Books at 937-339-1707 For information on the 5K, call 937-339-4445 or email [email protected] 2330805 2322081 Evil Dead 2 is a little of both. In ways a retelling of the original Evil Dead, Evil Dead 2 starts off with a young couple heading to a remote cabin in the woods (sound familiar?). They mess around with the wrong tape recorder, awaken an ancient evil that seeks to possess the living, and cheesy and goofy Ash — the role that turned Bruce Campbell into the B-movie god he is today — must become a chainsaw-wielding hero and banish the evil before it overtakes the entire world. If you don’t quite understand the term “campy,” this movie is the perfect introduction. Beyond the gore and scares — of which there is plenty — there’s slapstick humor, over-the-top bad acting and tongue-incheek fun that gives Evil Dead 2 the charm that has made it such a cult success. Groovy. 4. Night of the Living Dead (1968) The original zombie movie. Accept no modern substitutes with fast-running zombies like 28 Days Later or the Dawn of the Dead remake. Death doesn’t move fast. Death slowly shambles your way, cutting off every escape and enveloping your world until there’s nowhere to run. Don’t look for shocking jump-out-of-your-seats moments here. This movie explores the very reason humans are afraid of death in the first place — they don’t understand it, but it’s inevitable for us all. Night of the Living Dead was groundbreaking for other reasons, too — like having a black star, for one. It follows a group of survivors that gets trapped in a house together, and it shows the gradual breakdown of their collective mental state as the shambling, relentless horde of the risen dead keeps them pinned down at every turn. And the shocking ending is just too perfect. No one knows zombies like George Romero. Seriously. Accept no substitutes. 5. Alien (1979) Aside from horror, science-fiction and fantasy are the only other genres that truly capture my imagination. Put two of them together, and you have pure magic. Ridley Scott’s Alien is the definitive sci fi-horror experience. From the hauntingly beautiful H.R. Giger-designed creatures to the dingy, rusty clunker feel of the space freighter Nostromo to the androidgone-mad character, the movie just has so much going for it. And it just doesn’t get better than the chest-bursting scene — particularly knowing that the actors had no clue what was going to happen when it was shot. And then there’s Sigourney Weaver’s Ripley, the original horror movie heroine. No damsel in distress here. No rescuing the princess. Just lots of kicking butt. James Cameron, as he did with the Terminator series, later took this great sci fi-horror movie and turned it into something it was never meant to be — a straight action film. While the sequels to both are enjoyable, they’ll never, ever come close to the level of greatness that the originals achieved. VALLEY MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM Sunday, October 21, 2012 B3 IT HAPPENED YEARS AGO BY PATRICK D. KENNEDY For the Troy Daily News 25 Years Ago: Oct. 21 - Nov. 3, 1987 • PIQUA — They call it ‘The War.’ Sometimes, both sides are at full strength and battle to the bitter end. At other times, one side or the other is weaker, but they still battle to the end. The one week out of every year that Troy and Piqua meet on the gridiron is one which often surpasses any other in the minds and hearts of those who enter the fray. This year was no different when the two teams met on Piqua’s home field in Wertz Stadium. The Indians, with its vaunted defense, entered the annual contest boasting a perfect record in the conference. Troy came into the game with one loss, but riding the fact that they had won two straight conference titles. Both ‘armies’ wanted the victory, but as the old saying goes, “Championships are won with defense.” Piqua was able to stymie the Trojan offense for most of the game and came away with a 24-15 victory. Although Troy had several opportunitues, they just could not consistently work their way past the Indian’s defense. On the other hand, Piqua’s offense, led by QB Shaun Karn, was able to accumulate 245 yards through the air and 125 yards on the ground. At one point the score was 17-15 in Piqua’s favor and the outcome of the game was, as usual, in doubt until the final second, but Piqua pretty much controlled the flow of the contest this year. Steve Nolan, Troy’s frustrated coach, stated, “We could never get a feel for what they were doing. We were three downs and out. You can’t pin down what a team’s doing when you do that.” Friday night, the air was full of Piqua cheers, but there were also HIGHLIGHT IN HISTORY on a beautiful chapel room in the hospital. The young people spent the last 2-3 months renovating the former clergy room in order that it could be used as a chapel for quiet prayer or meditation. The enthusiastic youth began a concerted effort of fund raising, outreach, donations, etc. in order to acquire needed supplies and accomplish the goal of providing the chapel for hospital patients and visitors. The group also sets aside every third Saturday of the month to volunteer their help to finish any other chores which need to be done around the medical facility. 100 Years Ago: Oct. 21 - Nov. 3, 1912 75 Years Ago: Oct. 21 - Nov. 3, 1937 • MIAMI COUNTY — Brooks • TROY — The new G.C. Murphy store opened this morning Johnson is without reservation the (Oct. 28) with C.A. Fess as its manager. The newest addition to best candidate on the ticket for the chain of Murphy stores is located in the Dye Building, at the the Clerk of Miami County corner of the Public Square and South Market Street. The store Common Pleas Court. He is well boasts 40 different departments and is sure to carry many items known throughout the county as a for a variety of shoppers. A large crowd has already greeted the very friendly and efficient person. staff of the new business and we take this to be a sure sign of He has been the manager of the continued success. (Columnist’s Note: The G.C. Murphy store telegraph office, in which he was a staple of downtown Troy for almost 35 years and many worked his way up by gaining older residents remember it well. Although the chain continued knowledge of the trade until he to grow, reaching 529 stores by the early 1970’s, the Troy store thoroughly knew his business. He was closed in 1971. All remnants of the Murphy chain throughhas also spent time as deputy out the country ceased operation by 2001. The Troy store was sheriff and as a deputy in the located in the Dye Building, which is now the home of The clerk of courts office and was very Caroline Restaurant.) conscientious in both positions, 75 Years Ago: Oct. 21 - Nov. 3, where he continued to apply him1937 self to be his best. We have little • TROY — Following the elec- doubt that Brooks Johnson will do country. Tensions everywhere are determined rumblings of “next tion yesterday (Nov. 2), it was dis- no less in the chief position in the high and many are fearful of what year” from the Troy side. covered that most Trojans were clerk’s office and we fully call on the outcome may yet be. The Troy (Columnist’s Note: This is Troyhappy with how Mayor J.D. Boak the voters of ‘ol Miami to place Daily News supports President Piqua week! Neither team has and his officers were handling the him there. No man on the entire had the year they envisioned and Kennedy’s determined stance affairs of the city and, therefore, ticket is more worthy. (Columnist’s started to work for back in August. because “No matter what the voted him to a second term by a Note: Brooks Johnson won the But, once again, you can bet the Soviet Diplomats say, there are missile bases in Cuba capable of 2-1 margin. All of the city officials support of the people and was game to be played in Piqua on who were up for re-elction were elected in 1912. He was so Friday will be played as if a cham- destroying this nation. If we subreturned to their respective also organized and efficient in his pionship was waiting for the victor. mit to a cooling off period, as sugpositions. Mayor Boak received position that he was re-elected In a sense it is … a championship gested by the United Nations’ less votes than he did two years time and time again and continChair U Thant, before those of lifelong bragging rights. Good ago, but it was also noted the ued to serve in the position until bases already constructed are Luck and may the best Troy, I his death in 1950.) dismantled, a cooling off in which general turnout was about 1,000 mean team, win.) voters short of 1935. If you have • MIAMI COUNTY — the remainder of the bases could been pleased with the operation Diphtheria is making the rounds be completed, we may emerge 50 Years Ago: Oct. 21 - Nov. 3, through the area. Last week we from the cooling off period to dis- of the city during the last two 1962 years, then you should be smiling reported some of the Dayton • CUBA — The tense and dan- cover our doom has been sealed. schools closing as a result of an This is not a time for compromise. from ear-to-ear with the voting gerous standoff between Russia results. If you have not been outbreak of the disease. Now, we No one in their right mind wants and the United States continued happy, well, you will have to wait have learned that there have been war, but The President is right to around the island of Cuba this a few cases in our area, including demand the bases be dismantled awhile longer for any change. week. It was recently discovered (Columnist’s Note: Judson D. a death. As a precaution, the before we even sit down at the that the Soviet Union was in the Boak was born in Casstown in Forest school is closing for a few table of diplomacy with the process of building offensive 1881 and was a popular mayor days and every care is being Soviets.” nuclear bases in Cuba which for the city. He was re-elected taken to guard against the dis• MIAMI COUNTY — The would be capable of launching an Dettmer Christian Youth Group, a several times and finished with 12 ease spreading any further. attack on the continental United collection of about 50 young peo- years served as mayor of Troy. He States. President Kennedy has was the longest serving mayor in Patrick D. Kennedy is archivist ple from area churches with the taken a strong stand by blocking Troy’s history until both Mayors at the Troy-Miami County Public willingness to do “whatever is access to Cuba and not allowing needed” around the hospital, has Campbell and Jenkins served 12 Library’s Local History Library, the importing of any offensive recently put the finishing touches years.) weapons into the small island 100 W. Main St., Troy, 335-4082. SCHOOL MENUS beans, carrot sticks, applesauce, milk. Tuesday — Chicken hip dipper, cheesy potatoes, broccoli, orange slices, Goldfish, milk. Wednesday — Italian bake, garden spinach salad, peas, strawberries, whole grain roll, milk. Thursday — Chalupa, refried beans, corn, fresh citrus cup, milk. Friday — Pan pizza, bean salad, celery, peaches, milk. • COVINGTON HIGH SCHOOL Monday — Turkey and cheese sandwich, green beans, carrot sticks, applesauce, fresh fruit mix, Goldfish, milk. Tuesday — Chicken hip dipper, cheesy potatoes, broccoli, orange slices, raisins, breadstick, milk. Wednesday — Italian bake, garden spinach salad, peas, strawberries, applesauce cup, whole grain roll, milk. Thursday — Chalupa, refried beans, corn, fresh citrus cup, snickerdoodle cookie, milk. Friday — Pan pizza, bean salad, celery, peaches, pears, grahams, milk. • MIAMI EAST SCHOOLS Monday — Pancakes, tater tots, sausage, apple turnover, milk. Tuesday — Ham, green beans and potatoes, corn muffin, peaches, milk. Wednesday — Soft taco with refried beans, lettuce, cheese and tomatoes, orange, milk. Thursday — Chicken tenders, corn on the cob, lettuce, tomatoes, nutrition bar, milk. Friday — Pizza, carrots with dip, banana, milk. • MILTON-UNION ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS Monday — Chicken quesadilla with salsa, chopped romaine, green beans, fruit, milk. Tuesday — Chicken nuggets with whole grain roll, broccoli, carrots, fruit, milk. Wednesday — Sausage pattie, french toast, smile potatoes, fruit, milk. Thursday — Rockin burger on a whole grain bun, baked beans, sliced tomato, fruit, milk. Friday — Big Daddy Sicilian Pizza, corn, carrots, fruit, milk. • NEWTON SCHOOLS Monday — Chicken fryzz, whole wheat dinner roll, salad/green beans, diced peaches/apples (high school: apple juice and graham crackers), milk. Tuesday —Beef ravioli, breadstick, carrot sticks/celery sticks, mixed fruit/oranges (junior and high schools, salad bar; high school, orange juice), milk. Wednesday — Asian-style tangy chicken, brown rice, fortune cookie, carrots/peas, pineapple/grapes (high school, grape juice), milk. Thursday — Crispito/cheese stick, green beans,/refried beans, diced pears/grapes, (junior and high schools, salad bar; high school, apple juice and graham crackers) milk. • PIQUA CITY SCHOOLS K-8 Monday — Barbecue chicken sandwich, fruit, lemon broccoli, potato wedges, milk. Tuesday — Teryaki chicken with rice, fruit, veggies and hummus, cookie, milk. Wednesday — Meatball sub, fruit, bean and corn salad, milk. Thursday — Taco salad, fruit, tortilla chips with salsa, milk. Friday — Turkey and noodles, fruit, mashed potatoes, green beans, roll, milk. • PIQUA HIGH SCHOOL Monday — Santa Fe wrap, carrots and hummus, fruit, chips, milk. Tuesday — Teriyaki chicken with rice, fresh cucumber with tomato dip, fruit, pretzels, milk. Wednesday — Veggie lasagna, fruit, breadstick with marinara sauce, milk. Thursday — Spicy beef nachos with tortilla chips, tossed salad, fruit, rice, milk. Friday — Turkey and noodles mashed potatoes, broccoli, fruit, roll, cookie, milk. Risk of falling will fall with safety precautions BY ROSE RUSSELL Toledo Blade Pam Toto proves that a person doesn’t have to be elderly and frail to fall. The University of Pittsburgh professor of occupational therapy was a fit 43-yearold when she learned that firsthand while descending a staircase. “It was dark, I had heels on and was in an unfamiliar environment,” she said, recalling that day two years ago. Her heel caught on a step and she pitched forward, landing on her hand and fracturing her wrist. It required surgery. “What we know in general is that falls are caused by a lot of different reasons,” Toto said. “The research strongly tells us that there are multiple factors that contribute to falls, and environment is one of the risk factors.” Good lighting and switches at the top and bottom of stairs — and handrails on both sides of the stairs — are vital, said Robyn Pitock, an occupational therapist working in metropolitan Toledo,. Other measures will minimize the risk of falling: • Clear stairs and floors of clutter, and securely fasten throw rugs. — Remove electrical cords from walkways. Use nightlights, and keep a lamp by the bed. • Choose and arrange furniture to meet the needs of the home’s occupants. “The height of the chair or bed shouldn’t be below the height of the back of your knee,” said Pitock. • Add grab bars and other safety rails where necessary. Tori Goldhammer, an occupational therapist in Washington, Ohio, recalled working with a builder who showed her a drawing for a bathroom modification. “He added a grab bar behind the toilet, when in fact a man needs grab bars on both sides,” Goldhammer said. • Watch out for uneven sidewalks, wet leaves and chairs not pushed back under a table. • Select appropriate footwear. High-heeled shoes are obvious culprits, but slippers and open-toe shoes also can cause stumbles. Toto said other factors that play a role in falls might have to do with walking speed, medications or individuals’ cognitive abilities. • PIQUA CATHOLIC SCHOOLS Monday — Meatball sub, mixed vegetables, choice of fruit, nutrition bar, milk. Tuesday — Waffles, tater tots, sausage links, juice cup, milk. Wednesday — Fish sandwich, peas and carrots, choice of fruit, cookie, milk. Thursday — Soft tacos, corn, rice, choice of fruit, milk. Friday — Chicken patty sandwich, green beans, choice of fruit, milk. • ST. PATRICK Monday — French toast sticks, sausage, hash browns, fruit, milk. Tuesday — Chicken fingers, baked sweet potato, fruit, milk. Wednesday — Spaghetti, salad, breadstick, fruit, milk. Thursday — Pizza, green beans, pretzel rod, fruit, milk. Friday — Hamburger or cheeseburger, baked beans, fruit, Rice Krispie Treat, milk. • TROY CITY SCHOOLS Monday — Cheese quesadilla, refried beans, carrot snacks, fruit, milk. Tuesday — Chicken tenders, dinner roll, mashed potatoes and gravy, celery sticks, fruit, milk. Wednesday — Hot dog on a bun, sweet potato fries, carrot snacks, fruit, milk. Thursday — Grilled chicken patty on a whole grain bun, carrot snacks, fruit, milk. Friday — Yogurt, Bosco Stick with marinara sauce, green beans, fruit, milk. • TIPP CITY HIGH SCHOOL Monday — Chicken nugget or coney dog on a bun, baked beans, fruit, milk. Tuesday — Chicken patty on a bun, baked sweet potato fries, choice of fruit, milk. Wednesday — Chicken and noodles, mashed potatoes and gravy, wheat roll, fruit, milk. Thursday — BBQ Rib on a bun, garden salad, fruit, milk, a la carte Fusian. Friday — Toasted cheese, tomato soup, carrots, fruit, cracker, milk. • UPPER VALLEY CAREER CENTER Monday — Season baked fish or hamburger, whole grain rice, California blend, assorted fruit, multi-grain bun, milk. Tuesday — Taco salad or chicken fajita with lettuce, tomato, salsa and refried beans, assorted fruit, milk. Wednesday — Pizza or quesadilla, fresh broccoli and dip, assorted fruit, milk. Thursday — Chicken and noodles or chicken nuggets, mashed potatoes, pumpkin custard, multi-grain roll, milk. Friday — Grilled cheese or barbecue rib, tomato soup, green beans, assorted fruit, multi-grain bun, milk. s y a d i l o H SPRUCE UP YOUR HOME FOR THE MIAMI COUNTY Holiday Home & Gift Show October 26th - 28th, 2012 Miami Valley Centre Mall I-75 & St. Rt. 36 Friday Thru Saturday 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. Sunday Noon to 6 p.m. Enjoy the convenience of having vendors representing the best of home repair & improvement all in one place! The Miami County Holiday Home & Gift Show... will feature remodelers such as JNB Home Construction, Keystone Renew and Hepner's Door and Windows who are ready to help you get your home ready for the season. We will also feature unique gifts such as hand blown glass, purses from MICHE and Grace Adele, Wildtree products, jewelry from Premier Jewelry Designs, and ways to make your holiday entertaining easier from Tastefully Simple and Pampered Chef and Tupperware. Plus much, much more. For More Information on the Home Show Visit www.westernohiohba.com SPONSORED BY 2323659 2327626 • BETHEL HIGH SCHOOL Monday — Chicken nuggets, wheat dinner roll, broccoli, fruit, milk. Tuesday —Dominos pizza or grilled cheese and tomato soup, celery and cherry tomatoes, fruit, milk. Wednesday — Sloppy joe on a wheat bun, sweet potatoes, fruit, milk. Thursday — Chicken and noodles, wheat dinner roll, peas, fruit, milk. Friday — Burrito, corn and refried beans, fruit, milk. • BRADFORD SCHOOLS Monday — Bosco sticks with mozzarella cheese or chef salad, broccoli, fruit cup, fruit juice, pudding, milk. Tuesday — Cheese egg omelet or chef salad, sausage patty, hash browns, applesauce, fruit cup, biscuit, milk. Wednesday — Chicken patty sandwich or peanut butter and jelly, french fries, banana, fruit cup, milk. Thursday — Salisbury steak or chef salad, mashed potatoes, carrots, fresh apples, fruit cup, wheat dinner roll, milk. Friday — Chicken fajita or chef salad, tossed salad, black bean corn salsa, orange halves, fruit cup, graham cracker cookies, milk. • COVINGTON ELEMENTARY/MIDDLE SCHOOL Monday — Turkey and cheese sandwich, green TRAVEL MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM Sunday, October 21, 2012 • B4 Bourbon tourism New visitors center greets guests at Jim Beam BY BRUCE SCHREINER Associated Press CLERMONT, Ky. — Bourbon fan Tim Allen started his day of sightseeing by sipping whiskeys crafted at a Jim Beam distillery. Where else are pre-lunch nips more commonplace than in Kentucky bourbon country? “That’s smooth as silk,” the North Carolinian said after sampling Jim Beam Black, a bourbon aged for eight years before bottling. “If it were close to five o’clock, I would have to do something with that.” Hospitality is overflowing in the once-stodgy bourbon industry, with whiskey makers pouring big money into tourism. Allen and a buddy from his college days, Woody Parker, were visiting Beam’s new $20 million visitors center, which opened earlier this fall. Four Roses, another bourbon maker, opened a new visitors center in September. Two more distillers, Wild Turkey and Heaven Hill, also are planning new attractions. The facilities are outgrowths of the success of the Kentucky Bourbon Trail, which attracted 2 million visitors in the last five years and a half-million in 2011. Eighty-five percent of trail visitors are from outside Kentucky, according to Eric Gregory, president of the Kentucky Distillers’ Association, reflecting the growing popularity of the Bluegrass state’s staple spirit, made in the rolling hills of central Kentucky. Beam’s new center, an eyecatching replica of a 1930s stillhouse, is three times the size of the old tourist center, which has been converted into a tasting room. Called the Jim Beam American Stillhouse, it traces the origins of the world’s largest bourbon-maker to Jacob Beam, who set up his first still in Kentucky in 1795. It features an original staircase from a historic Beam distillery, and the elevator resembles a giant still. It’s the starting point for an hour-long tour that offers an inside peek at mashing, distilling, barreling, storing and bottling lines, a process that takes years to produce Beam bourbons sold around the world. “When you go through our tour, you’re going to use all your senses sight, sound, smell, taste,” said Jim Beam master distiller Fred Noe, a greatgrandson of Jim Beam. “People want to see what it’s all about hands on. And that’s what we’ve got here.” Visitors can peer into fermentation tanks in which cooked grains and water form an oatmeal-like mash, a key part of whiskey-making. In warehouses where whiskey ages, there’s the aroma from the “angel’s share,” the portion of bourbon lost to evaporation while in the barrel. For Massachusetts visitor Sylvia Smith, touring the Beam distillery evoked fond memories of her father, who enjoyed sipping Jim Beam bourbon with his brother-in-law every Saturday after working on their farm. “They would have what they called a ‘board meeting,’” said Smith, who toured the distillery with her husband. “It was really going to my uncle’s bar in his cellar and having a few drinks and man time.” Bourbon production has risen more than 115 percent since 1999, with the popularity of pricier small-batch and singlebarrel brands leading the way along with growing international demand. Kentucky produces 95 percent of the world’s bourbon. The state has more barrels of bourbon aging in warehouses than it does people. AP PHOTOS/BRUCE SCHREINER This Oct. 3 photo shows the Jim Beam visitors center at its central distillery in Clermont, Ky. The $20 million center, called the Jim Beam American Stillhouse, is a replica of a 1930s stillhouse and is three times the size of the distillery’s old tourist center. IF YOU GO … • THE JIM BEAM AMERICAN STILLHOUSE: 526 Happy Hollow Rd., Clermont, Ky.; http://www.americanstillhouse. com or 502-543-9877. MondaySaturday, 9 a.m.-5:30 p.m.; Sunday, noon-4:30 p.m. Closed Sundays in January and February and major holidays. Guided tours, $8. Self-guided tours, free. Sylvia Smith of Shelburne, Mass., and her husband William at Jim Beam’s new visitors center in Clermont, Ky., during a visit to its central Kentucky distillery. Shelves are stocked with Jim Beam products at the central Kentucky distillery’s new visitors center. Wild Turkey, another iconic brand, will open a $4 million visitors center next spring, offering striking views of the Kentucky River below the distillery’s grounds near Lawrenceburg. The new center will be nearly eight times larger than the current facility. “This new visitor center will essentially serve as the ‘University of Bourbon,’” said Jimmy Russell, Wild Turkey’s longtime master distiller. Heaven Hill Distilleries Inc., whose brands include Evan Williams bourbon, already has a visitors center in Bardstown, but it’s building an attraction in downtown Louisville that will feature a small distillery along Master distiller Fred Noe, right, opens a barrel of whiskey at Clermont, Ky., to celebrate the opening of a new visitors center at the distillery. The $20 million center is part of a wave of new or expanded visitors centers at Kentucky bourbon distilleries to cater to growing numbers of tourists. five-story-high Evan Williams with exhibits chronicling Kentucky’s long whiskey-making bottle towering over the lobby. “We feel confident that it tradition. The nearly $10 million attraction’s centerpiece will be a will pay off by building aware- ness of our brands and company” as well as the overall bourbon category, said Heaven Hill spokesman Larry Kass. Four Roses Distillery, also near Lawrenceburg, recently opened a new visitors center to promote the 124-year-old brand made at its Spanish Missionstyle distillery. The new center and gift shop were part of a $2.4 million expansion. The Woodford Reserve Distillery near Versailles plans renovations to its visitors center next year and has hired more tour guides. Visitors to the popular Maker’s Mark Distillery near Loretto can dip their own bottles in the distinctive red wax topping every bottle of the premium bourbon. Alltech’s Lexington Brewing & Distilling Co. recently started making its Town Branch bourbon at a new $9.2 million distillery in the heart of Kentucky’s second-largest city. The distillery includes a visitors center. The distilleries are within easy driving distance of thoroughbred farms, another signature Kentucky industry. Some people combine bourbon tours with visits to farms or to Churchill Downs in Louisville or Keeneland at Lexington when there’s live racing at the tracks. Sometimes visitors get to meet the master distillers the men responsible for making the bourbon if they’re not on the road promoting the brands. “One of the best parts of my job is sharing my love for bourbon,” Russell said. At the Jim Beam’s distillery at Clermont, visitors might see Noe taking a break, sitting on a rocking chair outside his office just up a ridge from the visitors center. Like his counterparts at other distilleries, he relishes the chance to talk about whiskey making. “I really am a live, breathing person, and not some marketing tool that somebody just made up,” Noe said. ENTERTAINMENT MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM FILM REVIEW Sunday, October 21, 2012 B5 Free the music … Jerrod Niemann’s latest CD takes listeners on a musical journey BY JIM DAVIS Staff Writer [email protected] AP PHOTO/SUMMIT ENTERTAINMENT This film image released by Summit Entertainment shows Tyler Perry in the title role during a scene from “Alex Cross.” Tyler Perry’s ‘Alex Cross’ is a bust BY DAVID GERMAIN AP Film Reviewer James Patterson titled his 12th Alex Cross crime novel simply “Cross.” The filmmakers who adapted it expanded the title to “Alex Cross.” They might as well have gone for broke and called it “Tyler Perry’s Madea’s Stab at Expanding Her-His Hollywood Marketability as James Patterson’s Alex Cross.” Perry’s name will draw his fans in. Patterson’s name will draw his fans in. There’s no trace of Madea in director Rob Cohen’s adaptation, yet the spirit of the sassy grandma inevitably hangs over the project for viewers curious to see Perry playing it straight and dramatic. Alex Cross the man and “Alex Cross” the movie wind up suffering for it. It’s perfectly reasonable for Perry to try to broaden his enormous popularity beyond the Madea lineage in his own raucous portraits of family life. It’s also perfectly reasonable to say that casting Perry as Cross was a bad idea, though it’s not necessarily the worst in a movie built on bad ideas. Perry has little allure as supposedly brilliant criminal profiler Cross. He looks the part of Patterson’s big, athletic hero. And no one expects a Morgan Freeman, who played Cross in “Kiss the Girls” and “Along Came a Spider.” But Perry is lowkey bordering on sleepwalker dull, and the standard-issue cop-vs.-serialkiller story presents Cross as more of a dopey psycho-babbler than a guy whose incisive mind cuts right to the heart of the case. In this scenario, Cross is early on in his career, a star on the Detroit police department along with partner and best pal Thomas Kane (Edward Burns). They’re tracking a killer code-named Picasso (Matthew Fox) who’s working his way up the food chain with murders and attempted murders of execs at an international conglomerate, with the big boss, Giles Mercier (Jean Reno), clearly the ultimate target. It’s unclear just how the showy crimes against underlings are going to get Picasso closer to his goal, rather than simply alerting authorities to put extra security on Mercier. But such is the hazy thinking of the twisted mind, and such is the hazier thinking of Hollywood hacks who don’t care about making sense. It made enough sense to Patterson, though, a producer on the movie. Director Cohen (“The Fast and the Furious”) and screenwriters Marc Moss and Kerry Williamson weave in as bland a home-life as imaginable for Cross, with his perfect wife (Carmen Ejogo), their perfect kids and his perfect live-in mom (Cicely Tyson). The filmmakers offer a miserly personal life for Kane, who’s feeling his way through a new romance with a fellow detective (Monica Ashe). As the irascible police chief, John C. McGinley looks permanently constipated and wishing he could be anywhere but here. Unlike Freeman’s Rrated Alex Cross movies, the grisly crimes are only talking points, the images sanitized to a Perryfriendly PG-13 level. Cohen’s strong suit usually is action, but fights, chases and gunplay are mostly a jumble of quick cuts. An opening scene in which Cross literally dodges a bullet a second or more after it’s fired kind of sums up the action trajectory, which eventually devolves from bad police procedural into a bad “Dirty Harry” copycat. Fox plays Picasso like a drop-out from the Heath Ledger’s Joker school of cackling villainy, repeatedly calling Cross on the phone to toss around dreary taunts. Cross’ profile technique amounts to “I don’t have any concrete information about this perp so I’m going to spout vague generalities while furrowing my brow.” He blathers on about Picasso as a rogue sociopath, a narcissist out to make someone suffer, maybe his mom or his dad or himself or the whole world. “Who the hell knows?” Cross says. Tyler Perry’s Alex Cross certainly doesn’t. Neither does Tyler Perry. “Alex Cross,” a Summit Entertainment release, is rated PG-13 for violence including disturbing images, sexual content, language, drug references and nudity. Running time: 102 minutes. One and a half stars out of four. errod Niemann isn’t the first artist to try something new. But in the sometimes fickle world of country music, Niemann’s attempt to take listeners down an unfamiliar path is certainly refreshing. For his latest album on Sea Gayle Records/Arista Nashville, the 33-year-old Kansas native drew on country music’s past to help shape his own musical future with the Oct. 2 release of “Free The Music.” “I know its different, and that’s something that we really wanted to accomplish,” he said during a recent phone interview. “You have to have your own voice, and it may as well be your own. Waylon Jennings and Johnny Cash — they were all unique and different in their time — so to me, it’s just an inspiring tool.” Although the singersongwriter tasted success on his major label debut in 2010 — “Lover, Lover” off the “Judge Jerrod & the Hung Jury” album hit No. 1, while “What Do You Want?” peaked at No. 4 — Niemann said he wanted to dig a little deeper this time around. “The first album was totally just messing around. I didn’t have the opportunity to have a record deal. I was sort of a free agent … and we recorded it kind of in the middle of the night over a year. It was sort of a big accident,” he remembered. “Going into this one, we had one under out belts and had learned a lot about working in the studio. “You see what works for you when you’re out on the road. And since I wanted to work with horns, it definitely allowed me to write in a certain direction,” he continued. “I wanted to capture a Dixieland sound, and to be able to write in the direction of the instrumentation was definitely J STAFF FILE PHOTO/ANTHONY WEBER Jerrod Niemann, who made his Country Concert at Hickory Hill Lakes debut July 7 in Fort Loramie, recently released his sophomore album “Free The Music.” important to me.” Niemann, who brought a horn section with him to Fort Loramie this summer when he made his Country Concert at Hickory Hill Lakes debut, said he came across all sorts of forgotten sounds while doing research for “Free The Music,” including vintage brass, woodwinds and string instruments. “I’ve always loved the history of country music — all the way back to the 1920s — so I started digging in more to the recording vibe … the textures and stuff,” he explained. “I thought that was pretty fascinating. It’s kind of a lost era of instrumentation. People have touched on them in the past, but not a whole lot. We all come from somewhere different, so for me, it was an eye-opening experience. And it was fun for me. A lot of people don’t realize that those are country instruments.” From the very beginning of Niemann’s latest disc, he serves up some of those discoveries and allows listeners to roam free on their own. “Free the Music is the first song on the album, and it just sort of fit in place. With some of the unique song selections, it just seemed fitting,” he said. “That wasn’t the original title for the album. I had a different idea and, as it went on and I found more and more different ways to add to it creatively, it came to need a broader title.” The album’s first single — “Shinin’ on Me” — helped make a splash on country radio and climbed as high as No. 17 on the country charts earlier this year. Niemann said while the tune has a decidedly “summer” feel to it, it also carries an underlying positive message. “Although it is a sumer song, it’s really a figurative statement,” he said. “It’s saying the world doesn’t always go the way we want it to, but sometimes you can put your troubles on hold.” Grammy winning pop singer/songwriter Colbie Callait provided guest vocals on “I’m All About You,” which takes listeners in a different direction with a slower, jazz vibe. “That was a song that a longtime co-writing buddy and I wrote. When I went into the studio to record that song, I wanted it to have more of a jazz feel. And it was just a fantasy thought … I wondered if • To learn more about Jerrod Niemann or check out his upcoming tour schedule, visit online at: www.jerrodniemannofficial.com Can ‘Cloud Atlas’ survive Hollywood? LOS ANGELES (AP) — Susan Sarandon reported for work on “Cloud Atlas” midway through the shoot, in time to see a collection of far-flung film scenes that the cast and crew were viewing. There were bits of a 19th century sea voyage, a 1930s period drama, a 1970s thriller, a contemporary comic adventure, a 22nd century tale of rebellion and a 24th century post-apocalyptic saga. “I just thought, my God, this looks like the trailer for every film a studio is doing for the entire season,” Sarandon recalled. Yet it was just one film: “Cloud Atlas,” an epic of shifting genres and intersecting souls that features Tom Hanks, Halle Berry, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant, Hugo Weaving, Ben Whishaw, Jim Sturgess, James D’Arcy, Doona Bae, Keith David, Sarandon and others in multiple roles spanning centuries. That diverse cast is a great selling point for distributor Warner Bros., which opens “Cloud Atlas” in U.S. theaters Oct. 26. So, too, is the filmmaking team: American siblings Lana and Andy Wachowski, creators of “The Matrix” films, who wrote the screenplay and directed “Cloud Atlas” with German filmmaker Tom Tykwer (“Run Lola Run”). The fact that the film is adapted from a best-selling novel also should help its audience appeal. Yet considering that “Cloud Atlas” author David Mitchell himself once felt the novel was unfilmable, fans of the book may have serious doubts about handing over their cash and spending nearly three hours in a theater to digest Hollywood’s version. It’s such a tough sell that even the notoriously media-shy Wachowskis, who had a no-press clause on earlier films, are out there eagerly hawking “Cloud Atlas.” “It’s dear to us, and that’s definitely part of it. Our partnership with Tom, our marriage with Tom, that’s definitely a part of it. Tom engages with the press and has shown us, taught us some tricks that have made it a little easier for us to get back involved,” said Andy Wachowski in an interview alongside his sister, who is transgender and changed her name from Larry to Lana, and their longtime pal Tykwer. With mixed but generally appreciative early reviews some critics reveling in its audacity and even detractors admiring its ambition “Cloud Atlas” already is an artistic success simply by existing, given its unlikely path to the screen. The Wachowskis discovered the book from Natalie Portman, who was reading “Cloud Atlas” on the set of their 2006 thriller “V for Vendetta.” The siblings recommended the novel to Tykwer, and the three spent years overcoming creative and commercial obstacles to adapt it for film. The $100 million budget was pieced together from a variety of international financiers and dis- tributors; Warner Bros. acquired U.S. rights but declined to finance the film, despite the studio’s success with the Wachowskis’ “Matrix” trilogy. Then there were the challenges of condensing dozens of key characters in six stories that span the globe and sprawl across 500 years as souls are reincarnated and progress through the ages. “The book seemed almost like a revolutionary act in and of itself,” Lana Wachowski said. “David has said since that they did have trouble with, do you put it in science fiction, do you put it in drama? Where do you put it on the shelf in the bookstore?” The way they cracked the code was, in a word author Mitchell tosses about repeatedly, ingenious. The same actors would play characters in different periods, sometimes switching race and gender, as each soul moves upward, downward or sideways on the karmic plane. 2330315 BESTSELLERS FICTION 1. “The Mark of Athena” by Rick Riordan (Hyperion Books) 2. “The Casual Vacancy” by J.K. Rowling (Little, Brown) 3. “NYPD Red” by James Patterson, Marshall Karp (Little, Brown) Colbie would sing on it,” he said. “She listened to the song and called me and said she would do it.” Niemann gets a chance to stretch his voice in a slower setting on songs like “Whiskey Kind of Way” and “Only God Could Love You More,” but clearly shows he’s having a blast on lighthearted songs “Real Women Drink Beer” and “Honky Tonk Fever” — the latter of which he said is his favorite. “It changes tempos in every section and covers all the Dixieland sounds — clarinet, trombone and trumpet,” he said. “It took me about two years to write, and it was very tough to record, so I was very excited (to put it on the record). Anytime you spend a couple of years on a song, it’s definitely a blessing and a curse.” Although the album has been out less than a month, Niemann is happy with the way it turned out and the response he has received. “I’m very excited,” he said. “We spent the past couple of years on it … and it has a lot of blood, sweat and tears.” And a voice all its own. 4. “Dork Diaries 5: Tales From a Not-So-Smart Miss Know-It-All” by Rachel Renee Russell (Aladdin) 5. “Winter of the World” by Ken Follett (Dutton Books) 6. “Gone Girl” by Gillian Flynn (Crown Publishing Group) 7. “Mad River” by John Sandford (Putnam) 8. “The Time Keeper” by Mitch Albom (Hyperion Books) 9. “Mockingjay” by Suzanne Collins (Scholastic Press) 10. “Catching Fire” by Suzanne Collins (Scholastic Press) NONFICTION 1. “Killing Kennedy” by Bill O’Reilly, Martin Dugard (Henry Holt & Co.) 2. “No Easy Day” by Mark Owen with Kevin Maurer (Dutton Books) 3. “Who I Am” by Pete Townshend (Harper) 4. “Jesus Calling: Enjoying Peace in His Presence” by Sarah Young (Integrity Publishers) 5. “America Again” by Stephen Colbert (Grand Central Publishing) 6. “Killing Lincoln” by Bill O’Reilly, Martin Dugard (Henry Hold & Co.) ® Purch Adv Tix @ cinemark.com 800-326-3264 + Exp 2151# CINEMARK MIAMI VALLEY 1020 Garbry Road 0$7,1(( %()25( 30 6(1,256 '$< $// '$< 021 ($5/< %,5' 67 0$7,1(( 6+2:7,0( 2) $1< 7,7/( SCHEDULE SUNDAY 10/21 ONLY PARANORMAL ACTIVITY HOTEL TRANSYLVANIA 4 (R) 3-D ONLY (PG) 12:20 2:40 5:05 7:30 10:10 12:10 2:30 7:20 ALEX CROSS (PG-13) PITCH PERFECT (PG-13) 12:15 2:45 5:15 7:50 10:25 1:15 4:10 7:00 9:50 HERE COMES THE BOOM HOTEL TRANSYLVANIA (PG) 12:55 3:55 6:45 9:30 2-D ONLY (PG) SINISTER (R) 4:55 9:40 1:05 4:25 7:10 10:00 TICKETS NOW ON SALE ARGO (R) FOR THE FATHOM 12:40 3:35 6:30 9:20 EVENT: RIFFTRAX LIVE! TAKEN 2 (PG-13) BIRDEMIC! ON THURS12:25 2:50 5:20 7:40 10:20 DAY 10/25 AT 8:00 PM Assistive Listening and Captioning System Avail B6 VALLEY MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TDN-NET.COM DATES TO REMEMBER available. For more information, call 339-2699. • TOPS (Take Off Pounds Sensibly), 6 p.m., Zion Lutheran Church, 11 N. Third St., Tipp City. New members welcome. For more information, call 335-9721. • Troy Noon Optimist Club will meet at noon at the Tin Roof restaurant. Guests welcome. For more information, call 478-1401. • Weight Watchers, Westminster Presbyterian, Piqua, weigh-in is at 5 and meeting at 5:30 p.m. • Parenting Education Groups will meet from 6-8 p.m. at the Family Abuse Shelter of Miami County, 16 E. Franklin St., Troy. Learn new and age-appropriate ways to parent children. Call 3396761 for more information. There is no charge for this program. • Narcotics Anonymous, Hug A Miracle, will meet at 7 p.m. at the Church of the Brethren, 1431 W. Main St., Troy, use back door. • Narcotics Anonymous, Inspiring Hope, 12:30 p.m., Trinity Episcopal Church, 60 S. Dorset Road, Troy. • Sanctuary, for women who have been affected by sexual abuse, location not made public. Must currently be in therapy. For more information, call Amy Johns at 667-1069, Ext. 430 • Miami Valley Women’s Center, 7049-A Taylorsville Road, Huber Heights, offers free pregnancy testing, noon to 4 p.m. and 6-9 p.m. For more information, call 236-2273. • Pilates for Beginners, 8:309:30 a.m. and 5:30-6:30 p.m. at 27 1/2 E. Main St., Tipp City. For more information, call Tipp-Monroe Community Services at 667-8631 or Celeste at 669-2441. • Next Step at Noon, noon to 1 p.m. at Ginghamsburg South Campus, ARK, 7695 S. County Road 25-A, one mile south of the main campus. family members and other persons, how to express feelings, how to communicate instead of confronting and how to act nonviolently with stress and anger issues. Call 3396761 for more information. • Narcotics Anonymous, Just For Tuesday, will meet at 7 p.m. at Trinity Episcopal Church, 60 S. Dorset Ave., Troy. This is an open discussion. • Narcotics Anonymous, Unity Group, 7 p.m., Freedom Life Ministries Church, 9101 N. County Road 25-A, Piqua. Open discussion. • Public bingo, license No. 010528, will begin with early birds at 7 p.m. and regular bingo at 7:30 p.m. at the Elks Lodge No. 833, 17 W. Franklin St., Troy. Use the Cherry Street entrance. Doors open at 5 p.m. Instant tickets also will be available. • Public bingo — paper and computer — will be offered by the Tipp City Lumber Baseball organization from 7-10 p.m. at the West Milton Eagles, 2270 S. Miami St., West Milton. Doors will open at 5:30 p.m. and concessions will be available. Proceeds will benefit the sponsorship of five Little League baseball teams. For more information, call 543-9959. • The Knitting Group meets at 6:30 p.m. the fourth Tuesday of each month at the Bradford Public Libary, 138 E. Main St., Bradford. All knitters are welcome or residents can come to learn. • DivorceCare will be every Tuesday at 6:30 p.m. at the Troy Church of the Nazarene, State Route 55 and Barnhart Road, Troy. The group is open to men and women. For more information, call Patty at 440-1269 or Debbie at 335-8397. • Christian 12-Step, 7-8:30 p.m. at Ginghamsburg South Campus, ARK, 7695 S. County Road 25-A, one mile south of the main campus. Abuse Shelter of Miami County, 16 E. Franklin St., Troy. Issues addressed are physical, verbal and • DivorceCare seminar and supemotional violence toward family port group will meet from 6:30-8 members and other persons, how p.m. at Piqua Assembly of God to express feelings, how to commuChurch, 8440 King Arthur Drive, nicate instead of confronting and Piqua. Child care provided through how to act nonviolently with stress the sixth-grade. and anger issues. Call 339-6761 for • COSA, an anonymous 12-step more information. recovery program for friends and • A Domestic Violence Support family members whose lives have Group for Women will meet from been affected by another person’s 6:30-8:30 p.m. at the Family Abuse compulsive sexual behavior, will Shelter of Miami County, 16. E. meet in the evening in Tipp City. For Franklin St., Troy. Support for batmore information, call 463-2001. tered women who want to break • AA, Piqua Breakfast Group will free from partner violence is meet at 8:30 a.m. at Westminter offered. There is no charge for the Presbyterian Church, corner of Ash program. For more information, call and Caldwell streets, Piqua. The 339-6761. discussion meeting is open. • Narcotics Anonymous, • AA, Troy Trinity Group meets at Inspiring Hope, 12:30 p.m., Trinity 7 p.m. for open discussion in the 12 Episcopal Church, 60 S. Dorset Step Room at the Trinity Episcopal Road, Troy. Church, 1550 Henley Road, Troy. • Children’s Creative Play Group • AA, open meeting, 6 p.m., will be from 6:30-8:30 p.m. at the Westminster Presbyterian Church, Family Abuse Shelter of Miami corner of Ash and Caldwell streets, County, 16 E. Franklin St., Troy. Piqua. Alley entrance, upstairs. School-age children will learn • AA, Living Sober meeting, appropriate social interactions and open to all who have an interest in free expression through unique play a sober lifestyle, 7:30 p.m., therapy. There is no charge for this Westminster Presbyterian Church, program. More information is availcorner of Ash and Caldwell streets, able by calling 339-6761. Piqua. • Narcotics Anonymous, 7:30 • Narcotics Anonymous, p.m., Spirit of Recovery, Church of Winner’s Group, will meet at 5 p.m. the Brethren, 1431 W. Main St., at Trinity Episcopal Church, 60 S. Troy. Dorset Ave., Troy. Open discussion . • Overeaters Anonymous will • Narcotics Anonymous, Poison meet at 7:30 p.m. at Mount Calvary Free, 7 p.m., First United Methodist Lutheran Church, 9100 N. Main St., Church, 202 W. Fourth St., third State Route 48, between Meijer floor, Greenville. and Samaritan North. For other • Narcotics Anonymous, Never meetings or information, call 252Alone, Never Again, 6:30 p.m., First 6766 or (800) 589-6262, or visit the Christian Church, 212 N. Main St., Web site at www.region5oa.org. Sidney • Miami Valley Women’s Center, • Teen Talk, where teens share 7049-A Taylorsville Road, Huber their everyday issues through comHeights, offers free pregnancy testmunication, will meet at 6 p.m. at ing, 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. For more the Troy View Church of God, 1879 information, call 236-2273. Staunton Road, Troy. • A Pilates Beginners group • Singles Night at The Avenue matwork class will be from 5:30will be from 6-10 p.m. at the Main 6:30 p.m. at 27 1/2 E. Main St., TUESDAY Campus Avenue, Ginghamsburg Tipp City. For more information, call WEDNESDAY Church, 6759 S. County Road 25Tipp-Monroe Community Services • Deep water aerobics will be A, Troy. Each week, cards, noncomat 667-8631 or Celeste at 669offered from 6-7 p.m. at Lincoln • Skyview Wesleyan Church, petitive volleyball, free line dances 2441. Community Center, 110 Ash St., 6995 Peters Road, Tipp City, will and free ballroom dance lessons. • Safe People, 7-8:30 p.m., Child care for children birth through Troy. Call 335-2715 or visit www.lcc- offer a free dinner at 6:15 p.m. Bible Ginghamsburg Church, SC/DC 104. troy.com for more information and study will begin at 7 p.m. fifth grade is offered from 5:45-7:45 Find guidance for making safe programs. • An arthritis aquatic class will p.m. each night in the Main choices in relationships, from • A teen support group for any be offered from 8-9 or 9-10 a.m. at Campus building. For more inforfriendships to co-workers, family or grieving teens, ages 12-18 years in Lincoln Community Center, Troy. mation, call 667-1069, Ext. 21. romance. Learn to identify nurturing the greater Miami County area is Call 335-2715 or visit • A Spin-In group, practicing the offered from 6-7:30 p.m. on the sec- www.lcctroy.com for more informa- people as well as those who should art of making yarn on a spinning be avoided. Call Roberta Bogle at wheel, meets from 2-4 p.m. on the ond and fourth Tuesday evenings at tion and programs. 667-4678 for more information. the Generations of Life Center, sec• The “Sit and Knit” group meets third Sunday at Tippecanoe Weaver • Boundaries, 7-8:30 p.m., from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. at and Fibers Too, 17 N. 2nd St., Tipp ond floor, 550 Summit Ave., Troy. Ginghamsburg Church, ARK 200. A There is no participation fee. Tippecanoe Weaver and Fibers City. All knitters are invited to 12-week video series using Sessions are facilitated by trained Too, 17 N. 2nd St., Tipp City. All attend. For more information, call Boundaries by Dr. Henry Cloud and staff and volunteers. are invited to attend. For bereavement knitters 667-5358. Dr. John Townsend. Offers practical Crafts, sharing time and other grief more information, call 667-5358. help and encouragement to all who support activities are preceded by a •The Milton-Union Senior seek a healthy, balanced life and MONDAY light meal. Citizens will meet the second and practice in being able to say no. For • Quilting and crafts is offered fourth Wednesday 1 p.m. at 435 more information, call Linda • Christian 12 step meetings, from 9 a.m. to noon every Tuesday Hamilton St., West Milton. Those Richards at 667-4678. “Walking in Freedom,” are offered at at the Tipp City Seniors, 320 S. interested in becoming members • The Troy Lions Club will meet 7 p.m. at Open Arms Church, 4075 First St., Tipp City. Call 667-8865 are invited to attend. Bingo and at 7 p.m. the second and fourth Tipp Cowlesville Road, Tipp City. for more information. cards follow the meetings. Wednesday at the Troy-Hayner • An arthritis aquatic class will • Mothers of Preschoolers, a • Grandma’s Kitchen, a homeCultural Center. For more informabe offered from 8-9 or 9-10 a.m. at group of moms who meet to cooked meal prepared by voluntion, call 335-1923. Lincoln Community Center, Troy. unwind and socialize while listening teers, is offered every Wednesday • A free employment networking Call 335-2715 or visit to information from speakers, meet from 5-6:30 p.m. in the activity cengroup will be offered from 8-9 a.m. www.lcctroy.com for more informa- the second and fourth Tuesday ter of Hoffman United Methodist each Wednesday at Job and Family tion and programs. from 6:15-8:30 p.m. Single, marChurch, 201 S. Main St., West Services, 2040 N. County Road 25• An evening grief support group ried, working or stay-at-home Milton, one block west of State meets the second and fourth moms are invited. Children (under Route 48. The meal, which includes A, Troy. The group will offer tools to tap into unadvertised jobs, assisMonday evenings at 7 p.m. at the 5) are cared for in MOPPETS. For a main course, salad, dessert and tance to improve personal presenGenerations of Life Center, second more information, contact Michelle drink, for a suggested donation of floor, 550 Summit Ave., Troy. The Lutz at 440-9417 or Andrea $6 per person, or $3 for a children’s tation skills and resume writing. For more information, call Steven Kiefer support group is open to any griev- Stapleton at 339-8074. meal. The meal is not provided on at 570-2688 or Justin Sommer at ing adult in the greater Miami • The Miami Shelby Chapter of the weeks of Thanksgiving, 440-3465. County area and there is no partici- the Barbershop Harmony Society Christmas or New Year’s. pation fee. Sessions are facilitated will meet at 7:30 p.m. at Greene • The Kiwanis Club will meet at THURSDAY by trained bereavement staff. Call Street United Methodist Church, noon at the Troy Country Club, 573-2100 for details or visit the 415 W. Greene St., Piqua. All men 1830 Peters Road, Troy. Non-memwebsite at homc.org. interested in singing are welcome bers of Kiwanis are invited to come • Dedicated Rescue Efforts for • AA, Big Book discussion meet- and visitors always are welcome. meet friends and have lunch. For Animals in Miami County will meet ing will be at 11 a.m. at Trinity For more information, call 778-1586 more information, contact Bobby at 7 p.m. the fourth Thursday in Episcopal Church, 60 S. Dorset or visit the group’s Web site at Phillips, vice president, at 335April and May at the Troy-Hayner Road, Troy, in the 12 Step Room. www.melodymenchorus.org. 6989. Cultural Center, at at 7 p.m. the The discussion is open to the pub• Divorce Care, 7 p.m. at • The Troy American Legion Post fourth Thursday in June, July and lic. Richards Chapel, 831 McKaig Ave., No. 43 euchre parties will begin at August at the Tipp City Library. • AA, Green & Growing will meet Troy. Video/small group class 7:30 p.m. For more information, call • Deep water aerobics will be at 8 p.m. The closed discussion designed to help separated or 339-1564. offered from 6-7 p.m. at Lincoln meeting (attendees must have a divorced people. For more informa• The Toastmasters will meet Community Center, 110 Ash St., desire to stop drinking) will be at tion, call 335-8814. every 2nd and 4th Wednesday at Troy. Call 335-2715 or visit www.lccTroy View Church of God, 1879 Old • AA, women’s meeting, 8-9 American Honda to develop to help troy.com for more information and Staunton Road, Troy. p.m., Dettmer’s Daniel Dining participants practice their speaking programs. • AA, There Is A Solution Group Room. skills in a comfortable environment. • An open parent-support group will meet at 8 p.m. in • AA Tuesday night meeting, 7 Contact Eric Lutz at 332-3285 for will be at 7 p.m. at Corinn’s Way Ginghamsburg United Methodist p.m., Troy Church of the Brethren, more information. Inc., 306 S. Dorset Road, Troy. Church, County Road 25-A, 1431 W. Main St., Troy. • AA, Pioneer Group open dis• Parents are invited to attend Ginghamsburg. The discussion • AA, The Best Is Yet To Come cussion will meet at 9:30 a.m. Enter the Corinn’s Way Inc. parent supgroup is closed (participants must Group will meet at 11 a.m. in the 12 down the basement steps on the port group from 7-8:30 p.m. each have a desire to stop drinking). Step Room at Trinity Episcopal north side of The United Church Of Thursday. The meetings are open • AA, West Milton open discusChurch, 60 S. Dorset Road, Troy. Christ on North Pearl Street in discussion. sion, 7:30 p.m., Good Shepherd The discussion is open. Covington. The group also meets at • Tipp City Seniors gather to Lutheran Church, rear entrance, • AA, Tipp City Group, Zion 8:30 p.m. Monday night and is play cards prior to lunch every 1209 S. Miami St. Non-smoking, Lutheran Church, Main and Third wheelchair accessible. Thursday at 10 a.m. at 320 S. First handicap accessible. streets at 8 p.m. This is a closed • AA, Serenity Island Group will St., Tipp City. At noon will be a • Al-Anon, Serenity Seekers will discussion (participants must have meet at 8 p.m. in the Westminster carry-in lunch and participants meet at 8 p.m. in the 12 Step Room a desire to stop drinking). Presbyterian Church, corner of Ash should bring a covered dish and at Trinity Episcopal Church, 60 S. • Al-Anon, 8:30 p.m. Sidney and Caldwell streets, Piqua. The table service. On the third Dorset Road, Troy. The discussion Group, Presbyterian Church, corner discussion is open. Thursday, Senior Independence meeting is open. A beginner’s North and Miami streets, Sidney. • AA, 12 & 12 will meet at 8 p.m. offers blood pressure and blood meeting begins at 7:30 p.m. • AA, 7 p.m. at Troy Church of for closed discussion, Step and sugar testing before lunch. For • Alternatives: Anger/Rage the Brethren, 1431 W. Main St., Tradition meeting, in the 12 Step more information, call 667-8865. Control Group for adult males, 7-9 Troy. Open discussion. Room, Trinity Episcopal Church, 60 • Best is Yet to Come open AA p.m., Miami County Shelter, 16 E. • An Intermediate Pilates class S. Dorset Road, Troy. meeting, 11 a.m., Trinity Episcopal Franklin St., Troy. Issues addressed will be from 9-10 a.m. and 6-7 p.m. • AA, open discussion, 8 p.m., Church, 60 S. Dorset Road, Troy. are physical, verbal and emotional at 27 1/2 E. Main St., Tipp City. For Westminster Presbyterian Church, • AA, Tri-City Group meeting will violence toward family members more information, call Tipp-Monroe corner of Ash and Caldwell streets, take place 8:30-9:30 p.m. in the and other persons, how to express Community Services at 667-8631 Piqua. Use the alley entrance, cafeteria of the former Dettmer feelings, how to communicate or Celeste at 669-2441. upstairs. Hospital. The lead meeting is open. instead of confronting and how to • Women’s Anger/Rage Group • Al-Anon, Trinity Group will For more information, call 335act nonviolently with stress and will meet from 6-8 p.m. Tuesdays at meet at 11 a.m. in the 12 Step 9079. anger issues. the Family Abuse Shelter of Miami Room at Trinity Episcopal Church, • AA, Spirituality Group will meet • Mind Over Weight Total County, 16 E. Franklin St., Troy. 60 S. Dorset Road, Troy. at 7 p.m. at First Presbyterian Fitness, 6-7 p.m., 213 E. Franklin Issues addressed are physical, ver• Men’s Anger/Rage Group will Church, Troy. The discussion is bal and emotional violence toward St., Troy. Other days and times meet from 6-8 p.m. at the Family open. TODAY • Health Partners Free Clinic will offer a free clinic on Thursday night at the clinic, 1300 N. County Road 25-A, Troy. Registration will be from 5:30-7 p.m. No appointment is necessary. The clinic does not accept medical emergencies, but can refer patients to other doctors and can prescribe medication. Call 3320894 for more information. • Narcotics Anonymous, NAIOU, 7:30 p.m., Church of the Brethren, 1431 W. Main St., Troy. • Preschool story hours will be from 10-11 a.m. and again at 6:30 p.m. at the Bradford Public Library, 138 E. Main St., Bradford. • Weight Watchers, 6 p.m., Zion Lutheran Church, Tipp City. For more information, call 552-7082. FRIDAY • An arthritis aquatic class will be offered from 8-9 or 9-10 a.m. at Lincoln Community Center, Troy. Call 335-2715 or visit www.lcctroy.com for more information and programs. • AA, Troy Friday Morning Group will meet at 11 a.m. in the 12 Step Room at Trinity Episcopal Church, 1550 Henley Road, Troy. The discussion is open. • AA, open discussion, 8 p.m. in the Salvation Army, 129 South Wayne St., Piqua. Use parking lot entrance, held in gym. • Narcotics Anonymous, Clean and Free, 8 p.m., Dettmer Hospital, 3130 N. County Road 25-A, Troy. Open discussion. Fellowship from 7-8 p.m. • A Pilates Intermediate group matwork class will be held from 910 a.m. at 27 1/2 E. Main St., Tipp City. For more information, call Tipp-Monroe Community Services at 667-8631 or Celeste at 6672441. • Weight Watchers, 1431 W. Main St., Church of the Bretheren, Troy, at 10 a.m. For more information, call (800) 374-9191. • A singles dance is offered every Friday from 8:30 p.m. to 12:30 a.m. at Christopher Club, Dixie Highway, Kettering, sponsored by Group Interaction. The dance is $6. For more information, call 640-3015 or visit www.groupia.org. • Christian Worship Center, 3537 S. Elm Tree Road, Christiansburg, hosts a Friday Night Bluegrass Jam beginning at 7 p.m. each Friday. Homemade meals are available beginning at 6:30 p.m. Participants may bring instruments and join in. A small donation is requested at the door. For more information or directions, call 857-9090 or 631-2624. SATURDAY • The Miami County Farmers Market will be offered from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. behind Friendly’s restaurant through October. • The West Milton Church of the Brethren, 918 S. Miami St., West Milton, will offer a free clothes closet from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. on the second Saturday. Clothes are given to those in need free of charge at this time. For more information, call (937) 698-4395. • Weight Watchers, 1431 W. Main St., Church of the Bretheren, Troy, at 10 a.m. For more information, call (800) 374-9191. • Recovery Too Al-Anon meetings are offered at 8:30 p.m. at Ginghamsburg Church, main campus, Room 117, S. County Road 25-A, Tipp City. • AA, Men’s Meeting will meet at 8:30 a.m. at the new First Lutheran Church, corner of Washington Road and State Route 41. The meeting is closed (members must have a desire to stop drinking). • AA, Troy Winners Group will meet at 8:30 p.m. in the 12 Step Room at the Trinity Episcopal Church, 1550 Henley Road, Troy for discussion. The meeting is open. • AA, Troy Beginners Group meets at 7 p.m. in the 12 Step Room at the Trinity Episcopal Church, 1550 Henley Road, Troy. This is an open discussion meeting. • Weight Watchers, Westminster Presbyterian, Piqua, meeting at 9 a.m., weigh-in at 9:30 a.m. • Pilates for Beginners (Introduction), 9:15-10:15 a.m. at 27 1/2 E. Main St., Tipp City. For more information, call Tipp-Monroe Community Services at 667-8631 or Celeste at 669-2441. • Narcotics Anonymous, Saturday Night Live, 8 p.m., St. John’s Lutheran Church, 120 W. Water St., Sidney. • Relapse Prevention Group, 5:30-6:45 p.m. at The Avenue, Room 504, at Ginghamsburg Main Campus, 6759 S. County Road 25A. • The Next Step, a worship celebration for people on the road to recovery, 7 p.m. at Ginghamsburg Main Campus Sanctuary, 6759 S. County Road 25-A. • Yoga classes will be offered from 10-11 a.m. at the First United Church of Christ, Troy. The public is invited. AMUSEMENTS MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM Sunday, October 21, 2012 B7 BOOK REVIEW SUNDAY CROSSWORD Horror history needs sharper bite BY DOUGLASS K. DANIEL AP Book Reviewer “Reel Terror: The Scary, Bloody, Gory, Hundred Year History of Classic Horror Films” (St. Martin’s Griffin/Thomas Dunne Books), by David Konow: Hunkered down in your seat during “The Last House on the Left” back in 1972, you probably wouldn’t have believed that four decades later the carnage unfolding before your eyes would be considered historical. After all, it was only a movie … only a movie … only a movie. That catchy tag line wasn’t what made the disturbing horror film significant. As David Konow explains in “Reel Terror,” the movie’s primary contribution to the genre was boosting the careers of Wes Craven (later the director of “A Nightmare on Elm Street”) and Sean Cunningham (later the director of “Friday the 13th”). Plus, it gave new meaning to the word “vile.” Mainstream moviegoers are better acquainted with horror classics like “Psycho,” ”The Exorcist,” ”Jaws” and “Halloween,” all of which get their due in Konow’s overview. But his narrative thrives on the details of many other high points of horror or low points, depending on how you look at it. Examining the genre over time suggests that: Horror has been looked down on from the beginning. Even after the success of “Dracula” and “Frankenstein” in the 1930s, movie studio Universal wanted to get out of the monster business. For established directors like William Friedkin (“The Exorcist”) and Stanley Kubrick (“The Shining”) making a horror movie was akin to slumming. Major influences can come from unexpected places. The fan magazine Famous Monsters of Filmland and EC Comics inspired readers to become writers and filmmakers. Director George Romero’s low-budget “Night of the Living Dead” (1968) was the midnight movie that launched a thousand zombies. Filmmakers should beware of success in an unappreciated genre. Horror hits have pigeonholed people like Romero, Craven and Tobe Hooper of “The Texas Chain Saw Massacre” fame, limiting their opportunities to direct different kinds of movies. On the other hand, each has secured a place in cinema history. For a book that claims to span a century, Konow gives short shrift to the first five decades or so. Significant 1930s films like “Freaks” and “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” are all but ignored. The frights of the atomic age (“Godzilla”) and the space age (“The Thing From Another World,” ”The Blob”) and the youth-oriented horror movies of the 1950s (“I Was a Teenage Werewolf”) are passed over in favor of more recent films. Konow does yeoman’s work when it comes to collecting facts from previously published material and presenting quotes from fresh interviews. Yet, at times, he assumes a level of knowledge beyond what many potential readers will possess. SUCCESS STORY ACROSS 1. Twaddle YouTube offerings 5. 10. Jamaican spiritual movement 15. — of ale 19. Bewildered Books exam 20. 21. Sir — Hercules John, CBE 22. Cavatina cousin 23. An easing Part of an opera 24. 25. Fritter away 26. Aka Superman 27. Trouble 29. Stiff hairs 31. Start of a quip by anonymous 33. Particular 35. Prima donnas 37. Latvian 38. Civil War battle site 42. Gem weight 44. God of the winds 48. — cross 49. A Musketeer 51. Rocky debris 53. — avis 54. Part 2 of quip: 7 wds. 59. Milkshake ingredient 60. Auld — syne 61. Antagonist 62. Gendered contraction 63. Chooses 66. Old form of a verb 69. Only just 71. What’s caught 73. Travel headache 75. Mr. Heyerdahl 76. Holds fast: 2 wds. 80. Theater curtain 82. Weak 86. Pinna 87. Chord of three tones 89. Casing 91. — of Sandwich 92. Part 3 of quip: 5 wds. 98. — -European 99. Something to manage, for some 100. Big seabird 101. Word in place names 102. Parts of boats 105. Parisian carpet 107. Some convertibles: 2 wds. 109. Defense org. 111. Take root: 2 wds. 113. — palm 114. End of the quip: 2 wds. 118. Candy shape 120. Amble 124. Dugout shelter 125. Committee 127. Descendant of Adam 129. Disconsolate 130. Soil 131. Edict 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. Of the number eight Certain trees Additions Summoned Like a panhandler Transported DOWN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 28. 30. Kind of salts DOL agency Cauterize The Big Island CD predecessor Jean- — Godard Day of infamy Ached Broadcast problem Fact-finding Mount Stanch Talon anagram SS — Doria Japanese fare Range Grommet Go steady with Fish serving Exclamation at sea 32. 34. 36. 38. 39. 40. 41. 43. 45. 46. 47. 50. 52. 55. 56. 57. 58. 64. 65. 67. 68. 70. 72. 74. 76. 77. 78. l’Etoile Abbr. on some maps Taj — Garment for a ranee Whale of — — Twangy Fabric for gowns Unicellular organism Gulls Item for a turner An archangel Like a hoyden Council of churches Jettison Fretful Double-curve moldings Nebraska tribe Great British poet Preference Ubi — Cable channel Unkind Angler’s basket Verdi’s “— Miller” Egad! Big rigs Childish remark — — Triomphe de 79. 81. 83. 84. 85. 88. 90. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 103. 104. 106. 108. 110. 112. 114. 115. 116. 117. 119. 121. 122. 123. 126. 128. Sully King of ancient Crete Potato state Bugged Balls of yarn French painter A polymer Spectacles: Hyph. Revolted Compose In the manner of churls Inappropriate Seize Congest: 2 wds. Son of Jacob and Leah Shaver Yodo River city For the — Lock brand Greek weight River to the Caspian Get Distinction Pot Sugar serving For fear that Pt. on a compass Bounder BOOK REVIEWS New biography gets inside actor’s head BY DOUGLASS K. DANIEL AP Book Reviewer Fonda’s Broadway triumph, was a suicide. There’s even the possibility that it wasn’t an accident in 1935 “The Man Who Saw a that put Fonda, his film Ghost: The Life and career under way, inside a Work of Henry Fonda” garage and at the wheel of (St. Martin’s Press), by a car, its engine running. Devin McKinney: OscarFonda appears to have winning actor Henry Fonda been drawn to real people was a haunted man? The and fictionalized characters distinctly American charac- who destroy themselves or ters he played in films and cannot resist a path toward onstage young Abraham death. To ascertain why, Lincoln, Tom Joad, Wyatt author Devin McKinney Earp, Mister Roberts, the relies heavily on books by president of the United Fonda and children Peter States certainly dealt with and Jane as he explores their share of ghosts. But the actor’s psyche. Fonda himself? “The Man Who Saw a Self-destruction, if not Ghost” is as unusual and specters, did seem to trail intriguing a Hollywood Fonda. His wife Frances biography as its title sugkilled herself, and a former gests. Fonda has long been wife, actress Margaret described as a cold, emoSullavan, may have ended tionally distant father and her own life as well. The self-centered husband he author of the novel “Mister was married five times. Roberts,” which led to McKinney is less interested in Fonda on the set than trying to explain the man and the masks he chose to wear for the public’s amusement. McKinney’s narrative often carries the tone of a psychiatric report grave, humorless and bent on connecting Fonda’s off-screen actions to his on-screen work. Sometimes, McKinney gets lost inside the actor’s head in his search for meaning. Yet, even as he overwrites in making a point, he can be persuasive. For example, McKinney argues that Fonda’s role in “The Wrong Man” as an innocent musician whose incarceration drives his wife insane is uncomfortably reminiscent of wife Frances’ mental decline. McKinney also sees Fonda’s role in the play “A Gift of Time” the protago- nist kills himself rather than continue a slow death from cancer as his way of dramatizing “an obligation” to his late wife and achieving some kind of understanding. Still, as Freud might have said, sometimes a role is just a role, especially when an actor is under contract to a studio, seeking a challenge or just out to make a dollar. McKinney is on firmer ground when he cites Fonda’s efforts to see to the screen the anti-lynching Western “The Ox-Bow Incident” and the courtroom drama “12 Angry Men.” Those two films connect better than others to the big reveal in McKinney’s psychiatric portrait, the ghost that might explain how Fonda lived: At 14, he witnessed the lynching of a black man in his hometown of Omaha, Neb. “It suggests the seeds of so much sorrow, anger and solitude in Fonda,” McKinney writes. But he says it’s only context, not an explanation. “All we may claim is that it happened, and all we may justifiably imagine is that a boy witnessed it, remembered it, and carried it with him through all the years of a long, difficult, meaningful, magnificent American life until he too was dead, his bones burned, his body released from all pain, all memory, ashes to ashes.” Overwrought prose aside, McKinney offers a unique portrait of an actor who hid so much emotionally but trusted his audience to see what he couldn’t show them. Roger Moore dishes on 007 in ‘Bond on Bond’ BY DOUGLASS K. DANIEL AP Book Reviewer ing “Bond on Bond” a kind of 007 family album for those who grew up with the British secret agent and “Bond on Bond: never outgrew the fantasy Reflections on 50 years of driving a fast car with an of James Bond Movies” even faster girl on the way (Lyons Press), by Roger to saving the world. Moore: Peppered with fun You can still start a fight facts and cheeky asides, arguing whether Moore was actor Roger Moore’s book a better Bond than Sean looking back on the golden Connery, though that might anniversary of James Bond show your age as much as on-screen is a treat for 007 your taste in 007s. Moore fans. He takes us on a lively says he developed his spin around the milestones approach to the character of cinema’s longest-running after noting a line from one franchise. of Ian Fleming’s novels: Page after page of photos “Bond did not particularly enjoy killing.” display the villains, the Indeed, in his seven outgadgets and the girls, mak- ings as Bond, Moore brought a light humor that set him apart from Connery’s more serious and at times sadistic manner. Did you know: Unlike Connery, Moore’s Bond never smoked cigarettes. The actor writes that he had quit a few years before “Live and Let Die,” his first Bond movie. Actor Desmond Llewelyn, who played armament expert “Q” in 17 of the films, was a technophobe who could barely operate a video recorder. Moviemakers would dress up an air base near Britain’s Pinewood Studios, home to the Bond franchise, so it could stand in for air bases as needed in Cuba, Azerbaijan and even America’s Fort Knox. Actress Lois Maxwell contacted “Dr. No” director Terence Young, a friend, in search of a job to tide over her family in the wake of her husband’s heart attack. A two-day gig as lovelorn secretary Miss Moneypenny in the first Bond film led to appearances in 14 films spanning 23 years. What vanquished archvillain Blofeld and his evil organization SPECTRE? It wasn’t sharks or lasers but lawsuits. Moore says a dispute over who created SPECTRE resulted in its being dropped from future films. Other books have far more trivia and making-of material from each of the films. Moore, understandably, is most chatty about his own experiences, though he is too much a gentleman to criticize his colleagues without a smile. An exception might be one-shot wonder George Lazenby, portrayed as a bratty Bond who took the blast of fame that came with “On Her Majesty’s Secret Service” all too seriously. B8 MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS â€˘ WWW.TDN-NET.COM WEDDINGS William Dale Roeser, 25, of 1476 Michael Dr., Troy, to Marisa Ann Burns, 25, of same address. Daniel Robert Miller, 24, of 507 Patty Drive, Bradford, to Amanda Sue Hunt, 24, of same address. Caleb Michael Small, 23, of 203 S. Downing St., Piqua, to Heather Leeann Swank, 18, of same address. Danny Lowell Lay, 32, of 1607 Montgomery Ave., Fairborn, to Traci Lynn Stinson, 27, of 655 N. Hyatt St. Apt. 5, Tipp City. Micah Joel Davis, 27, of 718 Brice Ave., Piqua, to Nichole Krystin Renee Smith, 26, of same address. James Mitchel Jacobson Sr., 37, of 5890 Bandolero Drive, El Paso, Texas, to Monica Consuelo Williams, 26, of same address. Patrick Lee Hart, 33, of 295 N. Lincoln St., Minster, to Elizabeth Marie Baker, 33, of 146 Hartman Ave., Tipp City. Christopher Allen Meeds, 27, of 612 1/2 Cottage Ave., Piqua, to Samantha Brittany Elliott, 20, of 6015 Rexwood Place, Charlotte, N.C. Kirt Eugene Shepard, 45, of 320 Brentwood Ave., Piqua, to Melissa Ann Herron, 44, of same address. Michael David Patrick Sr., 58, of 1300 Jed Way, Piqua, to Francis Charmaine Shefbuch, 55, of same address. Hance, Tilton exchange wedding vows TIPP CITY â€” Kristen Shea Hance of Troy and Matthew Ryan Tilton of Tipp City were united in marriage at 4:30 p.m. Aug. 4, 2012, at Tipp City United Methodist Church, Tipp City, with the Rev. Bonita Wood officiating. The bride is the daughter of Dennis and Pamela Hance of Troy. Jamie and Brett Burchett and Gene and Diana Tilton, all of Piqua, are parents of the groom. The bride wore a Casablanca light ivory, floor-length strapless lace gown embellished with Swarovski crystals and a sash with crystals and pearls. Her veil was a white birdcage with a Swarovski crystal clip She carried different shades of white roses with crystals, with a lace bouquet wrap that featured her great-grandmotherâ€™s antique brooch. She was given in marriage by her father, Dennis Hance. Matron of honor was Heather Downey. Bridesmaids were Erin Maher, Tanya Counts, Ali Powell and Amber Melling. Flower girls were Cayley Mote and Ava Mote of Troy. Best man was Jon Vetter. Groomsmen were Christopher Juris, Brendan Hance, the brideâ€™s brother, Rick Powell, the groomâ€™s brother, AC Ault and Jordan Ford. The bride graduated in 2005 from Miami East High School, attended University of Virginiaâ€™s College at Wise, and Clark State Community College, concentrating in business and paramedic/firefighting. She earned a state of Ohio Firefighter license in 2011. She works as a homemaker. The groom graduated in 2002 from Piqua High School, graduated with a bachelor of science degree in agriculture from The Ohio State University in 2006. He works at the plant as quality assurance manager for Sugar Creek Packing in Pittsburg, Kansas. A reception was held at Cooperâ€™s Farm in Ludlow Falls. The honeymoon took place in Orlando, Fla., at Universal Studios Lowellâ€™s Royal Pacific Resort. The couple reside in Pittsburg, Kan. Black, Berbach exchange vows TIPP CITY â€” Katelyn D. Black and Peter V. Berbach, both of Tipp City, were united in marriage at 6:30 p.m. Oct. 19, 2012, at Cedar Springs Pavilion, with Micheal Gall officiating. The bride is the daughter of Matthew Black and Pamela Acopine of Tipp City. John Berbach and Patricia Berbach of Tipp city are parents of the groom. Maid of honor was Devon Beattie. Bridesmaids were Karimey Berbach, Rebekah Berbach and Brooke Shearer. Macey Griffin was flower girl, and Brody Thomas was ring bearer. Best man was Patrick Berbach. Leo Berbach, Matt Dorn and Kris Hayslett served as groomsmen. Mitch Black and Mike Black were ushers. The bride graduated from Tippecanoe High School in 2008. She is attending Wright State University. The groom graduated Tippecanoe High School in 2001, and graduated from Wright State University with a bachelor of science degree in business administration. A reception followed at Cedar Springs Pavilion. They are taking a honeymoon trip to Cancun, Mexico. Restaurant cell phone distractions still irritate ALBANY, N.Y. (AP) â€” The digital divide is wider than ever between diners who talk, tweet and snap pictures mid-meal and those who wish theyâ€™d just shut up, shut down and be present. Caught at the center of the discord are restaurant owners and chefs, who must walk the careful line of good customer service for both those who dine under the influence of smart phones, and those who wonâ€™t. But as the devices have morphed into an unrelenting appendage for texting, photography and games, more restaurateurs are chal- lenged to keep the peace. Owners who once relied mostly on â€œno cell phones, pleaseâ€? signs, increasingly are experimenting with everything from penalties for using phones, discounts for not and outright bans on photography. â€œThereâ€™s no place to get away from the chatter,â€? said Julie Liberty of Miami, who started the Facebook page â€œBan Cell Phones From Restaurantsâ€? earlier this year. â€œEverything has a soundtrack, including when you go into the ladies room. Thatâ€™s just not right.â€? Itâ€™s a touchy issue. Consider the crush of news coverage Eva Restaurant in Los Angeles generated when it began offering patrons a 5 percent discount if they leave their phone at the door. Online comments ranged from cheers of â€œYES!â€? to others who said their phones would have to be pried from their cold, dead hands. The policy is working, though. Evaâ€™s Rom Toulon said about 40 percent of customers will leave their cell phones at the door. â€œAfter a few cocktails and glasses of wine, it can be challenging to remember that you left the phone behind,â€? he said. The burst of headlines for Eva came after a Burlington, Vt., deli took on cyber-folk hero status for posting a sign informing customers that $3 will be added to their bill â€œif you fail to get off your phone while at the counter. Itâ€™s rude.â€? Disgusted diners are doing their part too with games like â€œphone stack,â€? in which everyone places their phones in a stack in the middle of the table. The first person who reaches for their phone pays the bill for all. These are more creative approaches to the no cellphone signs now common in restaurants ranging from highbrow to quick-eats. The landmark Boston restaurant Locke-Ober asks diners in language appropriate for a place with a dress code to â€œkindly refrain from using cellular phones.â€? In Albany, N.Y., the Hamilton Street Cafe has a more direct, hand-drawn â€œNo cell phones at the counterâ€? sign with a phone with a red â€œXâ€? through it. Owner Sue Dayton said the sign by the counter helps keep the lunch line moving. â€œYou get a half-hour for lunch. You walk up here and you have to stand behind someone not paying attention enough to say what kind of bread they want on their BLT because theyâ€™re on their cell phone,â€? Dayton said. Irritation over distracted dining has broadened with the rise of photo-sharing apps like Instagram. The popular online scrapbook Pinterest is clogged with pictures of everything from pan fried noodles to poutine snapped moments before digestion. Chefs who, as a rule, put a premium on control, donâ€™t always take kindly to their dining rooms becoming shooting galleries. Wine gets in the spirit with new liquor blends By the Associated Press 2330269 , " - Cognac blended with moscato? Pink wine mixed with port? And how about a mashup of sparkling white wine and vodka? Hard liquor is showing a softer side as producers shake things up with new blends that put wine and spirits in the same bottle. â€œCompanies are going out of the box,â€? observes Ted Carmon, spirits buyer for the BevMo! liquor chain. Thereâ€™s no official category name so far Spirited wines? Laid-back liquors? but Carmon traces liquorâ€™s â€œanything goesâ€? movement to Pinnacle Whipped, the wildly popular whippedcream flavored vodka that came out a couple of years ago. â€œThat really rewrote the rules on what kind of flavors could be used.â€? Bill Newlands, president of Beam Inc., which bought Pinnacle Vodka earlier this year, sees the intensely flavored Whipped as playing into a trend of consumers â€œwhether itâ€™s an alcohol beverage or anything else, looking for more flavor reward.â€? Theyâ€™re looking for two things, he says, â€œflavor and flavor intensity.â€? That quest influenced Beamâ€™s latest product, Courvoisier Gold, which blends French cognac with moscato wine from the South of France. Research indicated customers, particularly women, wanted a cognac with less alcohol but more flavor, and Gold answers on both counts coming in at 36 proof, or 18 percent alcohol by volume, well below the 40 percent (80 proof) of traditional cognac. Suggested retail for a 750-milliliter bottle is AP PHOTO/BEAM INC. This undated publicity image provided by Beam, Inc. shows CourvoisierÂŽ Rose liqueur. $24.99. Gold follows last yearâ€™s introduction of Courvoisier Rose, which blends cognac with French red wine grapes. Both blends can be drunk on the rocks or mixed into cocktails. Gold and Rose are both grape-on-grape affairs since cognac, a type of brandy made in the Cognac wine region in France, is a distilled grape spirit. But TUNE, a new product from ABSOLUT, goes in a different direction, blending grain-based vodka with a sparkling white wine, New Zealand sauvignon blanc to be precise. It comes in a Champagne-style bottle decorated with gold stars, swirls and other patterns which has an outer wrapper of silver, black and gold that â€œunzipsâ€? for presentation pizazz. TUNE, so named for the dual notes of vodka and wine, is 14 percent alcohol by volume and has a suggested retail of $31.99. Another beverage taking a lighter touch is Croft Pink, which is a port (not a liquor but wine thatâ€™s been fortified by addition of a spirit). Croft traces its roots to 1588, making classic ruby and tawny ports. Croft Pink is made from traditional port grapes but with light contact between the wine and the grape skins, resulting in a light ruby color. It was made with cocktails in mind to introduce port to a new audience. Alcohol content is 19.5 percent by volume, similar to traditional port. Suggested retail is $19.99 for a 750-milliliter bottle. Lain Bradford, a South Carolina wine and spirits writer who blogs at winetalk.org, has noticed the blurring of the lines between wines and spirits, especially in restaurants, for instance margaritas made with fruit wine thatâ€™s been flavored to taste like tequila. As for the flavored spirits trend, â€œIt almost feels like the vodka producers are just walking down the grocery aisle and saying, â€˜Letâ€™s try this flavor,â€™â€? he says, noting that flavored rums and tequilas also are being introduced. He sees the new spiritwine products as tailored to Americansâ€™ fondness for all things sweet. â€œThe sweet market has taken off so much. I think a lot of the spirit houses are capitalizing on the sweet market right now and introducing spirits with sweet wine to come out with drinks that will be a good cross-over. Itâ€™s a good way to bridge sweet wine drinkers with new spirits and the classic spirits.â€? APARTMENTS • AUCTIONS • HOMEPAGE FINDER • NEW LISTINGS • OPEN HOUSES REALESTATE MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM Discover the Advantage “Custom Built Quality At An Affordable Price.” www.keystonehomesintroy.com 937-332-8669 2325808 MORTGAGE WATCH Rate on 30-year fixed mortgage near record low WASHINGTON (AP) — The average U.S. rate on a 30-year fixed mortgage has fallen to near its record low set earlier this month. The rate on the most popular mortgage dipped to 3.37 percent from 3.39 last week, mortgage buyer Freddie Mac said Thursday. Two weeks ago, the rate reached 3.36 percent, its lowest level on records dating to 1971. The average rate on the 15-year fixed mortgage, often used for refinancing, set a record low of 2.66 percent, down from last week’s 2.7 percent. Cheaper mortgages are helping fuel a modest but steady housing recovery. The average rate on the 30-year loan has remained below 4 percent all year. And rates have fallen even further since the Federal Reserve started buying mortgage bonds in September to try to encourage more borrowing and spending. The Fed said it would continue buying bonds until the job market shows substantial improvement. When home prices rise, people tend to feel wealthier and spend more freely. And consumer spending drives nearly 70 percent of economic activity. Home sales have risen from last year, and prices are rising more consistently in most areas. Builders are more confident and starting more homes. Lower rates have also persuaded more people to refinance. That typically leads to lower monthly mortgage payments and more spending. Builders last month started construction on single-family houses and apartments at the fastest rate in more than four years, the Commerce Department said Wednesday. And they laid plans to build homes at an even fast pace in coming months a signal of their confidence that the housing rebound will last. Other recent reports have shown marked improvement in the housing market five years after the bubble burst. Still, the housing market has a long way to a full recovery. And many people are unable to take advantage of the low rates, either because they can’t qualify for stricter lending rules or they lack the money to meet larger down payment requirements. SHNS PHOTO COURTESY NELL HILL’S If you know you want to have lots of pillows on your bed, be sure to get a headboard that can visually support them. Transform your bedroom room, flip through decorating books and magazines. Once you’ve found several an iron bed frame that adds you love, determine what match a lot easier: — What BY MARY CAROL texture but not a lot of visu- they all have in common. style of bed do you want? GARRITY Your bed will set the tone al bulk. — What kind of feel Don’t forget to consider Scripps Howard News Service for your entire bedroom. Do do you want to create in upholstered headboards; After a long day at work, you want the room to have a your bedroom? these stylish and versatile I think having a strong there is no piece of furniture traditional look? pieces are growing in popuemotional attachment to Contemporary? Or transiin my entire home that I larity. your bedroom is a must. love more than my bed. Even tional — an interesting If your bedroom is filled Remember: This space though we spend a lot of our blend of both? Not sure? with lots of wooden pieces, should be your private sanc- from dressers to bedside lives snuggled up in bed, too Look at the style you’ve tuary, the place where you already established in the often I see people relegate tables, an upholstered headrest of your home. You prob- can go to be restored and selecting a beautiful bed board helps break up the sea refreshed. To do so, your bed- of hard surfaces and feels frame to the bottom of their ably don’t want your bedroom needs to feed your room to depart too much decorating to-do list. As the luxurious. senses, not just give you a focal point of your bedroom, from the style you’ve set What is your budget? place to crash for the night. your bed should not only be house-wide so that the My recommendation is to Do you want a room that’s rooms will flow seamlessly comfortable and inviting, it go for the most luxurious serene, appointed in whisinto one another. should be a visual treat. and high-quality bed frame Also, consider scale. How per-soft colors and subtle Transform your bedroom your budget will allow. When textures? Or, is your ideal today with a bed frame that much room do you have in you purchase well-made bedroom one that gives you your bedroom? What other is beautiful and stylish. pieces that will last for pieces of furniture must also a boost, filled with energyHere’s how. years, and select a timeless When you’re shopping for fit in the room? If you have a giving color and pattern? style you won’t grow tired of, larger room with taller ceil- The bed frame will be foun- you will save money in the a bed frame, it’s easy to get dational in creating the ings, you could pull off a overwhelmed; there are so long run. Thankfully, you atmosphere you’re hoping large-scale, statement bed, many different styles and don’t always have to spend a like a four-poster or canopy. for. shapes and finishes. lot to get a sensational bed If you’re not sure what But if your space is cozy, perAnswering these questions • See BED on C2 look is just right for your will make finding the perfect haps you’d be happier with How to pick the bed of your dreams HOUSE HUNTING Prioritize your homebuying wish list The power of teamwork. We’re here to help you reach new heights. It’s where a buyer’s agent comes into play Dian Hymer For the Miami Valley Sunday News Our entire staff is ready to provide whatever home financing options you need. Whether youʼre exploring possible changes to your current loan, making home improvements, or are in the market for a new home, our team will help you reach new heights. PNC Mortgage believes in teamwork. You’ll save a lot of time and energy if you can determine if homebuying is for you before you start looking. Then for the best result, approach the house hunt methodically and with the understanding that it will take time. The first step is to make a list 2351 W. Main Street • Troy, OH 45373 937-339-6600 2327392 “I’ll know it when I see it.” “This doesn’t feel like home to me.” “Someday the right one will come along; I’ll keep looking until it does.” “It’s going to be my home; it has to feel special.” These comments are typical of buyers who’ve looked for a while but haven’t committed to buying. The objections sound sensible. Yet, they could be excuses not to buy. Homebuying is not for everyone. It’s a major commitment and is often the most expensive purchase most people will make in their lifetime. It’s understandable that some buyers approach the home search with reservations. PNC is a registered service mark of The PNC Financial Services Group, Inc. (“PNC”). PNC Mortgage is a division of PNC Bank, National Associaton, a subsidiary of PNC. All loans are provided by PNC Bank, National Association and are subject to credit approval and property appraisal. Terms and conditions in this offer subject to change without notice. ©2009 The PNC Financial Services, Inc. Allrights reserved. • See HYMER on C2 For Home Delivery, call 335-5634 • For Classified Advertising, call (877) 844-8385 C2 Sunday, October 21, 2012 MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TDN-NET.COM Start in fall to create a healthy garden BY JOE LAMP’L Scripps Howard News Service They say you can work now or work later, but sooner or later the work has to get done. That’s certainly true for next year’s garden. Getting the garden put to bed in the late fall can really save some effort next year. It’s finishing up any harvesting, cleaning up dead plant material, tidying up the mess and disarray, packing away things you won’t need during the winter and preparing everything to be ready for spring. Cool weather makes these final chores easier to accomplish, and you’ll get a lot more time next season, when so much needs to be done all at once. Here’s what to do: — Clean up. Drain and put away hoses, store decorations, plant tags and supports. Do a final harvest of remaining fruits and vegetables, and pull up the dead annuals. Clean out overgrown areas to keep pests from finding shelter over the winter. Empty decorative containers and store the soil if you plan to reuse it next year. Before storing pots and containers indoors for the winter, wash and sterilize first by rinsing them with a solution of 9 parts water to 1 part bleach. Remove caked mud and rusted oxidizations from tools, too. — Cut back. Most perennials can be cut back in the fall, but wait until the first killing frost. As for woody shrubs, prune out dead or diseased branches, but SHNS PHOTO COURTESY JOE LAMP'L Getting the garden put to bed in the late fall can really save some effort next year. hold off on the major pruning until fully dormant. You don’t want any new growth that could be killed later. This is also a good time to pick up all debris and destroy infected plant material. — Plant. Fall is the perfect time for planting. The air is cool, while the soil is still warm. It’s the ideal combination to get new plants and transplants off to a great start. In fact, trees and CLOSET TIPS shrubs can be planted up until the soil freezes hard. In areas where the ground doesn’t freeze, water through the winter. Dormant plants still need moisture, just not as much. Get some seeds in the ground, too. Sow winter-hardy crops like parsley, chives, spinach, mustard, lettuce, Swiss chard, kale and Chinese cabbage. Protect with cloches or covers made from from the roof. Spray exposed evergreens with an anti-dessicant and wrap with burlap to protect from drying winds. Mound mulch around the rootstocks of roses. Some perennials can be taken in and successfully grown over the winter. With less light and dry, heated air, they may need some extra attention, but give a try to Wax, Angel Wing or Rex begonias (Begonia semperflorens; B. x semperflorens-cultorum; B. rex), Zones 10-11; fuchsia (Fuchsia spp.), Zones 10-11; geraniums (Pelargonium spp.), Zones 10-11; coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides), Zones 10-11; and tropical hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), Zones 9-11. Many tropicals will spring back to life next spring by spending winter indoors. — Tend to tools. Clean and sharpen pruners, shovels and other metal tools. Sand and apply a coat of linseed oil to wooden handles and light machine oil to metal parts to prevent rust. Drain the gasoline out of power tools, clean blades and lightly oil all metal parts. — Plan for spring. Now’s the time to look back objectively over the garden and decide what worked, what didn’t and make your plans for next year. And give yourself a pat on the back while you’re at it. Your hard work now will put you just that much further ahead, come spring. clear plastic sheets over PVC or metal conduit arches, wooden cold frames or old windows laid on top of hay bales. — Cover up and take in. Put fencing around shrubs, and tree guards around trunks to keep gnawing animals from damaging bark. Cover foundation Joe Lamp’l, host of “Growing plants with plywood A-frame “sandwich boards” to protect a Greener World” on PBS, is a them from snow loads falling master gardener and author. Bed 3. Go through your closets and put away seasonal items every six months. 4. If you haven’t worn it in a year (with the exception of winter coats and other weather-specific items), donate it or recycle it. 5. Don’t keep clothes that don’t fit. Never save “fat clothes” or “skinny clothes.” 1. Keep clothes colorcoordinated. Put jeans all together, trousers and pants together, camis, blouses, halter tops, T-shirts — all grouped by color and style. Group skirts and dresses, too. 2. Keep clothes on the same type of hangers, whether of felt or wood. mattress and box springs. Then, place something draframe. Consider fining and matic in the spot that refurbishing an antique would be occupied by a bed. headboard. — How will you Another way to get a finish the bed with beddramatic look on a shoeding? string budget is to use artRemember: Your bed work instead of a headframe is just the base of board. Get an inexpensive your bed design. You are metal frame to hold your going to finish it with your • Continued from C1 bedding ensemble. So you need to pick a bed frame that will support the finished bed design you want to achieve. For example, if you know you want to have lots of pillows on your bed, be sure to get a headboard that can visually support them. If you don’t want many pillows, pick a head- board that is visually interesting enough to stand undressed. If you don’t want to use a dust ruffle, get a bed frame that either conceals the box springs or doesn’t require one. Personally, I love the look of dust ruffles and have one on my bed, but they are definitely not for everyone. Hymer You may find that some of the items you’d of all the features you like to have in your need and want in a home don’t exist in home. Think about your target area. For your current home, example, let’s say you and others that you’ve want to live in a neighlived in. Consider borhood of charming what you liked and older homes that are disliked about them. close to shops and The next step is to transportation. You prioritize the list disalso want a two-car tinguishing what you attached garage. must have and what Smaller homes built in you’d like to have. the 1920s or earlier You’re unlikely to find usually don’t have twoall of the items on car garages. your list in one home. This is where comHOUSE HUNTpromise comes into ING: It will help to play. If the older, conprioritize your list if veniently located you look at some neighborhood is high homes for sale in your on your wish list, you price range and in the will need to be willing areas where you’d like to settle for a one-car to live. Visiting Sunday garage, or perhaps no open houses or looking garage. If the two-car at listings online can garage is a must, you help you to familiarize may need to consider yourself with the local homes that were built inventory if you more recently, and are haven’t already select- not as conveniently ed a local real estate located. agent. As you’re looking at • Continued from C1 PLEASANT HILL OPEN SUN. 2-4 TROY OPEN SUN. 1-2:30 208 S. MAIN ST. Turn of the centry home, 3-4 bedrooms, 9 ft. ceilings, hardwood floors, natural woodwork, dual staircases, 2nd floor landing for area, computer 2001 roof shingles, Marvin wood windows, floored attic storage, 2.5 car garage with side covered patio. A solid craftsman home, paneled doors, main floor laundry, covered porch. $148,900. Dir: Main St. S of Monument to 208 S. Main. Pam Bornhorst Larry Horn 572-7283 275 CRICKET LANE Very nice brick ranch on large corner lot, located in Gaslight Village. Home has 3 bedrooms, 2 full baths, living & family rooms. $124,900. Dir: Market St. to R on Cricket. Realtors HERITAGE 1800 LAKESHORE Huge home in Troy!!! Over 3700 SF await you. 4 bed, 3 full baths, living rm, family rm, dining rm & rec rm with wet bar. 2 fireplaces. You also have acess to the lake. Home ists on almost 3/4 of an acre. All this for $204,900. Dir: St Rt 55, L on VBarnhart, L on Lakeshore. Call Shari today for your showing, you won’t want to miss this one! 311 VALLEYVIEW Miami East Schools! Huge garage plus a large workshop area. 3 bedrooms, 2 baths, newly updated kitchen & great room. On 3/4 acre lot. Price in the $170’s. Dir: Piqua Troy to Crestwood to Valleyview. Kim Carey 216-6116 GARDEN GATE REALTY 2330810 2025 SENECA Stop in the front door and know you are home. 4 bedroom, 2.5 bath, 2 story, full finished basement, 3 car garage & tons of updates. $244,900. Dir: Co Rd 25A to W on Swailes, L on Seneca. SMART PHONE APP SCAN HERE GardenGateRealty.com • 937-335-2522 • Troy homes for sale, try to see beyond the seller’s décor and the staging. A well-staged home can mask floor plan defects. It can be misleading in terms of what you need in a home. For instance, a first-time buyer made the mistake of buying a home that was staged so well that she didn’t realize that there was no formal dining room and no eating area in the kitchen. On the other hand, you may be tempted to turn down a home that’s staged to appeal to the widest audience but appears not to suit your needs. Let’s say a home has three bedrooms but no home office. If you need only two bedrooms, you could use the third bedroom as an office, even though it’s not represented that way. The best way to see a home you’re really interested in is with your agent. Many buyers aren’t good at visualizing a home any other way than how it’s shown. An experienced agent should be able to show you how you can adapt a home to your needs. It’s often hard to make a good assessment of a home you’re serious about at a Sunday open house. Have your agent take you back for a second or third look. THE CLOSING: Bring your wish list and discuss the pros and cons before you make a final decision. Dian Hymer, a real estate broker with more than 30 years’ experience, is a nationally syndicated real estate columnist and author of “House Hunting: The TakeAlong Workbook for Home Buyers.” REAL ESTATE TODAY MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS â€˘ WWW.TROYDAILYNEWS.COM 300 - Real Estate 305 Apartment EVERS REALTY For Rent 305 Apartment 1, 2 & 3 Bedroom, Houses & Apts. SEIPEL PROPERTIES Piqua Area Only Metro Approved (937)773-9941 9am-5pm Monday-Friday 1, 2 & 3 bedrooms Call for availability attached garages Easy access to I-75 (937)335-6690 www.hawkapartments.net 2 & 3 BEDROOM APARTMENTS Troy ranches and townhomes. Different floor plans to choose from. Garages, fireplaces, appliances including washer and dryers. Corporate apartments available. Visit www.firsttroy.com Call us first! (937)335-5223 TROY, 2 Bedroom Townhomes 1.5 bath, 1 car garage, $695 305 Apartment NEW 1 Bedroom, $639 monthly, Includes all utilities, No Pets, (937)778-0524 2 BEDROOM townhouse, Jill Court, Piqua. $475 monthly + $475 deposit, no pets, (937)726-0273. 2 BEDROOM upstairs & 3 bedroom downstairs, Piqua. Stove, refrigerator furnished, washer/ dryer hookup. Nice neighborhood. No pets. $450-$650 monthly. (937)335-2254. DODD RENTALS Tipp-Troy: 2 bedroom AC, appliances $500/$450 plus deposit No pets (937)667-4349 for appt. LOVELY 2 Bedroom condo, 1.5 bath, w/d hookup, Private patio/ parking, $595, $200 deposit, (937)335-5440 1 Bedroom Apartments Available â€˘ â€˘ â€˘ â€˘ TROY, 1 & 2 Bedrooms, appliances, CA, water, trash paid, $425 & $525 monthly. Special 1st Month $200 with Paid Deposit (937)673-1821 TROY 122 E FRANKLIN. Spacious upstairs 2 bedroom. All appliances. Central air. $700 plus deposit. Water/trash/sewage paid. (937)877-0016 (937)339-3824 305 Apartment Staunton Commons II â€˘ (937)216-5806 EversRealty.net 2 BEDROOM in Troy, Move in special, Stove, refrigerator, W/D, A/C, very clean, no pets. $525. (937)573-7908 305 Apartment â€˘ â€˘ â€˘ TROY, 701 McKaig, nice duplex, Spacious 3 bedrooms, w/d hookup, appliances, $700. No pets, (937)845-2039 Must be 62 years of age or older All utilities paid Handicapped Accessible facility Income based Rent 30% of income Fully Subsidized Laundry facility on site Service coordinator available Applications available anytime 4 BEDROOM, Clean, garage, yard, $550 monthly, $550 deposit, No metro, Serious inquiry's only! (937)423-9991 500 Staunton Commons Dr Troy, OH 45373 Phone: (937)339-2893 Office hours 8:00am-4:30pm Monday - Friday NEWLY UPDATED, clean 3 bedroom ranch, 1.5 baths, new furnace/CA, garage, nice yard & neighborhood in West Milton, $695 monthly, (937)698-4423. TROY, newer, spacious 3 bedroom, 2.5 bath, appliances, double garage, excellent location, $925. (937)469-5301 320 Houses for Rent Managed by Gorsuch Mgmt Co that work .com TTY/TTD (800)750-0750 TROY: SPECIAL DEALS 3 bedroom townhome, furnished & unfurnished. Call (937)367-6217 or (937)524-4896 Equal Housing Opportunity WOODLAWN DRIVE. 2 car garage. New carpet. Dishwasher. W/D hookup 2 bedroom, 1 bath, duplex, $750. (937)608-2533. 4FDUJPO 6 JT OPX PQFO All signs lead to you finding or selling what you want... C3 8É„ÉœÉœČ¨Č˝Č?ČŁÇ¸Čš Č?ČŁ We don't just build homes...WE BUILD LIFESTYLES G S P N WFSZUIJOH ZPV JNBHJOFE JO B OFJHICPSIPPE â€˘ Custom Design Studio â€˘ Premium Craftsmanship â€˘ Competitive Prices â€˘ In-House Real Estate Services â€˘ New Construction, Additions & Remodels LOTS AVAILABLE IN ROSEWOOD CREEK, MERRIMONT, & SAXONY WOODS Model Open Sundays 2-4 & Wednesdays 3-5 1223 Hermosa Dr. in Rosewood Creek ĂœĂœĂœÂ°/Ă€ÂœĂž >Â˜` iĂ›iÂ?ÂœÂŤÂ“iÂ˜ĂŒÂ°VÂœÂ“ that work .com Donâ€™t delay... call TODAY! [email protected] Located in Tipp City in the Rosewood Creek Subdivision by using 937-339-2300 or 937-216-4511 An open ranch floor plan with 1856 sq. ft. on the main level plus over 1500 finished sq. ft. in the basement. The main level has 3 bedrooms, 2 full baths, a great room, eat-in kitchen & laundry room. The partially finished, full basement has a 4th bedroom, a 3rd full bath, oversized recreation room, wet bar & an unfinished area perfect for storage. Features include a whirlpool tub in the ownerâ€™s suite, walk-in closets for all bedrooms, open living area with volume ceilings & an oversized covered patio. $325,000. Dir: I-75 to Exit 69,S on 25A, R onto Kessler-Cowlesville, R onto Rosewood Creek, L onto Daylily. 339-9944 937 603-0513 Located in Troy in the Edgewater Subdivision Custom-built, functional and family-friendly floor plan. 2250 finished square feet plus an additional 1300 finished square feet in the basement. Features include main-level owner's suite with whirlpool tub & walk-in closet, fireplace, granite kitchen tops, basement wet bar and basement media room. $319,900. Dir: From I-75, ST RT 55 West, turn right onto Edgewater Drive. [email protected] MIAMI VALLEY SUNDAY NEWS • WWW.TDN-NET.COM CANDICE TELLS ALL Penthouse condo makeover exudes lofty style BY CANDICE OLSON Scripps Howard News Service Ana and Mario’s home is on the penthouse floor of an older downtown condo building. Their unit has some really great features, including high ceilings and a wood-burning fireplace. The fireplace really sold them on this home, but they were having trouble using the large, open space effectively. Their small dining nook made it impossible to host friends and family, and the room’s dysfunctional layout hid this condo’s untapped potential. We needed a grand design, but we only had one month. That wasn’t much time to complete the renovation I had in mind; we really couldn’t afford any delays. But as soon as the clock started ticking, we began to experience the challenges of renovating an urban condo. Regulated working hours, limited elevator access, no outside parking and strict condo board rules cramped our style, but once we got all the tools and supplies inside, this downtown penthouse really started to shape up. The key to working with a large, open space is to divide it into functional zones. My plan for Ana and Mario’s condo called for a parlor area, a dining room/fireside lounge, a working nook with desk and storage, and an ultrafunctional kitchen countertop prep area that flows right into a new breakfast bar. Ana has several pieces of heavy, solid wooden furniture that hold real sentimental value for her because they were handmade by her father. Those pieces had to be incorporated into the design as well. Starting with the kitchen, we introduced an old-world feeling with a large photo mural that takes up both corner walls. We found the perfect picture, one that evokes European charm and reminds Ana of her surroundings as a child in Portugal. A four-seat breakfast bar provides enough room for casual meals, and the extended countertop makes it easy for the cook to join the conversation. In the dining area, Ana’s heirloom cabinet remains the focal point of the wall. A large dining table with seating for six was placed opposite the fireplace, and is crowned SHNS PHOTO COURTESY HGTV The wall mural, furnishings and accessories all combine to give this space a distinctly European feel, while the redesign creates room to entertain family and friends. by an elegant chandelier, which hangs from our custom coffered ceiling. The sunken square ceiling panels pull the entire space together and make the most of this condo’s rare high ceiling, while recessed lighting fixtures brighten the entire space. We removed a closet to make a nook for an elegant wooden desk and some shelving above it — the perfect place to display interesting collectibles. A telescope placed beside the window adds more old-world charm, and a custommade sofa with two rows of nail-head trim bathes in the natural light in front of the window. The parlor zone is home to not only the comfy custom couch, but also a shaggy white rug, a glass coffee table, a large bookcase, a comfortable tub chair and two wooden end tables. And then, we come to the piece de resistance: the fireplace. Regulations required that this old wood-burning fireplace be inspected before renovation, and guess what? Rust and water damage were in the fireplace, and it was sentenced to never burn wood again. This could have been a really big setback. So, we proceeded with the new cladding while we investigated alternatives. The Ana and Mario’s dysfunctional layout hid their condo’s untapped potential. building had no natural gas service, so the only option was an ethanol fireplace. Ethanol is absolute alcohol, made by fermenting the sugars and starches of plant by-products. It burns cleanly, with no smoke or sparks. Best of all, it looks like a real wood fire. Bingo! We had the answer to our burning question. I wanted Ana and Mario’s condo to transport them to another place every time they come home. The wall mural, the furnishings and the accessories all combine to give this space a distinctly European feel, while the redesign creates room for them to entertain family and friends. Open concept spaces really work when you break them down into distinct zones. This beautiful and elegant penthouse delivers everything Ana and Mario were looking for: stylish flair, welcoming comfort and tradi- tional European elegance. It might not have been easy, but the end result is a sky-high condo that achieves some pretty lofty goals. Interior decorator Candice Olson is host of HGTV’s “Candice Tells All.” REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS TROY Three Oak Venture LLC to Charles Stern, one lot, $0. Anita Stern, Charles Stern to Sunshine Valley Investments LLC, one lot, $37,800. SRD Enterprises Inc. to 322 Market Street Enterprises Inc., three lots, $80,000. Benjamin Crumrine, Brandi Crumrine to Lara Arndts, one lot, $125,500. John Demetriades, Maria Demetriades to Ryan Boyd, Megan Goodin, one lot, $160,900. Jay Yoder, Mindy Yoder to Plum Street LLC, one lot, $64,300. J-II Properties Inc., JII Properties to Ariel Doty, Justin Doty, one lot, $130,000. Jason Frank, Kelly Frank to Jason Frank, Kelly Frank, one lot, $0. PIQUA Cleta Tennery Trust, Donald DeMoss, trustee, Donald DeMoss Trust, Cleta Tennery, trustee to Jerrold Voisinet, a part lot, $14,000. Jeanne Winans to Victoria Neblett, 0.208 acres, $143,000. Julie Jordan, Robert Jordan to Frank Collins, Mary Collins, one lot, $159,000. Peoples Federal Savings and Loan Association to Cianciolo Inspections LLC, two lots, $16,000. Dorothy Carr, Brenda Hill, co-power of attorney, Gayle Hiser, co-power of attorney, Diane Stewart, co-power of attorney to Cecil Hager Sr., Juanita Hager, one lot, $18,300. Kyle Hamilton to Mary Hamilton, one lot, $0. $84,300. David Kramer, Mary Kramer to Jason Easton, Tabitha Eaton, one lot, two part lots, $124,900. MONROE TWP. Chris Clausen, Kim Clausen to Carrie Blacketer, Kyle Blacketer, one lot, BETHEL TWP. $175,000. James Forrest Smith Jr., Virginia Ann Smith to James Forrest Smith Jr., Virginia Brent Black to Black Family Fund LLC, Donald Waitzman, Kara Ann Ann Smith, one lot, $0. 13.1742 acres, 10.0008 acres, 2.008 Thomas Parson to Christopher Davis, a Waitzman to Kara Ann Waitzman acres, a part lot, $0. Revocable Living Trust Agreement, Kara part lot, $38,000. Charles Burke, Wanda Sue Burke to Fred Griel, Valerie Greil Schenk to Jason Ann Waitzman, trustee, Waitzman David M. Burke Trustee, Paul M. Burke Revocable Living Trust Agreement, 0.877 Hadden, Mary Hadden, one lot, $440,000. Trustee, Burke Family Preservation Trust, acres, $0. Keith Hatfield, Mary Hatfield to Kerri one lot, $0. Long, Kristopher Long, one lot, $150,000. TIPP CITY BROWN TWP. PLEASANT HILL NEWTON TWP. Carolyn Gustin, Edward Gustin to Stephanie Hill a.k.a. Stephanie Stephanie Bodey, Stephen Bodey, 5.010 Kruckeberg, Brian Kruckeberg to Alexander acres, $37,500. Liette, one lot, $90,000. Michelle Wehrley, Shawn Wehrley to CONCORD TWP. Michelle Wehrley, Shawn Wehrley, one lot, $0. Brent Black to Black Family Fund LLC, HUBER HEIGHTS NVR Inc. to Devonnia Tentman, one lot, $226,000. Residential Funding Company LLC, attorney in fact, U.S. Bank, N.A., trustee to Patricia Musick, Terry Music Sr., one lot, $90,000. 4.641 acres, $0. Brent Black to Brent J. Black trustee, Brent J. Black Revocable Living Trust, 3.716 acres, 0.050 acres, 12 lots, $0. Industrial Investment Group LLC, Industrial Investments LLC to Black Family Fund LLC, 25.699 acres, 1.008 acres, two lots, $0. ELIZABETH TWP. Bac Home Loans Servicing LP, Bank of America, N.A., Countrywide Home Loans Servicing, Secretary of Veteran Affairs to Anthony Schmidt, Cheryl Schmidt, one lot, $0. STAUNTON TWP. Helen Harp, Robert Harp to Larry Eichhorn, 15,6587 acres, 46.8046 acres, $320,000. WASHINGTON TWP. WEST MILTON Chandra Bookwalter, Andrea Levi, Shawn Levi to Alan Lair, a part lot, Beverly Titus, John Titus to James Potson, Shanoa Titus-Poston, 16.129 acres, $250,000. Kelly Clawson, Kelly Hollis, Kelly Schmidt, Paul Schmidt to James Hemm, Stephen Hemm, $5,000. To Advertise In The Classifieds That Work Call 877-844-8385 Miami Valley Sunday • Classifieds That Work • Sunday, October 21, 2012 • C5 that work .com JobSourceOhio.com PLACE YOUR CLASSIFIED AD ONLINE-24/7 www.tdnpublishing.com 125 Lost and Found FOUND DOG/PUPPY West Main Street near East of Chicago Pizza, young black and tan small terrier mix male, free to good home if not claimed (937)418-4374 FOUND KITTEN: small grey kitten, found Monday in area of Weddle Rd in Casstown. Please call (937)418-6710 to claim. 200 - Employment 225 Employment Services POSITION OPENING: Director of Family Ministries. Part-time ministry with children infant - 6th grade Grace United Methodist Church. Visit www.pgumc.com for more info. Mail resumes to: 9411 N County Rd 25A, Piqua, OH 45356 or [email protected] (937)773-8232. 235 General DENTIST Four year old "not for profit" dental clinic in Troy, Ohio serving Medicaid, Underinsured, and uninsured adults and children, needs full time and/or part time dentist. Salary and benefits negotiable. Position reports directly to the Board of Directors. Clinic operates 5 days a week 7:30am-12pm and 1pm-5pm. Send all inquiries and resumes to: [email protected] LEAD ELECTRICIAN Slagle Mechanical Inc, an established HVAC & Plumbing construction/ service company is currently seeking qualified Electricians to better serve our growing customer base. This new opportunity will provide steady employment with industry leading benefits to allow the right individual many opportunities for growth in a new department. Applicants must have a minimum of 5 years experience or more, have an excellent knowledge of the Electrical Code, Safety Processes, and hold applicable licenses. Work experience to include commercial & industrial construction, maintenance, and service work, Residential experience a plus, Must be proficient with low voltage to 600 volt applications. High Voltage experience a plus. Competitive Wage and benefit package based on experience, References required. We are an Equal Opportunity Employer Submit resume to: Electrician Slagle Mechanical PO Box 823 Sidney, Ohio 45365 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆ NOW HIRING! ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆ Maintenance Director We are looking for an experienced person who can plan, organize direct and implement all building grounds and maintenance functions. Fill out an application or fax resume to Kari DeBanto, Administrator. RN Supervisor 3rd Shift- Full Time LPN's Casual- All Shifts STNA's FT- Days We are looking for experienced people. Come in and fill out an application and speak with Beth Bayman, Staff Development. Koester Pavilion 3232 North County Road 25A Troy, OH 45373 (I-75 at exit 78) 937.440.7663 Phone 937.335.0095 Fax Located on the Upper Valley Medical Center Campus EOE NOW HIRING: Companies desperately need employees to assemble products at home. No selling, any hours. $500 weekly potential. Info: (985)646-1700 Dept. OH-6011. LABORS: $9.50/HR CDL Drivers: $11.50/HR GENERAL INFORMATION All Display Ads: 2 Days Prior Liners For: Mon - Fri @ 5pm Weds - Tues @ 5pm Thurs - Weds @ 5pm Fri - Thurs @ 5pm Sat - Thurs @ 5pm Miami Valley Sunday News liners- Fri @ Noon Office Hours: Monday-Friday 8-5 240 Healthcare Director of Nursing Covington Care Center, a 100 bed rehab and nursing center, part of AdCare Health Systems, is seeking an experienced RN to lead our centerʼs nursing dept. We recently achieved a deficiency free survey from ODH. The successful DON candidate will have 3-5 years experience in a nursing leadership role; excellent communication skills, strong survey and clinical outcomes , be familiar with QIS survey process, should have working knowledge of MCR/MCD systems and MDS 3.0. Interested persons please forward resumes to [email protected] or mail to Administrator 75 Mote Drive Covington OH 45318 or fax to 937-473-2963. Better Business Bureau 15 West Fourth St. Suite 300 Dayton, OH 45402 www.dayton.bbb.org 937.222.5825 This notice is provided as a public service by (937)667-6772 A newspaper group of Ohio Community Media 235 General INDEPENDENT CONTRACTORS that work .com ELECTRICIAN NEEDED 877-844-8385 We Accept 235 General 235 General EQUIPMENT SUPPORT TECHNICIAN KTH Parts Industries Inc., a quality oriented manufacturer of stamped and welded auto parts, located in St. Paris, Ohio, has an immediate opening for an individual in our Equipment Support Group (ESG). The successful candidate should have two years industrial experience or an equivalent technical degree. Good working knowledge of Robotics, PLC’s, Basic Electricity, Pneumatic and Hydraulic systems is desired. Industrial electricity safety training, mig or arc welding, or familiarity with oxyacetylene welding and cutting is also a plus. This is a second shift position. KTH Parts offers a very attractive benefit package, competitive salary and team oriented manufacturing environment. Qualified candidates should send a resume including salary requirements to: We are looking for drivers to deliver the Troy Daily News on Daily, Sundays, holidays and on a varied as needed basis. Apply in person at: Hiegel Electric 3155 Tipp-Cowlesville Road, Troy Drivers must have: Valid drivers license Reliable transportation State minimum insurance PARTS COUNTER Voss Honda Parts Department has an immediate need for a part-time Counterperson. The job requirement is 25 hours per week- mainly in the morning with some flexibility required. A good driving record is a must. Please apply in person to Dan Burk at: VOSS HONDA 155 S GARBER DRIVE TIPP CITY, OHIO 105 Announcements CAUTION 2325616 Whether posting or responding to an advertisement, watch out for offers to pay more than the advertised price for the item. Scammers will send a check and ask the seller to wire the excess through Western Union (possibly for courier fees). The scammer's check is fake and eventually bounces and the seller loses the wired amount. While banks and Western Union branches are trained at spotting fake checks, these types of scams are growing increasingly sophisticated and fake checks often aren't caught for weeks. Funds wired through Western Union or MoneyGram are irretrievable and virtually untraceable. Please call 937-440-5263 or 937-440-5260 and leave a message with your name, address and phone number. P.O. Box 940, St. Paris, OH 43072 Attn: Equipment Support Technician Recruiter Or Email: [email protected] KTH is an Equal Opportunity Employer 2327762 240 Healthcare Upper Valley Medical Center Your phone call will be returned in the order in which it is received. 2325621 ENGINEERING NEW MODEL STAFF KTH Parts Industries, Inc., a quality oriented manufacturer of stamped and welded auto parts located in St. Paris, Ohio, has an immediate opening for a member in our Engineering New Model Department. Job responsibility is to coordinate all activity related to New Model Development and Launch as well as mid model year design change activity. Job details include project management, trial event coordination, and constant communication with our Customer and Parent Company. The successful candidate for this position should be a highly organized individual who can handle multiple projects as well as possess strong analytical skills and have excellent communication skills both written and verbal. Computer experience with Microsoft Office is required and Microsoft Project is preferred. KTH Parts offers a very attractive benefit package, competitive wage, and team-oriented manufacturing environment. Qualified candidates should send a confidential resume including salary requirements to: P.O. Box 940, St. Paris, OH 43072 Attn: Engineering New Model Recruiter KTH is an Equal Opportunity Employer Nursing Team Manager Emergency Department Upper Valley Medical Center (UVMC), part of Premier Health Partners, has been recognized as one of Dayton’s Best Places to work. Currently we have an excellent opportunity for a highly motivated individual to assume the responsibility of first line management in our Emergency Department. This position has 24hour accountability for the delivery of quality, patient centered care. The manager is responsible for overseeing direct patient care activities, problem solving, evaluating patient care and promoting effective communication. Other duties include development of policies and procedures, hiring/evaluating/disciplining of staff, and formulating/monitoring of departmental budget. The qualified candidate will be an RN with a current Ohio license and BSN. Must have 3-5 years acute care (emergency care preferred) and management experience. Advanced interpersonal and analytical skills are essential to provide effective leadership and improve/ develop patient care services and budgets. Come join our team of quality healthcare professionals! UVMC offers a competitive salary and benefits package. Please go to www.UVMC.com to review our hospital and submit your application/resume. Also, you may contact Angel Johnson at [email protected]. UVMC Human Resources 3130 N. County Rd. 25-A, Troy, Ohio 45373 UVMC.com An Equal Opportunity Employer 2327754 2330705 Journeyman industrial, commercial, residential service electrician. Full time with benefits. If you have questions regarding scams like these or others, please contact the Ohio Attorney General’s office at (800)282-0515. POLICY: Please Check Your Ad The 1st Day. It Is The Advertiser’s Responsibility To Report Errors Immediately. Publisher Will Not Be Responsible for More Than One Incorrect Insertion. We Reserve The Right To Correctly Classify, Edit, Cancel Or Decline Any Advertisement Without Notice. NOTICE Investigate in full before sending money as an advance fee. For further information, call or write: APPLY: 15 Industry Park Ct., Tipp City 235 General 255 Professional 280 Transportation We provide a consistent schedule, great pay/ benefits package plus paid training. Our employees must have a HS diploma/GED, be highly self motivated and have superb ethics. If interested in an employer that genuinely cares for its employees, please call (937)492-0886 SELF RELIANCE INC. In search of caring people to work in homes with consumers with Developmental Disabilities in Miami County. All shifts available, 7 days a week. Must have no restrictions. DRIVERS Call for more details: 937-570-1642 255 Professional Invites qualified candidates to apply for the following position: ANSWER CENTER RESOURCE SPECIALIST DEVELOPMENT OFFICER For a complete listing of employment and application requirements please visit: www.edisonohio.edu /employment EOE/AA Employer O/Oʼs get 75% of the line haul. 100% fuel surcharge. Fuel discount program. Benefits: Classifieds that work ✪●✪●✪●✪●✪●✪●✪●✪ We're growing.... And creating new jobs Class A CDL Driver Regional and OTR positions. Solo and team. Palletized. Truckload. Vans. 2 yrs experience required. Diesel Mechanic All shifts and experience considered. Call us today 1-800-288-6168 You have the driveWe provide the means. Come be a part of our team! Pohl Transportation Up to 39 cpm w/ Performance Bonus $3000 Sign On Bonus 1 yr OTR – CDL A Call 1-800-672-8498 or visit: www.pohltransportation.com 535 Farm Supplies/Equipment 1957 300FARMALL Tractor with Kelly loader and blade. John Deere 1250 three bottom 16 inch plow 3 point. John Deere wheel disc- 10ft, eight foot Kewanee three point blade, pull type rotary hoe-two row. Allied 85 Cross Auger snow blower-7 ft, 3 point hitch. Copper apple butter kettle. 2 iron butcher kettles. Homemade rubber tire flat bed wagon. (937)492-0764 TRACTOR, Farmall Super C with loader, weights, lift good rubber, boom, $1500, (937)295-2899 TRACTOR, Nice original Ferguson 30 with two bottom plow, 90% rubber, 12 volt system, includes belt pulley and extra plow shares, $2500, (937)295-2899 STORAGE TRAILERS FOR RENT (800)278-0617 ★ Preview of On-Line Estate Sale by Everything But The House, Sunday, Oct. 14 from 1:00 to 5:00 at 755 Branford Rd., Troy, 45373. Features beautiful mid-century furniture, Hitch Cock table/chairs, Fenton lamps and loads of household items. All items sold through our web site by bidding process only. See EBTH.COM, Oct. 17, Troy, OH, on our sale calendar for complete list of items and pictures. Sale runs for 7 days and ends on the 17th starting at 8:00pm. Register to be a winning bidder today at EBTH.COM. Pick up is on Saturday 10/20/12 to 5:00 10:00 [email protected]. (937)657-4960. Opportunity Knocks... Call Jon Basye at: Piqua Transfer & Storage Co. (937)778-4535 or (800)278-0619 JOHNSRUD TRANSPORT, a food grade liquid carrier is seeking Class A CDL tank drivers from the Sidney/Piqua/Troy area. Home flexible weekends. 5 years driving experience required. Will train for tank. Great Pay and Benefit Package. For further info, call Jane @ 1-888-200-5067 515 Auctions 505 Antiques/Collectibles FREIGHT TRAIN, Lionel 1965, original boxing inplatform and cluding buildings, photos, $250 or bargain, Piqua, (248)694-1242. 545 Firewood/Fuel FIREWOOD, $125 a cord pick up, $150 a cord delivered, $175 a cord delivered and stacked or (937)308-6334 (937)719-3237 FIREWOOD, All hardwood, $150 per cord delivered or $120 you pick up, (937)726-2780. FIREWOOD, Seasoned, $110 per cord, you pick up, (937)335-8984 LAND AUCTION Saturday, November 3, 2012 10:00 A.M. www.RisingSunExpress.com ✪●✪●✪●✪●✪●✪●✪●✪ DIRECTIONS: St. Rt. 48 South of Covington to Falknor Rd., turn west to Cooper Rd. Farm is located on Cooper Rd. and Panther Creek Rd. 95.804 Acres (92 tillable Acres) Road Frontage on Cooper Rd. & Panther Creek Rd. Parcel: I20-025905 Taxes: $1,810.87 – Newton Twp. SOLD ON SITE ESTATE OF: ROBIN S. MILLHOUSE MIAMI COUNTY CASE #85144 ADMINISTRATOR: Richard L. Millhouse ATTORNEY: Nathaniel J. Funderburg A u c t i o n e e r : M i k e H a v e n a r, R e a l t o r W.A. Shively Realty (937) 606-4743 2322466 Just Found Saturday, October 27, 2012 9:30 A.M. Piece. LOCATION: 11077 Versailles Rd., Covington, Ohio DIRECTIONS: St. Rt. 36, west of Piqua, turn north onto St. Rt. 48, turn west onto Versailles Rd. TOOLS - DIXON MOWER - ANTIQUES - FURNITURE NICE HOUSEHOLD ITEMS - APROX. 1000 COOKBOOKS ANTIQUES-COLLECTOR ITEMS - HOUSEHOLD - FURNITURE: 3 Pocket Watches (illinois - Ingraham - Westclox); Costume Jewelry; 14 Men and Women’s Watches; Carleton Player Piano; Music Rolls; 12 Older Comic Books - Walt Disney Comics, 1943 - Military Comics - True Comics - Detective Comics by Boy Commandos - Gene Autry Comics; 17 Albums of Records; 5 Boxes of Records; 1949 Cincinnati Reds Souvenir Book; 1949 Baseball Digest; 1938 Cincinnati Reds Score Book; Gene Autry Paint Book; Blondie Cut Out Dolls; Betty Grable Paint Book; 2 Furrow Magazines 1946; 1946 Victory Convention; Covington, Ohio; 1946-1949 Bradford Pumpkin Show Books; My Weekly Reader 1930’s; Old Games - Pin the Tail on the Donkey - Swami - Mystery Board; Dazey Butter Churn (metal); Blue & White Granite Coffee Pot; Favorite Blue Cast Kettle; Collection of chickens; Very Nice Ingraham Mantle Clock; North Pole Oak Ice Box; Braun Lard Can; 2 Corn Jobbers; Sled; Wagon; Very Nice Pots, Pans; Crocks; Baking Dishes; Boxes of Material and Sewing Items; 3 Sewing Machines - Husqvarna Viking - White - Kenmore; Amanda Washer & Dryer (very nice); Westinghouse Chest Deep Freeze; Whirlpool Range; Frigidaire Side by Side Refrigerator; L.P. Heating Stove; Newer round Oak Table & 4 Chairs; 4 Storage Cabinets; 2 Blonde Bedroom Suites; 4 Dressers; Matching Couch & Love Seat; Cloth Recliner; Rockers - 2 Maple - Base Rocker; Entertainment Center; Wicker Rocker Love Seat; Wicker Planter; Wurlitzer Organ; RCA TV Floor Model; Glass Door Cabinet; Yamaha Electric Piano; Linens & Towels; Misc. Glassware; Approx. 300 Canning Jars; Approx. 1000 Cookbooks. TOOLS-MOWERS: Dixon ZTR 3014 Riding Mower w/Grass Catcher; Murray 12hp 40” Cut Riding Mower; Craftsman 8 hp Tiller; Craftsman Lawn Trailer; Air Compressor; Lawn Seeder; Yard Tools; Table Saw; Bench Grinder; Jig Saw; Nice Kenmore Gas Grill; Air Tank; 4 Chicken Crates; 2 Pony Carts (need work); Lantern; Lambert Planter; 2 Wooden Extension Ladders; Many Misc. Items OWNER: JEAN OWEN Job-seeking can be a difficult task. With over 2,200 companies having listed help wanted ads with JobSourceOhio.com, we can help you find the missing piece to your job search. Log on today! TERMS: Cash or Check with Proper I.D. Not Responsible for Accidents. Any Statements Made Day of Sale Supersede Statements Hereon. H AV E N A R – B A I R - B AY M A N AU C T I O N EE R S 1314475 the FIREWOOD for sale. All seasoned hardwood, $150 per cord split/ delivered, $120 you pick up. ( 9 3 7 ) 8 4 4 - 3 7 5 6 (937)844-3879 583 Pets and Supplies BLACK LAB puppies, CKC and AKC registered. For more information (419)852-5651 or (937)539-0474 FIREWOOD, Seasoned firewood, stacked 3 years, 10 Cords available, $175 per Cord, more you buy the better the deal, (937)451-0794 FIREWOOD, seasoned, split, delivered, $150 cord; $80 half cord. Local delivery only, (937)559-6623. If you don't reach me, leave a message, I will get back with you. 560 Home Furnishings STOVE, Whirlpool, self cleaning $150 and Sharp microwave $75, both like new, bisque (937)335-7086 565 Horses/Tack & Equipment MINIATURE DONKEY, spotted, gelded. $200 (937)875-7068. 577 Miscellaneous CEMETERY PLOTS, 2 at Forest Hills Memorial Gardens Tipp City, Garden of Bible, paid $3800, must sell $1500 OBO (937)259-0486 POOL TABLE, With accessories, bar size, will take payments, $200, (937)773-8776 GOLDEN RETRIEVERS, AKC, pups. LMT, Guarantee, Starter Kits, Champion Bloodline. Parents on farm. DOB 8-8-12. $650 (937)371-5647 leave message. MULTI-POO, Male, $150, female, $350. Male Yorkie-Poo, $325, Female, $395. Male Bishon Frise, $295. Male Yorkie, $350. (419)925-4339 YORKIE-POO, male pup. Has 1st shots and ready to go. Great family dog. Non-shedding. $250 (419)582-4211. 592 Wanted to Buy WANT-TO-BUY: Airtight wood stove. Such as Vermont castings. Less than 10 years old. (937)473-3455 or (937)214-6578 that work .com Call 877-844-8385 515 Auctions Very Good PUBLIC AUCTION 515 Auctions Toy Tractors Steam Engines – Trains Single Owner Collection TROY, OH At the Assembly Bldg, Miami Co Fairgrounds at 650 N. Co Rd 25A. From northbound I-75 take Exit 74 east on Rt 41, Main St, & then north on Elm at the Marathon Station SATURDAY, OCTOBER 27 • 9:30 AM A complete dispersal of a private collection featuring 160 catalogued items including very nice toy tractors, equipment, steam engines & platforms, trucks, trains, battery operated toys & more! The agricultural toys are by Ertl, Scale Models, Advanced Precision Products, Product Miniatures, Ruehl, Carter Tru-Scale, Eska, Robert Gray, Arcade, Hubley, Franklin Mint & others. The majority of the toys will be 1/16th scale, but that will vary w/ manufacturer. This is a very nice collection whose main theme was the early years of farming, but carries over into some very nice toys from the 1950’s, 60’s & 70’s. Toys unboxed after the catalog was completed will also be offered along with some literature & miscellaneous other items. You’ll like the variety being offered. Included in the auction are a group of trains, modern construction toys & related items. The catalog listing along w/ photos is available on our website at www.stichterauctions.com or call for details. Plan to spend the day with us! JERRY STICHTER LOCATION: W. Panther Creek Rd., Bradford, OH 45308 YOU 545 Firewood/Fuel “Have Gavel – Will Travel” Mike Havenar, Rick Bair, Tony Bayman (937) 606-4743 www.auctionzip.com (Auctioneer #4544 & 6480) AUCTIONEER, Jerry Stichter Broker Associate of Garden Gate Realty (937)335-6758 www.stichterauctions.com Eikenberry PUBLIC AUCTION Excellent Home Furnishings Antique Furniture & Collectibles Patio, Lawn & Garden Items GREENVILLE, OH At the Youth Bldg of the Darke County Fairgrounds, 800 Sweitzer, (St Rte 49) across from the Hospital & easily accessible from Routes 36, 127 & 121. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 25 • 3:00 PM ANTIQUE FURNITURE & COLLECTIBLES: Oak: Sroll desk by the Rowlett Desk Mfg Co. of Richmond, IN, plus swivel desk chair; School Master’s 2 pc desk w/ tall top & table base; unique small desk w/ fall front & glass door base; double door bookcase; 2 dining room tables w/ bulbous legs & additional boards; oval drop leaf table; 4 oak cane seat & spindle back chairs; 2 pc cupboard w/ glass doors; baker’s table w/ dough drawers & kitchen cupboard top; hall tree; commode stand. Walnut: Corner cupboard w/ glass doors; dry sink; Victorian high post dbl bed; high post rope bed; commode stand w/ back splash & wall mirror; marble top commode; serpentine front dresser w/ mirror & matching vanity; Cherry spoon carved dresser w/ mirror; Variety of old & new quilts; Bates coffee box; 3 drawer spool cabinet; small tool chest w/ trays; pewter items; copper tea kettle; wooden bowl & paddle; stoneware 4 gal cobalt decorated stomp churn; IXL Pottery 3 gal bee sting crock; blue & white salt crock; wooden mince meat pail w/ advertising; Ingrahm dome top mantle clock; gray granite measure; small wooden sled; small steel wheel wagon; child’s rocker; 6 leather bound books; 10 Longaberger baskets; Lee Middleton dolls; Boyd’s Bears & dolls; doll cradle; child’s unique animal motif table & chair set; child’s ice cream table & chairs; Bonnet Kid’s quilt; etc. HOME FURNISHINGS: Rose floral pillow back couch & pr of matching wingback chairs; pr of cranberry & beige striped winged back chairs, plus ottoman; pr of blue tufted back winged chairs w/ white & blue fruit print accent upholstery; 2 custom designed muted beige floral loveseats accented by scroll base, glass top coffee table; Bombay chest w/ black marble top; 10’x12’ beige & earth tone woven rug; Oak: Sofa table w/ claw feet; coffee & lamp tables; 8 English Windsor dining rm chairs, plus matching bar stools; Thomasville classic, KS bed & matching chest on chest that must be seen to be appreciated; cherry high headbd QS bed; oak entertainment cabinet; quilt rack; Bulova clock w/ brass face; nice table lamps; plus more to be determined. ARTWORK: Lg Victorian street scene oil painting in gold gilded frame; several tapestries including “In Search for the Holy Grail”; G. Harvey prints: “Memories of Home” & “Wishes & Dreams”; 5-P.Buckley Moss Prints incl several w/ children; Ltd Ed Mallard Duck & Canadian Geese prints; “Goose Girl” by Janet Guthrie & other art related pieces. MORE NICE ITEMS FROM THE HOME: Silver plate punch bowl & cups; glassware & crystal; ironstone pitcher; china teapot w/ stacking cream & sugar; Fostoria green Jamestown stemware; Lenox Magic Garden china; Magnalite roaster; stainless steel cookware & other kitchen items; cookbooks & others; TV w/ VCR; black oval TV stand; nice mirrors; floral arrangements including lg wreaths; very nice Christmas & holiday decorations w/ many special Santa figures; lace table cloths; soft goods; white fox coat; painted blanket chest; treadmill; cardio bike; Frigidaire refrigerator & more! PATIO & POOL ITEMS: Wrought iron & other outdoor furniture incl table & chair sets; occasional tables; loungers; swing; etc; yard art & out door decorations; children’s jungle gym; etc. LAWN & GARDEN EQUIPMENT & GARAGE ITEMS: Snapper SX5200 snow blower; Craftsman 6.5 HP power washer; older Snapper tiller; Stihl gas blower & 028WB chain saw; yard cart & trailer; ladders; hose reel; dog cages; mosquito magnet; etc. Auctioneer’s Note: After many years as a recognized business name in the Greenville, area, this wonderful collection of Nils & Patti is now being offered at Public Auction. You’ll find the great quality & pleasing lines that you would expect from a well- established home, so please plan to attend. Furniture sells after 5:00 PM. Photos at www.stichterauctions.com Property of Nils G. Eikenberry & Patti Eikenberry JERRY STICHTER AUCTIONEER, To Advertise In The Classifieds That Work Call 877-844-8385 2330821 C6 • Miami Valley Sunday • Classifieds That Work • Sunday, October 21, 2012 Jerry Stichter Broker Associate of Garden Gate Realty (937)335-6758 www.stichterauctions.com To Advertise In The Classifieds That Work Call 877-844-8385 Miami Valley Sunday • Classifieds That Work • Sunday, October 21, 2012 • C7 800 - Transportation To advertise in the Classifieds That Work 805 Auto 2000 HONDA CRV, 4 wheel drive, small and fun to drive, no rust, cold air, new tires, excellent condition, $4500 (937)684-1297 Picture it Sold Please call: 877-844-8385 2002 BUICK La Sabre custom, 64K miles, navy blue/gray cloth interior, 3800 motor, $5500 firm (937)773-5245 895 Vans/Minivans 2000 Dodge Grand Caravan Blue. Needs little work, runs good. Great for family. $2500. (937)206-4932 899 Wanted to Buy CASH PAID for junk cars and trucks. Free removal. Get the most for your junker call us (937)732-5424. 1996 TERRY 5TH WHEEL TRAILER 32.5 ft, clean, set up at Kozy Campground Grand Lake, comes with 8x8 shed, picnic bench, and other misc., or can be moved. (937)773-6209 or (937)418-2504 1978 EL CAMINO 350 4 barrel, new tires, brake lines, master cylinder, lots of extra new and used parts, runs great. Asking $2650 (937)339-4887 or (937)418-2214 that work .com 1991 CADILLAC SEDAN DEVILLE WHERE Good Condition. 112,000 original miles. $2200. (937)492-5011 MEET 2000 COACHMAN CATALINA 27 FOOTER Awning 1yr old, refrigerator 2yrs old, everything comes with camper: Hitch, Tote tank, Patio lights, VERY CLEAN!, $6500 obo, (937)596-6028 OR (937)726-1732 Pictureit Sold 2002 ACURA MDX Nice SUV, touring package, loaded. 163,000 miles. (937)638-0967 2004 FORD F-250 XLT Extended cab, short bed, Power stroke V-8 Turbo Diesel, 6.0 liter, 4WD, automatic, Bed liner, towing package, cloth interior, 108,000 miles, $14,500 (937)778-1665 2004 FORD MUSTANG Cobra SVT, Super charged V8, Number 859 of 1896 convertibles made (only 167 torch red made) beautiful car, only 3,100 miles, must see, $27,000 obo Call (937)658-0318 2007 FORD TRUCK FX4WD, silver metallic clear coat with black sport cloth bucket seats, well maintained, super cab with bed liner, new brakes, rotors, and calipers, clean car fax provided, 102,644 miles, $11,885. (937)789-8473 2007 TOYOTA TUNDRA SR5 Double cab. TRD package. 4X4. Only 27,000 miles. 5.7L V-8. New tires and well equipped. $24,900. (937)470-5345 2011 DONGFANG SCOOTER MP Model MP J50, body type MC, good condition $1350 (937)335-0635 H D TRAILER 6x10 Foot, 2 Foot side risers, excellent condition, $1100 13'3"x4'6", 2 axle with electric brake capable, 3500# per axle, $1600 (937)570-9463 (937)726-5761 To advertise in the Classifieds That Work Service & Business Directory please call: 877-844-8385 660 Home Services Craig McNeil or Sharon Cross 937-210-8256 Email: [email protected] 937-451-0602 everybody’s talking about what’s in our classifieds Mon.-Thurs. 5pm-8pm or by Appointment 2325279 937-974-0987 492-0250 • 622-0997 5055 Walzer Rd. Russia, OH 45363 COOPER’S BLACKTOP PAVING, REPAIR & SEALCOATING DRIVEWAYS PARKING LOTS Interior/Exterior Eden Pure Service Center 2305155 • Painting • Drywall • Decks • Carpentry • Home Repair • Kitchen/Bath 715 Blacktop/Cement 700 Painting IZMOES GPROFFESIONAL ALL YOUR ROOFING NEEDS: Seamless Gutters • Re-roofs • Siding• Tear Offs New Construction • Call for your FREE estimate 25 Year Experience - Licensed & Bonded Wind & Hail Damage - Insurance Approved that work .com GLYNN FELTNER, OWNER • LICENSED • BONDED • FULLY INSURED FREE ESTIMATES 937-875-0153 937-698-6135 725 Eldercare EXPERIENCED CAREGIVER is available to help you care for your loved ones. Flexible hours and negotiable rates. (937)621-3546. LIVE-IN NURSES AIDE to comfort clients in their own home, stays to the end. 20 years experience, references. Dee at (937)751-5014. To Advertise In the Classifieds that Work Call 877-844-8385 C8 • Miami Valley Sunday • Classifieds That Work • Sunday, October 21, 2012 So Long Summer… Get ready to To Advertise In The Classifieds That Work Call 877-844-8385 You liked it so much, we’re offering this special one more month! CASH O N ON PICTURE IT SOLD L Y ½ PRICE $ 30 Through October 31 (ad must begin by this date) AVAILABLE ONLY BY CALLING 877-844-8385 OR VISITING ONE OF OUR OFFICES IN SIDNEY, PIQUA OR TROY 2325628 NTH O M 1 R FO Limit of 1 vehicle per advertisement. Valid only on private party advertising. No coupons or other offers can apply. MIAMI VALLEY In The Market For A New Or Used Vehicle? AUTO DEALER D	i don't know
'The Nore' is a sandbank at the mouth of which British river?	The Nore (Pepys' Diary) 5 External links Lightship The Nore is a hazard to shipping, so in 1732 the world's first lightship was moored over it [1] in an experiment by Robert Hamblin, who patented the idea. The experiment must have proved successful, because by 1819 England had nine lightships. [1] The Nore lightship was run by Trinity House , General Lighthouse Authority for England (and Wales, the Channel Islands and Gibraltar). The early Nore lightships were small wooden vessels, often Dutch-built galliots . [1] By the end of the 19th century a larger ship with a revolving light had appeared, but after about 1915 the authorities ceased to use a lightship. Sea Reach No. 1 Buoy as of 2006 marks the anchorage-point of the former lightship, about midway between Shoeburyness in Essex and the Isle of Sheppey in Kent . This defines the limit of the Thames and the beginning of the North Sea. Royal Navy The Nore has been the site of a Royal Navy anchorage since the age of sail , being adjacent to both the city and port of London and to the Medway , England's principal naval base and dockyard on the North Sea. During the French Revolutionary War it was the scene of a notorious mutiny , when seamen protesting against their poor pay and working conditions refused orders and seized control of their ships in May 1797. The mutiny ended in June, but while the ringleaders were punished, much was done by the Admiralty to improve pay and conditions for the seamen. From 1899 to 1955, the Royal Navy maintained a Commander-in-Chief, The Nore , a senior officer responsible for protecting the entrance to the port of London , and merchant traffic along the east coast of Britain. In the First World War the Nore Command principally had a supply and administrative function, [2] but in the Second World War it oversaw naval operations in the North Sea along the East coast of Britain, guarding against invasion and protecting trade. [3] Fort Also during the Second World War a series of defensive towers, known as Maunsell Forts were built in the Thames estuary to protect the approach to London from air and sea attack. The Nore was the site of one of these, the Great Nore Tower. It was equipped with a battery of anti-aircraft guns and manned by a unit of the British Army . It was completed in 1943, but was abandoned at the end of hostilities. [4] It was badly damaged in a collision in 1953 and dismantled in 1959–60. References	River Thames
With which English king did Pope Clement VII have a dispute?	Translation of Nore in English Free Download Now! Nore in English The Nore is a sandbank at the mouth of the Thames Estuary, England. It marks the point where the River Thames meets the North Sea, roughly halfway between Havengore Creek in Essex and Warden Point in Kent. See more at Wikipedia.org... Victor Santiago, Jr. (born September 6, 1977), best known by his stage names Noreaga and N.O.R.E., is an American hip hop and reggaeton recording artist from Queens, New York City. Santiago first rose to prominence as one half of the East Coast hip hop duo Capone-N-Noreaga (C-N-N), alongside fellow Queens-based rapper Capone. He would also have success as a solo artist with the singles "Superthug", "Banned from T.V.", "Nothin'", "Oye Mi Canto" and "Mas Maiz". See more at Wikipedia.org...	i don't know
Bamako is the capital of which country?	Bamako, capital city of Mali All... Bamako, capital city of Mali There are plenty of reasons to love Bamako. The capital of Mali is always buzzing with activity. Colorful markets spill into the streets, great restaurants serve up traditional meals for pocket change, a friendly energy permeates the neighborhoods and the soundtrack of the city is created by some of the continent's best music stars. The MarchÈ de Medina is one of the city's best hidden secrets. Not yet overridden with tourists, the market is a great place to shop and drink in the vibrant scene without getting hassled. There, ramshackle stalls spill over with fresh fruits and vegetables and clothing made from local cotton. The array of goods is constantly changing, but you can also often find handwoven rugs, wood carvings and other artisan handicrafts for low prices. If you have time, get your hands decorated with henna and hair braided at the beauty parlor section. If you are looking for something a bit more out of the ordinary, try shopping at the Fetish Stalls, a small market in the Quartier du Fleuve. The faint-hearted should stay away, as the stomach-turning array includes dried chameleons, bones, monkey heads, skins and other oddities. The small but interesting National Museum offers a glimpse into the history and culture of Mali's many ethnic groups. Beautiful ethnographic pieces are on display, including ancient textiles, wooden masks, contemporary marionettes and intricate carvings. More artifacts that detail Malian culture and history are on display at the Muso Kunda Museum. The collection highlights fine works of art by the country's female artists and includes a number of handicrafts that tell the story of traditional Malian life. There is also an interesting exhibit of traditional clothing embellished with fine handwoven details. When the afternoon sun gets too warm, head to the Bamako Botanical Gardens to cool off in the shade of hundreds of leafy trees. The park is dissected by a beautiful man-made river spanned with lovely pedestrian bridges, and walking paths lead visitors up a large hill that yields some of the best views of the city. After exploring the flora of Mali at the botanical garden, visit the nearby Bamako Zoo to see Africa's fauna up close. Most of the animals, including crocodiles, ostriches, chimpanzees, lions and zebras, are in cages instead of behind glass. This means that visitors are often allowed to treat the animals with food under the careful watch of the zookeepers. The zoo is also crisscrossed with peaceful hiking trails that show off Bamako's scenic beauty. One of the capital's most prominent landmarks is the BCEAO Tower, home of the Central Bank of Western African States. Visitors can tour the 20-story building, the tallest in the country, and catch another great view of the city from the top floor. About 90 percent of Malians are Muslim, and many of the faithful in Bamako worship at the Grand Mosque. Located in the heart of the city, the mosque was built with Saudi Arabian funds in the late 1970s and is one of the capital's tallest buildings. The mosque is occasionally open to visitors outside of congregational prayer times, and it is a real treat to view the opulent interior. Bamako Geographical Location Bamako is located in the southwest of Mali near the Niger River and is its largest city. The population of Bamako is approximately 1,850,000. Bamako Language French is the official language of Mali but Bambara is the most widely spoken. There are many indigenous languages to Mali that are still spoken, 13 of them have the status of national languages. Bamako Predominant Religion 9% Indigenous Beliefs 1% Christian Mali’s constitution provides for religious freedom and although there are few atheists, the religious groups of Mali generally interact well. Bamako Currency The official currency of Mali is the Communaute Financiere Africaine Franc. Bamako Climate Bamako is hot all year round with a rainy season from June until September. The winter’s temperature is very similar to summer but there is almost no rainfall. Bamako Main Attractions The National Library of Mali The National Museum	Mali
What is the astronomical terminology fro 3.26 light years?	Where is Mali? / Where is Mali Located in The World? / Mali Map - WorldAtlas.com What is the capital of Mali? Located in the continent of Africa , Mali covers 1,220,190 square kilometers of land and 20,002 square kilometers of water, making it the 24th largest nation in the world with a total area of 1,240,192 square kilometers. Mali became an independent state in 1960, after gaining its sovereignty from France. The population of Mali is 14,533,511 (2012) and the nation has a density of 12 people per square kilometer. The currency of Mali is the CFA Franc BCEAO (XOF). As well, the people of Mali are refered to as Malian. The dialing code for the country is 223 and the top level internet domain for Malian sites is .ml. To learn more, visit our detailed Mali section. Quick facts	i don't know
Both Luton Town and Stockport County football clubs have the same nickname. What is it?	Stockport County F.C \| The Freindly Football Club The Freindly Football Club Links The Basics Stockport County Football Club are an English football club based in Stockport, England. They play in League Two, the fourth tier of the English football pyramid. Their home stadium is Edgeley Park, and are nicknamed The Hatters, although are usually referred to by supporters simply as County. Formed in 1883 as Heaton Norris Rovers F.C., shortly after they merged with a similarly named club, Heaton Norris F.C., and on 24 May 1890 changed their name to Stockport County F.C. to reflect Stockport becoming a County Borough. They joined the Football League in 1900, and have competed in it continuously since 1905. Having spent most of their history in the lower reaches of the Football League, the 1990s were notably successful, competing in the Football League First Division (2nd Tier) for five seasons. Instability on & off the pitch led to Stockport quickly tumbling back down the leagues, narrowly avoiding a drop into the Football Conference (5th Tier) in 2006. The History Stockport County were formed in 1883 as Heaton Norris Rovers by members of the Wycliffe Congressional Church, and played their first recorded game in October the next year. The club adopted 'The Hatters' as their nickname, owing to Stockport's history as the centre of the Victorian hat-making industry, a nickname that is shared with Luton Town. Stockport played in the Lancashire League until 1900. They then gained admission to the Football League Second Division. Unfortunately, the club finished in the bottom three for their first four seasons and at the end of 1903-04 they failed to gain re-election. They spent one year in the Lancashire Combination, won the league, and were re-admitted to the Football League. County were fortunate that, despite an awful 1921-22 campaign that saw them end the season bottom of the Second Division, which would normally have seen them face re-election, they were placed in the brand new Third Division North. The Hatters won the league at the first time of asking in 1921-22, but struggled and soon returned to the bottom division where, barring a couple of seasons, the club would stay for more than 40 years. The 1933-34 season saw goals galore, 115 in total, including a 13-0 win over Halifax Town, which still stands as a Football League record. In 1936-37 County won the Third Division North, but failed to gain a foothold in the Second Division, finished 22nd out of 22 and were relegated. The 1950s brought little league success, but were notable for some fine goalscoring by Jack Connor, whose 140 goals are still a club record, including 13 hat-tricks, two instances of 4 goals in a match, and two of five goals in a match. When the regional Third Divisions were to be combined into national Third and Fourth Divisions after the 1957-58 campaign, Stockport managed to finish in the top half of the Third Division North and so were placed in the following season's national Third Division. Just one season was spent at this level, Stockport were demoted and didn't return until winning the Fourth Division in 1966-67. After being relegated in 1969-70, the 1970s and 80's consisted of little other than mediocrity or struggling against re-election. The introduction of automatic promotion & relegation between the Football League & the Conference was not a good sign for Stockport and, in 1986-87 they had just 6 points from 13 games and faced a real prospect of non-League football, exemplified by crashing out of the FA Cup to Caernarfon Town. Colin Murphy was brought in for his second spell as manager, County gained 45 points from their final 31 games and survived, although Murphy left shortly after the end of the season. Danny Bergara was appointed as manager in March 1989, quickly transforming the team and automatic promotion was gained in 1990-91. The next three seasons saw County make the play-offs, but failed to result in another promotion. In March 1995 Bergara was sacked after an altercation with then chairman Brendan Elwood, and Dave Jones was appointed manager. The 1996-97 campaign proved to be the most successful in the club's history, finishing 2nd in the Second Division and reaching the semi-final of the League Cup, knocking out three Premiership teams (Blackburn Rovers, Southampton & West Ham United) on the way before losing to Middlesbrough 2-1 on aggregate. Jones left for Southampton, and a succession of managers were unable to build on the success of the 1990s, former England international Carlton Palmer failing to stop County being relegated in 2001-02 or to build a team capable of challenging for a return in subsequent seasons. Sammy McIlroy followed as manager in 2003 but more poor results led to his sacking, and the appointment of Chris Turner just one year later. Another relegation followed, and Turner himself lasted just one year in charge, resigning after a 6-0 defeat to local rivals Macclesfield Town that left County five points adrift of safety & facing a third relegation in just four years. Former player Jim Gannon was placed in charge, initially as caretaker-manager, led the club to safety in 2005-06 and sustained a promotion challenge the next season, eventually missing out on the League Two playoffs on goal difference. The Colours And Crest Stockport County's traditional kit colours are blue & white, although they have played in other colours throughout their history. Originally competing in blue & white striped jerseys and white shorts, they experimented with red & white stripes in the early 1900s and from the mid-1930s to mid-1960s played in white jerseys & black shorts. No set pattern has been established for the clubs use of blue & white as main colours, at various times playing in a white jersey with a blue band and blue shorts; blue jersey with white pin stripes and white shorts; a short experiment with an Argentina-style kit, light blue & white stripes with black shorts, after the 1978 World Cup, which was abandoned after the outbreak of the Falklands War; and a return to blue & white striped tops with blue shorts in the 1980s. The current kit, manufactured by Diadora, is a blue shirt with a white horizontal band, blue shorts & white socks. The away kit is the same style, with inverted colours; white jersey with a blue band, white shorts, blue socks. The club crest is based on the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport. It was further altered slightly in 2006, to resemble the town's crest even more closely, including the Latin motto Animo et Fide, which translates as With Courage & Faith. The blue shield is taken from the coat of arms of the De Stokeport family, from whom Stockport derives its name. The twin-towered castle above the shield is Stockport castle, which stood until 1775. The Ground Heaton Norris Rovers originally played home matches at the Heaton Norris Recreation Ground, then at various locations in Stockport until settling at a park on Green Lane, Heaton Norris, in 1889. The nearby Nursery Inn served as the team's home, with players using a barn as changing rooms. In 1902 the club required a larger ground and moved to Edgeley Park, then home of Stockport Rugby League Club, who went out of business three years later. Stockport County have played home games there ever since, celebrating the centenary in 2002. The first major development at Edgeley Park was the construction of the Main Stand on the Hardcastle Road side of Edgeley Park, initially holding 500 seats. This was a timber structure, and was destroyed by a fire in 1935, taking most of the club's records with it. It was replaced by a new stand one year later, which stands today, seating just over 2,000 and containing players' changing rooms and some club offices. On the opposite side of the ground is the Popular Side (often shortened to Pop Side). The first structure on this side of the ground was a small, covered enclosure with a capacity of 1,400. This was replaced with a larger stand in 1927, and in one FA Cup match against Liverpool held 16,000 people. In 1978 the rear of the stand was dismantled and capacity halved, and in the early 1990s the Popular Side was made all-seater. It currently holds 2,200. The first Cheadle End, built in 1923, was a small, covered timber stand with room for 3,000 people until it was made all-seater in 1967. It was demolished in 1985 after the Valley Parade fire, and replaced by a shallow, concrete terrace. In 1995 an entirely new stand was contsructed, seating 5,200, containing conference & banqueting facilities & club offices. The Railway End, formerly an uncovered terrace that could hold up to 6,000 in it's heyday, was the last part of Edgeley Park to be converted to seating in 2001, making the ground all-seater. In late 2000 the club considered moving to Maine Road, the former home of rivals Manchester City. The potential move was unpopular with supporters, and protests were staged after it was suggested that the club would change its name to Man-Stock County after the move. Ultimately the protests were not necessary as Manchester City Council decreed that Sale Sharks would make better tenants. Maine Road has since been demolished to make way for a housing estate and, ironically, Edgeley Park is now shared with Sale. Club Honours Runners Up: 0-1 vs. Stoke City 1991-92 Runners Up: 1-2 vs. Port Vale 1992-93 Division Three (North) Challenge Cup Winners: 1936-37 Most goals (season): 47 by Alf Lythgoe, 1933-34 Most goals (career): 140 by Jack Connor (1951 - 1956) Most hat-tricks (career): 17 by Jack Connor (1951 - 1956) Most appearances (career): 555 Andy Thorpe (1978 - 1986, 1988 - 1992) Most international appearances (Caps) - 9 Jarkko Wiss, Finland (2000 - 2002) Youngest player: Chris Coward, aged 16 years 31 days vs. Sheffield Wednesday, August 23, 2005 Most consecutive clean sheets: 9 by Wayne Hennessey, 2006-07, coinciding with club record for consecutive wins Oldest player: Alec Herd, aged 40 years 47 days vs. Crewe Alexandra, December 25, 1951 The Support With both Manchester United and Manchester City around 7 miles from Edgeley Park, Stockport County have always struggled for local support. Even during the 1998-99 season crowds averaged around 20,000 less than local rivals City, who were a division below County at the time. As the two Manchester clubs, the closest clubs to Edgeley Park, have rarely been in the same division as Stockport County, they have no traditional local rivals, instead having occasional adversaries from further afield. In the early 1990s two notable rivalries began, with matches against Burnley and Stoke City having added edge for supporters. In the late 1990s and early 2000s Stockport and Manchester City were often in the same division, although with different fortunes since 2002 this rivalry has also diminished somewhat. Burnley, Man City and Stoke are cited as Stockport County fans' biggest rivals. Although the club has had great misfortunes on the pitch from 2000-01 onwards, crowds have continued to be rather healthy. In fact, during the 2005-06 season home attendances (that is, given attendances minus away support) increased slightly on the season before, helped by a 10,006 crowd against Carlisle on the final day of that season. Away support increased in recent seasons, due to a combination of lower ticket prices, improved results and the close proximity of sides such as Bury, Rochdale & Macclesfield Town, with Stockport's away support outnumbering home supporters on a number of occasions. The 2006-07 season saw the club average the fourth highest average attendance in League Two, and was the highest average since the club's last season in the First Division. Vocally, the support from Stockport fans has often been cited by manager and players as inspirational & a boost to the team during play, and for the 2006-07 season led to squad number 12 being allocated to the 'Blue & White Army', the nickname for supporters. Stockport fans also have a wide variety of songs, being ranked 7th on FootballChants.org for number of individual chants.	Hatmaking
In which month is United Nations day?	Success Defined – STOCKPORT COUNTY SUPPORTERS’ CO-OPERATIVE – #STRONGERTOGETHER You are here: Home / Success Defined Success Defined IT’S A JOURNEY… Football. It’s different nowadays, isn’t it. An entire generation has now grown up following their team without directly interacting with them. To us at County this is an alien concept. When the nation’s televisions are turned on, we feel turned off. While glory is thin on the ground here, there’s a tangible realism which cannot be felt from an armchair. …AND IT’S YOUR JOURNEY Did you like football better when watching your team live meant pulling on a big coat and a squeezing through a turnstile? Or maybe you’re too young to remember the game pre-Sky TV but you don’t fancy following the crowd? Whoever you are, you’re welcome here and this is your bluffer’s guide to a real football club – not that you’re the sort to need one. Geography County have been around since 1883. Pretty much all of that time has been spent situated less than 10 miles from one of the most successful clubs in the world, Manchester United, and less than seven miles from one of the richest clubs in the world, Manchester City. Most people in Stockport understandably favour the more illustrious duo, but the fact Stockport County still exists proves that somewhere around here some people appreciate being genuinely part of something ‘different’. When County score a goal, we leave our seats because that’s what we’ve always done. We don’t reach for our expensive camera to capture the moment, nor do we look for the nearest television camera to show off to. We are defined by 130 years of fighting against adversity and the fact we are still here is a triumph to compare with many a famous trophy. Success always attracts the majority, but we define it differently. Nickname County’s nickname is ‘The Hatters’. Luton Town’s nickname is also ‘The Hatters’. One or two County fans actually care that both towns made completely different styles of hat – but 99.99% of us don’t. Mostly we just refer to our team as County. Workers in the hat trade in Stockport were far more likely to go mad than those from Luton. This is also true of the fans. Not in a ‘hey, we’re absolutely bonkers we are’ way, just ‘mad’. Pre-match Entertainment You don’t need to get your football in north London to experience the Emirates! Edgeley Park (County’s ground) lies on the flight path of Manchester Airport. Watch in awe as the A380 double-decker (somehow) lumbers its way over the Main Stand on its way from Dubai. How does it stay up in the air? If anyone should know, County fans should. But we don’t. Manager We had a really good piece written about the manager and we’re a bit cross that we can no longer publish it. Colours We alternate between blue and white striped shirts, blue shirts, white shirts, and even the Argentina kit. Changing shirts is our tradition, and also helps keep sales up in the club shop as last season’s shirt can never be passed off as the current issue. Marketing genius. The added bonus is that when you head off on your summer holidays, people will take time out from looking at the bare chests of the beach to staring at the badge on yours because the vague blue and whiteness won’t be enough to identify your team. This is neither a good nor a bad thing. But it is a thing. Record Breakers Which team holds the Football League record for consecutive wins without conceding a goal? Which team holds the Football League record for the biggest home win? Find out more about our heritage and our other, less impressive Football League record (which we don’t talk about) on our Wikipedia page . Mascot Vernon Bear is our mascot. Vernon disappeared for a few years after an altercation with a child-frightener of a mascot called Harry the Hatter. Harry vanished as quickly as he came but Vernon remained elusive. In the interim period, County fans were entertained by dull double act Animo and Fide – supposedly the product of Vernon’s endeavours one beer-soaked night in Cobden’s (i.e. They could have been anybody’s). Eventually, Vernon finished serving his ‘holiday’ and returned in 2012 to take up his rightful place as our mascot. For the most part his antics amuse people of all ages, but he’s still a bit edgy in public after his confinement, so show him some respect and there’ll be no trouble, right. When do County fans get excited? Our expectations are lower than a David Bowie album (yes, the one called Low) and we’re rarely disappointed. This is the beauty of following County. We are fans of simple pleasures. We know the finesse and grace which is replayed on television is going to visit us only fleetingly, so the blood and thunder of a crunching tackle is what gets us off (our seats). Our players earn less than you probably do and while it might show at times in their first touch, they more than make up for it with good, old-fashioned spirit. Songs As recently as March 2013, some younger fans were found to be copying the songs of other teams. To those who cling stubbornly to our 1990s heyday, this simply wouldn’t do. Our songbook is as good as any, so in true 1984 fashion the youngsters were taken to John Fitzpatrick’s yard and emerged four hours later reciting our spine-tingling anthem, The Scarf. They also learned the song sung to brighten many a 1980′s defeat, Arthur Brownlow, word for word, including the bit where you make a “bwbwbw” sound with your lips. This is how we pass down our unique songs – we let an old man with white hair (who we trust unquestioningly) take our youngsters in his yard and teach them the ‘old ways’. What could possibly go wrong? The Anthem County’s anthem is ‘The Scarf’. We sing passionately and emotionally about our father being a County fan like his grandfather before. In all likelihood neither of them were County fans at all, so we sing it on behalf of future generations because we will make sure that they are blessed with the love of a proper football club by passing the scarf on to them. You like tradition don’t you? This is tradition. And this is why you will join the Co-op . Who are our fans? Hemmed in on almost all sides by Mancunian footballing prosperity, we maintain a fierce pride based on whatever we can muster. Like any club, we say that we have the best fans in the world, but really we’re just like every other club. We have the best fans in the world.	i don't know
With virtually the same tonnage and outline, in World War II, what was the sister ship of the Bismark?	Types of Naval Ships / Useful Notes - TV Tropes Because a battleship and a destroyer are not the same thing. NATO has a variety of different codes it uses to designate ship types (not the same as ship classes), so we'll use them. If you want to know how things got this way, see the History of Naval Warfare . To see the kinds of firepower used on the high seas, examine Naval Weapons . A couple of notes first. Navies Love Nuclear Power If an N is in the type designation, that means that the vessel is nuclear-powered. This is not the same as nuclear-capable, the latter meaning that it can carry nuclear weapons. Nuclear powered ships or submarines are very useful things for a navy to have. Simply put, they don't need to be refuelled during a sortie, have enough electricity to generate their own oxygen from seawater, and are only limited by the endurance of their crew and other supplies. This allows the vessel to go more or less anywhere in the ocean and if they're a submarine stay submerged for weeks if not months on end. The appearance of the first US nuclear submarine, USS Nautilus, made most techniques for anti-submarine warfare developed during the Second World War useless, since those relied on the submarine coming to surface to recharge its batteries. All submarines in the US Navy are nuclear powered, as are all currently-active carriers; USS Kitty Hawk was the last conventionally powered carrier in service with the USN, and was decommissioned on May 12, 2009. The crazy amount of energy generated by a carrier's two reactors (eight in the case of USS Enterprise) allow them to steam at full speed around the world indefinitely. USS Enterprise could out-accelerate all of her non-nuclear escorts despite her bulk thanks to her eight reactors. They're also very fast despite being among the largest ships in the world. There are a couple of drawbacks to using nuclear reactors for power. One of course, is the radioactivity, although this is actually far less of a problem than it was in the past.note In fact, you actually get less radiation exposure on a tour on a US submarine than you would on the shore, as cosmic rays are absorbed by water Nuclear-powered vessels are also rather complicated and expensive to maintain, a problem which is only exacerbated over time through exposure to a corrosive environment. One major operational drawback of nuclear submarines is that although their range is functionally infinite, they cannot shut down their nuclear reactors without losing all systems entirely until they start the reactor up again, which may be impossible without towing the sub back to port (emergency batteries only last so long). So the reactor system, including cooling pumps and other machinery, runs all the time. This makes nuclear submarines much noisier than diesel-electrics, by the ultra-sensitive standards of modern submarine warfare. They are incapable of true "silent running".note With the advent of natural convection cooling this is no longer the case. Some modern US subs are quieter than the ocean's ambient noise. Which, paradoxically, can actually make them easier to detect as you just listen for the " hole in the water "... Which of course has its own problems in that the intervening noise of the water tends to cover the quiet of the submarine very nicely, unless you know exactly where to listen. "G" is for Guided Missile Most ship designations were created before the 1950's and 60's. Ships then were separated by size and role. Then, the guided missile was invented. The difference in range and combat power between a ship armed with conventional guns and one armed with guided missiles was such that navies around the world added "G"s into their designations so that they were still accurately divided. Therefore, a DDG is a destroyer with Guided Missiles. Likewise CG, CGN, FFG, SSG, SSGN, etc. Most vessels today have some form of guided missile on, usually anti-air, often anti-ship too. Anti-submarine missiles (i.e. launch a fair distance to drop a torpedo in the water) also exist, such as the American ASROC and Soviet/Russian "Silex", and the (now-retired) Australian Ikara and French Malafon. Some (e.g. Ikara) are flown under remote control to the vicinity of the target; others (Malafon, early ASROC) are pitched into the air on a ballistic trajectory. Anti-ship missiles come in three basic types: Sea skimmers, designed to fly very low, such as the US Harpoon and French Exocet. Generally subsonic and of a range under 100 nautical miles. Fly extremely high, then go into a very fast terminal dive, such as the Kh-22/AS-4 "Kitchen". Generally supersonic and with long-range. Fly at medium to high altitudes at extremely high speeds and dive down upon the target, such as the P-800 Oniks and PJ-10 Brahmos. Supersonic/hypersonic, with a pretty short range, but with tremendous destructive power. One more that could be the beginning of an entirely new type - the Chinese DF-21D, a ballistic missile capable of destroying ships. The future of this approach remains to be seen. Most destroyer and frigate level vessels carry four to eight anti-ship missiles in deck-mounted canisters (in Western navies, typically but not invariably Exocet or Harpoon). To actually get the "G" you must have an area defence SAM with a range of more than 10 nautical miles, i.e the capability to defend other vessels. Older frigates and destroyers like the Spruance-class destroyers and Leander-class frigates, never got a G. However, this system is at times inconsistent, with the SSGN designation going to submarines whose only air defence is likely to be a couple of dudes with hand-held SAMs standing on the conning tower or just the crew taking pot shots with rifles (or, y'know, going under the water). In the context of submarines and only submarines, the G indicates surface-to-surface guided missiles like the US Tomahawk. Flagships In naval parlance, a "flagship" is the lead ship of a group of vessels. It is so called as it is the ship used by the commanding officer of a particular group of vessels, traditionally flying a distinctive flag. It's a temporary designation- a "flag officer" ( usually an admiral ) can move his or her flag as he or she sees fit. Flag officers usually choose larger ships so that there's room aboard for him/herself and the accompanying staff, which can be considerable. Some ships may have a separate flag bridge. The regular captain still runs his or her vessel and does not have to take orders from the Admiral regarding their own ship. For example, the Admiral can tell the captain where to go, but the Captain will decide how he gets there. This will often have extra communications and data-handling facilities in order for the admiral to be able to manage the battle adequately. Depending on the class and size (and sometimes the age) of ship, these may be integral or added on afterwards at the expense of something else (e.g. some of the guns, in ex WW-2 cruisers that no longer needed as many and/or which were being converted to missile armament). Tend to be carriers, cruisers or destroyers, but specialized command vessels exist too. As expected, the United States Navy is the most active user of these, having an entire (two-ship) class of vessels, the Blue Ridge class, to serve exclusively as command ships; the ships are currently assigned to the Sixth Fleet (based in Italy, as part of USEURCOM) and the Seventh Fleet (based in Japan, as part of USPACOM). Capital Ships The key vessels of any navy—the ones expected to do the majority of the fighting and the ones on whom victory or defeat hinges. Depending on the time period, these may be: 3rd Rate (74 Guns) or better Man O' War (80 to 100 guns was 2nd Rate, 100+ guns was 1st Rate) during the Age of Sail Battlecruisers and Battleships, between about 1860 and 1945 Aircraft Carriers, from about 1920 onward In smaller navies, Cruisers Now replaced by Destroyers; only three navies still operate vessels under a cruiser designation, though the distinction between the two types has blurred to the point of complete irrelevance (see size creep and designation issues below). In fact, the ships commonly called destroyers now are cruisers in all but name. In the case of the Royal Navy , these are their three (soon to be two) carriers, two LPD, one LPH and nine DDG. The US Navy's 10 nuclear carriers and numerous LHAs and LHDs would count here, and depending on how precisely you define a capital ship, its guided missile cruisers and destroyers. Size Creep Simply put, any given category of warship tends to increase in size and displacement over time. Take destroyers, for example: when the Spanish Destructor was launched in 1887, it had a hull 192 feet long and a beam 25 feet wide, displaced around 380 tons, and a complement of 60 men. Compare this to one of the United States' current Arleigh Burke class destroyers, the largest of which have a hull 509 feet long and a beam 66 feet wide, a displacement of around 10,000 tons, and a crew consisting of 23 officers and 300 enlisted men ( and women ). Similar figures can be seen with aircraft carriers and frigates, both of which have seen their displacements increase several times since their respective designs were first conceived. On the other hand, size of cruisers began to (temporarily) shrink shortly after World War II , as increasingly powerful anti-ship missiles were seen as rendering heavy armour and big guns obsolete. The result has been that there is no longer any actual difference between a destroyer and a cruiser. Indeed, the last cruisers commissioned by the US Navy were literally built on an identical hull to the destroyers built at the same time. The reason why modern warships are so much larger has a lot to do with the fact that they are designed to be more effective at multitasking. Whereas the 19th century Destructor was originally designed as a fleet escort for the specific purpose of destroying torpedo boats , a modern multirole destroyer of the Arleigh Burke class can attack all manner of surface, underwater, and aerial targets at the same time. Such a design philosophy is made possible by technological factors such as miniaturization and computer networks, both of which allow the integration of multiple weapons systems inside a single hull or for a smaller vessel to take on the functions of a larger one. Additionally, improvements in engine and hull design has lead to larger warships being built without the engineering limitations of their forebears. Designation issues Certain classes have been dubbed frigates when they're closer to destroyers or something like that, often for budgetary reasons or to sound less militaristic. Other reasons, as noted above, may have to do with advances in technology rendering one class of vessel obsolete while pushing new ones to the forefront. This happened in the 19th century with ships-of-the-line and frigates: although the former carried several times more guns than the latter, a combination of rifled guns firing explosive shells, steam power, and iron cladding allowed the construction of frigates more powerful and manoeuvrable than a ship-of-the-line. The British Invincible-class STOVL carriers were dubbed "through-deck cruisers" to get them through the Treasury and had a space-consuming Sea Dart SAM system built in, later removed (among other things, this enabled them to carry more aircraft). Soviet/Russian carriers were dubbed "aviation cruisers" by Moscow in order to bypass restrictions on aircraft carriers passing the Bosporus. Legal shenanigans aside, however, it was a close reflection of their actual armament. Soviet carriers were rather useless in Black Sea anyway ï¿½ it is entirely covered by the modern coast-based aircrafts, so they were only built there, as largest docks in USSR were in Ukraine. Their peculiar armament mix is mainly explained not by the need to transit the Straits, but by the then-current Soviet naval doctrinenote Which envisioned CVs mainly as AAW and ASW shields for the fleet groups centered around CGs and CGNs, thus requiring them to enter the fray together with the other cruisers. and political opposition within the Government, including party ideologues who stated that carriers are the weapons of aggression and thus come against the tenets of Marxism. Japan's new Hyūga class "helicopter destroyers" look suspiciously like helicopter carriers. Which can generally also operate V/STOL jets. Like the F-35B. Which Japan plans to buy. Japan's constitution prohibits an offensive military; aircraft carriers of any kind are almost always interpreted as being forbidden by this (given Japan's history with aircraft carriers, there is a reason for this). The JMSDF insists that it will only use the "destroyers" for helicopters, though no good explanation is given for why they need a long flight deck... These "helicopter destroyers" lack a ski-ramp, so any V/STOL jets would be severely limited in terms of fuel and armament (they could land pretty easily, though). Also, their aircraft elevators are placed in the center of the deck rather than at the edges, which makes moving aircraft around a little easier at the risk of getting the elevators stuck and leaving a hole in the deck. Long flight deck or not, they're going to be pretty useless for fixed-wing aircraft. A Phalanx CIWS turret has also been installed at the front of the flight deck, in a position that would impede the operation of fixed-wing aircraft. Also, while helicopters don't need much room to land and take off, anyone who's had to wrangle a helicopter onto a pitching destroyer's cramped helipad can tell you it's much easier when you have more room. The JMSDF has begun construction of a pair of even larger "helicopter destroyers", the Izumo-class. The new "destroyers" will be over 800 feet long and weigh in at over 27,000 tons, making them larger than many of Japan's World War II aircraft carriers. Unlike the Hyūga class, the CIWS mountings are all on sponsons off the sides of the flight deck, meaning there is no obstacle to the operation of fixed-wing aircraft. One of the elevators is also positioned on the deck edge, just aft of the island, instead of the middle of the flight deck. While the design still lacks a ski jump ramp, with a deck so long it would be very possible to operate V/STOL jets with reasonable efficiency anyway. There is also speculation that Japan intends to employ an anti-submarine version of the V-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft, which could also explain the need for such a gigantic ship instead of just building another pair of Hyūgas. Recent aggressive moves by Russia and China have made the Japanese... antsy. The US went without a class of "cruisers" under the old US naming scheme. This was changed when the US public and Congress began to perceive a "Cruiser Gap" vs. the USSR—that is, on paper, the USSR had many more cruisers than the US, as the only ships the US called cruisers were old "gun cruisers" (CA, CL) left over from WWII and the few nuclear-powered cruisers that it had (CGN). To eliminate the "gap", the US re-categorized its ships, with many ships from the Belknap and Leahy classes designated DLG, or destroyer leader, redesignated as CG, cruiser guided missile. Destroyer leaders that were deemed too small to designate as cruisers were instead redesignated as simply guided missile destroyers (DDG). At the same time, destroyer escorts (DE) were redesignated as frigates (FF), in keeping with the designation commonly used in other navies for small escort ships. Though this caused a bit of confusion at the time, because previously the US Navy had considered destroyer leader (DL or DLG, meaning a large destroyer intended as a flagship of a destroyer flotilla) to be a term interchangeable with frigate. One also has to deal with non-English speaking navies, especially the Soviet/Russian one, who use a different set of names. The US Zumwalt class "destroyers", currently under construction, could easily be re-designated as cruisers (in an absurd case of size creep, the Zumwalts are larger than every light cruiser the US Navy has ever built, and most of the heavy cruisers as well). It seems to be the reverse of the "Cruiser Gap" nonsense: buying a bunch of destroyers sounds less expensive than buying the same number of cruisers. So for the benefit of Congress in an era of reduced naval budgets, the Zumwalts are "destroyers". This proved to be relatively ineffective, Congress ended up cutting the production from 10 ships to just 3. The US Navy operates a wide variety of ships with spacious (sometimes full-length) flight decks and hangar decks, designed to operate a variety of aircraft to occasionally include V/STOL strike jets. That said, the US Navy has a fairly narrow definition of Aircraft Carrier (large, fast ships dedicated to the operation of aircraft, especially fixed-wing fighters and bombers), so these smaller assorted ships are designated Landing Helicopter Docks, Landing Platform Docks, and so on, often being dedicated to niche roles that carriers could do if there weren't smaller cheaper ships to fill the role. As the names imply, these ships often feature integrated boat bays, essentially hangars located below the water line, that allow the ship to easily load and unload personnel and equipment from the ship into amphibious vehicles or boats. When Marines snark about the US Navy being their own personal taxi service, these are the taxis they hitch the proverbial thumb out for. Pre-Steam Ship Types The majority of this article is devoted to the types of ships that are used today or were used within the last century. Some of these ships share names with, but are separate from, older ship types from the Age of Sail or earlier. Sometimes called "Men 'O War". Although they further break down into sub-types based on their particular rigging style, here is a list of warships that you might find when tall ships ruled the waves : Armed Merchantman: Before steam, big guns, and armor, almost any ship would do as a warship if it could either carry guns or carry lots of extra men. Although they generally couldn't stand up to purpose-built warships, they made a suitable substitute for defending against pirates, going pirating , and as a little extra firepower when you were short on real fighting ships. Once armor and big guns became important, these gradually went away as it takes a very different design for a ship to effectively mount modern weapons vice transport cargo efficiently. The concept made a brief comeback steam-era in the each of the World Wars; a key German strategy each time was attempting to choke off supplies from Britain, which as an island can only be supplied by sea. As a stopgap measure many merchant ships were given guns for self-defense, and at the same time Germany armed (and disguised) its own merchant ships in order to sneak up on unsuspecting British ships and sink them before they had a chance to call for help. Frigates: Smaller ships meant for long-range, independent cruising, scouting for a large fleet, commerce raiding, and one-on-one actions versus enemy frigates. A defining characteristic of frigates was that the most if not all of their armament was mounted on a single gun deck, whereas ships-of-the-line had multiple gun decks. Their lone-wolf nature leads many of the most exciting sailing stories to take place aboard these. Their role was eventually replaced by cruisers, and then submarines and aircraft. As a sidenote, the original United States Navy consisted of six frigates that were the terror of the seas for their quality construction and experienced crews. Of course, they never had to face the full brunt of the Royal Navy. Over time, frigates crew in size to be comparable in length (though rarely in height) to contemporary ships-of-the-line, with fewer guns but superior speed and manoeuvrability. The battlecruisers of their day, to an extent, but since armor didn't exist in ship design of the time it was firepower that they traded to for their speed. Ships-of-the-Line: Large sailing ships meant for one purpose: direct, close-range combat with the enemy fleet in the "line of battle". Slow and heavily armed, they were eventually replaced by Battleships, whose type name is a shortened version of the original phrase "line-of-battle ship". (Another modern inheritance of that phrase, used only to describe civilian ships now that the line of battle is itself obsolete, is the word "liner".) To maximize firepower, ships-of-the-line had two or even three decks of guns, though massive three-deckers proved to be rather impractical since maintaining stability required the third gun deck to be very close to the waterline and thus the gun ports had to be locked closed in all but the calmest seas. While the name battleship derived from "line-of-battle ship", their design lineage actually traces more to frigates, specifically the early ironclad "armoured frigates". Since the weight of iron armor made the multiple gun decks of ships-of-the-line impossible, it was frigates that became the first oceangoing armoured ships. Though the weight of the armor also made it difficult to achieve the speed that was the frigate's trademark, so armoured frigates could really be seen as something of a frigate/ship-of-the-line hybrid with armour plate stacked on top. Galleys: Warships that were mainly human-powered, with rows of "sweeps" (oars) that gave them superior maneuverability compared to sailing ships and bursts of speed for short distances, but not much long-range capability. They also had to be light enough for rowers, and so didn't usually carry heavy weapons, or if they did, they carried only a few, typically in a chase armament . The oldest type of warship, they continued to be used into the 1700s in a coastal defense role. Many were designed solely for boarding or ramming. The term "galleon" derives from galleys, even though it came to generically describe large sailing ships with no oars at all. So let's begin. Auxiliary Ships (AA) The backbone of any naval fleet. These carries extra supplies- food, fuel, ammo etc. They can also be used for intelligence or command stuff too. They will be found with small defence capabilities, but will need protection from other ships. Many of these ships are designed to be able to refuel, rearm, and resupply other ships at sea, in order to extend the time they can spend out of port. When the practice, called "Underway Replenishment," was invented in the 1920's and 30's, it was practically a secret weapon for the US, who had much less of a dependence on foreign ports and much longer endurance than everyone else. The weapon came to life in the Pacific by 1944, with the US being able to operate its fleet anywhere it chose for as long as it felt like. There are large numbers of sub-types. For example, the following is still not a complete list: AKV- Cargo ship and aircraft ferry. APB- self-propelled barracks ship. AD- Destroyer tender, carries supplies, repair parts, and support facilities for destroyers. Now obsolete, they were common back when destroyers were much smaller and had shorter endurance. AS- Submarine tender. Likewise. AGI- intelligence gathering vessels, basically spy ships disguised as trawlers . Having one of these hanging around your carrier group in a war is not a good idea, as they could guide in bombers and/or missiles. LCC- Command Ship. Originally meant for the commander of an amphibious assault (hence the LC for "landing craft"), as it was expected a naval commander would travel by carrier or battleship. The US Navy now uses these to command entire theaters. AG- Miscellaneous Auxiliary. Various support ships which perform their duties out at sea. In the US Navy, this has included many older battleships decommissioned due to obsolescence or treaty/financial reasons which were converted into training ships (often replacing the main batteries with Anti-Air guns) or testing ships (in this role, the USS Mississippi would be the first US battleship, and the only WWI era dreadnought, to launch guided missiles). IX- Unclassified Miscellaneous Vessels. A designation used by the US Navy for any ships in the inventory which just don't fit anywhere in the classification system, typically unique vessels or ships used for testing purposes. This has included various support ships, two freshwater aircraft carriers, and the sailing frigate USS Constitution. Examples; Chiwawa class oiler (AO)- five used by US in World War II . Two remain in private service today. Berlin class replenishment ship (Germany)- two built, two planned. Project 160 "Altay" class- old Soviet/Russian oilers, but still around. Sacremento class fast combat support ship (AOE) - four used by the US Navy until 2005, they were the first supply ships to be able to keep pace with a carrier battle group. To achieve superior speed to other auxiliaries, the steam turbines originally intended for the unbuild 5th and 6th Iowa class battleships were employed. Their successors, the Supply class AOEs, are powered by gas turbine (jet) engines for the same reason. US Henry J. Kaiser class AOs US Lewis and Clark class AKEs USS Jupiter (AC-3), a collier which entered service shortly before World War I. Most noteworthy for her inter-war refit to become USS Langley (CV-1), the United States Navy's first aircraft carrier. Aircraft Carriers (CV, CVL, CVE, CVA, CVAN, CVN) note CV: Aircraft Carrier CVL: Light Aircraft Carrier, CVE: Escort Aircraft Carrier, CVA: Attack Aircraft Carrier, CVAN: Nuclear Powered Attack Aircraft Carrier, CVN: Nuclear Powered Aircraft Carrier Nothing quite beats an aircraft carrier for a) coolness and b) power projection. If a hostile carrier shows up on your coast, you are in trouble - especially a US one, as their air groups are larger and more powerful than most nations' air forces. Only certain aircraft can take off or land on an aircraft carrier. Choppers and some fighters are fine (with modern aircraft, carrier-friendly models have to be designed to be carrier-friendly from the outset), but a B-52 is a no-no. This is because carriers are still small compared with air bases. Even carrier operations are fraught with problems. Taking off, you will either have to take off vertically, go up a "ski jump" ramp (most non-US carriers) or be catapulted off the end (the US approach). The last approach means that a pilot is exposed to very high acceleration and the plane has to be built for being pulled by its nose gear as well as pushed by its engines. The advantage of a full-length carrier, however is that you can launch and recover larger, heavier aircraft carrying more and/or heavier weapons. Note before the invention of jet aircraft this was not a problem; propeller-driven aircraft before the 1950s were light enough to achieve flying lift in the short space of a carrier's deck. (Early catapults did help, however, in launching fully-loaded aircraft, or when the aircraft were launched sideways off the hangar deck...) Landing, you have to find the carrier (not an easy proposition in the dark) and land on it (again, not easy considering factors like wind speed and the carrier's own movement). With an arrestor wire as in US carriers, this requires actually getting in the right place to snag the wire (with an arresting hook that your plane must have), which then slows you down very quickly indeed. The whole process has been described as a "controlled crash" and also "landing on a postage stamp" and "having sex during a car accident". Then try doing it damaged . Before the invention of aircraft that could land vertically, this was the only way to get a plane aboard a ship at sea, aside from landing on the water and being hoisted aboard, something that not all aircraft were good at. A notable exception to the "no large bombers" trend occured during the 1942 Doolittle Raid. A bunch of B-25 medium bombers were launched from an aircraft carrier to bomb Tokyo . A B-25 is of course much, much smaller than a B-52, but they were certainly never meant to take off from a carrier, and had to be significantly stripped down to be light enough to take off in the required space. The pilots also took off knowing, at best, this would be a one-way trip to China: the planes certainly couldn't land on a carrier. for one, and even a C-130 Hercules...! In addition to the various weight and space limitations of landing and launching from a carrier, there is the problem of corrosion. The ocean is of course made of salt water, which has very nasty corrosive effects on iron and steel (ever wonder why sailors spend so much time swabbing the decks and repainting the ship?). Maritime aircraft often have to be specially designed and equipped to be particularly corrosion resistant, an issue that land-based aircraft need not worry about. Carriers don't carry much in the way of their own personal weaponry, however. They need other ships to protect them from attack, and also rely on their own aircraft. Their decks are generally reinforced to allow them to eat the occasional missile if absolutely needed, but a carrier generally shouldn't be in range of any surface ships, and most of their sparse weapons are dedicated to anti-aircraft roles. Exceptions include: Carriers that fly the Russian ensign, which in a blatant but generally accepted attempt to get around the aforementioned rule forbidding carriers from going through the Bosporus have formidable armament in their own right. British Invincible-class carriers bore an integral Sea Dart SAM system for most of their careers (which was in fact included in the design specifically so the Royal Navy could get away with claiming they weren't really carriers, as Parliament wasn't authorizing carriers at the time) until it was removed to make way for more fighters, and some US carriers in their early days carried the same long-range Terrier missile system as their cruiser escorts. The US LHAs were also originally designed with multiple 5" gun mounts so that they could be their own naval surface fire support platforms (freeing up an escort for other duties), but they were later removed when doctrine no longer called for the ships to come close enough to shore for them to be practical (on account of the LCU boats being replaced by the much faster and longer-ranged LCAC hovercraft). Some earlier aircraft carriers carried various types of large guns to fight other surface ships, before experience demonstrated that it would be very rare for an enemy surface ship to get close enough to a carrier to trade shots (due to the carrier's speed and embarked airwing). HMS Furious, one of the very first aircraft carriers, was a conversion of a Battlecruiser during construction, and for a time still carried a single 18 inch gun in an aft turret (her flight deck only covered the forward third of the ship; the 18 inch gun was replaced with an aft landing deck, and eventually the ship was rebuilt with a flush flight deck running the length of the ship). The Lexington class aircraft carriers, built before WWII (again, on converted Battlecruiser hulls, like many early carriers were), carried a battery of 8 inch guns in turrets on their starboard side. When experience demonstrated that these were un-needed, they were removed to reduce weight and increase space for air operations. That said, the Lexingtons and most carriers of the era would carry a multitude of 5 inch "Dual Purpose" guns, which could theoretically engage any surface ships that got within a few miles of the carrier, but saw most of their use as radar-guided Anti-Air guns firing air-burst shells. There are two basic types of carriers: STOVL carriers- smaller carriers, usually carrying Harriers (so far, the only worthwhile STOVL fighter-bombers) or helicopters due to having a shorter length. A cheaper alternative, owned by a few nations such as Spain, Italy and Thailand. The US still has 9 of them; and they're building more, though in the case of the US these are amphibious assault craft for which carrying STOVL aircraft is a secondary role. Most non-US STOVL carriers use a "ski jump" ramp allowing their aircraft to take off with larger payloads, a system that the US Navy stubbornly refuses to implement on its LHA and LHD type ships despite its proven superiority in STOVL aircraft operation. Full-length carriers- can carry larger aircraft, such as the F/A-18 and Su-33. Only six nations have one currently (US, Russia, France, Brazil, China, India), with one more (UK) due to join that club in this decade. Or rather, re-join, with their largest ever naval vessels. And only one country has 10 of them - The US. Within this category there are two major variants. The original type (still used by the US, France and Brazil) is CATOBAR, which uses a steam (or in the upcoming Gerald R. Ford class, electromagnetic) catapult to launch aircraft and arrestor wires to catch them by a tailhook when landing. The more recent variation is a hybrid of STOVL and CATOBAR called STOBAR (used by Russia, China and India, though the latter two plan to build CATOBAR carriers eventually, and will be used by the UK when their new carriers are completed), in which aircraft take off via a ski jump without catapult assistance, but land using arrestor wires. CATOBAR allows for higher takeoff weight and expends less fuel during takeoff, but STOBAR is simpler and cheaper, while still offering greater flexibility than STOVL carriers. If you are confused by the designation "CV" for carriers, you aren't alone. The explanation is found in the interesting but tangled history of international relations and naval bureaucracy: The first US Aircraft carriers were built in the 1920's. In 1923 the Great Powers of the world at the time got together and, trying to avoid a repeat of the kind of massive naval arms race that took place prior to WWI between Britain and Germany, created the Washington Naval Treaty. This document set limits on all sorts of ship types—though mainly battleships and cruisers—by how much they weighed in tons, this being a rough way of measuring their firepower and armor. Each country was allowed a certain tonnage of each class that they could build, and an overall tonnage limit. The results were predictable: everyone started looking for loopholes . In the case of the US, there were a whole bunch of Battlecruisers already under construction when the treaty limit hit. So what do do with a bunch of half-finished Battlecruiser hulls? Convert them into a ship class that wasn't limited as harshly by the treaty! In this case, the brand-new, experimental aircraft carrier. Now, when they did this, they ran into a problem: US Cruisers had the designation "CA" for "Cruiser, Armored" (maybe they liked the 2-letter designations). They wanted to call them "Cruiser, Aviation" but that would also leave you with "CA". So they decided to designate them "CV", for "Cruiser, aViation". Then that designation spread around the world once the US rose to dominate the naval scene following WWII. Official reasoning is rather different. "V" is the letter used to designate a USN/USMC squadron as being composed of fixed-wing heavier-than-air craft, essentially airplanes instead of blimps or balloons. There were, in WW1 and immediately after, plans for ships that carried or streamed one or the other for gunfire spotting. CV is "Carrier, heaVier than air". The "V" may also be from the French word for flight - vol. Suffice to say there's a wide array of possible origins for the V, and pinning just one down is difficult because the decision-making process was undertaken by men who are now dead, and didn't leave very good notes on why they did what they did. There are also various ships that look like aircraft carriers, and appear to function as them to various degrees, but get designated otherwise, often due to being designed specifically for a particular type of mission or lacking certain attributes seen as necessary for a dedicated carrier. Though sometimes political considerations may be the reason. Amphibious Assault Ships: Typically classified as various types of landing ships, these are too small to carry out full-out air operations (their deckspace usually dedicated to helicopters and a few V/STOL planes). They usually operate under the umbrella of a dedicated CV. "Helicopter Destroyers", "Through-Deck Cruisers", "Aviation Cruisers", etc. Reasons vary from differences in naval doctrine to political considerations. Oftentimes these ships may not have the proper equipment or deck/hangar space to fill the role of a CV to begin with (such as the Japanese Hyuga class helicopter destroyers). And sometimes you end up with weird cases such as USS Wolverine and USS Sable, possibly the only paddle-wheel freshwater aircraft carriers in naval history. Both ships were officially classified as Miscellaneous Auxiliaries rather than Aircraft Carriers, and used to train Naval Aviators in carrier operations on Lake Michigan during World War II , due to a critical shortage of CVs needed in combat. Neither ship possessed a hangar deck, and both ships were too small and slow to launch and recover planes in calm winds. As an aside, due to their design, with large hangar bays and open flight decks, it is not uncommon to see carriers serve as transports. One common wartime duty for carriers is transport land-based aircraft to distant bases, with the aircraft often partially disassembled or packed too tightly to carry out air operations. That said, there have been occasions where land-based aircraft were ferried near their new base, then launched from the carrier to complete their voyage. Many of the carriers built during World War II were converted into transports after the war. Examples: HMS Furious: The first operational aircraft carrier, which saw use with the Royal Navy during World War I. Converted from a Battlecruiser, and built before the concept of an aircraft carrier had been fully fleshed out, she originally had a hangar and flight deck forward of the superstructure, with a single 18 inch gun mounted aft. She launched the Tondern Raid, the first carrier raid in history, with seven Sopwith Camels attacking a German zeppelin base, destroying two airships and a balloon, for the loss of one plane. After the war, she was rebuilt with a full-length flush flight deck. USS Langley (CV-1): As mentioned above, the first American aircraft carrier, converted from the collier USS Jupiter. She was nicknamed "The Covered Wagon" due to her flight deck being built on top of much of the pre-existing and still exposed superstructure. USS Lexington (CV-2): The first purpose-built aircraft carrier in the US Navy note the first built, although her sister ship, Saratoga (CV-3), entered service a month earlier. Originally designed and laid down as a Battlecruiser, Lexington and her sister ship were redesigned during construction to be carriers in response to the London Naval Treaty. During the 1930s, Robert A. Heinlein was stationed aboard Lexington as a Communications Officer . In another US Navy first, Heinlein had his first rejection as a writer when he lost a shipboard writing contest. HMS Victorious (R38): An Illustrious-class carrier, she saw service in the Atlantic against the German battleships Bismark and Tirpitz, as well as service in the Pacific in the middle and later parts of the war. Of note is her service with the US Pacific Fleet during 1943, during a critical shortage of American flat-tops after the costly battles of 1942 which saw all of the Pacific Fleet's carriers but USS Saratoga put out of actionnote Lexington, Hornet, and Yorktown had been sunk, and Enterprise was badly damaged. Her radio callsign was "Robin", leading to an Urban Legend that she had been renamed USS Robin during this time. USS Long Island (CVE-1): The first Escort Carrier in the US Navy. These ships were built on merchant hulls and designed to be cheap and plentiful. From 1941 to 1945, the US would build over a hundred and twenty escort carriers of various designs. USS Enterprise (CVN-65): The first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. She is both the longest naval ship ever built, as well as the longest-continuously-serving ship in US Navy history, with 51 years of continuous naval service. USS Nimitz (CVN-68) and the other ships of her class: The largest warships in history—their air wings are larger than many nations' entire air forces. The successor to the Nimitz class is the Gerald R. Ford class and they are an evolution of the Nimitz design. In what has become something of a whimsical tradition, each new US carrier built is a few feet longer than the previous one, so that the US Navy (and Newport News Shipbuilding) can always claim they are working on the largest warship ever built. Battleships (BB) The Big Boys. First of all, to forestall any confusion generated by poor use of terminology ("battleship" is often incorrectly used as a synonym for "warship"), there are no battleships on active duty in any navy today, after the U.S. Navy retired the Iowa-class in 2005. Until World War Two, these were the largest, most powerful warships in use. They carried the biggest guns, ranging from 9 inches (technically, 240 millimeters) to 18 inches (again, technically, 460 millimeters, or 18.1 inchesï¿½) in diameter and capable of throwing projectiles weighing a ton or more up to 35 miles, and carrying thick armor plate. During WWII, these were rendered obsolete by aircraft and submarine weapons, and later by guided missiles. Interestingly, apart the submarines, those weapons themselves are nowadays obsolete and modern shipboard radar and computer guided anti-aircraft weaponry is very effective, which is the main reason why the U.S. kept the four Iowa-class battleships in active service until the 21st century. They last fired their 16 inch (406 mm) guns in anger in Operation Desert Storm in 1991. At the time of their retirement they were equipped also with long range Tomahawk missiles. They are, it must be said, far, far better-looking and more characterful than the efficient but soulless aircraft carriers—which perhaps explains their enduring appeal to enthusiasts. Or perhaps it's just more visceral. When one looks at an aircraft carrier, one sees little more than a giant flat top: the ship itself is not imposing, and indeed it is the smaller planes that it launches that do all the work, with the ship itself perhaps not even within visual range. On the other hand, there's no mistaking the silhouette of the battleship and what that silhouette means: many, many, MANY BFGs, and if you're close enough to tell they're pointed at you, then You Are Already Dead . Aside from actual ship-to-ship combat, battleships were very effective at providing fire support for amphibious operations and destroying shore positions; in WWII, U.S. battleships fought more Japanese coastal forts than Japanese ships. A seaborne artillery barrage is also more frightening than aerial assault, as it cannot be predicted by any means, adding the psychological effect. The term is a contraction from the earlier "line-of-battle ship", meaning the ships heavy and powerful enough to serve in the line of battle during the era of Wooden Ships and Iron Men . At the time, "line-of-battle ship" was more commonly abbreviated as "ship of the line". Historically, battleships are generally divided into two types: pre-Dreadnought battleships and Dreadnoughts.note Various further subdivisions such as Superdreadnoughts , Pocket Battleships , and Fast Battleships notwithstanding. This division is caused by the huge difference in design doctrine and employed technology between the two types, with the British HMS Dreadnought combining several new design concepts and technological advances into a single design that rendered every previous battleship obsolete in one fell swoop, including all of the Royal Navy's preexisting battleships. Examples: USS Texas, the first battleship to serve in the U.S. Navy, entering service in 1892. Though revolutionary for the American navy, she was not actually the first battleship in the Americas, being built in response to the Brazilian Navy's purchase of the Riachuelo, which was believed capable of laying waste to the entire U.S. Navy in open combat . The Texas and her quasi-sister ship the Mainenote designed on a similar pattern, but switching out the two BFGs for four smaller guns to fill the role of an Armored Cruiser were both designed around battleships then in vogue with the European navies, but both were considered obsolete before entering servicenote due largely to their turrets being mounted en echelon, rather than in line, causing numerous problems with firing the main battery. The Maine was lost in an ultimately unexplained explosionnote though it's a near certainty that the Maine was not sunk by a Spanish mine as was widely believed at the time in Havana Bay, and the Texas served in the Battle of Santiago De Cuba during the Spanish-American War , helping to destroy the Spanish Atlantic Fleet as they tried to make a run for the sea. The Mikasa, flagship of Tōgō Heihachirō during the Russo-Japanese War , mounted a mixed battery of guns, including four 12 inch guns in two turrets , and a mix of 3 inch and 6 inch guns in broadside arrangements. She is most famous for leading the Japanese fleet at the Battle of Tsushima Strait, where the Russian Second Pacific Squadron was intercepted and mostly destroyed in their attempt to reinforce Vladivostok (their original goal was to reinforce Port Arthur, but the harbor fell before they could complete their voyage from the Baltic Sea on the other side of the world). The Mikasa was preserved as a museum ship in 1922, and has been permanently moored at Yokosuka ever since. It is now the only remaining pre-dreadnought battleship in the world. HMS Dreadnought (completed 1906, scrapped 1921) from the United Kingdom, which changed the design of all succeeding battleships. Battleship design up to that point had consisted typically of two turrets (one fore and one aft) for the four main guns, and slightly smaller turrets for slightly smaller secondary guns along the sides of the superstructure. This proved to be rather inefficient in that the secondary guns didn't really weigh enough less to justify their reduced power, and it also made aiming the guns more difficult. At the time the only way to effectively aim naval guns was to estimate the correct angle and then view the splash of the shells that missed to adjust for the next shot. Problem was, nobody could distinguish between the splashes of a 12-inch shell and a 10-inch shell at long range. Dreadnought dispensed with these problems by simply having only 12-inch guns, ten of them, a then-unprecedented amount of firepower . In fact, other nations (e.g. the United States) were working on the same concept at the same time, and she has been called "a ship whose time had come" (DK Brown, "Warrior to Dreadnought"). But being first has kudos, and going from laying of keel to a ship which could steam, if not quite yet fight, in a year and a day shocked the world, and is a capital-ship building record that has never been beaten. Japan very nearly beat Dreadnought by several months with Satsuma, but couldn't afford enough high-quality guns to outfit every turret. Only being able to manage four 12-inch guns, the remaining turrets were fitted with 12 10-inch guns. Had Japan settled for 10-inch guns in all turrets, the term for battleships with a single-caliber main armament might've ended up being "Satsumas", which would provide a rather different image ... The USS South Carolina was designed before the Dreadnought and the Satsuma, and had a far more efficient gun layout, being the first battleship to have all of its turrets mounted on the centerline and the first to use superfiring turrets (that is, one turret mounted to fire directly above another). This meant that despite being smaller than the Dreadnought, the South Carolina was just as well-armored and had the same 8-gun broadside. But construction was slow, and she wasn't even laid down until two weeks after the Dreadnought entered service. However, both the Satsuma and the South Carolina lacked the other, less famous innovation of the Dreadnought: the use of steam turbines instead of triple-expansion steam engines, which made it faster by about 3-4 knots. This was actually the more enduring innovation, as the concept of an all big gun armament couldn't be completely adhered to given that a battleship often had to defend itself against smaller ships. HMS Dreadnought herself ultimately was completed with a secondary armament of 27 3-inch guns to fend off the dreaded torpedo boats, and by the time of World War II battleships were invariably equipped with secondary guns designed primarily for anti-aircraft use. The Iowa-class (completed 1944, after various retirements and re-commissioning of the class, were finally retired "for good" 1998-1999) from the United States, probably the best overall design of battleships built. You can still see all four of the class as museum ships; USS Missouri is at Pearl Harbor (her home port during World War II , which ended on her deck), while USS New Jersey is in the Delaware River in Camden , New Jersey (right across from Philadelphia , where she was built). USS Iowa is on display in the Port of Los Angeles at San Pedro, and USS Wisconsin is part of the Nauticus Museum Complex in Norfolk Virgina. Following their 1980's refit, they also held the distinction of being some of the most heavily armed warships in history, with nine 16" guns, twelve 5" guns, 32 Tomahawk land attack missiles, 16 Harpoon anti-ship missiles, and four 20mm Phalanx CIWS guns. Ironically, while this made them ridiculously powerful surface combatants, the removal of all of the old machine guns pretty much made them irrelevant for air defense, which was one of their primary jobs in World War II. Not that those machine guns would have helped much against the aircraft the enemy would have been using in the 1980s, however. There were proposals for much more extensive refits that would also include anti-aircraft missiles and the Aegis combat system, or even replacing the rear turret with a flight deck for Harrier jets, but these were deemed too expensive. The Yamato-class from Japan (completed 1941/1942, sunk 1944/1945) were the largest battleships ever constructed, weighing in at over 65,000 tons and thus 20,000 tons larger than the Iowa-class. They were armed with nine enormous 18.1" guns, a secondary armament of twelve (later reduced to six) 6.1" guns,note the turrets that had been removed from the Mogami class "light" cruisers when they were converted to heavy cruisers a tertiary armament of twelve (later increased to twenty-four) 5" guns, and eventually one hundred sixty-two 25mm anti-aircraft cannons. They also had an excellent armor scheme with the thickest belt armor and thickest turret faces of any battleship ever built - although they had a serious defect in the way their torpedo protection was designed and Japanese armor was not the best quality. In practice, though, they epitomized Awesome, but Impractical and accomplished little other than soaking up large numbers of bombs and torpedoes before sinking. The second ship of the class, Musashi, was sunk without ever firing a shot against an enemy warship.note Although she did shoot down a few aircraft with special "San-shiki" shells , which anti-aircraft shells designed to be fired from the main gun of a battleship. Yamato had slightly more luck, contributing to the sinking of two destroyers and one escort carrier in the Battle off Samar , but still ended up retreating when her commander lost his nerve due to the dogged fighting of the enemy fleet-even though Yamato herself outweighed all of the enemy ships combined. The lead ship of the class is the star of Space Battleship Yamato , in which it's salvaged and converted into a spaceship . Its war record in this form is far superior to what it achieved in real life. Battleships can be incredibly durable, being able to take literally dozens of shell, bomb and torpedo hits before succumbing. The reason is that they are designed to fight opponents similar than themselves, and some of their speed margin is sacrificed for protection. Cruisers (CA, CB, CL, CG, CGN, CBGN) Cruisers were originally used for independent action, of a long-range nature, which was the original use of the term, as it was more a role. Today, cruisers are the largest types of ships below a carrier and the heaviest ships designed for surface-to-surface warfare. The first cruisers appeared in the 1870's and quickly diversified into a baffling profusion of types, ranging from small scout cruisers to huge armoured cruisers which were as big as (pre-Dreadnought) battleships. By the time of WWI, the main types were the "armoured cruiser,"note so named because they had an armoured "belt" along the sides to protect their vitals against direct fire from shells and torpedoes, as well as deck armour to protect against shells plunging from above. In other words, the same armour scheme used on battleships, and the generally smaller but faster "protected cruisers."note These dispensed with the belt armour and were protected solely by the armoured deck, meaning that straight-on hits would penetrate with ease; prior to the advent of steam turbines this was seen as the only way to make a decently-armed cruiser that was still fast enough to be an effective scout. By WWI, most navies were already beginning to replace the protected cruiser with the "light armoured cruiser" (soon shortened to just "light cruiser"), which is exactly what it sounds like . Less commonly, there were also "unprotected cruisers" with no armour whatsoever , which amounted to really big destroyers with cruiser-sized guns. After the WWI, treaty restrictions divided cruisers between "light" and "heavy" types, with the late-war HMS Hawkins being the template for treaty definitions of the latter type. The designations were not based on size, but on armament. While from a design standpoint there were substantial differences between a pre-war armoured cruiser and a post-war heavy cruiser, and even moreso between a protected cruiser and a light cruiser,note Essentially the post-war cruisers were something akin to mini-Dreadnoughts with appropriately scaled down guns and armor, rather than continuations of the pre-war designs. they generally served similar roles. Heavy cruisers (CA; the designation deriving from the earlier "armoured cruiser", from a time when not all cruisers were armored) had a main armament of 8 inch (203 mm) guns or (on rare occasions- such as in the case of the unique Alaska class "large cruisers") larger, while light cruisers (CL) had smaller guns, almost always 6 to 6.1 inch (152 to 155 mm) main guns but sometimes in the 5.5 inch (140 mm) range. By treaty defintion, 8 inch guns were actually the maximum for a heavy cruiser, with guns larger than 6.1 inch automatically being considered "heavy." Heavy cruisers with guns smaller than 8 inch were either pre-treaty holdovers, ie the British Hawkins class with 7.5 inch (191 mm) guns, or ships from smaller navies that weren't bound by the Washington and London Naval Treaties.note Only the United Kingdom, United States, Japan, France and Italy, the five largest naval powers at the time on account of Germany's navy being dismantled post- WW1 , were signatories of the treaties. As a result, other navies could built any size of ship with any size of guns it pleased (with the exception of Germany prior to its repudiation of the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed its own limits that were in most respects even stricter than the Washington and London Treaties), so long as it actually had the shipbuilding capacity to do so. Notably, treaty nations were specifically forbidden from building any ship that exceeded treaty limits for sale to a non-treaty nation. This had the dual effect of making treaty limits de facto applicable to the vast majority of the world's navies (few nations actually had the shipbuilding capacity to produce major warships, and as a result smaller navies generally bought their ships from the shipyards of one of the major powers) as well as preventing treaty nations from building ships in excess of treaty limits and then seizing them for their own use at the last minute...the latter being the actual purpose of this restriction. Likewise, cruisers with guns larger than 8 inch were either post-treaty ships or built by non-treaty nations. Since the types were defined solely by gun size (and notably not by number of guns), the US, Britain and Japan all dodged treaty restrictions on the number of heavy cruisers by building "light" cruisers that carried so many smaller guns that they were every bit the equal of a heavy cruiser in firepower,note In terms of the tonnage of explosives they could deliver per minute, these "light" cruisers were actually superior to the equivalent heavy cruisers, as their guns were both more numerous and faster-firing. This was offset by the superior range and armor-piercing capability of a heavy cruiser's 8-inch guns. It wasn't until the advent of radar-directed fire control, allowing for accurate fire even at maximum rage, that 8-inch gun cruisers became decisively superior to their 6-inch counterparts. and had identical armor to their heavy cruiser counterparts. The US and Britain also produced specialized anti-aircraft cruisers (CLAA), with very large numbers of 4.7 inch (120 mm), 5 inch (127 mm) or 5.25 inch (133 mm) dual-purpose guns as their main armament. These ships were effectively giant destroyers but with (barely) cruiser-level armor, making them an early example of the eventual overlap of the cruiser and destroyer roles. To say nothing of overlap between cruiser and destroyer design, as the CLAA basically amounted to an oversized destroyer with a little bit of armor added. Gun armed cruisers slowly disappeared after WWII and today they are mainly armed with missiles and used as escorts for carriers, in the air defence role. The Aegis system, fitted on a number of types of cruisers and destroyers, is the USA's primary carrier protection system- an automated SAM system, for destroying anti-ship missiles. It allows for co-operative engagement- one ship can control the missiles of the others, and of other ships in the fleet whose missiles are compatible, reducing the number of radars that an anti-radar missile can home in on. Designed during the Cold War , it was not combat-proven until the Gulf War of 1991. Only three nations today, the US, Russia and Peru, have actual cruisers in operational service (France has a hybrid helicopter-carrier/cruiser it uses as a training ship in peacetime). These are all guided missile cruisers (CG), carrying anti-ship and/or land-attack missiles, except for Peru's Almirante Grau, which is primarily a gun cruiser and the last one in service in the world- the former Dutch vessel was laid down in 1939 and not commissioned until 1953 because of the Second World War . Examples: The best-known today and the most numerous is the US Ticonderoga class, a Guided Missile Cruiser. The original Aegis ships, they set the standards for modern air defense by which all other cruisers and destroyers are judged. Starting with the sixth ship, they are armed with a pair of 64-cell vertical launch tubes for their missiles (primarily from the "Standard" family of anti-aircraft missiles, but Tomahawk cruise missiles and VL-ASROC anti-submarine missiles can be mixed in as well). The first five had old-style twin-arm missile launchers that could only fire Standard-MR and ASROC, and as a result were retired early. They were built on a slightly modified version of the Spruance class destroyers' hull (side-by-side comparison here ◊ ), but with a completely new superstructure containing the Aegis system's SPY-1 phased-array radar (consisting of four distinctive flat-panel octagonal arrays, each covering one 90-degree angle around the ship) and its fire control system. One example, the USS Vincennes, infamously shot down an Iranian passenger jet during the Iranï¿½Iraq War , having mistaken it for Iranian Air Force fighter. The Russian Slava class. The lead vessel is now called Moskva (Moscow) and took some minor damage during the Russian-Georgian war of 2008. Notable for having its long-range anti-ship missiles mounted in very prominent above-deck launchers along the sides of its superstructure. This doesn't do its radar cross section any favors, but it certainly looks intimidating. The American Atlanta class, anti-aircraft light cruisers fielded during WW2 with a total of 16 5-inch guns. Capable of putting out prodigious amounts of anti-aircraft fire, although ineffective versus other, heavier warships. With one exception: the Atlanta class were the only American cruisers in World War II that still carried torpedoes, which proved useful in early night battles, before the wide-scale use of radar allowed cruisers to use their guns at maximum range even in poor visibility. The British "Town" class from World War II . One of these, HMS Belfast is a museum ship in London. Soviet Sverdlov class cruisers are the last conventional gun cruisers class in the world,note Almirante Grau being the updated prewar project just finished after the war, and belongs to the only two-ship class. of which Mikhail Kutuzov is now a museum ship in Novorossiysk. Despite being hopelessly obsolete in the Cold War era, they were a major part of fueling the above-mentioned "cruiser gap" nonsense. The Greek museum ship Georgios Averof, often mistaken (even in Greece) for a pre-dreadnought battleship, is actually the last remaining armored cruiser in the world. She was the Greek flagship in both World Wars, surviving because the crew disobeyed orders to scuttle her and instead fled to Alexandria when the Nazis overran Greece. There are things called or formerly "helicopter cruisers", "aviation cruisers" or "through-deck" cruisers which are basically other terms for aircraft carriers when you want to get them through the Dardanelles (an international treaty bans aircraft carriers, defining them as ships solely designed to launch aircraft- so the Soviets added a lot of missiles on) or your own country's Treasury. Although in some cases, a "helicopter cruiser" will be an actual cruiser, except with a very large helicopter hanger and flight deck. Examples are the French Jeanne d'Arc, the Italian Vittorio Veneto and the Soviet Moskva class. All such ships are no longer in service. Battlecruisers (CC, CBGN) A term for very large cruisers with battleship-like armament. The original term proposed for the first battlecruisers was "Dreadnought armoured cruiser" (the idea being that they would be to armoured cruisers what the Dreadnought was to battleships), but this was considered cumbersome (and turned out to be inaccurate, as battlecruisers were an even greater increase in both capability and expense compared to armoured cruisers than Dreadnought battleships were compared to pre-Dreadnoughts) so it was shortened to battlecruiser. The new name would contribute to the very unfortunate tendency to treat battlecruisers as if they were suitable stand-ins for true battleships. Only one type today gets labelled this, not entirely accurately - the Russian Project 1144 Orlan/"Kirov" (the original name of the first one) class.note The designation for the Kirov class is CBGN, which should technically be read as "Nuclear Powered, Guided-Missile, Large Cruiser. NATO borrows from US Navy designations, in which the Lexington-class battlecruisers were designated "CC" before being converted into carriers or scrapped, and Alaska-class cruisers were called "large cruisers" and designated "CB". The Soviet designation for the Kirov class was "Heavy Missile Cruiser" so CBGN is actually an accurate designation for these ships. The designation "BC" is sometimes also seen to refer to battlecruisers, but this has no historical basis. A nuclear-powered cruiser with a very impressive armament (only aircraft carriers have more, those being contained in their air wings), it is really just a very big cruiser. Then again, to some extent so were the original battlecruisers. Battlecruisers had a bit of a heyday leading up to World War One. As their name suggests, they were meant to be a combination of battleship and an armoured cruiser: as fast and armored as a cruiser, but carrying the guns of a battleship; in other words, the naval equivalent of the Glass Cannon . They were (as described at the time) meant to outgun what they couldn't outrun, and outrun what they couldn't outgun; at the time, battleships had top speeds in the 20-knot range, whereas cruisers and battlecruisers could reach 28 knots at the minimum. While good in theory, when it came to actual combat several problems rapidly appeared, primarily being that admirals tended to use them alongside their battleships due to their armament, they often didn't have enough armour to survive an encounter with their opposite numbers, which accounted for all of the capital ship losses for both sides at the Battle of Jutland. In response, designers began piling on better armour, resulting in a ship that was basically a battleship, whilst battleships simultaneously got faster and faster (the generally accepted minimum top speed of a battleship by World War II was 28 knots; anything slower than that was a pre-Treaty holdover). By the time World War II rolled around the two types had basically merged into the "fast battleship", and the last British battlecruiser design (cancelled by the Washington Treaty) only earned the name because the corresponding battleship intended to go with it was even more heavily armed and armoured. The size creep on battleships meant also the increase on battleship waterline lengths and hence increase on their hull speeds (the longer the waterline of the vessel, the greater its attainable hull speed): also, larger hulls enabled them to carry larger machinery inside. The idea continued to persist though, on virtually all sides. The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 limited the size and types of ship allowed in each navy; cruisers in particular were explicitly limited in size and armament, with a maximum of 8" guns and displacing 10,000 tons. Each side knew that if war broke out, they would need some type of ship to counter all these cruisers, and thus developed "cruiser killer" contingency designs for that event. Germany (under slightly different restrictions from the Treaty of Versailles, but with the same 10,000 ton limit) began building "Pocket Battleships," cruisers with 11" guns mounted and which displaced 12,000 tons, which they managed to pass of on paper as treaty-limited by claiming a 10,000 ton displacement . These really just heavy cruisers with unusually large guns, and were eventually redesignated as such by Germany. Japan conceptualized the B-65 cruiser. The United States, once the treaty expired, built and fielded the Alaska class, note Official guidance issued within the US Navy discouraged the use of the phrase "Battlecruiser" to refer to the Alaskas, though it's open to debate if this was over treaty concerns , differences in roles, or just the whims of leadership. which were largely to counter the Japanese B-65 design that never actually got built. And so on and so forth. But by this time, battleships had already become almost as fast as battlecruisers (in the case of the Iowa, just as fast), and carriers could reach and sink cruisers long before a battlecruiser could get within range. So, just like battleships, battlecruisers spent the war escorting aircraft carriers and performing shore bombardment. Unfortunately, the Second World War showed that improvements in battlecruiser armor weren't good enough - both HMS Hood and the Kirishima were battlecruisers with much-improved armor protection, but even that was not enough to save them when facing modern battleships in combat - the Bismarck and the USS Washington respectively. Of course, having such an incredibly awesome name , battlecruisers appear disproportionately often in fiction. They're rarely actually seaborne , though. Destroyers (DD, DDG, DDR, DL, DLG) The largest ship type in many navies today or the backbone of larger navies, destroyers are (usually) smaller than cruisers, but (usually) larger than frigates. Some navies, such as the UK's Royal Navy, call warships "destroyers" if they are mainly designed to defend against air attacks, and "frigates" if they are mainly designed to fight against other ships and hunt and kill submarines. Thus, the Royal Navy's Type 42 destroyers are actually smaller than their Type 22 frigates and the Type 45s may well be smaller than the next RN frigates. Other navies divide destroyers and frigates by size rather than role, so they may have both sub-hunting and air-defense destroyers. Destroyers were so named because they were originally "torpedo-boat destroyers", a class invented by the British in the late 1800's and early 1900's to protect battleships against small, fast, maneuverable torpedo boats. Especially with the advent of the all-big-gun "Dreadnought"-class battleships, the big ships' guns were too big, too long-ranged, and too slow-firing to adequately defend against small, fast-moving targets at close range, so destroyers were invented to fill that need. With those early destroyers, it was found that the simplest design for destroying torpedo boats was, essentially, a giant torpedo boat . Starting with WW1 , torpedo boats were eclipsed as a threat by submarines,note essentially torpedo boats that could hide underwater, and so during both world wars, destroyers mostly were used to hunt submarines, defend convoys, and (starting in WW2 ) provide radar and anti-aircraft coverage for larger ships.note Many aircraft, especially Torpedo Bombers, essentially being torpedo boats that could fly. It could be argued that the role of Destroyers never changed, the only question being what any given set of Destroyers was designed to destroy, be it torpedo boats, submarines, enemy aircraft, or, with modern destroyers, enemy ships, plus all the above categories. The advent of radar and guided missiles certainly gave modern ship designers much more flexibility and precision in how to apply their firepower. If you wanted to re-categorize ships, you could probably compress modern cruisers, destroyers, and frigates into one class called "escorts" and be done with it. Will generally have at least one helicopter on board for sub hunting, search and rescue, and general utility. Examples: The American Arleigh Burke class of destroyers use a similar Aegis system to the Ticonderoga class cruisers, and are practically small cruisers. Japan operates the very similar Kongou and Atago classes as their most powerful warship type. South Korea operates the King Sejong the Great class, a slightly enlarged version with 25% more missile capacity and other less significant improvements. All are mainly designed to provide air defense with guided missiles note though the Standard SM-2 antiaircraft missile has a secondary antiship role - a large 1000lb missile travelling at Mach 2 will still hurt a lightly armored naval vessel and absolutely demolish any sort of patrol, torpedo, or missile boat., although the American ships can also launch large numbers of Tomahawk land-attack cruise missiles. The Japanese versions could do so as well, except that Tomahawks (even the anti-ship version) are deemed to be prohibited "offensive" weapons and thus the JMSDF doesn't have any. The Korean ships instead use the domestically-designed Hyunmoo-3C cruise missiles (which are similar in capability but look like giant versions of the Harpoon antiship missile). Both can engage surface warships and do surface bombardment, as well. With 62 in service and at least 13 more in construction or planned (plus the Japanese and Korean derivatives for another 9 ships), the Arleigh Burkes are the most numerous destroyer class since the WW2 -era Fletchers. The American Zumwalt class of destroyers, currently under construction, will take the ultimate prize in size creep. They are 5000 tons heavier than the Ticonderoga class cruisers, the only cruisers left in US service, and will be armed with a pair of advanced 155mm (6.1-inch) guns, the largest (though only by one inch) to be mounted on any ship in decades (and, later on, the possibility of using railguns and lasers ). If the Washington and London Naval Treaties of the 20s and 30s were still in effect, it would have been a legal requirement to designate the Zumwalt class as cruisers, and if so designated would be either the 2nd or 3rd largest cruisers ever deployed by the US Navy (depending on whether the oddball Alaska class are considered cruisers or battlecruisers). They will also incorporate extensive stealth technology, rendering them perhaps the ugliest (or coolest, most futuristic looking) warships since the days of the first ironclads.note Some naval experts point out that when designing the Zumwalts, the designers threw out everything they knew about ship design...starting with "how to make a ship keep floating", as their design, slanted inwards ("tumblehome") above the waterline, is unstable and dangerous if the ship ever takes battle damage and starts to list. A normal ship gets more stable as it lists, due to increased surface area in the water. A ship with tumblehome? It rolls faster. This was deemed an acceptable tradeoff for improved stealth characteristics. As a result of all this, they are also incredibly expensive, and the US Navy's order for them was progressively cut down from 32 to two as cost overruns kept piling up; the Navy has since changed its mind, increasing its order again—to three ships. Ironically, the namesake of the class was an admiral who championed the idea of the Navy using a large number of smaller, less expensive ships. The proposed new Russian class is also in the 12-14 kt range, and with its 2×2 152 mm cannons would certainly outgun the Zumwalts. It also could be a first nuclear "destroyer" in the world, if the nuclear powerplant will be approved for it. The American Spruance class used to provide ASW for carrier battle groups. With 31 built, they were the largest destroyer class of the Cold War era. They were also the largest destroyers of that era in terms of tonnage, being similar in size to a pre- WW2 light cruiser. Their hull design was even reused for the Ticonderoga class cruisers. The air defense variant, the four-ship Kidd class, was designed for the fledgling Iranian navy (under the preliminary name of Kouroush class), but a year after construction started the Iranian Revolution happened and they instead became part of the US Navy.note Where sailors universally referred to them as the "Ayatollah" class. They tended to get deployed to the Middle East a lot, because one of the modifications made to the design was heavily improved air conditioning. They've since been transferred to Taiwan, being renamed yet again as the Kee Lung class. The American Fletcher class, built for World War II, and the most numerous class of destroyer built. (175 total for the US Navy) Many were sold to other countries, and the last one in service was decommissioned from the Mexican Navy in 2001. The Allen M. Sumner class (58 ships), Robert H. Smith class (12 ships, a minelaying subclass of the Sumner) and Gearing class (98 ships) destroyers were all closely related, with only slight changes in the hull design but a superior armament with much more efficient layout (replacing the Flechers' 5 5-inch guns in single turrets with 6 guns in twin turrets). Due to their improved layout and slightly larger hulls, some of these remained in US service into the late 1970s to early 1980s, with the torpedo tubes being replaced by an ASROC launcher and the rear turret with a hanger for an armed drone helicopter in the 1950s. The Russian Udaloy class destroyers are a good example of a destroyer mainly designed to hunt submarines. Roughly the Soviet equivalent of the Spruance class. While their The improved Udaloy II type was intended to combine the Udaloys' anti-submarine capability with the Sovremmeny class's anti-ship missiles, but only one was built before the collapse of the Soviet Union and the accompanying collapse in military funding . The Russian Sovremmeny class destroyers are a good example of a destroyer mainly designed to fight other ships (with long-range anti-ship missiles) and provide air defense. China also operates a few. Despite being very similar in size and introduced around the same time, they're not closely related in design to the Udaloy class and in an example of pointless inefficiency do not use the same hull design. Roughly equivalent to the Kidd class, but a lot more numerous. The Russian Kashin Mod class destroyers were used during the Cold War as "Tattletales", intended to closely follow US carrier battle groups and report back on their activities. In the event of war, they were to turn and run away, while firing backwards-facing missiles in a last-ditch attempt to sink the carrier. Everyone involved freely admitted that this was likely a futile suicide mission if war ever broke out. So, of course, just before the Cold War ended, one was sold to Poland to become the flagship of the Polish Navy. Renamed Warszawa, it was in service until 2003. The Russian Navy still operates one ship of this class, and the Indian Navy has five of the similar Rajput class (nicknamed "Kashin II" in the West), which have their missiles pointed forward. The British Type 42 or Sheffield class (all named after British towns) are designed to provide anti-aircraft missile protection for British aircraft carriers. They are fairly small for destroyers (at least by modern standards), and are also operated by Argentina. Amusingly, they fought on both sides of the Falklands War. The newest British destroyer class is the Type 45 or Daring class, also meant for air defence, with stealth features and a lot of weapons that it can carry, but will be left off unless needed.note "Fitted For But Not With" almost being a trope of its own when it comes to Royal Navy ships. Only the United States Coast Guard, whose ships are only intended for combat use at all in an extreme national emergency, uses the concept more extensively. A planned twelve examples will now be six. You may now castigate the Ministry of Defence. Perhaps one of the most defining of all Destroyer classes was the WWII Tribal Class. Originally designed as Light Cruisers but instead the designs were changed to create a class of Destroyers that serves the Royal and Commonwealth navies with great distinction in all naval theaters of World War II. Suffering heavy losses in the line of duty only 1 now remains, the HMCS Haida. The ancestors of the modern destroyer were the Japanese Fubuki class (also known as "Special Type destroyers, as they were such a huge leap in capability over what came before them), which were the best destroyers of the late 1920s and pretty much sent the destroyer along its evolutionary path to being the formidable, all-purpose vessel that is today. Very fast, well armed and packing a devastating set of torpedoes, the Fubukis did their job in WWII, even if they were starting to get old. The Akizuki class were the next major step, being twice the size of the Fubukis and nearly 50% larger even than their American contemporaries like the Fletcher classes, and despite predating the existence of missiles they were the first specialized anti-aircraft destroyers. Frigates (FF, FFG, DE) Frigates are generally smaller than destroyers (though the distinction is becoming less and less relevant as size creep sets in), and are almost always designed primarily to hunt submarines. Many of them lack guided missiles, even in fairly modern navies. "Frigates" in the modern sense is a term that only dates to the 1940s, when it was reintroduced by the Royal Navy for sub-hunting vessels. The original "Guided Missile Frigates" were later re-classified as cruisers, but the term stuck. Before that, the modern frigate role was called "Destroyer Escort (DE)", as in, a smaller ship that accompanies destroyers on missions to hunt down submarines, or forms the outer ring of defense for a convoy. If you've ever wondered why the (non-missile) frigates of the US Navy had such large hull numbers, it's because the numbering carried over from the destroyer escorts, which were redesignated as frigates (in line with what virtually ever other navy was already calling them by then) in 1975. In some navies, "destroyer" has come to refer solely to guided missile destroyers, and thus anti-submarine escorts will inherently be "frigates" regardless of size. A prominent example is Britain's Royal Navy. Frigates are usually the smallest type of warship able to carry helicopters. Not to be confused with the original use of the term "Frigate", which was a smaller warship from the Age of Sail; see above in "Pre-steam ship types" for a description of those. Examples: The American Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates, while designed mainly to hunt subs, do carry an impressive anti-aircraft missile system for their size (their anti-submarine weaponry is primarily their helicopters), and have been exported widely. They are used by, among others, Spain, Taiwan, Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Bahrain, Poland and Australia, with some of these navies using ex-US ships and others having had Perry class frigates built specifically for them back when the design was new. Some of those ships were built in their operating country to slightly modified design, others sold off after the US Navy decided they didn't need them any more. Ironically, the anti-aircraft missiles have now been removed from the US examples, due to the company making the missiles no longer offering tech support for them, and the newer versions of the missile being physically incompatible with the Perry class's older launchers. They're also notable in that, despite being designed with almost no room for upgrading, they had additional weapons and sensors stacked on them anyway and thus are somewhat topheavy. Spain and Taiwan saw this coming and their Santa Maria and Cheng Kung classes are slightly modified versions with a wider hull to compensate for added weight. British Type 23 or Duke (they are named after English dukes) class frigates are actually larger than Type 42 destroyers, designed mainly to hunt subs, and featured in the James Bond movie "Tomorrow Never Dies". They utilize the excellent "Sea Wolf" anti-aircraft missile for self-defense; while its range is far too short to be much use in protecting other ships, it's so accurate that it can even shoot a target as small as a 4.5" artillery shell out of the air. The French-designed Lafayette are "stealth frigates" with hulls and superstructure designed to minimize their radar cross-section. They are used by France, Singapore, and Taiwan. Russian project 11356 frigates, an evolution of the venerable proj. 1135 Krivak class, now fielded by India as Talwar class and by Russia itself as Admiral Grigorovich class. Based on a tried and true hull design, they feature an entirely new armament (including the supersonic Brahmos/Onyx ASM), sensor and electronic packages, and the redesigned, more stealthy superstructure, which makes them pretty formidable combatants. Another Russian frigate, a proj. 22350 Admiral Gorshkov, is intended to be the replacement of the Krivaks, and the latest in the gee-whiz category, with everything in the ship being state-of-the-art. Which, unfortunately, is responsible for the lead ship still not being commissioned despite standing virtually completed for a couple of years now, while all the kinks and delays in her machinery are being ironed out. At ~5 kt displacement the ship is essentially a small destroyer, and should become one of the most powerful frigates in the world when finally commissioned. However, after the delays first surfaced, the Russian Navy ordered six Grigoroviches as a stop-gap, so they might even outpace Gorshkov in the pipeline. Corvettes (FFL) Smaller versions of frigates, primarily designed for coastal duties- many are now close to frigate size though. Small, manoeuverable and generally lightly-armed. Often found in navies of countries bordering smaller seas. Some smaller navies bordering major oceans will use them for heavier duty however, and typically modify them accordingly. Examples: The new US Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) will be similar to a corvette; however, the U.S. Navy has stubbornly refused to use the "corvette" designation for any of its ships, even before a certain sports car came around. Even though given their 45 knot top speed is exceptionally fast for any type of warship, sharing the name of a sports car really would've been appropriate. In early 2015, the US Navy actually decided to re-designate these ships as frigates and plans to arm them heavily enough to qualify. It helps they're already close to the same size as the average frigate. The Swedish Visby "stealth corvettes". The Russian Project 1234 Ovod (Gadfly) Nanuchka class. The new Russian Stereguschiy class is unusual in that it manages to squeeze an integral helicopter (with a hangar etc., not just a helipad) in just 2.5 kilotons of displacement. And as usual with the Russian ships, it is armed heavier that the many frigatesnote 1x100 mm cannon, 2x14.5 mm heavy machineguns, 2x8-cell Redut SAM VLS, 1x8-cell UKSK universal VLS (capable of carrying the Brahmos/Onyx ASM, Klub series ASM/land attack/ASW missiles or Medvedka ASW missiles, 2x2x6x30 mm AK-630M Duet CIWS, and 2x450 light torpedo tubes) ï¿½ which led to the habitability of the crew suffering as a result. They miss the Saar 5 armament density, though, but only because they're more then a full kiloton heavier. The Israeli Sa'ar 5 class corvettes, like their Sa'ar 4.5 missile boats (see below) stretch the limit of how heavily armed a ship of their size can be. The carry 8 Harpoon anti-ship missiles, 64 Barak anti-aircraft missiles, a Phalanx CIWS, 6 anti-submarine torpedo tubes and a Panther anti-submarine helicopter. They used to also carry 8 smaller Gabriel anti-ship missiles, but these were removed due to the ships being (unsurprisingly) top-heavy. Even with that alteration, they still squeeze armament similar to a full-sized frigate into a package of only 1200 tons, and at 33 knots top speed they're faster than most full-sized frigates to boot. Landing Craft (LC) Landing craft are smaller ships of limited endurance designed to take troops from a ship and put them on the shore. They are generally deployed from transports or Amphibious Assault Ships (see below) and are not capable of independent operations. Most are simply boats with a shallow draft and a ramp in front for troops and (depending on the size) larger vehicles like trucks or tanks. Examples: The famous Higgins Boat was a wooden landing craft manufactured by the thousands for the US and its allies during WWII and afterwards. A vivid depiction of their use in combat can be found in Saving Private Ryan and numerous other works that depict that era. The US LCU (Landing Craft, Utility) The US LCAC (Landing Craft, Air Cushion) is a unique take on the concept, which replaced the LCU. It is a hovercraft which is capable of actually flying a few feet above the waves and can actually drive up on shore to provide vehicles with a more stable foundation for unloading. Their great advantage lies in the fact that they're essentially small aircraft: it's nearly impossible to run one aground, short of intentionally driving into large rocks, cliffs, trees, or structures. This means they can put amphibious forces ashore in places previously thought impossible to reach, summed up in the US amphibious community adage "No beach out of reach!" LCACs are also much faster than the average landing craft, with the trade-off of larger size (can't fit as many in an Amphib) and reduced carrying capacity relative to their size. Various amphibious armored vehicles can be used as landing craft if needed and conveniently double as ground transportation for troops once ashore. They have the advantage of being somewhat better armed and armored than most landing craft but the drawback of being very slow while "swimming" and requiring a particularly calm beach with a gentle slope to safely land on. Examples include the US AAV-7 and LAV-25, and the Russian BRDM and BTR series vehicles. Amphibious Assault Ships (LS, LH, LP) Amphibs or "Gators"note So named for the fact that most of them have a stern gate in the rear of the ship which opens to allow landing craft and amphibious vehicles to enter and exit as they are referred to in the US Navy, are a sort of cross between aircraft carriers and troop transports. They are designed to take large groups of ground troops and their equipment and transport them long distances, then deploy them to shore using landing craft or helicopters. Most Amphibs have a stern gate and "well deck" in the aft portion which they can flood, allowing landing craft to float in and out of the ship quickly. They also usually have a flight deck large enough to accommodate transport helos. Some, like US LHA's and LHD's, have flight decks and hangar bays which are large enough that they can transport their own helicopters and offensive aircraft. Like carriers, they usually have little defensive armament of their own and need to be protected. In navies without aircraft carriers, this is frequently the largest ship class around. In standard US practice, these ships do not operate alone, but instead are the lead ship of the landing force component of a larger fleet, often operating together (e.g.: an LHD, and LPD, and an LSD all together with the ground troops and aircraft distributed between them.) Examples: The US LHA and LHD class ships, for the larger variety. (designation: Landing ship, Helicopter, Assault and Landing ship, Helicopter, Dock). Originally the designation LHA meant that the ship used only helicopters to deploy troops to shore, and LHD denoted that the ship also had a well deck for launching and recovering landing craft. However, then the US Marine Corps complained loudly enough that the navy decided to put well decks in their LHAs anyway, so there is really no operational difference between the two. Both have a secondary role as VTOL aircraft carriers, though their standard aircraft load is much smaller (20-30 vs. 70-80) and is optimized for close air support of ground troops. During the Cold War, it was envisioned that they could be employed as an equivalent to World War II escort carriers (CVE) in the event of a major naval war. The US LPD and LSD classes, for the smaller variety. (designation: Landing ship, Platform, Dock and Landing Ship, Dock) The main difference between the two is that an LPD usually has a hangar bay for sheltering and maintaining helicopters, thereby making it a useful helicopter landing Platform. The US LST class ships, now retired in US service but still used by other navies, are basically giant, oceangoing landing craft; they can actually cross the high seas and then deposit large numbers of troops, tanks, artillery, and other vehicles directly onto shore. (designation: Landing Ship, Tank) Naval jokes hold that "LST" actually stands for "large slow target". Though this originated among LST crewmen during World War II , in fact LSTs had higher survival rates than most other ship types. The Spanish Juan Carlos I, a modified version of the American Wasp class LHD, but intended to be an aircraft carrier first and an amphibious assault ship second. The primary alterations from the American design are the incorporation of a "ski jump" on the flight deck and provision to convert the light vehicles bay into an expansion of the aircraft hanger as needed. A pair of additional ships of this design are under construction for Australia, as the Canberra class. The Italian Cavour. Like the Juan Carlos I, it's operated as a light aircraft carrier first and an amphibious ship (in this case, an LPH (Landing Platform Helicopter) second. It has a ski jump with an unusually shallow angle, which cut construction costs but also reduced the advantage of the ski jump. The French Mistral class LHDs, which are broadly similar to the American ones. However their flight deck and hanger are used exclusively for helicopters, as France does not use VTOL aircraft. Three were built for the French Navy and a further two of a modified design for Russia. The latter sale was cancelled after the ships were already complete in protest over the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and the ships ended up being sold to Egypt (who also went on to purchase the navalized helicopters that Russia had planned to use on the ships). The South Korean Dokdo class (similar to an LHD), one of the smallest amphibious assault ships. The Soviet Ivan Rogov class is a hybrid LPD/LST, and at 14,000 tons they're the largest ships capable of beaching themselves to offload vehicles. Like destroyers, the Japanese (Army in this case) pioneered the ship type with Shinshu Maru, way back in 1934. While initially simply an LSD similar to those of the US Navy, it was planned (but never carried out) to have aircraft carried within the superstructure and launched by a pair of catapults. There was no provision for the launched aircraft to land on the ship, meaning that unless floatplanes were used they would rely on the landing force to capture local airfields. Another Imperial Japanese Army ship, the Akitsu Maru commissioned in 1942, was the first LHA, having a full-length flight deck in addition to a well deck for landing craft. While no arrestor wires were included, preventing typical carrier aircraft from landing, Akitsu Maru carried VTOL autogyros, making it the world's first helicopter carrier. In practice it was used primarily as an aircraft ferry, since by the time it was completed Japan had been forced onto the defensive and was no longer conducting amphibious invasions. The autogyros were used for anti-submarine purposes, carrying depth charges. Minelayers Exactly What It Says on the Tin . A ship whose main function is to lay naval mines to sea. Especially popular by navies whose coast is shallow, has large archipelago or long coastline. Naval mines can be a real menace at close straits, harbours and shallow seas, and a single mine can sink a large ship. A minelayer is usually a good seagoing vessel with flush deck, with mine rails, shafts and/or scuttles attached. A passenger ferry or a ro-ro merchantman can easily converted in a minelayer by just bolting the mine rails on the car deck and embarking the mines inside, and then lowering the stern gate where the mines are to be laid. In the past, destroyer-minelayer hybrids were also used, but this would now be considered a waste of a destroyer. Examples: Finnish Navy Hämeenmaa class minelayers Minesweepers (MCM) Also Exactly What It Says on the Tin . Although, as the old navy joke goes, "Any ship can be a minesweeper... once ", these are ships expressly designed for locating and neutralizing naval mines and explosives. They are usually small, slow, and virtually defenseless. However, they are designed with nifty things like non-magnetic (wooden or fiberglass) hulls, maneuvering thrusters or pods which allow them to travel in any direction and turn on a dime, and diving facilities, which allow them to successfully get near and disarm mines without detonating them. Many modern minesweepers now have Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV's) to aid in locating and neutralizing mines from a safe distance. "MCM" stands for Mine CounterMeasures ship. US Avenger MCMs. German Seehund MCMs. A tactic used during World War I and World War II for making a path through a minefield when minesweepers were either unavailable or impractical (enemy fire would get them before they could clear the mines) were to take an older merchant vessel and fill it with wood, cork, cardboard, or other bouyant materials and then drive it through the minefield at full speed. This tactic was risky for the unlucky crew chosen to pilot the ship, as the whole point was to detonate as many mines as possible with their own ship. Even with the extra flotation and damage absorption, any ship will eventually be rendered non-seaworthy and sink given enough mine hits. Patrol Boats (PC) Also known as FAC (Fast Attack Craft) and FIAC (Fast Inshore Attack Craft), these are fairly small vessels, some not much larger than big speedboats, used for coastal operations (PC stands for Patrol ship, Coastal). You'd find these tackling smugglers or terrorists in a film. They're designed for speed and manoeuvrability, not range. They can, however, be used in large numbers to overwhelm larger ships; for example, the Iranians have been known to train to use such "swarm attacks", and the "Tamil Tigers", a Sri Lankan rebel group , successfully used them in combat. Expect to see very high casualty rates even in successful swarm attacks, though. Boats this small don't carry much (if any) armor; at most they're designed to withstand small arms fire. Examples: The US Cyclone class PCs. The Australian Armidale Class PCs. Gunboats (PG) A small but fast craft, armed either by a BFG or a light but extremely rapid-firing cannon . These boats are favoured by navies whose coastline allows fast hide-and-seek tactics, and they are extremely popular on riverine warfare. This type of warship gave the name for Gunboat Diplomacy . Largest Gunboats are classed as Corvettes, while smallest are classed as Patrol Boats. Examples: The USN Assault Support Patrol Boats (ASPB). Torpedo Boats (PT) Small boats armed with torpedoes. Mostly used in World War II , they're largely obsolete now due to anti-ship missiles. Which naturally led to missile boats (see below) being designed to replace them. During their heyday they filled a niche role somewhere between destroyers, aircraft and submarines. Like submarines, their heavy torpedoes gave them the ability to do serious damage to very large ships, even battleships—PT boats had more firepower per ton than any other vessel. Like destroyers, their small size, maneuverability, and high speed gave them the ability to defend a fleet adequately against close-range threats. Like aircraft, their relative cheapness meant they could be employed en masse. However, they also shared the disadvantages of the types and some unique to themselves: Their onboard supplies were even more limited than a submarine's or a destroyer's, limiting their range and staying power in a battle. They couldn't move as fast as aircraft and made easier targets for other ships and planes. The emphasis on speed and firepower left no room for armor. Eventually, their role became a compromise: they were used as the commandos and raiders of the naval world. Hit and run attacks, night attacks under smokescreen, infiltration and exfiltration of special forces, evacuation of VIPs from hostile areas, and scouting were all missions under their purview. Two particular incidents made them famous: A flotilla of 6 PT boats was used to evacuate General Douglas MacArthur and his family and staff from the Philippines during the opening days of WWII, successfully evading most of the Imperial Japanese Navy over 600 nautical miles of ocean and safely delivering the general to Australia. This act of daring earned every member of the squadron a silver star and its CO, Lieutenant Commander (later Vice Admiral) John D. Bulkeley the Medal of Honor. Regardless of what you think of MacArthur, this was an impressive feat of tactics and seamanship that also served as a morale booster and an endless source of Allied propaganda during the war. PT-109 became famous during and after World War II, despite being cut in half in a collision with the Japanese Fubuki-class destroyer Amagiri, mainly due to the fact that her commander at the time was John F. Kennedy . The story of his survival and how he saved what was left of his crew made him into a war hero and may have contributed to his election as president. They're also well known in Italy due the extensive use made by the Italian Navy (calling them MAS, Motobarca Armata SVAN, standing for 'armed motorboat SVAN' (SVAN was the original manufacturer)) in World War I , where they got their Crowning Moment of Awesome when a couple MAS torpedoed and sank the Austrian flagship after a random encounter. PT boats became obsolete after the war mainly because other vehicles and weapons became more effective at their jobs. Their role has been taken up by submarines and missile boats. However, the way they were used and small, easy-to-identify-with crew makes them excellent fodder for dramatic fiction, so they tend to show up more often than other ships like destroyers and cruisers which did more important but more boring work. One exception to their general obsolescence: Some countries, such as Iran, have begun to bring back the concept using semi-submersible boats, guided torpedoes, and swarm tactics as a counter to more expensive large ships. These would work best using surprise, waiting partially submerged for a larger ship to come by, then surfacing, firing their torpedoes, and running away. Missile Boats (PTM) Eggshells with hammers. The Missile Boats are the logical successor to Torpedo Boats, substituting the slow, short-ranged torpedoes of WWII for the fast, long-ranged missiles of today. They are subject to many of the same shortcomings as torpedo boats but in some cases the increased long-range striking power makes up for it. Like their predecessors, they typically pack a lot of firepower into a very small, fragile package. During The Cold War the Soviet Union particularly liked the idea of lots of small, fast ships that could engage in hit-and-run attacks on other vessels... or hit-and-sink attacks, as the Soviets considered them expendable and realized they would have to be employed in large groups to account for the fact they'll take many losses before they reach launch range. After all, as the boss said, Quantity has a quality all it's own. They armed them with surface-to-surface anti-ship missiles, usually the P-15/SS-N-2 "Styx". The US, which believed in fewer but more powerful and survivable large ships lagged behind in developing these until much later, when the dominant power of anti-ship missiles was more established. Some other countries (particularly Israel, after an Egyptian missile boat sank a destroyer of theirs in the Six Day War of 1967) took up the idea and the USSR exported the type. India put them to good use in its 1971 war with Pakistan. The US had some, but have now retired them as not cost-effective. The missile boats do have their drawbacks, though. Actual combat showings have suggested they are not effective in a modern environment, primarily due to their small size and large antiship missiles taking up a lot of space and displacement keeping them from mounting a meaningful defense against aircraft and helicopters (that is, unless you're Israeli and your missile boats literally start breaking records for armament per size). Due to their small size they are not very seaworthy, they have poor accommodation facilities, poor range and poor seagoing properties. They can easily be destroyed from air. And there are morale problems, especially if manned by conscripts: the sailors know they are expendable. However, they are on their own if the country deploying them has dense archipelago or broken coastline behind which to hide and where to strike. The Soviet/Russian Project 205 Tsunami/"Osa" class is a particularly good example. The NATO designation means "wasp" in Russian- a good name for small, annoying boats with a nasty sting. The Osa II class, in Finnish Navy the Tuima ("Fury") class, was generally hated by the Navy conscripts who had to serve onboard. They bore nicknames like Tuska ("Agony") class and Moskvich (after a poor quality Soviet car ). The working and living conditions onboard could at best be described as Spartan (by the deck crew) and at worst hellish (by the engine crew). The Norwegians have the Skjold class, which are both the fastest warships in the world (a whopping 60+ knots, the exact speed is classified) and the first operational stealth warships. They are designated as "corvettes" by Norway despite their being only slightly larger than an "Osa", on the premise that they're too seaworthy to be called mere "boats". The armament of 8 anti-ship missiles (in concealed launchers) and a 76mm gun are quite typical of a missile boat, though. These replaced the Hauk class, which were a rather more ordinary design. The US Navy had the Pegasus class. They were very fast hydrofoil missile boats with an impressively heavy armament for their size (8 Harpoon missiles, double the firepower of an "Osa", and a rapid-fire 76mm gun). At least 30 were planned, but only 6 were builtnote At the insistence of Congress; the Navy didn't want them (Admiral Zumwalt, the champion of the concept who had envisioned fielding over 100 of them, had retired as Chief of Naval Operations) and wanted to cut the order to two, but Congress said, "we bought 'em, you use 'em". One would think that transferring them to the Coast Guard, stripping the missiles and adding some smaller guns, and using them to chase down drug-runners would've been more logical. and they never really did anything before being retired. Being a good 15 knots faster than the already speedy "Osa" class and armed with longer-range missiles, they probably would've had much better chance of survival in combat. The Israeli standard missile boat, the Sa'ar 4.5 probably pushes the boundaries of what can be considered reasonable armament for missile boats. Each ship carries 8 Harpoon missiles, and between 16 and 32 Barak anti-aircraft missiles (or 6 Gabriel anti-ship missiles), and two gun turret positions that can each mount either a 3-inch gun, a 25mm autocannon or a Phalanx CIWS . And there used to be a version of these ships that included a helipad and hanger,note These were eventually sold to Mexico, who doesn't use the helicopter facilities. despite both versions weighing under 500 tons. This has the effect of making ships that are classified as "missile boats" almost as well armed as your average frigate. They make up for it by having as speed of "only" 34 knots, a bit faster than most frigates but mediocre for a missile boat. "Missile boat" is also another name for an SSBN, so be careful there. Rigid (Hull) Inflatable Boats (RIB, RHIB) Basically, small speedboats with a light rigid hull for structure and inflatable pontoons for buoyancy. Often mounted with a light to medium machine gun. Sort of parasite boats, many naval vessels carry a number of these for boarding operations, inport security, search and rescue, and other general purpose jobs. RIBs are the latest iteration of this kind of vessel; in the past, using different designs they have been known as Gigs, Barges, Cutters, Yachts, Runabouts, and simply Boats. Boghammar The maritime equivalent of a technical . An improvised fighting vessel, usually manufactured by attaching a machine gun, anti-aircraft cannon or recoilless rifle on a speedboat. Usually favoured by third world countries, irregulars, especially in chaotic or underdeveloped countries, and by pirates. The name derives from Swedish speedboat manufacturer Boghammar Marin AB, who manufactured the first armed speedboats for the Iranian Navy. Submarines Submarines are boats that can travel underwater, and fight there. Or, as the navy joke goes, they're boats for which the number of sinkings equals the number of surfacings. (Also, they are always "boats", never "ships", regardless of size. At least in US and British parlance.) Submarines are designed, basically, to be silent hunters. The earlier submarines were essentially submersibles, spending most of their time on the surface and diving only when attacking or attempting to escape. During their heyday in the first half of the 20th century, submarines were a constant source of Paranoia Fuel , due to their ability to attack without warning (on more than one occasion, capital ships were sunk in their home harbors by daring submarine commanders). During the Spanish Civil War , submarine warfare by unknown partiesnote The Italians, though nobody was willing to come out and say it as that would result in a war nobody wanted to fight. resulted in the Nyon Conference, where strict rules were established concerning submarines operating unescorted in the Mediterranean, with portions of the sea patrolled by British, French, Germans, and Italians to prevent submarine attacks note The Italians, for the aforementioned reasons, were largely left out of this deal, but were allowed to patrol their own waters and the Tyrrhenian Sea if they wished. The possibility of a submarine, armed with torpedoes, being in your area of operations, can tie up a couple of ships at least ( The Falklands War for example). However, modern submarines can also carry anti-ship and land-attack missiles. The deck guns of World War II are no longer present, as they increase underwater noise and are less powerful than modern torpedoes anyway. Any anti-air capacity is basically a hand-held SAM launcher carried in a waterproof box.note In theory there's nothing that would stop a submarine from being equipped with more substantial anti-aircraft armament, but in practice this would be pointless since if it's underwater (and in combat, it always would be) a submarine is unlikely to know if an aircraft is nearby. Submarines are sometimes found operating on their own, but any US carrier group brings a couple along for protection. There are four basic types. Diesel-Electric submarines (SS, SSK) These are your U-Boats of World War II , suitably updated with longer underwater endurance times, better sensors, homing torpedoes, and faster speeds. They run on diesel engines when on the surface and batteries (big ones) underneath. In some respects, they're more useful than nuclear-powered subs. Since they're smaller, they can operate better in shallow waters. They are also quieter, since they don't have a reactor running. Under the right conditions, they can be even more dangerous than a theoretically more powerful nuclear submarine, because of the lack of noise. However, they are slower, have shorter ranges and are generally not capable of spending weeks below periscope depth. If a moderate-to-large sized opposing surface or air force manages to ever find them, they have little-to-no chance of escape. The US, UK and France have stopped using these in a combat role. Russia and China retain a fair number, finding them useful for their more limited needs (neither navy often ventures far from their shores), while smaller submarine-using navies (not all that many can afford sub fleets) have no choice but to use these. Interestingly, Israel 's Dolphin class submarines, despite being diesel-electric, are theoretically capable of carrying nuclear-armed missiles and thus giving Israel a regional second-strike capability. Given Israel's fear that Iran will get nuclear weapons in the near future, it's fairly likely that the IDF is preparing for that possibility ( if it hasn't already thought of that and carried it out ...). A Pakistani diesel Submarine, PNS Hangor, made the first submarine kill of a surface ship since WWII in its country's unpleasantness with India in 1971. It is also one of only two successful attacks by submarines since 1945. You've probably heard of the other one. Sub-divided into patrol submarines and other coastal-defence based ones. The Australian Collins class, after a lot of teething problems and controversy, is now considered to be the best of these today. The Russian Kilo class is a good example of the Russian sort. Relatively small and very quiet, they find a notable export success, especially in Asia, and are now bought by the such disparate countries as India, China, and Vietnam. Their successor, Lada class, intended to compete with the new German designs, is, however, beset by a teething problems and isn't expected to enter service (except for a single experimental boat) for a few more years. Germany still produces quite a few good U-boats for a number of nations. The aforementioned Israeli Dolphin class were actually built in Germany, based on Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werke's (HDW) 209 class subs. The first two (Dolphin and Leviathan) were donated by Germany in general and HDW's parent company ThyssenKrupp in particular as compensation for, well, you know ...note ThyssenKrupp's predecessor company Krupp had some pretty notorious Nazi connections; its CEO of the time was Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, who made no secret of his Nazi sympathies. At the end of the war, he was convicted of crimes against humanity for using (usually Jewish) slave labor—even when the Nazi leadership thought that using German workers would be better (not on any kind of moral opposition to slavery, but on racist grounds: they didn't think Jews were capable of doing the work properly). An American banker persuaded someone to get Krupp out of prison early, and Krupp very quickly tried to establish himself as a philanthopist . Thyssen was relatively cleaner: Fritz Thyssen was more of a conservative Catholic German nationalist than a Nazi, and was sufficiently appalled by Nazi policies that he cut off his association with Hitler and the NSDAP in 1938. While he did fire all his Jewish employees when the Nazis asked him to, he was never particularly anti-Semitic; furthermore, he left for Switzerland as soon as the war started (he was opposed to the war on principle and on profit—in a classic subversion of War for Fun and Profit , he hated how the Nazis had commandeered his factories for war production). He ended up in a concentration camp by the end of the war. The Swedish Gotland class submarines are notable exceptions to the normal diesel-electric rule of limited submergence duration, being able to supposedly stay submerged for weeks, although their performance while relying on their Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) system is only 5 knots. The Collins and Gotland class both have an unusual "X" configuration tail planes (instead of the typical "+" configuration of two rudders and two dive planes, all four planes serve as both rudders and dive planes), which improves maneuverability and also makes it possible to "land" the submarine on the ocean floor without risking damage to the planes. Nuclear Attack Submarines (SSN) Faster than diesel-electric submarines (and even most surface ships!), Nuclear attack subs have two further advantages: First, they can stay at sea for longer at a time. By making their own oxygen from seawater and scrubbing the carbon dioxide from the air with filters, a nuclear attack submarine can stay at sea and submerged for months on end, until the foodstuffs on board run out. Second, unlike diesel-electric boats, they do not need to periodically surface to charge the battery by running the diesels (known as snorkelling-the sub literally sticks a snorkel out of the water to suck in air for the engines). This makes them much harder to detect by ships and aircraft. However, "fast-attack boats", as the US Navy terms them, are ruinously expensive to build and maintain, and only the US, Russia/USSR, Britain, France, China and India operate these boats. Brazil is developing some with French help. In wartime, the role of an SSN is twofold - to defend friendly ship from attacks by enemy submarines, and to find and sink enemy "Boomers" (see below). Due to their inherently stealthy nature, they are also frequently used for intelligence and covert operations. Delivery of special operations forces has become a major mission for nuclear subs since the end of the Cold War . During the Cold War (and presumably still today), attack subs from both sides would attempt to trail the opposition's missile submarines, ready to sink them if the need arose. The US Navy's fast-attack fleet is mainly composed of the Los Angeles Class, though some have been retired in favour of the newer Virginia class. The later ones of the former and all the latter have 12 vertical launch tubes for Tomahawk cruise missiles, but can carry them internally too. There are also three Seawolf class subs in the US inventory; these are said to be the fastest and most powerful attack submarines ever built. It was originally intended to build several dozen of these, but with the end of the Cold War it turned out they were "too powerful": there was no longer a massive Soviet sub threat, and the Virginia class is only marginally less capable (the most obvious difference is that the Virgina class have half as many torpedoes...which merely means reverting to the number carried by the Los Angeles class) and much less expensive (though in reality the Virginias turned out to be only slightly cheaper due to inflation). The Royal Navy's Trafalgar Class is said to have the most advanced sonar in the world. The older Swiftsure-class will soon be replaced by the Astute-class. The main Soviet/Russian fast-attack sub is the "Akula" class. Well, NATO call it the Akula (Shark). The Soviet navy gave that name to the missile submarines that NATO called the "Typhoon" class, calling this the Shchuka-B, as it was an improvement of the Shchuka, NATO name "Victor III" (even though the "Akula" class is a new hull design rather than just an incremental improvement of the "Victor III"). Confusing. The Soviet Union used to have the "Alfa" class (called the Lyra by the Russians, after the constellation). It was incredibly advanced for its time, featuring a welded Titanium hull, allowing to enormous dive depths, a lead-bismuth cooled reactor of immense power, and the degree of automation unprecedented to this day ï¿½ for all its novel features it was crewed by just thirty men. On the other hand it lacked in stealth (though it's difficult to be stealthy running 44 knots underwater , on cruise speeds it was no worse than the other Soviet subs of the time) and it was so expensive that only a small series was built.note The boat was dubbed "goldfish", as in "the fish of solid gold" by its crews. Frequently featured as a "bad" submarine in Tom Clancy works. Modern Russian Project 885 Yasen class is an answer to the US' Seawolf, and is similarly ruinously expensive ï¿½ in fact, even more expensive than their boomer counterparts, which are much larger ï¿½ and many analysts expect a Virginia-like "economy" class to surface after an initial series will be built, as the Akula class boats are getting old. Guided Missile Submarines (SSGN) During World War II , German U-Boats would attack allied convoys on the surface, in large formations known as "Wolf Packs", firing torpedoes and their deck guns to sink the vulnerable freighters. With the advent of guided missiles, a single SSGN-type submarine could now do this on its own, hiding below the water and launching volleys of cruise missiles at merchant vessels in convoy. Alternatively, they could lay off the enemy coast undetected and fire missiles at enemy airbases, railway bridges and other strategic structures. During the Cold War, this was a specialty of the Soviet Navy, who operated the "Echo", "Charlie", "Oscar I" and "Oscar II" classes, which would use some of them attempt to prevent the U.S. resupplying its armies in Europe during wartime or to attack carrier battle groups threatening the Soviet homeland. There were also diesel-powered versions, like the amusingly Western-named "Whiskey Long Bin" and the "Juliett". Since then, the US Navy has converted some of its fleet of Ohio Class missile submarines to SSGN configuration (using the early boats of the class which were incompatible with the newer Trident II missile), designed for conventional attacks on land or sea targets using numerous Tomahawk cruise missiles. This unfortunately does lead to the odd situation of having two classes of Ohio submarines in existence at the same time; the SSGNs and the rest of the SSBNs from the class they were converted from. Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBN) What people tend to mean when they talk about "nuclear submarines", although some of the early Soviet ones were diesel powered. These large submarines, known as "Boomers" (or "Bombers" in the Royal Navy) for obvious reasons, carry a complement of nuclear-tipped ballistic missiles, each missile usually carrying Multiple Independent Reentry Vehicles (MIRV), giving them the frightening ability to nuke several dozen targets in one go. They also carry torpedoes; these are usually - but not invariably - conventional-tipped, and mostly for self-defense. The purpose of the SSBN is simple - to hide until such time as it is ordered to launch its missiles. It is, after all, rather easier to hide a submarine at sea which can keep moving than a large, static installation on land. Silence is golden. In the event your country is nuked, they will be ready to launch retaliation later (the British have a procedure where a Prime Minister can order a launch from beyond the grave by use of pre-written letters in a safe on the vessel) Five nations operate Boomers - the US, Russia, Britain, France and China again - and the US and Russian/Soviet fleet have provided fertile ground for fiction, thanks to the dramatic potential inherent in a small, enclosed environment with the capacity for initiating worldwide destruction. The Red October was a fictional (enlarged) member of the Soviet Akula/"Typhoon" class. Six of these very distinctive looking and very large submarines (the biggest ever built) were built, with one remaining in Russian service as a test platform. USS Alabama, featured in Crimson Tide, is a real member of the US Ohio Class. The mainstay of the Soviet/Russian boomer fleet are the boats of the project 667BDR/BDRM, AKA Kalmar/Defin class, called Delta III/IV by NATO. Deltas III, the oldest of them, are in the process of replacement by... The project 955 Borey boats, designed to carry the problem-saddled Bulava SLBM, although by this time everything seems mostly settled. These are easily distinguished by the unusual reverse slope of their conning towers' face, and the virtual lack of the characteristic "hump" of the older Soviet boomers, because the solid-fueled Bulava is much more compact than their hydrazine fueled missiles. Monitors Taking their name from the first of the American ironclads, these were originally coast-defence ships, very small but with a powerful armament, for use in defence of naval bases and other strategic seaside positions in the event that something happened to the main fleet (or it had to be elsewhere). By the First World War, the term came to signify a coast-offence ship, tasked with shore bombardment and frequently armed with a single main-gun turret taken from an obsolete battleship or heavy cruiser. Although not specifically intended for ship-to-ship duels, two of them were responsible for the destruction of a German cruiser which was sheltering in shallow waters during the First World War, as they were the only ones which could make their way far enough up-river with a heavy enough armament. This class of ship is now redundant, although the concept still vaguely exists in the form of (abandoned) plans for an "arsenal ship", a platform specifically designed to carry one or two surface-bombardment guns and a VERY large number of (non-nuclear) cruise missiles for use against pinpoint land targets. Coastal defence ships A likewise nowadays redundant class, this type of ship was very popular amongst small countries' navies. More like mobile coastal artillery batteries than true bluewater ships, these ships usually were of size of a frigate but carried the armament of a heavy cruiser, providing more firepower than any other ship in shallow waters. Often called "armoured ships" (panserskepp, panssarilaiva etc). Nevertheless, they carried heavy punch and some of them stayed in service until 1960s. Alternative Title(s): Types Of Naval Ships :: Indexes ::	Tirpitz
What is the name of the grain or potato based Scandinavian spirit flavoured with Caraway seeds?	Types of Naval Ships / Useful Notes - TV Tropes Because a battleship and a destroyer are not the same thing. NATO has a variety of different codes it uses to designate ship types (not the same as ship classes), so we'll use them. If you want to know how things got this way, see the History of Naval Warfare . To see the kinds of firepower used on the high seas, examine Naval Weapons . A couple of notes first. Navies Love Nuclear Power If an N is in the type designation, that means that the vessel is nuclear-powered. This is not the same as nuclear-capable, the latter meaning that it can carry nuclear weapons. Nuclear powered ships or submarines are very useful things for a navy to have. Simply put, they don't need to be refuelled during a sortie, have enough electricity to generate their own oxygen from seawater, and are only limited by the endurance of their crew and other supplies. This allows the vessel to go more or less anywhere in the ocean and if they're a submarine stay submerged for weeks if not months on end. The appearance of the first US nuclear submarine, USS Nautilus, made most techniques for anti-submarine warfare developed during the Second World War useless, since those relied on the submarine coming to surface to recharge its batteries. All submarines in the US Navy are nuclear powered, as are all currently-active carriers; USS Kitty Hawk was the last conventionally powered carrier in service with the USN, and was decommissioned on May 12, 2009. The crazy amount of energy generated by a carrier's two reactors (eight in the case of USS Enterprise) allow them to steam at full speed around the world indefinitely. USS Enterprise could out-accelerate all of her non-nuclear escorts despite her bulk thanks to her eight reactors. They're also very fast despite being among the largest ships in the world. There are a couple of drawbacks to using nuclear reactors for power. One of course, is the radioactivity, although this is actually far less of a problem than it was in the past.note In fact, you actually get less radiation exposure on a tour on a US submarine than you would on the shore, as cosmic rays are absorbed by water Nuclear-powered vessels are also rather complicated and expensive to maintain, a problem which is only exacerbated over time through exposure to a corrosive environment. One major operational drawback of nuclear submarines is that although their range is functionally infinite, they cannot shut down their nuclear reactors without losing all systems entirely until they start the reactor up again, which may be impossible without towing the sub back to port (emergency batteries only last so long). So the reactor system, including cooling pumps and other machinery, runs all the time. This makes nuclear submarines much noisier than diesel-electrics, by the ultra-sensitive standards of modern submarine warfare. They are incapable of true "silent running".note With the advent of natural convection cooling this is no longer the case. Some modern US subs are quieter than the ocean's ambient noise. Which, paradoxically, can actually make them easier to detect as you just listen for the " hole in the water "... Which of course has its own problems in that the intervening noise of the water tends to cover the quiet of the submarine very nicely, unless you know exactly where to listen. "G" is for Guided Missile Most ship designations were created before the 1950's and 60's. Ships then were separated by size and role. Then, the guided missile was invented. The difference in range and combat power between a ship armed with conventional guns and one armed with guided missiles was such that navies around the world added "G"s into their designations so that they were still accurately divided. Therefore, a DDG is a destroyer with Guided Missiles. Likewise CG, CGN, FFG, SSG, SSGN, etc. Most vessels today have some form of guided missile on, usually anti-air, often anti-ship too. Anti-submarine missiles (i.e. launch a fair distance to drop a torpedo in the water) also exist, such as the American ASROC and Soviet/Russian "Silex", and the (now-retired) Australian Ikara and French Malafon. Some (e.g. Ikara) are flown under remote control to the vicinity of the target; others (Malafon, early ASROC) are pitched into the air on a ballistic trajectory. Anti-ship missiles come in three basic types: Sea skimmers, designed to fly very low, such as the US Harpoon and French Exocet. Generally subsonic and of a range under 100 nautical miles. Fly extremely high, then go into a very fast terminal dive, such as the Kh-22/AS-4 "Kitchen". Generally supersonic and with long-range. Fly at medium to high altitudes at extremely high speeds and dive down upon the target, such as the P-800 Oniks and PJ-10 Brahmos. Supersonic/hypersonic, with a pretty short range, but with tremendous destructive power. One more that could be the beginning of an entirely new type - the Chinese DF-21D, a ballistic missile capable of destroying ships. The future of this approach remains to be seen. Most destroyer and frigate level vessels carry four to eight anti-ship missiles in deck-mounted canisters (in Western navies, typically but not invariably Exocet or Harpoon). To actually get the "G" you must have an area defence SAM with a range of more than 10 nautical miles, i.e the capability to defend other vessels. Older frigates and destroyers like the Spruance-class destroyers and Leander-class frigates, never got a G. However, this system is at times inconsistent, with the SSGN designation going to submarines whose only air defence is likely to be a couple of dudes with hand-held SAMs standing on the conning tower or just the crew taking pot shots with rifles (or, y'know, going under the water). In the context of submarines and only submarines, the G indicates surface-to-surface guided missiles like the US Tomahawk. Flagships In naval parlance, a "flagship" is the lead ship of a group of vessels. It is so called as it is the ship used by the commanding officer of a particular group of vessels, traditionally flying a distinctive flag. It's a temporary designation- a "flag officer" ( usually an admiral ) can move his or her flag as he or she sees fit. Flag officers usually choose larger ships so that there's room aboard for him/herself and the accompanying staff, which can be considerable. Some ships may have a separate flag bridge. The regular captain still runs his or her vessel and does not have to take orders from the Admiral regarding their own ship. For example, the Admiral can tell the captain where to go, but the Captain will decide how he gets there. This will often have extra communications and data-handling facilities in order for the admiral to be able to manage the battle adequately. Depending on the class and size (and sometimes the age) of ship, these may be integral or added on afterwards at the expense of something else (e.g. some of the guns, in ex WW-2 cruisers that no longer needed as many and/or which were being converted to missile armament). Tend to be carriers, cruisers or destroyers, but specialized command vessels exist too. As expected, the United States Navy is the most active user of these, having an entire (two-ship) class of vessels, the Blue Ridge class, to serve exclusively as command ships; the ships are currently assigned to the Sixth Fleet (based in Italy, as part of USEURCOM) and the Seventh Fleet (based in Japan, as part of USPACOM). Capital Ships The key vessels of any navy—the ones expected to do the majority of the fighting and the ones on whom victory or defeat hinges. Depending on the time period, these may be: 3rd Rate (74 Guns) or better Man O' War (80 to 100 guns was 2nd Rate, 100+ guns was 1st Rate) during the Age of Sail Battlecruisers and Battleships, between about 1860 and 1945 Aircraft Carriers, from about 1920 onward In smaller navies, Cruisers Now replaced by Destroyers; only three navies still operate vessels under a cruiser designation, though the distinction between the two types has blurred to the point of complete irrelevance (see size creep and designation issues below). In fact, the ships commonly called destroyers now are cruisers in all but name. In the case of the Royal Navy , these are their three (soon to be two) carriers, two LPD, one LPH and nine DDG. The US Navy's 10 nuclear carriers and numerous LHAs and LHDs would count here, and depending on how precisely you define a capital ship, its guided missile cruisers and destroyers. Size Creep Simply put, any given category of warship tends to increase in size and displacement over time. Take destroyers, for example: when the Spanish Destructor was launched in 1887, it had a hull 192 feet long and a beam 25 feet wide, displaced around 380 tons, and a complement of 60 men. Compare this to one of the United States' current Arleigh Burke class destroyers, the largest of which have a hull 509 feet long and a beam 66 feet wide, a displacement of around 10,000 tons, and a crew consisting of 23 officers and 300 enlisted men ( and women ). Similar figures can be seen with aircraft carriers and frigates, both of which have seen their displacements increase several times since their respective designs were first conceived. On the other hand, size of cruisers began to (temporarily) shrink shortly after World War II , as increasingly powerful anti-ship missiles were seen as rendering heavy armour and big guns obsolete. The result has been that there is no longer any actual difference between a destroyer and a cruiser. Indeed, the last cruisers commissioned by the US Navy were literally built on an identical hull to the destroyers built at the same time. The reason why modern warships are so much larger has a lot to do with the fact that they are designed to be more effective at multitasking. Whereas the 19th century Destructor was originally designed as a fleet escort for the specific purpose of destroying torpedo boats , a modern multirole destroyer of the Arleigh Burke class can attack all manner of surface, underwater, and aerial targets at the same time. Such a design philosophy is made possible by technological factors such as miniaturization and computer networks, both of which allow the integration of multiple weapons systems inside a single hull or for a smaller vessel to take on the functions of a larger one. Additionally, improvements in engine and hull design has lead to larger warships being built without the engineering limitations of their forebears. Designation issues Certain classes have been dubbed frigates when they're closer to destroyers or something like that, often for budgetary reasons or to sound less militaristic. Other reasons, as noted above, may have to do with advances in technology rendering one class of vessel obsolete while pushing new ones to the forefront. This happened in the 19th century with ships-of-the-line and frigates: although the former carried several times more guns than the latter, a combination of rifled guns firing explosive shells, steam power, and iron cladding allowed the construction of frigates more powerful and manoeuvrable than a ship-of-the-line. The British Invincible-class STOVL carriers were dubbed "through-deck cruisers" to get them through the Treasury and had a space-consuming Sea Dart SAM system built in, later removed (among other things, this enabled them to carry more aircraft). Soviet/Russian carriers were dubbed "aviation cruisers" by Moscow in order to bypass restrictions on aircraft carriers passing the Bosporus. Legal shenanigans aside, however, it was a close reflection of their actual armament. Soviet carriers were rather useless in Black Sea anyway ï¿½ it is entirely covered by the modern coast-based aircrafts, so they were only built there, as largest docks in USSR were in Ukraine. Their peculiar armament mix is mainly explained not by the need to transit the Straits, but by the then-current Soviet naval doctrinenote Which envisioned CVs mainly as AAW and ASW shields for the fleet groups centered around CGs and CGNs, thus requiring them to enter the fray together with the other cruisers. and political opposition within the Government, including party ideologues who stated that carriers are the weapons of aggression and thus come against the tenets of Marxism. Japan's new Hyūga class "helicopter destroyers" look suspiciously like helicopter carriers. Which can generally also operate V/STOL jets. Like the F-35B. Which Japan plans to buy. Japan's constitution prohibits an offensive military; aircraft carriers of any kind are almost always interpreted as being forbidden by this (given Japan's history with aircraft carriers, there is a reason for this). The JMSDF insists that it will only use the "destroyers" for helicopters, though no good explanation is given for why they need a long flight deck... These "helicopter destroyers" lack a ski-ramp, so any V/STOL jets would be severely limited in terms of fuel and armament (they could land pretty easily, though). Also, their aircraft elevators are placed in the center of the deck rather than at the edges, which makes moving aircraft around a little easier at the risk of getting the elevators stuck and leaving a hole in the deck. Long flight deck or not, they're going to be pretty useless for fixed-wing aircraft. A Phalanx CIWS turret has also been installed at the front of the flight deck, in a position that would impede the operation of fixed-wing aircraft. Also, while helicopters don't need much room to land and take off, anyone who's had to wrangle a helicopter onto a pitching destroyer's cramped helipad can tell you it's much easier when you have more room. The JMSDF has begun construction of a pair of even larger "helicopter destroyers", the Izumo-class. The new "destroyers" will be over 800 feet long and weigh in at over 27,000 tons, making them larger than many of Japan's World War II aircraft carriers. Unlike the Hyūga class, the CIWS mountings are all on sponsons off the sides of the flight deck, meaning there is no obstacle to the operation of fixed-wing aircraft. One of the elevators is also positioned on the deck edge, just aft of the island, instead of the middle of the flight deck. While the design still lacks a ski jump ramp, with a deck so long it would be very possible to operate V/STOL jets with reasonable efficiency anyway. There is also speculation that Japan intends to employ an anti-submarine version of the V-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft, which could also explain the need for such a gigantic ship instead of just building another pair of Hyūgas. Recent aggressive moves by Russia and China have made the Japanese... antsy. The US went without a class of "cruisers" under the old US naming scheme. This was changed when the US public and Congress began to perceive a "Cruiser Gap" vs. the USSR—that is, on paper, the USSR had many more cruisers than the US, as the only ships the US called cruisers were old "gun cruisers" (CA, CL) left over from WWII and the few nuclear-powered cruisers that it had (CGN). To eliminate the "gap", the US re-categorized its ships, with many ships from the Belknap and Leahy classes designated DLG, or destroyer leader, redesignated as CG, cruiser guided missile. Destroyer leaders that were deemed too small to designate as cruisers were instead redesignated as simply guided missile destroyers (DDG). At the same time, destroyer escorts (DE) were redesignated as frigates (FF), in keeping with the designation commonly used in other navies for small escort ships. Though this caused a bit of confusion at the time, because previously the US Navy had considered destroyer leader (DL or DLG, meaning a large destroyer intended as a flagship of a destroyer flotilla) to be a term interchangeable with frigate. One also has to deal with non-English speaking navies, especially the Soviet/Russian one, who use a different set of names. The US Zumwalt class "destroyers", currently under construction, could easily be re-designated as cruisers (in an absurd case of size creep, the Zumwalts are larger than every light cruiser the US Navy has ever built, and most of the heavy cruisers as well). It seems to be the reverse of the "Cruiser Gap" nonsense: buying a bunch of destroyers sounds less expensive than buying the same number of cruisers. So for the benefit of Congress in an era of reduced naval budgets, the Zumwalts are "destroyers". This proved to be relatively ineffective, Congress ended up cutting the production from 10 ships to just 3. The US Navy operates a wide variety of ships with spacious (sometimes full-length) flight decks and hangar decks, designed to operate a variety of aircraft to occasionally include V/STOL strike jets. That said, the US Navy has a fairly narrow definition of Aircraft Carrier (large, fast ships dedicated to the operation of aircraft, especially fixed-wing fighters and bombers), so these smaller assorted ships are designated Landing Helicopter Docks, Landing Platform Docks, and so on, often being dedicated to niche roles that carriers could do if there weren't smaller cheaper ships to fill the role. As the names imply, these ships often feature integrated boat bays, essentially hangars located below the water line, that allow the ship to easily load and unload personnel and equipment from the ship into amphibious vehicles or boats. When Marines snark about the US Navy being their own personal taxi service, these are the taxis they hitch the proverbial thumb out for. Pre-Steam Ship Types The majority of this article is devoted to the types of ships that are used today or were used within the last century. Some of these ships share names with, but are separate from, older ship types from the Age of Sail or earlier. Sometimes called "Men 'O War". Although they further break down into sub-types based on their particular rigging style, here is a list of warships that you might find when tall ships ruled the waves : Armed Merchantman: Before steam, big guns, and armor, almost any ship would do as a warship if it could either carry guns or carry lots of extra men. Although they generally couldn't stand up to purpose-built warships, they made a suitable substitute for defending against pirates, going pirating , and as a little extra firepower when you were short on real fighting ships. Once armor and big guns became important, these gradually went away as it takes a very different design for a ship to effectively mount modern weapons vice transport cargo efficiently. The concept made a brief comeback steam-era in the each of the World Wars; a key German strategy each time was attempting to choke off supplies from Britain, which as an island can only be supplied by sea. As a stopgap measure many merchant ships were given guns for self-defense, and at the same time Germany armed (and disguised) its own merchant ships in order to sneak up on unsuspecting British ships and sink them before they had a chance to call for help. Frigates: Smaller ships meant for long-range, independent cruising, scouting for a large fleet, commerce raiding, and one-on-one actions versus enemy frigates. A defining characteristic of frigates was that the most if not all of their armament was mounted on a single gun deck, whereas ships-of-the-line had multiple gun decks. Their lone-wolf nature leads many of the most exciting sailing stories to take place aboard these. Their role was eventually replaced by cruisers, and then submarines and aircraft. As a sidenote, the original United States Navy consisted of six frigates that were the terror of the seas for their quality construction and experienced crews. Of course, they never had to face the full brunt of the Royal Navy. Over time, frigates crew in size to be comparable in length (though rarely in height) to contemporary ships-of-the-line, with fewer guns but superior speed and manoeuvrability. The battlecruisers of their day, to an extent, but since armor didn't exist in ship design of the time it was firepower that they traded to for their speed. Ships-of-the-Line: Large sailing ships meant for one purpose: direct, close-range combat with the enemy fleet in the "line of battle". Slow and heavily armed, they were eventually replaced by Battleships, whose type name is a shortened version of the original phrase "line-of-battle ship". (Another modern inheritance of that phrase, used only to describe civilian ships now that the line of battle is itself obsolete, is the word "liner".) To maximize firepower, ships-of-the-line had two or even three decks of guns, though massive three-deckers proved to be rather impractical since maintaining stability required the third gun deck to be very close to the waterline and thus the gun ports had to be locked closed in all but the calmest seas. While the name battleship derived from "line-of-battle ship", their design lineage actually traces more to frigates, specifically the early ironclad "armoured frigates". Since the weight of iron armor made the multiple gun decks of ships-of-the-line impossible, it was frigates that became the first oceangoing armoured ships. Though the weight of the armor also made it difficult to achieve the speed that was the frigate's trademark, so armoured frigates could really be seen as something of a frigate/ship-of-the-line hybrid with armour plate stacked on top. Galleys: Warships that were mainly human-powered, with rows of "sweeps" (oars) that gave them superior maneuverability compared to sailing ships and bursts of speed for short distances, but not much long-range capability. They also had to be light enough for rowers, and so didn't usually carry heavy weapons, or if they did, they carried only a few, typically in a chase armament . The oldest type of warship, they continued to be used into the 1700s in a coastal defense role. Many were designed solely for boarding or ramming. The term "galleon" derives from galleys, even though it came to generically describe large sailing ships with no oars at all. So let's begin. Auxiliary Ships (AA) The backbone of any naval fleet. These carries extra supplies- food, fuel, ammo etc. They can also be used for intelligence or command stuff too. They will be found with small defence capabilities, but will need protection from other ships. Many of these ships are designed to be able to refuel, rearm, and resupply other ships at sea, in order to extend the time they can spend out of port. When the practice, called "Underway Replenishment," was invented in the 1920's and 30's, it was practically a secret weapon for the US, who had much less of a dependence on foreign ports and much longer endurance than everyone else. The weapon came to life in the Pacific by 1944, with the US being able to operate its fleet anywhere it chose for as long as it felt like. There are large numbers of sub-types. For example, the following is still not a complete list: AKV- Cargo ship and aircraft ferry. APB- self-propelled barracks ship. AD- Destroyer tender, carries supplies, repair parts, and support facilities for destroyers. Now obsolete, they were common back when destroyers were much smaller and had shorter endurance. AS- Submarine tender. Likewise. AGI- intelligence gathering vessels, basically spy ships disguised as trawlers . Having one of these hanging around your carrier group in a war is not a good idea, as they could guide in bombers and/or missiles. LCC- Command Ship. Originally meant for the commander of an amphibious assault (hence the LC for "landing craft"), as it was expected a naval commander would travel by carrier or battleship. The US Navy now uses these to command entire theaters. AG- Miscellaneous Auxiliary. Various support ships which perform their duties out at sea. In the US Navy, this has included many older battleships decommissioned due to obsolescence or treaty/financial reasons which were converted into training ships (often replacing the main batteries with Anti-Air guns) or testing ships (in this role, the USS Mississippi would be the first US battleship, and the only WWI era dreadnought, to launch guided missiles). IX- Unclassified Miscellaneous Vessels. A designation used by the US Navy for any ships in the inventory which just don't fit anywhere in the classification system, typically unique vessels or ships used for testing purposes. This has included various support ships, two freshwater aircraft carriers, and the sailing frigate USS Constitution. Examples; Chiwawa class oiler (AO)- five used by US in World War II . Two remain in private service today. Berlin class replenishment ship (Germany)- two built, two planned. Project 160 "Altay" class- old Soviet/Russian oilers, but still around. Sacremento class fast combat support ship (AOE) - four used by the US Navy until 2005, they were the first supply ships to be able to keep pace with a carrier battle group. To achieve superior speed to other auxiliaries, the steam turbines originally intended for the unbuild 5th and 6th Iowa class battleships were employed. Their successors, the Supply class AOEs, are powered by gas turbine (jet) engines for the same reason. US Henry J. Kaiser class AOs US Lewis and Clark class AKEs USS Jupiter (AC-3), a collier which entered service shortly before World War I. Most noteworthy for her inter-war refit to become USS Langley (CV-1), the United States Navy's first aircraft carrier. Aircraft Carriers (CV, CVL, CVE, CVA, CVAN, CVN) note CV: Aircraft Carrier CVL: Light Aircraft Carrier, CVE: Escort Aircraft Carrier, CVA: Attack Aircraft Carrier, CVAN: Nuclear Powered Attack Aircraft Carrier, CVN: Nuclear Powered Aircraft Carrier Nothing quite beats an aircraft carrier for a) coolness and b) power projection. If a hostile carrier shows up on your coast, you are in trouble - especially a US one, as their air groups are larger and more powerful than most nations' air forces. Only certain aircraft can take off or land on an aircraft carrier. Choppers and some fighters are fine (with modern aircraft, carrier-friendly models have to be designed to be carrier-friendly from the outset), but a B-52 is a no-no. This is because carriers are still small compared with air bases. Even carrier operations are fraught with problems. Taking off, you will either have to take off vertically, go up a "ski jump" ramp (most non-US carriers) or be catapulted off the end (the US approach). The last approach means that a pilot is exposed to very high acceleration and the plane has to be built for being pulled by its nose gear as well as pushed by its engines. The advantage of a full-length carrier, however is that you can launch and recover larger, heavier aircraft carrying more and/or heavier weapons. Note before the invention of jet aircraft this was not a problem; propeller-driven aircraft before the 1950s were light enough to achieve flying lift in the short space of a carrier's deck. (Early catapults did help, however, in launching fully-loaded aircraft, or when the aircraft were launched sideways off the hangar deck...) Landing, you have to find the carrier (not an easy proposition in the dark) and land on it (again, not easy considering factors like wind speed and the carrier's own movement). With an arrestor wire as in US carriers, this requires actually getting in the right place to snag the wire (with an arresting hook that your plane must have), which then slows you down very quickly indeed. The whole process has been described as a "controlled crash" and also "landing on a postage stamp" and "having sex during a car accident". Then try doing it damaged . Before the invention of aircraft that could land vertically, this was the only way to get a plane aboard a ship at sea, aside from landing on the water and being hoisted aboard, something that not all aircraft were good at. A notable exception to the "no large bombers" trend occured during the 1942 Doolittle Raid. A bunch of B-25 medium bombers were launched from an aircraft carrier to bomb Tokyo . A B-25 is of course much, much smaller than a B-52, but they were certainly never meant to take off from a carrier, and had to be significantly stripped down to be light enough to take off in the required space. The pilots also took off knowing, at best, this would be a one-way trip to China: the planes certainly couldn't land on a carrier. for one, and even a C-130 Hercules...! In addition to the various weight and space limitations of landing and launching from a carrier, there is the problem of corrosion. The ocean is of course made of salt water, which has very nasty corrosive effects on iron and steel (ever wonder why sailors spend so much time swabbing the decks and repainting the ship?). Maritime aircraft often have to be specially designed and equipped to be particularly corrosion resistant, an issue that land-based aircraft need not worry about. Carriers don't carry much in the way of their own personal weaponry, however. They need other ships to protect them from attack, and also rely on their own aircraft. Their decks are generally reinforced to allow them to eat the occasional missile if absolutely needed, but a carrier generally shouldn't be in range of any surface ships, and most of their sparse weapons are dedicated to anti-aircraft roles. Exceptions include: Carriers that fly the Russian ensign, which in a blatant but generally accepted attempt to get around the aforementioned rule forbidding carriers from going through the Bosporus have formidable armament in their own right. British Invincible-class carriers bore an integral Sea Dart SAM system for most of their careers (which was in fact included in the design specifically so the Royal Navy could get away with claiming they weren't really carriers, as Parliament wasn't authorizing carriers at the time) until it was removed to make way for more fighters, and some US carriers in their early days carried the same long-range Terrier missile system as their cruiser escorts. The US LHAs were also originally designed with multiple 5" gun mounts so that they could be their own naval surface fire support platforms (freeing up an escort for other duties), but they were later removed when doctrine no longer called for the ships to come close enough to shore for them to be practical (on account of the LCU boats being replaced by the much faster and longer-ranged LCAC hovercraft). Some earlier aircraft carriers carried various types of large guns to fight other surface ships, before experience demonstrated that it would be very rare for an enemy surface ship to get close enough to a carrier to trade shots (due to the carrier's speed and embarked airwing). HMS Furious, one of the very first aircraft carriers, was a conversion of a Battlecruiser during construction, and for a time still carried a single 18 inch gun in an aft turret (her flight deck only covered the forward third of the ship; the 18 inch gun was replaced with an aft landing deck, and eventually the ship was rebuilt with a flush flight deck running the length of the ship). The Lexington class aircraft carriers, built before WWII (again, on converted Battlecruiser hulls, like many early carriers were), carried a battery of 8 inch guns in turrets on their starboard side. When experience demonstrated that these were un-needed, they were removed to reduce weight and increase space for air operations. That said, the Lexingtons and most carriers of the era would carry a multitude of 5 inch "Dual Purpose" guns, which could theoretically engage any surface ships that got within a few miles of the carrier, but saw most of their use as radar-guided Anti-Air guns firing air-burst shells. There are two basic types of carriers: STOVL carriers- smaller carriers, usually carrying Harriers (so far, the only worthwhile STOVL fighter-bombers) or helicopters due to having a shorter length. A cheaper alternative, owned by a few nations such as Spain, Italy and Thailand. The US still has 9 of them; and they're building more, though in the case of the US these are amphibious assault craft for which carrying STOVL aircraft is a secondary role. Most non-US STOVL carriers use a "ski jump" ramp allowing their aircraft to take off with larger payloads, a system that the US Navy stubbornly refuses to implement on its LHA and LHD type ships despite its proven superiority in STOVL aircraft operation. Full-length carriers- can carry larger aircraft, such as the F/A-18 and Su-33. Only six nations have one currently (US, Russia, France, Brazil, China, India), with one more (UK) due to join that club in this decade. Or rather, re-join, with their largest ever naval vessels. And only one country has 10 of them - The US. Within this category there are two major variants. The original type (still used by the US, France and Brazil) is CATOBAR, which uses a steam (or in the upcoming Gerald R. Ford class, electromagnetic) catapult to launch aircraft and arrestor wires to catch them by a tailhook when landing. The more recent variation is a hybrid of STOVL and CATOBAR called STOBAR (used by Russia, China and India, though the latter two plan to build CATOBAR carriers eventually, and will be used by the UK when their new carriers are completed), in which aircraft take off via a ski jump without catapult assistance, but land using arrestor wires. CATOBAR allows for higher takeoff weight and expends less fuel during takeoff, but STOBAR is simpler and cheaper, while still offering greater flexibility than STOVL carriers. If you are confused by the designation "CV" for carriers, you aren't alone. The explanation is found in the interesting but tangled history of international relations and naval bureaucracy: The first US Aircraft carriers were built in the 1920's. In 1923 the Great Powers of the world at the time got together and, trying to avoid a repeat of the kind of massive naval arms race that took place prior to WWI between Britain and Germany, created the Washington Naval Treaty. This document set limits on all sorts of ship types—though mainly battleships and cruisers—by how much they weighed in tons, this being a rough way of measuring their firepower and armor. Each country was allowed a certain tonnage of each class that they could build, and an overall tonnage limit. The results were predictable: everyone started looking for loopholes . In the case of the US, there were a whole bunch of Battlecruisers already under construction when the treaty limit hit. So what do do with a bunch of half-finished Battlecruiser hulls? Convert them into a ship class that wasn't limited as harshly by the treaty! In this case, the brand-new, experimental aircraft carrier. Now, when they did this, they ran into a problem: US Cruisers had the designation "CA" for "Cruiser, Armored" (maybe they liked the 2-letter designations). They wanted to call them "Cruiser, Aviation" but that would also leave you with "CA". So they decided to designate them "CV", for "Cruiser, aViation". Then that designation spread around the world once the US rose to dominate the naval scene following WWII. Official reasoning is rather different. "V" is the letter used to designate a USN/USMC squadron as being composed of fixed-wing heavier-than-air craft, essentially airplanes instead of blimps or balloons. There were, in WW1 and immediately after, plans for ships that carried or streamed one or the other for gunfire spotting. CV is "Carrier, heaVier than air". The "V" may also be from the French word for flight - vol. Suffice to say there's a wide array of possible origins for the V, and pinning just one down is difficult because the decision-making process was undertaken by men who are now dead, and didn't leave very good notes on why they did what they did. There are also various ships that look like aircraft carriers, and appear to function as them to various degrees, but get designated otherwise, often due to being designed specifically for a particular type of mission or lacking certain attributes seen as necessary for a dedicated carrier. Though sometimes political considerations may be the reason. Amphibious Assault Ships: Typically classified as various types of landing ships, these are too small to carry out full-out air operations (their deckspace usually dedicated to helicopters and a few V/STOL planes). They usually operate under the umbrella of a dedicated CV. "Helicopter Destroyers", "Through-Deck Cruisers", "Aviation Cruisers", etc. Reasons vary from differences in naval doctrine to political considerations. Oftentimes these ships may not have the proper equipment or deck/hangar space to fill the role of a CV to begin with (such as the Japanese Hyuga class helicopter destroyers). And sometimes you end up with weird cases such as USS Wolverine and USS Sable, possibly the only paddle-wheel freshwater aircraft carriers in naval history. Both ships were officially classified as Miscellaneous Auxiliaries rather than Aircraft Carriers, and used to train Naval Aviators in carrier operations on Lake Michigan during World War II , due to a critical shortage of CVs needed in combat. Neither ship possessed a hangar deck, and both ships were too small and slow to launch and recover planes in calm winds. As an aside, due to their design, with large hangar bays and open flight decks, it is not uncommon to see carriers serve as transports. One common wartime duty for carriers is transport land-based aircraft to distant bases, with the aircraft often partially disassembled or packed too tightly to carry out air operations. That said, there have been occasions where land-based aircraft were ferried near their new base, then launched from the carrier to complete their voyage. Many of the carriers built during World War II were converted into transports after the war. Examples: HMS Furious: The first operational aircraft carrier, which saw use with the Royal Navy during World War I. Converted from a Battlecruiser, and built before the concept of an aircraft carrier had been fully fleshed out, she originally had a hangar and flight deck forward of the superstructure, with a single 18 inch gun mounted aft. She launched the Tondern Raid, the first carrier raid in history, with seven Sopwith Camels attacking a German zeppelin base, destroying two airships and a balloon, for the loss of one plane. After the war, she was rebuilt with a full-length flush flight deck. USS Langley (CV-1): As mentioned above, the first American aircraft carrier, converted from the collier USS Jupiter. She was nicknamed "The Covered Wagon" due to her flight deck being built on top of much of the pre-existing and still exposed superstructure. USS Lexington (CV-2): The first purpose-built aircraft carrier in the US Navy note the first built, although her sister ship, Saratoga (CV-3), entered service a month earlier. Originally designed and laid down as a Battlecruiser, Lexington and her sister ship were redesigned during construction to be carriers in response to the London Naval Treaty. During the 1930s, Robert A. Heinlein was stationed aboard Lexington as a Communications Officer . In another US Navy first, Heinlein had his first rejection as a writer when he lost a shipboard writing contest. HMS Victorious (R38): An Illustrious-class carrier, she saw service in the Atlantic against the German battleships Bismark and Tirpitz, as well as service in the Pacific in the middle and later parts of the war. Of note is her service with the US Pacific Fleet during 1943, during a critical shortage of American flat-tops after the costly battles of 1942 which saw all of the Pacific Fleet's carriers but USS Saratoga put out of actionnote Lexington, Hornet, and Yorktown had been sunk, and Enterprise was badly damaged. Her radio callsign was "Robin", leading to an Urban Legend that she had been renamed USS Robin during this time. USS Long Island (CVE-1): The first Escort Carrier in the US Navy. These ships were built on merchant hulls and designed to be cheap and plentiful. From 1941 to 1945, the US would build over a hundred and twenty escort carriers of various designs. USS Enterprise (CVN-65): The first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. She is both the longest naval ship ever built, as well as the longest-continuously-serving ship in US Navy history, with 51 years of continuous naval service. USS Nimitz (CVN-68) and the other ships of her class: The largest warships in history—their air wings are larger than many nations' entire air forces. The successor to the Nimitz class is the Gerald R. Ford class and they are an evolution of the Nimitz design. In what has become something of a whimsical tradition, each new US carrier built is a few feet longer than the previous one, so that the US Navy (and Newport News Shipbuilding) can always claim they are working on the largest warship ever built. Battleships (BB) The Big Boys. First of all, to forestall any confusion generated by poor use of terminology ("battleship" is often incorrectly used as a synonym for "warship"), there are no battleships on active duty in any navy today, after the U.S. Navy retired the Iowa-class in 2005. Until World War Two, these were the largest, most powerful warships in use. They carried the biggest guns, ranging from 9 inches (technically, 240 millimeters) to 18 inches (again, technically, 460 millimeters, or 18.1 inchesï¿½) in diameter and capable of throwing projectiles weighing a ton or more up to 35 miles, and carrying thick armor plate. During WWII, these were rendered obsolete by aircraft and submarine weapons, and later by guided missiles. Interestingly, apart the submarines, those weapons themselves are nowadays obsolete and modern shipboard radar and computer guided anti-aircraft weaponry is very effective, which is the main reason why the U.S. kept the four Iowa-class battleships in active service until the 21st century. They last fired their 16 inch (406 mm) guns in anger in Operation Desert Storm in 1991. At the time of their retirement they were equipped also with long range Tomahawk missiles. They are, it must be said, far, far better-looking and more characterful than the efficient but soulless aircraft carriers—which perhaps explains their enduring appeal to enthusiasts. Or perhaps it's just more visceral. When one looks at an aircraft carrier, one sees little more than a giant flat top: the ship itself is not imposing, and indeed it is the smaller planes that it launches that do all the work, with the ship itself perhaps not even within visual range. On the other hand, there's no mistaking the silhouette of the battleship and what that silhouette means: many, many, MANY BFGs, and if you're close enough to tell they're pointed at you, then You Are Already Dead . Aside from actual ship-to-ship combat, battleships were very effective at providing fire support for amphibious operations and destroying shore positions; in WWII, U.S. battleships fought more Japanese coastal forts than Japanese ships. A seaborne artillery barrage is also more frightening than aerial assault, as it cannot be predicted by any means, adding the psychological effect. The term is a contraction from the earlier "line-of-battle ship", meaning the ships heavy and powerful enough to serve in the line of battle during the era of Wooden Ships and Iron Men . At the time, "line-of-battle ship" was more commonly abbreviated as "ship of the line". Historically, battleships are generally divided into two types: pre-Dreadnought battleships and Dreadnoughts.note Various further subdivisions such as Superdreadnoughts , Pocket Battleships , and Fast Battleships notwithstanding. This division is caused by the huge difference in design doctrine and employed technology between the two types, with the British HMS Dreadnought combining several new design concepts and technological advances into a single design that rendered every previous battleship obsolete in one fell swoop, including all of the Royal Navy's preexisting battleships. Examples: USS Texas, the first battleship to serve in the U.S. Navy, entering service in 1892. Though revolutionary for the American navy, she was not actually the first battleship in the Americas, being built in response to the Brazilian Navy's purchase of the Riachuelo, which was believed capable of laying waste to the entire U.S. Navy in open combat . The Texas and her quasi-sister ship the Mainenote designed on a similar pattern, but switching out the two BFGs for four smaller guns to fill the role of an Armored Cruiser were both designed around battleships then in vogue with the European navies, but both were considered obsolete before entering servicenote due largely to their turrets being mounted en echelon, rather than in line, causing numerous problems with firing the main battery. The Maine was lost in an ultimately unexplained explosionnote though it's a near certainty that the Maine was not sunk by a Spanish mine as was widely believed at the time in Havana Bay, and the Texas served in the Battle of Santiago De Cuba during the Spanish-American War , helping to destroy the Spanish Atlantic Fleet as they tried to make a run for the sea. The Mikasa, flagship of Tōgō Heihachirō during the Russo-Japanese War , mounted a mixed battery of guns, including four 12 inch guns in two turrets , and a mix of 3 inch and 6 inch guns in broadside arrangements. She is most famous for leading the Japanese fleet at the Battle of Tsushima Strait, where the Russian Second Pacific Squadron was intercepted and mostly destroyed in their attempt to reinforce Vladivostok (their original goal was to reinforce Port Arthur, but the harbor fell before they could complete their voyage from the Baltic Sea on the other side of the world). The Mikasa was preserved as a museum ship in 1922, and has been permanently moored at Yokosuka ever since. It is now the only remaining pre-dreadnought battleship in the world. HMS Dreadnought (completed 1906, scrapped 1921) from the United Kingdom, which changed the design of all succeeding battleships. Battleship design up to that point had consisted typically of two turrets (one fore and one aft) for the four main guns, and slightly smaller turrets for slightly smaller secondary guns along the sides of the superstructure. This proved to be rather inefficient in that the secondary guns didn't really weigh enough less to justify their reduced power, and it also made aiming the guns more difficult. At the time the only way to effectively aim naval guns was to estimate the correct angle and then view the splash of the shells that missed to adjust for the next shot. Problem was, nobody could distinguish between the splashes of a 12-inch shell and a 10-inch shell at long range. Dreadnought dispensed with these problems by simply having only 12-inch guns, ten of them, a then-unprecedented amount of firepower . In fact, other nations (e.g. the United States) were working on the same concept at the same time, and she has been called "a ship whose time had come" (DK Brown, "Warrior to Dreadnought"). But being first has kudos, and going from laying of keel to a ship which could steam, if not quite yet fight, in a year and a day shocked the world, and is a capital-ship building record that has never been beaten. Japan very nearly beat Dreadnought by several months with Satsuma, but couldn't afford enough high-quality guns to outfit every turret. Only being able to manage four 12-inch guns, the remaining turrets were fitted with 12 10-inch guns. Had Japan settled for 10-inch guns in all turrets, the term for battleships with a single-caliber main armament might've ended up being "Satsumas", which would provide a rather different image ... The USS South Carolina was designed before the Dreadnought and the Satsuma, and had a far more efficient gun layout, being the first battleship to have all of its turrets mounted on the centerline and the first to use superfiring turrets (that is, one turret mounted to fire directly above another). This meant that despite being smaller than the Dreadnought, the South Carolina was just as well-armored and had the same 8-gun broadside. But construction was slow, and she wasn't even laid down until two weeks after the Dreadnought entered service. However, both the Satsuma and the South Carolina lacked the other, less famous innovation of the Dreadnought: the use of steam turbines instead of triple-expansion steam engines, which made it faster by about 3-4 knots. This was actually the more enduring innovation, as the concept of an all big gun armament couldn't be completely adhered to given that a battleship often had to defend itself against smaller ships. HMS Dreadnought herself ultimately was completed with a secondary armament of 27 3-inch guns to fend off the dreaded torpedo boats, and by the time of World War II battleships were invariably equipped with secondary guns designed primarily for anti-aircraft use. The Iowa-class (completed 1944, after various retirements and re-commissioning of the class, were finally retired "for good" 1998-1999) from the United States, probably the best overall design of battleships built. You can still see all four of the class as museum ships; USS Missouri is at Pearl Harbor (her home port during World War II , which ended on her deck), while USS New Jersey is in the Delaware River in Camden , New Jersey (right across from Philadelphia , where she was built). USS Iowa is on display in the Port of Los Angeles at San Pedro, and USS Wisconsin is part of the Nauticus Museum Complex in Norfolk Virgina. Following their 1980's refit, they also held the distinction of being some of the most heavily armed warships in history, with nine 16" guns, twelve 5" guns, 32 Tomahawk land attack missiles, 16 Harpoon anti-ship missiles, and four 20mm Phalanx CIWS guns. Ironically, while this made them ridiculously powerful surface combatants, the removal of all of the old machine guns pretty much made them irrelevant for air defense, which was one of their primary jobs in World War II. Not that those machine guns would have helped much against the aircraft the enemy would have been using in the 1980s, however. There were proposals for much more extensive refits that would also include anti-aircraft missiles and the Aegis combat system, or even replacing the rear turret with a flight deck for Harrier jets, but these were deemed too expensive. The Yamato-class from Japan (completed 1941/1942, sunk 1944/1945) were the largest battleships ever constructed, weighing in at over 65,000 tons and thus 20,000 tons larger than the Iowa-class. They were armed with nine enormous 18.1" guns, a secondary armament of twelve (later reduced to six) 6.1" guns,note the turrets that had been removed from the Mogami class "light" cruisers when they were converted to heavy cruisers a tertiary armament of twelve (later increased to twenty-four) 5" guns, and eventually one hundred sixty-two 25mm anti-aircraft cannons. They also had an excellent armor scheme with the thickest belt armor and thickest turret faces of any battleship ever built - although they had a serious defect in the way their torpedo protection was designed and Japanese armor was not the best quality. In practice, though, they epitomized Awesome, but Impractical and accomplished little other than soaking up large numbers of bombs and torpedoes before sinking. The second ship of the class, Musashi, was sunk without ever firing a shot against an enemy warship.note Although she did shoot down a few aircraft with special "San-shiki" shells , which anti-aircraft shells designed to be fired from the main gun of a battleship. Yamato had slightly more luck, contributing to the sinking of two destroyers and one escort carrier in the Battle off Samar , but still ended up retreating when her commander lost his nerve due to the dogged fighting of the enemy fleet-even though Yamato herself outweighed all of the enemy ships combined. The lead ship of the class is the star of Space Battleship Yamato , in which it's salvaged and converted into a spaceship . Its war record in this form is far superior to what it achieved in real life. Battleships can be incredibly durable, being able to take literally dozens of shell, bomb and torpedo hits before succumbing. The reason is that they are designed to fight opponents similar than themselves, and some of their speed margin is sacrificed for protection. Cruisers (CA, CB, CL, CG, CGN, CBGN) Cruisers were originally used for independent action, of a long-range nature, which was the original use of the term, as it was more a role. Today, cruisers are the largest types of ships below a carrier and the heaviest ships designed for surface-to-surface warfare. The first cruisers appeared in the 1870's and quickly diversified into a baffling profusion of types, ranging from small scout cruisers to huge armoured cruisers which were as big as (pre-Dreadnought) battleships. By the time of WWI, the main types were the "armoured cruiser,"note so named because they had an armoured "belt" along the sides to protect their vitals against direct fire from shells and torpedoes, as well as deck armour to protect against shells plunging from above. In other words, the same armour scheme used on battleships, and the generally smaller but faster "protected cruisers."note These dispensed with the belt armour and were protected solely by the armoured deck, meaning that straight-on hits would penetrate with ease; prior to the advent of steam turbines this was seen as the only way to make a decently-armed cruiser that was still fast enough to be an effective scout. By WWI, most navies were already beginning to replace the protected cruiser with the "light armoured cruiser" (soon shortened to just "light cruiser"), which is exactly what it sounds like . Less commonly, there were also "unprotected cruisers" with no armour whatsoever , which amounted to really big destroyers with cruiser-sized guns. After the WWI, treaty restrictions divided cruisers between "light" and "heavy" types, with the late-war HMS Hawkins being the template for treaty definitions of the latter type. The designations were not based on size, but on armament. While from a design standpoint there were substantial differences between a pre-war armoured cruiser and a post-war heavy cruiser, and even moreso between a protected cruiser and a light cruiser,note Essentially the post-war cruisers were something akin to mini-Dreadnoughts with appropriately scaled down guns and armor, rather than continuations of the pre-war designs. they generally served similar roles. Heavy cruisers (CA; the designation deriving from the earlier "armoured cruiser", from a time when not all cruisers were armored) had a main armament of 8 inch (203 mm) guns or (on rare occasions- such as in the case of the unique Alaska class "large cruisers") larger, while light cruisers (CL) had smaller guns, almost always 6 to 6.1 inch (152 to 155 mm) main guns but sometimes in the 5.5 inch (140 mm) range. By treaty defintion, 8 inch guns were actually the maximum for a heavy cruiser, with guns larger than 6.1 inch automatically being considered "heavy." Heavy cruisers with guns smaller than 8 inch were either pre-treaty holdovers, ie the British Hawkins class with 7.5 inch (191 mm) guns, or ships from smaller navies that weren't bound by the Washington and London Naval Treaties.note Only the United Kingdom, United States, Japan, France and Italy, the five largest naval powers at the time on account of Germany's navy being dismantled post- WW1 , were signatories of the treaties. As a result, other navies could built any size of ship with any size of guns it pleased (with the exception of Germany prior to its repudiation of the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed its own limits that were in most respects even stricter than the Washington and London Treaties), so long as it actually had the shipbuilding capacity to do so. Notably, treaty nations were specifically forbidden from building any ship that exceeded treaty limits for sale to a non-treaty nation. This had the dual effect of making treaty limits de facto applicable to the vast majority of the world's navies (few nations actually had the shipbuilding capacity to produce major warships, and as a result smaller navies generally bought their ships from the shipyards of one of the major powers) as well as preventing treaty nations from building ships in excess of treaty limits and then seizing them for their own use at the last minute...the latter being the actual purpose of this restriction. Likewise, cruisers with guns larger than 8 inch were either post-treaty ships or built by non-treaty nations. Since the types were defined solely by gun size (and notably not by number of guns), the US, Britain and Japan all dodged treaty restrictions on the number of heavy cruisers by building "light" cruisers that carried so many smaller guns that they were every bit the equal of a heavy cruiser in firepower,note In terms of the tonnage of explosives they could deliver per minute, these "light" cruisers were actually superior to the equivalent heavy cruisers, as their guns were both more numerous and faster-firing. This was offset by the superior range and armor-piercing capability of a heavy cruiser's 8-inch guns. It wasn't until the advent of radar-directed fire control, allowing for accurate fire even at maximum rage, that 8-inch gun cruisers became decisively superior to their 6-inch counterparts. and had identical armor to their heavy cruiser counterparts. The US and Britain also produced specialized anti-aircraft cruisers (CLAA), with very large numbers of 4.7 inch (120 mm), 5 inch (127 mm) or 5.25 inch (133 mm) dual-purpose guns as their main armament. These ships were effectively giant destroyers but with (barely) cruiser-level armor, making them an early example of the eventual overlap of the cruiser and destroyer roles. To say nothing of overlap between cruiser and destroyer design, as the CLAA basically amounted to an oversized destroyer with a little bit of armor added. Gun armed cruisers slowly disappeared after WWII and today they are mainly armed with missiles and used as escorts for carriers, in the air defence role. The Aegis system, fitted on a number of types of cruisers and destroyers, is the USA's primary carrier protection system- an automated SAM system, for destroying anti-ship missiles. It allows for co-operative engagement- one ship can control the missiles of the others, and of other ships in the fleet whose missiles are compatible, reducing the number of radars that an anti-radar missile can home in on. Designed during the Cold War , it was not combat-proven until the Gulf War of 1991. Only three nations today, the US, Russia and Peru, have actual cruisers in operational service (France has a hybrid helicopter-carrier/cruiser it uses as a training ship in peacetime). These are all guided missile cruisers (CG), carrying anti-ship and/or land-attack missiles, except for Peru's Almirante Grau, which is primarily a gun cruiser and the last one in service in the world- the former Dutch vessel was laid down in 1939 and not commissioned until 1953 because of the Second World War . Examples: The best-known today and the most numerous is the US Ticonderoga class, a Guided Missile Cruiser. The original Aegis ships, they set the standards for modern air defense by which all other cruisers and destroyers are judged. Starting with the sixth ship, they are armed with a pair of 64-cell vertical launch tubes for their missiles (primarily from the "Standard" family of anti-aircraft missiles, but Tomahawk cruise missiles and VL-ASROC anti-submarine missiles can be mixed in as well). The first five had old-style twin-arm missile launchers that could only fire Standard-MR and ASROC, and as a result were retired early. They were built on a slightly modified version of the Spruance class destroyers' hull (side-by-side comparison here ◊ ), but with a completely new superstructure containing the Aegis system's SPY-1 phased-array radar (consisting of four distinctive flat-panel octagonal arrays, each covering one 90-degree angle around the ship) and its fire control system. One example, the USS Vincennes, infamously shot down an Iranian passenger jet during the Iranï¿½Iraq War , having mistaken it for Iranian Air Force fighter. The Russian Slava class. The lead vessel is now called Moskva (Moscow) and took some minor damage during the Russian-Georgian war of 2008. Notable for having its long-range anti-ship missiles mounted in very prominent above-deck launchers along the sides of its superstructure. This doesn't do its radar cross section any favors, but it certainly looks intimidating. The American Atlanta class, anti-aircraft light cruisers fielded during WW2 with a total of 16 5-inch guns. Capable of putting out prodigious amounts of anti-aircraft fire, although ineffective versus other, heavier warships. With one exception: the Atlanta class were the only American cruisers in World War II that still carried torpedoes, which proved useful in early night battles, before the wide-scale use of radar allowed cruisers to use their guns at maximum range even in poor visibility. The British "Town" class from World War II . One of these, HMS Belfast is a museum ship in London. Soviet Sverdlov class cruisers are the last conventional gun cruisers class in the world,note Almirante Grau being the updated prewar project just finished after the war, and belongs to the only two-ship class. of which Mikhail Kutuzov is now a museum ship in Novorossiysk. Despite being hopelessly obsolete in the Cold War era, they were a major part of fueling the above-mentioned "cruiser gap" nonsense. The Greek museum ship Georgios Averof, often mistaken (even in Greece) for a pre-dreadnought battleship, is actually the last remaining armored cruiser in the world. She was the Greek flagship in both World Wars, surviving because the crew disobeyed orders to scuttle her and instead fled to Alexandria when the Nazis overran Greece. There are things called or formerly "helicopter cruisers", "aviation cruisers" or "through-deck" cruisers which are basically other terms for aircraft carriers when you want to get them through the Dardanelles (an international treaty bans aircraft carriers, defining them as ships solely designed to launch aircraft- so the Soviets added a lot of missiles on) or your own country's Treasury. Although in some cases, a "helicopter cruiser" will be an actual cruiser, except with a very large helicopter hanger and flight deck. Examples are the French Jeanne d'Arc, the Italian Vittorio Veneto and the Soviet Moskva class. All such ships are no longer in service. Battlecruisers (CC, CBGN) A term for very large cruisers with battleship-like armament. The original term proposed for the first battlecruisers was "Dreadnought armoured cruiser" (the idea being that they would be to armoured cruisers what the Dreadnought was to battleships), but this was considered cumbersome (and turned out to be inaccurate, as battlecruisers were an even greater increase in both capability and expense compared to armoured cruisers than Dreadnought battleships were compared to pre-Dreadnoughts) so it was shortened to battlecruiser. The new name would contribute to the very unfortunate tendency to treat battlecruisers as if they were suitable stand-ins for true battleships. Only one type today gets labelled this, not entirely accurately - the Russian Project 1144 Orlan/"Kirov" (the original name of the first one) class.note The designation for the Kirov class is CBGN, which should technically be read as "Nuclear Powered, Guided-Missile, Large Cruiser. NATO borrows from US Navy designations, in which the Lexington-class battlecruisers were designated "CC" before being converted into carriers or scrapped, and Alaska-class cruisers were called "large cruisers" and designated "CB". The Soviet designation for the Kirov class was "Heavy Missile Cruiser" so CBGN is actually an accurate designation for these ships. The designation "BC" is sometimes also seen to refer to battlecruisers, but this has no historical basis. A nuclear-powered cruiser with a very impressive armament (only aircraft carriers have more, those being contained in their air wings), it is really just a very big cruiser. Then again, to some extent so were the original battlecruisers. Battlecruisers had a bit of a heyday leading up to World War One. As their name suggests, they were meant to be a combination of battleship and an armoured cruiser: as fast and armored as a cruiser, but carrying the guns of a battleship; in other words, the naval equivalent of the Glass Cannon . They were (as described at the time) meant to outgun what they couldn't outrun, and outrun what they couldn't outgun; at the time, battleships had top speeds in the 20-knot range, whereas cruisers and battlecruisers could reach 28 knots at the minimum. While good in theory, when it came to actual combat several problems rapidly appeared, primarily being that admirals tended to use them alongside their battleships due to their armament, they often didn't have enough armour to survive an encounter with their opposite numbers, which accounted for all of the capital ship losses for both sides at the Battle of Jutland. In response, designers began piling on better armour, resulting in a ship that was basically a battleship, whilst battleships simultaneously got faster and faster (the generally accepted minimum top speed of a battleship by World War II was 28 knots; anything slower than that was a pre-Treaty holdover). By the time World War II rolled around the two types had basically merged into the "fast battleship", and the last British battlecruiser design (cancelled by the Washington Treaty) only earned the name because the corresponding battleship intended to go with it was even more heavily armed and armoured. The size creep on battleships meant also the increase on battleship waterline lengths and hence increase on their hull speeds (the longer the waterline of the vessel, the greater its attainable hull speed): also, larger hulls enabled them to carry larger machinery inside. The idea continued to persist though, on virtually all sides. The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 limited the size and types of ship allowed in each navy; cruisers in particular were explicitly limited in size and armament, with a maximum of 8" guns and displacing 10,000 tons. Each side knew that if war broke out, they would need some type of ship to counter all these cruisers, and thus developed "cruiser killer" contingency designs for that event. Germany (under slightly different restrictions from the Treaty of Versailles, but with the same 10,000 ton limit) began building "Pocket Battleships," cruisers with 11" guns mounted and which displaced 12,000 tons, which they managed to pass of on paper as treaty-limited by claiming a 10,000 ton displacement . These really just heavy cruisers with unusually large guns, and were eventually redesignated as such by Germany. Japan conceptualized the B-65 cruiser. The United States, once the treaty expired, built and fielded the Alaska class, note Official guidance issued within the US Navy discouraged the use of the phrase "Battlecruiser" to refer to the Alaskas, though it's open to debate if this was over treaty concerns , differences in roles, or just the whims of leadership. which were largely to counter the Japanese B-65 design that never actually got built. And so on and so forth. But by this time, battleships had already become almost as fast as battlecruisers (in the case of the Iowa, just as fast), and carriers could reach and sink cruisers long before a battlecruiser could get within range. So, just like battleships, battlecruisers spent the war escorting aircraft carriers and performing shore bombardment. Unfortunately, the Second World War showed that improvements in battlecruiser armor weren't good enough - both HMS Hood and the Kirishima were battlecruisers with much-improved armor protection, but even that was not enough to save them when facing modern battleships in combat - the Bismarck and the USS Washington respectively. Of course, having such an incredibly awesome name , battlecruisers appear disproportionately often in fiction. They're rarely actually seaborne , though. Destroyers (DD, DDG, DDR, DL, DLG) The largest ship type in many navies today or the backbone of larger navies, destroyers are (usually) smaller than cruisers, but (usually) larger than frigates. Some navies, such as the UK's Royal Navy, call warships "destroyers" if they are mainly designed to defend against air attacks, and "frigates" if they are mainly designed to fight against other ships and hunt and kill submarines. Thus, the Royal Navy's Type 42 destroyers are actually smaller than their Type 22 frigates and the Type 45s may well be smaller than the next RN frigates. Other navies divide destroyers and frigates by size rather than role, so they may have both sub-hunting and air-defense destroyers. Destroyers were so named because they were originally "torpedo-boat destroyers", a class invented by the British in the late 1800's and early 1900's to protect battleships against small, fast, maneuverable torpedo boats. Especially with the advent of the all-big-gun "Dreadnought"-class battleships, the big ships' guns were too big, too long-ranged, and too slow-firing to adequately defend against small, fast-moving targets at close range, so destroyers were invented to fill that need. With those early destroyers, it was found that the simplest design for destroying torpedo boats was, essentially, a giant torpedo boat . Starting with WW1 , torpedo boats were eclipsed as a threat by submarines,note essentially torpedo boats that could hide underwater, and so during both world wars, destroyers mostly were used to hunt submarines, defend convoys, and (starting in WW2 ) provide radar and anti-aircraft coverage for larger ships.note Many aircraft, especially Torpedo Bombers, essentially being torpedo boats that could fly. It could be argued that the role of Destroyers never changed, the only question being what any given set of Destroyers was designed to destroy, be it torpedo boats, submarines, enemy aircraft, or, with modern destroyers, enemy ships, plus all the above categories. The advent of radar and guided missiles certainly gave modern ship designers much more flexibility and precision in how to apply their firepower. If you wanted to re-categorize ships, you could probably compress modern cruisers, destroyers, and frigates into one class called "escorts" and be done with it. Will generally have at least one helicopter on board for sub hunting, search and rescue, and general utility. Examples: The American Arleigh Burke class of destroyers use a similar Aegis system to the Ticonderoga class cruisers, and are practically small cruisers. Japan operates the very similar Kongou and Atago classes as their most powerful warship type. South Korea operates the King Sejong the Great class, a slightly enlarged version with 25% more missile capacity and other less significant improvements. All are mainly designed to provide air defense with guided missiles note though the Standard SM-2 antiaircraft missile has a secondary antiship role - a large 1000lb missile travelling at Mach 2 will still hurt a lightly armored naval vessel and absolutely demolish any sort of patrol, torpedo, or missile boat., although the American ships can also launch large numbers of Tomahawk land-attack cruise missiles. The Japanese versions could do so as well, except that Tomahawks (even the anti-ship version) are deemed to be prohibited "offensive" weapons and thus the JMSDF doesn't have any. The Korean ships instead use the domestically-designed Hyunmoo-3C cruise missiles (which are similar in capability but look like giant versions of the Harpoon antiship missile). Both can engage surface warships and do surface bombardment, as well. With 62 in service and at least 13 more in construction or planned (plus the Japanese and Korean derivatives for another 9 ships), the Arleigh Burkes are the most numerous destroyer class since the WW2 -era Fletchers. The American Zumwalt class of destroyers, currently under construction, will take the ultimate prize in size creep. They are 5000 tons heavier than the Ticonderoga class cruisers, the only cruisers left in US service, and will be armed with a pair of advanced 155mm (6.1-inch) guns, the largest (though only by one inch) to be mounted on any ship in decades (and, later on, the possibility of using railguns and lasers ). If the Washington and London Naval Treaties of the 20s and 30s were still in effect, it would have been a legal requirement to designate the Zumwalt class as cruisers, and if so designated would be either the 2nd or 3rd largest cruisers ever deployed by the US Navy (depending on whether the oddball Alaska class are considered cruisers or battlecruisers). They will also incorporate extensive stealth technology, rendering them perhaps the ugliest (or coolest, most futuristic looking) warships since the days of the first ironclads.note Some naval experts point out that when designing the Zumwalts, the designers threw out everything they knew about ship design...starting with "how to make a ship keep floating", as their design, slanted inwards ("tumblehome") above the waterline, is unstable and dangerous if the ship ever takes battle damage and starts to list. A normal ship gets more stable as it lists, due to increased surface area in the water. A ship with tumblehome? It rolls faster. This was deemed an acceptable tradeoff for improved stealth characteristics. As a result of all this, they are also incredibly expensive, and the US Navy's order for them was progressively cut down from 32 to two as cost overruns kept piling up; the Navy has since changed its mind, increasing its order again—to three ships. Ironically, the namesake of the class was an admiral who championed the idea of the Navy using a large number of smaller, less expensive ships. The proposed new Russian class is also in the 12-14 kt range, and with its 2×2 152 mm cannons would certainly outgun the Zumwalts. It also could be a first nuclear "destroyer" in the world, if the nuclear powerplant will be approved for it. The American Spruance class used to provide ASW for carrier battle groups. With 31 built, they were the largest destroyer class of the Cold War era. They were also the largest destroyers of that era in terms of tonnage, being similar in size to a pre- WW2 light cruiser. Their hull design was even reused for the Ticonderoga class cruisers. The air defense variant, the four-ship Kidd class, was designed for the fledgling Iranian navy (under the preliminary name of Kouroush class), but a year after construction started the Iranian Revolution happened and they instead became part of the US Navy.note Where sailors universally referred to them as the "Ayatollah" class. They tended to get deployed to the Middle East a lot, because one of the modifications made to the design was heavily improved air conditioning. They've since been transferred to Taiwan, being renamed yet again as the Kee Lung class. The American Fletcher class, built for World War II, and the most numerous class of destroyer built. (175 total for the US Navy) Many were sold to other countries, and the last one in service was decommissioned from the Mexican Navy in 2001. The Allen M. Sumner class (58 ships), Robert H. Smith class (12 ships, a minelaying subclass of the Sumner) and Gearing class (98 ships) destroyers were all closely related, with only slight changes in the hull design but a superior armament with much more efficient layout (replacing the Flechers' 5 5-inch guns in single turrets with 6 guns in twin turrets). Due to their improved layout and slightly larger hulls, some of these remained in US service into the late 1970s to early 1980s, with the torpedo tubes being replaced by an ASROC launcher and the rear turret with a hanger for an armed drone helicopter in the 1950s. The Russian Udaloy class destroyers are a good example of a destroyer mainly designed to hunt submarines. Roughly the Soviet equivalent of the Spruance class. While their The improved Udaloy II type was intended to combine the Udaloys' anti-submarine capability with the Sovremmeny class's anti-ship missiles, but only one was built before the collapse of the Soviet Union and the accompanying collapse in military funding . The Russian Sovremmeny class destroyers are a good example of a destroyer mainly designed to fight other ships (with long-range anti-ship missiles) and provide air defense. China also operates a few. Despite being very similar in size and introduced around the same time, they're not closely related in design to the Udaloy class and in an example of pointless inefficiency do not use the same hull design. Roughly equivalent to the Kidd class, but a lot more numerous. The Russian Kashin Mod class destroyers were used during the Cold War as "Tattletales", intended to closely follow US carrier battle groups and report back on their activities. In the event of war, they were to turn and run away, while firing backwards-facing missiles in a last-ditch attempt to sink the carrier. Everyone involved freely admitted that this was likely a futile suicide mission if war ever broke out. So, of course, just before the Cold War ended, one was sold to Poland to become the flagship of the Polish Navy. Renamed Warszawa, it was in service until 2003. The Russian Navy still operates one ship of this class, and the Indian Navy has five of the similar Rajput class (nicknamed "Kashin II" in the West), which have their missiles pointed forward. The British Type 42 or Sheffield class (all named after British towns) are designed to provide anti-aircraft missile protection for British aircraft carriers. They are fairly small for destroyers (at least by modern standards), and are also operated by Argentina. Amusingly, they fought on both sides of the Falklands War. The newest British destroyer class is the Type 45 or Daring class, also meant for air defence, with stealth features and a lot of weapons that it can carry, but will be left off unless needed.note "Fitted For But Not With" almost being a trope of its own when it comes to Royal Navy ships. Only the United States Coast Guard, whose ships are only intended for combat use at all in an extreme national emergency, uses the concept more extensively. A planned twelve examples will now be six. You may now castigate the Ministry of Defence. Perhaps one of the most defining of all Destroyer classes was the WWII Tribal Class. Originally designed as Light Cruisers but instead the designs were changed to create a class of Destroyers that serves the Royal and Commonwealth navies with great distinction in all naval theaters of World War II. Suffering heavy losses in the line of duty only 1 now remains, the HMCS Haida. The ancestors of the modern destroyer were the Japanese Fubuki class (also known as "Special Type destroyers, as they were such a huge leap in capability over what came before them), which were the best destroyers of the late 1920s and pretty much sent the destroyer along its evolutionary path to being the formidable, all-purpose vessel that is today. Very fast, well armed and packing a devastating set of torpedoes, the Fubukis did their job in WWII, even if they were starting to get old. The Akizuki class were the next major step, being twice the size of the Fubukis and nearly 50% larger even than their American contemporaries like the Fletcher classes, and despite predating the existence of missiles they were the first specialized anti-aircraft destroyers. Frigates (FF, FFG, DE) Frigates are generally smaller than destroyers (though the distinction is becoming less and less relevant as size creep sets in), and are almost always designed primarily to hunt submarines. Many of them lack guided missiles, even in fairly modern navies. "Frigates" in the modern sense is a term that only dates to the 1940s, when it was reintroduced by the Royal Navy for sub-hunting vessels. The original "Guided Missile Frigates" were later re-classified as cruisers, but the term stuck. Before that, the modern frigate role was called "Destroyer Escort (DE)", as in, a smaller ship that accompanies destroyers on missions to hunt down submarines, or forms the outer ring of defense for a convoy. If you've ever wondered why the (non-missile) frigates of the US Navy had such large hull numbers, it's because the numbering carried over from the destroyer escorts, which were redesignated as frigates (in line with what virtually ever other navy was already calling them by then) in 1975. In some navies, "destroyer" has come to refer solely to guided missile destroyers, and thus anti-submarine escorts will inherently be "frigates" regardless of size. A prominent example is Britain's Royal Navy. Frigates are usually the smallest type of warship able to carry helicopters. Not to be confused with the original use of the term "Frigate", which was a smaller warship from the Age of Sail; see above in "Pre-steam ship types" for a description of those. Examples: The American Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates, while designed mainly to hunt subs, do carry an impressive anti-aircraft missile system for their size (their anti-submarine weaponry is primarily their helicopters), and have been exported widely. They are used by, among others, Spain, Taiwan, Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Bahrain, Poland and Australia, with some of these navies using ex-US ships and others having had Perry class frigates built specifically for them back when the design was new. Some of those ships were built in their operating country to slightly modified design, others sold off after the US Navy decided they didn't need them any more. Ironically, the anti-aircraft missiles have now been removed from the US examples, due to the company making the missiles no longer offering tech support for them, and the newer versions of the missile being physically incompatible with the Perry class's older launchers. They're also notable in that, despite being designed with almost no room for upgrading, they had additional weapons and sensors stacked on them anyway and thus are somewhat topheavy. Spain and Taiwan saw this coming and their Santa Maria and Cheng Kung classes are slightly modified versions with a wider hull to compensate for added weight. British Type 23 or Duke (they are named after English dukes) class frigates are actually larger than Type 42 destroyers, designed mainly to hunt subs, and featured in the James Bond movie "Tomorrow Never Dies". They utilize the excellent "Sea Wolf" anti-aircraft missile for self-defense; while its range is far too short to be much use in protecting other ships, it's so accurate that it can even shoot a target as small as a 4.5" artillery shell out of the air. The French-designed Lafayette are "stealth frigates" with hulls and superstructure designed to minimize their radar cross-section. They are used by France, Singapore, and Taiwan. Russian project 11356 frigates, an evolution of the venerable proj. 1135 Krivak class, now fielded by India as Talwar class and by Russia itself as Admiral Grigorovich class. Based on a tried and true hull design, they feature an entirely new armament (including the supersonic Brahmos/Onyx ASM), sensor and electronic packages, and the redesigned, more stealthy superstructure, which makes them pretty formidable combatants. Another Russian frigate, a proj. 22350 Admiral Gorshkov, is intended to be the replacement of the Krivaks, and the latest in the gee-whiz category, with everything in the ship being state-of-the-art. Which, unfortunately, is responsible for the lead ship still not being commissioned despite standing virtually completed for a couple of years now, while all the kinks and delays in her machinery are being ironed out. At ~5 kt displacement the ship is essentially a small destroyer, and should become one of the most powerful frigates in the world when finally commissioned. However, after the delays first surfaced, the Russian Navy ordered six Grigoroviches as a stop-gap, so they might even outpace Gorshkov in the pipeline. Corvettes (FFL) Smaller versions of frigates, primarily designed for coastal duties- many are now close to frigate size though. Small, manoeuverable and generally lightly-armed. Often found in navies of countries bordering smaller seas. Some smaller navies bordering major oceans will use them for heavier duty however, and typically modify them accordingly. Examples: The new US Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) will be similar to a corvette; however, the U.S. Navy has stubbornly refused to use the "corvette" designation for any of its ships, even before a certain sports car came around. Even though given their 45 knot top speed is exceptionally fast for any type of warship, sharing the name of a sports car really would've been appropriate. In early 2015, the US Navy actually decided to re-designate these ships as frigates and plans to arm them heavily enough to qualify. It helps they're already close to the same size as the average frigate. The Swedish Visby "stealth corvettes". The Russian Project 1234 Ovod (Gadfly) Nanuchka class. The new Russian Stereguschiy class is unusual in that it manages to squeeze an integral helicopter (with a hangar etc., not just a helipad) in just 2.5 kilotons of displacement. And as usual with the Russian ships, it is armed heavier that the many frigatesnote 1x100 mm cannon, 2x14.5 mm heavy machineguns, 2x8-cell Redut SAM VLS, 1x8-cell UKSK universal VLS (capable of carrying the Brahmos/Onyx ASM, Klub series ASM/land attack/ASW missiles or Medvedka ASW missiles, 2x2x6x30 mm AK-630M Duet CIWS, and 2x450 light torpedo tubes) ï¿½ which led to the habitability of the crew suffering as a result. They miss the Saar 5 armament density, though, but only because they're more then a full kiloton heavier. The Israeli Sa'ar 5 class corvettes, like their Sa'ar 4.5 missile boats (see below) stretch the limit of how heavily armed a ship of their size can be. The carry 8 Harpoon anti-ship missiles, 64 Barak anti-aircraft missiles, a Phalanx CIWS, 6 anti-submarine torpedo tubes and a Panther anti-submarine helicopter. They used to also carry 8 smaller Gabriel anti-ship missiles, but these were removed due to the ships being (unsurprisingly) top-heavy. Even with that alteration, they still squeeze armament similar to a full-sized frigate into a package of only 1200 tons, and at 33 knots top speed they're faster than most full-sized frigates to boot. Landing Craft (LC) Landing craft are smaller ships of limited endurance designed to take troops from a ship and put them on the shore. They are generally deployed from transports or Amphibious Assault Ships (see below) and are not capable of independent operations. Most are simply boats with a shallow draft and a ramp in front for troops and (depending on the size) larger vehicles like trucks or tanks. Examples: The famous Higgins Boat was a wooden landing craft manufactured by the thousands for the US and its allies during WWII and afterwards. A vivid depiction of their use in combat can be found in Saving Private Ryan and numerous other works that depict that era. The US LCU (Landing Craft, Utility) The US LCAC (Landing Craft, Air Cushion) is a unique take on the concept, which replaced the LCU. It is a hovercraft which is capable of actually flying a few feet above the waves and can actually drive up on shore to provide vehicles with a more stable foundation for unloading. Their great advantage lies in the fact that they're essentially small aircraft: it's nearly impossible to run one aground, short of intentionally driving into large rocks, cliffs, trees, or structures. This means they can put amphibious forces ashore in places previously thought impossible to reach, summed up in the US amphibious community adage "No beach out of reach!" LCACs are also much faster than the average landing craft, with the trade-off of larger size (can't fit as many in an Amphib) and reduced carrying capacity relative to their size. Various amphibious armored vehicles can be used as landing craft if needed and conveniently double as ground transportation for troops once ashore. They have the advantage of being somewhat better armed and armored than most landing craft but the drawback of being very slow while "swimming" and requiring a particularly calm beach with a gentle slope to safely land on. Examples include the US AAV-7 and LAV-25, and the Russian BRDM and BTR series vehicles. Amphibious Assault Ships (LS, LH, LP) Amphibs or "Gators"note So named for the fact that most of them have a stern gate in the rear of the ship which opens to allow landing craft and amphibious vehicles to enter and exit as they are referred to in the US Navy, are a sort of cross between aircraft carriers and troop transports. They are designed to take large groups of ground troops and their equipment and transport them long distances, then deploy them to shore using landing craft or helicopters. Most Amphibs have a stern gate and "well deck" in the aft portion which they can flood, allowing landing craft to float in and out of the ship quickly. They also usually have a flight deck large enough to accommodate transport helos. Some, like US LHA's and LHD's, have flight decks and hangar bays which are large enough that they can transport their own helicopters and offensive aircraft. Like carriers, they usually have little defensive armament of their own and need to be protected. In navies without aircraft carriers, this is frequently the largest ship class around. In standard US practice, these ships do not operate alone, but instead are the lead ship of the landing force component of a larger fleet, often operating together (e.g.: an LHD, and LPD, and an LSD all together with the ground troops and aircraft distributed between them.) Examples: The US LHA and LHD class ships, for the larger variety. (designation: Landing ship, Helicopter, Assault and Landing ship, Helicopter, Dock). Originally the designation LHA meant that the ship used only helicopters to deploy troops to shore, and LHD denoted that the ship also had a well deck for launching and recovering landing craft. However, then the US Marine Corps complained loudly enough that the navy decided to put well decks in their LHAs anyway, so there is really no operational difference between the two. Both have a secondary role as VTOL aircraft carriers, though their standard aircraft load is much smaller (20-30 vs. 70-80) and is optimized for close air support of ground troops. During the Cold War, it was envisioned that they could be employed as an equivalent to World War II escort carriers (CVE) in the event of a major naval war. The US LPD and LSD classes, for the smaller variety. (designation: Landing ship, Platform, Dock and Landing Ship, Dock) The main difference between the two is that an LPD usually has a hangar bay for sheltering and maintaining helicopters, thereby making it a useful helicopter landing Platform. The US LST class ships, now retired in US service but still used by other navies, are basically giant, oceangoing landing craft; they can actually cross the high seas and then deposit large numbers of troops, tanks, artillery, and other vehicles directly onto shore. (designation: Landing Ship, Tank) Naval jokes hold that "LST" actually stands for "large slow target". Though this originated among LST crewmen during World War II , in fact LSTs had higher survival rates than most other ship types. The Spanish Juan Carlos I, a modified version of the American Wasp class LHD, but intended to be an aircraft carrier first and an amphibious assault ship second. The primary alterations from the American design are the incorporation of a "ski jump" on the flight deck and provision to convert the light vehicles bay into an expansion of the aircraft hanger as needed. A pair of additional ships of this design are under construction for Australia, as the Canberra class. The Italian Cavour. Like the Juan Carlos I, it's operated as a light aircraft carrier first and an amphibious ship (in this case, an LPH (Landing Platform Helicopter) second. It has a ski jump with an unusually shallow angle, which cut construction costs but also reduced the advantage of the ski jump. The French Mistral class LHDs, which are broadly similar to the American ones. However their flight deck and hanger are used exclusively for helicopters, as France does not use VTOL aircraft. Three were built for the French Navy and a further two of a modified design for Russia. The latter sale was cancelled after the ships were already complete in protest over the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and the ships ended up being sold to Egypt (who also went on to purchase the navalized helicopters that Russia had planned to use on the ships). The South Korean Dokdo class (similar to an LHD), one of the smallest amphibious assault ships. The Soviet Ivan Rogov class is a hybrid LPD/LST, and at 14,000 tons they're the largest ships capable of beaching themselves to offload vehicles. Like destroyers, the Japanese (Army in this case) pioneered the ship type with Shinshu Maru, way back in 1934. While initially simply an LSD similar to those of the US Navy, it was planned (but never carried out) to have aircraft carried within the superstructure and launched by a pair of catapults. There was no provision for the launched aircraft to land on the ship, meaning that unless floatplanes were used they would rely on the landing force to capture local airfields. Another Imperial Japanese Army ship, the Akitsu Maru commissioned in 1942, was the first LHA, having a full-length flight deck in addition to a well deck for landing craft. While no arrestor wires were included, preventing typical carrier aircraft from landing, Akitsu Maru carried VTOL autogyros, making it the world's first helicopter carrier. In practice it was used primarily as an aircraft ferry, since by the time it was completed Japan had been forced onto the defensive and was no longer conducting amphibious invasions. The autogyros were used for anti-submarine purposes, carrying depth charges. Minelayers Exactly What It Says on the Tin . A ship whose main function is to lay naval mines to sea. Especially popular by navies whose coast is shallow, has large archipelago or long coastline. Naval mines can be a real menace at close straits, harbours and shallow seas, and a single mine can sink a large ship. A minelayer is usually a good seagoing vessel with flush deck, with mine rails, shafts and/or scuttles attached. A passenger ferry or a ro-ro merchantman can easily converted in a minelayer by just bolting the mine rails on the car deck and embarking the mines inside, and then lowering the stern gate where the mines are to be laid. In the past, destroyer-minelayer hybrids were also used, but this would now be considered a waste of a destroyer. Examples: Finnish Navy Hämeenmaa class minelayers Minesweepers (MCM) Also Exactly What It Says on the Tin . Although, as the old navy joke goes, "Any ship can be a minesweeper... once ", these are ships expressly designed for locating and neutralizing naval mines and explosives. They are usually small, slow, and virtually defenseless. However, they are designed with nifty things like non-magnetic (wooden or fiberglass) hulls, maneuvering thrusters or pods which allow them to travel in any direction and turn on a dime, and diving facilities, which allow them to successfully get near and disarm mines without detonating them. Many modern minesweepers now have Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV's) to aid in locating and neutralizing mines from a safe distance. "MCM" stands for Mine CounterMeasures ship. US Avenger MCMs. German Seehund MCMs. A tactic used during World War I and World War II for making a path through a minefield when minesweepers were either unavailable or impractical (enemy fire would get them before they could clear the mines) were to take an older merchant vessel and fill it with wood, cork, cardboard, or other bouyant materials and then drive it through the minefield at full speed. This tactic was risky for the unlucky crew chosen to pilot the ship, as the whole point was to detonate as many mines as possible with their own ship. Even with the extra flotation and damage absorption, any ship will eventually be rendered non-seaworthy and sink given enough mine hits. Patrol Boats (PC) Also known as FAC (Fast Attack Craft) and FIAC (Fast Inshore Attack Craft), these are fairly small vessels, some not much larger than big speedboats, used for coastal operations (PC stands for Patrol ship, Coastal). You'd find these tackling smugglers or terrorists in a film. They're designed for speed and manoeuvrability, not range. They can, however, be used in large numbers to overwhelm larger ships; for example, the Iranians have been known to train to use such "swarm attacks", and the "Tamil Tigers", a Sri Lankan rebel group , successfully used them in combat. Expect to see very high casualty rates even in successful swarm attacks, though. Boats this small don't carry much (if any) armor; at most they're designed to withstand small arms fire. Examples: The US Cyclone class PCs. The Australian Armidale Class PCs. Gunboats (PG) A small but fast craft, armed either by a BFG or a light but extremely rapid-firing cannon . These boats are favoured by navies whose coastline allows fast hide-and-seek tactics, and they are extremely popular on riverine warfare. This type of warship gave the name for Gunboat Diplomacy . Largest Gunboats are classed as Corvettes, while smallest are classed as Patrol Boats. Examples: The USN Assault Support Patrol Boats (ASPB). Torpedo Boats (PT) Small boats armed with torpedoes. Mostly used in World War II , they're largely obsolete now due to anti-ship missiles. Which naturally led to missile boats (see below) being designed to replace them. During their heyday they filled a niche role somewhere between destroyers, aircraft and submarines. Like submarines, their heavy torpedoes gave them the ability to do serious damage to very large ships, even battleships—PT boats had more firepower per ton than any other vessel. Like destroyers, their small size, maneuverability, and high speed gave them the ability to defend a fleet adequately against close-range threats. Like aircraft, their relative cheapness meant they could be employed en masse. However, they also shared the disadvantages of the types and some unique to themselves: Their onboard supplies were even more limited than a submarine's or a destroyer's, limiting their range and staying power in a battle. They couldn't move as fast as aircraft and made easier targets for other ships and planes. The emphasis on speed and firepower left no room for armor. Eventually, their role became a compromise: they were used as the commandos and raiders of the naval world. Hit and run attacks, night attacks under smokescreen, infiltration and exfiltration of special forces, evacuation of VIPs from hostile areas, and scouting were all missions under their purview. Two particular incidents made them famous: A flotilla of 6 PT boats was used to evacuate General Douglas MacArthur and his family and staff from the Philippines during the opening days of WWII, successfully evading most of the Imperial Japanese Navy over 600 nautical miles of ocean and safely delivering the general to Australia. This act of daring earned every member of the squadron a silver star and its CO, Lieutenant Commander (later Vice Admiral) John D. Bulkeley the Medal of Honor. Regardless of what you think of MacArthur, this was an impressive feat of tactics and seamanship that also served as a morale booster and an endless source of Allied propaganda during the war. PT-109 became famous during and after World War II, despite being cut in half in a collision with the Japanese Fubuki-class destroyer Amagiri, mainly due to the fact that her commander at the time was John F. Kennedy . The story of his survival and how he saved what was left of his crew made him into a war hero and may have contributed to his election as president. They're also well known in Italy due the extensive use made by the Italian Navy (calling them MAS, Motobarca Armata SVAN, standing for 'armed motorboat SVAN' (SVAN was the original manufacturer)) in World War I , where they got their Crowning Moment of Awesome when a couple MAS torpedoed and sank the Austrian flagship after a random encounter. PT boats became obsolete after the war mainly because other vehicles and weapons became more effective at their jobs. Their role has been taken up by submarines and missile boats. However, the way they were used and small, easy-to-identify-with crew makes them excellent fodder for dramatic fiction, so they tend to show up more often than other ships like destroyers and cruisers which did more important but more boring work. One exception to their general obsolescence: Some countries, such as Iran, have begun to bring back the concept using semi-submersible boats, guided torpedoes, and swarm tactics as a counter to more expensive large ships. These would work best using surprise, waiting partially submerged for a larger ship to come by, then surfacing, firing their torpedoes, and running away. Missile Boats (PTM) Eggshells with hammers. The Missile Boats are the logical successor to Torpedo Boats, substituting the slow, short-ranged torpedoes of WWII for the fast, long-ranged missiles of today. They are subject to many of the same shortcomings as torpedo boats but in some cases the increased long-range striking power makes up for it. Like their predecessors, they typically pack a lot of firepower into a very small, fragile package. During The Cold War the Soviet Union particularly liked the idea of lots of small, fast ships that could engage in hit-and-run attacks on other vessels... or hit-and-sink attacks, as the Soviets considered them expendable and realized they would have to be employed in large groups to account for the fact they'll take many losses before they reach launch range. After all, as the boss said, Quantity has a quality all it's own. They armed them with surface-to-surface anti-ship missiles, usually the P-15/SS-N-2 "Styx". The US, which believed in fewer but more powerful and survivable large ships lagged behind in developing these until much later, when the dominant power of anti-ship missiles was more established. Some other countries (particularly Israel, after an Egyptian missile boat sank a destroyer of theirs in the Six Day War of 1967) took up the idea and the USSR exported the type. India put them to good use in its 1971 war with Pakistan. The US had some, but have now retired them as not cost-effective. The missile boats do have their drawbacks, though. Actual combat showings have suggested they are not effective in a modern environment, primarily due to their small size and large antiship missiles taking up a lot of space and displacement keeping them from mounting a meaningful defense against aircraft and helicopters (that is, unless you're Israeli and your missile boats literally start breaking records for armament per size). Due to their small size they are not very seaworthy, they have poor accommodation facilities, poor range and poor seagoing properties. They can easily be destroyed from air. And there are morale problems, especially if manned by conscripts: the sailors know they are expendable. However, they are on their own if the country deploying them has dense archipelago or broken coastline behind which to hide and where to strike. The Soviet/Russian Project 205 Tsunami/"Osa" class is a particularly good example. The NATO designation means "wasp" in Russian- a good name for small, annoying boats with a nasty sting. The Osa II class, in Finnish Navy the Tuima ("Fury") class, was generally hated by the Navy conscripts who had to serve onboard. They bore nicknames like Tuska ("Agony") class and Moskvich (after a poor quality Soviet car ). The working and living conditions onboard could at best be described as Spartan (by the deck crew) and at worst hellish (by the engine crew). The Norwegians have the Skjold class, which are both the fastest warships in the world (a whopping 60+ knots, the exact speed is classified) and the first operational stealth warships. They are designated as "corvettes" by Norway despite their being only slightly larger than an "Osa", on the premise that they're too seaworthy to be called mere "boats". The armament of 8 anti-ship missiles (in concealed launchers) and a 76mm gun are quite typical of a missile boat, though. These replaced the Hauk class, which were a rather more ordinary design. The US Navy had the Pegasus class. They were very fast hydrofoil missile boats with an impressively heavy armament for their size (8 Harpoon missiles, double the firepower of an "Osa", and a rapid-fire 76mm gun). At least 30 were planned, but only 6 were builtnote At the insistence of Congress; the Navy didn't want them (Admiral Zumwalt, the champion of the concept who had envisioned fielding over 100 of them, had retired as Chief of Naval Operations) and wanted to cut the order to two, but Congress said, "we bought 'em, you use 'em". One would think that transferring them to the Coast Guard, stripping the missiles and adding some smaller guns, and using them to chase down drug-runners would've been more logical. and they never really did anything before being retired. Being a good 15 knots faster than the already speedy "Osa" class and armed with longer-range missiles, they probably would've had much better chance of survival in combat. The Israeli standard missile boat, the Sa'ar 4.5 probably pushes the boundaries of what can be considered reasonable armament for missile boats. Each ship carries 8 Harpoon missiles, and between 16 and 32 Barak anti-aircraft missiles (or 6 Gabriel anti-ship missiles), and two gun turret positions that can each mount either a 3-inch gun, a 25mm autocannon or a Phalanx CIWS . And there used to be a version of these ships that included a helipad and hanger,note These were eventually sold to Mexico, who doesn't use the helicopter facilities. despite both versions weighing under 500 tons. This has the effect of making ships that are classified as "missile boats" almost as well armed as your average frigate. They make up for it by having as speed of "only" 34 knots, a bit faster than most frigates but mediocre for a missile boat. "Missile boat" is also another name for an SSBN, so be careful there. Rigid (Hull) Inflatable Boats (RIB, RHIB) Basically, small speedboats with a light rigid hull for structure and inflatable pontoons for buoyancy. Often mounted with a light to medium machine gun. Sort of parasite boats, many naval vessels carry a number of these for boarding operations, inport security, search and rescue, and other general purpose jobs. RIBs are the latest iteration of this kind of vessel; in the past, using different designs they have been known as Gigs, Barges, Cutters, Yachts, Runabouts, and simply Boats. Boghammar The maritime equivalent of a technical . An improvised fighting vessel, usually manufactured by attaching a machine gun, anti-aircraft cannon or recoilless rifle on a speedboat. Usually favoured by third world countries, irregulars, especially in chaotic or underdeveloped countries, and by pirates. The name derives from Swedish speedboat manufacturer Boghammar Marin AB, who manufactured the first armed speedboats for the Iranian Navy. Submarines Submarines are boats that can travel underwater, and fight there. Or, as the navy joke goes, they're boats for which the number of sinkings equals the number of surfacings. (Also, they are always "boats", never "ships", regardless of size. At least in US and British parlance.) Submarines are designed, basically, to be silent hunters. The earlier submarines were essentially submersibles, spending most of their time on the surface and diving only when attacking or attempting to escape. During their heyday in the first half of the 20th century, submarines were a constant source of Paranoia Fuel , due to their ability to attack without warning (on more than one occasion, capital ships were sunk in their home harbors by daring submarine commanders). During the Spanish Civil War , submarine warfare by unknown partiesnote The Italians, though nobody was willing to come out and say it as that would result in a war nobody wanted to fight. resulted in the Nyon Conference, where strict rules were established concerning submarines operating unescorted in the Mediterranean, with portions of the sea patrolled by British, French, Germans, and Italians to prevent submarine attacks note The Italians, for the aforementioned reasons, were largely left out of this deal, but were allowed to patrol their own waters and the Tyrrhenian Sea if they wished. The possibility of a submarine, armed with torpedoes, being in your area of operations, can tie up a couple of ships at least ( The Falklands War for example). However, modern submarines can also carry anti-ship and land-attack missiles. The deck guns of World War II are no longer present, as they increase underwater noise and are less powerful than modern torpedoes anyway. Any anti-air capacity is basically a hand-held SAM launcher carried in a waterproof box.note In theory there's nothing that would stop a submarine from being equipped with more substantial anti-aircraft armament, but in practice this would be pointless since if it's underwater (and in combat, it always would be) a submarine is unlikely to know if an aircraft is nearby. Submarines are sometimes found operating on their own, but any US carrier group brings a couple along for protection. There are four basic types. Diesel-Electric submarines (SS, SSK) These are your U-Boats of World War II , suitably updated with longer underwater endurance times, better sensors, homing torpedoes, and faster speeds. They run on diesel engines when on the surface and batteries (big ones) underneath. In some respects, they're more useful than nuclear-powered subs. Since they're smaller, they can operate better in shallow waters. They are also quieter, since they don't have a reactor running. Under the right conditions, they can be even more dangerous than a theoretically more powerful nuclear submarine, because of the lack of noise. However, they are slower, have shorter ranges and are generally not capable of spending weeks below periscope depth. If a moderate-to-large sized opposing surface or air force manages to ever find them, they have little-to-no chance of escape. The US, UK and France have stopped using these in a combat role. Russia and China retain a fair number, finding them useful for their more limited needs (neither navy often ventures far from their shores), while smaller submarine-using navies (not all that many can afford sub fleets) have no choice but to use these. Interestingly, Israel 's Dolphin class submarines, despite being diesel-electric, are theoretically capable of carrying nuclear-armed missiles and thus giving Israel a regional second-strike capability. Given Israel's fear that Iran will get nuclear weapons in the near future, it's fairly likely that the IDF is preparing for that possibility ( if it hasn't already thought of that and carried it out ...). A Pakistani diesel Submarine, PNS Hangor, made the first submarine kill of a surface ship since WWII in its country's unpleasantness with India in 1971. It is also one of only two successful attacks by submarines since 1945. You've probably heard of the other one. Sub-divided into patrol submarines and other coastal-defence based ones. The Australian Collins class, after a lot of teething problems and controversy, is now considered to be the best of these today. The Russian Kilo class is a good example of the Russian sort. Relatively small and very quiet, they find a notable export success, especially in Asia, and are now bought by the such disparate countries as India, China, and Vietnam. Their successor, Lada class, intended to compete with the new German designs, is, however, beset by a teething problems and isn't expected to enter service (except for a single experimental boat) for a few more years. Germany still produces quite a few good U-boats for a number of nations. The aforementioned Israeli Dolphin class were actually built in Germany, based on Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werke's (HDW) 209 class subs. The first two (Dolphin and Leviathan) were donated by Germany in general and HDW's parent company ThyssenKrupp in particular as compensation for, well, you know ...note ThyssenKrupp's predecessor company Krupp had some pretty notorious Nazi connections; its CEO of the time was Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, who made no secret of his Nazi sympathies. At the end of the war, he was convicted of crimes against humanity for using (usually Jewish) slave labor—even when the Nazi leadership thought that using German workers would be better (not on any kind of moral opposition to slavery, but on racist grounds: they didn't think Jews were capable of doing the work properly). An American banker persuaded someone to get Krupp out of prison early, and Krupp very quickly tried to establish himself as a philanthopist . Thyssen was relatively cleaner: Fritz Thyssen was more of a conservative Catholic German nationalist than a Nazi, and was sufficiently appalled by Nazi policies that he cut off his association with Hitler and the NSDAP in 1938. While he did fire all his Jewish employees when the Nazis asked him to, he was never particularly anti-Semitic; furthermore, he left for Switzerland as soon as the war started (he was opposed to the war on principle and on profit—in a classic subversion of War for Fun and Profit , he hated how the Nazis had commandeered his factories for war production). He ended up in a concentration camp by the end of the war. The Swedish Gotland class submarines are notable exceptions to the normal diesel-electric rule of limited submergence duration, being able to supposedly stay submerged for weeks, although their performance while relying on their Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) system is only 5 knots. The Collins and Gotland class both have an unusual "X" configuration tail planes (instead of the typical "+" configuration of two rudders and two dive planes, all four planes serve as both rudders and dive planes), which improves maneuverability and also makes it possible to "land" the submarine on the ocean floor without risking damage to the planes. Nuclear Attack Submarines (SSN) Faster than diesel-electric submarines (and even most surface ships!), Nuclear attack subs have two further advantages: First, they can stay at sea for longer at a time. By making their own oxygen from seawater and scrubbing the carbon dioxide from the air with filters, a nuclear attack submarine can stay at sea and submerged for months on end, until the foodstuffs on board run out. Second, unlike diesel-electric boats, they do not need to periodically surface to charge the battery by running the diesels (known as snorkelling-the sub literally sticks a snorkel out of the water to suck in air for the engines). This makes them much harder to detect by ships and aircraft. However, "fast-attack boats", as the US Navy terms them, are ruinously expensive to build and maintain, and only the US, Russia/USSR, Britain, France, China and India operate these boats. Brazil is developing some with French help. In wartime, the role of an SSN is twofold - to defend friendly ship from attacks by enemy submarines, and to find and sink enemy "Boomers" (see below). Due to their inherently stealthy nature, they are also frequently used for intelligence and covert operations. Delivery of special operations forces has become a major mission for nuclear subs since the end of the Cold War . During the Cold War (and presumably still today), attack subs from both sides would attempt to trail the opposition's missile submarines, ready to sink them if the need arose. The US Navy's fast-attack fleet is mainly composed of the Los Angeles Class, though some have been retired in favour of the newer Virginia class. The later ones of the former and all the latter have 12 vertical launch tubes for Tomahawk cruise missiles, but can carry them internally too. There are also three Seawolf class subs in the US inventory; these are said to be the fastest and most powerful attack submarines ever built. It was originally intended to build several dozen of these, but with the end of the Cold War it turned out they were "too powerful": there was no longer a massive Soviet sub threat, and the Virginia class is only marginally less capable (the most obvious difference is that the Virgina class have half as many torpedoes...which merely means reverting to the number carried by the Los Angeles class) and much less expensive (though in reality the Virginias turned out to be only slightly cheaper due to inflation). The Royal Navy's Trafalgar Class is said to have the most advanced sonar in the world. The older Swiftsure-class will soon be replaced by the Astute-class. The main Soviet/Russian fast-attack sub is the "Akula" class. Well, NATO call it the Akula (Shark). The Soviet navy gave that name to the missile submarines that NATO called the "Typhoon" class, calling this the Shchuka-B, as it was an improvement of the Shchuka, NATO name "Victor III" (even though the "Akula" class is a new hull design rather than just an incremental improvement of the "Victor III"). Confusing. The Soviet Union used to have the "Alfa" class (called the Lyra by the Russians, after the constellation). It was incredibly advanced for its time, featuring a welded Titanium hull, allowing to enormous dive depths, a lead-bismuth cooled reactor of immense power, and the degree of automation unprecedented to this day ï¿½ for all its novel features it was crewed by just thirty men. On the other hand it lacked in stealth (though it's difficult to be stealthy running 44 knots underwater , on cruise speeds it was no worse than the other Soviet subs of the time) and it was so expensive that only a small series was built.note The boat was dubbed "goldfish", as in "the fish of solid gold" by its crews. Frequently featured as a "bad" submarine in Tom Clancy works. Modern Russian Project 885 Yasen class is an answer to the US' Seawolf, and is similarly ruinously expensive ï¿½ in fact, even more expensive than their boomer counterparts, which are much larger ï¿½ and many analysts expect a Virginia-like "economy" class to surface after an initial series will be built, as the Akula class boats are getting old. Guided Missile Submarines (SSGN) During World War II , German U-Boats would attack allied convoys on the surface, in large formations known as "Wolf Packs", firing torpedoes and their deck guns to sink the vulnerable freighters. With the advent of guided missiles, a single SSGN-type submarine could now do this on its own, hiding below the water and launching volleys of cruise missiles at merchant vessels in convoy. Alternatively, they could lay off the enemy coast undetected and fire missiles at enemy airbases, railway bridges and other strategic structures. During the Cold War, this was a specialty of the Soviet Navy, who operated the "Echo", "Charlie", "Oscar I" and "Oscar II" classes, which would use some of them attempt to prevent the U.S. resupplying its armies in Europe during wartime or to attack carrier battle groups threatening the Soviet homeland. There were also diesel-powered versions, like the amusingly Western-named "Whiskey Long Bin" and the "Juliett". Since then, the US Navy has converted some of its fleet of Ohio Class missile submarines to SSGN configuration (using the early boats of the class which were incompatible with the newer Trident II missile), designed for conventional attacks on land or sea targets using numerous Tomahawk cruise missiles. This unfortunately does lead to the odd situation of having two classes of Ohio submarines in existence at the same time; the SSGNs and the rest of the SSBNs from the class they were converted from. Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBN) What people tend to mean when they talk about "nuclear submarines", although some of the early Soviet ones were diesel powered. These large submarines, known as "Boomers" (or "Bombers" in the Royal Navy) for obvious reasons, carry a complement of nuclear-tipped ballistic missiles, each missile usually carrying Multiple Independent Reentry Vehicles (MIRV), giving them the frightening ability to nuke several dozen targets in one go. They also carry torpedoes; these are usually - but not invariably - conventional-tipped, and mostly for self-defense. The purpose of the SSBN is simple - to hide until such time as it is ordered to launch its missiles. It is, after all, rather easier to hide a submarine at sea which can keep moving than a large, static installation on land. Silence is golden. In the event your country is nuked, they will be ready to launch retaliation later (the British have a procedure where a Prime Minister can order a launch from beyond the grave by use of pre-written letters in a safe on the vessel) Five nations operate Boomers - the US, Russia, Britain, France and China again - and the US and Russian/Soviet fleet have provided fertile ground for fiction, thanks to the dramatic potential inherent in a small, enclosed environment with the capacity for initiating worldwide destruction. The Red October was a fictional (enlarged) member of the Soviet Akula/"Typhoon" class. Six of these very distinctive looking and very large submarines (the biggest ever built) were built, with one remaining in Russian service as a test platform. USS Alabama, featured in Crimson Tide, is a real member of the US Ohio Class. The mainstay of the Soviet/Russian boomer fleet are the boats of the project 667BDR/BDRM, AKA Kalmar/Defin class, called Delta III/IV by NATO. Deltas III, the oldest of them, are in the process of replacement by... The project 955 Borey boats, designed to carry the problem-saddled Bulava SLBM, although by this time everything seems mostly settled. These are easily distinguished by the unusual reverse slope of their conning towers' face, and the virtual lack of the characteristic "hump" of the older Soviet boomers, because the solid-fueled Bulava is much more compact than their hydrazine fueled missiles. Monitors Taking their name from the first of the American ironclads, these were originally coast-defence ships, very small but with a powerful armament, for use in defence of naval bases and other strategic seaside positions in the event that something happened to the main fleet (or it had to be elsewhere). By the First World War, the term came to signify a coast-offence ship, tasked with shore bombardment and frequently armed with a single main-gun turret taken from an obsolete battleship or heavy cruiser. Although not specifically intended for ship-to-ship duels, two of them were responsible for the destruction of a German cruiser which was sheltering in shallow waters during the First World War, as they were the only ones which could make their way far enough up-river with a heavy enough armament. This class of ship is now redundant, although the concept still vaguely exists in the form of (abandoned) plans for an "arsenal ship", a platform specifically designed to carry one or two surface-bombardment guns and a VERY large number of (non-nuclear) cruise missiles for use against pinpoint land targets. Coastal defence ships A likewise nowadays redundant class, this type of ship was very popular amongst small countries' navies. More like mobile coastal artillery batteries than true bluewater ships, these ships usually were of size of a frigate but carried the armament of a heavy cruiser, providing more firepower than any other ship in shallow waters. Often called "armoured ships" (panserskepp, panssarilaiva etc). Nevertheless, they carried heavy punch and some of them stayed in service until 1960s. Alternative Title(s): Types Of Naval Ships :: Indexes ::	i don't know
Which creature may be described as a lizard, with adhesive toes allowing it to walk up walls and across ceilings?	��ࡱ�>�� 5@ ��qbjbj�2�2 +��X�X�i��hEhEhEhE\�E\��WF,F��I�I�I�I�I�I�IAWCWCWCWCWCWCW$YRZ[vgW��I�I�I�I�IgW��I�I\|WtStStS�I2��I��IAWtS�IAWtS&tS�S �S=��%W�I F �u��hE.OWAW�W0�W W�[XS �[%W��[�%W tS�I�I�IgWgW��D"&d tS��&REPTILES Reptiles are tetrapods and amniotes, animals whose embryos are surrounded by an amniotic membrane. Today they are represented by four surviving orders:HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilia" Crocodilia (HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile"crocodiles, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiman"caimans and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator"alligators): 23 species.HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" Sphenodontia (HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara"tuataras from New Zealand): 2 species.HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamata" Squamata (HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"lizards, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"snakes and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphisbaenia"amphisbaenids ("worm-lizards")): approximately 7,900 species.HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle" Testudines (HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle"turtles): approximately 300 species. LIZARD CLASSIFICATION Infraorder Iguania Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corytophanidae"Corytophanidae (casquehead lizards) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanidae"Iguanidae (HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguana"iguanas and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spinytail_iguanas&action=edit"spinytail iguanas) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrynosomatidae"Phrynosomatidae (earless, spiny, tree, side-blotched and horned lizards) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychrotidae"Polychrotidae (HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis"anoles) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotaphytidae"Crotaphytidae (collared and leopard lizards) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opluridae"Opluridae (Madagascar iguanid Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplocercidae"Hoplocercidae (wood lizards, clubtails) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleonidae"Chamaeleonidae (HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon"chameleons) Infraorder Gekkota Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekkonidae"Gekkonidae (HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko"geckos) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygopodidae"Pygopodidae (legless lizards) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibamidae"Dibamidae (blind lizards) Infraorder Scincomorpha Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scincidae"Scincidae (HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink"skinks) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacertidae"Lacertidae (HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_lizard"wall lizards or true lizards) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiidae"Teiidae (tegus and whiptails) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnophthalmidae"Gymnophthalmidae (spectacled lizards) Infraorder Diploglossa Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguidae"Anguidae (glass lizards) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniellidae"Anniellidae (American legless lizards) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenosauridae"Xenosauridae (knob-scaled lizards) Infraorder Platynota (Varanoidea) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanidae"Varanidae (monitor lizards) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanotidae"Lanthanotidae (earless monitor lizards) Family HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helodermatidae"Helodermatidae (HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_monster"gila monsters) Family Mosasauridae (marine lizards) LIZARDS Lizards are reptiles, which means they are cold-blooded, lay eggs, and covered by scales instead of feathers or fur. Different types of lizards might live in trees, underground, on the banks of rivers, or in the desert. Some varieties eat insects, others fruit, and still others prey on small mammals. They come in all colors and sizes, equipped with innovative methods of defense, reproduction, and predation. TYPICAL LIZARDS Typical lizards are hardy and easily kept in captivity though they move very quickly. The structure of their tail supports fast zigzag movements and very accurate jumps that are needed to catch their insect prey. They are all insectivores. Many will breed easily in captivity. Most are egg layers though some give live birth. Common House Lizard (Lacerta vivipara /Hemidactylus flaviviridis ) The house lizard is actually beneficial to us because it eats up the insect pests that invade our homes. It can be seen running up the wall and upside-down on the ceiling. The house lizard can cling to walls because its footpads are covered with uncountable little hairs which are sort of like the fibres on your toothbrush, and each of these tiny hairs has a tiny suction cup on the end. The microscopic hairs function as an adhesive and prevent the lizard from falling down. When chased by an enemy, the lizard can shed its tail at will, by a process called autotomy, meaning literally "self cutting". Eventually, a new tail will grow in its place. The common house lizard has five wide toe pads that help it to walk up walls. Lizards are best controlled inside buildings by excluding them ! IMPORTANCE ATTENTION APPRECIATION TO BE LIKED BEST WIN AMBITIOUS INDEPENDANT LOVE FOR EXCESS MONEY , FAME WORLDLY POSSESSIONS SELFISH GREED , UNSATISFIED , WANT MORE PLAYFUL , JOVIAL ,FUN LOVING TRAVEL DANCE , MUSIC CARS CHEAT LIE TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF WRONGED (rape , molest , abuse) RIGHT-WRONG DUTY RESPONSIBILITY JUSTICE , FAIR HONEST TRUST NEEDS FAMILY : IDENTITY LOVE ,CARE ATTACHMENT GUIDANCE , ADVICE (stupid , cannot take decision) INSTILLATION OF VALUES SUPPORT COMPANY DESIRES OF CANNOT SURVIVE ALONE FEELS WEAK , DEPENDANT , HELPLESS NOT SPEAK KEEP QUIET ADJUST COMPROMISE SUPPRESS CONTROL (anger , jealousy , greed , violence , aggression) FEELS CURBED , CLOSED IN LIKE A CAGED ANIMAL LOCKED , SECLUDED , DESOLATE RESTRICTED IN PRISON CONSTRICTED , CHOKED CRUSHED FREEDOM LIBERTY DO THINGS MY WAY DO WHATEVER I WANT SOCIAL PLEASURES FEAR OF NON - ACCEPTANCE FEAR ALONE NEGLECTED LEFT OUT DIRTY DISGUST INFERIORITY COMPLEX AWKWARD ODD IN-LAWS FEAR / DREAM / DELUSION : BEING CHASED , MURDERED , KILL WATER FALLING FIRE , EXPLOSION FIGHTS GHOSTS EARTHQUAKE , VOLCANO ANIMALS LIZARD , CROCODILES , ALLIGATORS, WORMS , SNAKES , INSECTS Bridge between source & theme As they cling for support to the walls they have adapted to - for food & survival ;the humans try hard to exclude them from their midst . Helpless & dependant they strive to get in, & once they are in - feel a captive of the concrete walls & human society they have chosen for survival . This then is the conflict of the lizard expressed in it�s prototype the CHL . The theme of the patient in the delusional state of CHL is �� LIZARDS - theme The lizard desires attention , importance , to be the best ��like other competitive animals. They also feel weak , dependant & need family for guidance (strontium). Again like the other animals they then feel wronged , harmed , hurt , tortured by the very people they are dependant on. They want to retaliate , speak out , take revenge (snakes-reptiles) but can�t for fear of bad opinion of others , non - acceptance & being left alone without support. They feel split between the desire to retaliate & guilt & fear of losing support if they do. Thus this not expressing & lack of independence makes them feel locked , curbed , closed like a caged animal & they long for freedom & independence. IGUANAS - pets ! The Iguana family is the largest of the lizard families,consisting of 60 genera with over 700 species. Iguanas are a popular type of lizard because they make friendly pets. In the wild, some species of iguana can grow quite large while they roam through arid and temperate climates. They're entirely vegetarian, snacking on leaves and sweet fruits. Their main defense is their sharply spiked tail that they can whip around when feeling threatened. Green varieties stay up in trees while brown iguanas stick to the ground, digging burrow. IGUANAS - PET OR PEST ! Iguanas are difficult, frustrating, complicated, complex--and potentially dangerous as pets ! IGUANAS - PET OR PEST ! Regular, consistent, gentle handling is absolutely necessary to tame iguanas and keep them tame and manageable as they get larger.Often a new iguana is quite docile for the first few days after he is brought home. At first the iguana may have been too nervous and intimidated by his new surroundings to assert himself. However, as the iguana becomes more comfortable he is more likely to show his displeasure with handling & starts showing signs of aggression . Taming requires gaining trust, and this is something that will not happen overnight - trust must be earned over time. Taming is also a balance between not pushing too hard and showing the iguana who is in charge. You have to be firm and persistent without completely stressing out the iguana. but try to make it clear that you are making the decisions and in charge of the interaction. Iguanas also need lots of real sunlight. Many pet iguanas have died from metabolic bone disease,this is caused from a lack of vitamin D. Marine iguanas spend plenty of time laying on the beach and the rocks at the beach. They jump off the cliffs and dive into the ocean so that they can get to the plant life at the bottom for food. They are also vegetarians and there diet is derived from plant life in the ocean. The Marine Iguana is an endangered species and are not being properly protected. CHAMELEON- A Truly Bizarre Lizard The name "chameleon" means, "Earth lion" and is derived from the Greek words "chamai" (on the ground, on the earth) and "leon" (lion). Almost half of the world�s chameleon species live on the island of Madagascar. This chameleon community is not only the world�s largest, it is also the world�s most unique. Chameleons are famous for their ability to change their skin color to blend in with their surroundings. But experts say camouflage is only half the story of the tropical lizard's remarkable trait."Communication is also partly the function of coloration�. With color, chameleons can communicate with others, expressing attitudes such as their willingness to mate. Instead, their skin changes in response to temperature, light, and mood. "Most of the time, chameleons are behaving as highly cryptic animals trying to avoid detection from predators," A chameleon�s colorful beauty is truly skin deep. Under the transparent outer skin are two cell layers that contain red and yellow pigments, or chromatophores. Below the chromatophores are cell layers that reflect blue and white light. Even deeper down is a layer of brown melanin . Levels of external light and heat, and internal chemical reactions cause these cells to expand or contract. A calm chameleon, for example, may exhibit green, because the somewhat contracted yellow cells allow blue-reflected light to pass through. An angry chameleon may exhibit yellow, because the yellow cells have fully expanded, thus blocking off all blue-reflected light from below Chameleons have many other features that distinguish them from their lizard cousins. They are the only lizards with zygodactyle feet, or pincers. These grasping feet are ideal for tree climbing. Chameleons also have an extremely extensile tongue. The tongue is used to snap up insects and out-of-reach food, and can be up to twice the length of a chameleon�s body. Also distinctive are the independently moveable eyes, which allow chameleons the ability to survey the world with nearly 360-degree vision. When prey is located, both eyes can be focused in the same direction, giving sharp HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopic_vision"stereoscopic vision and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_perception"depth perception. They lack a vomeronasal organ. Like snakes, they don't have an outer or a middle ear and seem to be HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf"deaf; at least they cannot detect airborne sounds. But some, maybe all, can communicate via vibrations that travel through solid material like branches. UVA is actually part of the visible spectrum for Chameleons. Primarily this wavelength affects the way a chameleon perceives its environment and the resultant physiological effects. Chameleons exposed to UVA light show increased social behaviour and activity levels, are more inclined to bask and feed and are also more likely to reproduce as it has a positive effect on the pineal gland. CHAMELEON - theme Key theme that differentiates chameleon from other lizards is the need to camouflage or hide one�s true colors . The need to camouflage comes from the common need to have company of family for guidance & support.To be able to do that one needs TO MERGE with the group. To be part of the group one needs to have a good impression for which one needs to camouflage the � BAD PART OF ONESELF��..(the anger , revenge , jealousy , competition , one upmanship) Thus there is always fear of losing control. There is also a feeling that everybody else around camouflages the � bad � & thus the inability to trust anybody because you don�t know what their true colors are or at what point they are going to show their true colors. MONITOR LIZARD Monitors belong to the family Varanidae. Some are small reptiles of less than a foot in length, while the Komodo dragon, the largest living lizard, grows to 364 lb. All monitors are tropical reptiles. They are active lizards, that may be very hostile, lashing out with their tails upon the slightest provocation. Even a small monitor can produce a stinging lash with its tail. Varanid lizards, including the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_dragon"Komodo dragon, are indeed venomous and do not produce strains of deadly bacteria as previously thought. However, instead of injecting the venom into prey from fangs like most of their snake cousins do, the venom stays around the base of the teeth.Some, if not all, monitor lizards are capable of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis"parthenogenesis. Monitor lizards are considered to be the most highly developed HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"lizards, possessing a relatively rapid HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"metabolism for HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"reptiles, several sensory adaptations that benefit the hunting of live prey, and a lower jaw that may be unhinged to facilitate eating large prey animals. The claws of monitors are long and sharp. The jaws are very strong. Once they bite something it is very difficult to get them to let go. It has been said that the name of monitor lizards is derived from a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition"superstition that the creatures would give a warning about the presence of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile"crocodiles. However, this explanation may be apocryphal. Many species hold their heads erect on their long necks, which gives them the appearance of being alert. They intimidate predators by lashing out with their tails, inflating their throats, hissing loudly, turning sideways, and compressing their bodies. They are mostly terrestrial, but many are agile climbers and good swimmers. The tail is somewhat compressed in tree dwellers, very compressed in semiaquatic monitors. DIET: All monitors are carnivorous. There diet ranges from bugs while they are young to mice, frogs, birds, and lizards smaller than themself. REPRODUCTION and GROWTH: Combat between males is frequently observed during the breeding season in some species. The Gila monster - Heloderma suspectum This ferocious-looking lizard got its name from the Gila Basin in Arizona. Physical Characteristics : The Gila monster is one of two known venomous lizards, the other being the Mexican beaded lizard, Heloderma horridum. It is a stout animal which usually weighs 3 - 5 pounds. Its length varies from 12 - 24 inches for an adult The Gila monster has skin which feels granular or bumpy. The bumpy scales on the upper body gradualy turn into plate-like scales on the underbelly. The coloration of the skin is black with contrasting pink, yellow or orange. This animal has five toes on each foot with claws that are short and sharp. Habitat The Gila monster seems to prefer an area which is wet enough to support shrub life. They are found more often in the rockier, wetter desert scrub but they are also found in drier, sandier areas. They prefer rocky foothills to open land or agricultural areas. In the wild Gila monsters eat small mammals, lizards, frogs, insects, carrion, birds and birds' eggs. They hunt primarily with their sense of taste and smell instead of with their eyes. They grab their prey and subdue it with their jaws and teeth. They have poison glands which are modified salivary glands. Nonetheless, venom flows into the bite wounds after infliction. Social Habits Gila monsters are solitary creatures who are inactive most of the time. They hide under rocks and also in burrows. Sometimes they steal burrows from other animals but they can also dig their own. The Gila monster does hibernate in winter, using the fat in its tail as sustenance. In the summer, this lizard is active only at twilight in order to aviod the heat. When this animal is threatened it uses a burrow for escape or it will inflate its body for intimidation. This animal has evolved to fit in well with its surroundings. The colorful, beadlike skin of this creature is great camouflage in the desert. Its claws are great for digging burrows and for digging out other animals' eggs. The tongue is a very important feature. It helps the Gila monster to hunt and to receive information about its surroundings via scent. These scents are transformed into a specialized taste organ called HYPERLINK "http://www.nashvillezoo.org/dictionary.htm"Jacobsen's organ. The fat storage in the tail has also proven to be very important to the survival of the Gila monster during times in which food supply is diminished. HELODERMA - theme Gila monster is one of the two poisonous lizards found in Arizona, Texas, New Mexico. It is found in dry desert habitat near water beds & in volcanic areas & hence dreams include dr : of dry dusty road dr / fear / del : volcano , water. The fact that it is poisonous is expressed in its fear & dreams of being poisoned. In its proving it causes intense COLDNESS at the level of mind & body which is one of the important characteristics to prescribe heloderma. The main feeling of heloderma is the feeling of powerlessness when alone & hence a need for someone as a guide & power. However on feeling provoked or somebody entering the space they have anger & aggression with desire to strike, punch & even to kill. This violence is often without remorse or much emotion where it resembles Androctonus which came again & again in the proving of heloderma as dr : scorpion to symbolize the common state that they share. The theme of cold anger & of cold rage is also a very intense theme in Androc. Because of intense feeling of weakness & powerlessness & need for somebody there�there is a strong feeling of being overpowered , or under control or of being possessed which gives rise to the feeling as if being a robot. Intense ego & need to be the best , to excel is much higher in this remedy than others. HELODERMA (Rowe�s proving) The central idea of this remedy is expressed in the following: I am busy (industrious), centered (balanced) and speeding in my space but don't bother me or I will get irritable and lunge. This idea was well expressed in the dream of prover #3 who dreamt that she was possessed by a scorpion and had to keep attacking others who would get into her space but when left alone she felt centered and at peace. The theme of aggression was also present. For the most part this took the form of irritability and the need to protect one's space. However, a number of provers had violent dreams and one prover described aggressive feelings of wanting to punch others in the jaw. The aggression and irritability seemed to be without remorse or much emotion. In general the provers noted a lack of maternal feeling with this proving. Mental / Emotional: Intermittent depression; Emotional roller coaster; Could not deal with people; Irritable and urge to punch someone; Wanted to hit someone in the jaw; More verbal fights;. Dreams: Dream of dry dusty road; bus drove into a bank that was hidden by an illusion; people in the bus were being shrunk and kicking like babies in the womb; green grassy bank and dry dusty roads. Fire dreams (2); fire fighting friends who were women; lava flowing down streets; people getting burned. Dreams: Robots; teachers were robots and made of metal. Dreams: Dream of making a robot that killed other robots. GECKOS Geckos are found worldwide in all the warmer regions. What distinguishes them as a family is that they have the ability to produce sounds. Some make high pitched calls, some sound like ducks, and others like barking dog.� Most geckos have fused eyelids (like snakes) and they lick them with their protrusible notched tongue to clean them. 75% of them are nocturnal so their pupils are narrow and vertical to block out light. Regardless of its reputation for fierceness, the tokay gecko's beauty, hardy nature and modest price have made it a popular "pet store" lizard. First-time owners are rudely awakened when "a good beginner's gecko" turns out to be an animal with a personality that is pure evil! Geckos are diminutive, tropical lizards with bright green bodies and often orange or yellow feet. Their fascinating toes, like suction cups, allow them to shimmy up vertical surfaces in their search for insects. Sometimes people see them climbing HYPERLINK "http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-glass.htm"glass windows with ease. The digits of their feet (kind of like toes) are adhesive because they have rows of tiny hooked bristles which allow them to climb straight up walls and across ceilings. Many will also breed easily in captivity. However, the gecko does not use the friction between her foot and the micro pits to stick. Her way is subtler and more powerful. Instead, she capitalizes on the transient electrical forces between her hair molecules and the molecules of whatever surface she scampers across. She places her foot "palm" first, uncurls each toe like a party favor, sticks each spatula hair into the glass skylight, pushes the spatula flat, and gets the hair molecules so close to the glass molecules that they electrically bond for an instant. The sticking power is 600 times greater than friction. The temporary bond, due to van der Waals attraction, depends on the shifting dance of electrons about the nucleus. Consider two jammed-together molecules. At any given instant, the electron cloud about a molecule in the gecko�s foot will be more piled up on one side than the other and therefore more negative than usual on that side. The negative charge pushes the electrons in the nearby glass molecule away to its other side and the opposite charges attract each other briefly. This condition oscillates back and forth (resonates), causing the two molecules (foot and glass) to stick together. She unzips her feet like tape from a ceiling 15 times per second, peeling off and curling up each toe like a party favor coming back to normal. She simply lifts the flattened spatula hair by restoring the angle that the hair shaft makes with the glass to 30 degrees and the hair pops off. That�s geometry. By the way, Andre K. Geim of the University of Manchester has imitated the gecko�s adhesive and produced one square centimeter of "gecko" tape. When we make enough to cover your hand (200 sq cm)�you can suspend your 90-pound (41 kg) body (sorry, that�s all) from a pane of glass with that one hand. WORMLIZARDS (Amphisbaenidae) Suborder Amphisbaenia is a group of peculiar, usually legless HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamate"squamates distantly related to lizards and snakes, in spite of their resemblance to worms (many possessing a pink body color and scales arranged in rings). They are very difficult to study due to the mechanics of dissecting something so small (most species are less than 6 inches long). A unique modification of the middle ear in which an elongated structure, the extracolumella, attaches to the stapedial bone of the middle ear extending forward to attach to tissue along the sides of the face and allowing the reception and transmission of vibrations to the inner ear. Mythology The Amphisbaena is a Greek serpent with two heads and eyes that glow like candles-In mythology. It has a head at each end of its body. This is how it got its name which means "goes both ways" in Greek. It is also called the "mother of ants", because it feeds on ants. If it is chopped in half, the two parts will join again. The skin of amphisbaenians is only loosely attached to the body, and they move using an accordion-like motion, in which the skin moves and the body seemingly just drags along behind it. Uniquely, they are also able to perform this motion in reverse, just as effectively. Bridge between the source & theme Adaptations for survival bring their own conflicts.So also with the Amphisboenids. Small,vulnerable -they have a highly developed unique middle ear for increased transmission of ground vibrations to the inner ear, which warns them against predators . They also move in both directions effectively. This translates into the theme of amphis patients as an amplified confusion of which path to choose,which direction to go at the emotional level &, severe vertigo expressing the sensitivity of the middle ear at the physical level. AMPHISBOENA - theme In amphisboena the stress is on - need for guidance & hence underlying confusion that accompanies it in the smallest of decisions. This is expressed in the vertigo of amphisboena , or a feeling of being imbalanced ; not understanding head from tail literally or in which direction to go . This is interesting because amphisboena lizard can move in both directions. AMPHISBOENA (ref�..) Amphisbena is a snake-like lizard, without limbs, and progressing (as its name implies) either backwards or forwards. (clarke) Tender sadness, which disposes one to be gentle and meek. (allens) Vertigo, as if one would fall towards one side, and is then impelled towards the opposite side by a contrary oscillation. (allens) Horrible headache, with sensation as if the feet were in the brain. (allens) �� $ % ' ( W X Y ` a f g � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ( ) 2 3 Q R � ��j�h�.hqk�U�j�h�.hqk�U�j9h�.hqk�U�j�h�.hqk�U�j�h�.hqk�Uh�.hqk�0J�jh�.hqk�Ujh�.hqk�U h�.hqk�h�K�hqk�5�6�>. �� / M N � � 4�:��R� "#��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��gdqk� �q�� @ A B O P � � � � � � � � � � � � � � / : L V W � ��ֺ��֬��֞��֐��օ}u��h�.hqk�5�h�.hqk�6�h�K�hqk�5�6�>�jh�.hqk�U�j`h�.hqk�U�j�h�.hqk�U�j�h�.hqk�U�j+h�.hqk�U h�.hqk�h�.hqk�0Jjh�.hqk�U�jnh�.hqk�U.� � � � � � � � � � � � � � . / 0 7 8 = > � � � � � � � � � � � � <=stu�� ֺ��֬��֞��֐��ւ��j� h�.hqk�U�j� h�.hqk�U�j h�.hqk�U�j h�.hqk�U�jZ h�.hqk�U�j� h�.hqk�U h�.hqk�h�.hqk�0Jjh�.hqk�U�j�h�.hqk�U1 MN��+bcdrsuv�� G��ֺ��֬��֞��֖֎��ր��j4h�.hqk�Uh�K�hqk�5�h�.hqk�6��juh�.hqk�U�j�h�.hqk�U�j�h�.hqk�U�j&h�.hqk�U h�.hqk�h�.hqk�0Jjh�.hqk�U�j_h�.hqk�U.GHIOPZ[�� #+,^_`ijlm��&'(45��ֺ��ֲ��֤��֖��ֈ��z��jeh�.hqk�U�j�h�.hqk�U�j�h�.hqk�U�j.h�.hqk�Uh�K�hqk�5��joh�.hqk�U�j�h�.hqk�U h�.hqk�h�.hqk�0Jjh�.hqk�U�j�h�.hqk�U0#�G� %&\|�Gj�.��>? ��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��!��gdqk� 5OP��&./`abjk��!"#/0rs��{�j� h�.hqk�U�j�h�.hqk�U�j0h�.hqk�U�jmh�.hqk�U�j�h�.hqk�Uh�K�hqk�5��j�h�.hqk�Uh�.hqk�0J�j(h�.hqk�Ujh�.hqk�U h�.hqk�067nop~��<? L"k"$+$,$�&�&)))�)�)�,�,�.�./�45L7M7�7��侶䶾�䶬��䛶��䶾��h�K�hqk�6�> h�K�hqk�h�.hqk�5�6�h�.hqk�6�h�K�hqk�5�6��jD h�.hqk�U�j{ h�.hqk�U h�.hqk�h�.hqk�0Jjh�.hqk�U9 \ ] i t � � � � � � � � � ( / = B H L _ � � � � � �� & Fgdqk� & Fgdqk�gdqk�� 0 G O b x � � � � � � " 9 W n � � � � � �� & Fgdqk� & Fgdqk� & Fgdqk�� !!! !3!;!?!G!a!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!L"k"�"�#��gdqk� & Fgdqk� & Fgdqk� & Fgdqk� & Fgdqk��#�#$$+$,$�$�$J%�%O&�&�&�&]'))))�)�)�)wp+�, -\|-�.�.�� & Fgdqk�gdqk� & Fgdqk��.�.//�/<0;1�1b25�6�7!9�:�:�:;�;�<�<�=�=�=?�@�BCRD�� & Fgdqk� & Fgdqk�gdqk��7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7W8X8�8�8�8�8�8�:�:�: ;;);�;�;B<~<�<�<==�=�=�=�=�=4?5?k?l?m?z?{?�@�@�@�@�@��ֺ��ְ֨֨֨֨֨֨֠�֠��֒��ք��j%"h�.hqk�U�j^!h�.hqk�Uh�.hqk�6�h�.hqk�>h�K�hqk�5�6��j� h�.hqk�U�j� h�.hqk�U h�.hqk�h�.hqk�0Jjh�.hqk�U�j h�.hqk�U1�@�@�@"A#ARASATA[A\A\|A}A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A�A_C`C�C�C�C�C�C�C�CDDD"D#D�E�E�F�F�F�F G��wh�K�hqk�5�6�CJ h�.hqk�6�h�.hqk�5��j�%h�.hqk�U�j%%h�.hqk�U�jj$h�.hqk�U�j�#h�.hqk�Uh�.hqk�0J�j�"h�.hqk�U h�.hqk�jh�.hqk�Uh�.hqk�0J5�6�,RDOE�E�E�F�F�F�F�F�F!G#GnGpG�GlH�I�I�JL(L�M�P�P�P�P�PgQ�Q�� & Fgdqk�gdqk� G#GnGpG�G�G�G�I�IL'L�O�O�O�O�O�O�O�P�P�U�U Y Yr[t[\|[&]3_4_i_j_k_p_q_�_�_OgRg`gqgrg�g�g�g�g�g�g�g�g jj~l�l�n�n2pJp��վ��վ��վ��j5(h�.hqk�U�jp'h�.hqk�U h�K�hqk�h�K�hqk�5�6�h�.hqk�0J�j�&h�.hqk�Ujh�.hqk�Uh�.hqk�6� h�.hqk�h�.hqk�5�h�K�hqk�5�9�Q�QkR�RiS4T�TaU�U�U�UlW Y�Y�Z�Z7[r[s[t[{[\|[&]<^�_�� & F gdqk� & F gdqk� & F gdqk�gdqk� & Fgdqk� & Fgdqk��_Y`�`�b�d$fOgPgQgRgqgi jjok~l�l�l�m�m�n�nHo�o2pJp�p�� & Fgdqk� & Fgdqk� & Fgdqk�gdqk��pq�q�q�q�q�q��gdqk� & Fgdqk�Jp�q�q�q��hqk�h�.hqk�6� h�.hqk�)0 P:pqk� ��/ ��=!�"�#��$��%��D��y��K� ��y��K� Phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilia�D��y��K� ��y��K� Nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile�D��y��K� ��y��K� Hhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiman�D��y��K� ��y��K� Nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator�D��y��K� ��y��K� Jhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara�D��y��K� ��y��K� Jhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara�D��y��K� ��y��K� Lhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamata�D��y��K� ��y��K� Hhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard�D��y��K� ��y��K� Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake�D��y��K� ��y��K� Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphisbaenia�D��y��K� ��y��K� Hhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle�D��y��K� ��y��K� Hhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle�D��y��K� ��y��K� Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corytophanidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Hhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IguanaD��y��K� ��y��K� �http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spinytail_iguanas&action=edit�D��y��K� ��y��K� Zhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrynosomatidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychrotidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Hhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis�D��y��K� ��y��K� Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotaphytidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opluridae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplocercidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleonidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon�D��y��K� ��y��K� Phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekkonidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko�D��y��K� ��y��K� Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygopodidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibamidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scincidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink�D��y��K� ��y��K� Phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacertidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_lizard�D��y��K� ��y��K� Jhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� \http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnophthalmidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Lhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniellidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenosauridae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanotidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helodermatidae�D��y��K� ��y��K� Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_monster�D��y��K� ��y��K� bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopic_vision�D��y��K� ��y��K� \http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_perception�D��y��K� ��y��K� Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf�D��y��K� ��y��K� Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_dragon�D��y��K� ��y��K� Zhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis�D��y��K� ��y��K� Hhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard�D��y��K� ��y��K� Phttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism�D��y��K� ��y��K� Jhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile�D��y��K� ��y��K� Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition�D��y��K� ��y��K� Nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile�D��y��K� ��y��K� Vhttp://www.nashvillezoo.org/dictionary.htm�D��y��K� ��y��K� Thttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-glass.htm�D��y��K� ��y��K� Lhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamate�<@��< NormalCJaJmH sH tH RR �. Heading 11$7$8$@&H$6�BCJ,aJ,ph��`` �. Heading 2!��1$7$8$@&H$^�`��BCJ aJ ph��`` �. Heading 3!�I� �1$7$8$@&H$^�I`� �BCJ aJ ph��XX �. Heading 4!��L�1$7$8$@&H$^��`�L� Bph��`` �. Heading 5!��L�1$7$8$@&H$^��`�L�BCJaJph��`` �. Heading 6!�T�L�1$7$8$@&H$^�T`�L�BCJaJph��DA@��D Default Paragraph FontRi��R Table Normal �4� l4�a� (k��(No List0U@��0 �. Hyperlink>B�i��i ��/MN��4�:��R � " # � G � % & \| � G j � .��>? \]it�� (/=BHL_��0GObx��"9Wn�� 3;?Ga��Lk�� + , � � J � O � � � ] !!)!�!�!�!w"p#�$ %\|%�&�&�&''�'<(;)�)b-�.�/!1�2�2�23�3�4�4�5�5�57�8�:;R<O=�=�=�>�>�>�>�>�>!?#?n?p?�?l@�A�A�BD(D�E�H�H�H�H�HgI�I�IkJ�JiK4L�LaM�M�M�MlO Q�Q�R�R7SrSsStS{S\|S&U ��p�� 0?��p�ƀ� 0@��p�ƀ� 0A��p�ƀ� 0B��p�ƀ� 0C��p�ƀ� 0D��p�ƀ� 0E��p�ƀ� 0F��p�ƀ� 0G��p�ƀ� 0H��p��0��p�ƀ� 0I��p�ƀ� 0J��p�ƀ� 0K��p�ƀ� 0L��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p��0��p�� 0M��p�ƀ� 0N��p�ƀ� 0O��p�ƀ� 0P��p�� 0Q��p�ƀ� 0R��p��0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p�� 0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p��0��p��0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p��0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p�ƀ� 0��p�� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p��0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p��0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p��0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�� 0��p��0��p��0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p�ƀ� 0��p�� 0��p��0��p�� 0��p�� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p�ƀ�0��p��0��p��0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ� 0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ�0��p�ƀ�0��p�� MN��4�:�� # � G � & \| � G j � .��>? \]it�� (/=BHL_��0GObx��"9Wn�� 3;?Ga��Lk�� , � � J � O � � � ] )!�!�!w"p#�$ %\|%�&�&�&''�'<(;)�)b-�.�/!1�2�23�3�4�4�5�5�57�8�:;R<O=�=�=�>�>�>�>�>�>#?p?�?l@�A�A�BD(D�E�H�H�H�HgI�I�IkJ�JiK4L�LaM�M�MlO Q�Q�R�R7SrSsStS\|S&U ��`�� 0?��`�� 0@��`�� 0A��`��0��`�� 0C��`�� 0D��`�� 0E��`�� 0F��`�� 0G��`�� 0H��`�� 0I��`�� 0J��`�� 0K��`�� 0L��`��0��`��0��`�� 0N��`�� 0O��`�� 0P��`�� 0Q��`��0��`�� 0R��`�� 0S��`�� 0T��`�� 0U��`�� 0V��`�� 0W��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`�� 0X��`��0��`�� 0Y��`�� 0Z��`�� 0[��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`�� 0]��`��0��`�� 0_��`�� 0`��`��0��`��0��`�� 0a��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`�� 0d��`�� 0e��`��0��`�� 0f��`�� 0g��`�� 0h��`��0��`��0��`�� 0k��`��0��`�� 0m��`��0��`�� 0n��`��0��`�� 0p��`�� 0q��`�� 0r��`�� 0s��`�� 0t��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`�� 0u��`��0��`��0��`�� 0w��`�� 0x��`�� 0y��`�� 0z��`�� 0{��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`��0��`�� 0\|��`�� 0}��`�� 0~��`�� 0��`��0��`�� 0��`�� 0��`�� 0��`��0��`�� 0��`�� 0��`�� 0��`�� 0��`��P�0��P�0�� ?I�P0o�� G5�7�@ GJp�q9<=>?ABHIKO# � � �#�.RD�Q�_�p�q:@CDEFGJLMN�q;��$'X`f��)2Q�� AO��V��/7=��<t�� M��cru�� H O Z � � � � � + _ i l � � � � � � ' 4 O � � � � � . a j � � � � " / r � � � 6o~��L/�/�/�/�/�/W0�0�047l7z7�8�8�8"9S9[9\|9�9�9�9�9�9_;�;�;�;<"<�G�G�G3WjWpW�_�_�_�iX��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X��X�� BO��:DEL��u� �� dr�� ! ` i � � � � � � � � $ b j � � # / H R S \ ^ h � � p~�� !-.:iopx% 8 "'"K%W%U'['�'�'�()�+ ++t--�/ 0 22�3�3u4~4�5�57 7_8i8�=�=\|>�> ??? ?�?�?�?�?�@�@�E�EOIQIgIiI_JhJ�J�J�K�K�K�K�K�K{L�L�N�NP P(P.P�P�P�T�T�Z�Z�Z�Z9^=^a_o_{_�_�_�_Qa_aqaza{c�c�d�d�d�d�de�e�e'f3f�f�flgwgh hKhUh�h�h ii�i�i�i�i�i .<HSS[�� /6hn��bq~��")9AWen{��V`an��? J � � � W b ! ) � � � � - 8 "!(!�!�!�!�!"'"b#n#3$6$�$�$R%W%�&�&((��s+\|+,,!3)3�3�3=4B4u6�6_8i8y?�?@@�@�@�A�A�C�CMDPD�H�HOITIgIiI J)J\|J�J�K�K�LM~M�M�Q�QT TWU\U�W�W�b�b�d�d�de-f3flgygBhIh�h�h ii�i�i�i�i�i3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333��i�i��Rashmi Jaising��+ڢ� ��,��$٦��x٦��٦�� ڦ��tڦ��ڦ�� ۦ��pۦ��ۦ��ܦ��ئ @CJOJQJo( ��0٦ @CJOJQJo(w��٦ @CJ OJQJo(w��٦ @CJOJQJo(w��,ڦ @CJOJQJo(" ��ڦ @CJOJQJo(" ��ڦ @CJOJQJo( ��(ۦ @CJOJQJo(w��\|ۦ @CJOJQJo(w��ۦ @CJ OJQJo(w��$ܦ @CJOJQJo(w��qk��@��iP@��Unknown��G��z ��Times New Roman5��Symbol3&� �z ��Arial;&� �z ��HelveticaS��Monotype SortsSymbol q��hK�K�� Z6�� Z6�$��24d�i�i�3�Q��M[��REPTILESDr.Divya ChhabraRashmi Jaising ��Oh��+'��0�8�� 0 < HT\dlt� REPTILES EPT Dr.Divya Chhabrad r.D Normala Rashmi Jaisinga 2sh Microsoft Word 10.0@@N�_��@N�_�� ZGH7��VT$m� �� !1. ��@Times New Roman- ��@Times New Roman-- 2 nx0 REPTILES �- @ !�Mpx��-� 2 n�0 � 2 �x0 � ��@Times New Roman-�2 �xP0 Reptiles are tetrapods and amniotes, animals whose embryos are surrounded by an v2 �xG0 amniotic membrane. Today they are represented by four surviving orders: � 2 �P0 � ��@Times New Roman-- �2 �x 0 Crocodilia ��- @ !�C�x-� 2 ��0 (- �2 �� 0 crocodiles ��- @ !�B��-� 2 �0 , - �2 �0 caimansS ��- @ !�4�-� 2 �B0 and n- �2 �a 0 alligators ��- @ !�<�a-� 2 ��0 ): 23 species. � 2 ��0 � - � 2 �x 0 Sphenodontia ��- @ !�W�x-� 2 ��0 (- �2 ��0 tuataras��- @ !�1��-� 82 � 0 from New Zealand): 2 species. � 2 ��0 � - �2 �x0 Squamata ��- @ !�>�x-� 2 ��0 (- �2 ��0 lizardsa��- @ !���-� 2 ��0 , - �2 ��0 sn2 �0 akes ��- @ !�+��-� 2 � 0 and d- � 2 �< 0 amphisbaenids ��- @ !�_�<-� 2 ��0 ("worma 2 ��0 -�;2 �� 0 lizards")): approximately 7,900 2 �x0 species. � 2 ��0 � - �2 x 0 Testudines ��- @ !�Dx-� 2 �0 (- �2 �0 turtles.��- @ !�(�-� 2 �0 ): app.2 0 roximately 300 species. 2 �0 � 2 x0 �-+2 &x0 LIZARD CLASSIFICATIONs �- @ !��(x-� 2 &<0 � ��@Times New Roman- ��@Times New Roman-- 2 8x 0 -&2 8�0 Infraorder Iguania - 2 8%0 � 2 Kx0 � 2 ]x0 �02 ]�0 Family . - � 2 ]�0 Corytophanidae ��- @ !�g_�-� +2 ]?0 (casquehead lizards)s 2 ]�0 � 2 px0 �02 p�0 Family . - �2 p� 0 Iguanidae��- @ !�>r�-� 2 p0 (- �2 p"0 iguanas.��- @ !�0r"-� 2 pR0 and a- �%2 pq0 spinytail iguanas ��- @ !�lrq-� 2 p�0 )� 2 p�0 � 2 �x0 �02 ��0 Family . - �"2 ��0 Phrynosomatidae ��- @ !�p��-� 2 �H0 (earl,2 �i0 ess, spiny, tree, side 2 ��0 -�52 �� 0 blotched and horned lizards) 2 ��0 � 2 �x0 �02 ��0 Family . - � 2 �� 0 Polychrotidae ��- @ !�Y��-� 2 �10 (- �2 �;0 anoles ��- @ !�)�;-� 2 �d0 )� 2 �i0 �(2 �x0 Family - � 2 �� 0 Crotaphytidae ��- @ !�[��-� :2 �3 0 (collared and leopard lizards) 2 ��0 �(2 �x0 Family - �2 �� 0 Opluridae ��- @ !�@��-� )2 �0 (Madagascar iguanid 2 ��0 �(2 �x0 Family d - � 2 �� 0 Hoplocercidae ��- @ !�]��-� 2 �60 (woos +2 �[0 d lizards, clubtails) 2 ��0 � 2 �x0 �(2 �x0 Family s - � 2 ��0 Chamaeleonidae ��- @ !�k��-� 2 �C0 (- �2 �L 0 chameleons ��- @ !�L�L-� 2 ��0 )� 2 ��0 �- 2 x0 �-- 2 x0 �0-&2 �0 Infraorder Gekkota 2 00 � 2 (x0 � - 2 :x0 �02 :�0 Family . - �2 :� 0 Gekkonidae ��- @ !�M<�-� 2 :&0 (- �2 :00 geckos��- @ !�,<0-� 2 :\0 )� 2 :a0 � 2 Lx0 �02 L�0 Family . - � 2 L� 0 Pygopodidae ��- @ !�TN�-� &2 L,0 (legless lizards) 2 L�0 � 2 _x0 �02 _�0 Family . - �2 _� 0 Dibamidae ��- @ !�Fa�-� 2 _ 0 (blind l 2 _R0 izards). 2 _}0 � 2 qx0 �- 2 �x0 �0-.2 ��0 Infraorder Scincomorpha 2 �X0 � 2 �x0 � - 2 �x0 �02 ��0 Family . - �2 �� 0 Scincidae ��- @ !�?��-� 2 �0 (- �2 � 0 skinks ��- @ !�)� -� 2 �I0 )� 2 �N0 � 2 �x0 �02 ��0 Family . - �2 �� 0 Lacertidae ��- @ !�C��-� 2 � 0 (- � 2 �& 0 wall lizards ��- @ !�I�&-� %2 �o0 or true lizards) 2 ��0 � 2 �x0 �02 ��0 Family . - �2 ��0 Teiidae. ��- @ !�/��-� ,2 �0 (tegus and whiptails) 2 ��0 � 2 �x0 �02 ��0 Family . - �#2 ��0 Gymnophthalmidae ��- @ !��-� 2 �X 0 (spectacl 2 �� 0 ed lizards)m 2 ��0 � 2 �x0 �- 2 x0 �0-,2 �0 Infraorder Diploglossa 2 E0 � 2 x0 � - 2 )x0 �02 )�0 Family . - �2 )�0 Anguidae ��- @ !�>+�-� #2 )0 (glass lizards) 2 )t0 � 2 <x0 �02 <�0 Family e - � 2 <� 0 Anniellidae ��- @ !�J>�-� 42 <#0 (American legless lizards)r 2 <�0 � 2 Nx0 �02 N�0 Family e - � 2 N� 0 Xenosauridae ��- @ !�WP�-� 2 N00 (knob 2 NZ0 -�"2 N`0 scaled lizards) 2 N�0 � 2 `x0 �0=2 `�!0 Infraorder Platynota (Varanoidea) 2 `�0 � 2 sx0 �02 s�0 Family e - �2 s� 0 Varanidae ��- @ !�Au�-� &2 s0 (monitor lizards) 2 s�0 � 2 �x0 �02 ��0 Family e - � 2 �� 0 Lanthanotidae ��- @ !�[��-� 22 �40 (earless monitor lizards) 2 ��0 � 2 �x0 �02 ��0 Family e - � 2 ��0 Helodermatidae ��- @ !�f��-� 2 �?0 (- � 2 �I 0 gila monsterse ��- @ !�U�I-� 2 ��0 )� 2 ��0 �S2 �x00 Family Mosasauridae (marine lizards) 2 ��0 � ��"Systemph�- 00 // ..��՜.��+,��D��՜.��+,��4� hp\|�� /�6�iA REPTILES Title� 8@ _PID_HLINKS�AP DD� &http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamate ^� http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-glass.htm i:� +http://www.nashvillezoo.org/dictionary.htm ,p� 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile V� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition H� %http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile 7{� (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism ={� $http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard C� -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis 0Y� +http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_dragon P� "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf d ~ .http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_perception F({ 1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopic_vision J2x http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_monster 'du ,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helodermatidae &nr +http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanotidae =to 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanidae Hl http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenosauridae Vi )http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniellidae Jf &http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguidae N c .http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnophthalmidae X` %http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiidae \7] )http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_lizard !jZ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacertidae 0nW #http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink 0gT 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scincidae 5uQ 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibamidae D N )http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygopodidae ;tK #http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko 1tH (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekkonidae 3sE 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon :wB ,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleonidae /o? +http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplocercidae 8o< 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opluridae 2o9 +http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotaphytidae 7x6 $http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis ,g3 +http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychrotidae M0 -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrynosomatidae -- Hhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spinytail_iguanas&action=edit 3m $http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguana ;l' 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanidae .c$ ,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corytophanidae 4u! $http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle 4u $http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle L http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphisbaenia 0h #http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake ={ $http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard D &http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamata F %http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara F %http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara >s 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator 9t $http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiman ,p 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile ,\| (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilia !"#$%&'()+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP��RSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde��ghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{\|}~��Root Entry�� F�?2u��Data ��Q�(1Table��f�[WordDocument��+�SummaryInformation(��8DocumentSummaryInformation8�� CompObj��j�� FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.8�9�q	Gecko
What will be the middle two numbers of a car registered in September 2010?	Nanotube Adhesive Sticks Better Than a Gecko's Foot Nanotube Adhesive Sticks Better Than a Gecko's Foot June 20, 2007 Mimicking the agile gecko, with its uncanny ability to run up walls and across ceilings, has long been a goal of materials scientists. Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the University of Akron have taken one sticky step in the right direction, creating synthetic "gecko tape" with four times the sticking power of the real thing. In a paper published in the June 18-22 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers describe a process for making polymer surfaces covered with carbon nanotube hairs. The nanotubes imitate the thousands of microscopic hairs on a gecko's footpad, which form weak bonds with whatever surface the creature touches, allowing it to "unstick" itself simply by shifting its foot. For the first time, the team has developed a prototype flexible patch that can stick and unstick repeatedly with properties better than the natural gecko foot. They fashioned their material into an adhesive tape that can be used on a wide variety of surfaces, including Teflon. Pulickel Ajayan, the Henry Burlage Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Rensselaer, and Lijie Ci, a postdoctoral research associate in Ajayan's lab, created the material in collaboration with Ali Dhinojwala, professor of polymer science at the University of Akron, and University of Akron graduate students Liehui Ge and Sunny Sethi. "Several people have tried to use carbon nanotube films and other fibrous structures as high-adhesive surfaces and to mimic gecko feet, but with limited success when it comes to realistic demonstrations of the stickiness and reversibility that one sees in gecko feet," Ajayan said. "We have shown that the patchy structures from micropatterned nanotubes are essential for this unique engineering feat to work. The nanotubes also need to be the right kind, with the right dimensions and compliance." "Geckos inspired us to develop a synthetic gecko tape unlike any you'll find in a hardware store," Dhinojwala says. "Synthetic gecko tape uses 'van der Waals interactions' - the same interactions that hold liquids and solids together - to stick to a variety of surfaces without using sticky glues." The material could have a number of applications, including feet for wall-climbing robots; a dry, reversible adhesive in electronic devices; and outer space, where most adhesives don't work because of the vacuum. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Man-eating monster crocodile may be Florida's newest invasive species Spotting native alligators and crocodiles in Florida is common, but anyone who sees a large reptile may want to take a second look-- man-eaters that can grow to 18 feet long and weigh as much as a small car have been found in the Sunshine State. UV-light enabled catheter fixes holes in the heart without invasive surgery Researchers from Boston Children's Hospital, the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and the Karp Lab at Brigham and Women's Hospital have jointly designed a specialized catheter for fixing holes in the heart using a biodegradable adhesive and patch. Characterizing the forces that hold everything together As electronic, medical and molecular-level biological devices grow smaller and smaller, approaching the nanometer scale, the chemical engineers and materials scientists devising them often struggle to predict the magnitude of molecular interactions on that scale and whether new combinations of materials will assemble and function as designed. Geckos (Nature's Children) by Katie Marsico (Author) With over 900 species living today, geckos are a diverse group of animals. These lizards display a wide variety of colors, sizes, and habitats. Readers will find out what the many different species have in common, how they are different from other lizards, and how humans are affecting their chance for survival. They will also learn how geckos hunt and how they are able to climb walls and other vertical surfaces. The Leopard Gecko Manual: From The Experts At Advanced Vivarium Systems by Philippe De Vosjoli (Author), Roger Klingenberg (Author), Roger Tremper (Author), Brian Viets (Author) Considered by author Philippe de Vosjoli as the first domesticated species of lizard,” the leopard gecko has fast become the reptilian version of the parakeet or goldfish.” Leopard Geckos takes a close look at the characteristics of this species that have made these attractive lizards so amazingly popular in the pet world. As a hardy, easy care, and potentially long-lived lizard, the leopard gecko is the perfect size, attractive in its velvety skin, and fairly easy to breed. The subject of breeding geckos is covered in multiple chapters in this book led by author and herp expert de Vosjoli, who is joined by gecko specialists Dr. Roger Klingenberg, Ron Tremper, and Dr. Brian Viets, who each contribute special chapters to this up-to-date and authoritative guide. Colorfully... The Goodnight Gecko by Gill McBarnet (Author) The bestselling Hawaiian children's book, The Goodnight Gecko, tells the story of a little gecko who surprises his mother by telling her that he doesn't like the night. His mother proceeds to dispel his fears as one by one she introduces him to some of the delightful sights of a Hawaiian night. This charming Hawaiian bedtime story has inspired a generation of island youngsters and young visitors to Hawaii, and continues to be one of the most successful children's books in Hawaii. Lily The Leopard Gecko by Jessica Sterling-Malek (Author), Jason L Friend (Illustrator) A summer adventure with a class pet. Learning made fun about Leopard Gecko's. A young boy's experience of his summer taking care of "Lily" the class pet. Counting Little Geckos by Charline Profiri (Author), Sherry Rogers (Illustrator) Geckos everywhere, having fun! Number one is the cool gecko with the blue shades. Gecko number six does push-ups and number four sleeps through it all. The book's rhyming text helps children anticipate the next number and teaches little ones to count from one to ten. Give Up, Gecko! by Margaret Read MacDonald (Author), Deborah Melmon (Illustrator) “Elephant! Elephant! Heavy! Heavy! Heavy! Elephant! Elephant! STOMP! STOMP! STOMP!” Elephant was shouting and stomping. But could he stomp a hole deep enough to reach water for the thirsty animals? Maybe…maybe not. All the animals tried until tiny Gecko Gecko takes a turn. He is small...but he is determined. And he's not going to give up! Kids will love to chant and stomp along to this Ugandan folktale. Crested Geckos by Philippe De Vosjoil (Author) Illustrated with over 150 color photographs, Crested Geckos is an authoritative, visual guide to this very popular lizard species. For their amazing colors and patterns, low maintenance requirements, longevity, and attractive appearance, crested geckos have captured the fancy of hobbyists. Crested Geckos provides guidelines for keepers who wish to select a crested gecko to add to their vivarium and to maintain their pet in excellent health and condition. Author Philippe de Vosjoli provides an introduction to crested gecko, including information about purchasing a healthy pet, handling, heating and housing, water and feeding, life cycle and sexing, and breeding. A separate chapter on diseases and disorders provides solid info on the health needs of these rewarding reptiles, including... Leopard Gecko: Your Happy Healthy Pet by Frank Indiviglio (Author) The authoritative information and advice you need, illustrated throughout with full-color photographs-now revised and redesigned to be even more reader-friendly!Leopard geckos are attractive and easy to care for, making them popular pets. There's lots to know before you bring home a gecko, and this guide fills you in with information on:Choosing your Leopard geckoMust-have suppliesSetting up and equipping your vivariumFeeding, handling, and caring for your petBreeding geckos and hatching and raising babiesLeopard geckos can live twenty years or more, so be sure you're ready to commit to your fascinating creature. You'll enjoy years of slinky live entertainment. Gargoyle Geckos by Philippe de Vosjoli (Author), Allen Repashy (Author), Frank Fast (Author) Gargoyle geckos, originally from New Caledonia rank among the best and most colorful of the lizards kept as pets. They also come in a wide range of colors and patterns and make outstanding displays in naturalistic vivariums. Because they can be maintained on a commercial powdered diet that is mixed with water, they are among the easiest to maintain of reptiles. Gargoyle Geckos covers all aspects of known natural history, husbandry, captive breeding, and color and pattern variations. It is illustrated with 170 color photos. Amazing Animals: Geckos by Kate Riggs (Author) A basic exploration of the appearance, behavior, and habitat of geckos, the colorful climbing lizards. Also included is a story from folklore explaining how geckos became Hawaiian good-luck charms. © 2017 BrightSurf.com	i don't know
Who played the part of 'Neville Hope' in 'Auf Wiedershen, Pet'?	Auf Wiedersehen, Pet Cast Cast The Auf Wiedersehen, Pet Cast might be household names now, but back in 1983 when the show first aired, many viewers were watching these fresh faced builders for the first time! The Cast have gone on to many things in the past 30 years, starring in Hollywood Blockbusters with Johnny Depp, Tom Cruise and most recently one of them winning the Palme d’Or in Cannes. Jimmy Nail - Oz Name - James Michael Aloysius Bradford Born - March 16th 1954, Benton, Newcastle Upon Tyne. Character - Leonard “Oz” Osborne Since starring in Auf Wiedersehen Pet in 1983, Jimmy has gone on to become one of England's greatest TV actors, singers and TV producers. First starring in Get Carter in 1971 as an uncredited extra, Jimmy went on to sing in the band, The King Crabs in the 1970’s. His wife Miriam, persuaded him to go for a part in a new show, and turning up, telling everyone he didn’t want to be there, is how he got the part of Oz. Classic quote - “Aww Bollocks Man”. Trivia - Jimmy is one of only 4 characters to appear in all 40 episodes. Tim Healy - Dennis Name - Timothy Malcolm Healy Born - January 29th 1952, Benwell, Newcastle Upon Tyne. Character - Dennis Patterson Tim Healy appeared in Coronation Street in 1976 as a Bingo Caller, and since then, being Dennis in Auf Wiedersehen pet has made Tim one of the UK’s most well known actors. Currently starring as Les/Lesley in the hit ITV comedy Benidorm, Tim has continued to be on our screens for the past 30 years. Tim was heavily involved with the 30th Anniversary Convention in 2013, and narrates and walks fans through the ‘Back With The Boys’ DVD. Classic quote - “I’m still the gaffer, so get gan!!” Trivia - Tim originally went for the part of Oz, but as we now know this went to Jimmy Nail, and Tim got the part of reluctant leader Dennis Patterson. Tim Spall - Barry Name - Timothy Leonard Spall Born - February 27th 1957, Battersea, South London Character - Barry Spencer Taylor Timothy Spall is one of the UK’s leading character actors, appearing in some of the biggest TV shows and Movies ever made. First appearing on screen in “Quadrophenia” in 1979, and then in 1982 “Home Sweet Home”, which was his first working with Mike Leigh. In 1983, Tim hit the big time, and gave UK viewers one of the most lovable, but slightly boring and annoying characters in Barry Taylor. Since then, Tim has appeared in some of the highest grossing films ever made. Classic Quote - “Would you like to come back to our hut?” Trivia - Tim bought his motorbike as featured in Series 1, it was eventually stolen. Kevin Whately - Neville Name - Kevin Whately Born - February 6th 1951, Hexham, Northumberland. Character - Neville Hope Kevin Whately, has been on UK TV screens for the past 30 years. He first appeared on screen in Shoestring in 1979, and then a few years later got the part of Neville Hope in Auf Wiedersehen Pet. Kevin then went on to play a big part of the hit show, Inspector Morse, playing the “sidekick” to John Thaws Morse. Kevin has starred in hit shows such as Peak Practice, and can now be seen on ITV1 in Lewis, the spin off to Inspector Morse. Classic Quote - “I’ve got Brenda in case you forgot!” Trivia - Kevin’s daughter Catherine Whately appeared as Neville’s daughter Debbie in Series 2. Pat Roach - Bomber Name - Francis Patrick Roach Born - May 19th 1937, Birmingham, Warwickshire, England. Died July 17th 2004 Character - Brian “Bomber” Busbridge Pat Roach appeared in many TV shows and Movies, including Indiana Jones, Robin Hood - Prince of Thieves and Superman 3, to name just a few. Pat was a wrestler, and you can see a Grandstand appearance in the opening titles of Series 2. Pat sadly died in 2004, and did not appear in the final 2 episodes of The Special. Classic Quote - “Bombers ready, Bombers away!” Trivia - Pat did actually break his foot in Last Rites, and this had to be written into the script, where Oz, accidentally tells the German Crane operative to lower the bricks onto Bombers foot. Gary Holton - Wayne Name - Gary Frederick Holton Born - September 22, 1952, London, England. Died 25th October 1985 Character - Wayne Winston Norris Before starring in Auf Wiedersehen, Pet Gary starred in “The Knowledge” in 1979, before going on to star with Tim Spall in “Quadrophenia”. A spell in The Damned, The Heavy Metal Kids & Casino Steel were all parts of Gary’s career at being a rock star, and was even offered lead singer in AC/DC, but he turned it down. Gary died before filming of Auf Wiedersehen Pet Series 2 finished, the last episode of Series 2 being dedicated to Gary. Classic Quote - “What’s the word then?...” Trivia - Gary Holton was offered the part of Nasty Nick Cotton in EastEnders Chris Fairbank - Moxey Name - Christopher Fairbank Born - October 4th 1953, Hertfordshire, England. Character - Albert Arthur Moxey/Brendan Mulcahy/Francis Foggarty Christopher Fairbank has been on UK TV screens since 1978, first starring in Z-Cars. Parts in The Professionals, Sapphire and Steel, Bergerac and then finally in Auf Wiedersehen Pet in 1983. Christopher has starred in many Hollywood blockbusters, and also voiced some of the biggest video games of recent times. Christopher has starred alongside Jimmy Nail in many TV shows, such as Spender and Crocodile Shoes. Classic Quote - “Am gonna get a Donut...” Trivia - Christopher graduated from RADA in 1974. Noel Clarke - Wyman Name - Noel Anthony Clarke Born - December 6th 1975, London, England. Character - Wyman Ian Norris Noel Clarke’s first starring role was in Metrosexualtiy in 1999, with roles in The Bill and Casualty and the Auf Wiedersehen Pet in 2002. Playing Wyman Norris is one of the roles Noel is famous for, that and Mickey Smith in Doctor Who. Noel Clarke is now a producer, writer and director of such films as 4.3.2.1, Kidulthood and Adulthood. Classic Quote - “Tina’s got nicer knockers.....” Trivia - Noel Clarke is among the 22 actors to have acted in both the Star Trek franchise and The Doctor Who franchise.	Kevin Whately
Which iconic English actor,born in 1910, died in 1983 of Motor Neurone Disisease?	Auf Wiedersehen, Pet – where are they now? - BT Auf Wiedersehen, Pet – where are they now? Lewis star Kevin Whately shot to fame as brickie Neville in 80s comedy drama Auf Wiedersehen, Pet. But what happened to the other members of the magnificent seven? Print this story Kevin Whately reprises his most famous role this week as he returns to our screens as Inspector Morse’s former partner in the final series of Lewis. But before he had his hands full with the unfeasibly high Oxford murder rate, Whately came to our attention as part of a stellar ensemble in Auf Wiedersehen , Pet – a hit comedy drama following the exploits of builders who leave Britain in search of work overseas. The show spanned four series from 1983 to 2004 as the construction crew travelled the world in search of work. Whately was at the core of the series as Neville Hope. Neville was always the most anxious member of the gang, travelling to Germany against his better judgement and always homesick for the family he left behind in Newcastle. Somewhat improbably, he had got himself mixed up in some sort of espionage by the end of the show’s run. But where are the other members of the magnificent seven? Let’s take a look… Oz Oz, known to his mum and Newcastle’s law enforcement community as Leonard Osbourne, was played by Jimmy Nail. Jimmy – known to his mum as James Bradford, earned his colourful soubriquet working on a building site. He had next to no acting experience before Auf Wiedersehen but went on to star in a couple of major TV shows including gritty detective series Spender and Country & Western-themed comedy drama Crocodile Shoes. [Related: Old coppers never retire....] The latter connected Nail’s acting with his first love, music, and yielded a Top 10 album in 1994. A year later, a scrubbed-up Nail was sharing the big screen with Madonna in Alan Parker’s Evita, while most recently, he has worked with another Geordie – Sting – on a musical project themed around Newcastle’s shipbuilding industry. Moxey A reformed arsonist, electrician Moxey was always the outsider of the group. Actor Christopher Fairbank seems by contrast quite a gregarious soul, reuniting during his long and successful career with Nail in Crocodile Shoes and Whately in Morse. He’s also had a successful run of character roles in films, most recently in box office smash space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy. Wayne Wayne Winston Norris, with his ebony cockade of hair and eye for the ladies, was a type of fellow once known as a Jack The Lad. The cockney carpenter wasn’t, it seems, so different from the actor who played him. Gary Holton, former leader of proto-punk ban The Heavy Metal Kids, was a notorious hellraiser who lived life to the full onscreen and off. In 1985 he was offered the part of Nick Cotton in a new television series called EastEnders but turned it down, recommending instead his friend John Altman. Holton died of a drugs overdose in late 1985 while the second series of Auf Wiedersehen, Pet was still being filmed. His absence is glossed over with the use of hasty script changes and hazily-seen body doubles. Dennis Tim Healy played Dennis, the team’s de facto leader and moral conscience, although he had fallen into shady company by Auf Wiedersehen’s third series. After the show finished, Tim was rarely out of work, with a list of credits as varied as Benidorm, Phoenix Nights and CITV series Tickle on the Tum. His marriage to Denise Welch was the stuff of gossip magazine speculation for a while, and they divorced in 2012. They have a son, Matthew, who is currently in the charts with teen sensations The 1975. Barry Because it was the first time many of us had seen distinguished London-born character actor Tim Spall, a lot of Auf Wiedersehen viewers assumed that he really was a brummie. Although he had performed for a while for Birmingham Rep, Spall was in fact Battersea born and bred. After coming to public attention as the dull, pseudointellectual but strangely likeable electrician Barry Taylor, Spall went on to enjoy a stellar career in TV and film, most recently with a bravura performance as artist JMW Turner in Mike Leigh’s film Mister Turner. Like Tim Healy the actor formerly known as Barry also has a showbiz son, actor Rafe Spall. Bomber Pat Roach actually was born in Birmingham, but played West Country powerhouse Brian ‘Bomber’ Busbridge in the show. Softly spoken, prone to referring to himself in the third person and intimidatingly tall, he was the character you wanted at your back if you got into any kind of scrape. In reality Roach was a jobbing actor who had enjoyed some success as a wrestler before Auf Wiedersehen. Somewhat typecast as a burly brawler he’s best remembered today for appearing (in different roles) in the first three Indiana Jones movies – Remember the shaven-headed Nazi who dukes it out with Indy underneath an aeroplane in the first of the series? That was Pat. When Roach died of throat cancer in 2004, Indiana Jones star Harrison Ford took the time to call his widow with a message of condolence. The final series of Lewis begins on ITV1 at 9pm on Friday October 10.	i don't know
Who surrendered formally to the British onboard HMSBellerephon?	The Surrender of Napoleon The Surrender of Napoleon Price reductions The Surrender of Napoleon tells the true story of how the legendary French emperor surrendered to the British on HMS Bellerophon and the events between 24 May and 8 August 1815. While HMS Bellerophon was stationed off Rochefort in the Bay of Biscay observing French warships in the harbour, Napoleon has been defeated at the Battle of Waterloo. News had reached Rear Admiral Sir Frederick Lewis Maitland on 28 June that Napoleon was planning an escape to America from the French Atlantic coast, possible from Bordeaux. Believing that Rochefort was the more likely point of escape, Maitland also sent two ships to cover the ports of Bordeaux and Arcachon. With HMS Superb and a string of British frigates, corvettes and brigs watching the coast, there was no escape for Napoleon. Maitland’s instincts proved correct and Napoleon arrived at Rochefort in early July. Finding escape barred by the patrolling HMS Bellerophon and unable to remain in France, he authorised the opening of negotiations with the commander of the British warship off the coast. Maitland refused the request to allow Napoleon to sail for America, but offered to take him to England. The negotiations went on for four days, but eventually Napoleon acquiesced. He embarked on 15 July with his staff and servants where he surrendered to Maitland. Maitland placed his cabin at the former emperor’s disposal and sailed for England. She reached Torbay on 24 July, but was ordered to Plymouth, while a decision was made by the government over Napoleon’s fate. She sailed again on 4 August and while off Berry Head on 7 August, Napoleon and his staff were removed to HMS Northumberland, which conveyed him to his final exile on Saint Helena. The Surrender of Napoleon is Maitland’s detailed and stunning narrative of the French emperors time on HMS Bellerophon, which he originally published in 1826. THE AUTHOR Sir Frederick Lewis Maitland (7 September 1777-30 November 1839) was an officer in the Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He rose to the rank of rear admiral and held a number of commands. The most famous event of his career occurred when Napoleon Bonaparte surrendered to him onboard HMS Bellerophon, marking the final end of the Napoleonic Wars. FORMAT Dimensions: 234 x 156 mm Binding: paperback	Napoleon
In which book was Britain called 'Airstrip One'?	The Surrender of Napoleon - Frederick Lewis Maitland - Häftad (9781781551769) \| Bokus The Surrender of Napoleon Spara som favorit Fri frakt inom Sverige fï¿½r privatpersoner vid bestï¿½llning pï¿½ minst 99 kr! The Surrender of Napoleon tells the true story of how the legendary French emperor surrendered to the British on HMS Bellerophon and the events between 24 May and 8 August 1815. While HMS Bellerophon was stationed off Rochefort in the Bay of Biscay observing French warships in the harbour, Napoleon has been defeated at the Battle of Waterloo. News had reached Rear Admiral Sir Frederick Lewis Maitland on 28 June that Napoleon was planning an escape to America from the French Atlantic coast, possible from Bordeaux. Believing that Rochefort was the more likely point of escape, Maitland also sent two ships to cover the ports of Bordeaux and Arcachon. With HMS Superb and a string of British frigates, corvettes and brigs watching the coast, there was no escape for Napoleon. Maitland's instincts proved correct and Napoleon arrived at Rochefort in early July. Finding escape barred by the patrolling HMS Bellerophon and unable to remain in France, he authorised the opening of negotiations with the commander of the British warship off the coast. Maitland refused the request to allow Napoleon to sail for America, but offered to take him to England. The negotiations went on for four days, but eventually Napoleon acquiesced. He embarked on 15 July with his staff and servants where he surrendered to Maitland. Maitland placed his cabin at the former emperor's disposal and sailed for England. She reached Torbay on 24 July, but was ordered to Plymouth, while a decision was made by the government over Napoleon's fate. She sailed again on 4 August and while off Berry Head on 7 August, Napoleon and his staff were removed to HMS Northumberland, which conveyed him to his final exile on Saint Helena. The Surrender of Napoleon is Maitland's detailed and stunning narrative of the French emperors time on HMS Bellerophon, which he originally published in 1826. (Bookdata)	i don't know
What is the psychological term for the process of bonding that sometimes occurs between prisoners and their captors?	Stockholm syndrome \| definition of Stockholm syndrome by Medical dictionary Stockholm syndrome \| definition of Stockholm syndrome by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Stockholm+syndrome Definition Stockholm syndrome refers to a group of psychological symptoms that occur in some persons in a captive or hostage situation. It has received considerable media publicity in recent years because it has been used to explain the behavior of such well-known kidnapping victims as Patty Hearst (1974) and Elizabeth Smart (2002). The term takes its name from a bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden, in August 1973. The robber took four employees of the bank (three women and one man) into the vault with him and kept them hostage for 131 hours. After the employees were finally released, they appeared to have formed a paradoxical emotional bond with their captor; they told reporters that they saw the police as their enemy rather than the bank robber, and that they had positive feelings toward the criminal. The syndrome was first named by Nils Bejerot (1921–1988), a medical professor who specialized in addiction research and served as a psychiatric consultant to the Swedish police during the standoff at the bank. Stockholm syndrome is also known as Survival Identification Syndrome. Description Stockholm syndrome is considered a complex reaction to a frightening situation, and experts do not agree completely on all of its characteristic features or on the factors that make some people more susceptible than others to developing it. One reason for the disagreement is that it would be unethical to test theories about the syndrome by experimenting on human beings. The data for understanding the syndrome are derived from actual hostage situations since 1973 that differ considerably from one another in terms of location, number of people involved, and time frame. Another source of disagreement concerns the extent to which the syndrome can be used to explain other historical phenomena or more commonplace types of abusive relationships. Many researchers believe that Stockholm syndrome helps to explain certain behaviors of survivors of World War II concentration camps; members of religious cults; battered wives; incest survivors; and physically or emotionally abused children as well as persons taken hostage by criminals or terrorists. Most experts, however, agree that Stockholm syndrome has three central characteristics: The hostages have negative feelings about the police or other authorities. The hostages have positive feelings toward their captor(s). The captors develop positive feelings toward the hostages. Causes & symptoms Stockholm syndrome does not affect all hostages (or persons in comparable situations); in fact, a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) study of over 1200 hostage-taking incidents found that 92% of the hostages did not develop Stockholm syndrome. FBI researchers then interviewed flight attendants who had been taken hostage during airplane hijackings, and concluded that three factors are necessary for the syndrome to develop: The crisis situation lasts for several days or longer. The hostage takers remain in contact with the hostages; that is, the hostages are not placed in a separate room. The hostage takers show some kindness toward the hostages or at least refrain from harming them. Hostages abused by captors typically feel anger toward them and do not usually develop the syndrome. In addition, people who often feel helpless in other stressful life situations or are willing to do anything in order to survive seem to be more susceptible to developing Stockholm syndrome if they are taken hostage. People with Stockholm syndrome report the same symptoms as those diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): insomnia , nightmares, general irritability, difficulty concentrating, being easily startled, feelings of unreality or confusion, inability to enjoy previously pleasurable experiences, increased distrust of others, and flashbacks. Diagnosis Stockholm syndrome is a descriptive term for a pattern of coping with a traumatic situation rather than a diagnostic category. Most psychiatrists would use the diagnostic criteria for acute stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder when evaluating a person with Stockholm syndrome. Treatment Treatment of Stockholm syndrome is the same as for PTSD, most commonly a combination of medications for short-term sleep disturbances and psychotherapy for the longer-term symptoms. Key terms Coping — In psychology, a term that refers to a person's patterns of response to stress. Some patterns of coping may lower a person's risk of developing Stockholm syndrome in a hostage situation. Flashback — The re-emergence of a traumatic memory as a vivid recollection of sounds, images, and sensations associated with the trauma. The person having the flashback typically feels as if they are reliving the event. Flashbacks were first described by doctors treating combat veterans of World War I (1914–1918). Identification with an aggressor — In psychology, an unconscious process in which a person adopts the perspective or behavior patterns of a captor or abuser. Some researchers consider it a partial explanation of Stockholm syndrome. Regression — In psychology, a return to earlier, usually childish or infantile, patterns of thought or behavior. Syndrome — A set of symptoms that occur together. Prognosis The prognosis for recovery from Stockholm syndrome is generally good, but the length of treatment needed depends on several variables. These include the nature of the hostage situation; the length of time the crisis lasted, and the individual patient's general coping style and previous experience(s) of trauma. Prevention Prevention of Stockholm syndrome at the level of the larger society includes further development of crisis intervention skills on the part of law enforcement as well as strategies to prevent kidnapping or hostage-taking incidents in the first place. Prevention at the individual level is difficult as of the early 2000s because researchers have not been able to identify all the factors that may place some persons at greater risk than others; in addition, they disagree on the specific psychological mechanisms involved in Stockholm syndrome. Some regard the syndrome as a form of regression (return to childish patterns of thought or action) while others explain it in terms of emotional paralysis ("frozen fright") or identification with the aggressor. Resources Books American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000. Graham, Dee L. R., with Edna I. Rawlings and Roberta K. Rigsby. Loving to Survive, Chapter 1, "Love Thine Enemy: Hostages and Classic Stockholm Syndrome." New York and London: New York University Press, 1994. Herman, Judith, MD. Trauma and Recovery, 2nd ed., revised. New York: Basic Books, 1997. Chapter 4, "Captivity," is particularly helpful in understanding Stockholm syndrome. Periodicals Bejerot, Nils. "The Six-Day War in Stockholm." New Scientist 61 (1974): 486-487. Fuselier, G. Dwayne, PhD. "Placing the Stockholm Syndrome in Perspective." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (July 1999): 23-26. Grady, Denise. "Experts Look to Stockholm Syndrome on Why Girl Stayed." International Herald Tribune, 17 March 2003. A newspaper article about the Elizabeth Smart kidnapping case. Organizations American Psychiatric Association. 1400 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. www.psych.org. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). J. Edgar Hoover Building, 935 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20535-0001. (202) 324-3000. http://www.fbi.gov. Other Carver, Joseph M., PhD. Love and Stockholm Syndrome: The Mystery of Loving an Abuser. http://www.drjoecarver.com/stockholm.html. Stock·holm syn·drome a form of bonding between a captive and captor in which the captive begins to identify with, and may even sympathize with, the captor. [Stockholm, Sweden, where early case reported] Stock·holm syn·drome a form of bonding between a captive and captor in which the captive begins to identify with, and may even sympathize with, the captor. [Stockholm, Sweden, where early case reported] Stockholm syndrome n. A psychological syndrome in which a person being held captive begins to identify with and grow sympathetic to his or her captor, simultaneously becoming unsympathetic towards the police or other authorities. A paradoxical phenomenon in which kidnapping or terrorist hostages become sympathetic to their captors on whom they depend for survival. Stockholm syndrome Psychiatry A syndrome in which hostages identify and sympathize with their captors on whom they depend for survival Stock·holm syn·drome (stok'hōlm sin'drōm) A form of bonding between a captive and captor in which the captive begins to identify with, and may even sympathize with, the captor. [Stockholm, Sweden, where early case reported] Stockholm, city in Sweden where the syndrome was first reported in 1973. Stockholm syndrome - emotional involvement that occurs between hostage and perpetrator.	Stockholm syndrome
AJS motorcycles were produced identically under which otherbrand name?	The Compulsion to Repeat the Trauma The Compulsion to Repeat the Trauma Re-enactment, Revictimization, and Masochism Bessel A. van der Kolk, MD* During the formative years of contemporary psychiatry much attention was paid to the continuing role of past traumatic experiences on the current lives of people. Charcot, Janet, and Freud all noted that fragmented memories of traumatic events dominated the mental life of many of their patient and built their theories about the nature and treatment of psychopathology on this recognition. Janet 75 thought that traumatic memories of traumatic events persist as unassimilated fixed ideas that act as foci for the development of alternate states of consciousness, including dissociative phenomena, such as fugue states, amnesias, and chronic states of helplessness and depression. Unbidden memories of the trauma may return as physical sensations, horrific images or nightmares, behavioral reenactments, or a combination of these. Janet showed how traumatized individuals become fixated on the trauma: difficulties in assimilating subsequent experiences as well. It is "as if their personality development has stopped at a certain point and cannot expand anymore by the addition or assimilation of new elements." 76 Freud independently came to similar conclusions. 43,45 Initially, he thought all hysterical symptoms were caused by childhood sexual "seduction" of which unconscious memories were activated, when during adolescence, a person was exposed to situations reminiscent of the original trauma. The trauma permanently disturbed the capacity to deal with other challenges, and the victim who did not integrate the trauma was doomed to "repeat the repressed material as a contemporary experience in instead or . . . remembering it as something belonging to the past." 44 In this article, I will show how the trauma is repeated on behavioral, emotional, physiologic, and neuroendocrinologic levels, whose confluence explains the diversity of repetition phenomena. Many traumatized people expose themselves, seemingly compulsively, to situations reminiscent of the original trauma. These behavioral reenactments are rarely consciously understood to be related to earlier life experiences. This "repetition compulsion" has received surprisingly little systematic exploration during the 70 years since its discovery, though it is regularly described in the clinical literature. 12,17,21,29,61,64,65,69,88,112,137 Freud thought that the aim of repetition was to gain mastery, but clinical experience has shown that this rarely happens; instead, repetition causes further suffering for the victims or for people in their surroundings. Children seem more vulnerable than adults to compulsive behavioral repetition and loss of conscious memory of the trauma. 70,136 . However, responses to projective tests show that adults, too, are liable to experience a large range of stimuli vaguely reminiscent of the trauma as a return of the trauma itself, and to react accordingly. 39,42 BEHAVIORAL RE-ENACTMENT In behavioral re-enactment of the trauma, the self may play the role of either victim or victimizer. Harm to Others Re-enactment of victimization is a major cause of violence. Criminals have often been physically or sexually abused as children. 55,121 In a recent prospective study of 34 sexually abused boys, Burgess et al. 20 found a link with drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, and criminal behavior only a few year later. Lewis 89,91 has extensively studied the association between childhood abuse and subsequent victimization of others. Recently, she showed that of 14 juveniles condemned to death for murder in the United States in 1987, 12 had been brutally physically abused, and five had been sodomized by relatives. 90 In a study of self-mutilating male criminals, Brach-y-Rita 7 concluded that "the constellation of withdrawal, depressive reaction, hyperreactivity, stimulus-seeking behavior, impaired pain perception, and violent aggressive behavior directed at self or others may be the consequence of having been reared under conditions of maternal social deprivation. This constellation of symptoms is a common phenomenon among a member of environmentally deprived animals." Self-destructiveness Self-destructive acts are common in abused children. Green 53,54 found that 41 per cent of his sample of abused children engaged in headbanging, biting, burning, and cutting. In a controlled, double-blind study on traumatic antecedents of borderline personality disorder, we found a highly significant relationship between childhood sexual abuse and various kinds of self-harm later in life, particularly cutting and self-starving. 143a Clinical reports also consistently show that self-mutilators have childhood histories of physical or sexual abuse, or repeated surgery. 52,106,118,126 Simpson and Porter 126 found a significant association between self-mutilation and other forms of self-deprecation or self-destruction such as alcohol and drug abuse and eating disorders. They sum up the conclusions of many students of this problem in stating that "self-destructive activities were not primarily related to conflict, guilt and superego pressure, but to more primitive behavior patterns originating in painful encounters wih hostile caretakers during the first years of life." Revictimization Revictimization is a consistent finding. 35,47,61 Victims of rape are more likely to be raped and women who were physically or sexually abused as children are more likely to be abused as adults. Victims of child sexual abuse are at high risk of becoming prostitutes. 38,72,125 Russell, 120 in a very careful study of the effects of incest on the life of women, found that few women made a conscious connection between their childhood victimization and their drug abuse, prostitution, and suicide attempts. Whereas 38 per cent of a random sample of women reported incidents of rape or attempted rape after age 14, 68 per cent of those with a childhood history of incest did. Twice as many women with a history of physical violence in their marriages (27 per cent), and more than twice as many (53 per cent) reported unwanted sexual advances by an unrelated authority figure such as a teacher, clergyman, or therapist. Victims of father-daughter incest were four times more likely than nonincest victims to be asked to pose for pornography. RE-EXPERIENCING AFTER ADULT TRAUMA There are sporadic clinical reports, 12,59 but systematic studies on re-enactment and revictimization in traumatized adults are even scarcer than in children. In one study of adults who who had recently been in accidents, 68 57 per cent showed behavioral re-enactments, and 51 per cent had recurrent intrusive images. In this study, the frequency with which recurrent memories were experienced on a somatic level, as panic and anxiety attacks, was not examined. Studies of burned children 131 and adult survivors of natural and manmade disasters 67,124 show that, over time, rucurrent symbolic or visual recollections and behavioral re-enactments abate, but there is often persistent chronic anxiety that can be interpreted as partial somatosensory reliving, dissociated from visual or linguistic representations of the trauma. 141 There are scattered clinical reports 64,65,109 of people re-enacting the trauma on its anniversary. For example, we treated a Vietnam veteran who had lit a cigarette at night and caused the death of a friend by a VietCong sniper's bullet in 1968. From 1969 to 1986, on the exact anniversary of the death, to the hour and minute, he yearly committed "armed robbery" by putting a finger in his pocket and staging a "holdup," in order to provoke gunfire from the police. The compulsive re-enactment ceased when he came to understand its meaning. SOCIAL ATTACHMENT AND THE TRAUMA RESPONSE Human beings are strongly dependent on social support for a sense of safety, meaning, power, and control. 14,15,93 Even our biologic maturation is strongly influenced by the nature of early attachment bonds. 137 Traumatization occurs when both internal and external resources are inadequate to cope with external threat. Physical and emotional maturation, as well as innate variations in physiologic reactivity to perceived danger, play important roles in the capacity to deal with external threat. 77 The presence of familiar caregivers also plays an important role in helping children modulate their physiologic arousal. 146 In the absence of a caregiver, chidren experience extremes of under-and over arousal that are physiologically aversive and disorganizing. 38 The availability of a caregiver who can be blindly trusted when their own resources are inadequate is very important in coping with threats. If the caregiver is rejecting and abusive, children are likely to become hyperaroused. When the persons who are supposed to be the sources of safety and nurturance become simultaneously the sources of danger against which protection is needed, children maneuver to re-establish some sense of safety. Instead of turning on their caregivers and thereby losing hope for protection, they blame themselves. They become fearfully and hungrily attached and anxiously obedient. 24 Bowlby 16 calls this "a pattern of behavior in which avoidance of them competes with his desire for proximity and care and in which angry behavior is apt to become prominent." Studies by Bowlby and Ainsworth 1 in humans, and by Harlow and his heirs 58,114 in other primates, demonstrate the crucial role that a "safe base" plays for normal social and biologic development. As children mature, they continually acquire new cognitive schemata in which to frame current life experiences. These ever-expanding cognitive schemes decrease their reliance on the environment for soothing and increase their own capacity to modulate physiologic arousal in the face of threat. Thus, the cognitive preparedness (development) of an individual interacts with the degree of physiologic disorganization to determine the capacity for mental processing of potentially traumatizing experiences. 137,141 SEX DIFFERENCES The frequency with which abused children repeat aggressive interactions has suggested to Green 53 a link between the compulsion to repeat and identification with the aggressor, which replaces fear and helplessness with a sense of omnipotence. There are significant sex differences in the way trauma victims incorporate the abuse experience. Studies by Carmen et al. 22,71 and others indicate that abused men and boys tend to identify with the aggressor and later victimize others wheras abused women are prone to become attached to abusive men who allow themselves and their offspring to be victimized further. Reiker and colleagues 113 have pointed out that "confrontations wih violence challenges one's most basic assumptions about the self as invulnerable and intrinsically worthy and about the world as orderly and just. After abuse, the victim's view of self and world can never be the same again: it must be reconstructed.to incorporate the abuse experience." Assuming responsibility for the abuse allows feelings of helplessness to be replaced with an illusion of control. Ironically, victims of rape who blame themselves have a better prognosis than those who do not assume this false responsibility: it allows the locus of control to remain internal and prevent helplessness. Children are even more likely to blame themselves: "The child needs to hold on to an image of the parent as good in order to deal with the intensity of fear and rage which is the effect of the tormenting experiences." 113 Anger directed against the self or others is always a central problem in the life of people who have been violated. Reikers concludes that "this 'acting out' is seldom understood by either victims or clinicians as being a repetitive re-enactment of real events from the past." THE SEPARATION REPONSE Primates have evolved highly complex ways to maintain attachment bonds; they are intensely dependent on their caregivers at the start. In lower primates, his dependency is principally expressed in physical contact, in humans this is supplemented by verbal communication. McLean 93 suggests that language is an evolutionary development from the mammalian separation cry that induces caregivers to provide safety, nurturance, and social stimulation. Primates react to separation from attachment figures as if they were directly threatened. Thus, small children, unable to anticipate the future, experience separation anxiety as soon as they lose sight of their mothers. Bowlby has described the protest and dispair phases of this response in great detail. 14,15 As people mature, hey develop an ever-enlarging repertoire of coping responses, but adults are still intensely dependent upon social support to prevent and overcome traumatization, and under threat they still may cry out for their mothers. 57 Sudden, uncontrollable loss of attachment bonds is an essential element in the development of post-traumatic stress syndromes. 45,88,92,138 On exposure to extreme terror, even mature people have protest and dispair responses (anger and grief, intrusion and numbing) that make them turn toward the nearest available source of comfort to return to a state of both psychological and physiologic calm. Thus, severe external threat may result in renewed clinging and neophobia in both children and adults. 8,41,111 Because the attachment system is so important, mobilization of social supports is an important element in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). INCREASED ATTACHMENT IN THE FACE OF DANGER People in general, and children in particular, seek increased attachment in the face of external danger. Pain, fear, fatigue, and loss of loved ones and protectors all evoke efforts to attract increased care, 8,41,111 and most cultures have rituals designed to provide it. When there is no access to ordinary sources of comfort, people may turn toward their tormentors. 14,38,80,102 Adults as well as children may develop strong emotional ties with people who intermittently harass, beat, and threaten them. Hostages have put up bail for their captors, expressed a wish to marry them, or had sexual relations with them; 31 abused children often cling to their parents and resist being removed from the home; 31,80 inmates of Nazi prison camps sometimes imitated their captors by sewing together clothing to copy SS uniforms. 11 When Harlow observed this in nonhuman primates, he stated that "the immediate consequences of maternal rejection is the accentuation of proximity seeking on the part of the infant." 114 Walker 145 and Dutton and Painter 31 have noted that the bond between batter and victim in abusive marriages resembles the bond between captor and hostage or cult leader and follower. Social workers, police, and legal personnel are constantly frustrated by the strength of this bond. The woman's longing for the batterer soon prevails over memories of the terror, and she starts to make excuses for his behavior. This pattern is so common that women engaged in these sorts of relationships become the recipients of intense anger for social service personnel. They are then called masochistic, and like other psychiatric terms, this can be employed pejoratively rather than conveying an understanding of the underlying causes and treatment of the problem. Walker 145 first applied ethnology to the study of traumatic bonding in such couples. A central component is captivity, the lack of permeability, and the absence of outside support or influence. 31,62,119,145 The victim organizes her life completely around pleasing her captor and his demands. As Dutton and Painter point out, "her compliance legitimates his demands, builds up a store of repressed anger and frustration on her part (which may surface in her goading him or fighting back during an actual argument, leading to escalating violence), and systematically eliminates opportunities for her to build up a supportive network which could eventually assist her in leaving the relationship." Walker 145 has clarified the operation of intermittent reinforcement paradigms in such relationships, applying the animal model of punishment-indulgence patterns. In child abuse or spouse battering, this mechanism is accentuated by the extreme contrast of terror followed by submission and reconciliation. When such negative reinforcement occurs intermittently, the reinforced response consolidates the attachment between victim and victimizer. During the abuse, victims tend to dissociate emotionally with a sense of disbelief that the incident is really happening. This is followed by the typical post-traumatic response of numbing and constriction, resulting in inactivity, depression, self-blame, and feelings of helplessness. Walker 145 describes the process as follows: "tension gradually builds" (during phase one), an explosive battering incident occurs (during phase two), and a "calm, loving respite follows phase three). The violence allows intense emotional engagement and dramatic scenes of forgiveness, reconciliation, and physical contact that restores the fantasy of fusion and symbiosis. 87,140 Hence, there are two powerful sources of reinforcement: the "arousal-jag" or excitement before the violence and the peace of surrender afterwards, Both of these responses, placed at appropriate intervals, reinforce the traumatic bond between victim and abuser. 31,145 To varying degrees, the memory of the battering incidents is state-dependent or dissociated, and thus only comes back in full force during renewed situations of terror. This interferes with good judgment about the relationship and allows longing for love an reconciliation to overcome realistic fears. VULNERABILITY TO DEVELOP TRAUMATIC BONDING At least four studies of family violence 40,48,63,132 have found a direct relationship between the severity of childhood physical abuse and later marital violence. Interestingly, nonhuman primates subjected to early abuse and deprivation also are more likely to engage in violent relationships with their peers as adults. 134 as in humans, males tend to be hyperaggressive, and females fail to protect themselves and their offspring against danger. Neither sex develops the capacity for sustained peaceful social interactions. 134 People who are exposed early to violence or neglect come to expect it as a way of life. They see the chronic helplessness of their mothers and fathers' alternating outbursts of affection and violence; they learn that they themselves have no control. As adults they hope to undo the past by love, competency, and exemplary behavior. 46,87,145 When they fail they are likely to make sense out of this situation by blaming themselves. When they have little experience with nonviolent resolution of differences, partners in relationships alternate between an expectation of perfect behavior leading to perfect harmony and a state of helplessness, in which all verbal communication seems futile. A return to earlier coping mechanisms, such as self-blame, numbing (by means of emotional withdrawal or drugs or alcohol), and physical violence sets the stage for a repetition of the childhood trauma and "return of the repressed." 1,42,46,137 BIOLOGIC RESPONSES TO TRAUMATIZATION Chronic physiologic hyperarousal to stimuli reminiscent of the trauma is a cardinal feature of the trauma response, well documented in a large variety of traumatized individuals, including victims of child abuse, burns, rape, natural disasters, and war. 2,78,84,107,133,142 Because of their decreased capacity to modulate physiologic arousal, which leads to reduced ability to utilize symbols and fantasy to cope with stress, they tend to experience later stresses as somatic states, rather than as specific events that require specific means of coping. 142 Thus, victims of trauma respond to contemporary stimuli as if the trauma had returned, without conscious awareness that past injury rather than current stress is the basis of their physiologic emergency responses. The hyperarousal interferes with their ability to make calm and rational assessments and prevents resolution and integration of the trauma. 142 They respond to threats as emergencies requiring action rather than thought. Chronic hyperarousal in response to new challenges is also found in animals exposed to inescapable shock. 5 In fact, this phenomenon drew our attention to the possibility of using this animal model for the study of human traumatization. 142 Human beings and other mammals are very similar biologically in respect to such relatively uncomplicated behaviors as fight, flight, and freeze responses. Exposure to inescapable aversive events has widespread behavioral and physiologic effects on animals including (1) deficits in learning to escape novel adverse situations, (2) decreased motivation for learning new options, (3) chronic subjective distress, 94 and (4) increased tumor genesis and immunosuppression. 143 All this is the result not of the shock itself but of a helplessness syndrome that is a result of the lack of control that the animal has in terminating shock. Several neurotransmitters have been shown to be affected by inescapably fearful experiences in animals; they have low resting cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) norepinephrine, but under stress they respond with much higher elevations than other animals. Something has disturbed the organisms capacity to modulate the extent of arousal. 37,95,115,116,142 Dysregulation of the serotonin system has been implicated in this. 123,139 Serotonin is thought to be the neurotransmitter most involved in modulating the actions of other neurotransmitters; 19 it has also been implicated in the fine tuning of emotional reactions, particularly arousal and aggression. 18 Traumatization also causes dysregulation of the endogenous opioid system in both animals and humans. We will discuss this phenomenon and how this could explain the clinical phenomenon of compulsive re-exposure to trauma. STATE-DEPENDENT LEARNING Both Janet 74 and Freud observed that early memory traces can be activated by later events that cause partial reliving of earlier traumas in the form of affect states, anxiety, or re-enactments. Their patients generally had a poor memory for traumatic childhood events, until they were brought back, by means of hypnosis, to a state of mind similar to the one they were in at the time of the trauma. In the past few decades, these notions have gained scientific confirmation with the discovery of state-dependent learning; for example what is learned under the influence of a particular drug tends to become dissociated and seemingly lost until return of the state similar to the one in which the memory was stored. State dependency can be roughly related to arousal levels. For example, state-dependent learning in humans is produced by both psychostimulants and depressants: alcohol, marijuana, barbituates, and amphetamines as well as other psychoactive agents. 32 Reactivation of past learning is relatively automatic: contextual stimuli directly evoke memories without conscious awareness of the transition. The more similar are the contextual stimuli are to conditions prevailing at the time of the original storage of memories, the more likely the probability of retrieval. Both internal states, such as particular affects, or external events reminiscent of earlier trauma thus can trigger a return to feeling as if victims are back in their original traumatizing situation. Thus, battered women who otherwise behave competently may experience themselves within the battering relationship like the terrified child they once were in a violent or alcoholic home. 119 Similarly, war veterans may be asymptomatic until they become intimate with a partner and start reliving feelings of loss, grief, vulnerability, and revenge related to the death of a comrade on the battlefield but that are now incorrectly attributed to some element of the current relationship. Disinhibition resulting from drugs or alcohol strongly facilitates the occurrence of such reliving experiences, which then may take the form of acting out violent or sexual traumatic episodes. 107 During states of massive autonomic arousal, memories are laid down that powerfully influence later actions and interpretations of events. Long-term activation of memory tracts is observed in animals exposed to a highly stressful stimulus. 51,81 This pheromenon has been attributed to massive noradrenergic activity at the time of the stress. 129 In traumatized people, visual and motoric reliving experiences, nightmares, flashbacks, and re-enactments are generally preceded by physiologic arousal. 30 Activation of long-term augmented memory tracts may explain why current stress is experienced as a return of the trauma. "RETURN OF THE REPRESSED" OCCURS IN SITUATIONS OF THREAT Under ordinary conditions, most previously traumatized individuals can adjust psychologically and socially. Studies have shown this to be true of victims of rape, 82 battered women, 63 and victims of child abuse. 53 Nonhuman primates subjected to extended periods of isolation may later become reasonably well integrated socially. However, they do not respond to stress in the same ways as their nontraumatized peers. Studies in the Wisconsin primate laboratory have shown that, even after an initial good social adjustment, heightened emotional or physical arousal causes social withdrawal or aggression. 86 Even monkeys that recover in other respects tend to respond inappropriately to sexual arousal and misperceive social cues when threatened by a dominant animal. 4,95,101 Animals with a history of trauma also have much more intense catecholamine responses to stress 85 and a blunted cortisol response. 25 Stress causes a return to earlier behavior patterns throughout the animal kingdom. In experiments in mice, Mitchell and colleagues 98,99 found that arousal state determines how an animal will react to stimuli. In a state of low arousal, animals tend to be curious and seek novelty. During high arousal, they are frightened, avoid novelty, and perseverate in familiar behavior regardless of the outcome. Under ordinary circumstances, an animal will choose the most pleasant of two alternatives. When hyperaroused, it will seek the familiar, regardless of the intrinsic rewards. 99 Thus shocked animals returned to the box in which they were originally shocked, in preference to less familiar locations not associated with punishment. Punished animals actually increased their exposure to shock as the trials continued. 98 Mitchell concluded that this perseveration is nonassociative, that is, if uncoupled from the usual rewards systems, animals seek optimal levels of arousal, 10,122 and this mediates patterns of alternation and perseveration. Because novel stimuli cause arousal, an animal in a state of high arousal will avoid even mildly novel stimuli even if it would reduce exposure to pain. "THE COSTS OF PLEASURE AND THE BENEFITS OF PAIN' Solomon 127 proposes an "opponent process theory of acquired motivation" to explain addictive behavior that originates in frightening or painful events. He points out that frequent exposure to stimuli, pleasant or unpleasant, may lead to habituation; the resulting withdrawal or abstinence state can take on a powerful life of its own and may become an effective source of motivation. In drug addiction, for example, the motivation changes from getting high (pleasure) to controlling a highly aversive withdrawal state. In contrast with drug taking, which initially is pleasant, many initially aversive stimuli, such as sauna bathing, marathon running, and parachute jumping, may also be eventually perceived as highly rewarding by people who have repeatedly exposed themselves to these frightening or painful situations. Parachute jumpers, sauna bathers, and marathon runners all feel exhilaration and a sense of well-being from the intially aversive activities. These new sources of pleasure become independent of the fear that was necessary to produce them in the first place. Solomon concludes that certain behaviors can become highly pleasurable: "…if they are derived from aversive processes they can provide a relatively enduring source of positive hedonic tone following the removal of the aversive reenforcer. Fear thus has its positive conquences." 127 Solomon and colleagues have applied these observations to imprinting and social attachment. Their research showed that young animals responded with increasing distress to repeated separations. 66 Habituation did not occur, and attachment in fact increased, provided that the imprinting object was presented at fairly regular intervals. Starr 130 demonstrated that there is a critical decay duration, the time that it takes for the withdrawal response to the original stimulus to wear off. If the reinforcing stimulus of the imprinting or attachment object is presented at intervals greater than the critical decay duration, increased attachment does not occur. However, animals earlier exposed to repeated separations are more vulnerable to increased distress upon later separations: "repeated exposures to the imprinting object took less time and fewer exposures than did the original exposures." The strength of the imprinting eventually decays by disuse, but some residues of past experiences remain and facilitate the reactivation of the temporarily dormant system. Readdiction to nicotine and opiates occurs much faster than the initial addiction. If Starr is correct, similar processes account for social attachment to aversive objects and thus "the law of social attachment may be identical to the law of drug addiction." 130 Solomon and coworkers established experimentally that animal and people become habituated to the original stimulus, whether it is morphine, parachute jumping or marathon running, but the withdrawal syndromes that follow a large number of arousing events retain their integrity over time, and recur when the original stimuli are reintroduced. 127 Thus, the positive reinforcer loses some of its power, but the negative reinforcer gains power and lasts longer: parachute jumpers continued to feel exhilarated after jumping, even when they feel less year beforehand. Solomon hypothesized that endorphins are secreted in response to certain environmental stresses and play a role in the opponent process. We have recently found evidence that supports this view. ADDICTION TO TRAUMA Some traumatized people remain preoccupied with the trauma at the expense of other life experiences 137,141 and continue to re-create it in some form for themselves or for others. War veterans may enlist as mercenaries, 128 victims of incest may become prostitutes, 47,120,125 and victims of childhood physical abuse seemingly provoke subsequent abuse in foster families 53 or become self-mutilators 143a Still others identify with the aggressor and do to others what was done to them. 21,39 Clinically, these people are observed to have a vague sense of apprehension, emptiness, boredom, and anxiety when not involved in activities reminiscent of the trauma. There is no evidence to support Freud's idea that repetition eventually leads to mastery and resolution. In fact, reliving the trauma repeatedly in psychotherapy may serve to re-enforce the preoccupation and fixation. Many observers of traumatic bonding have speculated that victims become addicted to their victimizers. Erschak 33 asks why the batterer does not stop when injury and pain are apparent and why does the victim not leave? He answers that "they are addicted to each other and to abuse. The system, the interaction, the relation takes hold; the individuals are as powerless as junkies." ENDOGENOUS OPIATES AND ATTACHMENT Thus Starr, 130 Solomon, 127 Erschak and others may be right in postulating that people can become physiologically addicted to each other. There is now considerable evidence that human attachment is, in part, mediated by the endogenous opiate system. Research in non-human primates shows that social attachment is related to the development of core neurobiologic functions in the primate brain. Early disruption of the attachment bond causes longlasting psychobiologic changes that not only reduce the capacity to cope with subsequent social disruption but also disturb parenting processes and create similar vulnerability into the next generation. In recent years knowledge about the brain circuits involved in the maintenance of affliative behavior are precisely those most richly endowed with opioid receptors. 83 Behavioral studies show that the endogenous opioid system plays an important role in the maintenance of social attachment. According to Panksepp and colleagues, the separation response in rats can be inhibited with doses of neuroactive agents to have yielded reliable behavioral effects. Minute injections of morphine abolish both the separation cry in rate infants and the maternal response to it. 100,103-105 Morphine-treated mothers (1 mg per kg) disregard male intruders, often attempting no defense of their offspring at all. One mother permitted a male intruder to eat her pups. Blocking of opioid receptors with naloxone causes increased huddling in nonhuman primates, where as activation of brain opioid systems can decrease gregariousness. 34,104 Lack of caregiving during the first few weeks of life decreases the number of opioid receptors in the cingulate gyrus in mice. 13 Panksepp and colleagues have shown that the loss of social support decreases brain opioid activity and produces withdrawal symptoms; emotive circuits mediating loneliness-panic states are apparently activated or disinhibited. Re-establishment of social contact may, among other neural changes, activate endogenous opioid systems, alleviating separation distress and strengthening social bonds. 103 If brain opioid activity fulfills social needs, opioid blockade might be expected to influence such other forms of gratification as sex. Indeed, opioid systems interact with the brain systems that regulate sex-steroid secretion, 56 and naloxone facilitates sexual behavior in some mammals. 49,96 High levels of stress, 3 including social stress, 97 also activate opioid systems. Animals exposed to inescapable shock develop stress-induced analgesia (SIA) when re-exposed to stress shortly afterward. This analgesic response is mediated by endogenous opioids and is readily reversible by the opioid receptor blocker naloxone. 79 In humans elevations of enkephalins and plasma beta endorphins have been reported following a large variety of stressors. 26,28,73 In testing the generalizability of the phenomenon of SIA to people, we found that seven of eight Vietnam veterans with PTSD showed a 30 percent reduction in perception of pain when viewing a movie depicting combat in Vietnam. This analgesia can be reversed with naloxone. 107,143b This amount of analgesia produced by watching 15 minutes of a combat movie was equivalent to that which follows the injection of 8 mg. of morphine. We concluded that Beecher 9 was right when, after observing that wounded soldiers require less morphine, he speculated that "strong emotions can block pain" because of the release of endogenous opioids. Our experiments show that even in people traumatized as adults, re-exposure to situations reminiscent of the trauma evokes as endogenous opioid response analogous to that of animals exposed to mild shock subsequent to inescapable shock. Thus, re-exposure to stress may have the same effect as the temporary application of exogenous opioids, providing a similar relief from anxiety. 50 Field 113 has suggested that normal play and exploratory activity in infants are dependent on the presence of a familiar attachment figure who modulates physiologic arousal by providing a balance between soothing and stimulation. She, Reite, 115,116 and others have shown that in the absence of the mother, an infant experiences by psychological disorganizing extremes of under- and overarousal. This soothing and arousal may be mediated by alternate stimulation of different neurotransmitter systems, in which the endogenous opioid system is likely to play a role, especially in subjective experience of safety and soothing. Endogenous opioids decrease central noradrenergic activity, 6 and their activation may thus inhibit hyperarousal. Childhood abuse and neglect may cause a long-term vulnerability to be hyperaroused, expressed on a social level as decreased ability to modulate strong affect states. "On a continuum from low to high physiologic arousal there is an optimal level for every organism. The shape of an individual's optimal stimulation curve may depend on the level of stimulation received during early experience." 37 As a result, people who were neglected or abused as children may require much higher external stimulation of the endogenous opioid system for soothing than those whose endogenous opioids can be more easily activated by conditioned responses based on good early caregiving experiences. These victimized people neutralize their hyperarousal by a variety of addictive behaviors including compulsive re-exposure to situations reminiscent of the trauma. CHILDHOOD TRAUMA, ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS, AND SELF HARM If recent animal research is any guide, people, particularly children, who have been exposed to severe, prolonged environmental stress will experience extraordinary increases in both catecholamine and endogenous opioid responses to subsequent stress. The endogenous opioid response may produce both dependence and withdrawal phenomena resembling those of exogenous opiods. This could explain, in part, why childhood trauma is associated with subsequent self-destructive behavior. Depending on which stimuli have come to condition an opioid response, self-destructive behavior may include chronic involvement with abusive partners, sexual masochism, self-starvation, and violence against self or others. In a recent study, we found that patients' reports of early childhood physical and sexual abuse were highly correlated with self-mutilation and self-starvation in adulthood. 143a This controlled study supports numerous other clinical reports about the relationship between childhood abuse and self-destructive behavior. 52,106,118 In these people, self-mutilation is a common response to abandonment; it is accompanied by both analgesia and an altered state of consciousness, and it provides relief and return to normality. The pain, cutting, and burning are apparent attempts at "repairing the cohesiveness of the self in the face of overwhelming anxiety." 35 This pattern is reminiscent of spouse abuse described by Walker: 145 "tension gradually builds, an explosive battering (self-mutilating) incident occurs, and a 'calm, loving respite' follows." Bach-y-Rita 7 studied men who were in prison because they habitually took out their frustrations on others violently. He found that they started to self-mutilate in prison when no external object of violence was available. Thus acts of violence that the perpetrator regards as horrible may, in fact, produce somatic calm. The evidence for involvement of the endogenous opioid system in self-mutilation is fairly good. A recent study found increased levels of metenkephalins in habitual self-mutilators during the active stage of self-harm, but not 3 months later. 27 Opioid receptor blockade has been found to decrease self-mutilation. 60,117 The specific biologic factors that account for the relief felt by these traumatized people who habitually harm themselves or others are still unknown. TREATMENT IMPLICATIONS Compulsive repetition of the trauma usually is an unconscious process that, although it may provide a temporary sense of mastery or even pleasure, ultimately perpetuates chronic feelings of helplessness and a subjective sense of being bad and out of control. Gaining control over one's current life, rather than repeating trauma in action, mood, or somatic states, is the goal of treatment. Although verbalizing the contextual elements of the trauma is the essence of treatment of acute post-traumatic stress, the essential elements of chronic post-traumatic reactions generally are retrieved with difficulty and often cannot be dealt with until reasonable control over current behavior can assure the safety of both the patient and those in the patient's immediate surroundings. Failure to approach trauma-related material very gradually leads to intensification of the affects and physiologic states related to the trauma, leading to increased repetitive phenomena. It is important to keep in mind that the only reason to uncover the trauma is to gain conscious control over the unbidden re-experience or re-enactments. Prior to unearthing the traumatic roots of current behavior, people need to gain reasonable control over the longstanding secondary defenses that were originally elaborated to defend against being overwhelmed by traumatic material such as alcohol and drug abuse and violence against self or others. The trauma can only be worked through after a secure bond is established with another person. The presence of an attachment figure provides people with the security necessary to explore their life experiences and to interrupt the inner or social isolation that keeps people stuck in repetitive patterns. Both the etiology and the cure of trauma-related psychological disturbance depend fundamentally on security of interpersonal attachments. Once the traumatic experiences have been located in time and place, a person can start making distinctions between current life stresses and past trauma and decrease the impact of the trauma on present experience. 137 Self-help organizations for people with addictions or with backgrounds that include childhood traumas or parental addictions have elaborated a model of treatment that appears to address many of the core issues of repetitive traumatization. These groups provide people with both human attachments and a meaningful cognitive frame for dealing with the sense of helplessness that is central to these problems.. They focus on the development of "serenity," which can be understood both as a state of automatic stability and of being at peace with one's surroundings. These groups teach that the way to gain this serenity is by learning to trust, by surrendering, and by making contact and developing interpersonal commitments. They provide a support network that attempts to avoid the barriers that people create to bolster their individual differences, and they thus endeavor to circumvent the shame of being helpless and vulnerable that perpetuates social isolation. Shame and social isolation are thought to promote regression to earlier states of anxious attachment and to addictive involvements. In these circles it is said that: "No pain is so devastating as the pain a person refuses to face and no suffering is so lasting as suffering left unacknowledged." 23 There is emphasis on living in the here and now, generally with the acknowledgement that in contrast to victimized children, adults can learn to protect themselves and make a conscious choice about not engaging in relationships or behaviors that are known to be harmful. The underlying assumption is that conclusions drawn from a child's perspective retain their power into adulthood until verbalized and examined. In a group context, victims can learn that as children they were not responsible for the chaos, violence and despair surrounding them, but that as adults there are choices and consequences. 23,137 These groups also teach that in order to avoid repetition, one has to give up the behavior, drug, or person involved in the addiction. Acknowledging the addictive quality of the involvement is known as overcoming denial. Avoiding acknowledging the feelings promotes acting out. Traumatized people need to understand that acknowledging feelings related to the trauma does not bring back the trauma itself, and its accompanying violence and helplessness. There must be emphasis on finding replacement activities and experiences that are more rewarding, successful and powerful in the immediate present. These may include being of help to victims of similar traumas as one's own. Psychotropic medicines may be of help to decrease autonomic hypearousal and decrease all or none responses. Lithium, beta blockers, and serotonin reuptake blockers such as flouxetine, may be particularly helpful. By decreasing hyperarousal, one decreases the likelihood that current stress will be experienced as a recurrence of past trauma. This facilitates finding solutions appropriate to the current stress rather than the past. 139 The use of medications that affect the opioid system should be regarded as experimental and at this time needs to be avoided except in life-threatening cases. In our last study on patients with borderline personality disorder Judith Herman and I (unpublished data, 1988) asked our self-mutilating subjects what had helped them most in overcoming the impact of their childhood traumas, including their self-mutilation. All subjects attributed their improvement to having found a safe therapeutic relationship in which they had been able to explore the realities of their childhood experiences and their reactions to them. All subjects reported that they had been able to markedly decrease a variety of repetitive behaviors, including habitual self-harm, after they had established a relationship in which they felt safe to acknowledge the realities of both their past and their current lives. SUMMARY Trauma can be repeated on behavioral, emotional, physiologic, and neuroendocriniologic levels. Repetition on these different levels causes a large variety of individual and social suffering. Anger directed against the self or others is always a central problem in the lives of people who have been violated and this is itself a repetitive re-enactment of real events from the past. People need a "safe base" for normal social and biologic development. Traumatization occurs when both internal and external resources are inadequate to cope with external threat. Uncontrolable disruptions or distortions of attachment bonds precede the development of post-traumatic stress syndromes. People seek increased attachment in the face of danger. Adults, as well as children, may develop strong emotional ties with people whe intermittently harass, beat, and, threaten them. The persistence of these attachment bonds leads to confusion of pain and love. Assaults lead to hyperarousal states for which the memory can be state-dependent or dissociated, and this memory only returns fully during renewed terror. This interferes with good judgment about these relationships and allows longing for attachment to overcome realistic fears. All primates subjected to early abuse and deprivation are vulnerable to engage in violent relationships with peers as adults. Males tend to be hyperagressive, and females fail to protect themselves and their offspring against danger. Chronic physiologic hyperarousal persists, particularly to stimuli reminiscent of the trauma. Later stresses tend to be experienced as somatic states, rather than as specific events that require specific means of coping. Thus victims of trauma may respond to contemporary stimuli as a return of the trauma, without conscious awareness that past injury rather than current stress is the basis of their physiologic emergency responses. Hyperarousal interferes with the ability to make rational assessments and prevents resolution and integration of the trauma. Disturbances in the catecholamine, serotonin, and endogenous opioid systems have been implicated in this persistenence of all-or-nothing responses. People who have been exposed to highly stressful stimuli develop long-term potentiation of memory tracts that are reactivated at times of subsequent arousal. This activation explains how current stress is experienced as a return of the trauma; it causes a return to earlier behavior patterns. Ordinarily, people will choose the most pleasant of two alternatives. High arousal causes people to engage in familiar behavior, regardless of the rewards. As novel stimuli are anxiety provoking, under stress, previously traumatized people tend return to familiar patterns, even if they cause pain. The "opponent process theory of acquired motivation" explains how fear may become a pleasurable sensation and that "the laws of social attachment may be identical to those of drug addiction." Victims can become addicted to their victimizers; social contact may activate endogenous opioid systems, alleviating separation distress and strengthening social bonds. High levels of social stress activate opioid systems as well. Vietnam veterans with PTSD show opiod-mediated reduction in pain perception after re-exposure to a traumatic stimulus. Thus re-exposure to stress can have the same effect as taking exogenous opioids, providing a similar relief from stress. Childhood abuse and neglect enhance long-term hyperarousal and decreased modulation of strong affect states. Abused children may require much higher external stimulation to affect the endogenous opioid system for soothing than when the biologic concomitants of comfort are easily activated by conditioned responses based on good early caregiving experiences. Victimized people may neutralize their hyperarousal by a variety of addictive behaviors, including compulsive re-exposure to victimization of self and others. Gaining control over one's current life, rather than repeating trauma in action, mood, or somatic states, is the goal of treatment. The only reason to uncover traumatic material is to gain conscious control over unbidden re-experiences or re-enactments. The presence of strong attachments provides people with the security necessary to explore their life experiences and to interrupt the inner or social isolation that keeps them stuck in repetitive patterns. In contrast with victimized children, adults can learn to protect themselves and make conscious choices about not engaging in relationships or behaviors that are harmful. REFERENCES 1. Ainsworth MDS: Infancy in Uganda: Infant Care and the Growth of Attachment. Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press, 1976 2. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Ed 3. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1980 3. Amir S, Brown ZW, Amit Z. The role of endorphins in stress: Evidence and speculations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 4:77-86;1980 4. Anderson CO, Mason WA: Competitive social strategies in groups of deprived and experienced rhesus monkeys. Dev Psychobiol 11:289-299, 1980 5. Anisman HL, Ritch M, Sklar LS: Noradrenergic and dopaminergic interactions escape behavior. Psychopharmacology 74:263-268, 1981 6. Arbila S, Langer SZ: Morphine and beta endorphin inhibit release of noradrenaline from cerebral cortex but not of dopamine from rat striatum. Nature 271:559-560, 1978 7. Bach-y-Rita: Habitual violence and self-mutilation. Am J Psychiatry 131:1018-1020, 1974 [ Abstract ] 8. Becker E: The Denial of Death. New York, The Free Press, 1973 9. Beecher HK: Pain in men wounded in battle. Ann Surg 123:96-105 10. Berlyne DE: Conflict Arousal in Curiosity. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960 11. Bettelheim B: Individual and mass behavior in extreme situations. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 38:417-452, 1943 [ Abstract ] 12. Blank AS: The unconscious flashback to the war in Vietnam veterans. In Sonnenberg SM, Blank AS, Talbot JA (eds): Stress and Recovery of Vietmam Veterans. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1985 13. Bonnet KS, Miller JS, Simon EJ: The effects of chronic opiate treatment and social isolation on opiate receptors in the rodent brain. In Kosterlitz HW (ed): Opiate and Endogenous Opioid Peptides. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1976 14. Bowlby J: Attachment and Loss. Vol 1: Attachment. New York, Basic Books, 1973 15. Bowby J: Attachment and Loss. Vol 2: Separation. New York, Basic Books, 1973 16. Bowby J: Violence in the family as a disorder of the attachment and caregiving systems. Am J Psychoanal 44:9-27, 1984 17. Brett EA, Ostroff R: Imagery and posttraumatic stress disorder: An overview. Am J Psychiatry 142:417-424, 1985 [ Abstract ] 18. Brown GL, Ebert ME, Boyer PF, et al: Aggression, suicide and serotonin: Relationships to CSF amine metabolites. Am J Psychiatry 139:741-746, 1982 [ Abstract ] 19. Bunney WE, Garland BL: Lithium and its possible mode of action. In Post RM, Ballenger JC (eds): Neurobiology of Mood Disorders. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1984 20. Burgess AW, Hartman CR, McCormack A: Abused to abuser: Antecedents of socially deviant behavior. Am J Psychiatry 144:1431-1436, 1987 [ Abstract ] 21. Burgstein A: Posttraumatic flashbacks, dream disturbances and mental imagery. J Clin Psychiatry 46:374-378, 1985 22. Carmen EH, Reiker PP, Mills T: Victims of violence and psychiatric illness. Am J Psychiatry 141:378-379, 1984 [ Abstract ] 23. Cermak TL, Brown S: Interactional group therapy with the adult children of alcoholics. Int J Group Psychother 32:375-389, 1982 24. Cicchetti D: The emergence of developmental psychopathology. Child Dev 55:1-7, 1984 25. Coe CL, Wiener S, Rosenberg LT, et al: Endocrine and immune response tos to separation and maternal loss in nonhuman primates. In Reite M, Fields T (eds): The Psychobiology of Attachment and Separation. Orlando, Academic Press, 1985 26. Cohen MR, Pinchas M, et al: Stress induced plasma endorphin immunoreactivity may predict postoperative morphine usage. Psychiatry Res 6:7-12, 1982 [ Medline ] 27. Cold J, Allolio B, Rees LH: Raised plasma metenkephalin in patients who habitually mutilate themselves. Lancet 2:545-546, 1983 [ Medline ] 28. Colt EW, Wardlaw SL, Frantz AG: The effect of running on plasma beta endorphin. Life Sci 28:1637-1640, 1981 29. Cooper AM: Masochism: In Glick RA, Meyers DI (eds): Current Psychological Perspectives. Hillsdale, The Analytic Press, 1988 30. Delaney R, Tussi D, Gold PE: Longterm potentiation as a neurophysiological analog of memory. Pharmocol Biochem Behav 18:137-139, 1983 31. Dutton D, Painter SL: Traumatic bonding: The development of emotional attachments in battered women and other relationships of intermittent abuse. Victimology 6:139-155, 1981 32. Eich JE: The cue-dependent nature of state dependent retrival. Memory Cognition 8:157-168, 1980 33. Erschak GM: The escalation and maintenance of spouse abuse: A cybernetic model. Victimology 9:247-253, 1984 34. Fabre-Nys C, Meller RE, Keverne EG: Opiate antogonists stimulate affiliative behavior in monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 18:137-139, 1983 35. Ferenczi S: Confusion of tongues between the adult and the child: The language of tenderness and the language of passion. In Ferenczi S: Problems and Methods of Psychoanalysis. London, Hogarth Press, 1955 36. Field T: Attachment of psychobiological attunement: Being on the same wavelength. In Reite M, Fields T (eds): The Psychobiology of Attachment and Separation. Orlando, Academic Press, 1985 37. Field T: Interaction and attachment in normal and atypical infants. J Consult Clin Psychol 55:1-7, 1987 [ Abstract ] 38. Finkelhor D, Brown A: The traumatic nature of child sexual abuse. Am J Orthopsychiatry 55:530-541, 1985 39. Fish Murray CC, Koby EV, van der Kolk BA: Evolving ideas: The effect of abuse on children's thought. In van der Kolk BA (ed): Psychological Trauma. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1987 40. Fleming JB: Stopping Wife Abuse. Garden City, Anchor Books, 1979 41. Fox RP, Narcissistic rage and the problem of combat aggression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 311:807-811, 1974 42. Freud S: Moses and Monotheism (1939). In Complete Psychological Works. Vol 18. Translated and edited by J Strachey. London, Hogarth Presss, 1954 43. Freud S: The aetiology of hysteria (1896). In Complete Psychological Works, Standard Ed. Vol 3 Translated and edited by J Strachey. London, Hogarth Press, 1954 44. Freud S: Beyond the pleasure principle (1920). In Complete Psychological Works, Standard Ed. Vol 3 Translated and edited by J Strachey. London, Hogarth Press, 1954 45. Freud S: Group psychology and analysis of the ego (1921). In Complete Psychological Works, Standard Ed. Vol 18. Translated and edited by J Strachey. London, Hogarth Press, 1955 46. Freize I: Investigating the causes and consequences of marital rape. J Women Culture Soc 8:532-553, 1983 47. Gelinas DJ: The persistent negative effects of incest. Psychiatry 46:312-332, 1983 48. Gelles RJ: The Violent Home. Beverly Hills, Sage Publications, 1972 49. Gessa G, Paglietta E, Pellegrini-Quarantotty B: Induction of copulatory behavor in sexually inactive rats by naxolone. Science 204:203-205, 1979 50. Gold M, Pottash AC, Sweeney D, et al: Antimanic, anti-depressant and antipanic effects of opiates: Clinical neuroanatomical and biochemical evidence. Ann NY Acad Sci 398:140-150, 1982 51. Gold PE, Zornetzer SF: The mnemom and its juices: Neuromodulation of memory processes. Behav Neural Biol 38:151-189, 1983 52. Graf H, Mallin R: The syndrome of the wrist cutter. Am J Psychiatry 124:36-42, 1967 [ Abstract ] 53. Green AH: Child Maltreatment. New York, Jason Aronson, 1980 54. Green AH: Self-destructive behavior in battered children. Am J Psychiatry 135:579-582, 1978 [ Medline ] 55. Groth AN: Sexual trauma in the life histories of sex offenders. Victomology 4:6-10, 1979 56. Hahn EF, Fishman J: Changes in rat brain opiate receptor content upon castration and testosterone replacement. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 90:819-823 57. Haley SA: When the patient reports atrocities: Specific treatment considerations of the Vietnam veteran. Arch Gen Psychiatry 30:191-196, 1974 58. Harlow HF, Harlow MK: Psychopathology in monkeys. In Kimmel HD (ed): Experimental Psychopathology. New York, Academic Press, 1971 59. Hendin H, Pollinger-Haas A, Singer P: The influence of pre-combat personality on posttraumatic stress disorders. Compr Psychiatry 24:530-534, 1983 60. Herman BH, Hammock MK, Arthur-Smith A, et al. Naltrexone decreases self injurious behavior. Ann Neurol 22:550-552, 1987 61. Herman JL: Father Daughter Incest. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1981 62. Hilberman E: Overview: The wife-beater's wife reconsidered. Am J Psychiatry 137:1336-1347; 1980 [ Abstract ] 63. Hilberman E, Munson M: Sixty battered women. Victimology 2:460-471, 1978 64. Hilgard JR: Anniversary reactions in parents precipitated by children. Psychiatry 16:73-80, 1953 65. Hilgard JR: Depressive and psychotic states as anniversaries to sibling death in childhood. Int Psychiatry Clin 6:197-211, 1969 66. Hoffman RS, Ratner AM: A reinforcement model of imprinting: Implications for socialization in monkeys and men. Psychol Rev 80: 527-524, 1973 67. Holen A The long-term psychological effects of an oilrig disaster. Paper Presented at the Fourth Annual Conference of the Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Baltimore, 1987 68. Horowitz M, Wilner N, Kaltrider N: Signs and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37:85-92, 1980 [ Abstract ] 69. Horowitz MJ: Stress Response Syndromes. Ed 2, New York, Jason Aronson, 1986 70. Horowitz MJ, Becker SS: The compulsion to repeat trauma: Experimental study of intrusive thinking after stress. J Nerv Ment Dis 153:32-40, 1971 71. Jaffe P, Wolfe D, Wilson SK, et al: Family violence and child adjustment: A comparative analysis of girls' and boys' behavioral symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 143:74-77, 1986 [ Abstract ] 72. James J, Meyerding J: Early sexual experiences as a factor in prostitution. Arch Sex Behav 7:31-42, 1977 73. Janal MN, Colt EWD, Clark WC, et al. Pain sensitivity, mood and plasma endocrine levels in man following long-distance running: Effects of naxolone. Pain 19:13-25, 1984 [ Medline ] 74. Janet P: The Major Symptoms of Hysteria. London and New York, Macmillan, 1907 75. Janet P: L'Automatisme Psychologique. Paris, Alcan, 1889 76. Janet P: The Mental State of Hystericals. Paris, Alcan, 1911 77. Kagan J, Reznick S, Snidman N: The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Dev 58: 1459-1473, 1987 [ Medline ] 78. Kardiner A: The Traumatic Neuroses of War. New York, P. Hoeber, 1941 79. Kelly DD: The role of endorphins in stress-related analgesia. Ann NY Acad Sci 398::260-271 80. Kempe RS, Kempe CH: Child Abuse. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1978 81. Kihlstrom JF: Conscious, subconscious, unconscious: A cognitive perspective. In Bowers KS, Meichenbaum D (eds): The Unconscious Reconsidered. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1984 82. Kilpatrick DG, Veronen LJ, Best CL: Factors predicting psychological distress in rape victims. In Figley C (ed): Trauma and Its Wake. New York, Brunner/Mazel, 1985 83. Kling A,Steklis HD: A neural substrate for affliative behavior in non-human primates. Brain Behav Evol 13:216-238, 1976 84. Kolb L: Neuropsychological hypothesis explaining posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 144:989-995. 1987 [ Abstract ] 85. Kraemer GW: Causes of changes in brain noradrenaline systems and later effects on responses to social stressors in rhesus monkeys: The cascade hypothesis. In Antidepressants and Receptor Function, Wiley, Chichester (Ciba Foundation Symposium 123), 1986 86. Kraemer GW: Effects of differences in early social experiences on primate neurobiological behavioral development. In Reite M, Fields T (eds): The Psychobiology of Attachment and Separation. Orlando, Academic Press, 1985 87. Krugman S: Trauma and the family: Perspectives on the intergenerational transmission of violence. In van der Kolk BA: Psychological Trauma. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1987 88. Krystal H: Trauma and affects. Psychoanal Study Child 33:81-116, 1978 89. Lewis D, Balla D: Delinguency and psychopathology. New York, Grune and Stratton, 1976 90. Lewis D, Pincus J, Bard B et al: Neuropsychiatric, psychoeducational and family characteristics of 14 juveniles condemned to death in the United States, Am J Psychiatry 145:584-589, 1988 [ Abstract ] 91. Lewis D, Shanok SS, Pincus JH, et al: Violent juvenile delinquents: Psychiatric, neurological, psychological and abuse factors. J Child Psychiatry 18:307-319, 1979 92. Lindy J: Vietnam: A Casebook. New York, Brunner/Mazel, 1987 93. Maclean PD: Brain evolution relating to family, play and the separation call. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42;505-517, 1985 [ Abstract ] 94. Maier SF, Seligman MEP: Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence. J Exp Psychol Center 105:3-46, 1976 95. Mason WA Early social deprivation in the non-human primates: Implications for human behavior. In Glass FT (ed): Environmental Influences. New York, Rockefeller University Press, 1968 96. McIntosh TK, Vallano ML, Barfield RJ: Effects of morphine beta-endorphin and naloxone on catecholamine levels and sexual behavior in the male rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 13:435-441, 1980 97. Miczek KA, Thompson ML, Shuster L: Opioid-like analgesia in defeated mice. Science 215:1520-1522, 1982 98. Mitchell D, Koleszar aS, Scopatz RA: Arousal and T-Maze choice behavior in mice: a convergent paradigm for neophobia constructs and optimal arousal theory. Learn Motiv 15:287-301, 1984 99. Mitchell D, Osborne EW, O'Boyle MW: Habituation under stress: Shocked mice show nonassociative learning in a T-maze. Behav Neural Biol 43:212-217, 1985 100. Newman JD, Murphy MR, Harbough CR: Naxolone-reversible suppression of isolation call production after morphine injections in squirrel monkeys. Soc Neurosci Abstr 8:940, 1982 101. Novak MA, Harlow HF: Social Recovery of Monkeys isolated for the first year of life: Long-term assessment. Dev Psychol 15:50-61, 1979 102. Ochberg FM, Soskis DA: Victims of Terrorism. Boulder, Westview, 1982 103. Panksepp J: Toward a more general psychobiological theory of emotions. Behav Brain Sc 5:407-468, 1982 104. Panksepp J, Najam N, Soares F: Morphine reduces social cohesion in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 11:131-134, 1979 105. Panksepp J, Sivey SM, Normansell LA: Brain opioids and social emotions. In Reite M, Fields T (eds): The Psychobiology of Attachment and Separation. Orlando, Academic Press, 198 106. Pattison EM, Kahan J: The deliberate self-harm syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 140:867-872, 1983 [ Medline ] 107. Pitman R, Orr S, Laforque D, et al: Psychophysiology of PTSD imagery in Vietnam combat veterans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:940-976, 1987 108. Pittman R, Orr S, van der Kolk BA, et al: Opioid mediated stress induced analgesia in Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD. Unpublished manuscript, 1989 109. Pollock GH: Anniversary reactions: Trauma and mourning. Psychoanaly Q 39:347-371, 1970 110. Rainey JM, Aleem A, Ortiz A, et al: Laboratory procedures for the inducement of flashbacks. Am J Psychiatry 144:1317-1319, 1987 [ Abstract ] 111. Rajecki DW, Lamb ME, Obmascher P: Toward a general theory of infantile attachment: A comparative review of aspects of the social bond. Behav Brain Sci 3:417-464, 1978 112. Rangell L: Discussion of the Buffalo Creek disaster: the course of psychic trauma. Am J Psychiatry 133:313-316, 1976 [ Abstract ] 113. Reiker PP, Carmen E(H): The vicim to patient process: The disconfirmation and transformation of abuse. Am J Orthopsychiatry 56:360-370. 1986 114. Reite M, Field T: The Psychobiology of Attachment and Separation, Orlando, Academic Press, 1985 115. Reite M, Short R, Seiler C: Attachment, Loss and Depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 22:141-169, 1981 116. Reite M, Short R, Seiler C: Physiological correlates of separation in surrogate reared infants: A study in altered attachment bonds. Dev Psychobiol 11:427-435, 1978 117. Richardson JS, Zaleski WA: Naxolone and self-mutilation. Biol Psychiatry 18:99-101, 1983 [ Medline ] 118. Rosenthal RJ, Rinzler C, Wallsh R, et al: Wrist-cutting syndrome: The meaning of a gesture. Am J Psychiatry 128:47-52, 1972 119. Rounsaville B, lifton N, Bieber M: The natural history of a psychotherapy group for battered wives. Psychiatry 42;63-78, 1978 120. Russell D: The Secret Trauma. New York, Basic Books, 1986 121. Seghorn TK, Boucher RJ, Prentky RA: Childhood sexual abuse in the lives of sexually aggressive offenders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26:262-267, 1987 122. Sheldon AB: Preference for familiar vs. novel stimuli as a function of the familiarity of the environment. J Comp Physiol Psychol 67:516-521, 169 123. Sherman AD, Petty F: Neurochemical basis of the action of antidepressants on learned helplessness. Behav Neural Biol 30:119-134, 1980 124. Shore JH, Tatum EL, Vollmer WM: Psychiatric reactions to disaster: The Mount St. Helens experience. Am J Psychiatry 143:590-595, 1986 [ Abstract ] 125. Silbert MD, Pines AM: Sexual child abuse as an antecedent to prostitution. Child Abuse Negl 5:407-411, 1981 126. Simpson CA, Porter GL: Self-mutilation in children and adolescents. Bull Menninger Clin 45:428-438, 1981 127. Solomon RL: The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: The costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain. Am Psychol 35:691-712, 1980 128. Solursh L: Combat addiction: Implications in symptom maintenance and treatment planning. Paper Presented at the Third Annual Meeting of the Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Baltimore, Maryland, 1987 129. Squire LR: Memory and the Brain. New York, Oxford University Press, 1987 130. Starr MD: An opponent process of motivation. VI: Time and intensity variables in the development of separation-induced distress calling in ducklings. J Exp Psychol (Animal Behav) 4:338-355; 1978 131. Stoddard F: Stress disorders in burned out children and adolescents. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Dallas, 1985 132. Strauss MA: Sociological perspective on the prevention of wife-beating. In Roy M (ed): Battered Women: A Psychosociological Study of Domestic Violence, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977 133. Strian F, Klipcera C: Die Bedeuting psychoautonomische Reaktionen im Entstehung und Persisten von Angstzusttanden. Nervenartzt 49:576-583, 1978 134. Suomi SJ: The development of affect in Rhesus monkeys. In Fox N, Davidson R (eds): The Psychology of Affective Development. Hillsdale, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1984 135. Suomi SJ, Eisele CD, Grady S, et al: Depressive behavior in adult monkeys following separation from family environment. J Abnorm Psychol 84:576-578, 1978 136. Terr L: What happens to early memories of trauma? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1:96-104, 1988 137. van der Kolk B: Psychological Trauma. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1987 138. van der Kolk BA: Adolescent vulnerability to post traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry 48:365-370, 1985 139. van der Kolk BA, The drug treatment of PTSD. J Affect Disord 13:203-213, 1987 140. van der Kolk BA, Post traumatic stress disorder in men: The impact on the family. In Strauss M (ed): Abuse and Victimization: A Life Span Perspective. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988 141. van der Kolk, BA: The trauma spectrum: the interaction of biological and social events in the genesis of the trauma response. J Traum Stress 1:273-290, 1988 [ Abstract ] 142. van der Kolk BA, Ducey CP: Clinical implications of the Rorschach in posttraumatic stress. In van der Kolk BA (ed) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Psychological and Biological Sequelae. Washington, DC, APA Press, 1984 143. van der Kolk BA, Greenberg MS, Boyd H, et al: Inescapable shock, neurotransmitters and addiction to trauma. Towards a psychobiology of post traumatic stress, Biol Psychiatry 20:414-325, 1985 143a. van der Kolk B, Herman J, Perry J: Childhood trauma and self destructive behavior in adulthood. Unpublished data, 1988 143b van der Kolk BA, Greenburg MS, Orr S, et al. Pain perception and engogenous opioids in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 25:1989 144. Visitaner MA. Volpicelli JR, Seligman MEP: Tumor rejection in rats after inescapable shock. Science 216:437-439, 1982 145. Walker L: The Battered Woman. New York, Harper and Row, 1979 146. Weiss JM, Glazer HI, Pohorecky LA, et al: Effects of chronic exposure to stressors on subsequent avoidance-escape behavior and on brain norpinephrine. Psychosom Med 37:522-524, 1975 147. Winnicott DW: Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development. New York, International Universities Press, 1965 Massachusetts Mental Health Center	i don't know

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.